The issue focused on Microsoft Windows software systems such as PCs and laptops. As PC manufacturers pushed computers into smartphones, tablets and TVs, carriers argued that phones made devices useless for consumers who couldn't afford mobile internet services.


Microsoft fought back by launching Internet Explorer 9 in 2005 and urged browsers to adopt HTML 5 instead of JavaScript to boost browser compatibility with legacy websites. Microsoft engineers tested browsers using browsers written by programmers whose opinions Microsoft backed but Microsoft executives insisted had less flexibility than browsers written by hackers or malware makers. Microsoft