@InProceedings{10.1007/978-3-030-52240-7_56,
author="Stranc, Samantha
and Muldner, Kasia",
editor="Bittencourt, Ig Ibert
and Cukurova, Mutlu
and Muldner, Kasia
and Luckin, Rose
and Mill{\'a}n, Eva",
title="Scanpath Analysis of Student Attention During Problem Solving with Worked Examples",
booktitle="Artificial Intelligence in Education",
year="2020",
publisher="Springer International Publishing",
address="Cham",
pages="306--311",
abstract="We report on the analysis of scanpath data captured by an eye tracker as students solved problems with access to worked examples. Our work makes two contributions: (1) it reports on scanpath analysis using the MultiMatch tool, (2) it investigates how type of problem-example similarity and assistance influenced attention patterns captured by scanpaths. We show that both problem-example similarity and type of assistance impact scanpaths.",
isbn="978-3-030-52240-7"
}

@article{Fahimi2021,
abstract = {Saliency and visual attention have been studied in a computational context for decades, mostly in the capacity of predicting spatial topographical saliency maps or simulated heatmaps. Spatial selection by an attentive mechanism is, however, inherently a sequential sampling process in humans. There have been recent efforts in analyzing and modeling scanpaths, however, there is as of yet no universal agreement on what metrics should be applied to measure scanpath similarity or the quality of a predicted scanpath from a computational model. Many similarity measures have been suggested in different contexts and little is known about their behavior or properties. This paper presents in one place a review of these metrics, axiomatic analysis of gaze metrics for scanpaths, and careful analysis of the discriminative power of different metrics in order to provide a roadmap for further future analysis. This is accompanied by experimentation based on classic modeling strategies for simulating sequential selection from traditional representations of saliency, and deep neural networks that produce sequences by construction. Experiments provide strong support for the necessity of sequential analysis of attention and support for certain metrics including a family of metrics introduced in this paper motivated by the notion of scanpath plausibility.},
author = {Fahimi, Ramin and Bruce, Neil D B},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-020-01441-0},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {2},
pages = {609--628},
title = {{On metrics for measuring scanpath similarity}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-020-01441-0},
volume = {53},
year = {2021}
}

@article{Seernani2021,
abstract = {Recent debates in the literature discuss commonalities between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) at multiple levels of putative causal networks. This debate requires systematic comparisons between these disorders that have been studied in isolation in the past, employing potential markers of each disorder to be investigated in tandem. The present study, choose superior local processing, typical to ASD, and increased Intra-Subject Variability (ISV), typical to ADHD, for a head-to-head comparison of the two disorders, while also considering the comorbid cases. It directly examined groups of participants aged 10–13 years with ADHD, ASD with (ASD+) or without (ASD−) comorbid ADHD and a typically developing (TD) group (total N = 85). A visual search task consisting of an array of paired words was designed. The participants needed to find the specific pair of words, where the first word in the pair was the cue word. This visual search task was selected to compare these groups on overall search performance and trial-to-trial variability of search performance (i.e., ISV). Additionally, scanpath analysis was also carried out using Recurrence Quantification Analysis (RQA) and the Multi-Match Model. Results show that only the ASD− group exhibited superior search performance; whereas, only the groups with ADHD symptoms showed increased ISV. These findings point towards a double dissociation between ASD and ADHD, and argue against an overlap between ASD and ADHD.},
author = {Seernani, D and Damania, K and Ioannou, C and Penkalla, N and Hill, H and Foulsham, T and Kingstone, A and Anderson, N and Boccignone, G and Bender, S and Smyrnis, N and Biscaldi, M and Ebner-Priemer, U and Klein, Christoph},
doi = {10.1007/s00787-020-01535-2},
issn = {1435-165X},
journal = {European Child \& Adolescent Psychiatry},
number = {4},
pages = {549--562},
title = {{Visual search in ADHD, ASD and ASD ADHD: overlapping or dissociating disorders?}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01535-2},
volume = {30},
year = {2021}
}

@article{Wang2022,
abstract = {Eye tracking (ET) technology is increasingly utilized to quantify visual behavior in the study of the development of domain-specific expertise. However, the identification and measurement of distinct gaze patterns using traditional ET metrics has been challenging, and the insights gained shown to be inconclusive about the nature of expert gaze behavior. In this article, we introduce an algorithmic approach for the extraction of object-related gaze sequences and determine task-related expertise by investigating the development of gaze sequence patterns during a multi-trial study of a simplified airplane assembly task. We demonstrate the algorithm in a study where novice (n = 28) and expert (n = 2) eye movements were recorded in successive trials (n = 8), allowing us to verify whether similar patterns develop with increasing expertise. In the proposed approach, AOI sequences were transformed to string representation and processed using the k-mer method, a well-known method from the field of computational biology. Our results for expertise development suggest that basic tendencies are visible in traditional ET metrics, such as the fixation duration, but are much more evident for k-mers of k > 2. With increased on-task experience, the appearance of expert k-mer patterns in novice gaze sequences was shown to increase significantly (p < 0.001). The results illustrate that the multi-trial k-mer approach is suitable for revealing specific cognitive processes and can quantify learning progress using gaze patterns that include both spatial and temporal information, which could provide a valuable tool for novice training and expert assessment.},
author = {Wang, Felix S and Gianduzzo, C{\'{e}}line and Meboldt, Mirko and Lohmeyer, Quentin},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-021-01652-z},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {1},
pages = {493--507},
title = {{An algorithmic approach to determine expertise development using object-related gaze pattern sequences}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-021-01652-z},
volume = {54},
year = {2022}
}





@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2102-12239,
  author    = {Matthias K{\"{u}}mmerer and
               Matthias Bethge},
  title     = {State-of-the-Art in Human Scanpath Prediction},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/2102.12239},
  year      = {2021},
  url       = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.12239},
  eprinttype = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {2102.12239},
  timestamp = {Tue, 02 Mar 2021 12:11:01 +0100},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-2102-12239.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{Webber,
author = {Webber, Charles and Zbilut, Joseph},
year = {2005},
month = {01},
pages = {},
title = {Recurrence quantification analysis of nonlinear dynamical systems},
journal = {Tutorials in Contemporary Nonlinear Methods for the Behavioral Sciences}
}

@article{Gandomkar,
author = {Gandomkar, Ziba and Tay, Kevin and Brennan, Patrick and Mello-Thoms, Claudia},
year = {2018},
month = {04},
pages = {},
title = {Recurrence Quantification Analysis of Radiologists’ Scanpaths When Interpreting Mammograms},
volume = {45},
journal = {Medical Physics},
doi = {10.1002/mp.12935}
}

@article{oneeyeHooge,
author = {Hooge, Ignace and Holleman, Gijs and Haukes, Nina and Hessels, Roy},
year = {2018},
month = {10},
pages = {},
title = {Gaze tracking accuracy in humans: One eye is sometimes better than two},
volume = {51},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-018-1135-3}
}

@article{Alamudun,
author = {Alamudun, Folami and Yoon, Hong-Jun and Hudson, Kathleen B. and Morin-Ducote, Garnetta and Hammond, Tracy and Tourassi, Georgia D.},
title = {Fractal analysis of visual search activity for mass detection during mammographic screening},
journal = {Medical Physics},
volume = {44},
number = {3},
pages = {832-846},
keywords = {diagnostic radiology error, eye tracking, fractal analysis, mammography, visual search},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.12100},
url = {https://aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/mp.12100},
eprint = {https://aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/mp.12100},
year = {2017}
}

@article{DAY2010396,
title = {Examining the validity of the Needleman–Wunsch algorithm in identifying decision strategy with eye-movement data},
journal = {Decision Support Systems},
volume = {49},
number = {4},
pages = {396-403},
year = {2010},
issn = {0167-9236},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2010.05.001},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167923610000904},
author = {Rong-Fuh Day},
keywords = {Multi-attribute decision-making, Eye-tracking approach, Information search behavior, Needleman–Wunsch algorithm, Sequence alignment},
}

@article{10.1371/journal.pone.0260717,
    doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0260717},
    author = {Suman, Abdulla Al AND Russo, Carlo AND Carrigan, Ann AND Nalepka, Patrick AND Liquet-Weiland, Benoit AND Newport, Robert Ahadizad AND Kumari, Poonam AND Di Ieva, Antonio},
    journal = {PLOS ONE},
    publisher = {Public Library of Science},
    title = {Spatial and time domain analysis of eye-tracking data during screening of brain magnetic resonance images},
    year = {2021},
    month = {12},
    volume = {16},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260717},
    pages = {1-19},
    number = {12},

}

@article{Kundel,
author = {Kundel, Harold},
year = {2007},
month = {03},
pages = {},
title = {How to minimize perceptual error and maximize expertise in medical imaging},
volume = {6515},
journal = {Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE},
doi = {10.1117/12.718061}
}

@inbook{Reingold,
author = {Reingold, Eyal and Sheridan, Heather},
year = {2011},
month = {08},
pages = {528-550},
title = {Eye movements and visual expertise in chess and medicine},
volume = {528–550},
journal = {The Oxford Handbook of Eye Movements},
doi = {10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199539789.013.0029}
}

@article{10.4300/JGME-D-12-00156.1,
    author = {Sullivan, Gail M. and Feinn, Richard},
    title = "{Using Effect Size—or Why the P Value Is Not Enough}",
    journal = {Journal of Graduate Medical Education},
    volume = {4},
    number = {3},
    pages = {279-282},
    year = {2012},
    month = {09},
    abstract = "{These statements about the importance of effect sizes were made by two of the most influential statistician-researchers of the past half-century. Yet many submissions to Journal of Graduate Medical Education omit mention of the effect size in quantitative studies while prominently displaying the P value. In this paper, we target readers with little or no statistical background in order to encourage you to improve your comprehension of the relevance of effect size for planning, analyzing, reporting, and understanding education research studies.}",
    issn = {1949-8349},
    doi = {10.4300/JGME-D-12-00156.1},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-12-00156.1},
    eprint = {https://meridian.allenpress.com/jgme/article-pdf/4/3/279/2339347/jgme-d-12-00156\_1.pdf},
}

@article{Engbert2011AnMicrosaccades,
    title = {{An integrated model of fixational eye movements and microsaccades}},
    year = {2011},
    journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
    author = {Engbert, Ralf and Mergenthaler, Konstantin and Sinn, Petra and Pikovsky, Arkady},
    number = {39},
    volume = {108},
    doi = {10.1073/pnas.1102730108},
    issn = {00278424}
}

@article{Ko2016,
abstract = {Intersaccadic periods of fixation are characterized by incessant retinal motion due to small eye movements. While these movements are often disregarded as noise, the temporal modulations they introduce to retinal receptors are significant. However, analysis of these input modulations is challenging because the intersaccadic eye motion is close to the resolution limits of most eyetrackers, including widespread pupil-based video systems. Here, we analyzed in depth the limits of two high-precision eyetrackers, the Dual-Purkinje Image and the scleral search coil, and compared the intersaccadic eye movements of humans to those of a non-human primate. By means of a model eye we determined that the resolution of both techniques is sufficient to reliably measure intersaccadic ocular activity up to approximately 80Hz. Our results show that the characteristics of ocular drift are remarkably similar in the two species; a clear deviation from a scale-invariant spectrum occurs in the range between 50 and 100Hz, generally attributed to ocular tremor, leading to intersaccadic retinal speeds as high as 1.5deg/s. The amplitude of this deviation differs on the two axes of motion. In addition to our experimental observations, we suggest basic guidelines to evaluate the performance of eyetrackers and to optimize experimental conditions for the measurement of ocular drift and tremor.},
author = {Ko, Hee-Kyoung and Snodderly, D Max and Poletti, Martina},
doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2016.03.006},
edition = {2016/04/17},
issn = {1878-5646},
journal = {Vision research},
keywords = {*Dual Purkinje Image eyetracker,*Eye coil,*Fixational eye movements,*Intersaccadic retinal motion,*Ocular drift,*Ocular tremor,Animals,Eye Movement Measurements/*instrumentation/standards,Eye Movements/*physiology,Haplorhini,Humans,Saccades/physiology},
language = {eng},
month = {may},
pages = {93--104},
title = {{Eye movements between saccades: Measuring ocular drift and tremor}},
url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27068415 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4861686/},
volume = {122},
year = {2016}
}


@article{Wade2010PioneersResearch,
    title = {{Pioneers of eye movement research}},
    year = {2010},
    journal = {i-Perception},
    author = {Wade, Nicholas J.},
    number = {2},
    pages = {33--68},
    volume = {1},
    doi = {10.1068/i0389},
    issn = {20416695},
    keywords = {Afterimages, Binocular eye movements, Fixations, Nystagmus, Ocular stability, Picture viewing, Reading, Saccades, Torsion}
}

@article{Hering1879UberMuskelgerausche,
    title = {Uber Muskelgeräusche},
    year = {1879},
    journal = {Sitzberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien},
    author = {Hering, Ewald},
    number = {51},
    volume = {1}
}

@incollection{TULLIS2013163,
title = {Chapter 7 - Behavioral and Physiological Metrics},
editor = {Tom Tullis and Bill Albert},
booktitle = {Measuring the User Experience (Second Edition)},
publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
edition = {Second Edition},
address = {Boston},
pages = {163-186},
year = {2013},
series = {Interactive Technologies},
isbn = {978-0-12-415781-1},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-415781-1.00007-8},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124157811000078},
author = {Tom Tullis and Bill Albert},
keywords = {verbal expressions, eye tracking, areas of interest, skin conductance, facial expression analysis, electroencephalography, emotional engagement, stress, heart rate variance},
abstract = {Chapter 7 reviews a variety of ways to measure user behaviors and emotions. This provides potentially valuable insights into the deeper user experience that is often very easy to miss in the course of a usability test. These tools are becoming much easier to use, more accurate, more versatile and powerful, and even quite affordable. A structured approach to collecting unprompted verbal expressions during a usability test can be very helpful. Eye tracking can be a significant benefit in many kinds of usability tests. The technology continues to improve, becoming more accurate, easier to use, and less intrusive. The value is being able to compare the effectiveness of different designs, as well as calculate metrics based on areas of interest. There are three ways to measure emotions: skin conductance, facial expressions, and electroencephalography (EEG). Skin conductance measures level of arousal, facial expressions are classified and associated with six basic emotions, and EEG measures brain wave activity with unique signatures tied to specific emotional responses. There are new technologies based on each approach, and even integrate eye movement data into their applications. These are powerful new tools to gain insight into the emotional response of the user. Stress is an important component of the user experience. It is measured most often as heart rate variance. Other techniques for capturing information about the participant’s behavior, such as a mouse that registers how tightly it is being gripped, are on the horizon and may become useful additions to the battery of tools available for use in usability testing.}
}

@article{Anderson2013,
abstract = {Recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) has been successfully used for describing dynamic systems that are too complex to be characterized adequately by standard methods in time series analysis. More recently, RQA has been used for analyzing the coordination of gaze patterns between cooperating individuals. Here, we extend RQA to the characterization of fixation sequences, and we show that the global and local temporal characteristics of fixation sequences can be captured by a small number of RQA measures that have a clear interpretation in this context. We applied RQA to the analysis of a study in which observers looked at different scenes under natural or gaze-contingent viewing conditions, and we found large differences in the RQA measures between the viewing conditions, indicating that RQA is a powerful new tool for the analysis of the temporal patterns of eye movement behavior. {\textcopyright} 2013 Psychonomic Society, Inc.},
author = {Anderson, Nicola C. and Bischof, Walter F. and Laidlaw, Kaitlin E.W. and Risko, Evan F. and Kingstone, Alan},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-012-0299-5},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Eye movements,Recurrence quantification analysis,Time series analysis},
pmid = {23344735},
title = {{Recurrence quantification analysis of eye movements}},
year = {2013}
}

@article{NEWPORT2021e07616,
title = {Assessment of eye-tracking scanpath outliers using fractal geometry},
journal = {Heliyon},
volume = {7},
number = {7},
pages = {e07616},
year = {2021},
issn = {2405-8440},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07616},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844021017199},
author = {Robert Ahadizad Newport and Carlo Russo and Abdulla {Al Suman} and Antonio {Di Ieva}},
keywords = {Higuchi fractal dimension, Visual scanpath, Hilbert curve, Outlier, Computational neuroscience}
}

@misc{robnewportgithub,
    title = {{GitHub repository for SoftMatch}},
    author = {Robert Ahadizad Newport},
    year = {2021},
    url = {https://github.com/robnewport/SoftMatch}
}

@book{bellman1961adaptiveCurseOfDimension,
    title = {{Adaptive Control Processes: A Guided Tour}},
    year = {1961},
    author = {Bellman, R and Bellman, R E},
    series = {Princeton Legacy Library},
    publisher = {Princeton University Press},
    url = {https://books.google.com.au/books?id=POAmAAAAMAAJ}
}

@article{Anderson2014AMethods,
    title = {{A comparison of scanpath comparison methods}},
    year = {2014},
    journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
    author = {Anderson, Nicola C. and Anderson, Fraser and Kingstone, Alan and Bischof, Walter F.},
    doi = {10.3758/s13428-014-0550-3},
    issn = {15543528},
    pmid = {25540126},
    keywords = {Eye movements, Recurrence quantification analysis, Scanpath comparisons, Scanpath similarity, Temporal dynamics of eye movements}
}

@article{Needleman1970AProteins,
    title = {{A general method applicable to the search for similarities in the amino acid sequence of two proteins}},
    year = {1970},
    journal = {Journal of Molecular Biology},
    author = {Needleman, Saul B. and Wunsch, Christian D.},
    doi = {10.1016/0022-2836(70)90057-4},
    issn = {00222836},
    pmid = {5420325}
}

@article{Bruce2006AAnisotropies,
    title = {{A statistical basis for visual field anisotropies}},
    year = {2006},
    journal = {Neurocomputing},
    author = {Bruce, Neil D.B. and Tsotsos, John K.},
    doi = {10.1016/j.neucom.2005.12.096},
    issn = {09252312},
    keywords = {Anisotropy, Laterality, Oblique effect, Radial organization, Vision}
}

@article{Bruce2006AAnisotropiesb,
    title = {{A statistical basis for visual field anisotropies}},
    year = {2006},
    journal = {Neurocomputing},
    author = {Bruce, Neil D.B. and Tsotsos, John K.},
    doi = {10.1016/j.neucom.2005.12.096},
    issn = {09252312},
    keywords = {Anisotropy, Laterality, Oblique effect, Radial organization, Vision}
}

@misc{Zielezinski2017Alignment-freeTools,
    title = {{Alignment-free sequence comparison: Benefits, applications, and tools}},
    year = {2017},
    booktitle = {Genome Biology},
    author = {Zielezinski, Andrzej and Vinga, Susana and Almeida, Jonas and Karlowski, Wojciech M.},
    doi = {10.1186/s13059-017-1319-7},
    issn = {1474760X},
    pmid = {28974235}
}

@article{v.Neumann1930AllgemeineFunktionaloperatoren,
    title = {{Allgemeine Eigenwerttheorie Hermitescher Funktionaloperatoren}},
    year = {1930},
    journal = {Mathematische Annalen},
    author = {v. Neumann, J.},
    doi = {10.1007/BF01782338},
    issn = {00255831}
}

@article{DiIeva2011AngioarchitecturalAssessment,
    title = {{Angioarchitectural heterogeneity in human glioblastoma multiforme: A fractal-based histopathological assessment}},
    year = {2011},
    journal = {Microvascular Research},
    author = {Di Ieva, Antonio and Grizzi, Fabio and Sherif, Camillo and Matula, Christian and Tschabitscher, Manfred},
    doi = {10.1016/j.mvr.2010.12.006},
    issn = {00262862},
    pmid = {21192955},
    keywords = {Angioarchitecture, Box-counting algorithm, Brain tumor, Fractal dimension, Fractal geometry, Glioblastoma multiforme, Vascular system}
}

@article{DiIeva2011AngioarchitecturalAssessmentb,
    title = {{Angioarchitectural heterogeneity in human glioblastoma multiforme: A fractal-based histopathological assessment}},
    year = {2011},
    journal = {Microvascular Research},
    author = {Di Ieva, Antonio and Grizzi, Fabio and Sherif, Camillo and Matula, Christian and Tschabitscher, Manfred},
    doi = {10.1016/j.mvr.2010.12.006},
    issn = {00262862},
    pmid = {21192955},
    keywords = {Angioarchitecture, Box-counting algorithm, Brain tumor, Fractal dimension, Fractal geometry, Glioblastoma multiforme, Vascular system}
}

@article{Levenshtein1966BinaryReversals,
    title = {{Binary codes capable of correcting deletions, insertions, and reversals}},
    year = {1966},
    journal = {Soviet Physics Doklady},
    author = {Levenshtein, Vladimir}
}

@inproceedings{Kumar2019ClusteredMatrices,
    title = {{Clustered eye movement similarity matrices}},
    year = {2019},
    booktitle = {Eye Tracking Research and Applications Symposium (ETRA)},
    author = {Kumar, Ayush and Timmermans, Neil and Burch, Michael and Mueller, Klaus},
    isbn = {9781450367097},
    doi = {10.1145/3317958.3319811},
    keywords = {Eye tracking, Information visualization, Matrix reordering, Scanpath comparison, Visual analytics}
}

@article{Tsotsos2015ComputationalAttention,
    title = {{Computational models of visual attention}},
    year = {2015},
    journal = {Vision Research},
    author = {Tsotsos, John K. and Eckstein, Miguel P. and Landy, Michael S.},
    pages = {93--94},
    volume = {116},
    publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2015.09.007},
    doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2015.09.007},
    issn = {18785646},
    pmid = {26420739}
}

@article{Nakayama2019EventsAction,
    title = {{Events Depending on Neural Oscillations Phase-Locked to Action}},
    year = {2019},
    journal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},
    author = {Nakayama, Ryohei and Motoyoshi, Isamu},
    number = {21},
    pages = {4153--4161},
    volume = {39},
    url = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/39/21/4153},
    keywords = {8 hz, a depen-, action, and eeg analysis showed, attention, behavioral oscillations, binding of visual features, eeg, feature binding, is performed periodically at, neural oscillations, recent studies in neuroscience, rhythmically at 4, s attention network operates, significance statement, suggest that the brain, task revealed that attentional, the present behavioral, ϳ 8 hz}
}

@article{Rayner2009EyeSearch,
    title = {{Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception, and visual search}},
    year = {2009},
    journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},
    author = {Rayner, Keith},
    doi = {10.1080/17470210902816461},
    issn = {17470218},
    pmid = {19449261},
    keywords = {Attention, Eye movements, Reading, Scene perception, Visual search}
}

@inproceedings{Burch2019FindingData,
    title = {{Finding the outliers in scanpath data}},
    year = {2019},
    booktitle = {Eye Tracking Research and Applications Symposium (ETRA)},
    author = {Burch, Michael and Kumar, Ayush and Mueller, Klaus and Kervezee, Titus and Nuijten, Wouter and Oostenbach, Rens and Peeters, Lucas and Smit, Gijs},
    isbn = {9781450367097},
    doi = {10.1145/3317958.3318225},
    keywords = {Eye tracking, Information visualization, Visual analytics}
}

@book{DiIevaAntonio2016FractalEditor.,
    title = {{Fractal geometry of the brain / Antonio Di Ieva, editor.}},
    year = {2016},
    author = {{Di Ieva, Antonio}},
    editor = {{SpringerLINK ebooks - Biomedical and Life Sciences (2016)} and Di Ieva, Antonio},
    series = {Springer series in computational neuroscience},
    isbn = {9781493939954},
    keywords = {Electronic books, Medicine, Neurology, Neurosciences},
    language = {eng}
}

@misc{Cumming2002HilbertAlgorithm,
    title = {{Hilbert Curve Algorithm}},
    year = {2002},
    author = {Cumming, Andrew},
    pages = {http://www.fundza.com/algorithmic/space{\_}filling/hi}
}

@article{Dewhurst2018HowTask,
    title = {{How task demands influence scanpath similarity in a sequential number-search task}},
    year = {2018},
    journal = {Vision Research},
    author = {Dewhurst, Richard and Foulsham, Tom and Jarodzka, Halszka and Johansson, Roger and Holmqvist, Kenneth and Nystr{\"{o}}m, Marcus},
    doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2018.05.006},
    issn = {18785646},
    pmid = {29857021},
    keywords = {Eye movements, MultiMatch, Scanpaths, Search}
}

@article{Dewhurst2012ItApproach,
    title = {{It depends on how you look at it: Scanpath comparison in multiple dimensions with MultiMatch, a vector-based approach}},
    year = {2012},
    journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
    author = {Dewhurst, Richard and Nystr{\"{o}}m, Marcus and Jarodzka, Halszka and Foulsham, Tom and Johansson, Roger and Holmqvist, Kenneth},
    doi = {10.3758/s13428-012-0212-2},
    issn = {1554351X},
    pmid = {22648695},
    keywords = {Comparison, Dimensional, Eye movement, Scanpath, Sequence, Similarity}
}

@article{Tolle2003LacunarityCover,
    title = {{Lacunarity definition for ramified data sets based on optimal cover}},
    year = {2003},
    journal = {Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena},
    author = {Tolle, Charles R. and McJunkin, Timothy R. and Rohrbaugh, David T. and LaViolette, Randall A.},
    doi = {10.1016/S0167-2789(03)00029-0},
    issn = {01672789},
    keywords = {Fractals, Mathematical methods in physics, Pattern recognition, Ramified data}
}

@misc{Chatzou2016MultipleApplications,
    title = {{Multiple sequence alignment modeling: Methods and applications}},
    year = {2016},
    booktitle = {Briefings in Bioinformatics},
    author = {Chatzou, Maria and Magis, Cedrik and Chang, Jia Ming and Kemena, Carsten and Bussotti, Giovanni and Erb, Ionas and Notredame, Cedric},
    doi = {10.1093/BIB/BBV099},
    issn = {14774054},
    pmid = {26615024},
    keywords = {Alignment benchmarks, Alignment reliability measures, DNA alignments, Multiple sequence alignments, Protein alignments, RNA alignments}
}

@article{Cover1967NearestClassification,
    title = {{Nearest Neighbor Pattern Classification}},
    year = {1967},
    journal = {IEEE Transactions on Information Theory},
    author = {Cover, T. M. and Hart, P. E.},
    doi = {10.1109/TIT.1967.1053964},
    issn = {15579654}
}

@article{Crowe2018NewMRIs,
    title = {{New approaches to the analysis of eye movement behaviour across expertise while viewing brain MRIs}},
    year = {2018},
    journal = {Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications},
    author = {Crowe, Emily M. and Gilchrist, Iain D. and Kent, Christopher},
    doi = {10.1186/s41235-018-0097-4},
    issn = {23657464},
    keywords = {Brain tumour detection, Expertise, Eye-tracking, Magnetic resonance imaging, Medical image perception, ScanMatch}
}

@article{Fahimi2020OnSimilarity,
    title = {{On metrics for measuring scanpath similarity}},
    year = {2020},
    journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
    author = {Fahimi, Ramin and Bruce, Neil D.B.},
    doi = {10.3758/s13428-020-01441-0},
    issn = {15543528},
    keywords = {Eye movement, Saliency, Scanpath, Visual attention}
}

@misc{Waldispuhl2021OpenPhylo,
    title = {{OpenPhylo}},
    year = {2021},
    author = {Waldisp{\"{u}}hl, Jérôme and Blanchette, Mathieu and Gardner, Paul and Taly, Antoine},
    url = {https://phylo.cs.mcgill.ca}
}

@article{Jolliffe2002PrincipalEdition,
    title = {{Principal Component Analysis, Second Edition}},
    year = {2002},
    journal = {Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science},
    author = {Jolliffe, I T},
    isbn = {0387954422},
    doi = {10.2307/1270093},
    issn = {00401706},
    pmid = {21435900}
}

@article{Tseng2009QuantifyingScenes,
    title = {{Quantifying center bias of observers in free viewing of dynamic natural scenes}},
    year = {2009},
    journal = {Journal of Vision},
    author = {Tseng, Po He and Carmi, Ran and Cameron, Ian G.M. and Munoz, Douglas P. and Itti, Laurent},
    doi = {10.1167/9.7.4},
    issn = {15347362},
    keywords = {Eye movement, Eye position, Eye-head coordination, Fixation, Motor bias, Ocular, Orbital reserve, Photographer bias, Saccade, Saccade selection, Saccadic eye movement, Salience, Saliency maps, Screen center, Visuo-motor optimizing strategy}
}

@article{LeMeur2015SaccadicCondition,
    title = {{Saccadic model of eye movements for free-viewing condition}},
    year = {2015},
    journal = {Vision Research},
    author = {Le Meur, Olivier and Liu, Zhi},
    pages = {152--164},
    volume = {116},
    publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2014.12.026},
    doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2014.12.026},
    issn = {18785646},
    keywords = {Saliency, Visual attention, Visual scanpath}
}

@article{Cristino2010ScanMatch:Sequences,
    title = {{ScanMatch: A novel method for comparing fixation sequences}},
    year = {2010},
    journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
    author = {Cristino, Filipe and Math{\^{o}}t, Sebastiaan and Theeuwes, Jan and Gilchrist, Iain D.},
    doi = {10.3758/BRM.42.3.692},
    issn = {1554351X},
    pmid = {20805591}
}


@inproceedings{Stranc2020ScanpathExamples,
    title = {{Scanpath Analysis of Student Attention During Problem Solving with Worked Examples}},
    year = {2020},
    booktitle = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)},
    author = {Stranc, Samantha and Muldner, Kasia},
    isbn = {9783030522391},
    doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-52240-7{\_}56},
    issn = {16113349},
    keywords = {Assistance, Problem solving {\&} worked examples, Scanpath analysis}
}

@inproceedings{Goldberg2010ScanpathAggregation,
    title = {{Scanpath clustering and aggregation}},
    year = {2010},
    booktitle = {Eye Tracking Research and Applications Symposium (ETRA)},
    author = {Goldberg, Joseph H. and Helfman, Jonathan I.},
    isbn = {9781605589947},
    doi = {10.1145/1743666.1743721},
    keywords = {Dotplot, Eye tracking, Pattern analysis, Sequence analysis, Sequential clustering, String analysis, Usability evaluation}
}

@article{Krol2020ScanpathAutism,
    title = {{Scanpath similarity measure reveals not only a decreased social preference, but also an increased nonsocial preference in individuals with autism}},
    year = {2020},
    journal = {Autism},
    author = {Kr{\'{o}}l, Magdalena Ewa and Kr{\'{o}}l, Michał},
    doi = {10.1177/1362361319865809},
    issn = {14617005},
    pmid = {31353926},
    keywords = {autism spectrum disorder, eye movements, scanpath, scanpath similarity, social perception, visual attention}
}

@article{Noton1971ScanpathsPatterns,
    title = {{Scanpaths in saccadic eye movements while viewing and recognizing patterns}},
    year = {1971},
    journal = {Vision Research},
    author = {Noton, David and Stark, Lawrence},
    doi = {10.1016/0042-6989(71)90213-6},
    issn = {00426989},
    pmid = {5133265}
}

@article{Peano1890SurPlane,
    title = {{Sur une courbe, qui remplit toute une aire plane}},
    year = {1890},
    journal = {Mathematische Annalen},
    author = {Peano, G.},
    doi = {10.1007/BF01199438},
    issn = {00255831}
}

@book{MandelbrotAlma9937194410802171,
author = {Mandelbrot, Benoit B.},
isbn = {0716711869},
address = {New York},
booktitle = {The fractal geometry of nature},
keywords = {Fractals},
language = {eng},
lccn = {81015085},
publisher = {W.H. Freeman},
title = {The fractal geometry of nature },
year = {1983},
}

@article{Burn1984TheNature,
    title = {{The Fractal Geometry of Nature}},
    year = {1984},
    journal = {The Mathematical Gazette},
    author = {Burn, R. P. and Mandelbrot, Benoit B.},
    number = {443},
    month = {3},
    pages = {71},
    volume = {68},
    publisher = {JSTOR},
    doi = {10.2307/3615422},
    issn = {00255572}
}

@book{Barnsley1988TheImages,
    title = {{The Science of Fractal Images}},
    year = {1988},
    booktitle = {The Science of Fractal Images},
    author = {Barnsley, Michael F. and Devaney, Robert L. and Mandelbrot, Benoit B. and Peitgen, Heinz-Otto and Saupe, Dietmar and Voss, Richard F.},
    doi = {10.1007/978-1-4612-3784-6}
}

@article{VanEssen1984TheVariability,
    title = {{The visual field representation in striate cortex of the macaque monkey: Asymmetries, anisotropies, and individual variability}},
    year = {1984},
    journal = {Vision Research},
    author = {Van Essen, David C. and Newsome, William T. and Maunsell, John H.R.},
    doi = {10.1016/0042-6989(84)90041-5},
    issn = {00426989},
    pmid = {6740964},
    keywords = {Macaque monkey, Magnification factor, Striate cortex, Topography, Visual cortex}
}

@inproceedings{Davies2017TheElectrocardiograms,
    title = {{The Visualisation of eye-Tracking scanpaths: What can they tell us about how clinicians view electrocardiograms?}},
    year = {2017},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Eye Tracking and Visualization, ETVIS 2016},
    author = {Davies, Alan and Vigo, Markel and Harper, Simon and Jay, Caroline},
    isbn = {9781509047314},
    doi = {10.1109/ETVIS.2016.7851172},
    keywords = {ECG, EKG, Electrocardiogram, Eye-Tracking, Levenshtein, Scanpaths, Visualisation}
}

@inproceedings{Madsen2012UsingProblems,
    title = {{Using ScanMatch scores to understand differences in eye movements between correct and incorrect solvers on physics problems}},
    year = {2012},
    booktitle = {Eye Tracking Research and Applications Symposium (ETRA)},
    author = {Madsen, Adrian and Larson, Adam and Loschky, Lester and Rebello, N. Sanjay},
    isbn = {9781450312257},
    doi = {10.1145/2168556.2168591},
    keywords = {ScanMatch, attention, eye movements, physics, problem solving, scan path}
}

@inproceedings{Goldberg2010VisualRepresentation,
    title = {{Visual scanpath representation}},
    year = {2010},
    booktitle = {Eye Tracking Research and Applications Symposium (ETRA)},
    author = {Goldberg, Joseph H. and Helfman, Jonathan I.},
    isbn = {9781605589947},
    doi = {10.1145/1743666.1743717},
    keywords = {Eye tracking, Scanning strategy, Scanpath, Usability evaluation, Visualization}
}

@misc{IainGilchristWelcomePage,
    title = {{Welcome to the ScanMatch Matlab toolbox page}},
    author = {{Iain Gilchrist}},
    url = {https://seis.bristol.ac.uk/~psidg/ScanMatch/},
    year = {2021}
}

@article{CogLoad10.1371/journal.pone.0203629,
    doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0203629},
    author = {Krejtz, Krzysztof AND Duchowski, Andrew T. AND Niedzielska, Anna AND Biele, Cezary AND Krejtz, Izabela},
    journal = {PLOS ONE},
    publisher = {Public Library of Science},
    title = {Eye tracking cognitive load using pupil diameter and microsaccades with fixed gaze},
    year = {2018},
    month = {09},
    volume = {13},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203629},
    pages = {1-23},
    abstract = {Pupil diameter and microsaccades are captured by an eye tracker and compared for their suitability as indicators of cognitive load (as beset by task difficulty). Specifically, two metrics are tested in response to task difficulty: (1) the change in pupil diameter with respect to inter- or intra-trial baseline, and (2) the rate and magnitude of microsaccades. Participants performed easy and difficult mental arithmetic tasks while fixating a central target. Inter-trial change in pupil diameter and microsaccade magnitude appear to adequately discriminate task difficulty, and hence cognitive load, if the implied causality can be assumed. This paper’s contribution corroborates previous work concerning microsaccade magnitude and extends this work by directly comparing microsaccade metrics to pupillometric measures. To our knowledge this is the first study to compare the reliability and sensitivity of task-evoked pupillary and microsaccadic measures of cognitive load.},
    number = {9},

}

@article{javal1878essai,
  title={Essai sur la physiologie de la lecture},
  author={Javal, Emile},
  journal={Annales d'Ocilistique},
  volume={80},
  pages={97--117},
  year={1878}
}

@article{18951293,
author= {Brown, Crum},
title = {A Lecture ON THE RELATION BETWEEN THE MOVEMENTS OF THE EYES AND THE MOVEMENTS OF THE HEAD},
journal = {The Lancet},
volume = {145},
number = {3743},
pages = {1293-1298},
year = {1895},
note = {Originally published as Volume 1, Issue 3743},
issn = {0140-6736},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)94423-X},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067360194423X}
}

@book{islam10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195366556.001.0001,
    author = {Baker, David B.},
    title = "{The Oxford Handbook of the History of Psychology: Global Perspectives}",
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    year = {2012},
    month = {01},
    abstract = "{The science and practice of psychology has evolved around the world on different trajectories and timelines, yet with a convergence on the recognition of the need for a human science that can confront the challenges facing the world today. Few would argue that the standard narrative of the history of psychology has emphasized European and American traditions over others, but in today’s global culture, there is a greater need in psychology for international understanding. This book describes the historical development of psychology in countries throughout the world. Articles provide narratives that examine the political and socioeconomic forces that have shaped their nations' psychologies. Each story adds another element to our understanding of the history of psychology. The articles in this volume remind us that there are unique contexts and circumstances that influence the ways in which the science and practice of psychology are assimilated into our daily lives. Making these contexts and circumstances explicit through historical research and writing provides some promise of greater international insight, as well as a better understanding of the human condition.}",
    isbn = {9780195366556},
    doi = {10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195366556.001.0001},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195366556.001.0001},
}

@article{Belldoi:10.1098/rstl.1823.0017,
author = {Bell, Charles  and Davy, Humphry },
title = {XV. On the motions of the eye, in illustration of the uses of the muscles and nerves of the orbit},
journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London},
volume = {113},
number = {},
pages = {166-186},
year = {1823},
doi = {10.1098/rstl.1823.0017},

URL = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rstl.1823.0017},
eprint = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rstl.1823.0017}
,
    abstract = { The object of this paper is to explain the reason of there being six nerves distributed to the eye, and consequently crowded into the narrow space of the orbit. But before it is possible to assign the uses of these nerves, we must examine the motions of the eye more minutely than has hitherto been done, and try to comprehend the offices to be performed. Much as the eye has been studied, the framework which suspends it, and by which it is moved and protected, has not received the attention it deserves. Yet this frame-work, or apparatus, is not less calculated to renew our wonder, than the properties of the organ itself. }
}


@article{Lopes2009FractalReview,
    edition={1},
    title = {{Fractal and multifractal analysis: A review}},
    year = {2009},
    journal = {Medical Image Analysis},
    author = {Lopes, R. and Betrouni, N.},
    number = {4},
    pages = {634--649},
    volume = {13},
    publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2009.05.003},
    doi = {10.1016/j.media.2009.05.003},
    issn = {13618415},
    keywords = {Characterization, Fractal analysis, Fractal dimension, Multifractal analysis, Multifractal spectrum, Texture}
}

@inbook{Yarbus1967,
author = {Yarbus, Alfred L.},
title = {Eye Movements During Perception of Complex Objects},
bookTitle = {Eye Movements and Vision},
year = {1967},
publisher = {Springer US},
address = {Boston, MA},
pages = {{171--211}},
abstract = {In this chapter we shall try to determine how the human eye examines complex objects and what principles govern this process. For example, it may seen to some people that when we examine an object we must trace its outlines with our eye and, by analogy with tactile sensation, palpate the object. Others may consider that, when looking at a picture, we scan the whole of its surface more or less uniformly with our eyes.},
isbn = {978-1-4899-5379-7}
}

@article{Webber,
author = {Webber, Charles and Zbilut, Joseph},
year = {2005},
month = {01},
pages = {},
title = {Recurrence quantification analysis of nonlinear dynamical systems},
journal = {Tutorials in Contemporary Nonlinear Methods for the Behavioral Sciences}
}

@article{Gandomkar,
author = {Gandomkar, Ziba and Tay, Kevin and Brennan, Patrick and Mello-Thoms, Claudia},
year = {2018},
month = {04},
pages = {},
title = {Recurrence Quantification Analysis of Radiologists’ Scanpaths When Interpreting Mammograms},
volume = {45},
journal = {Medical Physics},
doi = {10.1002/mp.12935}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2102-12239,
  author    = {Matthias K{\"{u}}mmerer and
               Matthias Bethge},
  title     = {State-of-the-Art in Human Scanpath Prediction},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/2102.12239},
  year      = {2021},
  url       = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.12239},
  eprinttype = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {2102.12239},
  timestamp = {Tue, 02 Mar 2021 12:11:01 +0100},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-2102-12239.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@misc{Lyons2001PrenticeProcessing,
    title = {{Prentice Hall - Understanding Digital Signal Processing}},
    year = {2001},
    booktitle = {Prentice Hall},
    author = {Lyons, Richard G},
    isbn = {0201634678}
}

@article{Rosenfeld1969PictureComputer,
    title = {{Picture Processing by Computer}},
    year = {1969},
    journal = {ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)},
    author = {Rosenfeld, Azriel},
    doi = {10.1145/356551.356554},
    issn = {15577341}
}

@article{Wishart1955ComputerD.C.,
    title = {{Computer Development (SEAC and DYSEAC) at the National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.}},
    year = {1955},
    journal = {Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General)},
    author = {Wishart, J.},
    doi = {10.2307/2342503},
    issn = {00359238}
}

@article{Lloyd1966Long-TermStudy.,
    title = {{Long-Term Storage: An Experimental Study.}},
    year = {1966},
    journal = {Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General)},
    author = {Lloyd, E. H. and Hurst, H. E. and Black, R. P. and Simaika, Y. M.},
    doi = {10.2307/2982267},
    issn = {00359238}
}

@article{Hausdorff1918DimensionMa,
    title = {{Dimension und {\"{a}}u{\ss}eres Ma{\ss}}},
    year = {1918},
    journal = {Mathematische Annalen},
    author = {Hausdorff, Felix},
    doi = {10.1007/BF01457179},
    issn = {00255831}
}

@article{NotonD1971SiEM,
abstract = {Subjects learned and recognized patterns which were marginally visible, requiring them to fixate directly each feature to which they wished to attend. Fixed "scanpaths," specific to subject and pattern, appeared in their saccadic eye movements, both intermittently during learning and in initial eye movements during recognition. A proposed theory of pattern perception explains these results.},
author = {Noton, D and Stark, L},
address = {United States},
copyright = {Copyright 1971 American Association for the Advancement of Science},
issn = {0036-8075},
journal = {Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science)},
keywords = {Computers ; Eye Movements ; Eyes ; Female ; Form Perception ; Humans ; Male ; Male animals ; Mating behavior ; Memory ; Pattern perception ; Pregnancy ; Psychophysiology ; Rats ; Reports ; Spermatozoa ; Uterus ; Visual perception},
language = {eng},
number = {3968},
pages = {308-311},
publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
title = {Scanpaths in Eye Movements during Pattern Perception},
volume = {171},
year = {1971},
}

@ARTICLE{6793272,  author={Brandt, Stephan A. and Stark, Lawrence W.},  journal={Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience},   title={Spontaneous Eye Movements During Visual Imagery Reflect the Content of the Visual Scene},   year={1997},  volume={9},  number={1},  pages={27-38},  doi={10.1162/jocn.1997.9.1.27}}

@article{LosaGabrieleA2009Tfgo,
abstract = {The extension of the concepts of Fractal Geometry (Mandelbrot [1983]) toward the life sciences has led to significant progress in understanding complex functional properties and architectural / morphological / structural features characterising cells and tissues during ontogenesis and both normal and pathological development processes. It has even been argued that fractal geometry could provide a coherent description of the design principles underlying living organisms (Weibel [1991]). Fractals fulfil a certain number of theoretical and methodological criteria including a high level of organization, shape irregularity, functional and morphological self-similarity, scale invariance, iterative pathways and a peculiar non-integer fractal dimension [FD]. Whereas mathematical objects are deterministic invariant or self-similar over an unlimited range of scales, biological components are statistically self-similar only within a fractal domain defined by upper and lower limits, called scaling window, in which the relationship between the scale of observation and the measured size or length of the object can be established (Losa and Nonnenmacher [1996]). Selected examples will contribute to depict complex biological shapes and structures as fractal entities, and also to show why the application of the fractal principle is valuable for measuring dimensional, geometrical and functional parameters of cells, tissues and organs occurring within the vegetal and animal realms. If the criteria for a strict description of natural fractals are met, then it follows that a Fractal Geometry of Life may be envisaged and all natural objects and biological systems exhibiting self-similar patterns and scaling properties may be considered as belonging to the new subdiscipline of "fractalomics".},
author = {Losa, Gabriele A},
address = {Italy},
issn = {0035-6050},
journal = {Rivista di biologia},
keywords = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Biological Phenomena ; Biology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Female ; Fractals ; Humans ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Neoplasms - pathology ; Surface Properties},
language = {eng},
number = {1},
pages = {29-59},
title = {The fractal geometry of life},
volume = {102},
year = {2009},
}

@article{losaNonnenmacher,
author = {Losa, Gabriele and Nonnenmacher, T},
year = {1996},
month = {04},
pages = {174-82},
title = {Self-similarity and fractal irregularity in pathologic tissues},
volume = {9},
journal = {Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc}
}







@article{doi:10.1177/1073858413513928,
author = {Antonio Di Ieva and Francisco J. Esteban and Fabio Grizzi and Wlodzimierz Klonowski and Miguel Martín-Landrove},
title ={Fractals in the Neurosciences, Part II: Clinical Applications and Future Perspectives},
journal = {The Neuroscientist},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {30-43},
year = {2015},
doi = {10.1177/1073858413513928},
    note ={PMID: 24362814},

URL = { 
        https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858413513928
    
},
eprint = { 
        https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858413513928
    
}
,
    abstract = { It has been ascertained that the human brain is a complex system studied at multiple scales, from neurons and microcircuits to macronetworks. The brain is characterized by a hierarchical organization that gives rise to its highly topological and functional complexity. Over the last decades, fractal geometry has been shown as a universal tool for the analysis and quantification of the geometric complexity of natural objects, including the brain. The fractal dimension has been identified as a quantitative parameter for the evaluation of the roughness of neural structures, the estimation of time series, and the description of patterns, thus able to discriminate different states of the brain in its entire physiopathological spectrum. Fractal-based computational analyses have been applied to the neurosciences, particularly in the field of clinical neurosciences including neuroimaging and neuroradiology, neurology and neurosurgery, psychiatry and psychology, and neuro-oncology and neuropathology. After a review of the basic concepts of fractal analysis and its main applications to the basic neurosciences in part I of this series, here, we review the main applications of fractals to the clinical neurosciences for a holistic approach towards a fractal geometry model of the brain. }
}

@article{Higuchi1988ApproachTheory,
    title = {{Approach to an irregular time series on the basis of the fractal theory}},
    year = {1988},
    journal = {Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena},
    author = {Higuchi, T.},
    doi = {10.1016/0167-2789(88)90081-4},
    issn = {01672789}
}

@article{DiIeva2015FractalsPerspectives,
    title = {{Fractals in the neurosciences, part II: Clinical applications and future perspectives}},
    year = {2015},
    journal = {Neuroscientist},
    author = {Di Ieva, Antonio and Esteban, Francisco J. and Grizzi, Fabio and Klonowski, Wlodzimierz and Mart{\'{i}}n-Landrove, Miguel},
    number = {1},
    pages = {30--43},
    volume = {21},
    isbn = {1073858413},
    doi = {10.1177/1073858413513928},
    issn = {10894098},
    keywords = {brain, electroencephalography, fractal analysis, fractal geometry, neuroanatomy, neuroimaging, self-similarity, tumors}
}

@incollection{Klonowski2016FractalSignals,
    title = {{Fractal Analysis of Electroencephalographic Time Series (EEG Signals)}},
    year = {2016},
    author = {Klonowski, Wlodzimierz},
    doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-3995-4{\_}25}
}

@article{Jacob2019ApplicationEncephalopathy,
    title = {{Application of fractal dimension for EEG based diagnosis of encephalopathy}},
    year = {2019},
    journal = {Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing},
    author = {Jacob, Jisu Elsa and Nair, Gopakumar Kuttappan and Cherian, Ajith and Iype, Thomas},
    doi = {10.1007/s10470-019-01388-z},
    issn = {15731979},
    keywords = {Electroencephalogram, Encephalopathy, Fractal dimension, Higuchi’s fractal dimension, Katz’s fractal dimension, Support vector machine}
}

@article{suman10.1371/journal.pone.0260717,
    doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0260717},
    author = {Suman, Abdulla Al AND Russo, Carlo AND Carrigan, Ann AND Nalepka, Patrick AND Liquet-Weiland, Benoit AND Newport, Robert Ahadizad AND Kumari, Poonam AND Di Ieva, Antonio},
    journal = {PLOS ONE},
    publisher = {Public Library of Science},
    title = {Spatial and time domain analysis of eye-tracking data during screening of brain magnetic resonance images},
    year = {2021},
    month = {12},
    volume = {16},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260717},
    pages = {1-19},
    number = {12},
}

@inproceedings{10.1117/12.718061,
author = {Harold L. Kundel},
title = {{How to minimize perceptual error and maximize expertise in medical imaging}},
volume = {6515},
booktitle = {Medical Imaging 2007: Image Perception, Observer Performance, and Technology Assessment},
editor = {Yulei Jiang and Berkman Sahiner},
organization = {International Society for Optics and Photonics},
publisher = {SPIE},
pages = {651508},
keywords = {Human error, visual perception, cancer screening, radiology, expertise},
year = {2007},
doi = {10.1117/12.718061},
URL = {https://doi.org/10.1117/12.718061}
}

@article{doi:10.1148/radiol.2422051997,
author = {Kundel, Harold L. and Nodine, Calvin F. and Conant, Emily F. and Weinstein, Susan P.},
title = {Holistic Component of Image Perception in Mammogram Interpretation: Gaze-tracking Study},
journal = {Radiology},
volume = {242},
number = {2},
pages = {396-402},
year = {2007},
doi = {10.1148/radiol.2422051997},
    note ={PMID: 17255410},

URL = { 
        https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2422051997
    
},
eprint = { 
        https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2422051997
    
}
,
    abstract = { Purpose: To test the hypothesis that rapid and accurate performance of the proficient observer in mammogram interpretation involves a shift in the mechanism of image perception from a relatively slow search-to-find mode to a relatively fast holistic mode. Materials and Methods: This HIPAA-compliant study had institutional review board approval, and participant informed consent was obtained; patient informed consent was not required. The eye positions of three full-time mammographers, one attending radiologist, two mammography fellows, and three radiology residents were recorded during the interpretation of 20 normal and 20 subtly abnormal mammograms. The search time required to first locate a cancer, as well as the initial eye scan path, was determined and compared with diagnostic performance as measured with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results: The median time for all observers to fixate a cancer, regardless of the decision outcome, was 1.13 seconds, with a range of 0.68 second to 3.06 seconds. Even though most of the lesions were fixated, recognition of them as cancerous ranged from 85\% (17 of 20) to 10\% (two of 20), with corresponding areas under the ROC curve of 0.87–0.40. The ROC index of detectability, da, was linearly related to the time to first fixate a cancer with a correlation (r2) of 0.81. Conclusion: The rapid initial fixation of a true abnormality is evidence for a global perceptual process capable of analyzing the visual input of the entire retinal image and pinpointing the spatial location of an abnormality. It appears to be more highly developed in the most proficient observers, replacing the less efficient initial search-to-find strategies. © RSNA, 2007 }
}

@article{AlamudunFractal,
author = {Alamudun, Folami and Yoon, Hong-Jun and Hudson, Kathleen and Morin-Ducote, Garnetta and Hammond, Tracy and Tourassi, Georgia},
year = {2017},
month = {01},
pages = {},
title = {Fractal Analysis of Visual Search Activity for Mass Detection During Mammographic Screening},
volume = {44},
journal = {Medical physics},
doi = {10.1002/mp.12100}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/KrafkaKKKBMT16,
  author    = {Kyle Krafka and
               Aditya Khosla and
               Petr Kellnhofer and
               Harini Kannan and
               Suchendra M. Bhandarkar and
               Wojciech Matusik and
               Antonio Torralba},
  title     = {Eye Tracking for Everyone},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1606.05814},
  year      = {2016},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1606.05814},
  eprinttype = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1606.05814},
  timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:46:34 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/KrafkaKKKBMT16.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{MandelbrotB1967HLIt,
abstract = {Geographical curves are so involved in their detail that their lengths are often infinite or, rather, undefinable. However, many are statistically "selfsimilar," meaning that each portion can be considered a reduced-scale image of the whole. In that case, the degree of complication can be described by a quantity D that has many properties of a "dimension," though it is fractional; that is, it exceeds the value unity associated with the ordinary, rectifiable, curves.},
author = {Mandelbrot, B},
address = {United States},
copyright = {Copyright 1967 American Association for the Advancement of Science},
issn = {0036-8075},
journal = {Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science)},
keywords = {Curves ; Geography ; Maps ; Polygons ; Ratios ; Rectangles ; Reports},
language = {eng},
number = {3775},
pages = {636-638},
publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
title = {How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension},
volume = {156},
year = {1967},
}

@book{alma99244560794202171,
publisher = {The MIT Press},
series = {Adaptive computation and machine learning},
title = {Deep learning },
author = {Goodfellow, Ian},
address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts},
booktitle = {Deep learning},
isbn = {9780262035613},
keywords = {Machine learning},
language = {eng},
lccn = {2016022992},
year = {2016 - 2016},
}

@book{alma99245015873002171,
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
series = {Springer Theses, Recognizing Outstanding Ph.D. Research},
title = {Modelling Non-Markovian Quantum Systems Using Tensor Networks},
abstract = {This thesis presents a revolutionary technique for modelling the dynamics of a quantum system that is strongly coupled to its immediate environment. This is a challenging but timely problem. In particular it is relevant for modelling decoherence in devices such as quantum information processors, and how quantum information moves between spatially separated parts of a quantum system. The key feature of this work is a novel way to represent the dynamics of general open quantum systems as tensor networks, a result which has connections with the Feynman operator calculus and process tensor approaches to quantum mechanics. The tensor network methodology developed here has proven to be extremely powerful: For many situations it may be the most efficient way of calculating open quantum dynamics. This work is abounds with new ideas and invention, and is likely to have a very significant impact on future generations of physicists.},
author = {Strathearn, Aidan.},
address = {Cham},
edition = {1st ed. 2020.},
isbn = {3-030-54975-5},
keywords = {Quantum physics},
language = {eng},
year = {2020},
}

@article{BillingsleyFredC1966PRaM,
number = {4},
pages = {404147-404147},
title = {Processing Ranger and Mariner Photography},
abstract = {A discussion of the "Lunar Television Image Converter" (Lunar-TIC) will be presented. This is the system utilized for the digital processing of the RANGER and the MARINER pictures. Digitizing requirements and 'tradeoffs' will be covered as they apply to this process which employs a magnetic analog tape as the data source, converts the data for processing in a 7094 computer and then converts it to picture form. Some of the RANGER and MARINER pictures which have been processed in the IPL digital computer will be shown and the various techniques used will be discussed. Samples will also be shown of the capability of Lunar-TIC to scan, digitize, and reconstruct photographic transparencies.},
author = {Billingsley, Fred C},
copyright = {2014     COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.},
issn = {0091-3286},
journal = {Optical Engineering},
language = {eng},
volume = {4},
year = {1966},
}

@article{HubelD.H.1959Rfos,
number = {3},
pages = {574-591},
title = {Receptive fields of single neurones in the cat's striate cortex},
author = {Hubel, D. H. and Wiesel, T. N.},
address = {England},
copyright = {1959 The Physiological Society},
issn = {0022-3751},
journal = {The Journal of physiology},
keywords = {Animals ; Cats ; Cerebral Cortex - physiology ; Neurons - physiology ; Old Medline ; Visual Cortex},
language = {eng},
volume = {148},
year = {1959},
}

@article{hilbert1891stetige,
  title={{\"U}ber die stetige abbildung einer linie aufein fl{\"a}chenst{\"u}ck},
  author={Hilbert, D},
  journal={Mathematische Annalen},
  volume={38},
  pages={459--460},
  year={1891}
}

@misc{ wiki:Hilbert,
  author = "Wikipedia",
  title = "Hilbert curve --- {W}ikipedia{,} The Free Encyclopedia",
  year = "2022",
  url = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_curve#Applications_and_mapping_algorithms",
  note = "[Online; accessed 27-September-2022]"
}

@book{cristianini_shawe-taylor_2000, place={Cambridge}, title={An Introduction to Support Vector Machines and Other Kernel-based Learning Methods}, DOI={10.1017/CBO9780511801389}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Cristianini, Nello and Shawe-Taylor, John}, year={2000}}

@Inbook{ref1,
editor="Sammut, Claude
and Webb, Geoffrey I.",
title="Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation",
bookTitle="Encyclopedia of Machine Learning",
year="2010",
publisher="Springer US",
address="Boston, MA",
pages="600--601",
isbn="978-0-387-30164-8",
doi="10.1007/978-0-387-30164-8_469",
url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30164-8_469"
}

@article{10.1371/journal.pone.0254059,
    doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0254059},
    author = {Liu, Zicai AND Yang, Zhen AND Gu, Yueming AND Liu, Huiyu AND Wang, Pu},
    journal = {PLOS ONE},
    publisher = {Public Library of Science},
    title = {The effectiveness of eye tracking in the diagnosis of cognitive disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis},
    year = {2021},
    month = {07},
    volume = {16},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254059},
    pages = {1-16},
    number = {7},

}
