@misc{pandering_arxiv,
  doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.2211.09986},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.09986},
  author = {Sun, Xiaolin and Masur, Jacob and Abramowitz, Ben and Mattei, Nicholas and Zheng, Zizhan},
  keywords = {Multiagent Systems (cs.MA), Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI), Computers and Society (cs.CY), Computer Science and Game Theory (cs.GT), Machine Learning (cs.LG), FOS: Computer and information sciences, FOS: Computer and information sciences},
  title = {Pandering in a Flexible Representative Democracy},
  publisher = {arXiv},
  year = {2022},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial Share Alike 4.0 International}
}

@inproceedings{SunMAMZ23,
  author       = {Xiaolin Sun and
                  Jacob Masur and
                  Ben Abramowitz and
                  Nicholas Mattei and
                  Zizhan Zheng},
  title        = {Does Delegating Votes Protect Against Pandering Candidates?},
  booktitle    = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Autonomous Agents
                  and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS)},
  pages        = {2685--2687},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2023}
}


@inproceedings{loreggia2022making,
  title={Making Human-Like Moral Decisions},
  author={Loreggia, Andrea and Mattei, Nicholas and Rahgooy, Taher and Rossi, Francesca and Srivastava, Biplav and Venable, Kristen Brent},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 2022 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society},
  pages={447--454},
  year={2022}
}

@article{meir2018strategic,
  title={Strategic voting},
  author={Meir, Reshef},
  journal={Synthesis lectures on artificial intelligence and machine learning},
  volume={13},
  number={1},
  pages={1--167},
  year={2018},
  publisher={Morgan \& Claypool Publishers}
}

@inproceedings{parkes2013dynamic,
  title={Dynamic social choice with evolving preferences},
  author={Parkes, David and Procaccia, Ariel},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence},
  volume={27},
  number={1},
  pages={767--773},
  year={2013}
}

@article{dutta2001strategic,
  title={Strategic candidacy and voting procedures},
  author={Dutta, Bhaskar and Jackson, Matthew O and Le Breton, Michel},
  journal={Econometrica},
  volume={69},
  number={4},
  pages={1013--1037},
  year={2001},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@inproceedings{bredereck2016complexity,
  title={Complexity of shift bribery in committee elections},
  author={Bredereck, Robert and Faliszewski, Piotr and Niedermeier, Rolf and Talmon, Nimrod},
  booktitle={Thirtieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
  year={2016}
}

@article{binkele2014complexity,
  title={The complexity of probabilistic lobbying},
  author={Binkele-Raible, Daniel and Erd{\'e}lyi, G{\'a}bor and Fernau, Henning and Goldsmith, Judy and Mattei, Nicholas and Rothe, J{\"o}rg},
  journal={Discrete Optimization},
  volume={11},
  pages={1--21},
  year={2014},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}


@inproceedings{brill2018interactive,
  title={Interactive democracy},
  author={Brill, Markus},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems},
  pages={1183--1187},
  year={2018}
}

@article{anscombe1976frustration,
  title={On frustration of the majority by fulfilment of the majority's will},
  author={Anscombe, Gertrude EM},
  journal={Analysis},
  volume={36},
  number={4},
  pages={161--168},
  year={1976},
  publisher={JSTOR}
}

@article{noothigattu-2019-ethicalvalues,
  author    = {Ritesh Noothigattu and
               Djallel Bouneffouf and
               Nicholas Mattei and
               Rachita Chandra and
               Piyush Madan and
               Kush R. Varshney and
               Murray Campbell and
               Moninder Singh and
               Francesca Rossi},
  title     = {Teaching {AI} agents ethical values using reinforcement learning and
               policy orchestration},
  journal   = {{IBM} J. Res. Dev.},
  volume    = {63},
  number    = {4/5},
  pages     = {2:1--2:9},
  year      = {2019}
}

@article{ie2019reinforcement,
  title={Reinforcement learning for slate-based recommender systems: A tractable decomposition and practical methodology},
  author={Ie, Eugene and Jain, Vihan and Wang, Jing and Narvekar, Sanmit and Agarwal, Ritesh and Wu, Rui and Cheng, Heng-Tze and Lustman, Morgane and Gatto, Vince and Covington, Paul and others},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.12767},
  year={2019}
}

@article{lowe2017multi,
  title={Multi-agent actor-critic for mixed cooperative-competitive environments},
  author={Lowe, Ryan and Wu, Yi I and Tamar, Aviv and Harb, Jean and Pieter Abbeel, OpenAI and Mordatch, Igor},
  journal={Advances in neural information processing systems},
  volume={30},
  year={2017}
}

@article{abbeel2006application,
  title={An application of reinforcement learning to aerobatic helicopter flight},
  author={Abbeel, Pieter and Coates, Adam and Quigley, Morgan and Ng, Andrew},
  journal={Advances in neural information processing systems},
  volume={19},
  year={2006}
}

@inproceedings{lackner2020perpetual,
  title={Perpetual voting: Fairness in long-term decision making},
  author={Lackner, Martin},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence},
  volume={34},
  number={02},
  pages={2103--2110},
  year={2020}
}

@article{golz2021fluid,
  title={The fluid mechanics of liquid democracy},
  author={G{\"o}lz, Paul and Kahng, Anson and Mackenzie, Simon and Procaccia, Ariel D},
  journal={ACM Transactions on Economics and Computation},
  volume={9},
  number={4},
  pages={1--39},
  year={2021},
  publisher={ACM New York, NY}
}

@article{aziz2017justified,
  title={Justified representation in approval-based committee voting},
  author={Aziz, Haris and Brill, Markus and Conitzer, Vincent and Elkind, Edith and Freeman, Rupert and Walsh, Toby},
  journal={Social Choice and Welfare},
  volume={48},
  number={2},
  pages={461--485},
  year={2017},
  publisher={Springer}
}

@article{chamberlin1983representative,
  title={Representative deliberations and representative decisions: Proportional representation and the Borda rule},
  author={Chamberlin, John R and Courant, Paul N},
  journal={American Political Science Review},
  volume={77},
  number={3},
  pages={718--733},
  year={1983},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press}
}

@inproceedings{procaccia2007multi,
  title={Multi-Winner Elections: Complexity of Manipulation, Control and Winner-Determination.},
  author={Procaccia, Ariel D and Rosenschein, Jeffrey S and Zohar, Aviv},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 28th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI)},
  pages={1476--1481},
  year={2007}
}

@article{faliszewski2017multiwinner,
  title={Multiwinner voting: A new challenge for social choice theory},
  author={Faliszewski, Piotr and Skowron, Piotr and Slinko, Arkadii and Talmon, Nimrod},
  journal={Trends in computational social choice},
  volume={74},
  number={2017},
  pages={27--47},
  year={2017},
  publisher={AI Access Foundation}
}

@article{faliszewski2010ai,
  title={{AI}’s war on manipulation: Are we winning?},
  author={Faliszewski, Piotr and Procaccia, Ariel D},
  journal={AI Magazine},
  volume={31},
  number={4},
  pages={53--64},
  year={2010}
}

@book{tambe2011security,
  title={Security and Game Theory: Algorithms, Deployed Systems, Lessons Learned},
  author={Tambe, Milind},
  year={2011},
  publisher={Cambridge university press}
}

@book{sutton-barto-rl,
author = {Sutton, Richard S. and Barto, Andrew G.},
title = {Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction, 2nd Edition},
year = {2018},
publisher = {A Bradford Book},
address = {Cambridge, MA, USA}
}

@book{brandt2016handbook,
  title={Handbook of computational social choice},
  author={Brandt, Felix and Conitzer, Vincent and Endriss, Ulle and Lang, J{\'e}r{\^o}me and Procaccia, Ariel D},
  year={2016},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press}
}

@inproceedings{abramowitz2019flexible,
  title={Flexible representative democracy: an introduction with binary issues},
  author={Abramowitz, Ben and Mattei, Nicholas},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 28th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI)},
  pages={3--10},
  year={2019}
}


@article{caprara2000multiple,
  title={The multiple subset sum problem},
  author={Caprara, Alberto and Kellerer, Hans and Pferschy, Ulrich},
  journal={SIAM Journal on Optimization},
  volume={11},
  number={2},
  pages={308--319},
  year={2000},
  publisher={SIAM}
}

@misc{zwicker2016introduction,
  title={Introduction to the Theory of Voting.},
  author={Zwicker, William S},
  year={2016}
}

@inproceedings{brill2018pairwise,
  title={Pairwise Liquid Democracy.},
  author={Brill, Markus and Talmon, Nimrod},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 28th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI)},
  pages={137--143},
  year={2018}
}

@article{green2015direct,
  title={Direct voting and proxy voting},
  author={Green-Armytage, James},
  journal={Constitutional Political Economy},
  volume={26},
  number={2},
  pages={190--220},
  year={2015},
  publisher={Springer}
}

@book{behrens2014principles,
  title={The principles of LiquidFeedback},
  author={Behrens, Jan and Kistner, Axel and Nitsche, Andreas and Swierczek, Bj{\"o}rn},
  year={2014},
  publisher={Interacktive Demokratie}
}

@article{hardt2015google,
  title={Google votes: A liquid democracy experiment on a corporate social network},
  author={Hardt, Steve and Lopes, Lia CR},
  year={2015}
}

@article{christoff2017binary,
  title={Binary voting with delegable proxy: An analysis of liquid democracy},
  author={Christoff, Zo{\'e} and Grossi, Davide},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1707.08741},
  year={2017}
}

@article{blum2016liquid,
  title={Liquid democracy: Potentials, problems, and perspectives},
  author={Blum, Christian and Zuber, Christina Isabel},
  journal={Journal of Political Philosophy},
  volume={24},
  number={2},
  pages={162--182},
  year={2016},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@misc{NIST:DLMF,
         key = "{\relax DLMF}",
       title = "{\it NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions}",
howpublished = "http://dlmf.nist.gov/, Release 1.1.3 of 2021-09-15",
         url = "http://dlmf.nist.gov/",
        note = "F.~W.~J. Olver, A.~B. {Olde Daalhuis}, D.~W. Lozier, B.~I. Schneider,
                R.~F. Boisvert, C.~W. Clark, B.~R. Miller, B.~V. Saunders,
                H.~S. Cohl, and M.~A. McClain, eds."}

@article{humanAttitudes,
    author = {Anderson, Christopher J and Bol, Damien and Ananda, Aurelia},
    title = "{Humanity’s Attitudes about Democracy and Political Leaders: Patterns and Trends}",
    journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
    volume = {85},
    number = {4},
    pages = {957-986},
    year = {2021},
    month = {11},
    abstract = "{For decades, researchers have examined people’s beliefs across countries and over time using national samples of citizens. Yet, in an era when economies, societies, and policymaking have become increasingly interconnected, nation-states may no longer be the only or most relevant units of analysis for studying public opinion. To examine what people think about politics on a global scale, we develop tools for measuring public opinion that allow us to transcend national and regional boundaries. Starting with the world as the unit of analysis and humans as the relevant population, we measure and then explore patterns and trends in human preferences for democratic government and political leaders with the help of surveys collected around the world since 1994.}"
}

@article{dunn1995democracy,
  title={Democracy: The unfinished journey},
  author={Dunn, John},
  journal={Ethics},
  volume={105},
  number={2},
  year={1995}
}

@article{downs1957economic,
  title={An economic theory of democracy},
  author={Downs, Anthony and others},
  year={1957},
  publisher={Harper \& Row New York}
}

@article{black1958theory,
  title={The theory of committees and elections},
  author={Black, Duncan and others},
  year={1958},
  publisher={Springer}
}

@book{buchanan1965calculus,
  title={The calculus of consent: Logical foundations of constitutional democracy},
  author={Buchanan, James M and Tullock, Gordon},
  volume={100},
  year={1965},
  publisher={University of Michigan press}
}

@Article{Green-Armytage2015,
author={Green-Armytage, James},
title={Direct voting and proxy voting},
journal={Constitutional Political Economy},
year={2015},
month={6},
day={01},
volume={26},
number={2},
pages={190-220},
abstract={I develop a hybrid of direct democracy and representative democracy in which each citizen may vote directly on each issue, or delegate his vote on any issue to a representative (that is, a proxy) of his own choosing. I construct both an axiomatic argument for such a system and an argument based on its ability to ameliorate the information problems inherent in both direct and representative democracy. I also propose practical measures for implementation, including new variations on existing proxy system proposals. These new variations include a `Dodgsonesque' procedure, a proportional agenda-setting procedure, a provision for virtual committees, and a provision for continual consideration of issues.}
}

@article{mccarthy_2021, title={America's most \& least trusted professions [infographic]}, journal={Forbes}, publisher={Forbes Magazine}, author={McCarthy, Niall}, year={2021}, month={6}} 

@article{wike_schumacher_2021, title={Democratic rights popular globally but commitment to them not always strong}, journal={Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project}, publisher={Pew Research Center}, author={Wike, Richard and Schumacher, Shannon}, year={2021}, month={3}} 

@misc{griffin_mackinnon_2021, title={Report: Corruption in U.S. at worst levels in almost a decade}, url={https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/28/report-transparency-international-corruption-worst-decade-united-states/}, journal={Foreign Policy}, publisher={Foreign Policy}, author={Griffin, Cailey and Mackinnon, Amy}, year={2021}, month={1}}

@article{kahng2021liquid,
  title={Liquid democracy: An algorithmic perspective},
  author={Kahng, Anson and Mackenzie, Simon and Procaccia, Ariel},
  journal={Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research},
  volume={70},
  pages={1223--1252},
  year={2021}
}

@book{sutton2018reinforcement,
  title={Reinforcement learning: An introduction},
  author={Sutton, Richard S and Barto, Andrew G},
  year={2018},
  publisher={MIT press}
}

@article{mnih2013playing,
  title={Playing atari with deep reinforcement learning},
  author={Mnih, Volodymyr and Kavukcuoglu, Koray and Silver, David and Graves, Alex and Antonoglou, Ioannis and Wierstra, Daan and Riedmiller, Martin},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1312.5602},
  year={2013}
}

@article{interactive,
 author = {James C. Miller},
 journal = {Public Choice},
 pages = {107--113},
 publisher = {Springer},
 title = {A Program for Direct and Proxy Voting in the Legislative Process},
 volume = {7},
 year = {1969}
}

@article{weighted,
title = {Weighted representative democracy},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Economics},
volume = {88},
pages = {52-63},
year = {2020},
author = {Marcus Pivato and Arnold Soh},
keywords = {Social choice, Representative democracy, Weighted majority voting, Binary decision, Preference aggregation, Judgement aggregation},
abstract = {We propose a new system of democratic representation. Any voter can choose any legislator as her representative; thus, different legislators can represent different numbers of voters. Decisions in the legislature are made by weighted majority voting, where the weight of each legislator is determined by the number of voters she represents. We show that, if the size of the electorate is very large, then with very high probability, the decisions obtained in the legislature agree with those which would have been reached by a popular referendum decided by simple majority vote.}
}

@misc{shahaf2019sybilresilient,
      title={Sybil-Resilient Reality-Aware Social Choice}, 
      author={Gal Shahaf and Ehud Shapiro and Nimrod Talmon},
      year={2019},
      eprint={1807.11105},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.MA}
}

@inproceedings{byzantine,
author = {Gärtner, Felix C.},
title = {Byzantine failures and security: Arbitrary is not (always) random},
booktitle = {INFORMATIK 2003 - Mit Sicherheit Informatik, Schwerpunkt "Sicherheit - Schutz und Zuverlässigkeit"},
year = {2003},
editor = {Grimm, Rüdiger AND Keller, Hubert B. AND Rannenberg, Kai} ,
pages = { 127-138 },
publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V.},
address = {Bonn}
}

@article{gibbs2021individual,
  title={Individual Accountability, Collective Decision-making},
  author={Gibbs, Daniel},
  year={2021}
}
@misc{td3,
  doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.1802.09477},
  
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.09477},
  
  author = {Fujimoto, Scott and van Hoof, Herke and Meger, David},
  
  keywords = {Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI), Machine Learning (cs.LG), Machine Learning (stat.ML), FOS: Computer and information sciences, FOS: Computer and information sciences},
  
  title = {Addressing Function Approximation Error in Actor-Critic Methods},
  
  publisher = {arXiv},
  
  year = {2018},
  
  copyright = {arXiv.org perpetual, non-exclusive license}
}
@article{stable-baselines3,
  author  = {Antonin Raffin and Ashley Hill and Adam Gleave and Anssi Kanervisto and Maximilian Ernestus and Noah Dormann},
  title   = {Stable-Baselines3: Reliable Reinforcement Learning Implementations},
  journal = {Journal of Machine Learning Research},
  year    = {2021},
  volume  = {22},
  number  = {268},
  pages   = {1-8}
}


@inbook{promiseskept,
author = {Petry, Fran{\c c}ois and Collette, Beno{\^\i}t},
doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-89672-4_5},
isbn = {978-0-387-89671-7},
publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
month = {06},
pages = {65-80},
title = {Measuring How Political Parties Keep Their Promises: A Positive Perspective from Political Science},
year = {2009},
bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-89672-4_5}
}


@article{arkansasEDI,
	abstract = { Empirical evidence largely suggests that the billions of dollars state and local governments spend on targeted economic development incentive (EDI) programs are typically ineffective at stimulating broad economic activity. The continued use of EDIs by public officials has thus led scholars to investigate the role of these programs in political pandering. In this paper, we explore the relationship between EDIs and gubernatorial elections in Arkansas. Specifically, we investigate whether officials strategically allocate discretionary EDIs based on previous county-level gubernatorial election outcomes. We subsequently explore the impact of discretionary EDIs on an incumbent party's bid for gubernatorial reelection at the county level. Our results largely suggest that public officials do not allocate EDIs based on previous election outcomes. Moreover, our results indicate that voters are unresponsive to both the quantity and magnitude of credit claiming messages. },
	author = {Jacob Bundrick and Erica Smith and Weici Yuan},
	doi = {10.1177/10911421211050940},
	eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1177/10911421211050940},
	journal = {Public Finance Review},
	number = {5},
	pages = {673-716},
	title = {Pandering Politicians? Targeted Economic Development Incentives and Voter Response},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/10911421211050940},
	volume = {49},
	year = {2021},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/10911421211050940}}


@article{pandering_politicians_suspicious,
	abstract = { Although the charge that "politicians pander" is common in American politics, there has been little scholarly consideration of the impact of suspicion of pandering on public opinion. In this article, we develop a model of the antecedents and consequences of political suspicion about possible pandering and report the results of an experiment designed to evaluate this model. Suspicion was a function of both the context and the individual's agreement with the suspect communication, where agreement with an expressed policy position inhibited the arousal of suspicion. Suspicion had a number of meaningful consequences, chief among them uncertainty about the politician's character and more negative evaluations. We conclude with a discussion of the theoretical and normative implications of the results for our understanding of how citizens evaluate politicians and the policies they espouse. },
	author = {McGraw, Kathleen M. and Lodge, Milton and Jones, Jeffrey M.},
	eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2508.00130},
	journal = {The Journal of Politics},
	number = {2},
	pages = {362-383},
	title = {The Pandering Politicians of Suspicious Minds},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2002},
}

@article{kartik2015information,
  title={Information revelation and pandering in elections},
  author={Kartik, Navin and Squintani, Francesco and Tinn, Katrin and others},
  journal={Columbia University, New York},
  volume={36},
  year={2015}
}

@misc{ecker_prike_2022, title={We know politicians lie – but do we care?}, url={https://theconversation.com/we-know-politicians-lie-but-do-we-care-176578}, journal={The Conversation}, author={Ecker, Ullrich and Prike, Toby}, year={2022}, month={Aug}} 

@article{maskin2019pandering,
  title={Pandering and pork-barrel politics},
  author={Maskin, Eric and Tirole, Jean},
  journal={Journal of Public Economics},
  volume={176},
  pages={79--93},
  year={2019},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{mcmurray2017polarization,
  title={Polarization and Pandering in Common-value Elections},
  author={McMurray, Joseph},
  journal={Brigham Young University. Manuscript},
  year={2017}
}

@article{janezic2020eliciting,
author = {Katharina A. Janezic  and Aina Gallego },
title = {Eliciting preferences for truth-telling in a survey of politicians},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
volume = {117},
number = {36},
pages = {22002-22008},
year = {2020}
}

@article{swire2017processing,
author = {Swire, Briony  and Berinsky, Adam J.  and Lewandowsky, Stephan  and Ecker, Ullrich K. H. },
title = {Processing political misinformation: comprehending the Trump phenomenon},
journal = {Royal Society Open Science},
volume = {4},
number = {3},
pages = {160802},
year = {2017},
doi = {10.1098/rsos.160802},

URL = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rsos.160802},
eprint = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsos.160802}
}

@article{swirethompson2020source,
author = {Swire-Thompson, Briony and Ecker, Ullrich K. H. and Lewandowsky, Stephan and Berinsky, Adam J.},
title = {They Might Be a Liar But They’re My Liar: Source Evaluation and the Prevalence of Misinformation},
journal = {Political Psychology},
volume = {41},
number = {1},
pages = {21-34},
keywords = {The continued influence effect, misinformation, belief updating, source credibility, fact checking},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12586},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/pops.12586},
eprint = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/pops.12586},
year = {2020}
}

@article{aird2018truth,
author = {Aird, Michael J.  and Ecker, Ullrich K. H.  and Swire, Briony  and Berinsky, Adam J.  and Lewandowsky, Stephan },
title = {Does truth matter to voters? The effects of correcting political misinformation in an Australian sample},
journal = {Royal Society Open Science},
volume = {5},
number = {12},
pages = {180593},
year = {2018}
}

@article{royed1997,
author = {Royed, Terry J. and Borrelli, Stephen A.},
title = {Political Parties and Public Policy: Social Welfare Policy from                     Carter to Bush},
journal = {Polity},
volume = {29},
number = {4},
pages = {539-563},
year = {1997},
doi = {10.2307/3235267},
URL = {https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.2307/3235267},
eprint = {https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.2307/3235267}
}

@article{royed1999,
author = {Terry J. Royed and Stephen A. Borrelli},
title ={Parties and Economic Policy in the USA: Pledges and Performance, 1976-1992},
journal = {Party Politics},
volume = {5},
number = {1},
pages = {115-127},
year = {1999},
doi = {10.1177/1354068899005001007},

URL = { 
        https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068899005001007
    
},
eprint = { 
        https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068899005001007
    
}
,
    abstract = { The ability of parties to carry out campaign pledges is a central theme of democratic theory. While many scholars have viewed US parties as weak and ineffective, recent studies have suggested that the US system is surprisingly effective. We suggest that previous studies have not presented a clear picture of the relative success of each party under a variety of circumstances - i.e. `who gets what, when?'. We investigate each party's success in economic policy under united and divided government by analyzing fulfillment of the 384 economic policy pledges in both parties' platforms of 1976, 1980, 1984 and 1988. We conclude that institutional control is fairly predictive of the relative success of the parties, although other factors are also influential. We find that, contrary to the assumption of some studies, the president's party does not have an advantage in overall economic policy unless it has some congressional control as well. }
}

@article{thomson2001,
author = {Thomson, Robert},
title = {The programme to policy linkage: The fulfilment of election pledges on socio–economic policy in The Netherlands, 1986–1998},
journal = {European Journal of Political Research},
volume = {40},
number = {2},
pages = {171-197},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.00595},
url = {https://ejpr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1475-6765.00595},
eprint = {https://ejpr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1475-6765.00595},
abstract = {Abstract. To what extent are the contents of party election programmes congruent with subsequent government policy actions? Existing research on the fulfilment of pre–election pledges focuses on systems of government in which executives formed by a single parties are the norm. This study extends this research to coalition systems of government. Specific policy proposals made by the main Dutch parties in their recent election programmes are identified and compared with subsequent government policy actions. Hypotheses about the conditions under which pledges are more likely to be acted upon are formulated and tested. Although clear linkages between election programmes and subsequent policies are found, pledges made by prospective coalition parties in the Netherlands are less likely to be acted upon than those made by prospective governing parties in the United Kingdom. Prominent features of cabinet government, such as the allocation of ministerial portfolios and the coalition policy agreement, are found to influence the likelihood of pledges being fulfilled. In addition, consensus between parties is also found to increase the likelihood of government actions responding to election pledges.},
year = {2001}
}

@article{ringuist2004,
 ISSN = {00384941, 15406237},
 URL = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/42955950},
 abstract = {Objective. The extent to which candidates for elected office keep their campaign promises holds great interest for citizens and has important consequences for the quality of democracy. However, we know very little about whether candidates actually keep these promises. This article examines the relationship between campaign promises and the subsequent legislative behavior of members of Congress in the area of environmental protection. Methods. Responses to the 1996 National Political Awareness Test (NPAT) are matched with roll-call data on environmental issues from the 105th Congress. A series of bivariate probit models with selection are then used to assess the extent to which roll-call votes are consistent with candidate policy statements in the NPAT. Results. We find that members of Congress vote consistent with their campaign promises 73 percent of the time, and that NPAT responses help to predict roll-call votes even when controlling for party, race, gender, campaign contributions, and previous environmental voting record. We also find that the propensity to keep campaign promises varies systematically across types of legislators. Conclusions. Contrary to public perceptions, candidates for Congress routinely act to keep their campaign promises once elected, at least in the area of environmental protection policy.},
 author = {Evan J. Ringquist and Carl Dasse},
 journal = {Social Science Quarterly},
 number = {2},
 pages = {400--419},
 publisher = {[University of Texas Press, Wiley]},
 title = {Lies, Damned Lies, and Campaign Promises? Environmental Legislation in the 105th Congress},
 urldate = {2022-10-22},
 volume = {85},
 year = {2004}
}


@article{mapStackExchangeNealYoung,
    TITLE = {Complexity of Maximizing Hamming Distances Below a Threshold},
    AUTHOR = {Neal Young},
    HOWPUBLISHED = {Theoretical Computer Science Stack Exchange},
    EPRINT = {https://cstheory.stackexchange.com/q/52032},
    URL = {https://cstheory.stackexchange.com/q/52032}
}

@MISC {StackExchangeDebug,
    TITLE = {Find binary vector within fixed distance to reference vector that maximizes the number of distances to a set of vector that are below a threshold},
    HOWPUBLISHED = {Mathematica \& Wolfram Language Stack Exchange},
    EPRINT = {https://mathematica.stackexchange.com/a/271324/87407},
    URL = {https://mathematica.stackexchange.com/a/271324/87407}
}

@book{garey1979computers,
  title={Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness},
  author={Garey, Michael R and Johnson, David S},
  year={1979},
  publisher={WH Freeman \& Co.}
}


@misc{Mathematica,
  author = {Wolfram Research{,} Inc.},
  title = {Mathematica, {V}ersion 13.1},
  url = {https://www.wolfram.com/mathematica},
  note = {Champaign, IL, 2022}
}

@article{assembly1948universal,
  title={Universal declaration of human rights},
  author={Assembly, UN General and others},
  journal={UN General Assembly},
  volume={302},
  number={2},
  pages={14--25},
  year={1948},
  publisher={New York, NY, USA:}
}

@inproceedings{zhang2021power,
  title={Power in liquid democracy},
  author={Zhang, Yuzhe and Grossi, Davide},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the AAAI conference on Artificial Intelligence},
  volume={35},
  number={6},
  pages={5822--5830},
  year={2021}
}

@techreport{ford2002delegative,
  title={Delegative democracy},
  author={Ford, Bryan Alexander},
  year={2002}
}

@inproceedings{bloembergen2019rational,
  title={On rational delegations in liquid democracy},
  author={Bloembergen, Daan and Grossi, Davide and Lackner, Martin},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
  volume={33},
  number={01},
  pages={1796--1803},
  year={2019}
}

@inproceedings{paulin2020overview,
  title={An overview of ten years of liquid democracy research},
  author={Paulin, Alois},
  booktitle={The 21st Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research},
  pages={116--121},
  year={2020}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{civicracy,
  author={Hainisch, Reinhard and Paulin, Alois},
  booktitle={2016 Conference for E-Democracy and Open Government (CeDEM)}, 
  title={Civicracy: Establishing a Competent and Responsible Council of Representatives Based on Liquid Democracy}, 
  year={2016},
  volume={},
  number={},
  pages={10-16},
}
  
@article{flipit,
author = {Marten van Dijk and Ari Juels and Alina Oprea and Ronald L. Rivest},
title = {{FlipIt: The Game of ``Stealthy Takeover''}},
journal   = {Journal of Cryptology},
volume = {26},
number = {4},
pages = {655-713},
year = {2013}
}

@misc{graph-apt,
 title = {Graph-based approach to deterring persistent security threats},
 author = {Kevin D. Bowers and Marten E. Van Dijk and Ari Juels and Alina M. Oprea and Ronald L. Rivest and Nikolaos Triandopoulos},
 howpublished = {US Patent 8813234},
 year = {2014}
}

@article{sengupta2020multi,
  title={Multi-agent reinforcement learning in bayesian stackelberg markov games for adaptive moving target defense},
  author={Sengupta, Sailik and Kambhampati, Subbarao},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2007.10457},
  year={2020}
}

@inproceedings{robust-state-perturbation,
  title={Robust deep reinforcement learning against adversarial perturbations on observations},
  author={Huan Zhang and Hongge Chen and Chaowei Xiao and Bo Li and Duane Boning and Cho-Jui Hsieh},
  booktitle={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS)},
  year={2020}
}

@inproceedings{deception-security,
  title={Deception in Finitely Repeated Security Games},
  author={Thanh H. Nguyen and Yongzhao Wang and Arunesh Sinha and Michael P. Wellman},
  booktitle={AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI)},
  year={2019}
}

@inproceedings{RL-model-poisoning,
  title={Learning to Attack Federated Learning: A Model-based Reinforcement Learning Attack Framework},
  author={Henger Li and Xiaolin Sun and Zizhan Zheng},
  booktitle={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS)},
  year={2022}
}

@inproceedings{liammas2020,
  title={Spatial-Temporal Moving Target Defense: A Markov Stackelberg Game Model},
  author={Li, Henger and Shen, Wen  and Zheng, Zizhan},
  booktitle={International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems (AAMAS)},
  year={2020}
}

@article{mnih2015human,
  title={Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning},
  author={Mnih, Volodymyr and Kavukcuoglu, Koray and Silver, David and Rusu, Andrei A and Veness, Joel and Bellemare, Marc G and Graves, Alex and Riedmiller, Martin and Fidjeland, Andreas K and Ostrovski, Georg and others},
  journal={nature},
  volume={518},
  number={7540},
  pages={529--533},
  year={2015},
  publisher={Nature Publishing Group}
}

@article{silver2016mastering,
  title={Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search},
  author={Silver, David and Huang, Aja and Maddison, Chris J and Guez, Arthur and Sifre, Laurent and Van Den Driessche, George and Schrittwieser, Julian and Antonoglou, Ioannis and Panneershelvam, Veda and Lanctot, Marc and others},
  journal={Nature},
  volume={529},
  number={7587},
  pages={484--489},
  year={2016},
  publisher={Nature Publishing Group}
}

@article{PPO,
  title={Proximal policy optimization algorithms},
  author={Schulman, John and Wolski, Filip and Dhariwal, Prafulla and Radford, Alec and Klimov, Oleg},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1707.06347},
  year={2017}
}

@article{berner2019dota,
  title={Dota 2 with large scale deep reinforcement learning},
  author={Berner, Christopher and Brockman, Greg and Chan, Brooke and Cheung, Vicki and D{{e}}biak, Przemys{\l}aw and Dennison, Christy and Farhi, David and Fischer, Quirin and Hashme, Shariq and Hesse, Chris and others},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1912.06680},
  year={2019}
}

