The issue focused on software systems for implementing algorithms that compute probability distributions over digital databases. Computational physicists made computer simulations of computational mathematics models and computing machines to estimate the computation times required for computers to compute computationally dense algorithms. Computer programmers modified hardware and software systems to solve computational problems with GPUs. Computing researchers measured computational efficiency using CPU performance metrics such as RAM bandwidth, CPUs cores used per clock cycle, CPU cycles used per second, CPU processors consumed per watt, CPU processors CPU clocks per minute, CPU processors CPU processors