



\documentclass{midl} % Include author names

% The following packages will be automatically loaded:
% jmlr, amsmath, amssymb, natbib, graphicx, url, algorithm2e
% ifoddpage, relsize and probably more
% make sure they are installed with your latex distribution

\usepackage{mwe} % to get dummy images
\usepackage{graphicx,verbatim}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{color}
\usepackage{url}
\usepackage{booktabs}
% \usepackage{ulem}
\usepackage{amsmath}
%\usepackage{subcaption}
\usepackage{xcolor,colortbl}
\definecolor{lavender}{gray}{0.9}
\usepackage{soul}
%\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{bbding}
\usepackage{graphicx,verbatim}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{bbm}

\usepackage[dvipsnames]{xcolor}
% \newcommand{\xxx}[1]{\textcolor{magenta}{#1}}
% \newcommand{\xx}[1]{\textcolor{teal}{#1}}
% \newcommand{\x}[1]{\textcolor{orange}{#1}}

\definecolor{lavender}{gray}{0.9}
\definecolor{supervised}{RGB}{245,245,245}      % very light gray
\definecolor{semisup}{RGB}{236,244,252}        % very light blue
\definecolor{crosssup}{RGB}{243,238,252}       % light lavender
\definecolor{upper}{RGB}{235,242,235}          % very light green

\definecolor{bestcell}{RGB}{198,239,206}    % light green
\definecolor{secondcell}{RGB}{255,235,156}  % light orange

% Convenience macros: color the cell background (keeps your number formatting)
\newcommand{\best}[1]{\cellcolor{bestcell}\textbf{#1}}
\newcommand{\second}[1]{\cellcolor{secondcell}#1}





\usepackage{amsmath} % Load amsmath for advanced math features and redefine \vec to avoid conflicts

\jmlrvolume{-- nnn}
\jmlryear{2026}
\jmlrworkshop{Full Paper -- MIDL 2026}
\editors{Accepted for publication at MIDL 2026}


\title[Endo-SemiS]{Endo-SemiS: Towards Robust Semi-Supervised Image Segmentation for Endoscopic Video}

 % Use \Name{Author Name} to specify the name.
 % If the surname contains spaces, enclose the surname
 % in braces, e.g. \Name{John {Smith Jones}} similarly
 % if the name has a "von" part, e.g \Name{Jane {de Winter}}.
 % If the first letter in the forenames is a diacritic
 % enclose the diacritic in braces, e.g. \Name{{\'E}louise Smith}

 % Two authors with the same address
 % \midlauthor{\Name{Author Name1} \Email{abc@sample.edu}\and
 %  \Name{Author Name2} \Email{xyz@sample.edu}\\
 %  \addr Address}

 % Three or more authors with the same address:
 % \midlauthor{\Name{Author Name1} \Email{an1@sample.edu}\\
 %  \Name{Author Name2} \Email{an2@sample.edu}\\
 %  \Name{Author Name3} \Email{an3@sample.edu}\\
 %  \addr Address}


% Authors with different addresses:
% \midlauthor{\Name{Author Name1} \Email{abc@sample.edu}\\
% \addr Address 1
% \AND
% \Name{Author Name2} \Email{xyz@sample.edu}\\
% \addr Address 2
% }

%\footnotetext[1]{Contributed equally}

% More complicate cases, e.g. with dual affiliations and joint authorship
\midlauthor{\Name{Hao Li}\midljointauthortext{Corresponding author}\nametag{$^{1}$}\Email{hao.li.1@vanderbilt.edu}\\
\Name{Daiwei Lu\nametag{$^{1}$}} \Email{daiwei.lu@vanderbilt.edu}\\
\Name{Xing Yao\nametag{$^{1}$}} \Email{xing.yao@vanderbilt.edu}\\
\Name{Nicholas Kavoussi\nametag{$^{2}$}} \Email{nicholas.l.kavoussi@vumc.org}\\
\Name{Ipek Oguz\nametag{$^{1}$}} \Email{ipek.oguz@vanderbilt.edu}\\
\addr $^{1}$ Vanderbilt University \addr \\$^{2}$ Vanderbilt University Medical Center
}

\begin{document}

\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
In this paper, we present \textbf{Endo-SemiS}, a semi-supervised segmentation framework for providing reliable segmentation of endoscopic video frames with limited annotation. Endo-SemiS uses 4 strategies to improve performance by effectively utilizing all available data, particularly unlabeled data: (1) Cross-supervision between two individual networks that supervise each other; (2) Uncertainty-guided pseudo-labels from unlabeled data, which are generated by selecting high-confidence regions to improve their quality; (3) Joint pseudo-label supervision, which aggregates reliable pixels from the pseudo-labels of both networks to provide accurate supervision for unlabeled data; and (4) Mutual learning, where both networks learn from each other at the feature and image levels, reducing variance and guiding them toward a consistent solution.
Additionally, a separate corrective network that utilizes spatiotemporal information from endoscopy video to improve segmentation performance. Endo-SemiS is evaluated on two clinical applications: kidney stone laser lithotomy from ureteroscopy and polyp screening from colonoscopy. Compared to state-of-the-art segmentation methods, Endo-SemiS substantially achieves superior results on both datasets with limited labeled data. The code is publicly available at \url{https://github.com/MedICL-VU/Endo-SemiS}

% that demonstrate its potential for clinical use, especially when extreme availability of limited labeled data.


\end{abstract}

\begin{keywords}
Comprehensive supervision, uncertainty-guided pseudo-label, spatiotemporal
\end{keywords}



\input{texts/1introduction}
\input{texts/2methods}
\input{texts/3experiments}

\clearpage  % Acknowledgements, references, and appendix do not count toward the page limit (if any)
% Acknowledgments---Will not appear in anonymized version
\midlacknowledgments{This work was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health (R21DK133742) and Vanderbilt Institute for Surgery
and Engineering (VISE) Seed Grant. Daiwei Lu is supported by NIH F31DK143735-01.}


\bibliography{midl26_130}
% \clearpage
\appendix
% \setcounter{figure}{0}% Reset figure counter
%   \let\oldthefigure\thefigure% Capture figure numbering scheme
%   \renewcommand{\thefigure}{A\oldthefigure}% Prefix figure number with A

%   \setcounter{table}{0}% Reset figure counter
%   \let\oldthetable\thetable% Capture figure numbering scheme
%   \renewcommand{\thetable}{A\oldthetable}% Prefix figure number with A
\input{texts/4appendix}

\end{document}
