# Copyright 2025 The HuggingFace Team. All rights reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

import inspect
import os
import random
import textwrap
import warnings
from collections import defaultdict
from contextlib import contextmanager, nullcontext
from copy import deepcopy
from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import Any, Callable, Literal, Optional, Union

import pandas as pd
import torch
import torch.amp as amp
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
import transformers
from accelerate import PartialState
from accelerate.utils import is_deepspeed_available, tqdm
from datasets import Dataset, IterableDataset
from packaging import version
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
from transformers import (
    AutoModelForCausalLM,
    BaseImageProcessor,
    DataCollator,
    FeatureExtractionMixin,
    PreTrainedModel,
    PreTrainedTokenizerBase,
    ProcessorMixin,
    Trainer,
    is_comet_available,
    is_wandb_available,
)
from transformers.data.data_collator import DataCollatorMixin
from transformers.models.auto.modeling_auto import MODEL_FOR_VISION_2_SEQ_MAPPING_NAMES
from transformers.trainer_callback import TrainerCallback
from transformers.trainer_utils import EvalLoopOutput
from transformers.utils import is_peft_available, is_torch_xpu_available

from ..data_utils import maybe_apply_chat_template, maybe_extract_prompt
from ..models import PreTrainedModelWrapper, create_reference_model
from .callbacks import SyncRefModelCallback
from .dpo_config import DPOConfig, FDivergenceConstants, FDivergenceType
from .utils import (
    RunningMoments,
    cap_exp,
    disable_dropout_in_model,
    empty_cache,
    flush_left,
    generate_model_card,
    get_comet_experiment_url,
    log_table_to_comet_experiment,
    pad,
    pad_to_length,
    peft_module_casting_to_bf16,
    selective_log_softmax,
)


if is_peft_available():
    from peft import PeftModel, get_peft_model, prepare_model_for_kbit_training


if is_wandb_available():
    import wandb

if is_deepspeed_available():
    import deepspeed


@dataclass
class DataCollatorForPreference(DataCollatorMixin):
    """
    Data collator used for preference data. Inputs are dynamically padded to the maximum length of a batch if they
    are not all of the same length.

    Args:
        pad_token_id (`int`):
            Token ID to use for padding.
        return_tensors (`str`, *optional*, defaults to `"pt"`):
            Type of Tensor to return. Only `"pt"` is currently supported.

    Examples:
    ```python
    >>> from trl import DataCollatorForPreference
    >>> collator = DataCollatorForPreference(pad_token_id=0)
    >>> examples = [
    ...     {"prompt_input_ids": [1, 2, 3], "chosen_input_ids": [4, 5], "rejected_input_ids": [6]},
    ...     {"prompt_input_ids": [7, 8], "chosen_input_ids": [9, 10], "rejected_input_ids": [11, 12, 13]}
    ... ]
    >>> collator(examples)
    {'prompt_input_ids': tensor([[1, 2, 3],
                                 [0, 7, 8]]),
     'prompt_attention_mask': tensor([[1, 1, 1],
                                      [0, 1, 1]]),
     'chosen_input_ids': tensor([[ 4,  5],
                                 [ 9, 10]]),
     'chosen_attention_mask': tensor([[1, 1],
                                      [1, 1]]),
     'rejected_input_ids': tensor([[ 6,  0,  0],
                                   [11, 12, 13]]),
     'rejected_attention_mask': tensor([[1, 0, 0],
                                        [1, 1, 1]])
    }
    ```
    """

    pad_token_id: int
    return_tensors: str = "pt"

    def torch_call(self, examples: list[Union[list[int], Any, dict[str, Any]]]) -> dict[str, Any]:
        # Convert to tensor
        prompt_input_ids = [torch.tensor(example["prompt_input_ids"]) for example in examples]
        prompt_attention_mask = [torch.ones_like(input_ids) for input_ids in prompt_input_ids]
        chosen_input_ids = [torch.tensor(example["chosen_input_ids"]) for example in examples]
        chosen_attention_mask = [torch.ones_like(input_ids) for input_ids in chosen_input_ids]
        rejected_input_ids = [torch.tensor(example["rejected_input_ids"]) for example in examples]
        rejected_attention_mask = [torch.ones_like(input_ids) for input_ids in rejected_input_ids]
        if "pixel_values" in examples[0]:
            pixel_values = [torch.tensor(example["pixel_values"]) for example in examples]
        if "pixel_attention_mask" in examples[0]:
            pixel_attention_mask = [torch.tensor(example["pixel_attention_mask"]) for example in examples]
        if "ref_chosen_logps" in examples[0] and "ref_rejected_logps" in examples[0]:
            ref_chosen_logps = torch.tensor([example["ref_chosen_logps"] for example in examples])
            ref_rejected_logps = torch.tensor([example["ref_rejected_logps"] for example in examples])

        # Pad
        output = {}
        output["prompt_input_ids"] = pad(prompt_input_ids, padding_value=self.pad_token_id, padding_side="left")
        output["prompt_attention_mask"] = pad(prompt_attention_mask, padding_value=0, padding_side="left")
        output["chosen_input_ids"] = pad(chosen_input_ids, padding_value=self.pad_token_id)
        output["chosen_attention_mask"] = pad(chosen_attention_mask, padding_value=0)
        output["rejected_input_ids"] = pad(rejected_input_ids, padding_value=self.pad_token_id)
        output["rejected_attention_mask"] = pad(rejected_attention_mask, padding_value=0)
        if "pixel_values" in examples[0]:
            output["pixel_values"] = pad(pixel_values, padding_value=0.0)
        if "pixel_attention_mask" in examples[0]:
            output["pixel_attention_mask"] = pad(pixel_attention_mask, padding_value=0)
        if "image_sizes" in examples[0]:
            output["image_sizes"] = torch.tensor([example["image_sizes"] for example in examples])
        if "ref_chosen_logps" in examples[0] and "ref_rejected_logps" in examples[0]:
            output["ref_chosen_logps"] = ref_chosen_logps
            output["ref_rejected_logps"] = ref_rejected_logps

        return output


class DPOTrainer(Trainer):
    r"""
    Initialize DPOTrainer.

    Args:
        model (`transformers.PreTrainedModel`):
            The model to train, preferably an `AutoModelForSequenceClassification`.
        ref_model (`PreTrainedModelWrapper`):
            Hugging Face transformer model with a casual language modelling head. Used for implicit reward computation and loss. If no
            reference model is provided, the trainer will create a reference model with the same architecture as the model to be optimized.
        args (`DPOConfig`):
            The DPO config arguments to use for training.
        data_collator (`transformers.DataCollator`):
            The data collator to use for training. If None is specified, the default data collator (`DataCollatorForPreference`) will be used
            which will pad the sequences to the maximum length of the sequences in the batch, given a dataset of paired sequences.
        train_dataset (`datasets.Dataset`):
            The dataset to use for training.
        eval_dataset (`datasets.Dataset`):
            The dataset to use for evaluation.
        processing_class (`PreTrainedTokenizerBase` or `BaseImageProcessor` or `FeatureExtractionMixin` or `ProcessorMixin`, *optional*):
            Processing class used to process the data. If provided, will be used to automatically process the inputs
            for the model, and it will be saved along the model to make it easier to rerun an interrupted training or
            reuse the fine-tuned model.
            This supercedes the `tokenizer` argument, which is now deprecated.
        model_init (`Callable[[], transformers.PreTrainedModel]`):
            The model initializer to use for training. If None is specified, the default model initializer will be used.
        compute_metrics (`Callable[[EvalPrediction], dict]`, *optional*):
            The function to use to compute the metrics. Must take a `EvalPrediction` and return
            a dictionary string to metric values.
        callbacks (`list[transformers.TrainerCallback]`):
            The callbacks to use for training.
        optimizers (`tuple[torch.optim.Optimizer, torch.optim.lr_scheduler.LambdaLR]`):
            The optimizer and scheduler to use for training.
        preprocess_logits_for_metrics (`Callable[[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor], torch.Tensor]`):
            The function to use to preprocess the logits before computing the metrics.
        peft_config (`dict`, defaults to `None`):
            The PEFT configuration to use for training. If you pass a PEFT configuration, the model will be wrapped in a PEFT model.
    """

    _tag_names = ["trl", "dpo"]

    def __init__(
        self,
        model: Optional[Union[PreTrainedModel, nn.Module, str]] = None,
        ref_model: Optional[Union[PreTrainedModel, nn.Module, str]] = None,
        args: Optional[DPOConfig] = None,
        data_collator: Optional[DataCollator] = None,
        train_dataset: Optional[Dataset] = None,
        eval_dataset: Optional[Union[Dataset, dict[str, Dataset]]] = None,
        processing_class: Optional[
            Union[PreTrainedTokenizerBase, BaseImageProcessor, FeatureExtractionMixin, ProcessorMixin]
        ] = None,
        model_init: Optional[Callable[[], PreTrainedModel]] = None,
        compute_metrics: Optional[Callable[[EvalLoopOutput], dict]] = None,
        callbacks: Optional[list[TrainerCallback]] = None,
        optimizers: tuple[torch.optim.Optimizer, torch.optim.lr_scheduler.LambdaLR] = (None, None),
        preprocess_logits_for_metrics: Optional[Callable[[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor], torch.Tensor]] = None,
        peft_config: Optional[dict] = None,
    ):
        if model is None:
            raise ValueError("No model provided. Please provide a model to train.")

        if not isinstance(model, str) and ref_model is model:
            raise ValueError(
                "`model` and `ref_model` cannot be the same object. If you want `ref_model` to be the "
                "same as `model`, you must mass a copy of it, or `None` if you use peft."
            )

        if args.model_init_kwargs is None:
            model_init_kwargs = {}
        elif not isinstance(model, str):
            raise ValueError(
                "You passed model_init_kwargs to the DPOTrainer/DPOConfig, but your model is already instantiated."
            )
        else:
            model_init_kwargs = args.model_init_kwargs
            torch_dtype = model_init_kwargs.get("torch_dtype")
            if torch_dtype is not None:
                # Convert to `torch.dtype` if an str is passed
                if isinstance(torch_dtype, str) and torch_dtype != "auto":
                    torch_dtype = getattr(torch, torch_dtype)
                if torch_dtype != "auto" and not isinstance(torch_dtype, torch.dtype):
                    raise ValueError(
                        f"Invalid `torch_dtype` passed to the DPOConfig. Expected a string with either `torch.dtype` or 'auto', but got {torch_dtype}."
                    )
                model_init_kwargs["torch_dtype"] = torch_dtype

        if args.ref_model_init_kwargs is None:
            ref_model_init_kwargs = {}
        elif not isinstance(ref_model, str):
            raise ValueError(
                "You passed ref_model_init_kwargs to the DPOTrainer/DPOConfig, but your ref_model is already instantiated."
            )
        else:
            ref_model_init_kwargs = args.ref_model_init_kwargs
            torch_dtype = ref_model_init_kwargs.get("torch_dtype")
            if torch_dtype is not None:
                # Convert to `torch.dtype` if an str is passed
                if isinstance(torch_dtype, str) and torch_dtype != "auto":
                    torch_dtype = getattr(torch, torch_dtype)
                if torch_dtype != "auto" and not isinstance(torch_dtype, torch.dtype):
                    raise ValueError(
                        f"Invalid `torch_dtype` passed to the DPOConfig. Expected a string with either `torch.dtype` or 'auto', but got {torch_dtype}."
                    )
                ref_model_init_kwargs["torch_dtype"] = torch_dtype

        if isinstance(model, str):
            model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model, **model_init_kwargs)

        if isinstance(ref_model, str):
            ref_model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(ref_model, **ref_model_init_kwargs)

        # Initialize this variable to False. This helps tracking the case when `peft_module_casting_to_bf16`
        # has been called in order to properly call autocast if needed.
        self._peft_has_been_casted_to_bf16 = False

        if not is_peft_available() and peft_config is not None:
            raise ValueError(
                "PEFT is not installed and you passed a `peft_config` in the trainer's kwargs, please install it to use the PEFT models"
            )
        elif is_peft_available() and peft_config is not None:
            # if model is a peft model and we have a peft_config, we merge and unload it first
            if isinstance(model, PeftModel):
                model = model.merge_and_unload()

            if ref_model is not None and not args.force_use_ref_model:
                raise ValueError(
                    "You passed both a ref_model and a peft_config. For training PEFT adapters with DPO there is no need to pass a reference"
                    " model. Please pass `ref_model=None` in case you want to train PEFT adapters, or pass a ref_model with `force_use_ref_model=True` in DPOTrainer's init."
                    " if you want to use a different ref_model."
                )

            if getattr(model, "is_loaded_in_8bit", False) or getattr(model, "is_loaded_in_4bit", False):
                _support_gc_kwargs = hasattr(
                    args, "gradient_checkpointing_kwargs"
                ) and "gradient_checkpointing_kwargs" in list(
                    inspect.signature(prepare_model_for_kbit_training).parameters
                )

                prepare_model_kwargs = {"use_gradient_checkpointing": args.gradient_checkpointing}

                if _support_gc_kwargs:
                    prepare_model_kwargs["gradient_checkpointing_kwargs"] = args.gradient_checkpointing_kwargs

                model = prepare_model_for_kbit_training(model, **prepare_model_kwargs)
            elif getattr(args, "gradient_checkpointing", False):
                # For backward compatibility with older versions of transformers
                if hasattr(model, "enable_input_require_grads"):
                    model.enable_input_require_grads()
                else:

                    def make_inputs_require_grad(module, input, output):
                        output.requires_grad_(True)

                    model.get_input_embeddings().register_forward_hook(make_inputs_require_grad)

            # get peft model with the given config
            model = get_peft_model(model, peft_config)
            if args.bf16 and getattr(model, "is_loaded_in_4bit", False):
                peft_module_casting_to_bf16(model)
                # If args.bf16 we need to explicitly call `generate` with torch amp autocast context manager
                self._peft_has_been_casted_to_bf16 = True

        # For models that use gradient_checkpointing, we need to attach a hook that enables input
        # to explicitly have `requires_grad=True`, otherwise training will either silently
        # fail or completely fail.
        elif getattr(args, "gradient_checkpointing", False):
            # For backward compatibility with older versions of transformers
            if hasattr(model, "enable_input_require_grads"):
                model.enable_input_require_grads()
            else:

                def make_inputs_require_grad(module, input, output):
                    output.requires_grad_(True)

                model.get_input_embeddings().register_forward_hook(make_inputs_require_grad)

        if args.generate_during_eval and not (is_wandb_available() or is_comet_available()):
            raise ValueError(
                "`generate_during_eval=True` requires Weights and Biases or Comet to be installed."
                " Please install `wandb` or `comet-ml` to resolve."
            )

        self.is_encoder_decoder = model.config.is_encoder_decoder
        self.is_vision_model = model.config.model_type in MODEL_FOR_VISION_2_SEQ_MAPPING_NAMES.keys()
        self.is_peft_model = is_peft_available() and isinstance(model, PeftModel)
        self.model_adapter_name = args.model_adapter_name
        self.ref_adapter_name = args.ref_adapter_name
        self.reference_free = args.reference_free

        if ref_model:
            self.ref_model = ref_model
        elif self.is_peft_model or args.precompute_ref_log_probs:
            # The `model` with adapters turned off will be used as the reference model
            self.ref_model = None
        else:
            self.ref_model = create_reference_model(model)

        if processing_class is None:
            raise ValueError("processing_class must be specified to tokenize a DPO dataset.")

        if args.padding_value is not None:
            self.padding_value = args.padding_value
        else:
            if hasattr(processing_class, "pad_token_id") and processing_class.pad_token_id is not None:
                self.padding_value = processing_class.pad_token_id
            elif hasattr(processing_class, "tokenizer") and processing_class.tokenizer.pad_token_id is not None:
                self.padding_value = processing_class.tokenizer.pad_token_id
            else:
                raise ValueError(
                    "`padding_value` is not specified in `DPOConfig`, and `pad_token_id` is missing in the "
                    "`processing_class`. Please either set the `padding_value` argument in `DPOConfig`, or set "
                    "`tokenizer.pad_token` (e.g., `tokenizer.pad_token = tokenizer.eos_token`) before instantiating "
                    "the trainer."
                )

        if data_collator is None:
            data_collator = DataCollatorForPreference(pad_token_id=self.padding_value)

        # Disable dropout in the model and reference model
        if args.disable_dropout:
            disable_dropout_in_model(model)
            if self.ref_model is not None:
                disable_dropout_in_model(self.ref_model)

        self.generate_during_eval = args.generate_during_eval
        self.label_pad_token_id = args.label_pad_token_id
        self.max_prompt_length = args.max_prompt_length
        self.max_completion_length = args.max_completion_length
        self.max_length = args.max_length
        self.truncation_mode = args.truncation_mode
        self.precompute_ref_log_probs = args.precompute_ref_log_probs
        self.use_logits_to_keep = args.use_logits_to_keep

        if args.padding_free:
            if model.config._attn_implementation != "flash_attention_2":
                warnings.warn(
                    "Padding-free training is enabled, but the attention implementation is not set to "
                    "'flash_attention_2'. Padding-free training flattens batches into a single sequence, and "
                    "'flash_attention_2' is the only known attention mechanism that reliably supports this. Using "
                    "other implementations may lead to unexpected behavior. To ensure compatibility, set "
                    "`attn_implementation='flash_attention_2'` in the model configuration, or verify that your "
                    "attention mechanism can handle flattened sequences."
                )
        self.padding_free = args.padding_free

        # Since ref_logs are precomputed on the first call to get_train/eval_dataloader
        # keep track of first called to avoid computation of future calls
        self._precomputed_train_ref_log_probs = False
        self._precomputed_eval_ref_log_probs = False

        if (
            args.loss_type in ["hinge", "ipo", "bco_pair", "sppo_hard", "nca_pair", "apo_zero", "apo_down"]
            and args.label_smoothing > 0
        ):
            warnings.warn(
                f"You are using the {args.loss_type} loss type that does not support label smoothing. The "
                "`label_smoothing` parameter will be ignored. Set `label_smoothing` to `0.0` to remove this warning.",
                UserWarning,
            )
        if args.loss_type == "kto_pair":
            raise ValueError("Support for kto_pair has been removed in DPOTrainer. Please use KTOTrainer.")

        self.beta = args.beta
        self.label_smoothing = args.label_smoothing
        self.loss_type = args.loss_type
        self.aux_loss_enabled = getattr(model.config, "output_router_logits", False)
        self.use_weighting = args.use_weighting
        self.aux_loss_coef = getattr(model.config, "router_aux_loss_coef", 0.0)
        if self.aux_loss_enabled and self.aux_loss_coef == 0.0:
            warnings.warn(
                "You set `output_router_logits` to `True` in the model config, but `router_aux_loss_coef` is set to "
                "`0.0`, meaning the auxiliary loss will not be used. Either set `router_aux_loss_coef` to a value "
                "greater than `0.0`, or set `output_router_logits` to `False` if you don't want to use the auxiliary "
                "loss.",
                UserWarning,
            )

        self._stored_metrics = defaultdict(lambda: defaultdict(list))
        self.f_divergence_type = args.f_divergence_type
        self.f_divergence_params = {FDivergenceConstants.ALPHA_DIVERGENCE_COEF_KEY: args.f_alpha_divergence_coef}
        self.dataset_num_proc = args.dataset_num_proc

        # The trainer estimates the number of FLOPs (floating-point operations) using the number of elements in the
        # input tensor associated with the key "input_ids". However, in DPO, the sampled data does not include the
        # "input_ids" key. Instead, the available keys are "prompt_input_ids", "chosen_input_ids", and
        # "rejected_input_ids". As a result, the trainer issues the warning: "Could not estimate the number of tokens
        # of the input, floating-point operations will not be computed." To suppress this warning, we set the
        # "estimate_tokens" key in the model's "warnings_issued" dictionary to True. This acts as a flag to indicate
        # that the warning has already been issued.
        model.warnings_issued["estimate_tokens"] = True

        # Dataset preparation
        train_dataset = self._prepare_dataset(train_dataset, processing_class, args, "train")
        if eval_dataset is not None:
            if isinstance(eval_dataset, dict):
                eval_dataset = {
                    key: self._prepare_dataset(dataset, processing_class, args, key)
                    for key, dataset in eval_dataset.items()
                }
            else:
                eval_dataset = self._prepare_dataset(eval_dataset, processing_class, args, "eval")

        super().__init__(
            model=model,
            args=args,
            data_collator=data_collator,
            train_dataset=train_dataset,
            eval_dataset=eval_dataset,
            processing_class=processing_class,
            model_init=model_init,
            compute_metrics=compute_metrics,
            callbacks=callbacks,
            optimizers=optimizers,
            preprocess_logits_for_metrics=preprocess_logits_for_metrics,
        )

        # Gradient accumulation requires scaled loss. Normally, loss scaling in the parent class depends on whether the
        # model accepts loss-related kwargs. Since we compute our own loss, this check is irrelevant. We set
        # self.model_accepts_loss_kwargs to False to enable scaling.
        self.model_accepts_loss_kwargs = False

        # Add tags for models that have been loaded with the correct transformers version
        if hasattr(self.model, "add_model_tags"):
            self.model.add_model_tags(self._tag_names)

        if not hasattr(self, "accelerator"):
            raise AttributeError(
                "Your `Trainer` does not have an `accelerator` object. Consider upgrading `transformers`."
            )

        # Deepspeed Zero-3 does not support precompute_ref_log_probs
        if self.is_deepspeed_enabled:
            if self.accelerator.state.deepspeed_plugin.zero_stage == 3 and self.precompute_ref_log_probs:
                raise ValueError(
                    "You cannot use `precompute_ref_log_probs=True` with Deepspeed ZeRO-3. Please set `precompute_ref_log_probs=False`."
                )

        if self.ref_model is None:
            if not (self.is_peft_model or self.precompute_ref_log_probs):
                raise ValueError(
                    "No reference model and model is not a Peft model. Try setting `precompute_ref_log_probs=True`"
                )
            if args.sync_ref_model:
                raise ValueError(
                    "You currently cannot use `ref_model=None` with TR-DPO method. Please provide `ref_model`."
                )
        else:
            if self.is_deepspeed_enabled:
                self.ref_model = self._prepare_deepspeed(self.ref_model)
            else:
                self.ref_model = self.accelerator.prepare_model(self.ref_model, evaluation_mode=True)

        if args.sync_ref_model:
            if self.precompute_ref_log_probs:
                raise ValueError(
                    "You cannot use `precompute_ref_log_probs=True` with TR-DPO method. Please set `precompute_ref_log_probs=False`."
                )

            self.add_callback(SyncRefModelCallback(ref_model=self.ref_model, accelerator=self.accelerator))

        if self.loss_type == "bco_pair":
            self.running = RunningMoments(self.accelerator)

    def _prepare_dataset(
        self,
        dataset: Union[Dataset, IterableDataset],
        processing_class: Union[PreTrainedTokenizerBase, BaseImageProcessor, FeatureExtractionMixin, ProcessorMixin],
        args: DPOConfig,
        dataset_name: str,
    ) -> Union[Dataset, IterableDataset]:
        # Build the kwargs for the `map` function
        map_kwargs = {"writer_batch_size": 10}
        if isinstance(dataset, Dataset):  # IterableDataset does not support num_proc
            map_kwargs["num_proc"] = args.dataset_num_proc

        with PartialState().local_main_process_first():
            # Extract prompt if needed
            if isinstance(dataset, Dataset):  # `IterableDataset.map` does not support `desc`
                map_kwargs["desc"] = f"Extracting prompt in {dataset_name} dataset"
            dataset = dataset.map(maybe_extract_prompt, **map_kwargs)

            # Apply the chat template if needed
            if isinstance(dataset, Dataset):  # `IterableDataset.map` does not support `desc`
                map_kwargs["desc"] = f"Applying chat template to {dataset_name} dataset"
            dataset = dataset.map(
                maybe_apply_chat_template, fn_kwargs={"tokenizer": processing_class, "tools": args.tools}, **map_kwargs
            )

            # Tokenize the dataset
            if isinstance(dataset, Dataset):  # `IterableDataset.map` does not support `desc`
                map_kwargs["desc"] = f"Tokenizing {dataset_name} dataset"

            dataset = dataset.map(
                self.tokenize_row if not self.is_vision_model else self.process_row,
                remove_columns=["prompt", "chosen", "rejected"],
                fn_kwargs={
                    "processing_class": processing_class,
                    "max_prompt_length": args.max_prompt_length,
                    "max_completion_length": args.max_completion_length,
                    # for enc-dec, we add the special tokens ([bos_token] + prompt + [eos_token]; completion + [eos_token])
                    "add_special_tokens": False,
                },
                **map_kwargs,
            )

        return dataset

    @staticmethod
    def tokenize_row(features, processing_class, max_prompt_length, max_completion_length, add_special_tokens):
        """
        Tokenize a row of the dataset.

        Args:
            features (`dict[str, str]`):
                Row of the dataset, should contain the keys `"prompt"`, `"chosen"`, and `"rejected"`.
            processing_class (`PreTrainedTokenizerBase`):
                Processing class used to process the data.
            max_prompt_length (`int` or `None`):
                Maximum length of the prompt sequence. If `None`, the prompt sequence is not truncated.
            max_completion_length (`int` or `None`):
                Maximum length of the completion sequences. If `None`, the completion sequences are not truncated.
            add_special_tokens (`bool`):
                Whether to add special tokens to the sequences. Typically used for encoder-decoder models. If `True`,
                the prompt sequence will have a bos token prepended and an eos token appended. In any case, the
                completion sequences will have an eos token appended.

        Returns:
            `dict[str, list[int]]`:
                Tokenized sequences with the keys `"prompt_input_ids"`, `"chosen_input_ids"`, and
                `"rejected_input_ids".

        Example:
        ```python
        >>> from transformers import GPT2Tokenizer
        >>> tokenizer = GPT2Tokenizer.from_pretrained("gpt2")
        >>> features = {"prompt": "The sky is", "chosen": " blue", "rejected": " green"}
        >>> DPOTrainer.tokenize_row(
        ...     features, tokenizer, max_prompt_length=3, max_completion_length=3, add_special_tokens=False
        ... )
        {'prompt_input_ids': [464, 6766, 318], 'chosen_input_ids': [4171, 50256], 'rejected_input_ids': [4077, 50256]}
        ```
        """
        tokenizer = processing_class  # the processing class is a tokenizer
        prompt_input_ids = tokenizer(features["prompt"], add_special_tokens=False)["input_ids"]
        chosen_input_ids = tokenizer(features["chosen"], add_special_tokens=False)["input_ids"]
        rejected_input_ids = tokenizer(features["rejected"], add_special_tokens=False)["input_ids"]

        # Add special tokens (typically for encoder-decoder models)
        if add_special_tokens:
            if tokenizer.bos_token_id is not None:
                prompt_input_ids = [tokenizer.bos_token_id] + prompt_input_ids
            if tokenizer.eos_token_id is not None:
                prompt_input_ids = prompt_input_ids + [tokenizer.eos_token_id]
        chosen_input_ids = chosen_input_ids + [tokenizer.eos_token_id]
        rejected_input_ids = rejected_input_ids + [tokenizer.eos_token_id]

        # Truncate prompt and completion sequences
        if max_prompt_length is not None:
            prompt_input_ids = prompt_input_ids[-max_prompt_length:]
        if max_completion_length is not None:
            chosen_input_ids = chosen_input_ids[:max_completion_length]
            rejected_input_ids = rejected_input_ids[:max_completion_length]

        return {
            "prompt_input_ids": prompt_input_ids,
            "chosen_input_ids": chosen_input_ids,
            "rejected_input_ids": rejected_input_ids,
        }

    @staticmethod
    def process_row(features, processing_class, max_prompt_length, max_completion_length, add_special_tokens):
        """
        Same as `tokenize_row` but for vision models. Please refer to `tokenize_row` for more information.
        """
        processor, tokenizer = processing_class, processing_class.tokenizer  # the processing class is a processor
        processed_features = processor(images=features["images"], text=features["prompt"], add_special_tokens=False)

        prompt_input_ids = processed_features["input_ids"][0]
        pixel_values = processed_features["pixel_values"][0]
        chosen_input_ids = tokenizer(features["chosen"], add_special_tokens=False)["input_ids"]
        rejected_input_ids = tokenizer(features["rejected"], add_special_tokens=False)["input_ids"]

        # Add special tokens (typically for encoder-decoder models)
        if add_special_tokens:
            if tokenizer.bos_token_id is not None:
                prompt_input_ids = [tokenizer.bos_token_id] + prompt_input_ids
            if tokenizer.eos_token_id is not None:
                prompt_input_ids = prompt_input_ids + [tokenizer.eos_token_id]
        chosen_input_ids = chosen_input_ids + [tokenizer.eos_token_id]
        rejected_input_ids = rejected_input_ids + [tokenizer.eos_token_id]

        # Truncate prompt and completion sequences
        if max_prompt_length is not None:
            prompt_input_ids = prompt_input_ids[-max_prompt_length:]
        if max_completion_length is not None:
            chosen_input_ids = chosen_input_ids[:max_completion_length]
            rejected_input_ids = rejected_input_ids[:max_completion_length]

        output = {
            "prompt_input_ids": prompt_input_ids,
            "pixel_values": pixel_values,
            "chosen_input_ids": chosen_input_ids,
            "rejected_input_ids": rejected_input_ids,
        }

        if "pixel_attention_mask" in processed_features:
            output["pixel_attention_mask"] = processed_features["pixel_attention_mask"][0]
        if "image_sizes" in processed_features:
            output["image_sizes"] = processed_features["image_sizes"][0]

        return output

    def _prepare_deepspeed(self, model: PreTrainedModelWrapper):
        # Adapted from accelerate: https://github.com/huggingface/accelerate/blob/739b135f8367becb67ffaada12fe76e3aa60fefd/src/accelerate/accelerator.py#L1473
        deepspeed_plugin = self.accelerator.state.deepspeed_plugin
        config_kwargs = deepcopy(deepspeed_plugin.deepspeed_config)

        if model is not None:
            if hasattr(model, "config"):
                hidden_size = (
                    max(model.config.hidden_sizes)
                    if getattr(model.config, "hidden_sizes", None)
                    else getattr(model.config, "hidden_size", None)
                )
                if hidden_size is not None and config_kwargs["zero_optimization"]["stage"] == 3:
                    # Note that `stage3_prefetch_bucket_size` can produce DeepSpeed messages like: `Invalidate trace cache @ step 0: expected module 1, but got module 0`
                    # This is expected and is not an error, see: https://github.com/microsoft/DeepSpeed/discussions/4081
                    config_kwargs.update(
                        {
                            "zero_optimization.reduce_bucket_size": hidden_size * hidden_size,
                            "zero_optimization.stage3_param_persistence_threshold": 10 * hidden_size,
                            "zero_optimization.stage3_prefetch_bucket_size": 0.9 * hidden_size * hidden_size,
                        }
                    )

        # If ZeRO-3 is used, we shard both the active and reference model.
        # Otherwise, we assume the reference model fits in memory and is initialized on each device with ZeRO disabled (stage 0)
        if config_kwargs["zero_optimization"]["stage"] != 3:
            config_kwargs["zero_optimization"]["stage"] = 0
        model, *_ = deepspeed.initialize(model=model, config=config_kwargs)
        model.eval()
        return model

    def _set_signature_columns_if_needed(self):
        # If `self.args.remove_unused_columns` is True, non-signature columns are removed.
        # By default, this method sets `self._signature_columns` to the model's expected inputs.
        # In DPOTrainer, we preprocess data, so using the model's signature columns doesn't work.
        # Instead, we set them to the columns expected by `DataCollatorForPreference`, hence the override.
        if self._signature_columns is None:
            self._signature_columns = [
                "prompt_input_ids",
                "chosen_input_ids",
                "rejected_input_ids",
                "image_sizes",
                "ref_chosen_logps",
                "ref_rejected_logps",
            ]

    def get_train_dataloader(self) -> DataLoader:
        """
        Returns the training [`~torch.utils.data.DataLoader`].

        Subclass of transformers.src.transformers.trainer.get_train_dataloader to precompute `ref_log_probs`.
        """

        if self.precompute_ref_log_probs and not self._precomputed_train_ref_log_probs:
            batch_size = self.args.precompute_ref_batch_size or self.args.per_device_train_batch_size
            dataloader_params = {
                "batch_size": batch_size,
                "collate_fn": self.data_collator,
                "num_workers": self.args.dataloader_num_workers,
                "pin_memory": self.args.dataloader_pin_memory,
                "shuffle": False,
            }

            # prepare dataloader
            data_loader = self.accelerator.prepare(DataLoader(self.train_dataset, **dataloader_params))

            ref_chosen_logps = []
            ref_rejected_logps = []
            for padded_batch in tqdm(iterable=data_loader, desc="Train dataset reference log probs"):
                ref_chosen_logp, ref_rejected_logp = self.compute_ref_log_probs(padded_batch)
                ref_chosen_logp, ref_rejected_logp = self.accelerator.gather_for_metrics(
                    (ref_chosen_logp, ref_rejected_logp)
                )
                ref_chosen_logps.append(ref_chosen_logp.cpu())
                ref_rejected_logps.append(ref_rejected_logp.cpu())

                # Unnecessary cache clearing to avoid OOM
                empty_cache()
                self.accelerator.free_memory()

            all_ref_chosen_logps = torch.cat(ref_chosen_logps).float().numpy()
            all_ref_rejected_logps = torch.cat(ref_rejected_logps).float().numpy()

            self.train_dataset = self.train_dataset.add_column(name="ref_chosen_logps", column=all_ref_chosen_logps)
            self.train_dataset = self.train_dataset.add_column(
                name="ref_rejected_logps", column=all_ref_rejected_logps
            )

            self._precomputed_train_ref_log_probs = True

        return super().get_train_dataloader()

    def get_eval_dataloader(self, eval_dataset: Optional[Dataset] = None) -> DataLoader:
        """
        Returns the evaluation [`~torch.utils.data.DataLoader`].

        Subclass of transformers.src.transformers.trainer.get_eval_dataloader to precompute `ref_log_probs`.

        Args:
            eval_dataset (`torch.utils.data.Dataset`, *optional*):
                If provided, will override `self.eval_dataset`. If it is a [`~datasets.Dataset`], columns not accepted
                by the `model.forward()` method are automatically removed. It must implement `__len__`.
        """
        if eval_dataset is None and self.eval_dataset is None:
            raise ValueError("Trainer: evaluation requires an eval_dataset.")
        eval_dataset = eval_dataset if eval_dataset is not None else self.eval_dataset

        if self.precompute_ref_log_probs and not self._precomputed_eval_ref_log_probs:
            batch_size = self.args.precompute_ref_batch_size or self.args.per_device_eval_batch_size
            dataloader_params = {
                "batch_size": batch_size,
                "collate_fn": self.data_collator,
                "num_workers": self.args.dataloader_num_workers,
                "pin_memory": self.args.dataloader_pin_memory,
                "shuffle": False,
            }

            # prepare dataloader
            data_loader = self.accelerator.prepare(DataLoader(eval_dataset, **dataloader_params))

            ref_chosen_logps = []
            ref_rejected_logps = []
            for padded_batch in tqdm(iterable=data_loader, desc="Eval dataset reference log probs"):
                ref_chosen_logp, ref_rejected_logp = self.compute_ref_log_probs(padded_batch)
                ref_chosen_logp, ref_rejected_logp = self.accelerator.gather_for_metrics(
                    (ref_chosen_logp, ref_rejected_logp)
                )
                ref_chosen_logps.append(ref_chosen_logp.cpu())
                ref_rejected_logps.append(ref_rejected_logp.cpu())

            all_ref_chosen_logps = torch.cat(ref_chosen_logps).float().numpy()
            all_ref_rejected_logps = torch.cat(ref_rejected_logps).float().numpy()

            eval_dataset = eval_dataset.add_column(name="ref_chosen_logps", column=all_ref_chosen_logps)
            eval_dataset = eval_dataset.add_column(name="ref_rejected_logps", column=all_ref_rejected_logps)

            # Save calculated ref_chosen_logps and ref_rejected_logps to the eval_dataset for subsequent runs
            if self.eval_dataset is not None:
                self.eval_dataset = eval_dataset
            self._precomputed_eval_ref_log_probs = True

        return super().get_eval_dataloader(eval_dataset=eval_dataset)

    @contextmanager
    def null_ref_context(self):
        """Context manager for handling null reference model (that is, peft adapter manipulation)."""
        with (
            self.accelerator.unwrap_model(self.model).disable_adapter()
            if self.is_peft_model and not self.ref_adapter_name
            else nullcontext()
        ):
            if self.ref_adapter_name:
                self.model.set_adapter(self.ref_adapter_name)
            yield
            if self.ref_adapter_name:
                self.model.set_adapter(self.model_adapter_name or "default")

    def compute_ref_log_probs(self, batch: dict[str, torch.LongTensor]) -> dict:
        """Computes log probabilities of the reference model for a single padded batch of a DPO specific dataset."""
        device_type = "xpu" if is_torch_xpu_available() else "cuda"
        compte_ref_context_manager = amp.autocast(device_type) if self._peft_has_been_casted_to_bf16 else nullcontext()
        with torch.no_grad(), compte_ref_context_manager:
            if self.ref_model is None:
                with self.null_ref_context():
                    ref_model_output = self.concatenated_forward(self.model, batch)
            else:
                ref_model_output = self.concatenated_forward(self.ref_model, batch)
        return ref_model_output["chosen_logps"], ref_model_output["rejected_logps"]

    @staticmethod
    def concatenated_inputs(
        batch: dict[str, Union[list, torch.LongTensor]], padding_value: int
    ) -> dict[str, torch.LongTensor]:
        """
        Concatenate the `chosen` and `rejected` inputs from the batch into a single tensor for both the prompt
        and completion sequences.

        Args:
            batch (`dict[str, Union[list, torch.LongTensor]]`):
                A batch of input data. The batch must contain the following keys:

                - `"prompt_input_ids"`: Tensor of shape `(batch_size, prompt_length)` representing the prompt input IDs.
                - `"chosen_input_ids"`: Tensor of shape `(batch_size, chosen_length)` representing the chosen completion input IDs.
                - `"rejected_input_ids"`: Tensor of shape `(batch_size, rejected_length)` representing the rejected completion input IDs.
                - `"prompt_pixel_values"` (optional): Tensor for pixel values, if available.
                - `"prompt_pixel_attention_mask"` (optional): Tensor for pixel attention masks, if available.

            padding_value (`int`):
                The padding value to use for the concatenated completion sequences (`chosen_input_ids` and
                `rejected_input_ids`).

        Returns:
            `dict[str, torch.LongTensor]`: A dictionary containing:

                - `"prompt_input_ids"`: Concatenated prompt input IDs of shape `(2 * batch_size, prompt_length)`.
                - `"completion_input_ids"`: Concatenated chosen and rejected completion input IDs of shape `(2 * batch_size, max_completion_length)`.
                - `"prompt_attention_mask"`: Concatenated prompt attention masks of shape `(2 * batch_size, prompt_length)`.
                - `"completion_attention_mask"`: Concatenated chosen and rejected attention masks of shape `(2 * batch_size, max_completion_length)`.
                - `"pixel_values"` (optional): Concatenated pixel values if `"prompt_pixel_values"` are present.
                - `"pixel_attention_mask"` (optional): Concatenated pixel attention masks if `"prompt_pixel_attention_mask"` are present.

        Notes:
            The completion input IDs and attention masks are padded to the maximum completion length of the chosen
            or rejected sequences.
        """
        output = {}

        # For the prompt, the input_ids are the same for both the chosen and rejected responses
        output["prompt_input_ids"] = torch.cat([batch["prompt_input_ids"], batch["prompt_input_ids"]], dim=0)
        output["prompt_attention_mask"] = torch.cat(
            [batch["prompt_attention_mask"], batch["prompt_attention_mask"]], dim=0
        )
        if "pixel_values" in batch:
            output["pixel_values"] = torch.cat([batch["pixel_values"], batch["pixel_values"]], dim=0)

        if "pixel_attention_mask" in batch:
            output["pixel_attention_mask"] = torch.cat(
                [batch["pixel_attention_mask"], batch["pixel_attention_mask"]], dim=0
            )
        if "image_sizes" in batch:
            output["image_sizes"] = torch.cat([batch["image_sizes"], batch["image_sizes"]], dim=0)

        # Concatenate the chosen and rejected completions
        max_completion_length = max(batch["chosen_input_ids"].shape[1], batch["rejected_input_ids"].shape[1])
        output["completion_input_ids"] = torch.cat(
            (
                pad_to_length(batch["chosen_input_ids"], max_completion_length, pad_value=padding_value),
                pad_to_length(batch["rejected_input_ids"], max_completion_length, pad_value=padding_value),
            ),
        )
        output["completion_attention_mask"] = torch.cat(
            (
                pad_to_length(batch["chosen_attention_mask"], max_completion_length, pad_value=0),
                pad_to_length(batch["rejected_attention_mask"], max_completion_length, pad_value=0),
            ),
        )

        return output

    def dpo_loss(
        self,
        chosen_logps: torch.FloatTensor,
        rejected_logps: torch.FloatTensor,
        ref_chosen_logps: torch.FloatTensor,
        ref_rejected_logps: torch.FloatTensor,
    ) -> tuple[torch.FloatTensor, torch.FloatTensor, torch.FloatTensor]:
        """
        Compute the DPO loss for a batch of policy and reference model log probabilities.

        Args:
            chosen_logps (`torch.FloatTensor`):
                Log probabilities of the model for the chosen responses. Shape: `(batch_size,)`.
            rejected_logps (`torch.FloatTensor`):
                Log probabilities of the model for the rejected responses. Shape: `(batch_size,)`.
            ref_chosen_logps (`torch.FloatTensor`):
                Log probabilities of the reference model for the chosen responses. Shape: `(batch_size,)`.
            ref_rejected_logps (`torch.FloatTensor`):
                Log probabilities of the reference model for the rejected responses. Shape: `(batch_size,)`.

        Returns:
            A tuple of three tensors: `(losses, chosen_rewards, rejected_rewards)`.
            The losses tensor contains the DPO loss for each example in the batch.
            The `chosen_rewards` and `rejected_rewards` tensors contain the rewards for the chosen and rejected
            responses, respectively.
        """
        device = self.accelerator.device

        # Get the log ratios for the chosen and rejected responses
        chosen_logratios = chosen_logps.to(device) - (not self.reference_free) * ref_chosen_logps.to(device)
        rejected_logratios = rejected_logps.to(device) - (not self.reference_free) * ref_rejected_logps.to(device)

        if self.f_divergence_type == FDivergenceType.ALPHA_DIVERGENCE.value:
            # The alpha-divergence formula: (1 - u^-alpha) / alpha
            # The divergence difference between the chosen and rejected sample is:
            #     (1 - u[w]^-alpha) / alpha - (1 - u[l]^-alpha) / alpha
            #        = (u[l]^-alpha - u[w]^-alpha) / alpha
            # where u[w] and u[l] are the policy/reference probability ratios
            # for the chosen and rejected samples, respectively.
            alpha_coef = FDivergenceConstants.ALPHA_DIVERGENCE_COEF_DEFAULT
            if self.f_divergence_params and FDivergenceConstants.ALPHA_DIVERGENCE_COEF_KEY in self.f_divergence_params:
                alpha_coef = float(self.f_divergence_params[FDivergenceConstants.ALPHA_DIVERGENCE_COEF_KEY])
            logits = (cap_exp(rejected_logratios * -alpha_coef) - cap_exp(chosen_logratios * -alpha_coef)) / alpha_coef
        else:
            logratios = chosen_logps - rejected_logps
            if self.reference_free:
                ref_logratios = torch.tensor([0], dtype=logratios.dtype, device=logratios.device)
            else:
                ref_logratios = ref_chosen_logps - ref_rejected_logps

            logratios = logratios.to(self.accelerator.device)
            ref_logratios = ref_logratios.to(self.accelerator.device)
            logits = logratios - ref_logratios

            if self.f_divergence_type == FDivergenceType.JS_DIVERGENCE.value:
                # The js-divergence formula: log(2 * u / (1 + u))
                # The divergence difference between the chosen and rejected sample is:
                #     log(2 * u[w] / (1 + u[w])) - log(2 * u[l] / (1 + u[l]))
                #       = log(u[w]) - log(u[l]) - (log(1 + u[w]) - log(1 + u[l]))
                # where u[w] and u[l] are the policy/reference probability ratios
                # for the chosen and rejected samples, respectively.
                logits -= F.softplus(chosen_logratios) - F.softplus(rejected_logratios)

        # The beta is a temperature parameter for the DPO loss, typically something in the range of 0.1 to 0.5.
        # We ignore the reference model as beta -> 0. The label_smoothing parameter encodes our uncertainty about the
        # labels and calculates a conservative DPO loss.
        if self.loss_type == "sigmoid":
            losses = (
                -F.logsigmoid(self.beta * logits) * (1 - self.label_smoothing)
                - F.logsigmoid(-self.beta * logits) * self.label_smoothing
            )

        elif self.loss_type == "robust":
            losses = (
                -F.logsigmoid(self.beta * logits) * (1 - self.label_smoothing)
                + F.logsigmoid(-self.beta * logits) * self.label_smoothing
            ) / (1 - 2 * self.label_smoothing)

        elif self.loss_type == "exo_pair":
            # eqn (16) of the EXO paper: https://huggingface.co/papers/2402.00856
            import math

            if self.label_smoothing == 0:
                self.label_smoothing = 1e-3
            losses = (self.beta * logits).sigmoid() * (
                F.logsigmoid(self.beta * logits) - math.log(1 - self.label_smoothing)
            ) + (-self.beta * logits).sigmoid() * (F.logsigmoid(-self.beta * logits) - math.log(self.label_smoothing))

        elif self.loss_type == "hinge":
            losses = torch.relu(1 - self.beta * logits)

        elif self.loss_type == "ipo":
            # eqn (17) of the paper where beta is the regularization parameter for the IPO loss, denoted by tau in the paper.
            losses = (logits - 1 / (2 * self.beta)) ** 2

        elif self.loss_type == "bco_pair":
            chosen_logratios = chosen_logps - ref_chosen_logps
            rejected_logratios = rejected_logps - ref_rejected_logps
            chosen_rewards = self.beta * chosen_logratios
            rejected_rewards = self.beta * rejected_logratios
            rewards = torch.cat((chosen_rewards, rejected_rewards), 0).mean().detach()
            self.running.update(rewards)
            delta = self.running.mean
            losses = -F.logsigmoid((self.beta * chosen_logratios) - delta) - F.logsigmoid(
                -(self.beta * rejected_logratios - delta)
            )

        elif self.loss_type == "sppo_hard":
            # In the paper (https://huggingface.co/papers/2405.00675), SPPO employs a soft probability approach,
            # estimated using the PairRM score. The probability calculation is conducted outside of the trainer class.
            # The version described here is the hard probability version, where P in Equation (4.7) of Algorithm 1 is
            # set to 1 for the winner and 0 for the loser.
            a = chosen_logps - ref_chosen_logps
            b = rejected_logps - ref_rejected_logps
            losses = (a - 0.5 / self.beta) ** 2 + (b + 0.5 / self.beta) ** 2

        elif self.loss_type == "nca_pair":
            chosen_rewards = (chosen_logps - ref_chosen_logps) * self.beta
            rejected_rewards = (rejected_logps - ref_rejected_logps) * self.beta
            losses = (
                -F.logsigmoid(chosen_rewards)
                - 0.5 * F.logsigmoid(-chosen_rewards)
                - 0.5 * F.logsigmoid(-rejected_rewards)
            )

        elif self.loss_type == "aot_pair":
            chosen_logratios = chosen_logps - ref_chosen_logps
            rejected_logratios = rejected_logps - ref_rejected_logps
            chosen_logratios_sorted, _ = torch.sort(chosen_logratios, dim=0)
            rejected_logratios_sorted, _ = torch.sort(rejected_logratios, dim=0)
            delta = chosen_logratios_sorted - rejected_logratios_sorted
            losses = (
                -F.logsigmoid(self.beta * delta) * (1 - self.label_smoothing)
                - F.logsigmoid(-self.beta * delta) * self.label_smoothing
            )

        elif self.loss_type == "aot":
            logratios = chosen_logps - rejected_logps
            ref_logratios = ref_chosen_logps - ref_rejected_logps
            logratios_sorted, _ = torch.sort(logratios, dim=0)
            ref_logratios_sorted, _ = torch.sort(ref_logratios, dim=0)
            delta = logratios_sorted - ref_logratios_sorted
            losses = (
                -F.logsigmoid(self.beta * delta) * (1 - self.label_smoothing)
                - F.logsigmoid(-self.beta * delta) * self.label_smoothing
            )

        elif self.loss_type == "apo_zero":
            # Eqn (7) of the APO paper (https://huggingface.co/papers/2408.06266)
            # Use this loss when you believe the chosen outputs are better than your model's default output
            losses_chosen = 1 - F.sigmoid(self.beta * chosen_logratios)  # Increase chosen likelihood
            losses_rejected = F.sigmoid(self.beta * rejected_logratios)  # Decrease rejected likelihood
            losses = losses_chosen + losses_rejected

        elif self.loss_type == "apo_down":
            # Eqn (8) of the APO paper (https://huggingface.co/papers/2408.06266)
            # Use this loss when you believe the chosen outputs are worse than your model's default output.
            # Decrease chosen likelihood and decrease rejected likelihood more
            losses_chosen = F.sigmoid(self.beta * chosen_logratios)
            losses_rejected = 1 - F.sigmoid(self.beta * (chosen_logratios - rejected_logratios))
            losses = losses_chosen + losses_rejected

        elif self.loss_type == "discopop":
            # Eqn (5) of the DiscoPOP paper (https://huggingface.co/papers/2406.08414)
            # This loss was discovered with LLM discovery
            logratios = chosen_logps - rejected_logps
            ref_logratios = ref_chosen_logps - ref_rejected_logps
            logits = logratios - ref_logratios
            logits = logits * self.beta
            # Modulate the mixing coefficient based on the log ratio magnitudes
            log_ratio_modulation = torch.sigmoid(logits / self.args.discopop_tau)
            logistic_component = -F.logsigmoid(logits)
            exp_component = torch.exp(-logits)
            # Blend between logistic and exponential component based on log ratio modulation
            losses = logistic_component * (1 - log_ratio_modulation) + exp_component * log_ratio_modulation

        else:
            raise ValueError(
                f"Unknown loss type: {self.loss_type}. Should be one of ['sigmoid', 'hinge', 'ipo', 'exo_pair', "
                "'nca_pair', 'robust', 'bco_pair', 'sppo_hard', 'aot', 'aot_pair', 'discopop', 'apo_zero', 'apo_down']"
            )

        chosen_rewards = self.beta * (chosen_logps.to(device) - ref_chosen_logps.to(device)).detach()
        rejected_rewards = self.beta * (rejected_logps.to(device) - ref_rejected_logps.to(device)).detach()

        return losses, chosen_rewards, rejected_rewards

    def concatenated_forward(self, model: nn.Module, batch: dict[str, Union[list, torch.LongTensor]]):
        """Run the given model on the given batch of inputs, concatenating the chosen and rejected inputs together.

        We do this to avoid doing two forward passes, because it's faster for FSDP.
        """
        num_examples = batch["prompt_input_ids"].shape[0]

        concatenated_batch = self.concatenated_inputs(batch, padding_value=self.padding_value)

        model_kwargs = {}
        if self.aux_loss_enabled:
            model_kwargs["output_router_logits"] = True

        # Add the pixel values and attention masks for vision models
        if "pixel_values" in concatenated_batch:
            model_kwargs["pixel_values"] = concatenated_batch["pixel_values"]
        if "pixel_attention_mask" in concatenated_batch:
            model_kwargs["pixel_attention_mask"] = concatenated_batch["pixel_attention_mask"]
        if "image_sizes" in concatenated_batch:
            model_kwargs["image_sizes"] = concatenated_batch["image_sizes"]

        prompt_input_ids = concatenated_batch["prompt_input_ids"]
        prompt_attention_mask = concatenated_batch["prompt_attention_mask"]
        completion_input_ids = concatenated_batch["completion_input_ids"]
        completion_attention_mask = concatenated_batch["completion_attention_mask"]
        if self.is_encoder_decoder:
            labels = completion_input_ids
            labels[completion_attention_mask == 0] = self.label_pad_token_id
            outputs = model(
                input_ids=prompt_input_ids,
                attention_mask=prompt_attention_mask,
                labels=labels,  # we need the labels for the logits to be returned
                **model_kwargs,
            )
            logits = outputs.logits
            loss_mask = completion_attention_mask.bool()
        else:
            # Concatenate the prompt and completion inputs
            input_ids = torch.cat((prompt_input_ids, completion_input_ids), dim=1)
            attention_mask = torch.cat((prompt_attention_mask, completion_attention_mask), dim=1)
            # Mask the prompt but not the completion for the loss
            loss_mask = torch.cat(
                (torch.zeros_like(prompt_attention_mask), completion_attention_mask),
                dim=1,
            )

            # Flush left to reduce the memory usage
            # [[0, 0, x, x, x, x],  ->  [[x, x, x, x],
            #  [0, x, x, x, 0, 0]]       [x, x, x, 0]]
            attention_mask, input_ids, loss_mask = flush_left(attention_mask, input_ids, loss_mask)

            # Truncate right
            if self.max_length is not None:
                if self.truncation_mode == "keep_end":
                    input_ids = input_ids[:, -self.max_length :]
                    attention_mask = attention_mask[:, -self.max_length :]
                    loss_mask = loss_mask[:, -self.max_length :]
                elif self.truncation_mode == "keep_start":
                    input_ids = input_ids[:, : self.max_length]
                    attention_mask = attention_mask[:, : self.max_length]
                    loss_mask = loss_mask[:, : self.max_length]
                else:
                    raise ValueError(
                        f"Unknown truncation mode: '{self.truncation_mode}'. Should be one of ['keep_end', "
                        "'keep_start']."
                    )

            if self.use_logits_to_keep:
                # Compute logits_to_keep based on loss_mask pattern:
                # [[0, 0, 0, x, x, x, x],
                #  [0, 0, 0, x, x, x, 0]]
                #         ^ start computing logits from here ([:, -(7-3+1):])
                first_compute_index = loss_mask.nonzero(as_tuple=True)[1].min()
                logits_to_keep = (loss_mask.shape[1] - first_compute_index).item() + 1  # +1 for the first label
                model_kwargs["logits_to_keep"] = logits_to_keep

            if self.padding_free:
                # Flatten the input_ids, position_ids, and loss_mask
                # input_ids = [[a, b, c, 0], ->     input_ids = [[a, b, c, d, e, f, g]]
                #              [d, e, f, g]]     position_ids = [[0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 3]]
                input_ids = input_ids[attention_mask.bool()].unsqueeze(0)
                loss_mask = loss_mask[attention_mask.bool()].unsqueeze(0)
                position_ids = attention_mask.cumsum(1)[attention_mask.bool()].unsqueeze(0) - 1
                model_kwargs["position_ids"] = position_ids
            else:
                model_kwargs["attention_mask"] = attention_mask

            outputs = model(input_ids, **model_kwargs)
            logits = outputs.logits

            # Offset the logits by one to align with the labels
            labels = torch.roll(input_ids, shifts=-1, dims=1)
            loss_mask = torch.roll(loss_mask, shifts=-1, dims=1).bool()

            if self.use_logits_to_keep:
                # Align labels with logits
                # logits:    -,  -, [x2, x3, x4, x5, x6]
                #                     ^ --------- ^       after logits[:, :-1, :]
                # labels:   [y0, y1, y2, y3, y4, y5, y6]
                #                         ^ --------- ^   with logits_to_keep=4, [:, -4:]
                # loss_mask: [0,  0,  0,  1,  1,  1,  1]
                labels = labels[:, -logits_to_keep:]
                loss_mask = loss_mask[:, -logits_to_keep:]

        if logits.shape[:2] != labels.shape[:2]:
            # for llava, the returned logits include the image tokens (placed before the text tokens)
            seq_len = labels.shape[1]
            logits = logits[:, -seq_len:]

        # Compute the log probabilities of the labels
        labels[~loss_mask] = 0  # dummy token; we'll ignore the losses on these tokens later
        per_token_logps = selective_log_softmax(logits, labels)
        per_token_logps[~loss_mask] = 0
        per_token_logps = torch.roll(per_token_logps, shifts=1, dims=1)

        if self.padding_free:
            # Unflatten the per_token_logps (shape: [1, sum_seq_len] -> [batch_size, seq_len])
            batch_size, seq_len = attention_mask.shape
            per_token_logps_ = torch.zeros(
                batch_size, seq_len, device=outputs.logits.device, dtype=outputs.logits.dtype
            )
            per_token_logps_[attention_mask.bool()] = per_token_logps
            per_token_logps = per_token_logps_

        all_logps = per_token_logps.sum(-1)

        output = {}

        if self.use_weighting:
            with torch.no_grad():
                # Eq (2) of the WPO paper: https://huggingface.co/papers/2406.11827
                logprobs = F.log_softmax(logits, dim=-1)
                weights_adjustment_factor = torch.logsumexp(2 * logprobs, dim=-1)  # same as sum(probs**2) in log space
                per_token_logps_adjusted = per_token_logps - weights_adjustment_factor
                all_weights = (per_token_logps_adjusted * loss_mask).sum(-1) / loss_mask.sum(-1)
                chosen_weights = all_weights[:num_examples]
                rejected_weights = all_weights[num_examples:]
                output["policy_weights"] = torch.clamp(torch.exp(chosen_weights + rejected_weights), max=1)

        if self.args.rpo_alpha is not None:
            # Only use the chosen logits for the RPO loss
            chosen_logits = logits[:num_examples]
            chosen_labels = labels[:num_examples]

            # Compute the log probabilities of the labels
            output["nll_loss"] = F.cross_entropy(
                torch.flatten(chosen_logits, end_dim=1), torch.flatten(chosen_labels, end_dim=1), ignore_index=0
            )

        if self.loss_type == "ipo":
            all_logps = all_logps / loss_mask.sum(-1)

        output["chosen_logps"] = all_logps[:num_examples]
        output["rejected_logps"] = all_logps[num_examples:]

        # Compute the mean logits
        if self.padding_free:
            # position_ids contains a sequence of range identifiers (e.g., [[0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...]]).
            # There are 2*num_examples ranges in total: the first half corresponds to the chosen tokens,
            # and the second half to the rejected tokens.
            # To find the start of the rejected tokens, we look for the num_examples+1-th zero in pos_id.
            split_idx = (position_ids == 0).nonzero(as_tuple=True)[1][num_examples]
            mean_chosen_logits = logits[0, :split_idx][loss_mask[0, :split_idx]].mean()
            mean_rejected_logits = logits[0, split_idx:][loss_mask[0, split_idx:]].mean()
        else:
            mean_chosen_logits = logits[:num_examples][loss_mask[:num_examples]].mean()
            mean_rejected_logits = logits[num_examples:][loss_mask[num_examples:]].mean()

        output["mean_chosen_logits"] = mean_chosen_logits
        output["mean_rejected_logits"] = mean_rejected_logits

        if self.aux_loss_enabled:
            output["aux_loss"] = outputs.aux_loss

        return output

    def get_batch_loss_metrics(
        self,
        model,
        batch: dict[str, Union[list, torch.LongTensor]],
        train_eval: Literal["train", "eval"] = "train",
    ):
        """Compute the DPO loss and other metrics for the given batch of inputs for train or test."""
        metrics = {}

        model_output = self.concatenated_forward(model, batch)

        # if ref_chosen_logps and ref_rejected_logps in batch use them, otherwise use the reference model
        if "ref_chosen_logps" in batch and "ref_rejected_logps" in batch:
            ref_chosen_logps = batch["ref_chosen_logps"]
            ref_rejected_logps = batch["ref_rejected_logps"]
        else:
            ref_chosen_logps, ref_rejected_logps = self.compute_ref_log_probs(batch)

        losses, chosen_rewards, rejected_rewards = self.dpo_loss(
            model_output["chosen_logps"], model_output["rejected_logps"], ref_chosen_logps, ref_rejected_logps
        )
        reward_accuracies = (chosen_rewards > rejected_rewards).float()

        if self.args.rpo_alpha is not None:
            losses = losses + self.args.rpo_alpha * model_output["nll_loss"]  # RPO loss from V3 of the paper

        if self.use_weighting:
            losses = losses * model_output["policy_weights"]

        if self.aux_loss_enabled:
            losses = losses + self.aux_loss_coef * model_output["aux_loss"]

        prefix = "eval_" if train_eval == "eval" else ""
        metrics[f"{prefix}rewards/chosen"] = self.accelerator.gather_for_metrics(chosen_rewards).mean().item()
        metrics[f"{prefix}rewards/rejected"] = self.accelerator.gather_for_metrics(rejected_rewards).mean().item()
        metrics[f"{prefix}rewards/accuracies"] = self.accelerator.gather_for_metrics(reward_accuracies).mean().item()
        metrics[f"{prefix}rewards/margins"] = (
            self.accelerator.gather_for_metrics(chosen_rewards - rejected_rewards).mean().item()
        )
        metrics[f"{prefix}logps/chosen"] = (
            self.accelerator.gather_for_metrics(model_output["chosen_logps"]).detach().mean().item()
        )
        metrics[f"{prefix}logps/rejected"] = (
            self.accelerator.gather_for_metrics(model_output["rejected_logps"]).detach().mean().item()
        )
        metrics[f"{prefix}logits/chosen"] = (
            self.accelerator.gather_for_metrics(model_output["mean_chosen_logits"]).detach().mean().item()
        )
        metrics[f"{prefix}logits/rejected"] = (
            self.accelerator.gather_for_metrics(model_output["mean_rejected_logits"]).detach().mean().item()
        )
        if self.args.rpo_alpha is not None:
            metrics[f"{prefix}nll_loss"] = (
                self.accelerator.gather_for_metrics(model_output["nll_loss"]).detach().mean().item()
            )
        if self.aux_loss_enabled:
            metrics[f"{prefix}aux_loss"] = (
                self.accelerator.gather_for_metrics(model_output["aux_loss"]).detach().mean().item()
            )

        return losses.mean(), metrics

    def compute_loss(
        self,
        model: Union[PreTrainedModel, nn.Module],
        inputs: dict[str, Union[torch.Tensor, Any]],
        return_outputs=False,
        num_items_in_batch=None,
    ) -> Union[torch.Tensor, tuple[torch.Tensor, dict[str, torch.Tensor]]]:
        device_type = "xpu" if is_torch_xpu_available() else "cuda"
        compute_loss_context_manager = (
            amp.autocast(device_type) if self._peft_has_been_casted_to_bf16 else nullcontext()
        )
        with compute_loss_context_manager:
            loss, metrics = self.get_batch_loss_metrics(model, inputs, train_eval="train")

        # Make sure to move the loss to the device the original accumulating loss is at back in the `Trainer` class:
        loss = loss.to(self.args.device)
        # force log the metrics
        self.store_metrics(metrics, train_eval="train")

        if return_outputs:
            return loss, metrics

        return loss

    def generate_from_model_and_ref(self, model, batch: dict[str, torch.LongTensor]) -> tuple[str, str]:
        """Generate samples from the model and reference model for the given batch of inputs."""

        # If one uses `generate_during_eval` with peft + bf16, we need to explicitly call generate with
        # the torch amp context manager as some hidden states are silently casted to full precision.
        device_type = "xpu" if is_torch_xpu_available() else "cuda"
        generate_context_manager = amp.autocast(device_type) if self._peft_has_been_casted_to_bf16 else nullcontext()

        with generate_context_manager:
            policy_output = model.generate(
                input_ids=batch["prompt_input_ids"],
                attention_mask=batch["prompt_attention_mask"],
                max_length=self.max_length,
                do_sample=True,
                pad_token_id=self.padding_value,
            )

            # if ref_output in batch use that otherwise use the reference model
            if "ref_output" in batch:
                ref_output = batch["ref_output"]
            else:
                if self.ref_model is None:
                    with self.null_ref_context():
                        ref_output = self.model.generate(
                            input_ids=batch["prompt_input_ids"],
                            attention_mask=batch["prompt_attention_mask"],
                            max_length=self.max_length,
                            do_sample=True,
                            pad_token_id=self.padding_value,
                        )
                else:
                    ref_output = self.ref_model.generate(
                        input_ids=batch["prompt_input_ids"],
                        attention_mask=batch["prompt_attention_mask"],
                        max_length=self.max_length,
                        do_sample=True,
                        pad_token_id=self.padding_value,
                    )

        policy_output = pad_to_length(policy_output, self.max_length, self.padding_value)
        policy_output_decoded = self.processing_class.batch_decode(policy_output, skip_special_tokens=True)

        ref_output = pad_to_length(ref_output, self.max_length, self.padding_value)
        ref_output_decoded = self.processing_class.batch_decode(ref_output, skip_special_tokens=True)

        return policy_output_decoded, ref_output_decoded

    def prediction_step(
        self,
        model: Union[PreTrainedModel, nn.Module],
        inputs: dict[str, Union[torch.Tensor, Any]],
        prediction_loss_only: bool,
        ignore_keys: Optional[list[str]] = None,
    ):
        if ignore_keys is None:
            if hasattr(model, "config"):
                ignore_keys = getattr(model.config, "keys_to_ignore_at_inference", [])
            else:
                ignore_keys = []

        device_type = "xpu" if is_torch_xpu_available() else "cuda"
        prediction_context_manager = amp.autocast(device_type) if self._peft_has_been_casted_to_bf16 else nullcontext()

        with torch.no_grad(), prediction_context_manager:
            loss, metrics = self.get_batch_loss_metrics(model, inputs, train_eval="eval")

        # force log the metrics
        self.store_metrics(metrics, train_eval="eval")

        if prediction_loss_only:
            return loss.detach(), None, None

        # logits for the chosen and rejected samples from model
        logits_dict = {
            "eval_logits/chosen": metrics["eval_logits/chosen"],
            "eval_logits/rejected": metrics["eval_logits/rejected"],
        }
        logits = [v for k, v in logits_dict.items() if k not in ignore_keys]
        logits = torch.tensor(logits, device=self.accelerator.device)
        labels = torch.zeros(logits.shape[0], device=self.accelerator.device)

        return (loss.detach(), logits, labels)

    def store_metrics(self, metrics: dict[str, float], train_eval: Literal["train", "eval"] = "train") -> None:
        for key, value in metrics.items():
            self._stored_metrics[train_eval][key].append(value)

    def evaluation_loop(
        self,
        dataloader: DataLoader,
        description: str,
        prediction_loss_only: Optional[bool] = None,
        ignore_keys: Optional[list[str]] = None,
        metric_key_prefix: str = "eval",
    ) -> EvalLoopOutput:
        """
        Overriding built-in evaluation loop to store metrics for each batch.
        Prediction/evaluation loop, shared by `Trainer.evaluate()` and `Trainer.predict()`.

        Works both with or without labels.
        """

        # Sample and save to game log if requested (for one batch to save time)
        if self.generate_during_eval:
            # Generate random indices within the range of the total number of samples
            num_samples = len(dataloader.dataset)
            random_indices = random.sample(range(num_samples), k=self.args.eval_batch_size)

            # Use dataloader.dataset.select to get the random batch without iterating over the DataLoader
            random_batch_dataset = dataloader.dataset.select(random_indices)
            random_batch = self.data_collator(random_batch_dataset)
            random_batch = self._prepare_inputs(random_batch)

            policy_output_decoded, ref_output_decoded = self.generate_from_model_and_ref(self.model, random_batch)

            table = pd.DataFrame(
                columns=["Prompt", "Policy", "Ref Model"],
                data=[
                    [prompt, pol[len(prompt) :], ref[len(prompt) :]]
                    for prompt, pol, ref in zip(
                        random_batch_dataset["prompt"], policy_output_decoded, ref_output_decoded
                    )
                ],
            )
            if "wandb" in self.args.report_to:
                wandb.log({"game_log": wandb.Table(data=table)})

            if "comet_ml" in self.args.report_to:
                log_table_to_comet_experiment(
                    name="game_log.csv",
                    table=table,
                )

        # Base evaluation
        initial_output = super().evaluation_loop(
            dataloader, description, prediction_loss_only, ignore_keys, metric_key_prefix
        )

        return initial_output

    def log(self, logs: dict[str, float], start_time: Optional[float] = None) -> None:
        """
        Log `logs` on the various objects watching training, including stored metrics.

        Args:
            logs (`dict[str, float]`):
                The values to log.
            start_time (`float` or `None`, *optional*, defaults to `None`):
                Start time of the training.
        """
        # logs either has 'loss' or 'eval_loss'
        train_eval = "train" if "loss" in logs else "eval"
        # Add averaged stored metrics to logs
        for key, metrics in self._stored_metrics[train_eval].items():
            logs[key] = torch.tensor(metrics).mean().item()
        del self._stored_metrics[train_eval]

        if version.parse(transformers.__version__) >= version.parse("4.47.0.dev0"):
            return super().log(logs, start_time)
        else:  # transformers<=4.46
            return super().log(logs)

    def create_model_card(
        self,
        model_name: Optional[str] = None,
        dataset_name: Optional[str] = None,
        tags: Union[str, list[str], None] = None,
    ):
        """
        Creates a draft of a model card using the information available to the `Trainer`.

        Args:
            model_name (`str` or `None`, *optional*, defaults to `None`):
                Name of the model.
            dataset_name (`str` or `None`, *optional*, defaults to `None`):
                Name of the dataset used for training.
            tags (`str`, `list[str]` or `None`, *optional*, defaults to `None`):
                Tags to be associated with the model card.
        """
        if not self.is_world_process_zero():
            return

        if hasattr(self.model.config, "_name_or_path") and not os.path.isdir(self.model.config._name_or_path):
            base_model = self.model.config._name_or_path
        else:
            base_model = None

        tags = tags or []
        if isinstance(tags, str):
            tags = [tags]

        if hasattr(self.model.config, "unsloth_version"):
            tags.append("unsloth")

        citation = textwrap.dedent(
            """\
            @inproceedings{rafailov2023direct,
                title        = {{Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Model}},
                author       = {Rafael Rafailov and Archit Sharma and Eric Mitchell and Christopher D. Manning and Stefano Ermon and Chelsea Finn},
                year         = 2023,
                booktitle    = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 36: Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 2023, NeurIPS 2023, New Orleans, LA, USA, December 10 - 16, 2023},
                url          = {http://papers.nips.cc/paper_files/paper/2023/hash/a85b405ed65c6477a4fe8302b5e06ce7-Abstract-Conference.html},
                editor       = {Alice Oh and Tristan Naumann and Amir Globerson and Kate Saenko and Moritz Hardt and Sergey Levine},
            }"""
        )

        model_card = generate_model_card(
            base_model=base_model,
            model_name=model_name,
            hub_model_id=self.hub_model_id,
            dataset_name=dataset_name,
            tags=tags,
            wandb_url=wandb.run.get_url() if is_wandb_available() and wandb.run is not None else None,
            comet_url=get_comet_experiment_url(),
            trainer_name="DPO",
            trainer_citation=citation,
            paper_title="Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Model",
            paper_id="2305.18290",
        )

        model_card.save(os.path.join(self.args.output_dir, "README.md"))
