# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Copyright (c) 2023-2025, Songlin Yang, Yu Zhang

from typing import Optional, Tuple

import torch
import triton
import triton.language as tl

from fla.ops.utils import softmax_bwd, softmax_fwd
from fla.ops.utils.logcumsumexp import logcumsumexp_fwd_kernel
from fla.ops.utils.op import exp
from fla.utils import input_guard


@triton.jit(do_not_specialize=['T'])
def chunk_abc_fwd_kernel_h(
    k,
    v,
    z,
    h,
    h0,
    ht,
    T,
    K: tl.constexpr,
    V: tl.constexpr,
    BT: tl.constexpr,
    BK: tl.constexpr,
    BV: tl.constexpr,
    NT: tl.constexpr,
    NORMK: tl.constexpr,
    USE_INITIAL_STATE: tl.constexpr,
    STORE_FINAL_STATE: tl.constexpr
):
    i_v, i_k, i_bh = tl.program_id(0), tl.program_id(1), tl.program_id(2)

    b_h = tl.zeros([BK, BV], dtype=tl.float32)
    if USE_INITIAL_STATE:
        p_h = tl.make_block_ptr(h0 + i_bh * K * V, (K, V), (V, 1), (i_k * BK, i_v * BV), (BK, BV), (1, 0))
        b_h += tl.load(p_h, boundary_check=(0, 1)).to(tl.float32)
    if NORMK:
        p_z0 = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*K, (T * K,), (1,), (i_k * BK,), (BK,), (0,))
    else:
        p_z0 = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*V, (T * V,), (1,), (i_v * BV,), (BV,), (0,))
    b_zp = tl.load(p_z0).to(tl.float32)
    for i_t in range(NT):
        p_k = tl.make_block_ptr(k + i_bh * T*K, (K, T), (1, K), (i_k * BK, i_t * BT), (BK, BT), (0, 1))
        p_v = tl.make_block_ptr(v + i_bh * T*V, (T, V), (V, 1), (i_t * BT, i_v * BV), (BT, BV), (1, 0))
        p_h = tl.make_block_ptr(h + i_bh * NT*K*V + i_t * K * V, (K, V), (V, 1), (i_k * BK, i_v * BV), (BK, BV), (1, 0))

        tl.store(p_h, b_h.to(p_h.dtype.element_ty), boundary_check=(0, 1))
        # [BK, BT]
        b_k = tl.load(p_k, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        # [BT, BV]
        b_v = tl.load(p_v, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        if NORMK:
            p_zc = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*K, (T * K,), (1,), ((i_t * BT + BT - 1) * K + i_k * BK,), (BK,), (0,))
            # [BK,]
            b_zc = tl.load(p_zc, boundary_check=(0,))
            b_r, b_zp = exp(b_zp - b_zc), b_zc
            # [BK, BV]
            b_h = b_h * b_r[:, None]
            b_k = exp(b_k - b_zc[:, None]).to(b_k.dtype)
        else:
            p_zc = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*V, (T * V,), (1,), ((i_t * BT + BT - 1) * V + i_v * BV,), (BV,), (0,))
            # [BV,]
            b_zc = tl.load(p_zc, boundary_check=(0,))
            b_r, b_zp = exp(b_zp - b_zc), b_zc
            # [BK, BV]
            b_h = b_h * b_r[None, :]
            b_v = exp(b_v - b_zc[None, :]).to(b_v.dtype)
        # [BK, BV]
        b_h += tl.dot(b_k, b_v, allow_tf32=False)

    if STORE_FINAL_STATE:
        p_h = tl.make_block_ptr(ht + i_bh * K * V, (K, V), (V, 1), (i_k * BK, i_v * BV), (BK, BV), (1, 0))
        tl.store(p_h, b_h.to(p_h.dtype.element_ty), boundary_check=(0, 1))


@triton.jit(do_not_specialize=['T'])
def chunk_abc_fwd_kernel_intra_K(
    v,
    z,
    o,
    A,
    T,
    V: tl.constexpr,
    BT: tl.constexpr,
    BC: tl.constexpr,
    BV: tl.constexpr,
    NC: tl.constexpr
):
    i_v, i_c, i_bh = tl.program_id(0), tl.program_id(1), tl.program_id(2)
    i_t, i_i = i_c // NC, i_c % NC

    p_z = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*V, (T, V), (V, 1), (i_t * BT + i_i * BC, i_v * BV), (BC, BV), (1, 0))
    p_zn = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*V, (T * V,), (1,), ((i_t * BT + i_i * BC) * V + i_v * BV,), (BV,), (0,))
    # [BV,]
    b_zn = tl.load(p_zn, boundary_check=(0,))
    # [BC, BV]
    b_o = tl.zeros([BC, BV], dtype=tl.float32)
    for i_j in range(0, i_i):
        p_A = tl.make_block_ptr(A + i_bh * T * BT, (T, BT), (BT, 1), (i_t * BT + i_i * BC, i_j * BC), (BC, BC), (1, 0))
        p_v = tl.make_block_ptr(v + i_bh * T*V, (T, V), (V, 1), (i_t * BT + i_j * BC, i_v * BV), (BC, BV), (1, 0))
        # [BC, BV]
        b_v = tl.load(p_v, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        # [BC, BC]
        b_A = tl.load(p_A, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        b_o += tl.dot(b_A, exp(b_v - b_zn[None, :]).to(b_v.dtype), allow_tf32=False)
    b_z = tl.load(p_z, boundary_check=(0, 1))
    b_o *= exp(b_zn[None, :] - b_z)

    o_i = tl.arange(0, BC)
    o_A = i_bh * T * BT + (i_t * BT + i_i * BC + tl.arange(0, BC)) * BT + i_i * BC
    m_A = (i_t * BT + i_i * BC + tl.arange(0, BC)) < T
    for j in range(0, BC):
        p_v = tl.make_block_ptr(v + i_bh * T*V, (T * V,), (1,), ((i_t * BT + i_i * BC + j) * V + i_v * BV,), (BV,), (0,))
        # [BC,]
        b_A = tl.load(A + o_A + j, mask=m_A, other=0)
        # [BV,]
        b_v = tl.load(p_v, boundary_check=(0,)).to(tl.float32)
        # [BC, BV]
        # avoid 0 * inf = inf
        m_i = o_i[:, None] >= j
        b_o += tl.where(m_i, b_A[:, None] * exp(b_v[None, :] - b_z), 0)
    p_o = tl.make_block_ptr(o + i_bh * T*V, (T, V), (V, 1), (i_t * BT + i_i * BC, i_v * BV), (BC, BV), (1, 0))
    tl.store(p_o, b_o.to(p_o.dtype.element_ty), boundary_check=(0, 1))


@triton.jit(do_not_specialize=['T'])
def chunk_abc_fwd_kernel_K(
    q,
    k,
    z,
    h,
    o,
    A,
    scale,
    T,
    K: tl.constexpr,
    V: tl.constexpr,
    BT: tl.constexpr,
    BK: tl.constexpr,
    BV: tl.constexpr,
    NT: tl.constexpr
):
    i_v, i_t, i_bh = tl.program_id(0), tl.program_id(1), tl.program_id(2)
    i_p = tl.maximum(i_t * BT - 1, 0)

    o_i = tl.arange(0, BT)
    m_s = o_i[:, None] >= o_i[None, :]

    b_o = tl.zeros([BT, BV], dtype=tl.float32)
    b_A = tl.zeros([BT, BT], dtype=tl.float32)
    for i_k in range(tl.cdiv(K, BK)):
        p_q = tl.make_block_ptr(q + i_bh * T*K, (T, K), (K, 1), (i_t * BT, i_k * BK), (BT, BK), (1, 0))
        p_k = tl.make_block_ptr(k + i_bh * T*K, (K, T), (1, K), (i_k * BK, i_t * BT), (BK, BT), (0, 1))
        p_h = tl.make_block_ptr(h + i_bh * NT*K*V + i_t * K * V, (K, V), (V, 1), (i_k * BK, i_v * BV), (BK, BV), (1, 0))

        # [BT, BK]
        b_q = tl.load(p_q, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        b_q = (b_q * scale).to(b_q.dtype)
        # [BK, BT]
        b_k = tl.load(p_k, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        # [BK, BV]
        b_h = tl.load(p_h, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        # [BT, BV]
        b_o += tl.dot(b_q, b_h, allow_tf32=False)
        # [BT, BT]
        b_A += tl.dot(b_q, b_k, allow_tf32=False)
    p_z = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*V, (T, V), (V, 1), (i_t * BT, i_v * BV), (BT, BV), (1, 0))
    p_o = tl.make_block_ptr(o + i_bh * T*V, (T, V), (V, 1), (i_t * BT, i_v * BV), (BT, BV), (1, 0))
    # [BT, BV]
    b_z = tl.load(p_z, boundary_check=(0, 1))
    # [BT, BV]
    p_zp = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*V, (T * V,), (1,), (i_p * V + i_v * BV,), (BV,), (0,))
    b_zp = tl.load(p_zp, boundary_check=(0,))
    b_o = b_o * exp(b_zp[None, :] - b_z)
    tl.store(p_o, b_o.to(p_o.dtype.element_ty), boundary_check=(0, 1))

    p_A = tl.make_block_ptr(A + i_bh * T * BT, (T, BT), (BT, 1), (i_t * BT, 0), (BT, BT), (1, 0))
    # [BT, BT]
    b_A = tl.where(m_s, b_A, 0.)
    if i_v == 0:
        tl.store(p_A, b_A.to(p_A.dtype.element_ty), boundary_check=(0, 1))


@triton.jit(do_not_specialize=['T'])
def chunk_abc_fwd_kernel_intra_V(
    q,
    k,
    z,
    A,
    scale,
    T,
    K: tl.constexpr,
    BT: tl.constexpr,
    BC: tl.constexpr,
    BK: tl.constexpr,
    NC: tl.constexpr
):
    i_k, i_c, i_bh = tl.program_id(0), tl.program_id(1), tl.program_id(2)
    i_t, i_i, i_j = i_c // (NC * NC), (i_c % (NC * NC)) // NC, (i_c % (NC * NC)) % NC
    n_bh = tl.num_programs(2)

    if i_i > i_j:
        p_q = tl.make_block_ptr(q + i_bh * T*K, (T, K), (K, 1), (i_t * BT + i_i * BC, i_k * BK), (BC, BK), (1, 0))
        p_k = tl.make_block_ptr(k + i_bh * T*K, (K, T), (1, K), (i_k * BK, i_t * BT + i_j * BC), (BK, BC), (0, 1))
        p_z = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*K, (T, K), (K, 1), (i_t * BT + i_i * BC, i_k * BK), (BC, BK), (1, 0))
        p_A = tl.make_block_ptr(A + (i_k*n_bh+i_bh)*T*BT, (T, BT), (BT, 1), (i_t * BT + i_i * BC, i_j * BC), (BC, BC), (1, 0))
        p_zn = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*K, (T * K,), (1,), ((i_t * BT + i_i * BC) * K + i_k * BK,), (BK,), (0,))
        # [BK,]
        b_zn = tl.load(p_zn, boundary_check=(0,))
        # [BC, BK]
        b_q = tl.load(p_q, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        b_z = tl.load(p_z, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        b_q = (b_q * exp(b_zn[None, :] - b_z) * scale).to(b_q.dtype)
        # [BK, BC]
        b_k = tl.load(p_k, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        b_k = exp(b_k - b_zn[:, None]).to(b_k.dtype)
        # [BC, BC]
        b_A = tl.dot(b_q, b_k, allow_tf32=False)
        tl.store(p_A, b_A.to(A.dtype.element_ty), boundary_check=(0, 1))
    elif i_i == i_j:
        p_q = tl.make_block_ptr(q + i_bh * T*K, (T, K), (K, 1), (i_t * BT + i_i * BC, i_k * BK), (BC, BK), (1, 0))
        p_k = tl.make_block_ptr(k + i_bh * T*K, (T * K,), (1,), ((i_t * BT + i_j * BC) * K + i_k * BK,), (BK,), (0,))
        p_z = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*K, (T, K), (K, 1), (i_t * BT + i_i * BC, i_k * BK), (BC, BK), (1, 0))
        # [BC, BK]
        b_q = tl.load(p_q, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        b_z = tl.load(p_z, boundary_check=(0, 1))

        o_i = tl.arange(0, BC)
        o_A = (i_bh + i_k * n_bh) * T * BT + (i_t * BT + i_i * BC + tl.arange(0, BC)) * BT + i_j * BC
        m_A = (i_t * BT + i_i * BC + tl.arange(0, BC)) < T
        for j in range(0, BC):
            # [BK,]
            b_k = tl.load(p_k, boundary_check=(0,)).to(tl.float32)
            # [BC,]
            b_A = tl.sum(b_q * exp(b_k[None, :] - b_z) * scale, 1)
            b_A = tl.where(o_i >= j, b_A, 0.)
            tl.store(A + o_A + j, b_A.to(b_q.dtype), mask=m_A)

            p_k = tl.advance(p_k, (K,))


@triton.jit(do_not_specialize=['T'])
def chunk_abc_fwd_kernel_V(
    q,
    v,
    z,
    h,
    o,
    A,
    scale,
    T,
    K: tl.constexpr,
    V: tl.constexpr,
    BT: tl.constexpr,
    BK: tl.constexpr,
    BV: tl.constexpr,
    NT: tl.constexpr
):
    i_v, i_t, i_bh = tl.program_id(0), tl.program_id(1), tl.program_id(2)
    i_p = tl.maximum(i_t * BT - 1, 0)

    b_o = tl.zeros([BT, BV], dtype=tl.float32)
    for i_k in range(tl.cdiv(K, BK)):
        p_q = tl.make_block_ptr(q + i_bh * T*K, (T, K), (K, 1), (i_t * BT, i_k * BK), (BT, BK), (1, 0))
        p_z = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*K, (T, K), (K, 1), (i_t * BT, i_k * BK), (BT, BK), (1, 0))
        p_h = tl.make_block_ptr(h + i_bh * NT*K*V + i_t * K * V, (K, V), (V, 1), (i_k * BK, i_v * BV), (BK, BV), (1, 0))
        p_zp = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*K, (T * K,), (1,), (i_p * K + i_k * BK,), (BK,), (0,))

        # [BT, BK]
        b_q = tl.load(p_q, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        b_q = (b_q * scale).to(b_q.dtype)
        # [BT, BK]
        b_z = tl.load(p_z, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        # [BT, BK]
        b_zp = tl.load(p_zp, boundary_check=(0,))
        b_q = (b_q * exp(b_zp[None, :] - b_z)).to(b_q.dtype)
        # [BK, BV]
        b_h = tl.load(p_h, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        # works but dkw, owing to divine benevolence
        # [BT, BV]
        if i_k >= 0:
            b_o += tl.dot(b_q, b_h, allow_tf32=False)
    p_v = tl.make_block_ptr(v + i_bh * T*V, (T, V), (V, 1), (i_t * BT, i_v * BV), (BT, BV), (1, 0))
    p_o = tl.make_block_ptr(o + i_bh * T*V, (T, V), (V, 1), (i_t * BT, i_v * BV), (BT, BV), (1, 0))
    p_A = tl.make_block_ptr(A + i_bh * T * BT, (T, BT), (BT, 1), (i_t * BT, 0), (BT, BT), (1, 0))
    # [BT, BV]
    b_v = tl.load(p_v, boundary_check=(0, 1))
    # [BT, BT]
    b_A = tl.load(p_A, boundary_check=(0, 1))
    b_o += tl.dot(b_A.to(b_v.dtype), b_v, allow_tf32=False)
    tl.store(p_o, b_o.to(p_o.dtype.element_ty), boundary_check=(0, 1))


@triton.jit(do_not_specialize=['T'])
def chunk_abc_bwd_kernel_dh(
    q,
    z,
    do,
    dh,
    scale,
    T,
    K: tl.constexpr,
    V: tl.constexpr,
    BT: tl.constexpr,
    BK: tl.constexpr,
    BV: tl.constexpr,
    NT: tl.constexpr,
    NORMK: tl.constexpr
):
    i_k, i_v, i_bh = tl.program_id(0), tl.program_id(1), tl.program_id(2)

    b_dh = tl.zeros([BK, BV], dtype=tl.float32)
    b_zp = tl.full([BK if NORMK else BV], float('inf'), dtype=tl.float32)
    for i_t in range(NT - 1, -1, -1):
        i_p = tl.maximum(i_t * BT - 1, 0)
        p_q = tl.make_block_ptr(q + i_bh * T*K, (K, T), (1, K), (i_k * BK, i_t * BT), (BK, BT), (0, 1))
        p_do = tl.make_block_ptr(do + i_bh * T*V, (T, V), (V, 1), (i_t * BT, i_v * BV), (BT, BV), (1, 0))
        p_dh = tl.make_block_ptr(dh + i_bh * NT*K*V + i_t * K*V, (K, V), (V, 1), (i_k * BK, i_v * BV), (BK, BV), (1, 0))

        # [BK, BT]
        b_q = tl.load(p_q, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        b_q = (b_q * scale).to(b_q.dtype)
        # [BT, BV]
        b_do = tl.load(p_do, boundary_check=(0, 1))

        tl.store(p_dh, b_dh.to(p_dh.dtype.element_ty), boundary_check=(0, 1))
        if NORMK:
            p_z = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*K, (K, T), (1, K), (i_k * BK, i_t * BT), (BK, BT), (0, 1))
            p_zc = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*K, (T * K,), (1,), (i_p * K + i_k * BK,), (BK,), (0,))
            # [BK,]
            b_zc = tl.load(p_zc, boundary_check=(0,))
            b_r, b_zp = exp(b_zc - b_zp), b_zc
            # [BK, BT]
            b_z = tl.load(p_z, boundary_check=(0, 1))
            b_q = (b_q * exp(b_zc[:, None] - b_z)).to(b_q.dtype)
            # [BK, BV]
            b_dh = b_dh * b_r[:, None]
        else:
            p_z = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*V, (T, V), (V, 1), (i_t * BT, i_v * BV), (BT, BV), (1, 0))
            p_zc = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*V, (T * V,), (1,), (i_p * V + i_v * BV,), (BV,), (0,))
            # [BV,]
            b_zc = tl.load(p_zc, boundary_check=(0,))
            b_r, b_zp = exp(b_zc - b_zp), b_zc
            # [BT, BV]
            b_z = tl.load(p_z, boundary_check=(0,))
            b_do = (b_do * exp(b_zc[None, :] - b_z)).to(b_do.dtype)
            # [BK, BV]
            b_dh = b_dh * b_r[None, :]
        # [BK, BV]
        b_dh += tl.dot(b_q, b_do, allow_tf32=False)


@triton.jit(do_not_specialize=['T'])
def chunk_abc_bwd_kernel_V(
    k,
    v,
    z,
    h,
    A,
    do,
    dh,
    dq,
    dk,
    dv,
    dA,
    scale,
    T,
    K: tl.constexpr,
    V: tl.constexpr,
    BT: tl.constexpr,
    BK: tl.constexpr,
    BV: tl.constexpr,
    NT: tl.constexpr
):
    i_k, i_t, i_bh = tl.program_id(0), tl.program_id(1), tl.program_id(2)
    i_p = tl.maximum(i_t * BT - 1, 0)
    n_bh = tl.num_programs(2)

    p_k = tl.make_block_ptr(k + i_bh * T*K, (T, K), (K, 1), (i_t * BT, i_k * BK), (BT, BK), (1, 0))
    p_zc = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*K, (T * K,), (1,), ((i_t * BT + BT - 1) * K + i_k * BK,), (BK,), (0,))
    p_A = tl.make_block_ptr(A + i_bh * T * BT, (BT, T), (1, BT), (0, i_t * BT), (BT, BT), (0, 1))

    # [BK,]
    b_zc = tl.load(p_zc, boundary_check=(0,))
    # [BT, BK]
    b_k = tl.load(p_k, boundary_check=(0, 1))
    b_k = exp(b_k - b_zc[None, :]).to(b_k.dtype)
    # [BT, BT]
    b_A = tl.load(p_A, boundary_check=(0, 1))

    b_dq = tl.zeros([BT, BK], dtype=tl.float32)
    b_dk = tl.zeros([BT, BK], dtype=tl.float32)
    b_dA = tl.zeros([BT, BT], dtype=tl.float32)
    for i_v in range(tl.cdiv(V, BV)):
        p_v = tl.make_block_ptr(v + i_bh * T*V, (T, V), (V, 1), (i_t * BT, i_v * BV), (BT, BV), (1, 0))
        p_h = tl.make_block_ptr(h + i_bh * NT*K*V + i_t * V * K, (V, K), (1, V), (i_v * BV, i_k * BK), (BV, BK), (0, 1))
        p_do = tl.make_block_ptr(do + i_bh * T*V, (T, V), (V, 1), (i_t * BT, i_v * BV), (BT, BV), (1, 0))
        p_dh = tl.make_block_ptr(dh + i_bh * NT*K*V + i_t * K*V, (K, V), (V, 1), (i_k * BK, i_v * BV), (BK, BV), (1, 0))
        p_dv = tl.make_block_ptr(dv + (i_k*n_bh+i_bh) * T*V, (T, V), (V, 1), (i_t * BT, i_v * BV), (BT, BV), (1, 0))

        # [BT, BV]
        b_v = tl.load(p_v, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        # [BV, BK]
        b_h = tl.load(p_h, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        # [BT, BV]
        b_do = tl.load(p_do, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        # [BK, BV]
        b_dh = tl.load(p_dh, boundary_check=(0, 1))

        # [BT, BV]
        b_dv = tl.dot(b_k, b_dh, allow_tf32=False)
        if i_k == 0:
            b_dv += tl.dot(b_A.to(b_do.dtype), b_do, allow_tf32=False)
        b_do = (b_do * scale).to(b_do.dtype)
        tl.store(p_dv, b_dv.to(p_dv.dtype.element_ty), boundary_check=(0, 1))
        # [BT, BT]
        b_dA += tl.dot(b_do, tl.trans(b_v), allow_tf32=False)
        # [BT, BK]
        b_dq += tl.dot(b_do, b_h, allow_tf32=False)
        # [BT, BK]
        b_dk += tl.dot(b_v, tl.trans(b_dh), allow_tf32=False)
    p_z = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*K, (T, K), (K, 1), (i_t * BT, i_k * BK), (BT, BK), (1, 0))
    p_zp = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*K, (T * K,), (1,), (i_p * K + i_k * BK,), (BK,), (0,))
    # [BK,]
    b_zp = tl.load(p_zp, boundary_check=(0,))
    # [BT, BK]
    b_z = tl.load(p_z, boundary_check=(0, 1))
    b_z = exp(b_zp[None, :] - b_z)
    # [BT, BK]
    b_dq = b_dq * b_z
    b_dk = b_dk * b_k

    p_dq = tl.make_block_ptr(dq + i_bh * T*K, (T, K), (K, 1), (i_t * BT, i_k * BK), (BT, BK), (1, 0))
    p_dk = tl.make_block_ptr(dk + i_bh * T*K, (T, K), (K, 1), (i_t * BT, i_k * BK), (BT, BK), (1, 0))
    p_dA = tl.make_block_ptr(dA + i_bh * T * BT, (T, BT,), (BT, 1), (i_t * BT, 0), (BT, BT), (1, 0))
    tl.store(p_dq, b_dq.to(p_dq.dtype.element_ty), boundary_check=(0, 1))
    tl.store(p_dk, b_dk.to(p_dk.dtype.element_ty), boundary_check=(0, 1))

    o_i = tl.arange(0, BT)
    m_s = o_i[:, None] >= o_i[None, :]
    # [BT, BT]
    b_dA = tl.where(m_s, b_dA, 0.).to(b_k.dtype)
    if i_k == 0:
        tl.store(p_dA, b_dA.to(p_dA.dtype.element_ty), boundary_check=(0, 1))


@triton.jit(do_not_specialize=['T'])
def chunk_abc_bwd_kernel_intra_V(
    q,
    k,
    z,
    dA,
    dq,
    dk,
    T,
    K: tl.constexpr,
    BT: tl.constexpr,
    BC: tl.constexpr,
    BK: tl.constexpr,
    NC: tl.constexpr
):
    i_k, i_c, i_bh = tl.program_id(0), tl.program_id(1), tl.program_id(2)
    i_t, i_i = i_c // NC, i_c % NC

    p_z = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*K, (T, K), (K, 1), (i_t * BT + i_i * BC, i_k * BK), (BC, BK), (1, 0))
    p_zn = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*K, (T * K,), (1,), ((i_t * BT + i_i * BC) * K + i_k * BK,), (BK,), (0,))
    # [BK,]
    b_zn = tl.load(p_zn, boundary_check=(0,))
    # [BC, BK]
    b_z = tl.load(p_z, boundary_check=(0, 1))
    b_zq = exp(b_zn[None, :] - b_z)
    b_dq = tl.zeros([BC, BK], dtype=tl.float32)
    for i_j in range(0, i_i):
        p_k = tl.make_block_ptr(k + i_bh * T*K, (T, K), (K, 1), (i_t * BT + i_j * BC, i_k * BK), (BC, BK), (1, 0))
        p_dA = tl.make_block_ptr(dA + i_bh * T * BT, (T, BT), (BT, 1), (i_t * BT + i_i * BC, i_j * BC), (BC, BC), (1, 0))
        # [BC, BK]
        b_k = tl.load(p_k, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        b_kz = exp(b_k - b_zn[None, :]).to(b_k.dtype)
        # [BC, BC]
        b_dA = tl.load(p_dA, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        # [BC, BK]
        b_dq += tl.dot(b_dA, b_kz, allow_tf32=False)
    b_dq *= b_zq

    o_i = tl.arange(0, BC)
    o_dA = i_bh * T * BT + (i_t * BT + i_i * BC + tl.arange(0, BC)) * BT + i_i * BC
    m_dA = (i_t * BT + i_i * BC + tl.arange(0, BC)) < T
    for j in range(0, BC):
        p_kj = tl.make_block_ptr(k + i_bh * T*K, (T * K,), (1,), ((i_t * BT + i_i*BC+j) * K + i_k * BK,), (BK,), (0,))
        # [BC,]
        b_dA = tl.load(dA + o_dA + j, mask=m_dA, other=0)
        # [BK,]
        b_kj = tl.load(p_kj, boundary_check=(0,)).to(tl.float32)
        # [BC, BK]
        m_i = o_i[:, None] >= j
        # [BC, BK]
        b_dq += tl.where(m_i, b_dA[:, None] * exp(b_kj[None, :] - b_z), 0.)
    p_dq = tl.make_block_ptr(dq + i_bh * T*K, (T, K), (K, 1), (i_t * BT + i_i * BC, i_k * BK), (BC, BK), (1, 0))
    tl.store(p_dq, b_dq.to(p_dq.dtype.element_ty), boundary_check=(0, 1))

    tl.debug_barrier()
    p_k = tl.make_block_ptr(k + i_bh * T*K, (T, K), (K, 1), (i_t * BT + i_i * BC, i_k * BK), (BC, BK), (1, 0))
    p_zn = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*K, (T*K,), (1,), ((i_t * BT + i_i * BC + BC - 1) * K + i_k * BK,), (BK,), (0,))
    # [BK,]
    b_zn = tl.load(p_zn, boundary_check=(0,))
    # [BC, BK]
    b_k = tl.load(p_k, boundary_check=(0, 1))
    b_kz = exp(b_k - b_zn[None, :])
    b_dk = tl.zeros([BC, BK], dtype=tl.float32)
    for i_j in range(i_i + 1, NC):
        p_q = tl.make_block_ptr(q + i_bh * T*K, (T, K), (K, 1), (i_t * BT + i_j * BC, i_k * BK), (BC, BK), (1, 0))
        p_z = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*K, (T, K), (K, 1), (i_t * BT + i_j * BC, i_k * BK), (BC, BK), (1, 0))
        p_dA = tl.make_block_ptr(dA + i_bh * T * BT, (T, BT), (BT, 1), (i_t * BT + i_j * BC, i_i * BC), (BC, BC), (1, 0))
        # [BC, BK]
        b_q = tl.load(p_q, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        b_z = tl.load(p_z, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        b_qz = (b_q * exp(b_zn[None, :] - b_z)).to(b_q.dtype)
        # [BC, BC]
        b_dA = tl.load(p_dA, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        # [BC, BK]
        b_dk += tl.dot(tl.trans(b_dA), b_qz, allow_tf32=False)
    b_dk *= b_kz

    o_dA = i_bh * T * BT + (i_t * BT + i_i * BC) * BT + i_i * BC + tl.arange(0, BC)
    for j in range(0, BC):
        p_qj = tl.make_block_ptr(q + i_bh * T*K, (T * K,), (1,), ((i_t * BT + i_i * BC + j) * K + i_k * BK,), (BK,), (0,))
        p_zj = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*K, (T * K,), (1,), ((i_t * BT + i_i * BC + j) * K + i_k * BK,), (BK,), (0,))
        # [BC,]
        b_dA = tl.load(dA + o_dA + j * BT, mask=(i_t * BT + i_i * BC + j < T), other=0)
        # [BK,]
        b_qj = tl.load(p_qj, boundary_check=(0,)).to(tl.float32)
        b_zj = tl.load(p_zj, boundary_check=(0,)).to(tl.float32)
        # [BC, BK]
        m_i = o_i[:, None] <= j
        b_dk += tl.where(m_i, b_dA[:, None] * b_qj[None, :] * exp(b_k - b_zj[None, :]), 0.)
    p_dk = tl.make_block_ptr(dk + i_bh * T*K, (T, K), (K, 1), (i_t * BT + i_i * BC, i_k * BK), (BC, BK), (1, 0))
    tl.store(p_dk, b_dk.to(p_dk.dtype.element_ty), boundary_check=(0, 1))


@triton.jit(do_not_specialize=['T'])
def chunk_abc_bwd_kernel_intra_K(
    v,
    z,
    do,
    dA,
    scale,
    T,
    V: tl.constexpr,
    BT: tl.constexpr,
    BC: tl.constexpr,
    BV: tl.constexpr,
    NC: tl.constexpr
):
    i_v, i_c, i_bh = tl.program_id(0), tl.program_id(1), tl.program_id(2)
    i_t, i_i, i_j = i_c // (NC * NC), (i_c % (NC * NC)) // NC, (i_c % (NC * NC)) % NC
    n_bh = tl.num_programs(2)

    if i_i > i_j:
        p_v = tl.make_block_ptr(v + i_bh * T*V, (V, T), (1, V), (i_v * BV, i_t * BT + i_j * BC), (BV, BC), (0, 1))
        p_z = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*V, (T, V), (V, 1), (i_t * BT + i_i * BC, i_v * BV), (BC, BV), (1, 0))
        p_zn = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*V, (T * V,), (1,), ((i_t * BT + i_i * BC) * V + i_v * BV,), (BV,), (0,))
        p_do = tl.make_block_ptr(do + i_bh * T*V, (T, V), (V, 1), (i_t * BT + i_i * BC, i_v * BV), (BC, BV), (1, 0))
        p_dA = tl.make_block_ptr(dA+(i_bh+i_v*n_bh)*T*BT, (T, BT), (BT, 1), (i_t * BT + i_i * BC, i_j * BC), (BC, BC), (1, 0))
        # [BV,]
        b_zn = tl.load(p_zn, boundary_check=(0,))
        # [BC, BV]
        b_z = tl.load(p_z, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        b_do = tl.load(p_do, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        b_do = (b_do * exp(b_zn[None, :] - b_z) * scale).to(b_do.dtype)
        # [BV, BC]
        b_v = tl.load(p_v, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        b_v = exp(b_v - b_zn[:, None]).to(b_v.dtype)
        # [BC, BC]
        b_dA = tl.dot(b_do, b_v, allow_tf32=False)
        tl.store(p_dA, b_dA.to(dA.dtype.element_ty), boundary_check=(0, 1))
    elif i_i == i_j:
        p_v = tl.make_block_ptr(v + i_bh * T*V, (T * V,), (1,), ((i_t * BT + i_j * BC) * V + i_v * BV,), (BV,), (0,))
        p_z = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*V, (T, V), (V, 1), (i_t * BT + i_i * BC, i_v * BV), (BC, BV), (1, 0))
        p_do = tl.make_block_ptr(do + i_bh * T*V, (T, V), (V, 1), (i_t * BT + i_i * BC, i_v * BV), (BC, BV), (1, 0))
        # [BC, BV]
        b_z = tl.load(p_z, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        b_do = tl.load(p_do, boundary_check=(0, 1)) * scale

        o_i = tl.arange(0, BC)
        o_A = (i_bh + i_v * n_bh) * T * BT + (i_t * BT + i_i * BC + tl.arange(0, BC)) * BT + i_j * BC
        m_A = (i_t * BT + i_i * BC + tl.arange(0, BC)) < T
        for j in range(0, BC):
            # [BV,]
            b_v = tl.load(p_v, boundary_check=(0,)).to(tl.float32)
            # [BC,]
            b_dA = tl.sum(b_do * exp(b_v[None, :] - b_z), 1)
            b_dA = tl.where(o_i >= j, b_dA, 0)
            tl.store(dA + o_A + j, b_dA.to(b_do.dtype), mask=m_A)

            p_v = tl.advance(p_v, (V,))


@triton.jit(do_not_specialize=['T'])
def chunk_abc_bwd_kernel_K(
    q,
    k,
    v,
    z,
    h,
    A,
    do,
    dh,
    dq,
    dk,
    dv,
    dA,
    scale,
    T,
    K: tl.constexpr,
    V: tl.constexpr,
    BT: tl.constexpr,
    BK: tl.constexpr,
    BV: tl.constexpr,
    NT: tl.constexpr
):
    i_k, i_t, i_bh = tl.program_id(0), tl.program_id(1), tl.program_id(2)
    i_p = tl.maximum(i_t * BT - 1, 0)
    n_bh = tl.num_programs(2)

    o_i = tl.arange(0, BT)
    m_s = o_i[:, None] >= o_i[None, :]

    p_q = tl.make_block_ptr(q + i_bh * T*K, (T, K), (K, 1), (i_t * BT, i_k * BK), (BT, BK), (1, 0))
    p_k = tl.make_block_ptr(k + i_bh * T*K, (T, K), (K, 1), (i_t * BT, i_k * BK), (BT, BK), (1, 0))
    p_A = tl.make_block_ptr(A + (i_k*n_bh+i_bh) * T * BT, (T, BT, ), (BT, 1), (i_t * BT, 0), (BT, BT), (1, 0))

    # [BT, BK]
    b_q = tl.load(p_q, boundary_check=(0, 1))
    b_k = tl.load(p_k, boundary_check=(0, 1))
    # [BT, BT]
    b_A = tl.dot((b_q * scale).to(b_q.dtype), tl.trans(b_k), allow_tf32=False)
    b_A = tl.where(m_s, b_A, 0.)
    tl.store(p_A, b_A.to(p_A.dtype.element_ty), boundary_check=(0, 1))

    b_dq = tl.zeros([BT, BK], dtype=tl.float32)
    b_dk = tl.zeros([BT, BK], dtype=tl.float32)
    for i_v in range(tl.cdiv(V, BV)):
        p_v = tl.make_block_ptr(v + i_bh * T*V, (T, V), (V, 1), (i_t * BT, i_v * BV), (BT, BV), (1, 0))
        p_z = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*V, (T, V), (V, 1), (i_t * BT, i_v * BV), (BT, BV), (1, 0))
        p_zp = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*V, (T * V,), (1,), (i_p * V + i_v * BV,), (BV,), (0,))
        p_zc = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*V, (T * V,), (1,), ((i_t * BT + BT - 1) * V + i_v * BV,), (BV,), (0,))
        p_h = tl.make_block_ptr(h + i_bh * NT*K*V + i_t * K*V, (V, K), (1, V), (i_v * BV, i_k * BK), (BV, BK), (0, 1))

        p_do = tl.make_block_ptr(do + i_bh * T*V, (T, V), (V, 1), (i_t * BT, i_v * BV), (BT, BV), (1, 0))
        p_dh = tl.make_block_ptr(dh + i_bh * NT*K*V + i_t * K*V, (K, V), (V, 1), (i_k * BK, i_v * BV), (BK, BV), (1, 0))
        p_dv = tl.make_block_ptr(dv + (i_k*n_bh+i_bh) * T*V, (T, V), (V, 1), (i_t * BT, i_v * BV), (BT, BV), (1, 0))

        # [BV,]
        b_zp = tl.load(p_zp, boundary_check=(0,))
        b_zc = tl.load(p_zc, boundary_check=(0,))
        # [BT, BV]
        b_v = tl.load(p_v, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        b_v = exp(b_v - b_zc[None, :]).to(b_v.dtype)
        b_z = tl.load(p_z, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        b_z = exp(b_zp[None, :] - b_z)
        # [BV, BK]
        b_h = tl.load(p_h, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        # [BT, BV]
        b_do = tl.load(p_do, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        b_do = (b_do * b_z * scale).to(b_do.dtype)
        # [BK, BV]
        b_dh = tl.load(p_dh, boundary_check=(0, 1))

        # [BT, BK]
        b_dq += tl.dot(b_do, b_h, allow_tf32=False)
        b_dk += tl.dot(b_v, tl.trans(b_dh), allow_tf32=False)
        # [BT, BV]
        b_dv = b_v * tl.dot(b_k, b_dh, allow_tf32=False)
        tl.store(p_dv, b_dv.to(p_dv.dtype.element_ty), boundary_check=(0, 1))
    p_dA = tl.make_block_ptr(dA + i_bh * T * BT, (T, BT, ), (BT, 1), (i_t * BT, 0), (BT, BT), (1, 0))
    # [BT, BT]
    b_dA = tl.load(p_dA, boundary_check=(0, 1))
    # [BT, BK]
    b_dq += tl.dot(b_dA, b_k, allow_tf32=False)
    b_dk += tl.dot(tl.trans(b_dA).to(b_k.dtype), b_q, allow_tf32=False)

    p_dq = tl.make_block_ptr(dq + i_bh * T*K, (T, K), (K, 1), (i_t * BT, i_k * BK), (BT, BK), (1, 0))
    p_dk = tl.make_block_ptr(dk + i_bh * T*K, (T, K), (K, 1), (i_t * BT, i_k * BK), (BT, BK), (1, 0))
    tl.store(p_dq, b_dq.to(p_dq.dtype.element_ty), boundary_check=(0, 1))
    tl.store(p_dk, b_dk.to(p_dk.dtype.element_ty), boundary_check=(0, 1))


@triton.jit(do_not_specialize=['T'])
def chunk_abc_bwd_kernel_intra_KV(
    v,
    z,
    A,
    do,
    dv,
    T,
    V: tl.constexpr,
    BT: tl.constexpr,
    BC: tl.constexpr,
    BV: tl.constexpr,
    NC: tl.constexpr
):
    i_v, i_c, i_bh = tl.program_id(0), tl.program_id(1), tl.program_id(2)
    i_t, i_i = i_c // NC, i_c % NC

    p_v = tl.make_block_ptr(v + i_bh * T*V, (T, V), (V, 1), (i_t * BT + i_i * BC, i_v * BV), (BC, BV), (1, 0))
    p_zn = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*V, (T*V,), (1,), ((i_t * BT + i_i * BC + BC - 1) * V + i_v * BV,), (BV,), (0,))
    # [BV,]
    b_zn = tl.load(p_zn, boundary_check=(0,))
    # [BC, BV]
    b_v = tl.load(p_v, boundary_check=(0, 1))
    b_dv = tl.zeros([BC, BV], dtype=tl.float32)
    for i_j in range(i_i + 1, NC):
        p_z = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*V, (T, V), (V, 1), (i_t * BT + i_j * BC, i_v * BV),  (BC, BV), (1, 0))
        p_A = tl.make_block_ptr(A + i_bh * T * BT, (BT, T), (1, BT), (i_i * BC, i_t * BT + i_j * BC), (BC, BC), (0, 1))
        p_do = tl.make_block_ptr(do + i_bh * T*V, (T, V), (V, 1), (i_t * BT + i_j * BC, i_v * BV), (BC, BV), (1, 0))
        # [BC, BV]
        b_z = tl.load(p_z, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        b_do = tl.load(p_do, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        b_do = (b_do * exp(b_zn[None, :] - b_z)).to(b_do.dtype)
        # [BC, BC]
        b_A = tl.load(p_A, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        b_dv += tl.dot(b_A, b_do, allow_tf32=False)
    b_dv *= exp(b_v - b_zn[None, :])

    o_i = tl.arange(0, BC)
    for j in range(0, BC):
        p_z = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*V, (T * V,), (1,), ((i_t * BT + i_i * BC + j) * V + i_v * BV,), (BV,), (0,))
        p_A = tl.make_block_ptr(A + i_bh * T * BT, (T * BT,), (1,), ((i_t * BT + i_i * BC + j) * BT + i_i * BC,), (BC,), (0,))
        p_do = tl.make_block_ptr(do + i_bh * T*V, (T * V,), (1,), ((i_t * BT + i_i * BC + j) * V + i_v * BV,), (BV,), (0,))
        # [BC,]
        b_A = tl.load(p_A, boundary_check=(0,))
        # [BV,]
        b_z = tl.load(p_z, boundary_check=(0,))
        b_do = tl.load(p_do, boundary_check=(0,))
        # [BC, BV]
        m_i = o_i[:, None] <= j
        b_dv += tl.where(m_i, exp(b_v - b_z[None, :]) * b_A[:, None] * b_do[None, :], 0.)
    p_dv = tl.make_block_ptr(dv + i_bh * T*V, (T, V), (V, 1), (i_t * BT + i_i * BC, i_v * BV), (BC, BV), (1, 0))
    tl.store(p_dv, b_dv.to(p_dv.dtype.element_ty), boundary_check=(0, 1))


@triton.jit(do_not_specialize=['T'])
def chunk_abc_bwd_kernel_rcum_inter(
    s,
    z,
    ss,
    doo,
    T,
    S: tl.constexpr,
    BT: tl.constexpr,
    BS: tl.constexpr,
    NT: tl.constexpr
):
    i_m, i_bh = tl.program_id(0), tl.program_id(1)

    b_sp = tl.zeros([BS,], dtype=tl.float32)
    b_zp = tl.full([BS,], float('inf'), dtype=tl.float32)
    for i_t in range(NT - 1, -1, -1):
        p_s = tl.make_block_ptr(s + i_bh * T*S, (T, S), (S, 1), (i_t * BT, i_m * BS), (BT, BS), (1, 0))
        p_z = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*S, (T, S), (S, 1), (i_t * BT, i_m * BS), (BT, BS), (1, 0))
        p_zc = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*S, (T*S,), (1,), ((i_t * BT) * S + i_m * BS,), (BS,), (0,))
        p_ss = tl.make_block_ptr(ss + i_bh * T*S, (T, S), (S, 1), (i_t * BT, i_m * BS), (BT, BS), (1, 0))
        p_doo = tl.make_block_ptr(doo + i_bh * T*S, (T, S), (S, 1), (i_t * BT, i_m * BS), (BT, BS), (1, 0))
        # [BS,]
        b_zc = tl.load(p_zc, boundary_check=(0,))
        # [BT, BS]
        b_s = tl.load(p_s, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        b_z = tl.load(p_z, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        b_ss = tl.load(p_ss, boundary_check=(0, 1))

        b_doo = exp(b_s - b_zp[None, :]) * b_sp[None, :]
        tl.store(p_doo, b_doo.to(p_doo.dtype.element_ty), boundary_check=(0, 1))
        # [BS,]
        b_sp = b_sp * exp(b_zc - b_zp) + tl.sum(b_ss * exp(b_zc[None, :] - b_z), 0)
        b_zp = b_zc


@triton.jit(do_not_specialize=['T'])
def chunk_abc_bwd_kernel_rcum_intra(
    s,
    z,
    ss,
    doo,
    T,
    S: tl.constexpr,
    BT: tl.constexpr,
    BC: tl.constexpr,
    BS: tl.constexpr,
    NC: tl.constexpr
):
    i_s, i_c, i_bh = tl.program_id(0), tl.program_id(1), tl.program_id(2)
    i_t, i_i = i_c // NC, i_c % NC

    o_i = tl.arange(0, BC)
    m_o = tl.full([BC, BC], 1., dtype=tl.float32)

    p_s = tl.make_block_ptr(s + i_bh * T*S, (T, S), (S, 1), (i_t * BT + i_i * BC, i_s * BS), (BC, BS), (1, 0))
    p_zn = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*S, (T*S,), (1,), ((i_t * BT + i_i * BC + BC - 1) * S + i_s * BS,), (BS,), (0,))
    p_doo = tl.make_block_ptr(doo + i_bh * T*S, (T, S), (S, 1), (i_t * BT + i_i * BC, i_s * BS), (BC, BS), (1, 0))
    # [BC, BS]
    b_s = tl.load(p_s, boundary_check=(0, 1))
    # [BS,]
    b_zn = tl.load(p_zn, boundary_check=(0,))

    b_doo = tl.zeros([BC, BS], dtype=tl.float32)
    for i_j in range(i_i + 1, NC):
        p_z = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*S, (T, S), (S, 1), (i_t * BT + i_j * BC, i_s * BS), (BC, BS), (1, 0))
        p_ss = tl.make_block_ptr(ss + i_bh * T*S, (T, S), (S, 1), (i_t * BT + i_j * BC, i_s * BS), (BC, BS), (1, 0))
        # [BC, BS]
        b_z = tl.load(p_z, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        b_ss = tl.load(p_ss, boundary_check=(0, 1))
        # [BC, BS]
        b_doo += b_ss * exp(b_zn[None, :] - b_z)
    b_doo = exp(b_s - b_zn[None, :]) * tl.dot(m_o.to(b_s.dtype), b_doo.to(b_s.dtype), allow_tf32=False)

    for j in range(0, BC):
        p_z = tl.make_block_ptr(z + i_bh * T*S, (T*S,), (1,), ((i_t * BT + i_i * BC + j) * S + i_s * BS,), (BS,), (0,))
        p_ss = tl.make_block_ptr(ss + i_bh * T*S, (T*S,), (1,), ((i_t * BT + i_i * BC + j) * S + i_s * BS,), (BS,), (0,))
        # [BS,]
        b_z = tl.load(p_z, boundary_check=(0,))
        b_ss = tl.load(p_ss, boundary_check=(0,))
        # [BC, BS]
        m_i = o_i[:, None] <= j
        b_doo += tl.where(m_i, exp(b_s - b_z[None, :]) * b_ss[None, :], 0.)
    b_doo += tl.load(p_doo, boundary_check=(0, 1))
    tl.store(p_doo, b_doo.to(p_doo.dtype.element_ty), boundary_check=(0, 1))


class ChunkABCFunction(torch.autograd.Function):

    @staticmethod
    @input_guard
    def forward(ctx, q, k, v, s, initial_state, output_final_state):
        B, H, T, K, V, M = *q.shape, v.shape[-1], s.shape[-1]
        BT, BC = 64, 16
        BK = min(64, triton.next_power_of_2(K))
        BV = min(64, triton.next_power_of_2(V))
        BM = min(64, triton.next_power_of_2(M))
        NT, NC = triton.cdiv(T, BT), triton.cdiv(BT, BC)
        NV, NM = triton.cdiv(V, BV), triton.cdiv(M, BM)
        num_warps = 4 if BK == 64 else 2
        num_stages = 1

        def fwd_pre(s, B, H, T, S):
            # keep cummulative normalizer in fp32
            z = torch.empty_like(s, dtype=torch.float)
            grid = (B * H,)
            logcumsumexp_fwd_kernel[grid](
                s, z,
                T=T, S=S
            )
            return z

        def fwd_inner(q, k, v, z, B, H, T, K, V, BT, BK, BV, NT, normk=False, h0=None, ht=None):
            NK, NV = triton.cdiv(K, BK), triton.cdiv(V, BV)
            h = q.new_empty(B, H, NT * K, V)
            grid = (NV, NK, B * H)
            chunk_abc_fwd_kernel_h[grid](
                k, v, z, h, h0, ht,
                T=T, K=K, V=V, BT=BT, BK=BK, BV=BV, NT=NT,
                NORMK=normk,
                USE_INITIAL_STATE=h0 is not None,
                STORE_FINAL_STATE=ht is not None,
                num_warps=num_warps,
                num_stages=num_stages
            )
            return h

        final_state = None
        if output_final_state:
            final_state = (q.new_empty(B, H, K, M, dtype=torch.float),
                           q.new_empty(B, H, M, V, dtype=torch.float))

        z = fwd_pre(s, B, H, T, M)
        scale = K ** -0.5
        hk = fwd_inner(
            q=q, k=k, v=s, z=z,
            B=B, H=H, T=T, K=K, V=M, BT=BT, BK=BK, BV=BM, NT=NT,
            normk=False,
            h0=initial_state[0] if initial_state is not None else None,
            ht=final_state[0] if final_state is not None else None
        )
        ok1 = torch.empty_like(s)
        Ak = q.new_empty(B, H, T, BT)
        grid = (NM, NT, B * H)
        chunk_abc_fwd_kernel_K[grid](
            q, k, z, hk, ok1, Ak,
            scale=scale,
            T=T, K=K, V=M, BT=BT, BK=BK, BV=BM, NT=NT,
            num_warps=num_warps,
            num_stages=num_stages
        )
        ok0 = torch.empty_like(s)
        grid = (NM, NT * NC, B * H)
        chunk_abc_fwd_kernel_intra_K[grid](
            s, z, ok0, Ak,
            T=T, V=M, BT=BT, BC=BC, BV=BM, NC=NC,
            num_warps=2,
            num_stages=num_stages
        )
        ok = ok0.add_(ok1)

        scale = 1.
        # p is kept in fp32 for safe softmax backward
        p = softmax_fwd(ok, dtype=torch.float)
        qv = p.to(q.dtype)

        scale = 1.
        hv = fwd_inner(
            q=qv, k=s, v=v, z=z,
            B=B, H=H, T=T, K=M, V=V, BT=BT, BK=BM, BV=BV, NT=NT,
            normk=True,
            h0=initial_state[1] if initial_state is not None else None,
            ht=final_state[1] if final_state is not None else None
        )
        Av = q.new_zeros(NM, B, H, T, BT)
        grid = (NM, NT * NC * NC, B * H)
        chunk_abc_fwd_kernel_intra_V[grid](
            qv, s, z, Av,
            scale=scale,
            T=T, K=M, BT=BT, BC=BC, BK=BM, NC=NC,
            num_warps=2,
            num_stages=num_stages
        )
        Av = Av.sum(0)
        ov = torch.empty_like(v)
        grid = (NV, NT, B * H)
        chunk_abc_fwd_kernel_V[grid](
            qv, v, z, hv, ov, Av,
            scale=scale,
            T=T,
            K=M,
            V=V,
            BT=BT,
            BK=BM,
            BV=BV,
            NT=NT,
            num_warps=num_warps,
            num_stages=num_stages
        )
        ctx.save_for_backward(q, k, v, s, z, ok, p, hk, hv, Av)
        ctx.BT = BT
        return ov, final_state

    @staticmethod
    @input_guard
    def backward(ctx, dov, dht=None):
        q, k, v, s, z, ok, p, hk, hv, Av = ctx.saved_tensors
        B, H, T, K, V, M = *q.shape, v.shape[-1], s.shape[-1]
        BT, BC = ctx.BT, 16
        BK = min(64, triton.next_power_of_2(K))
        BV = min(64, triton.next_power_of_2(V))
        BM = min(64, triton.next_power_of_2(M))
        NT, NC = triton.cdiv(T, BT), triton.cdiv(BT, BC)
        NK, NM = triton.cdiv(K, BK), triton.cdiv(M, BM)
        num_warps = 4 if BK == 64 else 2
        num_stages = 1

        def bwd_inner(q, z, do, B, H, T, K, V, BT, BK, BV, NT, scale, normk=False):
            NK, NV = triton.cdiv(K, BK), triton.cdiv(V, BV)
            dh = q.new_empty(B, H, NT * K, V)
            grid = (NK, NV, B * H)
            chunk_abc_bwd_kernel_dh[grid](
                q, z, do, dh,
                scale=scale,
                T=T, K=K, V=V, BT=BT, BK=BK, BV=BV, NT=NT,
                NORMK=normk,
                num_warps=num_warps,
                num_stages=num_stages
            )
            return dh

        def bwd_post(s, z, ss, B, H, T, S, BT, BC, BS, NT, NC, NS):
            doo = torch.empty_like(s)
            grid = (NS, B * H)
            chunk_abc_bwd_kernel_rcum_inter[grid](
                s, z, ss, doo,
                T=T, S=S, BT=BT, BS=BS, NT=NT,
                num_warps=num_warps,
                num_stages=num_stages
            )
            grid = (NS, NT * NC, B * H)
            chunk_abc_bwd_kernel_rcum_intra[grid](
                s, z, ss, doo,
                T=T, S=S, BT=BT, BC=BC, BS=BS, NC=NC,
                num_warps=num_warps,
                num_stages=num_stages
            )
            return doo

        scale = 1.
        qv = p.to(q.dtype)
        dhv = bwd_inner(
            qv, z, dov,
            B=B, H=H, T=T, K=M, V=V, BT=BT, BK=BM, BV=BV, NT=NT,
            scale=scale,
            normk=True
        )
        dp1 = torch.empty_like(p)
        dsv1 = torch.empty_like(s, dtype=torch.float)
        dv = v.new_empty(NM, *v.shape)
        dAv = q.new_zeros(B, H, T, BT)
        grid = (NM, NT, B * H)
        chunk_abc_bwd_kernel_V[grid](
            s, v, z, hv, Av, dov, dhv, dp1, dsv1, dv, dAv,
            scale=scale,
            T=T, K=M, V=V, BT=BT, BK=BM, BV=BV, NT=NT,
            num_warps=num_warps,
            num_stages=num_stages
        )
        dv = dv.sum(0)
        dp0 = torch.empty_like(p)
        dsv0 = s.new_zeros(s.shape, dtype=torch.float)
        grid = (NM, NT * NC, B * H)
        chunk_abc_bwd_kernel_intra_V[grid](
            qv, s, z, dAv, dp0, dsv0,
            T=T, K=M, BT=BT, BC=BC, BK=BM, NC=NC,
            num_warps=2,
            num_stages=num_stages
        )
        dp = dp1.add_(dp0)
        dsv = dsv1.add_(dsv0)

        # softmax gradient, equivalent to:
        # dok = p * (dp - (p * dp).sum(-1, True))
        dok = softmax_bwd(p, dp, dtype=ok.dtype)

        scale = K ** -0.5
        dhk = bwd_inner(
            q, z, dok,
            B=B, H=H, T=T, K=K, V=M, BT=BT, BK=BK, BV=BM, NT=NT,
            scale=scale,
            normk=False
        )
        dAk = q.new_zeros(NM, B, H, T, BT)
        grid = (NM, NT * NC * NC, B * H)
        chunk_abc_bwd_kernel_intra_K[grid](
            s, z, dok, dAk,
            scale=scale,
            T=T, V=M, BT=BT, BC=BC, BV=BM, NC=NC,
            num_warps=2,
            num_stages=num_stages
        )
        dAk = dAk.sum(0)

        Ak = q.new_zeros(NK, B, H, T, BT)
        dq = torch.empty_like(q)
        dk = torch.empty_like(k)
        dsk1 = s.new_empty(NK, *s.shape, dtype=torch.float)
        grid = (NK, NT, B * H)
        chunk_abc_bwd_kernel_K[grid](
            q, k, s, z, hk, Ak, dok, dhk, dq, dk, dsk1, dAk,
            scale=scale,
            T=T, K=K, V=M, BT=BT, BK=BK, BV=BM, NT=NT,
            num_warps=num_warps,
            num_stages=num_stages
        )
        Ak = Ak.sum(0)
        dsk1 = dsk1.sum(0)
        dsk0 = torch.empty_like(s, dtype=torch.float)
        grid = (NM, NT * NC, B * H)
        chunk_abc_bwd_kernel_intra_KV[grid](
            s, z, Ak, dok, dsk0,
            T=T, V=M, BT=BT, BC=BC, BV=BM, NC=NC,
            num_warps=2,
            num_stages=num_stages
        )
        ds = dsv.add_(dsk1.add_(dsk0))
        ds -= bwd_post(s, z, ok * dok + p * dp, B, H, T, M, BT, BC, BM, NT, NC, NM)
        ds = ds.to(s.dtype)
        return dq, dk, dv, ds, None, None


@torch.compiler.disable
def chunk_abc(
    q: torch.Tensor,
    k: torch.Tensor,
    v: torch.Tensor,
    s: torch.Tensor,
    initial_state: Optional[Tuple[torch.Tensor]] = None,
    output_final_state: bool = False,
    head_first: bool = False
) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
    r"""
    Args:
        q (torch.Tensor):
            queries of shape `[B, T, H, K]`.
        k (torch.Tensor):
            keys of shape `[B, T, H, K]`.
        v (torch.Tensor):
            values of shape `[B, T, H, V]`.
        s (torch.Tensor):
            slot representations of shape `[B, T, H, M]`.
        initial_state (Optional[Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]]):
            Initial states of shape `[B, H, K, M]` and `[B, H, M, V]`. Default: `None`.
        output_final_state (Optional[bool]):
            Whether to output the final state of shape `[B, H, K, M]` and `[B, H, M, V]`. Default: `False`.
        head_first (Optional[bool]):
            Whether the inputs are in the head-first format. Default: `False`.
            This argument has been deprecated.

    Returns:
        o (torch.Tensor):
            Outputs of shape `[B, T, H, V]`.
        final_state (torch.Tensor):
            Final state of shape `[B, H, K, M]` and `[B, H, M, V]` if `output_final_state=True` else `None`.
    """
    if not head_first:
        q, k, v, s = map(lambda x: x.transpose(1, 2), (q, k, v, s))
    o, final_state = ChunkABCFunction.apply(q, k, v, s, initial_state, output_final_state)
    if not head_first:
        o = o.transpose(1, 2)
    return o, final_state
