@article{jeganathan2025minimally,
  author  = {Jeganathan, J. Ravichandran and Jegasothy, Ravindran and Sia, Woon Teen},
  title   = {Minimally Invasive Surgery: A Historical and Legal Perspective on Technological Transformation},
  journal = {Journal of Robotic Surgery},
  year    = {2025},
  volume  = {19},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {408},
  doi     = {10.1007/s11701-025-02589-7}
}

@inproceedings{ren2015faster,
  title     = {Faster {R-CNN}: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networks},
  author    = {Ren, Shaoqing and He, Kaiming and Girshick, Ross and Sun, Jian},
  booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  volume    = {28},
  year      = {2015}
}

@inproceedings{newell2016stacked,
  title     = {Stacked Hourglass Networks for Human Pose Estimation},
  author    = {Newell, Alejandro and Yang, Kaiyu and Deng, Jia},
  booktitle = {European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV)},
  year      = {2016}
}

@inproceedings{xiao2018simple,
  title     = {Simple Baselines for Human Pose Estimation and Tracking},
  author    = {Xiao, Bin and Wu, Haiping and Wei, Yichen},
  booktitle = {European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV)},
  year      = {2018}
}

@inproceedings{chen2018cascaded,
  title     = {Cascaded Pyramid Network for Multi-Person Pose Estimation},
  author    = {Chen, Yilun and Wang, Zhicheng and Peng, Yuxiang and Zhang, Zhiqiang and Yu, Gang and Sun, Jian},
  booktitle = {IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)},
  year      = {2018}
}

@inproceedings{xu2022vitpose,
  title     = {{ViTPose}: Simple Vision Transformer Baselines for Human Pose Estimation},
  author    = {Xu, Yan and Zhang, Jingbo and Zhang, Qiang and Tao, Dacheng},
  booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  volume    = {35},
  pages     = {38571--38584},
  year      = {2022}
}

@article{mathis2018deeplabcut,
  title   = {{DeepLabCut}: Markerless Pose Estimation of User-Defined Body Parts with Deep Learning},
  author  = {Mathis, Alexander and Mamidanna, Pranav and Cury, Kevin M. and Abe, Taiga and Murthy, Venkatesh N. and Mathis, Mackenzie W. and Bethge, Matthias},
  journal = {Nature Neuroscience},
  volume  = {21},
  number  = {9},
  pages   = {1281--1289},
  year    = {2018}
}

@inproceedings{cao2017realtime,
  title     = {Realtime Multi-Person 2D Pose Estimation Using Part Affinity Fields},
  author    = {Cao, Zhe and Simon, Tomas and Wei, Shih-En and Sheikh, Yaser},
  booktitle = {IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)},
  year      = {2017}
}

@inproceedings{newell2017associative,
  title     = {Associative Embedding: End-to-End Learning for Joint Detection and Grouping},
  author    = {Newell, Alejandro and Huang, Zhiao and Deng, Jia},
  booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  volume    = {30},
  year      = {2017}
}

@inproceedings{papandreou2018personlab,
  title     = {PersonLab: Person Pose Estimation and Instance Segmentation with a Bottom-Up, Part-Based, Geometric Embedding Model},
  author    = {Papandreou, George and Zhu, Tyler and Chen, Liang-Chieh and Gidaris, Spyros and Tompson, Jonathan and Murphy, Kevin},
  booktitle = {European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV)},
  pages     = {282--299},
  year      = {2018}
}

@inproceedings{cheng2020higherhrnet,
  title     = {{HigherHRNet}: Scale-Aware Representation Learning for Bottom-Up Human Pose Estimation},
  author    = {Cheng, Bowen and Xiao, Bin and Wang, Jingdong and Shi, Honghui and Huang, Thomas S. and Zhang, Lei},
  booktitle = {IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)},
  year      = {2020}
}

@inproceedings{maji2022yolopose,
  title     = {{YOLO-Pose}: Enhancing {YOLO} for Multi Person Pose Estimation Using Object Keypoint Similarity Loss},
  author    = {Maji, Debapriya and Kispe, Leonardo and Pandey, Gaurav and Gandhi, Vishnu and Papandreou, Ibrahim and Wang, Can},
  booktitle = {IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW)},
  year      = {2022}
}

@inproceedings{sun2019hrnet,
  title     = {Deep High-Resolution Representation Learning for Human Pose Estimation},
  author    = {Sun, Ke and Xiao, Bin and Liu, Dong and Wang, Jingdong},
  booktitle = {IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)},
  pages     = {5693--5703},
  year      = {2019}
}

@inproceedings{wu2025surgpose,
  title     = {SurgPose: a Dataset for Articulated Robotic Surgical Tool Pose Estimation and Tracking},
  author    = {Wu, Zijian and Schmidt, Adam and Moore, Randy and Zhou, Haoying and Banks, Alexandre and Kazanzides, Peter and Salcudean, Septimiu E.},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)},
  year      = {2025},
  doi       = {10.1109/ICRA55743.2025.11127958}
}

@article{rueckert2025phakir,
  title   = {Comparative Validation of Surgical Phase Recognition, Instrument Keypoint Estimation, and Instrument Instance Segmentation in Endoscopy: Results of the PhaKIR 2024 Challenge},
  author  = {Rueckert, Tobias and Rauber, David and others},
  journal = {arXiv preprint},
  volume  = {arXiv:2507.16559},
  year    = {2025},
  url     = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.16559}
}

@inproceedings{yoshimura2020single,
  title     = {Single-Shot Pose Estimation of Surgical Robot Instruments' Shafts from Monocular Endoscopic Images},
  author    = {Yoshimura, Masakazu and Marinho, Murilo M. and Harada, Kanako and Mitsuishi, Mamoru},
  booktitle = {2020 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)},
  year      = {2020},
  pages     = {9197--9203},
  doi       = {10.1109/ICRA40945.2020.9196779}
}

@article{spektor2024monocular,
  title   = {Monocular Pose Estimation of Articulated Surgical Instruments in Open Surgery},
  author  = {Spektor, Robert and Friedman, Tom and Or, Itay and Bolotin, Gil and Laufer, Shlomi},
  journal = {arXiv preprint},
  volume  = {arXiv:2407.12138},
  year    = {2024},
  url     = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.12138}
}

@article{du2018articulated,
  title   = {Articulated Multi-Instrument 2-D Pose Estimation Using Fully Convolutional Networks},
  author  = {Du, Xiaofei and Kurmann, Thomas and Chang, Ping-Lin and Allan, Maximilian and Ourselin, S{\'e}bastien and Sznitman, Raphael and Kelly, John D. and Stoyanov, Danail},
  journal = {IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging},
  volume  = {37},
  number  = {5},
  pages   = {1276--1287},
  year    = {2018},
  doi     = {10.1109/TMI.2017.2787672}
}

@article{han2025robustmips,
  title   = {ROBUST-MIPS: A Combined Skeletal Pose and Instance Segmentation Dataset for Laparoscopic Surgical Instruments},
  author  = {Han, Zhe and Budd, Charlie and Zhang, Gongyu and Tian, Huanyu and Bergeles, Christos and Vercauteren, Tom},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2508.21096},
  year    = {2025},
  doi     = {10.48550/arXiv.2508.21096}
}

@article{hasan2021detection,
  title   = {Detection, Segmentation, and 3D Pose Estimation of Surgical Tools Using Convolutional Neural Networks and Algebraic Geometry},
  author  = {Hasan, Md Kamrul and Calvet, Lilian and Rabbani, Navid and Bartoli, Adrien},
  journal = {Medical Image Analysis},
  volume  = {70},
  pages   = {101994},
  year    = {2021},
  doi     = {10.1016/j.media.2021.101994}
}

@article{marcus2021pituitary,
  title   = {Pituitary Society Expert Delphi Consensus: Operative Workflow in Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Pituitary Adenoma Resection},
  author  = {Marcus, Hani J. and Khan, Danyal Z. and Borg, Anouk and Buchfelder, Michael and Cetas, Justin S. and Collins, Justin W. and Dorward, Neil L. and others},
  journal = {Pituitary},
  volume  = {24},
  number  = {6},
  pages   = {839--853},
  year    = {2021}
}


@inproceedings{zhang2021varifocalnet,
  title     = {VarifocalNet: An IoU-aware Dense Object Detector},
  author    = {Zhang, Hongyi and Wang, Ying and Dayoub, Feras and S{\"u}nderhauf, Niko},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)},
  pages     = {8514--8523},
  year      = {2021}
}

@misc{ultralytics_yolo11,
  title        = {YOLO11: Next-Generation Real-Time Object Detection},
  author       = {Ultralytics},
  year         = {2024},
  howpublished = {\url{https://docs.ultralytics.com/models/yolo11/}}
}

@article{das2025pitvis,
  author  = {Das, Adrito and Khan, Danyal Z. and Psychogyios, Dimitrios and Zhang, Yitong and Hanrahan, John G. and Vasconcelos, Francisco and Pang, You and Chen, Zongyuan and Wu, Jia and Zou, Xiaoyun and Zheng, Guoyan and Bano, Sophia},
  title   = {Pitvis-2023 Challenge: Workflow Recognition in Videos of Endoscopic Pituitary Surgery},
  journal = {Medical Image Analysis},
  year    = {2025},
  pages   = {103716},
  doi     = {10.1016/j.media.2025.103716}
}

@article{das2024automated,
  author  = {Das, Adrito and Sidiqi, Bilal and Mennillo, Laurent and Mao, Zhehua and Brudfors, Mikael and Xochicale, Mihai and Khan, Danyal Z. and Newall, Nicola and Hanrahan, John G. and Clarkson, Matthew J. and Stoyanov, Danail},
  title   = {Automated Surgical Skill Assessment in Endoscopic Pituitary Surgery Using Real-Time Instrument Tracking on a High-Fidelity Bench-Top Phantom},
  journal = {Healthcare Technology Letters},
  year    = {2024},
  volume  = {11},
  number  = {6},
  pages   = {336--344}
}

@article{mao2024pitsurgrt,
  author  = {Mao, Z. and Das, A. and Islam, M. and Khan, D. Z. and Williams, S. C. and Hanrahan, J. G. and Borg, A. and Dorward, N. L. and Clarkson, M. J. and Stoyanov, D. and Marcus, H. J.},
  title   = {PitSurgRT: Real-Time Localization of Critical Anatomical Structures in Endoscopic Pituitary Surgery},
  journal = {International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery},
  year    = {2024},
  volume  = {19},
  number  = {6},
  pages   = {1053--1060}
}

@article{wijekoon2025surgflownet,
  author  = {Wijekoon, Anjana and Das, Adrito and Mao, Zhehua and Khan, Danyal Z. and Hanrahan, John G. and Stoyanov, Danail and Marcus, Hani J. and Bano, Sophia},
  title   = {SurgflowNet: Leveraging Unannotated Video for Consistent Endoscopic Pituitary Surgery Workflow Recognition},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence in Medicine},
  year    = {2025},
  pages   = {103309}
}

@article{wu2025augmenting,
  author  = {Wu, Zijian and Schmidt, Adam and Kazanzides, Peter and Salcudean, Septimiu E.},
  title   = {Augmenting Efficient Real-Time Surgical Instrument Segmentation in Video with Point Tracking and Segment Anything},
  journal = {Healthcare Technology Letters},
  year    = {2025},
  volume  = {12},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {e12111}
}

@misc{yolov8_ultralytics,
  author       = {Jocher, Glenn and Chaurasia, Ayush and Qiu, Jing},
  title        = {Ultralytics {YOLOv8}},
  year         = {2023},
  howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics}},
  note         = {Version 8.0.0}
}