-----------------------------------------
--- MATLAB/OCTAVE interface of LIBSVM ---
-----------------------------------------

Table of Contents
=================

- Introduction
- Installation
- Usage
- Returned Model Structure
- Other Utilities
- Examples
- Additional Information


Introduction
============

This tool provides a simple interface to LIBSVM, a library for support vector
machines (http://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/libsvm). It is very easy to use as
the usage and the way of specifying parameters are the same as that of LIBSVM.

Installation
============

On Windows systems, pre-built binary files are already in the
directory '..\windows', so no need to conduct installation. Now we
provide binary files only for 64bit MATLAB on Windows. If you would
like to re-build the package, please rely on the following steps.

We recommend using make.m on both MATLAB and OCTAVE. Just type 'make'
to build 'libsvmread.mex', 'libsvmwrite.mex', 'svmtrain.mex', and
'svmpredict.mex'.

On MATLAB or Octave:

        >> make

If make.m does not work on MATLAB (especially for Windows), try 'mex
-setup' to choose a suitable compiler for mex. Make sure your compiler
is accessible and workable. Then type 'make' to do the installation.

Example:

	matlab>> mex -setup

MATLAB will choose the default compiler. If you have multiple compliers,
a list is given and you can choose one from the list. For more details,
please check the following page:

https://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/matlab_external/choose-c-or-c-compilers.html

On Windows, make.m has been tested via using Visual C++.

On Unix systems, if neither make.m nor 'mex -setup' works, please use
Makefile and type 'make' in a command window. Note that we assume
your MATLAB is installed in '/usr/local/matlab'. If not, please change
MATLABDIR in Makefile.

Example:
        linux> make

To use octave, type 'make octave':

Example:
	linux> make octave

For a list of supported/compatible compilers for MATLAB, please check
the following page:

http://www.mathworks.com/support/compilers/current_release/

Usage
=====

matlab> model = svmtrain(training_label_vector, training_instance_matrix [, 'libsvm_options']);

        -training_label_vector:
            An m by 1 vector of training labels (type must be double).
        -training_instance_matrix:
            An m by n matrix of m training instances with n features.
            It can be dense or sparse (type must be double).
        -libsvm_options:
            A string of training options in the same format as that of LIBSVM.

matlab> [predicted_label, accuracy, decision_values/prob_estimates] = svmpredict(testing_label_vector, testing_instance_matrix, model [, 'libsvm_options']);
matlab> [predicted_label] = svmpredict(testing_label_vector, testing_instance_matrix, model [, 'libsvm_options']);

        -testing_label_vector:
            An m by 1 vector of prediction labels. If labels of test
            data are unknown, simply use any random values. (type must be double)
        -testing_instance_matrix:
            An m by n matrix of m testing instances with n features.
            It can be dense or sparse. (type must be double)
        -model:
            The output of svmtrain.
        -libsvm_options:
            A string of testing options in the same format as that of LIBSVM.

Returned Model Structure
========================

The 'svmtrain' function returns a model which can be used for future
prediction.  It is a structure and is organized as [Parameters, nr_class,
totalSV, rho, Label, ProbA, ProbB, nSV, sv_coef, SVs]:

        -Parameters: parameters
        -nr_class: number of classes; = 2 for regression/one-class svm
        -totalSV: total #SV
        -rho: -b of the decision function(s) wx+b
        -Label: label of each class; empty for regression/one-class SVM
        -sv_indices: values in [1,...,num_traning_data] to indicate SVs in the training set
        -ProbA: pairwise probability information; empty if -b 0 or in one-class SVM
        -ProbB: pairwise probability information; empty if -b 0 or in one-class SVM
        -nSV: number of SVs for each class; empty for regression/one-class SVM
        -sv_coef: coefficients for SVs in decision functions
        -SVs: support vectors

If you do not use the option '-b 1', ProbA and ProbB are empty
matrices. If the '-v' option is specified, cross validation is
conducted and the returned model is just a scalar: cross-validation
accuracy for classification and mean-squared error for regression.

More details about this model can be found in LIBSVM FAQ
(http://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/libsvm/faq.html) and LIBSVM
implementation document
(http://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/papers/libsvm.pdf).

Result of Prediction
====================

The function 'svmpredict' has three outputs. The first one,
predictd_label, is a vector of predicted labels. The second output,
accuracy, is a vector including accuracy (for classification), mean
squared error, and squared correlation coefficient (for regression).
The third is a matrix containing decision values or probability
estimates (if '-b 1' is specified). If k is the number of classes
in training data, for decision values, each row includes results of
predicting k(k-1)/2 binary-class SVMs. For classification, k = 1 is a
special case. Decision value +1 is returned for each testing instance,
instead of an empty vector. For probabilities, each row contains k values
indicating the probability that the testing instance is in each class.
Note that the order of classes here is the same as 'Label' field
in the model structure.

Other Utilities
===============

A matlab function libsvmread reads files in LIBSVM format:

[label_vector, instance_matrix] = libsvmread('data.txt');

Two outputs are labels and instances, which can then be used as inputs
of svmtrain or svmpredict.

A matlab function libsvmwrite writes Matlab matrix to a file in LIBSVM format:

libsvmwrite('data.txt', label_vector, instance_matrix)

The instance_matrix must be a sparse matrix. (type must be double)
For 32bit and 64bit MATLAB on Windows, pre-built binary files are ready
in the directory `..\windows', but in future releases, we will only
include 64bit MATLAB binary files.

These codes are prepared by Rong-En Fan and Kai-Wei Chang from National
Taiwan University.

Examples
========

Train and test on the provided data heart_scale:

matlab> [heart_scale_label, heart_scale_inst] = libsvmread('../heart_scale');
matlab> model = svmtrain(heart_scale_label, heart_scale_inst, '-c 1 -g 0.07');
matlab> [predict_label, accuracy, dec_values] = svmpredict(heart_scale_label, heart_scale_inst, model); % test the training data

For probability estimates, you need '-b 1' for training and testing:

matlab> [heart_scale_label, heart_scale_inst] = libsvmread('../heart_scale');
matlab> model = svmtrain(heart_scale_label, heart_scale_inst, '-c 1 -g 0.07 -b 1');
matlab> [heart_scale_label, heart_scale_inst] = libsvmread('../heart_scale');
matlab> [predict_label, accuracy, prob_estimates] = svmpredict(heart_scale_label, heart_scale_inst, model, '-b 1');

To use precomputed kernel, you must include sample serial number as
the first column of the training and testing data (assume your kernel
matrix is K, # of instances is n):

matlab> K1 = [(1:n)', K]; % include sample serial number as first column
matlab> model = svmtrain(label_vector, K1, '-t 4');
matlab> [predict_label, accuracy, dec_values] = svmpredict(label_vector, K1, model); % test the training data

We give the following detailed example by splitting heart_scale into
150 training and 120 testing data.  Constructing a linear kernel
matrix and then using the precomputed kernel gives exactly the same
testing error as using the LIBSVM built-in linear kernel.

matlab> [heart_scale_label, heart_scale_inst] = libsvmread('../heart_scale');
matlab>
matlab> % Split Data
matlab> train_data = heart_scale_inst(1:150,:);
matlab> train_label = heart_scale_label(1:150,:);
matlab> test_data = heart_scale_inst(151:270,:);
matlab> test_label = heart_scale_label(151:270,:);
matlab>
matlab> % Linear Kernel
matlab> model_linear = svmtrain(train_label, train_data, '-t 0');
matlab> [predict_label_L, accuracy_L, dec_values_L] = svmpredict(test_label, test_data, model_linear);
matlab>
matlab> % Precomputed Kernel
matlab> model_precomputed = svmtrain(train_label, [(1:150)', train_data*train_data'], '-t 4');
matlab> [predict_label_P, accuracy_P, dec_values_P] = svmpredict(test_label, [(1:120)', test_data*train_data'], model_precomputed);
matlab>
matlab> accuracy_L % Display the accuracy using linear kernel
matlab> accuracy_P % Display the accuracy using precomputed kernel

Note that for testing, you can put anything in the
testing_label_vector.  For more details of precomputed kernels, please
read the section ``Precomputed Kernels'' in the README of the LIBSVM
package.

Additional Information
======================

This interface was initially written by Jun-Cheng Chen, Kuan-Jen Peng,
Chih-Yuan Yang and Chih-Huai Cheng from Department of Computer
Science, National Taiwan University. The current version was prepared
by Rong-En Fan and Ting-Fan Wu. If you find this tool useful, please
cite LIBSVM as follows

Chih-Chung Chang and Chih-Jen Lin, LIBSVM : a library for support
vector machines. ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and
Technology, 2:27:1--27:27, 2011. Software available at
http://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/libsvm

For any question, please contact Chih-Jen Lin <cjlin@csie.ntu.edu.tw>,
or check the FAQ page:

http://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/libsvm/faq.html#/Q10:_MATLAB_interface
