beyonce giselle knowles - carter ( / [unk] / bee - yon - say ) ( born september 4 , 1981 ) is an american singer , songwriter , record producer and actress . born and raised in houston , texas , she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child , and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of r & b girl - group destiny ' s child . managed by her father , mathew knowles , the group became one of the world ' s best - selling girl groups of all time . their hiatus saw the release of beyonce ' s debut album , dangerously in love ( 2003 ) , which established her as a solo artist worldwide , earned five grammy awards and featured the billboard hot 100 number - one singles " crazy in love " and " baby boy " . [ sep ] in the late 1990s
beyonce giselle knowles - carter ( / [unk] / bee - yon - say ) ( born september 4 , 1981 ) is an american singer , songwriter , record producer and actress . born and raised in houston , texas , she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child , and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of r & b girl - group destiny ' s child . managed by her father , mathew knowles , the group became one of the world ' s best - selling girl groups of all time . their hiatus saw the release of beyonce ' s debut album , dangerously in love ( 2003 ) , which established her as a solo artist worldwide , earned five grammy awards and featured the billboard hot 100 number - one singles " crazy in love " and " baby boy " . [ sep ] singing and dancing
beyonce giselle knowles - carter ( / [unk] / bee - yon - say ) ( born september 4 , 1981 ) is an american singer , songwriter , record producer and actress . born and raised in houston , texas , she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child , and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of r & b girl - group destiny ' s child . managed by her father , mathew knowles , the group became one of the world ' s best - selling girl groups of all time . their hiatus saw the release of beyonce ' s debut album , dangerously in love ( 2003 ) , which established her as a solo artist worldwide , earned five grammy awards and featured the billboard hot 100 number - one singles " crazy in love " and " baby boy " . [ sep ] 2003
following the disbandment of destiny ' s child in june 2005 , she released her second solo album , b ' day ( 2006 ) , which contained hits " deja vu " , " irreplaceable " , and " beautiful liar " . beyonce also ventured into acting , with a golden globe - nominated performance in dreamgirls ( 2006 ) , and starring roles in the pink panther ( 2006 ) and obsessed ( 2009 ) . her marriage to rapper jay z and portrayal of etta james in cadillac records ( 2008 ) influenced her third album , i am . . . sasha fierce ( 2008 ) , which saw the birth of her alter - ego sasha fierce and earned a record - setting six grammy awards in 2010 , including song of the year for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " . beyonce took a hiatus from music in 2010 and took over management of her career ; her fourth album 4 ( 2011 ) was subsequently mellower in tone , exploring 1970s funk , 1980s pop , and 1990s soul . her critically acclaimed fifth studio album , beyonce ( 2013 ) , was distinguished from previous releases by its experimental production and exploration of darker themes . [ sep ] acting
following the disbandment of destiny ' s child in june 2005 , she released her second solo album , b ' day ( 2006 ) , which contained hits " deja vu " , " irreplaceable " , and " beautiful liar " . beyonce also ventured into acting , with a golden globe - nominated performance in dreamgirls ( 2006 ) , and starring roles in the pink panther ( 2006 ) and obsessed ( 2009 ) . her marriage to rapper jay z and portrayal of etta james in cadillac records ( 2008 ) influenced her third album , i am . . . sasha fierce ( 2008 ) , which saw the birth of her alter - ego sasha fierce and earned a record - setting six grammy awards in 2010 , including song of the year for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " . beyonce took a hiatus from music in 2010 and took over management of her career ; her fourth album 4 ( 2011 ) was subsequently mellower in tone , exploring 1970s funk , 1980s pop , and 1990s soul . her critically acclaimed fifth studio album , beyonce ( 2013 ) , was distinguished from previous releases by its experimental production and exploration of darker themes . [ sep ] jay z
following the disbandment of destiny ' s child in june 2005 , she released her second solo album , b ' day ( 2006 ) , which contained hits " deja vu " , " irreplaceable " , and " beautiful liar " . beyonce also ventured into acting , with a golden globe - nominated performance in dreamgirls ( 2006 ) , and starring roles in the pink panther ( 2006 ) and obsessed ( 2009 ) . her marriage to rapper jay z and portrayal of etta james in cadillac records ( 2008 ) influenced her third album , i am . . . sasha fierce ( 2008 ) , which saw the birth of her alter - ego sasha fierce and earned a record - setting six grammy awards in 2010 , including song of the year for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " . beyonce took a hiatus from music in 2010 and took over management of her career ; her fourth album 4 ( 2011 ) was subsequently mellower in tone , exploring 1970s funk , 1980s pop , and 1990s soul . her critically acclaimed fifth studio album , beyonce ( 2013 ) , was distinguished from previous releases by its experimental production and exploration of darker themes . [ sep ] six
a self - described " modern - day feminist " , beyonce creates songs that are often characterized by themes of love , relationships , and monogamy , as well as female sexuality and empowerment . on stage , her dynamic , highly choreographed performances have led to critics hailing her as one of the best entertainers in contemporary popular music . throughout a career spanning 19 years , she has sold over 118 million records as a solo artist , and a further 60 million with destiny ' s child , making her one of the best - selling music artists of all time . she has won 20 grammy awards and is the most nominated woman in the award ' s history . the recording industry association of america recognized her as the top certified artist in america during the 2000s decade . in 2009 , billboard named her the top radio songs artist of the decade , the top female artist of the 2000s and their artist of the millennium in 2011 . time listed her among the 100 most influential people in the world in 2013 and 2014 . forbes magazine also listed her as the most powerful female musician of 2015 . [ sep ] love , relationships , and monogamy
a self - described " modern - day feminist " , beyonce creates songs that are often characterized by themes of love , relationships , and monogamy , as well as female sexuality and empowerment . on stage , her dynamic , highly choreographed performances have led to critics hailing her as one of the best entertainers in contemporary popular music . throughout a career spanning 19 years , she has sold over 118 million records as a solo artist , and a further 60 million with destiny ' s child , making her one of the best - selling music artists of all time . she has won 20 grammy awards and is the most nominated woman in the award ' s history . the recording industry association of america recognized her as the top certified artist in america during the 2000s decade . in 2009 , billboard named her the top radio songs artist of the decade , the top female artist of the 2000s and their artist of the millennium in 2011 . time listed her among the 100 most influential people in the world in 2013 and 2014 . forbes magazine also listed her as the most powerful female musician of 2015 . [ sep ] influential
a self - described " modern - day feminist " , beyonce creates songs that are often characterized by themes of love , relationships , and monogamy , as well as female sexuality and empowerment . on stage , her dynamic , highly choreographed performances have led to critics hailing her as one of the best entertainers in contemporary popular music . throughout a career spanning 19 years , she has sold over 118 million records as a solo artist , and a further 60 million with destiny ' s child , making her one of the best - selling music artists of all time . she has won 20 grammy awards and is the most nominated woman in the award ' s history . the recording industry association of america recognized her as the top certified artist in america during the 2000s decade . in 2009 , billboard named her the top radio songs artist of the decade , the top female artist of the 2000s and their artist of the millennium in 2011 . time listed her among the 100 most influential people in the world in 2013 and 2014 . forbes magazine also listed her as the most powerful female musician of 2015 . [ sep ] forbes
beyonce giselle knowles was born in houston , texas , to celestine ann " tina " knowles ( nee beyince ) , a hairdresser and salon owner , and mathew knowles , a xerox sales manager . beyonce ' s name is a tribute to her mother ' s maiden name . beyonce ' s younger sister solange is also a singer and a former member of destiny ' s child . mathew is african - american , while tina is of louisiana creole descent ( with african , native american , french , cajun , and distant irish and spanish ancestry ) . through her mother , beyonce is a descendant of acadian leader joseph broussard . she was raised in a methodist household . [ sep ] destiny ' s child
beyonce giselle knowles was born in houston , texas , to celestine ann " tina " knowles ( nee beyince ) , a hairdresser and salon owner , and mathew knowles , a xerox sales manager . beyonce ' s name is a tribute to her mother ' s maiden name . beyonce ' s younger sister solange is also a singer and a former member of destiny ' s child . mathew is african - american , while tina is of louisiana creole descent ( with african , native american , french , cajun , and distant irish and spanish ancestry ) . through her mother , beyonce is a descendant of acadian leader joseph broussard . she was raised in a methodist household . [ sep ] her mother ' s maiden name
beyonce giselle knowles was born in houston , texas , to celestine ann " tina " knowles ( nee beyince ) , a hairdresser and salon owner , and mathew knowles , a xerox sales manager . beyonce ' s name is a tribute to her mother ' s maiden name . beyonce ' s younger sister solange is also a singer and a former member of destiny ' s child . mathew is african - american , while tina is of louisiana creole descent ( with african , native american , french , cajun , and distant irish and spanish ancestry ) . through her mother , beyonce is a descendant of acadian leader joseph broussard . she was raised in a methodist household . [ sep ] african - american
beyonce giselle knowles was born in houston , texas , to celestine ann " tina " knowles ( nee beyince ) , a hairdresser and salon owner , and mathew knowles , a xerox sales manager . beyonce ' s name is a tribute to her mother ' s maiden name . beyonce ' s younger sister solange is also a singer and a former member of destiny ' s child . mathew is african - american , while tina is of louisiana creole descent ( with african , native american , french , cajun , and distant irish and spanish ancestry ) . through her mother , beyonce is a descendant of acadian leader joseph broussard . she was raised in a methodist household . [ sep ] methodist
beyonce attended st . mary ' s elementary school in fredericksburg , texas , where she enrolled in dance classes . her singing talent was discovered when dance instructor darlette johnson began humming a song and she finished it , able to hit the high - pitched notes . beyonce ' s interest in music and performing continued after winning a school talent show at age seven , singing john lennon ' s " imagine " to beat 15 / 16 - year - olds . in fall of 1990 , beyonce enrolled in parker elementary school , a music magnet school in houston , where she would perform with the school ' s choir . she also attended the high school for the performing and visual arts and later alief elsik high school . beyonce was also a member of the choir at st . john ' s united methodist church as a soloist for two years . [ sep ] fredericksburg
beyonce attended st . mary ' s elementary school in fredericksburg , texas , where she enrolled in dance classes . her singing talent was discovered when dance instructor darlette johnson began humming a song and she finished it , able to hit the high - pitched notes . beyonce ' s interest in music and performing continued after winning a school talent show at age seven , singing john lennon ' s " imagine " to beat 15 / 16 - year - olds . in fall of 1990 , beyonce enrolled in parker elementary school , a music magnet school in houston , where she would perform with the school ' s choir . she also attended the high school for the performing and visual arts and later alief elsik high school . beyonce was also a member of the choir at st . john ' s united methodist church as a soloist for two years . [ sep ] darlette johnson
beyonce attended st . mary ' s elementary school in fredericksburg , texas , where she enrolled in dance classes . her singing talent was discovered when dance instructor darlette johnson began humming a song and she finished it , able to hit the high - pitched notes . beyonce ' s interest in music and performing continued after winning a school talent show at age seven , singing john lennon ' s " imagine " to beat 15 / 16 - year - olds . in fall of 1990 , beyonce enrolled in parker elementary school , a music magnet school in houston , where she would perform with the school ' s choir . she also attended the high school for the performing and visual arts and later alief elsik high school . beyonce was also a member of the choir at st . john ' s united methodist church as a soloist for two years . [ sep ] houston
at age eight , beyonce and childhood friend kelly rowland met latavia roberson while in an audition for an all - girl entertainment group . they were placed into a group with three other girls as girl ' s tyme , and rapped and danced on the talent show circuit in houston . after seeing the group , r & b producer arne frager brought them to his northern california studio and placed them in star search , the largest talent show on national tv at the time . girl ' s tyme failed to win , and beyonce later said the song they performed was not good . in 1995 beyonce ' s father resigned from his job to manage the group . the move reduced beyonce ' s family ' s income by half , and her parents were forced to move into separated apartments . mathew cut the original line - up to four and the group continued performing as an opening act for other established r & b girl groups . the girls auditioned before record labels and were finally signed to elektra records , moving to atlanta records briefly to work on their first recording , only to be cut by the company . this put further strain on the family , and beyonce ' s parents separated . on october 5 , 1995 , dwayne wiggins ' s grass roots entertainment signed the group . in 1996 , the girls began recording their debut album under an agreement with sony music , the knowles family reunited , and shortly after , the group got a contract with columbia records . [ sep ] arne frager
at age eight , beyonce and childhood friend kelly rowland met latavia roberson while in an audition for an all - girl entertainment group . they were placed into a group with three other girls as girl ' s tyme , and rapped and danced on the talent show circuit in houston . after seeing the group , r & b producer arne frager brought them to his northern california studio and placed them in star search , the largest talent show on national tv at the time . girl ' s tyme failed to win , and beyonce later said the song they performed was not good . in 1995 beyonce ' s father resigned from his job to manage the group . the move reduced beyonce ' s family ' s income by half , and her parents were forced to move into separated apartments . mathew cut the original line - up to four and the group continued performing as an opening act for other established r & b girl groups . the girls auditioned before record labels and were finally signed to elektra records , moving to atlanta records briefly to work on their first recording , only to be cut by the company . this put further strain on the family , and beyonce ' s parents separated . on october 5 , 1995 , dwayne wiggins ' s grass roots entertainment signed the group . in 1996 , the girls began recording their debut album under an agreement with sony music , the knowles family reunited , and shortly after , the group got a contract with columbia records . [ sep ] beyonce ' s father
at age eight , beyonce and childhood friend kelly rowland met latavia roberson while in an audition for an all - girl entertainment group . they were placed into a group with three other girls as girl ' s tyme , and rapped and danced on the talent show circuit in houston . after seeing the group , r & b producer arne frager brought them to his northern california studio and placed them in star search , the largest talent show on national tv at the time . girl ' s tyme failed to win , and beyonce later said the song they performed was not good . in 1995 beyonce ' s father resigned from his job to manage the group . the move reduced beyonce ' s family ' s income by half , and her parents were forced to move into separated apartments . mathew cut the original line - up to four and the group continued performing as an opening act for other established r & b girl groups . the girls auditioned before record labels and were finally signed to elektra records , moving to atlanta records briefly to work on their first recording , only to be cut by the company . this put further strain on the family , and beyonce ' s parents separated . on october 5 , 1995 , dwayne wiggins ' s grass roots entertainment signed the group . in 1996 , the girls began recording their debut album under an agreement with sony music , the knowles family reunited , and shortly after , the group got a contract with columbia records . [ sep ] elektra records
the group changed their name to destiny ' s child in 1996 , based upon a passage in the book of isaiah . in 1997 , destiny ' s child released their major label debut song " killing time " on the soundtrack to the 1997 film , men in black . the following year , the group released their self - titled debut album , scoring their first major hit " no , no , no " . the album established the group as a viable act in the music industry , with moderate sales and winning the group three soul train lady of soul awards for best r & b / soul album of the year , best r & b / soul or rap new artist , and best r & b / soul single for " no , no , no " . the group released their multi - platinum second album the writing ' s on the wall in 1999 . the record features some of the group ' s most widely known songs such as " bills , bills , bills " , the group ' s first number - one single , " jumpin ' jumpin ' " and " say my name " , which became their most successful song at the time , and would remain one of their signature songs . " say my name " won the best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals and the best r & b song at the 43rd annual grammy awards . the writing ' s on the wall sold more than eight million copies worldwide . during this time , beyonce recorded a duet with marc nelson , an original member of boyz ii men , on the song " after all is said and done " for the soundtrack to the 1999 film , the best man . [ sep ] men in black
the group changed their name to destiny ' s child in 1996 , based upon a passage in the book of isaiah . in 1997 , destiny ' s child released their major label debut song " killing time " on the soundtrack to the 1997 film , men in black . the following year , the group released their self - titled debut album , scoring their first major hit " no , no , no " . the album established the group as a viable act in the music industry , with moderate sales and winning the group three soul train lady of soul awards for best r & b / soul album of the year , best r & b / soul or rap new artist , and best r & b / soul single for " no , no , no " . the group released their multi - platinum second album the writing ' s on the wall in 1999 . the record features some of the group ' s most widely known songs such as " bills , bills , bills " , the group ' s first number - one single , " jumpin ' jumpin ' " and " say my name " , which became their most successful song at the time , and would remain one of their signature songs . " say my name " won the best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals and the best r & b song at the 43rd annual grammy awards . the writing ' s on the wall sold more than eight million copies worldwide . during this time , beyonce recorded a duet with marc nelson , an original member of boyz ii men , on the song " after all is said and done " for the soundtrack to the 1999 film , the best man . [ sep ] " say my name "
the group changed their name to destiny ' s child in 1996 , based upon a passage in the book of isaiah . in 1997 , destiny ' s child released their major label debut song " killing time " on the soundtrack to the 1997 film , men in black . the following year , the group released their self - titled debut album , scoring their first major hit " no , no , no " . the album established the group as a viable act in the music industry , with moderate sales and winning the group three soul train lady of soul awards for best r & b / soul album of the year , best r & b / soul or rap new artist , and best r & b / soul single for " no , no , no " . the group released their multi - platinum second album the writing ' s on the wall in 1999 . the record features some of the group ' s most widely known songs such as " bills , bills , bills " , the group ' s first number - one single , " jumpin ' jumpin ' " and " say my name " , which became their most successful song at the time , and would remain one of their signature songs . " say my name " won the best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals and the best r & b song at the 43rd annual grammy awards . the writing ' s on the wall sold more than eight million copies worldwide . during this time , beyonce recorded a duet with marc nelson , an original member of boyz ii men , on the song " after all is said and done " for the soundtrack to the 1999 film , the best man . [ sep ] marc nelson
letoya luckett and roberson became unhappy with mathew ' s managing of the band and eventually were replaced by farrah franklin and michelle williams . beyonce experienced depression following the split with luckett and roberson after being publicly blamed by the media , critics , and blogs for its cause . her long - standing boyfriend left her at this time . the depression was so severe it lasted for a couple of years , during which she occasionally kept herself in her bedroom for days and refused to eat anything . beyonce stated that she struggled to speak about her depression because destiny ' s child had just won their first grammy award and she feared no one would take her seriously . beyonce would later speak of her mother as the person who helped her fight it . franklin was dismissed , leaving just beyonce , rowland , and williams . [ sep ] depression
letoya luckett and roberson became unhappy with mathew ' s managing of the band and eventually were replaced by farrah franklin and michelle williams . beyonce experienced depression following the split with luckett and roberson after being publicly blamed by the media , critics , and blogs for its cause . her long - standing boyfriend left her at this time . the depression was so severe it lasted for a couple of years , during which she occasionally kept herself in her bedroom for days and refused to eat anything . beyonce stated that she struggled to speak about her depression because destiny ' s child had just won their first grammy award and she feared no one would take her seriously . beyonce would later speak of her mother as the person who helped her fight it . franklin was dismissed , leaving just beyonce , rowland , and williams . [ sep ] boyfriend left her
letoya luckett and roberson became unhappy with mathew ' s managing of the band and eventually were replaced by farrah franklin and michelle williams . beyonce experienced depression following the split with luckett and roberson after being publicly blamed by the media , critics , and blogs for its cause . her long - standing boyfriend left her at this time . the depression was so severe it lasted for a couple of years , during which she occasionally kept herself in her bedroom for days and refused to eat anything . beyonce stated that she struggled to speak about her depression because destiny ' s child had just won their first grammy award and she feared no one would take her seriously . beyonce would later speak of her mother as the person who helped her fight it . franklin was dismissed , leaving just beyonce , rowland , and williams . [ sep ] her mother
the remaining band members recorded " independent women part i " , which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2000 film , charlie ' s angels . it became their best - charting single , topping the u . s . billboard hot 100 chart for eleven consecutive weeks . in early 2001 , while destiny ' s child was completing their third album , beyonce landed a major role in the mtv made - for - television film , carmen : a hip hopera , starring alongside american actor mekhi phifer . set in philadelphia , the film is a modern interpretation of the 19th century opera carmen by french composer georges bizet . when the third album survivor was released in may 2001 , luckett and roberson filed a lawsuit claiming that the songs were aimed at them . the album debuted at number one on the u . s . billboard 200 , with first - week sales of 663 , 000 copies sold . the album spawned other number - one hits , " bootylicious " and the title track , " survivor " , the latter of which earned the group a grammy award for best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals . after releasing their holiday album 8 days of christmas in october 2001 , the group announced a hiatus to further pursue solo careers . [ sep ] independent women part i
the remaining band members recorded " independent women part i " , which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2000 film , charlie ' s angels . it became their best - charting single , topping the u . s . billboard hot 100 chart for eleven consecutive weeks . in early 2001 , while destiny ' s child was completing their third album , beyonce landed a major role in the mtv made - for - television film , carmen : a hip hopera , starring alongside american actor mekhi phifer . set in philadelphia , the film is a modern interpretation of the 19th century opera carmen by french composer georges bizet . when the third album survivor was released in may 2001 , luckett and roberson filed a lawsuit claiming that the songs were aimed at them . the album debuted at number one on the u . s . billboard 200 , with first - week sales of 663 , 000 copies sold . the album spawned other number - one hits , " bootylicious " and the title track , " survivor " , the latter of which earned the group a grammy award for best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals . after releasing their holiday album 8 days of christmas in october 2001 , the group announced a hiatus to further pursue solo careers . [ sep ] eleven
the remaining band members recorded " independent women part i " , which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2000 film , charlie ' s angels . it became their best - charting single , topping the u . s . billboard hot 100 chart for eleven consecutive weeks . in early 2001 , while destiny ' s child was completing their third album , beyonce landed a major role in the mtv made - for - television film , carmen : a hip hopera , starring alongside american actor mekhi phifer . set in philadelphia , the film is a modern interpretation of the 19th century opera carmen by french composer georges bizet . when the third album survivor was released in may 2001 , luckett and roberson filed a lawsuit claiming that the songs were aimed at them . the album debuted at number one on the u . s . billboard 200 , with first - week sales of 663 , 000 copies sold . the album spawned other number - one hits , " bootylicious " and the title track , " survivor " , the latter of which earned the group a grammy award for best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals . after releasing their holiday album 8 days of christmas in october 2001 , the group announced a hiatus to further pursue solo careers . [ sep ] mtv
the remaining band members recorded " independent women part i " , which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2000 film , charlie ' s angels . it became their best - charting single , topping the u . s . billboard hot 100 chart for eleven consecutive weeks . in early 2001 , while destiny ' s child was completing their third album , beyonce landed a major role in the mtv made - for - television film , carmen : a hip hopera , starring alongside american actor mekhi phifer . set in philadelphia , the film is a modern interpretation of the 19th century opera carmen by french composer georges bizet . when the third album survivor was released in may 2001 , luckett and roberson filed a lawsuit claiming that the songs were aimed at them . the album debuted at number one on the u . s . billboard 200 , with first - week sales of 663 , 000 copies sold . the album spawned other number - one hits , " bootylicious " and the title track , " survivor " , the latter of which earned the group a grammy award for best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals . after releasing their holiday album 8 days of christmas in october 2001 , the group announced a hiatus to further pursue solo careers . [ sep ] 663 , 000 copies
in july 2002 , beyonce continued her acting career playing foxxy cleopatra alongside mike myers in the comedy film , austin powers in goldmember , which spent its first weekend atop the us box office and grossed $ 73 million . beyonce released " work it out " as the lead single from its soundtrack album which entered the top ten in the uk , norway , and belgium . in 2003 , beyonce starred opposite cuba gooding , jr . , in the musical comedy the fighting temptations as lilly , a single mother whom gooding ' s character falls in love with . the film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $ 30 million in the u . s . beyonce released " fighting temptation " as the lead single from the film ' s soundtrack album , with missy elliott , mc lyte , and free which was also used to promote the film . another of beyonce ' s contributions to the soundtrack , " summertime " , fared better on the us charts . [ sep ] mike myers
in july 2002 , beyonce continued her acting career playing foxxy cleopatra alongside mike myers in the comedy film , austin powers in goldmember , which spent its first weekend atop the us box office and grossed $ 73 million . beyonce released " work it out " as the lead single from its soundtrack album which entered the top ten in the uk , norway , and belgium . in 2003 , beyonce starred opposite cuba gooding , jr . , in the musical comedy the fighting temptations as lilly , a single mother whom gooding ' s character falls in love with . the film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $ 30 million in the u . s . beyonce released " fighting temptation " as the lead single from the film ' s soundtrack album , with missy elliott , mc lyte , and free which was also used to promote the film . another of beyonce ' s contributions to the soundtrack , " summertime " , fared better on the us charts . [ sep ] uk , norway , and belgium
in july 2002 , beyonce continued her acting career playing foxxy cleopatra alongside mike myers in the comedy film , austin powers in goldmember , which spent its first weekend atop the us box office and grossed $ 73 million . beyonce released " work it out " as the lead single from its soundtrack album which entered the top ten in the uk , norway , and belgium . in 2003 , beyonce starred opposite cuba gooding , jr . , in the musical comedy the fighting temptations as lilly , a single mother whom gooding ' s character falls in love with . the film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $ 30 million in the u . s . beyonce released " fighting temptation " as the lead single from the film ' s soundtrack album , with missy elliott , mc lyte , and free which was also used to promote the film . another of beyonce ' s contributions to the soundtrack , " summertime " , fared better on the us charts . [ sep ] the fighting temptations
in july 2002 , beyonce continued her acting career playing foxxy cleopatra alongside mike myers in the comedy film , austin powers in goldmember , which spent its first weekend atop the us box office and grossed $ 73 million . beyonce released " work it out " as the lead single from its soundtrack album which entered the top ten in the uk , norway , and belgium . in 2003 , beyonce starred opposite cuba gooding , jr . , in the musical comedy the fighting temptations as lilly , a single mother whom gooding ' s character falls in love with . the film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $ 30 million in the u . s . beyonce released " fighting temptation " as the lead single from the film ' s soundtrack album , with missy elliott , mc lyte , and free which was also used to promote the film . another of beyonce ' s contributions to the soundtrack , " summertime " , fared better on the us charts . [ sep ] missy elliott
in july 2002 , beyonce continued her acting career playing foxxy cleopatra alongside mike myers in the comedy film , austin powers in goldmember , which spent its first weekend atop the us box office and grossed $ 73 million . beyonce released " work it out " as the lead single from its soundtrack album which entered the top ten in the uk , norway , and belgium . in 2003 , beyonce starred opposite cuba gooding , jr . , in the musical comedy the fighting temptations as lilly , a single mother whom gooding ' s character falls in love with . the film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $ 30 million in the u . s . beyonce released " fighting temptation " as the lead single from the film ' s soundtrack album , with missy elliott , mc lyte , and free which was also used to promote the film . another of beyonce ' s contributions to the soundtrack , " summertime " , fared better on the us charts . [ sep ] summertime
beyonce ' s first solo recording was a feature on jay z ' s " ' 03 bonnie & clyde " that was released in october 2002 , peaking at number four on the u . s . billboard hot 100 chart . her first solo album dangerously in love was released on june 24 , 2003 , after michelle williams and kelly rowland had released their solo efforts . the album sold 317 , 000 copies in its first week , debuted atop the billboard 200 , and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide . the album ' s lead single , " crazy in love " , featuring jay z , became beyonce ' s first number - one single as a solo artist in the us . the single " baby boy " also reached number one , and singles , " me , myself and i " and " naughty girl " , both reached the top - five . the album earned beyonce a then record - tying five awards at the 46th annual grammy awards ; best contemporary r & b album , best female r & b vocal performance for " dangerously in love 2 " , best r & b song and best rap / sung collaboration for " crazy in love " , and best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals for " the closer i get to you " with luther vandross . [ sep ] number four
beyonce ' s first solo recording was a feature on jay z ' s " ' 03 bonnie & clyde " that was released in october 2002 , peaking at number four on the u . s . billboard hot 100 chart . her first solo album dangerously in love was released on june 24 , 2003 , after michelle williams and kelly rowland had released their solo efforts . the album sold 317 , 000 copies in its first week , debuted atop the billboard 200 , and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide . the album ' s lead single , " crazy in love " , featuring jay z , became beyonce ' s first number - one single as a solo artist in the us . the single " baby boy " also reached number one , and singles , " me , myself and i " and " naughty girl " , both reached the top - five . the album earned beyonce a then record - tying five awards at the 46th annual grammy awards ; best contemporary r & b album , best female r & b vocal performance for " dangerously in love 2 " , best r & b song and best rap / sung collaboration for " crazy in love " , and best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals for " the closer i get to you " with luther vandross . [ sep ] dangerously in love
beyonce ' s first solo recording was a feature on jay z ' s " ' 03 bonnie & clyde " that was released in october 2002 , peaking at number four on the u . s . billboard hot 100 chart . her first solo album dangerously in love was released on june 24 , 2003 , after michelle williams and kelly rowland had released their solo efforts . the album sold 317 , 000 copies in its first week , debuted atop the billboard 200 , and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide . the album ' s lead single , " crazy in love " , featuring jay z , became beyonce ' s first number - one single as a solo artist in the us . the single " baby boy " also reached number one , and singles , " me , myself and i " and " naughty girl " , both reached the top - five . the album earned beyonce a then record - tying five awards at the 46th annual grammy awards ; best contemporary r & b album , best female r & b vocal performance for " dangerously in love 2 " , best r & b song and best rap / sung collaboration for " crazy in love " , and best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals for " the closer i get to you " with luther vandross . [ sep ] 11 million
beyonce ' s first solo recording was a feature on jay z ' s " ' 03 bonnie & clyde " that was released in october 2002 , peaking at number four on the u . s . billboard hot 100 chart . her first solo album dangerously in love was released on june 24 , 2003 , after michelle williams and kelly rowland had released their solo efforts . the album sold 317 , 000 copies in its first week , debuted atop the billboard 200 , and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide . the album ' s lead single , " crazy in love " , featuring jay z , became beyonce ' s first number - one single as a solo artist in the us . the single " baby boy " also reached number one , and singles , " me , myself and i " and " naughty girl " , both reached the top - five . the album earned beyonce a then record - tying five awards at the 46th annual grammy awards ; best contemporary r & b album , best female r & b vocal performance for " dangerously in love 2 " , best r & b song and best rap / sung collaboration for " crazy in love " , and best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals for " the closer i get to you " with luther vandross . [ sep ] crazy in love
beyonce ' s first solo recording was a feature on jay z ' s " ' 03 bonnie & clyde " that was released in october 2002 , peaking at number four on the u . s . billboard hot 100 chart . her first solo album dangerously in love was released on june 24 , 2003 , after michelle williams and kelly rowland had released their solo efforts . the album sold 317 , 000 copies in its first week , debuted atop the billboard 200 , and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide . the album ' s lead single , " crazy in love " , featuring jay z , became beyonce ' s first number - one single as a solo artist in the us . the single " baby boy " also reached number one , and singles , " me , myself and i " and " naughty girl " , both reached the top - five . the album earned beyonce a then record - tying five awards at the 46th annual grammy awards ; best contemporary r & b album , best female r & b vocal performance for " dangerously in love 2 " , best r & b song and best rap / sung collaboration for " crazy in love " , and best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals for " the closer i get to you " with luther vandross . [ sep ] four
in november 2003 , she embarked on the dangerously in love tour in europe and later toured alongside missy elliott and alicia keys for the verizon ladies first tour in north america . on february 1 , 2004 , beyonce performed the american national anthem at super bowl xxxviii , at the reliant stadium in houston , texas . after the release of dangerously in love , beyonce had planned to produce a follow - up album using several of the left - over tracks . however , this was put on hold so she could concentrate on recording destiny fulfilled , the final studio album by destiny ' s child . released on november 15 , 2004 , in the us and peaking at number two on the billboard 200 , destiny fulfilled included the singles " lose my breath " and " soldier " , which reached the top five on the billboard hot 100 chart . destiny ' s child embarked on a worldwide concert tour , destiny fulfilled . . . and lovin ' it and during the last stop of their european tour , in barcelona on june 11 , 2005 , rowland announced that destiny ' s child would disband following the north american leg of the tour . the group released their first compilation album number 1 ' s on october 25 , 2005 , in the us and accepted a star on the hollywood walk of fame in march 2006 . [ sep ] destiny fulfilled
in november 2003 , she embarked on the dangerously in love tour in europe and later toured alongside missy elliott and alicia keys for the verizon ladies first tour in north america . on february 1 , 2004 , beyonce performed the american national anthem at super bowl xxxviii , at the reliant stadium in houston , texas . after the release of dangerously in love , beyonce had planned to produce a follow - up album using several of the left - over tracks . however , this was put on hold so she could concentrate on recording destiny fulfilled , the final studio album by destiny ' s child . released on november 15 , 2004 , in the us and peaking at number two on the billboard 200 , destiny fulfilled included the singles " lose my breath " and " soldier " , which reached the top five on the billboard hot 100 chart . destiny ' s child embarked on a worldwide concert tour , destiny fulfilled . . . and lovin ' it and during the last stop of their european tour , in barcelona on june 11 , 2005 , rowland announced that destiny ' s child would disband following the north american leg of the tour . the group released their first compilation album number 1 ' s on october 25 , 2005 , in the us and accepted a star on the hollywood walk of fame in march 2006 . [ sep ] 2006
beyonce ' s second solo album b ' day was released on september 5 , 2006 , in the us , to coincide with her twenty - fifth birthday . it sold 541 , 000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the billboard 200 , becoming beyonce ' s second consecutive number - one album in the united states . the album ' s lead single " deja vu " , featuring jay z , reached the top five on the billboard hot 100 chart . the second international single " irreplaceable " was a commercial success worldwide , reaching number one in australia , hungary , ireland , new zealand and the united states . b ' day also produced three other singles ; " ring the alarm " , " get me bodied " , and " green light " ( released in the united kingdom only ) . [ sep ] 541 , 000
beyonce ' s second solo album b ' day was released on september 5 , 2006 , in the us , to coincide with her twenty - fifth birthday . it sold 541 , 000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the billboard 200 , becoming beyonce ' s second consecutive number - one album in the united states . the album ' s lead single " deja vu " , featuring jay z , reached the top five on the billboard hot 100 chart . the second international single " irreplaceable " was a commercial success worldwide , reaching number one in australia , hungary , ireland , new zealand and the united states . b ' day also produced three other singles ; " ring the alarm " , " get me bodied " , and " green light " ( released in the united kingdom only ) . [ sep ] deja vu
beyonce ' s second solo album b ' day was released on september 5 , 2006 , in the us , to coincide with her twenty - fifth birthday . it sold 541 , 000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the billboard 200 , becoming beyonce ' s second consecutive number - one album in the united states . the album ' s lead single " deja vu " , featuring jay z , reached the top five on the billboard hot 100 chart . the second international single " irreplaceable " was a commercial success worldwide , reaching number one in australia , hungary , ireland , new zealand and the united states . b ' day also produced three other singles ; " ring the alarm " , " get me bodied " , and " green light " ( released in the united kingdom only ) . [ sep ] five
beyonce ' s second solo album b ' day was released on september 5 , 2006 , in the us , to coincide with her twenty - fifth birthday . it sold 541 , 000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the billboard 200 , becoming beyonce ' s second consecutive number - one album in the united states . the album ' s lead single " deja vu " , featuring jay z , reached the top five on the billboard hot 100 chart . the second international single " irreplaceable " was a commercial success worldwide , reaching number one in australia , hungary , ireland , new zealand and the united states . b ' day also produced three other singles ; " ring the alarm " , " get me bodied " , and " green light " ( released in the united kingdom only ) . [ sep ] five
her first acting role of 2006 was in the comedy film the pink panther starring opposite steve martin , grossing $ 158 . 8 million at the box office worldwide . her second film dreamgirls , the film version of the 1981 broadway musical loosely based on the supremes , received acclaim from critics and grossed $ 154 million internationally . in it , she starred opposite jennifer hudson , jamie foxx , and eddie murphy playing a pop singer based on diana ross . to promote the film , beyonce released " listen " as the lead single from the soundtrack album . in april 2007 , beyonce embarked on the beyonce experience , her first worldwide concert tour , visiting 97 venues and grossed over $ 24 million . [ note 1 ] beyonce conducted pre - concert food donation drives during six major stops in conjunction with her pastor at st . john ' s and america ' s second harvest . at the same time , b ' day was re - released with five additional songs , including her duet with shakira " beautiful liar " . [ sep ] the pink panther
her first acting role of 2006 was in the comedy film the pink panther starring opposite steve martin , grossing $ 158 . 8 million at the box office worldwide . her second film dreamgirls , the film version of the 1981 broadway musical loosely based on the supremes , received acclaim from critics and grossed $ 154 million internationally . in it , she starred opposite jennifer hudson , jamie foxx , and eddie murphy playing a pop singer based on diana ross . to promote the film , beyonce released " listen " as the lead single from the soundtrack album . in april 2007 , beyonce embarked on the beyonce experience , her first worldwide concert tour , visiting 97 venues and grossed over $ 24 million . [ note 1 ] beyonce conducted pre - concert food donation drives during six major stops in conjunction with her pastor at st . john ' s and america ' s second harvest . at the same time , b ' day was re - released with five additional songs , including her duet with shakira " beautiful liar " . [ sep ] dreamgirls
her first acting role of 2006 was in the comedy film the pink panther starring opposite steve martin , grossing $ 158 . 8 million at the box office worldwide . her second film dreamgirls , the film version of the 1981 broadway musical loosely based on the supremes , received acclaim from critics and grossed $ 154 million internationally . in it , she starred opposite jennifer hudson , jamie foxx , and eddie murphy playing a pop singer based on diana ross . to promote the film , beyonce released " listen " as the lead single from the soundtrack album . in april 2007 , beyonce embarked on the beyonce experience , her first worldwide concert tour , visiting 97 venues and grossed over $ 24 million . [ note 1 ] beyonce conducted pre - concert food donation drives during six major stops in conjunction with her pastor at st . john ' s and america ' s second harvest . at the same time , b ' day was re - released with five additional songs , including her duet with shakira " beautiful liar " . [ sep ] dreamgirls
her first acting role of 2006 was in the comedy film the pink panther starring opposite steve martin , grossing $ 158 . 8 million at the box office worldwide . her second film dreamgirls , the film version of the 1981 broadway musical loosely based on the supremes , received acclaim from critics and grossed $ 154 million internationally . in it , she starred opposite jennifer hudson , jamie foxx , and eddie murphy playing a pop singer based on diana ross . to promote the film , beyonce released " listen " as the lead single from the soundtrack album . in april 2007 , beyonce embarked on the beyonce experience , her first worldwide concert tour , visiting 97 venues and grossed over $ 24 million . [ note 1 ] beyonce conducted pre - concert food donation drives during six major stops in conjunction with her pastor at st . john ' s and america ' s second harvest . at the same time , b ' day was re - released with five additional songs , including her duet with shakira " beautiful liar " . [ sep ] 2007
her first acting role of 2006 was in the comedy film the pink panther starring opposite steve martin , grossing $ 158 . 8 million at the box office worldwide . her second film dreamgirls , the film version of the 1981 broadway musical loosely based on the supremes , received acclaim from critics and grossed $ 154 million internationally . in it , she starred opposite jennifer hudson , jamie foxx , and eddie murphy playing a pop singer based on diana ross . to promote the film , beyonce released " listen " as the lead single from the soundtrack album . in april 2007 , beyonce embarked on the beyonce experience , her first worldwide concert tour , visiting 97 venues and grossed over $ 24 million . [ note 1 ] beyonce conducted pre - concert food donation drives during six major stops in conjunction with her pastor at st . john ' s and america ' s second harvest . at the same time , b ' day was re - released with five additional songs , including her duet with shakira " beautiful liar " . [ sep ] 24 million
on april 4 , 2008 , beyonce married jay z . she publicly revealed their marriage in a video montage at the listening party for her third studio album , i am . . . sasha fierce , in manhattan ' s sony club on october 22 , 2008 . i am . . . sasha fierce was released on november 18 , 2008 in the united states . the album formally introduces beyonce ' s alter ego sasha fierce , conceived during the making of her 2003 single " crazy in love " , selling 482 , 000 copies in its first week , debuting atop the billboard 200 , and giving beyonce her third consecutive number - one album in the us . the album featured the number - one song " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " and the top - five songs " if i were a boy " and " halo " . achieving the accomplishment of becoming her longest - running hot 100 single in her career , " halo " ' s success in the us helped beyonce attain more top - ten singles on the list than any other woman during the 2000s . it also included the successful " sweet dreams " , and singles " diva " , " ego " , " broken - hearted girl " and " video phone " . the music video for " single ladies " has been parodied and imitated around the world , spawning the " first major dance craze " of the internet age according to the toronto star . the video has won several awards , including best video at the 2009 mtv europe music awards , the 2009 scottish mobo awards , and the 2009 bet awards . at the 2009 mtv video music awards , the video was nominated for nine awards , ultimately winning three including video of the year . its failure to win the best female video category , which went to american country pop singer taylor swift ' s " you belong with me " , led to kanye west interrupting the ceremony and beyonce improvising a re - presentation of swift ' s award during her own acceptance speech . in march 2009 , beyonce embarked on the i am . . . world tour , her second headlining worldwide concert tour , consisting of 108 shows , grossing $ 119 . 5 million . [ sep ] jay z
on april 4 , 2008 , beyonce married jay z . she publicly revealed their marriage in a video montage at the listening party for her third studio album , i am . . . sasha fierce , in manhattan ' s sony club on october 22 , 2008 . i am . . . sasha fierce was released on november 18 , 2008 in the united states . the album formally introduces beyonce ' s alter ego sasha fierce , conceived during the making of her 2003 single " crazy in love " , selling 482 , 000 copies in its first week , debuting atop the billboard 200 , and giving beyonce her third consecutive number - one album in the us . the album featured the number - one song " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " and the top - five songs " if i were a boy " and " halo " . achieving the accomplishment of becoming her longest - running hot 100 single in her career , " halo " ' s success in the us helped beyonce attain more top - ten singles on the list than any other woman during the 2000s . it also included the successful " sweet dreams " , and singles " diva " , " ego " , " broken - hearted girl " and " video phone " . the music video for " single ladies " has been parodied and imitated around the world , spawning the " first major dance craze " of the internet age according to the toronto star . the video has won several awards , including best video at the 2009 mtv europe music awards , the 2009 scottish mobo awards , and the 2009 bet awards . at the 2009 mtv video music awards , the video was nominated for nine awards , ultimately winning three including video of the year . its failure to win the best female video category , which went to american country pop singer taylor swift ' s " you belong with me " , led to kanye west interrupting the ceremony and beyonce improvising a re - presentation of swift ' s award during her own acceptance speech . in march 2009 , beyonce embarked on the i am . . . world tour , her second headlining worldwide concert tour , consisting of 108 shows , grossing $ 119 . 5 million . [ sep ] november 18 , 2008
on april 4 , 2008 , beyonce married jay z . she publicly revealed their marriage in a video montage at the listening party for her third studio album , i am . . . sasha fierce , in manhattan ' s sony club on october 22 , 2008 . i am . . . sasha fierce was released on november 18 , 2008 in the united states . the album formally introduces beyonce ' s alter ego sasha fierce , conceived during the making of her 2003 single " crazy in love " , selling 482 , 000 copies in its first week , debuting atop the billboard 200 , and giving beyonce her third consecutive number - one album in the us . the album featured the number - one song " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " and the top - five songs " if i were a boy " and " halo " . achieving the accomplishment of becoming her longest - running hot 100 single in her career , " halo " ' s success in the us helped beyonce attain more top - ten singles on the list than any other woman during the 2000s . it also included the successful " sweet dreams " , and singles " diva " , " ego " , " broken - hearted girl " and " video phone " . the music video for " single ladies " has been parodied and imitated around the world , spawning the " first major dance craze " of the internet age according to the toronto star . the video has won several awards , including best video at the 2009 mtv europe music awards , the 2009 scottish mobo awards , and the 2009 bet awards . at the 2009 mtv video music awards , the video was nominated for nine awards , ultimately winning three including video of the year . its failure to win the best female video category , which went to american country pop singer taylor swift ' s " you belong with me " , led to kanye west interrupting the ceremony and beyonce improvising a re - presentation of swift ' s award during her own acceptance speech . in march 2009 , beyonce embarked on the i am . . . world tour , her second headlining worldwide concert tour , consisting of 108 shows , grossing $ 119 . 5 million . [ sep ] 2000s
on april 4 , 2008 , beyonce married jay z . she publicly revealed their marriage in a video montage at the listening party for her third studio album , i am . . . sasha fierce , in manhattan ' s sony club on october 22 , 2008 . i am . . . sasha fierce was released on november 18 , 2008 in the united states . the album formally introduces beyonce ' s alter ego sasha fierce , conceived during the making of her 2003 single " crazy in love " , selling 482 , 000 copies in its first week , debuting atop the billboard 200 , and giving beyonce her third consecutive number - one album in the us . the album featured the number - one song " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " and the top - five songs " if i were a boy " and " halo " . achieving the accomplishment of becoming her longest - running hot 100 single in her career , " halo " ' s success in the us helped beyonce attain more top - ten singles on the list than any other woman during the 2000s . it also included the successful " sweet dreams " , and singles " diva " , " ego " , " broken - hearted girl " and " video phone " . the music video for " single ladies " has been parodied and imitated around the world , spawning the " first major dance craze " of the internet age according to the toronto star . the video has won several awards , including best video at the 2009 mtv europe music awards , the 2009 scottish mobo awards , and the 2009 bet awards . at the 2009 mtv video music awards , the video was nominated for nine awards , ultimately winning three including video of the year . its failure to win the best female video category , which went to american country pop singer taylor swift ' s " you belong with me " , led to kanye west interrupting the ceremony and beyonce improvising a re - presentation of swift ' s award during her own acceptance speech . in march 2009 , beyonce embarked on the i am . . . world tour , her second headlining worldwide concert tour , consisting of 108 shows , grossing $ 119 . 5 million . [ sep ] taylor swift
on april 4 , 2008 , beyonce married jay z . she publicly revealed their marriage in a video montage at the listening party for her third studio album , i am . . . sasha fierce , in manhattan ' s sony club on october 22 , 2008 . i am . . . sasha fierce was released on november 18 , 2008 in the united states . the album formally introduces beyonce ' s alter ego sasha fierce , conceived during the making of her 2003 single " crazy in love " , selling 482 , 000 copies in its first week , debuting atop the billboard 200 , and giving beyonce her third consecutive number - one album in the us . the album featured the number - one song " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " and the top - five songs " if i were a boy " and " halo " . achieving the accomplishment of becoming her longest - running hot 100 single in her career , " halo " ' s success in the us helped beyonce attain more top - ten singles on the list than any other woman during the 2000s . it also included the successful " sweet dreams " , and singles " diva " , " ego " , " broken - hearted girl " and " video phone " . the music video for " single ladies " has been parodied and imitated around the world , spawning the " first major dance craze " of the internet age according to the toronto star . the video has won several awards , including best video at the 2009 mtv europe music awards , the 2009 scottish mobo awards , and the 2009 bet awards . at the 2009 mtv video music awards , the video was nominated for nine awards , ultimately winning three including video of the year . its failure to win the best female video category , which went to american country pop singer taylor swift ' s " you belong with me " , led to kanye west interrupting the ceremony and beyonce improvising a re - presentation of swift ' s award during her own acceptance speech . in march 2009 , beyonce embarked on the i am . . . world tour , her second headlining worldwide concert tour , consisting of 108 shows , grossing $ 119 . 5 million . [ sep ] 119 . 5 million
beyonce further expanded her acting career , starring as blues singer etta james in the 2008 musical biopic , cadillac records . her performance in the film received praise from critics , and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of james , including a satellite award nomination for best supporting actress , and a naacp image award nomination for outstanding supporting actress . beyonce donated her entire salary from the film to phoenix house , an organization of rehabilitation centers for heroin addicts around the country . on january 20 , 2009 , beyonce performed james ' " at last " at the first couple ' s first inaugural ball . beyonce starred opposite ali larter and idris elba in the thriller , obsessed . she played sharon charles , a mother and wife who learns of a woman ' s obsessive behavior over her husband . although the film received negative reviews from critics , the movie did well at the us box office , grossing $ 68 million — $ 60 million more than cadillac records — on a budget of $ 20 million . the fight scene finale between sharon and the character played by ali larter also won the 2010 mtv movie award for best fight . [ sep ] etta james
beyonce further expanded her acting career , starring as blues singer etta james in the 2008 musical biopic , cadillac records . her performance in the film received praise from critics , and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of james , including a satellite award nomination for best supporting actress , and a naacp image award nomination for outstanding supporting actress . beyonce donated her entire salary from the film to phoenix house , an organization of rehabilitation centers for heroin addicts around the country . on january 20 , 2009 , beyonce performed james ' " at last " at the first couple ' s first inaugural ball . beyonce starred opposite ali larter and idris elba in the thriller , obsessed . she played sharon charles , a mother and wife who learns of a woman ' s obsessive behavior over her husband . although the film received negative reviews from critics , the movie did well at the us box office , grossing $ 68 million — $ 60 million more than cadillac records — on a budget of $ 20 million . the fight scene finale between sharon and the character played by ali larter also won the 2010 mtv movie award for best fight . [ sep ] phoenix house
beyonce further expanded her acting career , starring as blues singer etta james in the 2008 musical biopic , cadillac records . her performance in the film received praise from critics , and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of james , including a satellite award nomination for best supporting actress , and a naacp image award nomination for outstanding supporting actress . beyonce donated her entire salary from the film to phoenix house , an organization of rehabilitation centers for heroin addicts around the country . on january 20 , 2009 , beyonce performed james ' " at last " at the first couple ' s first inaugural ball . beyonce starred opposite ali larter and idris elba in the thriller , obsessed . she played sharon charles , a mother and wife who learns of a woman ' s obsessive behavior over her husband . although the film received negative reviews from critics , the movie did well at the us box office , grossing $ 68 million — $ 60 million more than cadillac records — on a budget of $ 20 million . the fight scene finale between sharon and the character played by ali larter also won the 2010 mtv movie award for best fight . [ sep ] at last
beyonce further expanded her acting career , starring as blues singer etta james in the 2008 musical biopic , cadillac records . her performance in the film received praise from critics , and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of james , including a satellite award nomination for best supporting actress , and a naacp image award nomination for outstanding supporting actress . beyonce donated her entire salary from the film to phoenix house , an organization of rehabilitation centers for heroin addicts around the country . on january 20 , 2009 , beyonce performed james ' " at last " at the first couple ' s first inaugural ball . beyonce starred opposite ali larter and idris elba in the thriller , obsessed . she played sharon charles , a mother and wife who learns of a woman ' s obsessive behavior over her husband . although the film received negative reviews from critics , the movie did well at the us box office , grossing $ 68 million — $ 60 million more than cadillac records — on a budget of $ 20 million . the fight scene finale between sharon and the character played by ali larter also won the 2010 mtv movie award for best fight . [ sep ] thriller
beyonce further expanded her acting career , starring as blues singer etta james in the 2008 musical biopic , cadillac records . her performance in the film received praise from critics , and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of james , including a satellite award nomination for best supporting actress , and a naacp image award nomination for outstanding supporting actress . beyonce donated her entire salary from the film to phoenix house , an organization of rehabilitation centers for heroin addicts around the country . on january 20 , 2009 , beyonce performed james ' " at last " at the first couple ' s first inaugural ball . beyonce starred opposite ali larter and idris elba in the thriller , obsessed . she played sharon charles , a mother and wife who learns of a woman ' s obsessive behavior over her husband . although the film received negative reviews from critics , the movie did well at the us box office , grossing $ 68 million — $ 60 million more than cadillac records — on a budget of $ 20 million . the fight scene finale between sharon and the character played by ali larter also won the 2010 mtv movie award for best fight . [ sep ] mtv movie award for best fight
at the 52nd annual grammy awards , beyonce received ten nominations , including album of the year for i am . . . sasha fierce , record of the year for " halo " , and song of the year for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , among others . she tied with lauryn hill for most grammy nominations in a single year by a female artist . in 2010 , beyonce was featured on lady gaga ' s single " telephone " and its music video . the song topped the us pop songs chart , becoming the sixth number - one for both beyonce and gaga , tying them with mariah carey for most number - ones since the nielsen top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992 . " telephone " received a grammy award nomination for best pop collaboration with vocals . [ sep ] ten
at the 52nd annual grammy awards , beyonce received ten nominations , including album of the year for i am . . . sasha fierce , record of the year for " halo " , and song of the year for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , among others . she tied with lauryn hill for most grammy nominations in a single year by a female artist . in 2010 , beyonce was featured on lady gaga ' s single " telephone " and its music video . the song topped the us pop songs chart , becoming the sixth number - one for both beyonce and gaga , tying them with mariah carey for most number - ones since the nielsen top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992 . " telephone " received a grammy award nomination for best pop collaboration with vocals . [ sep ] lauryn hill
at the 52nd annual grammy awards , beyonce received ten nominations , including album of the year for i am . . . sasha fierce , record of the year for " halo " , and song of the year for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , among others . she tied with lauryn hill for most grammy nominations in a single year by a female artist . in 2010 , beyonce was featured on lady gaga ' s single " telephone " and its music video . the song topped the us pop songs chart , becoming the sixth number - one for both beyonce and gaga , tying them with mariah carey for most number - ones since the nielsen top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992 . " telephone " received a grammy award nomination for best pop collaboration with vocals . [ sep ] lady gaga
at the 52nd annual grammy awards , beyonce received ten nominations , including album of the year for i am . . . sasha fierce , record of the year for " halo " , and song of the year for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , among others . she tied with lauryn hill for most grammy nominations in a single year by a female artist . in 2010 , beyonce was featured on lady gaga ' s single " telephone " and its music video . the song topped the us pop songs chart , becoming the sixth number - one for both beyonce and gaga , tying them with mariah carey for most number - ones since the nielsen top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992 . " telephone " received a grammy award nomination for best pop collaboration with vocals . [ sep ] six
at the 52nd annual grammy awards , beyonce received ten nominations , including album of the year for i am . . . sasha fierce , record of the year for " halo " , and song of the year for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , among others . she tied with lauryn hill for most grammy nominations in a single year by a female artist . in 2010 , beyonce was featured on lady gaga ' s single " telephone " and its music video . the song topped the us pop songs chart , becoming the sixth number - one for both beyonce and gaga , tying them with mariah carey for most number - ones since the nielsen top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992 . " telephone " received a grammy award nomination for best pop collaboration with vocals . [ sep ] mariah carey
beyonce announced a hiatus from her music career in january 2010 , heeding her mother ' s advice , " to live life , to be inspired by things again " . during the break she and her father parted ways as business partners . beyonce ' s musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple european cities , the great wall of china , the egyptian pyramids , australia , english music festivals and various museums and ballet performances . [ sep ] 2010
beyonce announced a hiatus from her music career in january 2010 , heeding her mother ' s advice , " to live life , to be inspired by things again " . during the break she and her father parted ways as business partners . beyonce ' s musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple european cities , the great wall of china , the egyptian pyramids , australia , english music festivals and various museums and ballet performances . [ sep ] 2010
beyonce announced a hiatus from her music career in january 2010 , heeding her mother ' s advice , " to live life , to be inspired by things again " . during the break she and her father parted ways as business partners . beyonce ' s musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple european cities , the great wall of china , the egyptian pyramids , australia , english music festivals and various museums and ballet performances . [ sep ] the great wall of china
in 2011 , documents obtained by wikileaks revealed that beyonce was one of many entertainers who performed for the family of libyan ruler muammar gaddafi . rolling stone reported that the music industry was urging them to return the money they earned for the concerts ; a spokesperson for beyonce later confirmed to the huffington post that she donated the money to the clinton bush haiti fund . later that year she became the first solo female artist to headline the main pyramid stage at the 2011 glastonbury festival in over twenty years , and was named the highest - paid performer in the world per minute . [ sep ] 2011
in 2011 , documents obtained by wikileaks revealed that beyonce was one of many entertainers who performed for the family of libyan ruler muammar gaddafi . rolling stone reported that the music industry was urging them to return the money they earned for the concerts ; a spokesperson for beyonce later confirmed to the huffington post that she donated the money to the clinton bush haiti fund . later that year she became the first solo female artist to headline the main pyramid stage at the 2011 glastonbury festival in over twenty years , and was named the highest - paid performer in the world per minute . [ sep ] clinton bush haiti fund
in 2011 , documents obtained by wikileaks revealed that beyonce was one of many entertainers who performed for the family of libyan ruler muammar gaddafi . rolling stone reported that the music industry was urging them to return the money they earned for the concerts ; a spokesperson for beyonce later confirmed to the huffington post that she donated the money to the clinton bush haiti fund . later that year she became the first solo female artist to headline the main pyramid stage at the 2011 glastonbury festival in over twenty years , and was named the highest - paid performer in the world per minute . [ sep ] the 2011 glastonbury festival
in 2011 , documents obtained by wikileaks revealed that beyonce was one of many entertainers who performed for the family of libyan ruler muammar gaddafi . rolling stone reported that the music industry was urging them to return the money they earned for the concerts ; a spokesperson for beyonce later confirmed to the huffington post that she donated the money to the clinton bush haiti fund . later that year she became the first solo female artist to headline the main pyramid stage at the 2011 glastonbury festival in over twenty years , and was named the highest - paid performer in the world per minute . [ sep ] the huffington post
in 2011 , documents obtained by wikileaks revealed that beyonce was one of many entertainers who performed for the family of libyan ruler muammar gaddafi . rolling stone reported that the music industry was urging them to return the money they earned for the concerts ; a spokesperson for beyonce later confirmed to the huffington post that she donated the money to the clinton bush haiti fund . later that year she became the first solo female artist to headline the main pyramid stage at the 2011 glastonbury festival in over twenty years , and was named the highest - paid performer in the world per minute . [ sep ] minute
her fourth studio album 4 was released on june 28 , 2011 in the us . 4 sold 310 , 000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the billboard 200 chart , giving beyonce her fourth consecutive number - one album in the us . the album was preceded by two of its singles " run the world ( girls ) " and " best thing i never had " , which both attained moderate success . the fourth single " love on top " was a commercial success in the us . 4 also produced four other singles ; " party " , " countdown " , " i care " and " end of time " . " eat , play , love " , a cover story written by beyonce for essence that detailed her 2010 career break , won her a writing award from the new york association of black journalists . in late 2011 , she took the stage at new york ' s roseland ballroom for four nights of special performances : the 4 intimate nights with beyonce concerts saw the performance of her 4 album to a standing room only . [ sep ] 2011
her fourth studio album 4 was released on june 28 , 2011 in the us . 4 sold 310 , 000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the billboard 200 chart , giving beyonce her fourth consecutive number - one album in the us . the album was preceded by two of its singles " run the world ( girls ) " and " best thing i never had " , which both attained moderate success . the fourth single " love on top " was a commercial success in the us . 4 also produced four other singles ; " party " , " countdown " , " i care " and " end of time " . " eat , play , love " , a cover story written by beyonce for essence that detailed her 2010 career break , won her a writing award from the new york association of black journalists . in late 2011 , she took the stage at new york ' s roseland ballroom for four nights of special performances : the 4 intimate nights with beyonce concerts saw the performance of her 4 album to a standing room only . [ sep ] love on top
her fourth studio album 4 was released on june 28 , 2011 in the us . 4 sold 310 , 000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the billboard 200 chart , giving beyonce her fourth consecutive number - one album in the us . the album was preceded by two of its singles " run the world ( girls ) " and " best thing i never had " , which both attained moderate success . the fourth single " love on top " was a commercial success in the us . 4 also produced four other singles ; " party " , " countdown " , " i care " and " end of time " . " eat , play , love " , a cover story written by beyonce for essence that detailed her 2010 career break , won her a writing award from the new york association of black journalists . in late 2011 , she took the stage at new york ' s roseland ballroom for four nights of special performances : the 4 intimate nights with beyonce concerts saw the performance of her 4 album to a standing room only . [ sep ] writing
her fourth studio album 4 was released on june 28 , 2011 in the us . 4 sold 310 , 000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the billboard 200 chart , giving beyonce her fourth consecutive number - one album in the us . the album was preceded by two of its singles " run the world ( girls ) " and " best thing i never had " , which both attained moderate success . the fourth single " love on top " was a commercial success in the us . 4 also produced four other singles ; " party " , " countdown " , " i care " and " end of time " . " eat , play , love " , a cover story written by beyonce for essence that detailed her 2010 career break , won her a writing award from the new york association of black journalists . in late 2011 , she took the stage at new york ' s roseland ballroom for four nights of special performances : the 4 intimate nights with beyonce concerts saw the performance of her 4 album to a standing room only . [ sep ] new york ' s roseland ballroom
on january 7 , 2012 , beyonce gave birth to her first child , a daughter , blue ivy carter , at lenox hill hospital in new york . five months later , she performed for four nights at revel atlantic city ' s ovation hall to celebrate the resort ' s opening , her first performances since giving birth to blue ivy . [ sep ] january 7 , 2012
on january 7 , 2012 , beyonce gave birth to her first child , a daughter , blue ivy carter , at lenox hill hospital in new york . five months later , she performed for four nights at revel atlantic city ' s ovation hall to celebrate the resort ' s opening , her first performances since giving birth to blue ivy . [ sep ] lenox hill hospital
on january 7 , 2012 , beyonce gave birth to her first child , a daughter , blue ivy carter , at lenox hill hospital in new york . five months later , she performed for four nights at revel atlantic city ' s ovation hall to celebrate the resort ' s opening , her first performances since giving birth to blue ivy . [ sep ] blue ivy carter
on january 7 , 2012 , beyonce gave birth to her first child , a daughter , blue ivy carter , at lenox hill hospital in new york . five months later , she performed for four nights at revel atlantic city ' s ovation hall to celebrate the resort ' s opening , her first performances since giving birth to blue ivy . [ sep ] revel atlantic city ' s ovation hall
in january 2013 , destiny ' s child released love songs , a compilation album of the romance - themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded track , " nuclear " . beyonce performed the american national anthem singing along with a pre - recorded track at president obama ' s second inauguration in washington , d . c . the following month , beyonce performed at the super bowl xlvii halftime show , held at the mercedes - benz superdome in new orleans . the performance stands as the second most tweeted about moment in history at 268 , 000 tweets per minute . at the 55th annual grammy awards , beyonce won for best traditional r & b performance for " love on top " . her feature - length documentary film , life is but a dream , first aired on hbo on february 16 , 2013 . the film , which she directed and produced herself , featured footage from her childhood , her as a mother and businesswoman , recording , rehearsing for live performances , and her return to the spotlight following blue ivy ' s birth . its dvd release in november 2013 was accompanied by footage from the revel presents : beyonce live concerts and a new song , " god made you beautiful " . in february 2013 , beyonce signed a global publishing agreement with warner / chappell music , which would cover her future songwriting and then - upcoming studio album . [ sep ] romance
in january 2013 , destiny ' s child released love songs , a compilation album of the romance - themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded track , " nuclear " . beyonce performed the american national anthem singing along with a pre - recorded track at president obama ' s second inauguration in washington , d . c . the following month , beyonce performed at the super bowl xlvii halftime show , held at the mercedes - benz superdome in new orleans . the performance stands as the second most tweeted about moment in history at 268 , 000 tweets per minute . at the 55th annual grammy awards , beyonce won for best traditional r & b performance for " love on top " . her feature - length documentary film , life is but a dream , first aired on hbo on february 16 , 2013 . the film , which she directed and produced herself , featured footage from her childhood , her as a mother and businesswoman , recording , rehearsing for live performances , and her return to the spotlight following blue ivy ' s birth . its dvd release in november 2013 was accompanied by footage from the revel presents : beyonce live concerts and a new song , " god made you beautiful " . in february 2013 , beyonce signed a global publishing agreement with warner / chappell music , which would cover her future songwriting and then - upcoming studio album . [ sep ] life is but a dream
in january 2013 , destiny ' s child released love songs , a compilation album of the romance - themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded track , " nuclear " . beyonce performed the american national anthem singing along with a pre - recorded track at president obama ' s second inauguration in washington , d . c . the following month , beyonce performed at the super bowl xlvii halftime show , held at the mercedes - benz superdome in new orleans . the performance stands as the second most tweeted about moment in history at 268 , 000 tweets per minute . at the 55th annual grammy awards , beyonce won for best traditional r & b performance for " love on top " . her feature - length documentary film , life is but a dream , first aired on hbo on february 16 , 2013 . the film , which she directed and produced herself , featured footage from her childhood , her as a mother and businesswoman , recording , rehearsing for live performances , and her return to the spotlight following blue ivy ' s birth . its dvd release in november 2013 was accompanied by footage from the revel presents : beyonce live concerts and a new song , " god made you beautiful " . in february 2013 , beyonce signed a global publishing agreement with warner / chappell music , which would cover her future songwriting and then - upcoming studio album . [ sep ] global publishing agreement
beyonce embarked on the mrs . carter show world tour on april 15 in belgrade , serbia ; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to march 2014 . it became the most successful tour of her career and one of the most - successful tours of all time . in may , beyonce ' s cover of amy winehouse ' s " back to black " with andre 3000 on the great gatsby soundtrack was released . she was also honorary chair of the 2013 met gala . beyonce voiced queen tara in the 3d cgi animated film , epic , released by 20th century fox on may 24 , and recorded an original song for the film , " rise up " , co - written with sia . [ sep ] 132
beyonce embarked on the mrs . carter show world tour on april 15 in belgrade , serbia ; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to march 2014 . it became the most successful tour of her career and one of the most - successful tours of all time . in may , beyonce ' s cover of amy winehouse ' s " back to black " with andre 3000 on the great gatsby soundtrack was released . she was also honorary chair of the 2013 met gala . beyonce voiced queen tara in the 3d cgi animated film , epic , released by 20th century fox on may 24 , and recorded an original song for the film , " rise up " , co - written with sia . [ sep ] the mrs . carter show
beyonce embarked on the mrs . carter show world tour on april 15 in belgrade , serbia ; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to march 2014 . it became the most successful tour of her career and one of the most - successful tours of all time . in may , beyonce ' s cover of amy winehouse ' s " back to black " with andre 3000 on the great gatsby soundtrack was released . she was also honorary chair of the 2013 met gala . beyonce voiced queen tara in the 3d cgi animated film , epic , released by 20th century fox on may 24 , and recorded an original song for the film , " rise up " , co - written with sia . [ sep ] rise up
beyonce embarked on the mrs . carter show world tour on april 15 in belgrade , serbia ; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to march 2014 . it became the most successful tour of her career and one of the most - successful tours of all time . in may , beyonce ' s cover of amy winehouse ' s " back to black " with andre 3000 on the great gatsby soundtrack was released . she was also honorary chair of the 2013 met gala . beyonce voiced queen tara in the 3d cgi animated film , epic , released by 20th century fox on may 24 , and recorded an original song for the film , " rise up " , co - written with sia . [ sep ] epic
on december 13 , 2013 , beyonce unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the itunes store without any prior announcement or promotion . the album debuted atop the billboard 200 chart , giving beyonce her fifth consecutive number - one album in the us . this made her the first woman in the chart ' s history to have her first five studio albums debut at number one . beyonce received critical acclaim and commercial success , selling one million digital copies worldwide in six days ; the new york times noted the album ' s unconventional , unexpected release as significant . musically an electro - r & b album , it concerns darker themes previously unexplored in her work , such as " bulimia , postnatal depression [ and ] the fears and insecurities of marriage and motherhood " . the single " drunk in love " , featuring jay z , peaked at number two on the billboard hot 100 chart . in april 2014 , after much speculation in the weeks before , beyonce and jay z officially announced their on the run tour . it served as the couple ' s first co - headlining stadium tour together . on august 24 , 2014 , she received the video vanguard award at the 2014 mtv video music awards . knowles also took home three competitive awards : best video with a social message and best cinematography for " pretty hurts " , as well as best collaboration for " drunk in love " . in november , forbes reported that beyonce was the top - earning woman in music for the second year in a row — earning $ 115 million in the year , more than double her earnings in 2013 . beyonce was reissued with new material in three forms : as an extended play , a box set , as well as a full platinum edition . [ sep ] the itunes store
at the 57th annual grammy awards in february 2015 , beyonce was nominated for six awards , ultimately winning three : best r & b performance and best r & b song for " drunk in love " , and best surround sound album for beyonce . she was nominated for album of the year but the award was won by beck for his morning phase album . in august , the cover of the september issue of vogue magazine was unveiled online , beyonce as the cover star , becoming the first african - american artist and third african - american woman in general to cover the september issue . she headlined the 2015 made in america festival in early september and also the global citizen festival later that month . beyonce made an uncredited featured appearance on the track " hymn for the weekend " by british rock band coldplay , on their seventh studio album a head full of dreams ( 2015 ) , which saw release in december . on january 7 , 2016 , pepsi announced beyonce would perform alongside coldplay at super bowl 50 in february . knowles has previously performed at four super bowl shows throughout her career , serving as the main headliner of the 47th super bowl halftime show in 2013 . [ sep ] three
at the 57th annual grammy awards in february 2015 , beyonce was nominated for six awards , ultimately winning three : best r & b performance and best r & b song for " drunk in love " , and best surround sound album for beyonce . she was nominated for album of the year but the award was won by beck for his morning phase album . in august , the cover of the september issue of vogue magazine was unveiled online , beyonce as the cover star , becoming the first african - american artist and third african - american woman in general to cover the september issue . she headlined the 2015 made in america festival in early september and also the global citizen festival later that month . beyonce made an uncredited featured appearance on the track " hymn for the weekend " by british rock band coldplay , on their seventh studio album a head full of dreams ( 2015 ) , which saw release in december . on january 7 , 2016 , pepsi announced beyonce would perform alongside coldplay at super bowl 50 in february . knowles has previously performed at four super bowl shows throughout her career , serving as the main headliner of the 47th super bowl halftime show in 2013 . [ sep ] beck
at the 57th annual grammy awards in february 2015 , beyonce was nominated for six awards , ultimately winning three : best r & b performance and best r & b song for " drunk in love " , and best surround sound album for beyonce . she was nominated for album of the year but the award was won by beck for his morning phase album . in august , the cover of the september issue of vogue magazine was unveiled online , beyonce as the cover star , becoming the first african - american artist and third african - american woman in general to cover the september issue . she headlined the 2015 made in america festival in early september and also the global citizen festival later that month . beyonce made an uncredited featured appearance on the track " hymn for the weekend " by british rock band coldplay , on their seventh studio album a head full of dreams ( 2015 ) , which saw release in december . on january 7 , 2016 , pepsi announced beyonce would perform alongside coldplay at super bowl 50 in february . knowles has previously performed at four super bowl shows throughout her career , serving as the main headliner of the 47th super bowl halftime show in 2013 . [ sep ] vogue
at the 57th annual grammy awards in february 2015 , beyonce was nominated for six awards , ultimately winning three : best r & b performance and best r & b song for " drunk in love " , and best surround sound album for beyonce . she was nominated for album of the year but the award was won by beck for his morning phase album . in august , the cover of the september issue of vogue magazine was unveiled online , beyonce as the cover star , becoming the first african - american artist and third african - american woman in general to cover the september issue . she headlined the 2015 made in america festival in early september and also the global citizen festival later that month . beyonce made an uncredited featured appearance on the track " hymn for the weekend " by british rock band coldplay , on their seventh studio album a head full of dreams ( 2015 ) , which saw release in december . on january 7 , 2016 , pepsi announced beyonce would perform alongside coldplay at super bowl 50 in february . knowles has previously performed at four super bowl shows throughout her career , serving as the main headliner of the 47th super bowl halftime show in 2013 . [ sep ] coldplay
at the 57th annual grammy awards in february 2015 , beyonce was nominated for six awards , ultimately winning three : best r & b performance and best r & b song for " drunk in love " , and best surround sound album for beyonce . she was nominated for album of the year but the award was won by beck for his morning phase album . in august , the cover of the september issue of vogue magazine was unveiled online , beyonce as the cover star , becoming the first african - american artist and third african - american woman in general to cover the september issue . she headlined the 2015 made in america festival in early september and also the global citizen festival later that month . beyonce made an uncredited featured appearance on the track " hymn for the weekend " by british rock band coldplay , on their seventh studio album a head full of dreams ( 2015 ) , which saw release in december . on january 7 , 2016 , pepsi announced beyonce would perform alongside coldplay at super bowl 50 in february . knowles has previously performed at four super bowl shows throughout her career , serving as the main headliner of the 47th super bowl halftime show in 2013 . [ sep ] three
at the 57th annual grammy awards in february 2015 , beyonce was nominated for six awards , ultimately winning three : best r & b performance and best r & b song for " drunk in love " , and best surround sound album for beyonce . she was nominated for album of the year but the award was won by beck for his morning phase album . in august , the cover of the september issue of vogue magazine was unveiled online , beyonce as the cover star , becoming the first african - american artist and third african - american woman in general to cover the september issue . she headlined the 2015 made in america festival in early september and also the global citizen festival later that month . beyonce made an uncredited featured appearance on the track " hymn for the weekend " by british rock band coldplay , on their seventh studio album a head full of dreams ( 2015 ) , which saw release in december . on january 7 , 2016 , pepsi announced beyonce would perform alongside coldplay at super bowl 50 in february . knowles has previously performed at four super bowl shows throughout her career , serving as the main headliner of the 47th super bowl halftime show in 2013 . [ sep ] beck
at the 57th annual grammy awards in february 2015 , beyonce was nominated for six awards , ultimately winning three : best r & b performance and best r & b song for " drunk in love " , and best surround sound album for beyonce . she was nominated for album of the year but the award was won by beck for his morning phase album . in august , the cover of the september issue of vogue magazine was unveiled online , beyonce as the cover star , becoming the first african - american artist and third african - american woman in general to cover the september issue . she headlined the 2015 made in america festival in early september and also the global citizen festival later that month . beyonce made an uncredited featured appearance on the track " hymn for the weekend " by british rock band coldplay , on their seventh studio album a head full of dreams ( 2015 ) , which saw release in december . on january 7 , 2016 , pepsi announced beyonce would perform alongside coldplay at super bowl 50 in february . knowles has previously performed at four super bowl shows throughout her career , serving as the main headliner of the 47th super bowl halftime show in 2013 . [ sep ] coldplay
on february 6 , 2016 , one day before her performance at the super bowl , beyonce released a new single exclusively on music streaming service tidal called " formation " . [ sep ] tidal
on february 6 , 2016 , one day before her performance at the super bowl , beyonce released a new single exclusively on music streaming service tidal called " formation " . [ sep ] formation
beyonce is believed to have first started a relationship with jay z after a collaboration on " ' 03 bonnie & clyde " , which appeared on his seventh album the blueprint 2 : the gift & the curse ( 2002 ) . beyonce appeared as jay z ' s girlfriend in the music video for the song , which would further fuel speculation of their relationship . on april 4 , 2008 , beyonce and jay z were married without publicity . as of april 2014 , the couple have sold a combined 300 million records together . the couple are known for their private relationship , although they have appeared to become more relaxed in recent years . beyonce suffered a miscarriage in 2010 or 2011 , describing it as " the saddest thing " she had ever endured . she returned to the studio and wrote music in order to cope with the loss . in april 2011 , beyonce and jay z traveled to paris in order to shoot the album cover for her 4 , and unexpectedly became pregnant in paris . [ sep ] 300 million
beyonce is believed to have first started a relationship with jay z after a collaboration on " ' 03 bonnie & clyde " , which appeared on his seventh album the blueprint 2 : the gift & the curse ( 2002 ) . beyonce appeared as jay z ' s girlfriend in the music video for the song , which would further fuel speculation of their relationship . on april 4 , 2008 , beyonce and jay z were married without publicity . as of april 2014 , the couple have sold a combined 300 million records together . the couple are known for their private relationship , although they have appeared to become more relaxed in recent years . beyonce suffered a miscarriage in 2010 or 2011 , describing it as " the saddest thing " she had ever endured . she returned to the studio and wrote music in order to cope with the loss . in april 2011 , beyonce and jay z traveled to paris in order to shoot the album cover for her 4 , and unexpectedly became pregnant in paris . [ sep ] paris
beyonce is believed to have first started a relationship with jay z after a collaboration on " ' 03 bonnie & clyde " , which appeared on his seventh album the blueprint 2 : the gift & the curse ( 2002 ) . beyonce appeared as jay z ' s girlfriend in the music video for the song , which would further fuel speculation of their relationship . on april 4 , 2008 , beyonce and jay z were married without publicity . as of april 2014 , the couple have sold a combined 300 million records together . the couple are known for their private relationship , although they have appeared to become more relaxed in recent years . beyonce suffered a miscarriage in 2010 or 2011 , describing it as " the saddest thing " she had ever endured . she returned to the studio and wrote music in order to cope with the loss . in april 2011 , beyonce and jay z traveled to paris in order to shoot the album cover for her 4 , and unexpectedly became pregnant in paris . [ sep ] miscarriage
in august , the couple attended the 2011 mtv video music awards , at which beyonce performed " love on top " and started the performance saying " tonight i want you to stand up on your feet , i want you to feel the love that ' s growing inside of me " . at the end of the performance , she dropped her microphone , unbuttoned her blazer and rubbed her stomach , confirming her pregnancy she had alluded to earlier in the evening . her appearance helped that year ' s mtv video music awards become the most - watched broadcast in mtv history , pulling in 12 . 4 million viewers ; the announcement was listed in guinness world records for " most tweets per second recorded for a single event " on twitter , receiving 8 , 868 tweets per second and " beyonce pregnant " was the most googled term the week of august 29 , 2011 . [ sep ] mtv video music awards
in august , the couple attended the 2011 mtv video music awards , at which beyonce performed " love on top " and started the performance saying " tonight i want you to stand up on your feet , i want you to feel the love that ' s growing inside of me " . at the end of the performance , she dropped her microphone , unbuttoned her blazer and rubbed her stomach , confirming her pregnancy she had alluded to earlier in the evening . her appearance helped that year ' s mtv video music awards become the most - watched broadcast in mtv history , pulling in 12 . 4 million viewers ; the announcement was listed in guinness world records for " most tweets per second recorded for a single event " on twitter , receiving 8 , 868 tweets per second and " beyonce pregnant " was the most googled term the week of august 29 , 2011 . [ sep ] her pregnancy
in august , the couple attended the 2011 mtv video music awards , at which beyonce performed " love on top " and started the performance saying " tonight i want you to stand up on your feet , i want you to feel the love that ' s growing inside of me " . at the end of the performance , she dropped her microphone , unbuttoned her blazer and rubbed her stomach , confirming her pregnancy she had alluded to earlier in the evening . her appearance helped that year ' s mtv video music awards become the most - watched broadcast in mtv history , pulling in 12 . 4 million viewers ; the announcement was listed in guinness world records for " most tweets per second recorded for a single event " on twitter , receiving 8 , 868 tweets per second and " beyonce pregnant " was the most googled term the week of august 29 , 2011 . [ sep ] 12 . 4 million
on january 7 , 2012 , beyonce gave birth to a daughter , blue ivy carter , at lenox hill hospital in new york under heavy security . two days later , jay z released " glory " , a song dedicated to their child , on his website lifeandtimes . com . the song detailed the couple ' s pregnancy struggles , including a miscarriage beyonce suffered before becoming pregnant with blue ivy . blue ivy ' s cries are included at the end of the song , and she was officially credited as " b . i . c . " on it . at two days old , she became the youngest person ever to appear on a billboard chart when " glory " debuted on the hot r & b / hip - hop songs chart . [ sep ] lifeandtimes . com
on january 7 , 2012 , beyonce gave birth to a daughter , blue ivy carter , at lenox hill hospital in new york under heavy security . two days later , jay z released " glory " , a song dedicated to their child , on his website lifeandtimes . com . the song detailed the couple ' s pregnancy struggles , including a miscarriage beyonce suffered before becoming pregnant with blue ivy . blue ivy ' s cries are included at the end of the song , and she was officially credited as " b . i . c . " on it . at two days old , she became the youngest person ever to appear on a billboard chart when " glory " debuted on the hot r & b / hip - hop songs chart . [ sep ] glory
beyonce and husband jay z are friends with president barack obama and first lady michelle obama . she performed " america the beautiful " at the 2009 presidential inauguration , as well as " at last " during the first inaugural dance at the neighborhood ball two days later . beyonce and jay z held a fundraiser at the latter ' s 40 / 40 club in manhattan for obama ' s 2012 presidential campaign which raised $ 4 million . beyonce uploaded pictures of her paper ballot on tumblr , confirming she had voted in support for the democratic party and to encourage others to do so . she also performed the american national anthem at his second inauguration , singing along with a pre - recorded track . she publicly endorsed same sex marriage on march 26 , 2013 , after the supreme court debate on california ' s proposition 8 . in july 2013 , beyonce and jay - z attended a rally in response to the acquittal of george zimmerman for the shooting of trayvon martin . [ sep ] george zimmerman
beyonce and husband jay z are friends with president barack obama and first lady michelle obama . she performed " america the beautiful " at the 2009 presidential inauguration , as well as " at last " during the first inaugural dance at the neighborhood ball two days later . beyonce and jay z held a fundraiser at the latter ' s 40 / 40 club in manhattan for obama ' s 2012 presidential campaign which raised $ 4 million . beyonce uploaded pictures of her paper ballot on tumblr , confirming she had voted in support for the democratic party and to encourage others to do so . she also performed the american national anthem at his second inauguration , singing along with a pre - recorded track . she publicly endorsed same sex marriage on march 26 , 2013 , after the supreme court debate on california ' s proposition 8 . in july 2013 , beyonce and jay - z attended a rally in response to the acquittal of george zimmerman for the shooting of trayvon martin . [ sep ] america the beautiful
in an interview published by vogue in april 2013 , beyonce was asked if she considers herself a feminist , to which she said , " that word can be very extreme . . . but i guess i am a modern - day feminist . i do believe in equality " . she would later align herself more publicly with the movement , sampling " we should all be feminists " , a speech delivered by nigerian author chimamanda ngozi adichie at a tedxeuston conference in april 2013 , in her song " flawless " , released later that year . she has also contributed to the ban bossy campaign , which uses television and social media to encourage leadership in girls . [ sep ] vogue
in an interview published by vogue in april 2013 , beyonce was asked if she considers herself a feminist , to which she said , " that word can be very extreme . . . but i guess i am a modern - day feminist . i do believe in equality " . she would later align herself more publicly with the movement , sampling " we should all be feminists " , a speech delivered by nigerian author chimamanda ngozi adichie at a tedxeuston conference in april 2013 , in her song " flawless " , released later that year . she has also contributed to the ban bossy campaign , which uses television and social media to encourage leadership in girls . [ sep ] ban bossy campaign
in 2015 beyonce signed an open letter which the one campaign had been collecting signatures for ; the letter was addressed to angela merkel and nkosazana dlamini - zuma , urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the g7 in germany and the au in south africa respectively , which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main un summit in september 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation . [ sep ] the one campaign
in 2015 beyonce signed an open letter which the one campaign had been collecting signatures for ; the letter was addressed to angela merkel and nkosazana dlamini - zuma , urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the g7 in germany and the au in south africa respectively , which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main un summit in september 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation . [ sep ] september 2015
in 2015 beyonce signed an open letter which the one campaign had been collecting signatures for ; the letter was addressed to angela merkel and nkosazana dlamini - zuma , urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the g7 in germany and the au in south africa respectively , which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main un summit in september 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation . [ sep ] women
in 2015 beyonce signed an open letter which the one campaign had been collecting signatures for ; the letter was addressed to angela merkel and nkosazana dlamini - zuma , urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the g7 in germany and the au in south africa respectively , which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main un summit in september 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation . [ sep ] priorities
following the death of freddie gray , beyonce and jay - z , among other notable figures , met with his family . after the imprisonment of protesters of gray ' s death , beyonce and jay - z donated thousands of dollars to bail them out . [ sep ] freddie gray
following the death of freddie gray , beyonce and jay - z , among other notable figures , met with his family . after the imprisonment of protesters of gray ' s death , beyonce and jay - z donated thousands of dollars to bail them out . [ sep ] protesters
forbes magazine began reporting on beyonce ' s earnings in 2008 , calculating that the $ 80 million earned between june 2007 to june 2008 , for her music , tour , films and clothing line made her the world ' s best - paid music personality at the time , above madonna and celine dion . they placed her fourth on the celebrity 100 list in 2009 and ninth on the " most powerful women in the world " list in 2010 . the following year , forbes placed her eighth on the " best - paid celebrities under 30 " list , having earned $ 35 million in the past year for her clothing line and endorsement deals . in 2012 , forbes placed beyonce at number 16 on the celebrity 100 list , twelve places lower than three years ago yet still having earned $ 40 million in the past year for her album 4 , clothing line and endorsement deals . in the same year , beyonce and jay z placed at number one on the " world ' s highest - paid celebrity couples " , for collectively earning $ 78 million . the couple made it into the previous year ' s guinness world records as the " highest - earning power couple " for collectively earning $ 122 million in 2009 . for the years 2009 to 2011 , beyonce earned an average of $ 70 million per year , and earned $ 40 million in 2012 . in 2013 , beyonce ' s endorsements of pepsi and h & m made her and jay z the world ' s first billion dollar couple in the music industry . that year , beyonce was published as the fourth most - powerful celebrity in the forbes rankings . mtv estimated that by the end of 2014 , beyonce would become the highest - paid black musician in history ; she succeeded to do so in april 2014 . in june 2014 , beyonce ranked at # 1 on the forbes celebrity 100 list , earning an estimated $ 115 million throughout june 2013 – june 2014 . this in turn was the first time she had topped the celebrity 100 list as well as being her highest yearly earnings to date . as of may 2015 , her net worth is estimated to be $ 250 million . [ sep ] madonna and celine dion
forbes magazine began reporting on beyonce ' s earnings in 2008 , calculating that the $ 80 million earned between june 2007 to june 2008 , for her music , tour , films and clothing line made her the world ' s best - paid music personality at the time , above madonna and celine dion . they placed her fourth on the celebrity 100 list in 2009 and ninth on the " most powerful women in the world " list in 2010 . the following year , forbes placed her eighth on the " best - paid celebrities under 30 " list , having earned $ 35 million in the past year for her clothing line and endorsement deals . in 2012 , forbes placed beyonce at number 16 on the celebrity 100 list , twelve places lower than three years ago yet still having earned $ 40 million in the past year for her album 4 , clothing line and endorsement deals . in the same year , beyonce and jay z placed at number one on the " world ' s highest - paid celebrity couples " , for collectively earning $ 78 million . the couple made it into the previous year ' s guinness world records as the " highest - earning power couple " for collectively earning $ 122 million in 2009 . for the years 2009 to 2011 , beyonce earned an average of $ 70 million per year , and earned $ 40 million in 2012 . in 2013 , beyonce ' s endorsements of pepsi and h & m made her and jay z the world ' s first billion dollar couple in the music industry . that year , beyonce was published as the fourth most - powerful celebrity in the forbes rankings . mtv estimated that by the end of 2014 , beyonce would become the highest - paid black musician in history ; she succeeded to do so in april 2014 . in june 2014 , beyonce ranked at # 1 on the forbes celebrity 100 list , earning an estimated $ 115 million throughout june 2013 – june 2014 . this in turn was the first time she had topped the celebrity 100 list as well as being her highest yearly earnings to date . as of may 2015 , her net worth is estimated to be $ 250 million . [ sep ] highest - earning power couple
forbes magazine began reporting on beyonce ' s earnings in 2008 , calculating that the $ 80 million earned between june 2007 to june 2008 , for her music , tour , films and clothing line made her the world ' s best - paid music personality at the time , above madonna and celine dion . they placed her fourth on the celebrity 100 list in 2009 and ninth on the " most powerful women in the world " list in 2010 . the following year , forbes placed her eighth on the " best - paid celebrities under 30 " list , having earned $ 35 million in the past year for her clothing line and endorsement deals . in 2012 , forbes placed beyonce at number 16 on the celebrity 100 list , twelve places lower than three years ago yet still having earned $ 40 million in the past year for her album 4 , clothing line and endorsement deals . in the same year , beyonce and jay z placed at number one on the " world ' s highest - paid celebrity couples " , for collectively earning $ 78 million . the couple made it into the previous year ' s guinness world records as the " highest - earning power couple " for collectively earning $ 122 million in 2009 . for the years 2009 to 2011 , beyonce earned an average of $ 70 million per year , and earned $ 40 million in 2012 . in 2013 , beyonce ' s endorsements of pepsi and h & m made her and jay z the world ' s first billion dollar couple in the music industry . that year , beyonce was published as the fourth most - powerful celebrity in the forbes rankings . mtv estimated that by the end of 2014 , beyonce would become the highest - paid black musician in history ; she succeeded to do so in april 2014 . in june 2014 , beyonce ranked at # 1 on the forbes celebrity 100 list , earning an estimated $ 115 million throughout june 2013 – june 2014 . this in turn was the first time she had topped the celebrity 100 list as well as being her highest yearly earnings to date . as of may 2015 , her net worth is estimated to be $ 250 million . [ sep ] 2014
forbes magazine began reporting on beyonce ' s earnings in 2008 , calculating that the $ 80 million earned between june 2007 to june 2008 , for her music , tour , films and clothing line made her the world ' s best - paid music personality at the time , above madonna and celine dion . they placed her fourth on the celebrity 100 list in 2009 and ninth on the " most powerful women in the world " list in 2010 . the following year , forbes placed her eighth on the " best - paid celebrities under 30 " list , having earned $ 35 million in the past year for her clothing line and endorsement deals . in 2012 , forbes placed beyonce at number 16 on the celebrity 100 list , twelve places lower than three years ago yet still having earned $ 40 million in the past year for her album 4 , clothing line and endorsement deals . in the same year , beyonce and jay z placed at number one on the " world ' s highest - paid celebrity couples " , for collectively earning $ 78 million . the couple made it into the previous year ' s guinness world records as the " highest - earning power couple " for collectively earning $ 122 million in 2009 . for the years 2009 to 2011 , beyonce earned an average of $ 70 million per year , and earned $ 40 million in 2012 . in 2013 , beyonce ' s endorsements of pepsi and h & m made her and jay z the world ' s first billion dollar couple in the music industry . that year , beyonce was published as the fourth most - powerful celebrity in the forbes rankings . mtv estimated that by the end of 2014 , beyonce would become the highest - paid black musician in history ; she succeeded to do so in april 2014 . in june 2014 , beyonce ranked at # 1 on the forbes celebrity 100 list , earning an estimated $ 115 million throughout june 2013 – june 2014 . this in turn was the first time she had topped the celebrity 100 list as well as being her highest yearly earnings to date . as of may 2015 , her net worth is estimated to be $ 250 million . [ sep ] 250 million
beyonce ' s vocal range spans four octaves . jody rosen highlights her tone and timbre as particularly distinctive , describing her voice as " one of the most compelling instruments in popular music " . while another critic says she is a " vocal acrobat , being able to sing long and complex melismas and vocal runs effortlessly , and in key . her vocal abilities mean she is identified as the centerpiece of destiny ' s child . the daily mail calls beyonce ' s voice " versatile " , capable of exploring power ballads , soul , rock belting , operatic flourishes , and hip hop . jon pareles of the new york times commented that her voice is " velvety yet tart , with an insistent flutter and reserves of soul belting " . rosen notes that the hip hop era highly influenced beyonce ' s strange rhythmic vocal style , but also finds her quite traditionalist in her use of balladry , gospel and falsetto . other critics praise her range and power , with chris richards of the washington post saying she was " capable of punctuating any beat with goose - bump - inducing whispers or full - bore diva - roars . " [ sep ] four
beyonce ' s vocal range spans four octaves . jody rosen highlights her tone and timbre as particularly distinctive , describing her voice as " one of the most compelling instruments in popular music " . while another critic says she is a " vocal acrobat , being able to sing long and complex melismas and vocal runs effortlessly , and in key . her vocal abilities mean she is identified as the centerpiece of destiny ' s child . the daily mail calls beyonce ' s voice " versatile " , capable of exploring power ballads , soul , rock belting , operatic flourishes , and hip hop . jon pareles of the new york times commented that her voice is " velvety yet tart , with an insistent flutter and reserves of soul belting " . rosen notes that the hip hop era highly influenced beyonce ' s strange rhythmic vocal style , but also finds her quite traditionalist in her use of balladry , gospel and falsetto . other critics praise her range and power , with chris richards of the washington post saying she was " capable of punctuating any beat with goose - bump - inducing whispers or full - bore diva - roars . " [ sep ] jody rosen
beyonce ' s vocal range spans four octaves . jody rosen highlights her tone and timbre as particularly distinctive , describing her voice as " one of the most compelling instruments in popular music " . while another critic says she is a " vocal acrobat , being able to sing long and complex melismas and vocal runs effortlessly , and in key . her vocal abilities mean she is identified as the centerpiece of destiny ' s child . the daily mail calls beyonce ' s voice " versatile " , capable of exploring power ballads , soul , rock belting , operatic flourishes , and hip hop . jon pareles of the new york times commented that her voice is " velvety yet tart , with an insistent flutter and reserves of soul belting " . rosen notes that the hip hop era highly influenced beyonce ' s strange rhythmic vocal style , but also finds her quite traditionalist in her use of balladry , gospel and falsetto . other critics praise her range and power , with chris richards of the washington post saying she was " capable of punctuating any beat with goose - bump - inducing whispers or full - bore diva - roars . " [ sep ] the daily mail
beyonce ' s vocal range spans four octaves . jody rosen highlights her tone and timbre as particularly distinctive , describing her voice as " one of the most compelling instruments in popular music " . while another critic says she is a " vocal acrobat , being able to sing long and complex melismas and vocal runs effortlessly , and in key . her vocal abilities mean she is identified as the centerpiece of destiny ' s child . the daily mail calls beyonce ' s voice " versatile " , capable of exploring power ballads , soul , rock belting , operatic flourishes , and hip hop . jon pareles of the new york times commented that her voice is " velvety yet tart , with an insistent flutter and reserves of soul belting " . rosen notes that the hip hop era highly influenced beyonce ' s strange rhythmic vocal style , but also finds her quite traditionalist in her use of balladry , gospel and falsetto . other critics praise her range and power , with chris richards of the washington post saying she was " capable of punctuating any beat with goose - bump - inducing whispers or full - bore diva - roars . " [ sep ] hip hop
beyonce ' s music is generally r & b , but she also incorporates pop , soul and funk into her songs . 4 demonstrated beyonce ' s exploration of 90s - style r & b , as well as further use of soul and hip hop than compared to previous releases . while she almost exclusively releases english songs , beyonce recorded several spanish songs for irreemplazable ( re - recordings of songs from b ' day for a spanish - language audience ) , and the re - release of b ' day . to record these , beyonce was coached phonetically by american record producer rudy perez . [ sep ] r & b
beyonce ' s music is generally r & b , but she also incorporates pop , soul and funk into her songs . 4 demonstrated beyonce ' s exploration of 90s - style r & b , as well as further use of soul and hip hop than compared to previous releases . while she almost exclusively releases english songs , beyonce recorded several spanish songs for irreemplazable ( re - recordings of songs from b ' day for a spanish - language audience ) , and the re - release of b ' day . to record these , beyonce was coached phonetically by american record producer rudy perez . [ sep ] pop , soul and funk
beyonce ' s music is generally r & b , but she also incorporates pop , soul and funk into her songs . 4 demonstrated beyonce ' s exploration of 90s - style r & b , as well as further use of soul and hip hop than compared to previous releases . while she almost exclusively releases english songs , beyonce recorded several spanish songs for irreemplazable ( re - recordings of songs from b ' day for a spanish - language audience ) , and the re - release of b ' day . to record these , beyonce was coached phonetically by american record producer rudy perez . [ sep ] spanish
beyonce ' s music is generally r & b , but she also incorporates pop , soul and funk into her songs . 4 demonstrated beyonce ' s exploration of 90s - style r & b , as well as further use of soul and hip hop than compared to previous releases . while she almost exclusively releases english songs , beyonce recorded several spanish songs for irreemplazable ( re - recordings of songs from b ' day for a spanish - language audience ) , and the re - release of b ' day . to record these , beyonce was coached phonetically by american record producer rudy perez . [ sep ] re - release of b ' day
beyonce ' s music is generally r & b , but she also incorporates pop , soul and funk into her songs . 4 demonstrated beyonce ' s exploration of 90s - style r & b , as well as further use of soul and hip hop than compared to previous releases . while she almost exclusively releases english songs , beyonce recorded several spanish songs for irreemplazable ( re - recordings of songs from b ' day for a spanish - language audience ) , and the re - release of b ' day . to record these , beyonce was coached phonetically by american record producer rudy perez . [ sep ] rudy perez
she has received co - writing credits for most of the songs recorded with destiny ' s child and her solo efforts . her early songs were personally driven and female - empowerment themed compositions like " independent women " and " survivor " , but after the start of her relationship with jay z she transitioned to more man - tending anthems such as " cater 2 u " . beyonce has also received co - producing credits for most of the records in which she has been involved , especially during her solo efforts . however , she does not formulate beats herself , but typically comes up with melodies and ideas during production , sharing them with producers . [ sep ] beats
she has received co - writing credits for most of the songs recorded with destiny ' s child and her solo efforts . her early songs were personally driven and female - empowerment themed compositions like " independent women " and " survivor " , but after the start of her relationship with jay z she transitioned to more man - tending anthems such as " cater 2 u " . beyonce has also received co - producing credits for most of the records in which she has been involved , especially during her solo efforts . however , she does not formulate beats herself , but typically comes up with melodies and ideas during production , sharing them with producers . [ sep ] cater 2 u
in 2001 , she became the first african - american woman and second woman songwriter to win the pop songwriter of the year award at the american society of composers , authors , and publishers pop music awards . beyonce was the third woman to have writing credits on three number one songs ( " irreplaceable " , " grillz " and " check on it " ) in the same year , after carole king in 1971 and mariah carey in 1991 . she is tied with american songwriter diane warren at third with nine songwriting credits on number - one singles . ( the latter wrote her 9 / 11 - motivated song " i was here " for 4 . ) in may 2011 , billboard magazine listed beyonce at number 17 on their list of the " top 20 hot 100 songwriters " , for having co - written eight singles that hit number one on the billboard hot 100 chart . she was one of only three women on that list . [ sep ] beyonce
in 2001 , she became the first african - american woman and second woman songwriter to win the pop songwriter of the year award at the american society of composers , authors , and publishers pop music awards . beyonce was the third woman to have writing credits on three number one songs ( " irreplaceable " , " grillz " and " check on it " ) in the same year , after carole king in 1971 and mariah carey in 1991 . she is tied with american songwriter diane warren at third with nine songwriting credits on number - one singles . ( the latter wrote her 9 / 11 - motivated song " i was here " for 4 . ) in may 2011 , billboard magazine listed beyonce at number 17 on their list of the " top 20 hot 100 songwriters " , for having co - written eight singles that hit number one on the billboard hot 100 chart . she was one of only three women on that list . [ sep ] american society of composers , authors , and publishers pop music awards
in 2001 , she became the first african - american woman and second woman songwriter to win the pop songwriter of the year award at the american society of composers , authors , and publishers pop music awards . beyonce was the third woman to have writing credits on three number one songs ( " irreplaceable " , " grillz " and " check on it " ) in the same year , after carole king in 1971 and mariah carey in 1991 . she is tied with american songwriter diane warren at third with nine songwriting credits on number - one singles . ( the latter wrote her 9 / 11 - motivated song " i was here " for 4 . ) in may 2011 , billboard magazine listed beyonce at number 17 on their list of the " top 20 hot 100 songwriters " , for having co - written eight singles that hit number one on the billboard hot 100 chart . she was one of only three women on that list . [ sep ] diane warren
in 2001 , she became the first african - american woman and second woman songwriter to win the pop songwriter of the year award at the american society of composers , authors , and publishers pop music awards . beyonce was the third woman to have writing credits on three number one songs ( " irreplaceable " , " grillz " and " check on it " ) in the same year , after carole king in 1971 and mariah carey in 1991 . she is tied with american songwriter diane warren at third with nine songwriting credits on number - one singles . ( the latter wrote her 9 / 11 - motivated song " i was here " for 4 . ) in may 2011 , billboard magazine listed beyonce at number 17 on their list of the " top 20 hot 100 songwriters " , for having co - written eight singles that hit number one on the billboard hot 100 chart . she was one of only three women on that list . [ sep ] top 20 hot 100 songwriters
beyonce names michael jackson as her major musical influence . aged five , beyonce attended her first ever concert where jackson performed and she claims to have realised her purpose . when she presented him with a tribute award at the world music awards in 2006 , beyonce said , " if it wasn ' t for michael jackson , i would never ever have performed . " she admires diana ross as an " all - around entertainer " and whitney houston , who she said " inspired me to get up there and do what she did . " she credits mariah carey ' s singing and her song " vision of love " as influencing her to begin practicing vocal runs as a child . her other musical influences include aaliyah , prince , lauryn hill , sade adu , donna summer , mary j . blige , janet jackson , anita baker and rachelle ferrell . [ sep ] michael jackson
beyonce names michael jackson as her major musical influence . aged five , beyonce attended her first ever concert where jackson performed and she claims to have realised her purpose . when she presented him with a tribute award at the world music awards in 2006 , beyonce said , " if it wasn ' t for michael jackson , i would never ever have performed . " she admires diana ross as an " all - around entertainer " and whitney houston , who she said " inspired me to get up there and do what she did . " she credits mariah carey ' s singing and her song " vision of love " as influencing her to begin practicing vocal runs as a child . her other musical influences include aaliyah , prince , lauryn hill , sade adu , donna summer , mary j . blige , janet jackson , anita baker and rachelle ferrell . [ sep ] five
beyonce names michael jackson as her major musical influence . aged five , beyonce attended her first ever concert where jackson performed and she claims to have realised her purpose . when she presented him with a tribute award at the world music awards in 2006 , beyonce said , " if it wasn ' t for michael jackson , i would never ever have performed . " she admires diana ross as an " all - around entertainer " and whitney houston , who she said " inspired me to get up there and do what she did . " she credits mariah carey ' s singing and her song " vision of love " as influencing her to begin practicing vocal runs as a child . her other musical influences include aaliyah , prince , lauryn hill , sade adu , donna summer , mary j . blige , janet jackson , anita baker and rachelle ferrell . [ sep ] michael jackson
beyonce names michael jackson as her major musical influence . aged five , beyonce attended her first ever concert where jackson performed and she claims to have realised her purpose . when she presented him with a tribute award at the world music awards in 2006 , beyonce said , " if it wasn ' t for michael jackson , i would never ever have performed . " she admires diana ross as an " all - around entertainer " and whitney houston , who she said " inspired me to get up there and do what she did . " she credits mariah carey ' s singing and her song " vision of love " as influencing her to begin practicing vocal runs as a child . her other musical influences include aaliyah , prince , lauryn hill , sade adu , donna summer , mary j . blige , janet jackson , anita baker and rachelle ferrell . [ sep ] vocal runs
the feminism and female empowerment themes on beyonce ' s second solo album b ' day were inspired by her role in dreamgirls and by singer josephine baker . beyonce paid homage to baker by performing " deja vu " at the 2006 fashion rocks concert wearing baker ' s trademark mini - hula skirt embellished with fake bananas . beyonce ' s third solo album i am . . . sasha fierce was inspired by jay z and especially by etta james , whose " boldness " inspired beyonce to explore other musical genres and styles . her fourth solo album , 4 , was inspired by fela kuti , 1990s r & b , earth , wind & fire , debarge , lionel richie , teena marie with additional influences by the jackson 5 , new edition , adele , florence and the machine , and prince . [ sep ] feminism and female empowerment
the feminism and female empowerment themes on beyonce ' s second solo album b ' day were inspired by her role in dreamgirls and by singer josephine baker . beyonce paid homage to baker by performing " deja vu " at the 2006 fashion rocks concert wearing baker ' s trademark mini - hula skirt embellished with fake bananas . beyonce ' s third solo album i am . . . sasha fierce was inspired by jay z and especially by etta james , whose " boldness " inspired beyonce to explore other musical genres and styles . her fourth solo album , 4 , was inspired by fela kuti , 1990s r & b , earth , wind & fire , debarge , lionel richie , teena marie with additional influences by the jackson 5 , new edition , adele , florence and the machine , and prince . [ sep ] josephine baker
the feminism and female empowerment themes on beyonce ' s second solo album b ' day were inspired by her role in dreamgirls and by singer josephine baker . beyonce paid homage to baker by performing " deja vu " at the 2006 fashion rocks concert wearing baker ' s trademark mini - hula skirt embellished with fake bananas . beyonce ' s third solo album i am . . . sasha fierce was inspired by jay z and especially by etta james , whose " boldness " inspired beyonce to explore other musical genres and styles . her fourth solo album , 4 , was inspired by fela kuti , 1990s r & b , earth , wind & fire , debarge , lionel richie , teena marie with additional influences by the jackson 5 , new edition , adele , florence and the machine , and prince . [ sep ] etta james
beyonce has stated that she is personally inspired by us first lady michelle obama , saying " she proves you can do it all " and she has described oprah winfrey as " the definition of inspiration and a strong woman " . she has also discussed how jay z is a continuing inspiration to her , both with what she describes as his lyrical genius and in the obstacles he has overcome in his life . beyonce has expressed admiration for the artist jean - michel basquiat , posting in a letter " what i find in the work of jean - michel basquiat , i search for in every day in music . . . he is lyrical and raw " . in february 2013 , beyonce said that madonna inspired her to take control of her own career . she commented : " i think about madonna and how she took all of the great things she achieved and started the label and developed other artists . but there are not enough of those women . " . [ sep ] michelle obama
beyonce has stated that she is personally inspired by us first lady michelle obama , saying " she proves you can do it all " and she has described oprah winfrey as " the definition of inspiration and a strong woman " . she has also discussed how jay z is a continuing inspiration to her , both with what she describes as his lyrical genius and in the obstacles he has overcome in his life . beyonce has expressed admiration for the artist jean - michel basquiat , posting in a letter " what i find in the work of jean - michel basquiat , i search for in every day in music . . . he is lyrical and raw " . in february 2013 , beyonce said that madonna inspired her to take control of her own career . she commented : " i think about madonna and how she took all of the great things she achieved and started the label and developed other artists . but there are not enough of those women . " . [ sep ] february 2013
beyonce has stated that she is personally inspired by us first lady michelle obama , saying " she proves you can do it all " and she has described oprah winfrey as " the definition of inspiration and a strong woman " . she has also discussed how jay z is a continuing inspiration to her , both with what she describes as his lyrical genius and in the obstacles he has overcome in his life . beyonce has expressed admiration for the artist jean - michel basquiat , posting in a letter " what i find in the work of jean - michel basquiat , i search for in every day in music . . . he is lyrical and raw " . in february 2013 , beyonce said that madonna inspired her to take control of her own career . she commented : " i think about madonna and how she took all of the great things she achieved and started the label and developed other artists . but there are not enough of those women . " . [ sep ] oprah winfrey
in 2006 , beyonce introduced her all - female tour band suga mama ( also the name of a song in b ' day ) which includes bassists , drummers , guitarists , horn players , keyboardists and percussionists . her background singers , the mamas , consist of montina cooper - donnell , crystal collins and tiffany monique riddick . they made their debut appearance at the 2006 bet awards and re - appeared in the music videos for " irreplaceable " and " green light " . the band have supported beyonce in most subsequent live performances , including her 2007 concert tour the beyonce experience , 2009 – 2010 i am . . . world tour and 2013 – 2014 the mrs . carter show world tour . [ sep ] suga mama
in 2006 , beyonce introduced her all - female tour band suga mama ( also the name of a song in b ' day ) which includes bassists , drummers , guitarists , horn players , keyboardists and percussionists . her background singers , the mamas , consist of montina cooper - donnell , crystal collins and tiffany monique riddick . they made their debut appearance at the 2006 bet awards and re - appeared in the music videos for " irreplaceable " and " green light " . the band have supported beyonce in most subsequent live performances , including her 2007 concert tour the beyonce experience , 2009 – 2010 i am . . . world tour and 2013 – 2014 the mrs . carter show world tour . [ sep ] the mamas
in 2006 , beyonce introduced her all - female tour band suga mama ( also the name of a song in b ' day ) which includes bassists , drummers , guitarists , horn players , keyboardists and percussionists . her background singers , the mamas , consist of montina cooper - donnell , crystal collins and tiffany monique riddick . they made their debut appearance at the 2006 bet awards and re - appeared in the music videos for " irreplaceable " and " green light " . the band have supported beyonce in most subsequent live performances , including her 2007 concert tour the beyonce experience , 2009 – 2010 i am . . . world tour and 2013 – 2014 the mrs . carter show world tour . [ sep ] montina cooper - donnell , crystal collins and tiffany monique riddick
in 2006 , beyonce introduced her all - female tour band suga mama ( also the name of a song in b ' day ) which includes bassists , drummers , guitarists , horn players , keyboardists and percussionists . her background singers , the mamas , consist of montina cooper - donnell , crystal collins and tiffany monique riddick . they made their debut appearance at the 2006 bet awards and re - appeared in the music videos for " irreplaceable " and " green light " . the band have supported beyonce in most subsequent live performances , including her 2007 concert tour the beyonce experience , 2009 – 2010 i am . . . world tour and 2013 – 2014 the mrs . carter show world tour . [ sep ] 2006
beyonce has received praise for her stage presence and voice during live performances . jarett wieselman of the new york post placed her at number one on her list of the five best singer / dancers . according to barbara ellen of the guardian beyonce is the most in - charge female artist she ' s seen onstage , while alice jones of the independent wrote she " takes her role as entertainer so seriously she ' s almost too good . " the ex - president of def jam l . a . reid has described beyonce as the greatest entertainer alive . jim farber of the daily news and stephanie classen of star phoenix both praised her strong voice and her stage presence . [ sep ] stage presence and voice
beyonce has received praise for her stage presence and voice during live performances . jarett wieselman of the new york post placed her at number one on her list of the five best singer / dancers . according to barbara ellen of the guardian beyonce is the most in - charge female artist she ' s seen onstage , while alice jones of the independent wrote she " takes her role as entertainer so seriously she ' s almost too good . " the ex - president of def jam l . a . reid has described beyonce as the greatest entertainer alive . jim farber of the daily news and stephanie classen of star phoenix both praised her strong voice and her stage presence . [ sep ] l . a . reid
described as being " sexy , seductive and provocative " when performing on stage , beyonce has said that she originally created the alter ego " sasha fierce " to keep that stage persona separate from who she really is . she described sasha as being " too aggressive , too strong , too sassy [ and ] too sexy " , stating , " i ' m not like her in real life at all . " sasha was conceived during the making of " crazy in love " , and beyonce introduced her with the release of her 2008 album i am . . . sasha fierce . in february 2010 , she announced in an interview with allure magazine that she was comfortable enough with herself to no longer need sasha fierce . however , beyonce announced in may 2012 that she would bring her back for her revel presents : beyonce live shows later that month . [ sep ] sasha fierce
described as being " sexy , seductive and provocative " when performing on stage , beyonce has said that she originally created the alter ego " sasha fierce " to keep that stage persona separate from who she really is . she described sasha as being " too aggressive , too strong , too sassy [ and ] too sexy " , stating , " i ' m not like her in real life at all . " sasha was conceived during the making of " crazy in love " , and beyonce introduced her with the release of her 2008 album i am . . . sasha fierce . in february 2010 , she announced in an interview with allure magazine that she was comfortable enough with herself to no longer need sasha fierce . however , beyonce announced in may 2012 that she would bring her back for her revel presents : beyonce live shows later that month . [ sep ] making of " crazy in love "
described as being " sexy , seductive and provocative " when performing on stage , beyonce has said that she originally created the alter ego " sasha fierce " to keep that stage persona separate from who she really is . she described sasha as being " too aggressive , too strong , too sassy [ and ] too sexy " , stating , " i ' m not like her in real life at all . " sasha was conceived during the making of " crazy in love " , and beyonce introduced her with the release of her 2008 album i am . . . sasha fierce . in february 2010 , she announced in an interview with allure magazine that she was comfortable enough with herself to no longer need sasha fierce . however , beyonce announced in may 2012 that she would bring her back for her revel presents : beyonce live shows later that month . [ sep ] 2010
described as being " sexy , seductive and provocative " when performing on stage , beyonce has said that she originally created the alter ego " sasha fierce " to keep that stage persona separate from who she really is . she described sasha as being " too aggressive , too strong , too sassy [ and ] too sexy " , stating , " i ' m not like her in real life at all . " sasha was conceived during the making of " crazy in love " , and beyonce introduced her with the release of her 2008 album i am . . . sasha fierce . in february 2010 , she announced in an interview with allure magazine that she was comfortable enough with herself to no longer need sasha fierce . however , beyonce announced in may 2012 that she would bring her back for her revel presents : beyonce live shows later that month . [ sep ] revel presents : beyonce live
beyonce has been described as a having a wide - ranging sex appeal , with music journalist toure writing that since the release of dangerously in love , she has " become a crossover sex symbol " . offstage beyonce says that while she likes to dress sexily , her onstage dress " is absolutely for the stage . " due to her curves and the term ' s catchiness , in the 2000s , the media often used the term " bootylicious " ( a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious ) to describe beyonce , the term popularized by destiny ' s child ' s single of the same name . in 2006 , it was added to the oxford english dictionary . [ sep ] wide - ranging
beyonce has been described as a having a wide - ranging sex appeal , with music journalist toure writing that since the release of dangerously in love , she has " become a crossover sex symbol " . offstage beyonce says that while she likes to dress sexily , her onstage dress " is absolutely for the stage . " due to her curves and the term ' s catchiness , in the 2000s , the media often used the term " bootylicious " ( a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious ) to describe beyonce , the term popularized by destiny ' s child ' s single of the same name . in 2006 , it was added to the oxford english dictionary . [ sep ] toure
beyonce has been described as a having a wide - ranging sex appeal , with music journalist toure writing that since the release of dangerously in love , she has " become a crossover sex symbol " . offstage beyonce says that while she likes to dress sexily , her onstage dress " is absolutely for the stage . " due to her curves and the term ' s catchiness , in the 2000s , the media often used the term " bootylicious " ( a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious ) to describe beyonce , the term popularized by destiny ' s child ' s single of the same name . in 2006 , it was added to the oxford english dictionary . [ sep ] bootylicious
beyonce has been described as a having a wide - ranging sex appeal , with music journalist toure writing that since the release of dangerously in love , she has " become a crossover sex symbol " . offstage beyonce says that while she likes to dress sexily , her onstage dress " is absolutely for the stage . " due to her curves and the term ' s catchiness , in the 2000s , the media often used the term " bootylicious " ( a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious ) to describe beyonce , the term popularized by destiny ' s child ' s single of the same name . in 2006 , it was added to the oxford english dictionary . [ sep ] destiny ' s child
beyonce has been described as a having a wide - ranging sex appeal , with music journalist toure writing that since the release of dangerously in love , she has " become a crossover sex symbol " . offstage beyonce says that while she likes to dress sexily , her onstage dress " is absolutely for the stage . " due to her curves and the term ' s catchiness , in the 2000s , the media often used the term " bootylicious " ( a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious ) to describe beyonce , the term popularized by destiny ' s child ' s single of the same name . in 2006 , it was added to the oxford english dictionary . [ sep ] bootylicious
in september 2010 , beyonce made her runway modelling debut at tom ford ' s spring / summer 2011 fashion show . she was named " world ' s most beautiful woman " by people and the " hottest female singer of all time " by complex in 2012 . in january 2013 , gq placed her on its cover , featuring her atop its " 100 sexiest women of the 21st century " list . vh1 listed her at number 1 on its 100 sexiest artists list . several wax figures of beyonce are found at madame tussauds wax museums in major cities around the world , including new york , washington , d . c . , amsterdam , bangkok , hollywood and sydney . [ sep ] modelling
in september 2010 , beyonce made her runway modelling debut at tom ford ' s spring / summer 2011 fashion show . she was named " world ' s most beautiful woman " by people and the " hottest female singer of all time " by complex in 2012 . in january 2013 , gq placed her on its cover , featuring her atop its " 100 sexiest women of the 21st century " list . vh1 listed her at number 1 on its 100 sexiest artists list . several wax figures of beyonce are found at madame tussauds wax museums in major cities around the world , including new york , washington , d . c . , amsterdam , bangkok , hollywood and sydney . [ sep ] tom ford ' s spring / summer 2011 fashion show
in september 2010 , beyonce made her runway modelling debut at tom ford ' s spring / summer 2011 fashion show . she was named " world ' s most beautiful woman " by people and the " hottest female singer of all time " by complex in 2012 . in january 2013 , gq placed her on its cover , featuring her atop its " 100 sexiest women of the 21st century " list . vh1 listed her at number 1 on its 100 sexiest artists list . several wax figures of beyonce are found at madame tussauds wax museums in major cities around the world , including new york , washington , d . c . , amsterdam , bangkok , hollywood and sydney . [ sep ] people
in september 2010 , beyonce made her runway modelling debut at tom ford ' s spring / summer 2011 fashion show . she was named " world ' s most beautiful woman " by people and the " hottest female singer of all time " by complex in 2012 . in january 2013 , gq placed her on its cover , featuring her atop its " 100 sexiest women of the 21st century " list . vh1 listed her at number 1 on its 100 sexiest artists list . several wax figures of beyonce are found at madame tussauds wax museums in major cities around the world , including new york , washington , d . c . , amsterdam , bangkok , hollywood and sydney . [ sep ] january 2013
in september 2010 , beyonce made her runway modelling debut at tom ford ' s spring / summer 2011 fashion show . she was named " world ' s most beautiful woman " by people and the " hottest female singer of all time " by complex in 2012 . in january 2013 , gq placed her on its cover , featuring her atop its " 100 sexiest women of the 21st century " list . vh1 listed her at number 1 on its 100 sexiest artists list . several wax figures of beyonce are found at madame tussauds wax museums in major cities around the world , including new york , washington , d . c . , amsterdam , bangkok , hollywood and sydney . [ sep ] vh1
according to italian fashion designer roberto cavalli , beyonce uses different fashion styles to work with her music while performing . her mother co - wrote a book , published in 2002 , titled destiny ' s style an account of how fashion had an impact on the trio ' s success . the b ' day anthology video album showed many instances of fashion - oriented footage , depicting classic to contemporary wardrobe styles . in 2007 , beyonce was featured on the cover of the sports illustrated swimsuit issue , becoming the second african american woman after tyra banks , and people magazine recognized beyonce as the best - dressed celebrity . [ sep ] her mother
according to italian fashion designer roberto cavalli , beyonce uses different fashion styles to work with her music while performing . her mother co - wrote a book , published in 2002 , titled destiny ' s style an account of how fashion had an impact on the trio ' s success . the b ' day anthology video album showed many instances of fashion - oriented footage , depicting classic to contemporary wardrobe styles . in 2007 , beyonce was featured on the cover of the sports illustrated swimsuit issue , becoming the second african american woman after tyra banks , and people magazine recognized beyonce as the best - dressed celebrity . [ sep ] tyra banks
the bey hive is the name given to beyonce ' s fan base . fans were previously titled " the beyontourage " , ( a portmanteau of beyonce and entourage ) . the name bey hive derives from the word beehive , purposely misspelled to resemble her first name , and was penned by fans after petitions on the online social networking service twitter and online news reports during competitions . [ sep ] the bey hive
the bey hive is the name given to beyonce ' s fan base . fans were previously titled " the beyontourage " , ( a portmanteau of beyonce and entourage ) . the name bey hive derives from the word beehive , purposely misspelled to resemble her first name , and was penned by fans after petitions on the online social networking service twitter and online news reports during competitions . [ sep ] the beyontourage
the bey hive is the name given to beyonce ' s fan base . fans were previously titled " the beyontourage " , ( a portmanteau of beyonce and entourage ) . the name bey hive derives from the word beehive , purposely misspelled to resemble her first name , and was penned by fans after petitions on the online social networking service twitter and online news reports during competitions . [ sep ] twitter
in 2006 , the animal rights organization people for the ethical treatment of animals ( peta ) , criticized beyonce for wearing and using fur in her clothing line house of dereon . in 2011 , she appeared on the cover of french fashion magazine l ' officiel , in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media . a statement released from a spokesperson for the magazine said that beyonce ' s look was " far from the glamorous sasha fierce " and that it was " a return to her african roots " . [ sep ] house of dereon
in 2006 , the animal rights organization people for the ethical treatment of animals ( peta ) , criticized beyonce for wearing and using fur in her clothing line house of dereon . in 2011 , she appeared on the cover of french fashion magazine l ' officiel , in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media . a statement released from a spokesperson for the magazine said that beyonce ' s look was " far from the glamorous sasha fierce " and that it was " a return to her african roots " . [ sep ] l ' officiel
in 2006 , the animal rights organization people for the ethical treatment of animals ( peta ) , criticized beyonce for wearing and using fur in her clothing line house of dereon . in 2011 , she appeared on the cover of french fashion magazine l ' officiel , in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media . a statement released from a spokesperson for the magazine said that beyonce ' s look was " far from the glamorous sasha fierce " and that it was " a return to her african roots " . [ sep ] blackface and tribal makeup
in 2006 , the animal rights organization people for the ethical treatment of animals ( peta ) , criticized beyonce for wearing and using fur in her clothing line house of dereon . in 2011 , she appeared on the cover of french fashion magazine l ' officiel , in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media . a statement released from a spokesperson for the magazine said that beyonce ' s look was " far from the glamorous sasha fierce " and that it was " a return to her african roots " . [ sep ] 2006
beyonce ' s lighter skin color and costuming has drawn criticism from some in the african - american community . emmett price , a professor of music at northeastern university , wrote in 2007 , that he thinks race plays a role in many of these criticisms , saying white celebrities who dress similarly do not attract as many comments . in 2008 , l ' oreal was accused of whitening her skin in their feria hair color advertisements , responding that " it is categorically untrue " , and in 2013 , beyonce herself criticized h & m for their proposed " retouching " of promotional images of her , and according to vogue requested that only " natural pictures be used " . [ sep ] african - american
beyonce ' s lighter skin color and costuming has drawn criticism from some in the african - american community . emmett price , a professor of music at northeastern university , wrote in 2007 , that he thinks race plays a role in many of these criticisms , saying white celebrities who dress similarly do not attract as many comments . in 2008 , l ' oreal was accused of whitening her skin in their feria hair color advertisements , responding that " it is categorically untrue " , and in 2013 , beyonce herself criticized h & m for their proposed " retouching " of promotional images of her , and according to vogue requested that only " natural pictures be used " . [ sep ] emmett price
beyonce ' s lighter skin color and costuming has drawn criticism from some in the african - american community . emmett price , a professor of music at northeastern university , wrote in 2007 , that he thinks race plays a role in many of these criticisms , saying white celebrities who dress similarly do not attract as many comments . in 2008 , l ' oreal was accused of whitening her skin in their feria hair color advertisements , responding that " it is categorically untrue " , and in 2013 , beyonce herself criticized h & m for their proposed " retouching " of promotional images of her , and according to vogue requested that only " natural pictures be used " . [ sep ] l ' oreal
in the new yorker music critic jody rosen described beyonce as " the most important and compelling popular musician of the twenty - first century . . . . . the result , the logical end point , of a century - plus of pop . " when the guardian named her artist of the decade , llewyn - smith wrote , " why beyonce ? [ . . . ] because she made not one but two of the decade ' s greatest singles , with crazy in love and single ladies ( put a ring on it ) , not to mention her hits with destiny ' s child ; and this was the decade when singles – particularly r & b singles – regained their status as pop ' s favourite medium . [ . . . ] [ she ] and not any superannuated rock star was arguably the greatest live performer of the past 10 years . " in 2013 , beyonce made the time 100 list , baz luhrmann writing " no one has that voice , no one moves the way she moves , no one can hold an audience the way she does . . . when beyonce does an album , when beyonce sings a song , when beyonce does anything , it ' s an event , and it ' s broadly influential . right now , she is the heir - apparent diva of the usa — the reigning national voice . " in 2014 , beyonce was listed again on the time 100 and also featured on the cover of the issue . [ sep ] the guardian
in the new yorker music critic jody rosen described beyonce as " the most important and compelling popular musician of the twenty - first century . . . . . the result , the logical end point , of a century - plus of pop . " when the guardian named her artist of the decade , llewyn - smith wrote , " why beyonce ? [ . . . ] because she made not one but two of the decade ' s greatest singles , with crazy in love and single ladies ( put a ring on it ) , not to mention her hits with destiny ' s child ; and this was the decade when singles – particularly r & b singles – regained their status as pop ' s favourite medium . [ . . . ] [ she ] and not any superannuated rock star was arguably the greatest live performer of the past 10 years . " in 2013 , beyonce made the time 100 list , baz luhrmann writing " no one has that voice , no one moves the way she moves , no one can hold an audience the way she does . . . when beyonce does an album , when beyonce sings a song , when beyonce does anything , it ' s an event , and it ' s broadly influential . right now , she is the heir - apparent diva of the usa — the reigning national voice . " in 2014 , beyonce was listed again on the time 100 and also featured on the cover of the issue . [ sep ] 2013
in the new yorker music critic jody rosen described beyonce as " the most important and compelling popular musician of the twenty - first century . . . . . the result , the logical end point , of a century - plus of pop . " when the guardian named her artist of the decade , llewyn - smith wrote , " why beyonce ? [ . . . ] because she made not one but two of the decade ' s greatest singles , with crazy in love and single ladies ( put a ring on it ) , not to mention her hits with destiny ' s child ; and this was the decade when singles – particularly r & b singles – regained their status as pop ' s favourite medium . [ . . . ] [ she ] and not any superannuated rock star was arguably the greatest live performer of the past 10 years . " in 2013 , beyonce made the time 100 list , baz luhrmann writing " no one has that voice , no one moves the way she moves , no one can hold an audience the way she does . . . when beyonce does an album , when beyonce sings a song , when beyonce does anything , it ' s an event , and it ' s broadly influential . right now , she is the heir - apparent diva of the usa — the reigning national voice . " in 2014 , beyonce was listed again on the time 100 and also featured on the cover of the issue . [ sep ] 2014
beyonce ' s work has influenced numerous artists including adele , ariana grande , lady gaga , bridgit mendler , rihanna , kelly rowland , sam smith , meghan trainor , nicole scherzinger , rita ora , zendaya , cheryl cole , jojo , alexis jordan , jessica sanchez , and azealia banks . american indie rock band white rabbits also cited her an inspiration for their third album milk famous ( 2012 ) , friend gwyneth paltrow studied beyonce at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film country strong . nicki minaj has stated that seeing beyonce ' s pepsi commercial influenced her decision to appear in the company ' s 2012 global campaign . [ sep ] white rabbits
beyonce ' s work has influenced numerous artists including adele , ariana grande , lady gaga , bridgit mendler , rihanna , kelly rowland , sam smith , meghan trainor , nicole scherzinger , rita ora , zendaya , cheryl cole , jojo , alexis jordan , jessica sanchez , and azealia banks . american indie rock band white rabbits also cited her an inspiration for their third album milk famous ( 2012 ) , friend gwyneth paltrow studied beyonce at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film country strong . nicki minaj has stated that seeing beyonce ' s pepsi commercial influenced her decision to appear in the company ' s 2012 global campaign . [ sep ] gwyneth paltrow
beyonce ' s work has influenced numerous artists including adele , ariana grande , lady gaga , bridgit mendler , rihanna , kelly rowland , sam smith , meghan trainor , nicole scherzinger , rita ora , zendaya , cheryl cole , jojo , alexis jordan , jessica sanchez , and azealia banks . american indie rock band white rabbits also cited her an inspiration for their third album milk famous ( 2012 ) , friend gwyneth paltrow studied beyonce at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film country strong . nicki minaj has stated that seeing beyonce ' s pepsi commercial influenced her decision to appear in the company ' s 2012 global campaign . [ sep ] pepsi
her debut single , " crazy in love " was named vh1 ' s " greatest song of the 2000s " , nme ' s " best track of the 00s " and " pop song of the century " , considered by rolling stone to be one of the 500 greatest songs of all time , earned two grammy awards and is one of the best - selling singles of all time at around 8 million copies . the music video for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , which achieved fame for its intricate choreography and its deployment of jazz hands , was credited by the toronto star as having started the " first major dance craze of both the new millennium and the internet " , triggering a number of parodies of the dance choreography and a legion of amateur imitators on youtube . in 2013 , drake released a single titled " girls love beyonce " , which featured an interpolation from destiny child ' s " say my name " and discussed his relationship with women . in january 2012 , research scientist bryan lessard named scaptia beyonceae , a species of horse fly found in northern queensland , australia after beyonce due to the fly ' s unique golden hairs on its abdomen . in july 2014 , a beyonce exhibit was introduced into the " legends of rock " section of the rock and roll hall of fame . the black leotard from the " single ladies " video and her outfit from the super bowl half time performance are among several pieces housed at the museum . [ sep ] crazy in love
her debut single , " crazy in love " was named vh1 ' s " greatest song of the 2000s " , nme ' s " best track of the 00s " and " pop song of the century " , considered by rolling stone to be one of the 500 greatest songs of all time , earned two grammy awards and is one of the best - selling singles of all time at around 8 million copies . the music video for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , which achieved fame for its intricate choreography and its deployment of jazz hands , was credited by the toronto star as having started the " first major dance craze of both the new millennium and the internet " , triggering a number of parodies of the dance choreography and a legion of amateur imitators on youtube . in 2013 , drake released a single titled " girls love beyonce " , which featured an interpolation from destiny child ' s " say my name " and discussed his relationship with women . in january 2012 , research scientist bryan lessard named scaptia beyonceae , a species of horse fly found in northern queensland , australia after beyonce due to the fly ' s unique golden hairs on its abdomen . in july 2014 , a beyonce exhibit was introduced into the " legends of rock " section of the rock and roll hall of fame . the black leotard from the " single ladies " video and her outfit from the super bowl half time performance are among several pieces housed at the museum . [ sep ] two
her debut single , " crazy in love " was named vh1 ' s " greatest song of the 2000s " , nme ' s " best track of the 00s " and " pop song of the century " , considered by rolling stone to be one of the 500 greatest songs of all time , earned two grammy awards and is one of the best - selling singles of all time at around 8 million copies . the music video for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , which achieved fame for its intricate choreography and its deployment of jazz hands , was credited by the toronto star as having started the " first major dance craze of both the new millennium and the internet " , triggering a number of parodies of the dance choreography and a legion of amateur imitators on youtube . in 2013 , drake released a single titled " girls love beyonce " , which featured an interpolation from destiny child ' s " say my name " and discussed his relationship with women . in january 2012 , research scientist bryan lessard named scaptia beyonceae , a species of horse fly found in northern queensland , australia after beyonce due to the fly ' s unique golden hairs on its abdomen . in july 2014 , a beyonce exhibit was introduced into the " legends of rock " section of the rock and roll hall of fame . the black leotard from the " single ladies " video and her outfit from the super bowl half time performance are among several pieces housed at the museum . [ sep ] 8 million
her debut single , " crazy in love " was named vh1 ' s " greatest song of the 2000s " , nme ' s " best track of the 00s " and " pop song of the century " , considered by rolling stone to be one of the 500 greatest songs of all time , earned two grammy awards and is one of the best - selling singles of all time at around 8 million copies . the music video for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , which achieved fame for its intricate choreography and its deployment of jazz hands , was credited by the toronto star as having started the " first major dance craze of both the new millennium and the internet " , triggering a number of parodies of the dance choreography and a legion of amateur imitators on youtube . in 2013 , drake released a single titled " girls love beyonce " , which featured an interpolation from destiny child ' s " say my name " and discussed his relationship with women . in january 2012 , research scientist bryan lessard named scaptia beyonceae , a species of horse fly found in northern queensland , australia after beyonce due to the fly ' s unique golden hairs on its abdomen . in july 2014 , a beyonce exhibit was introduced into the " legends of rock " section of the rock and roll hall of fame . the black leotard from the " single ladies " video and her outfit from the super bowl half time performance are among several pieces housed at the museum . [ sep ] fly
her debut single , " crazy in love " was named vh1 ' s " greatest song of the 2000s " , nme ' s " best track of the 00s " and " pop song of the century " , considered by rolling stone to be one of the 500 greatest songs of all time , earned two grammy awards and is one of the best - selling singles of all time at around 8 million copies . the music video for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , which achieved fame for its intricate choreography and its deployment of jazz hands , was credited by the toronto star as having started the " first major dance craze of both the new millennium and the internet " , triggering a number of parodies of the dance choreography and a legion of amateur imitators on youtube . in 2013 , drake released a single titled " girls love beyonce " , which featured an interpolation from destiny child ' s " say my name " and discussed his relationship with women . in january 2012 , research scientist bryan lessard named scaptia beyonceae , a species of horse fly found in northern queensland , australia after beyonce due to the fly ' s unique golden hairs on its abdomen . in july 2014 , a beyonce exhibit was introduced into the " legends of rock " section of the rock and roll hall of fame . the black leotard from the " single ladies " video and her outfit from the super bowl half time performance are among several pieces housed at the museum . [ sep ] july 2014
beyonce has received numerous awards . as a solo artist she has sold over 15 million albums in the us , and over 118 million records worldwide ( a further 60 million additionally with destiny ' s child ) , making her one of the best - selling music artists of all time . the recording industry association of america ( riaa ) listed beyonce as the top certified artist of the 2000s , with a total of 64 certifications . her songs " crazy in love " , " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , " halo " , and " irreplaceable " are some of the best - selling singles of all time worldwide . in 2009 , the observer named her the artist of the decade and billboard named her the top female artist and top radio songs artist of the decade . in 2010 , billboard named her in their " top 50 r & b / hip - hop artists of the past 25 years " list at number 15 . in 2012 vh1 ranked her third on their list of the " 100 greatest women in music " . beyonce was the first female artist to be honored with the international artist award at the american music awards . she has also received the legend award at the 2008 world music awards and the billboard millennium award at the 2011 billboard music awards . [ sep ] 15 million
beyonce has received numerous awards . as a solo artist she has sold over 15 million albums in the us , and over 118 million records worldwide ( a further 60 million additionally with destiny ' s child ) , making her one of the best - selling music artists of all time . the recording industry association of america ( riaa ) listed beyonce as the top certified artist of the 2000s , with a total of 64 certifications . her songs " crazy in love " , " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , " halo " , and " irreplaceable " are some of the best - selling singles of all time worldwide . in 2009 , the observer named her the artist of the decade and billboard named her the top female artist and top radio songs artist of the decade . in 2010 , billboard named her in their " top 50 r & b / hip - hop artists of the past 25 years " list at number 15 . in 2012 vh1 ranked her third on their list of the " 100 greatest women in music " . beyonce was the first female artist to be honored with the international artist award at the american music awards . she has also received the legend award at the 2008 world music awards and the billboard millennium award at the 2011 billboard music awards . [ sep ] 118 million
beyonce has received numerous awards . as a solo artist she has sold over 15 million albums in the us , and over 118 million records worldwide ( a further 60 million additionally with destiny ' s child ) , making her one of the best - selling music artists of all time . the recording industry association of america ( riaa ) listed beyonce as the top certified artist of the 2000s , with a total of 64 certifications . her songs " crazy in love " , " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , " halo " , and " irreplaceable " are some of the best - selling singles of all time worldwide . in 2009 , the observer named her the artist of the decade and billboard named her the top female artist and top radio songs artist of the decade . in 2010 , billboard named her in their " top 50 r & b / hip - hop artists of the past 25 years " list at number 15 . in 2012 vh1 ranked her third on their list of the " 100 greatest women in music " . beyonce was the first female artist to be honored with the international artist award at the american music awards . she has also received the legend award at the 2008 world music awards and the billboard millennium award at the 2011 billboard music awards . [ sep ] 64
beyonce has received numerous awards . as a solo artist she has sold over 15 million albums in the us , and over 118 million records worldwide ( a further 60 million additionally with destiny ' s child ) , making her one of the best - selling music artists of all time . the recording industry association of america ( riaa ) listed beyonce as the top certified artist of the 2000s , with a total of 64 certifications . her songs " crazy in love " , " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , " halo " , and " irreplaceable " are some of the best - selling singles of all time worldwide . in 2009 , the observer named her the artist of the decade and billboard named her the top female artist and top radio songs artist of the decade . in 2010 , billboard named her in their " top 50 r & b / hip - hop artists of the past 25 years " list at number 15 . in 2012 vh1 ranked her third on their list of the " 100 greatest women in music " . beyonce was the first female artist to be honored with the international artist award at the american music awards . she has also received the legend award at the 2008 world music awards and the billboard millennium award at the 2011 billboard music awards . [ sep ] 60 million
beyonce has received numerous awards . as a solo artist she has sold over 15 million albums in the us , and over 118 million records worldwide ( a further 60 million additionally with destiny ' s child ) , making her one of the best - selling music artists of all time . the recording industry association of america ( riaa ) listed beyonce as the top certified artist of the 2000s , with a total of 64 certifications . her songs " crazy in love " , " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , " halo " , and " irreplaceable " are some of the best - selling singles of all time worldwide . in 2009 , the observer named her the artist of the decade and billboard named her the top female artist and top radio songs artist of the decade . in 2010 , billboard named her in their " top 50 r & b / hip - hop artists of the past 25 years " list at number 15 . in 2012 vh1 ranked her third on their list of the " 100 greatest women in music " . beyonce was the first female artist to be honored with the international artist award at the american music awards . she has also received the legend award at the 2008 world music awards and the billboard millennium award at the 2011 billboard music awards . [ sep ] beyonce
beyonce has won 20 grammy awards , both as a solo artist and member of destiny ' s child , making her the second most honored female artist by the grammys , behind alison krauss and the most nominated woman in grammy award history with 52 nominations . " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " won song of the year in 2010 while " say my name " and " crazy in love " had previously won best r & b song . dangerously in love , b ' day and i am . . . sasha fierce have all won best contemporary r & b album . beyonce set the record for the most grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010 when she won six awards , breaking the tie she previously held with alicia keys , norah jones , alison krauss , and amy winehouse , with adele equaling this in 2012 . following her role in dreamgirls she was nominated for best original song for " listen " and best actress at the golden globe awards , and outstanding actress in a motion picture at the naacp image awards . beyonce won two awards at the broadcast film critics association awards 2006 ; best song for " listen " and best original soundtrack for dreamgirls : music from the motion picture . [ sep ] 20
beyonce has won 20 grammy awards , both as a solo artist and member of destiny ' s child , making her the second most honored female artist by the grammys , behind alison krauss and the most nominated woman in grammy award history with 52 nominations . " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " won song of the year in 2010 while " say my name " and " crazy in love " had previously won best r & b song . dangerously in love , b ' day and i am . . . sasha fierce have all won best contemporary r & b album . beyonce set the record for the most grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010 when she won six awards , breaking the tie she previously held with alicia keys , norah jones , alison krauss , and amy winehouse , with adele equaling this in 2012 . following her role in dreamgirls she was nominated for best original song for " listen " and best actress at the golden globe awards , and outstanding actress in a motion picture at the naacp image awards . beyonce won two awards at the broadcast film critics association awards 2006 ; best song for " listen " and best original soundtrack for dreamgirls : music from the motion picture . [ sep ] alison krauss
beyonce has won 20 grammy awards , both as a solo artist and member of destiny ' s child , making her the second most honored female artist by the grammys , behind alison krauss and the most nominated woman in grammy award history with 52 nominations . " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " won song of the year in 2010 while " say my name " and " crazy in love " had previously won best r & b song . dangerously in love , b ' day and i am . . . sasha fierce have all won best contemporary r & b album . beyonce set the record for the most grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010 when she won six awards , breaking the tie she previously held with alicia keys , norah jones , alison krauss , and amy winehouse , with adele equaling this in 2012 . following her role in dreamgirls she was nominated for best original song for " listen " and best actress at the golden globe awards , and outstanding actress in a motion picture at the naacp image awards . beyonce won two awards at the broadcast film critics association awards 2006 ; best song for " listen " and best original soundtrack for dreamgirls : music from the motion picture . [ sep ] 52
beyonce has won 20 grammy awards , both as a solo artist and member of destiny ' s child , making her the second most honored female artist by the grammys , behind alison krauss and the most nominated woman in grammy award history with 52 nominations . " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " won song of the year in 2010 while " say my name " and " crazy in love " had previously won best r & b song . dangerously in love , b ' day and i am . . . sasha fierce have all won best contemporary r & b album . beyonce set the record for the most grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010 when she won six awards , breaking the tie she previously held with alicia keys , norah jones , alison krauss , and amy winehouse , with adele equaling this in 2012 . following her role in dreamgirls she was nominated for best original song for " listen " and best actress at the golden globe awards , and outstanding actress in a motion picture at the naacp image awards . beyonce won two awards at the broadcast film critics association awards 2006 ; best song for " listen " and best original soundtrack for dreamgirls : music from the motion picture . [ sep ] six
beyonce has won 20 grammy awards , both as a solo artist and member of destiny ' s child , making her the second most honored female artist by the grammys , behind alison krauss and the most nominated woman in grammy award history with 52 nominations . " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " won song of the year in 2010 while " say my name " and " crazy in love " had previously won best r & b song . dangerously in love , b ' day and i am . . . sasha fierce have all won best contemporary r & b album . beyonce set the record for the most grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010 when she won six awards , breaking the tie she previously held with alicia keys , norah jones , alison krauss , and amy winehouse , with adele equaling this in 2012 . following her role in dreamgirls she was nominated for best original song for " listen " and best actress at the golden globe awards , and outstanding actress in a motion picture at the naacp image awards . beyonce won two awards at the broadcast film critics association awards 2006 ; best song for " listen " and best original soundtrack for dreamgirls : music from the motion picture . [ sep ] two
beyonce has worked with pepsi since 2002 , and in 2004 appeared in a gladiator - themed commercial with britney spears , pink , and enrique iglesias . in 2012 , beyonce signed a $ 50 million deal to endorse pepsi . the center for science in the public interest ( cspinet ) wrote beyonce an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation . nevertheless , netbase found that beyonce ' s campaign was the most talked about endorsement in april 2013 , with a 70 per cent positive audience response to the commercial and print ads . [ sep ] pepsi
beyonce has worked with pepsi since 2002 , and in 2004 appeared in a gladiator - themed commercial with britney spears , pink , and enrique iglesias . in 2012 , beyonce signed a $ 50 million deal to endorse pepsi . the center for science in the public interest ( cspinet ) wrote beyonce an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation . nevertheless , netbase found that beyonce ' s campaign was the most talked about endorsement in april 2013 , with a 70 per cent positive audience response to the commercial and print ads . [ sep ] 50 million
beyonce has worked with pepsi since 2002 , and in 2004 appeared in a gladiator - themed commercial with britney spears , pink , and enrique iglesias . in 2012 , beyonce signed a $ 50 million deal to endorse pepsi . the center for science in the public interest ( cspinet ) wrote beyonce an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation . nevertheless , netbase found that beyonce ' s campaign was the most talked about endorsement in april 2013 , with a 70 per cent positive audience response to the commercial and print ads . [ sep ] the center for science in the public interest ( cspinet )
beyonce has worked with pepsi since 2002 , and in 2004 appeared in a gladiator - themed commercial with britney spears , pink , and enrique iglesias . in 2012 , beyonce signed a $ 50 million deal to endorse pepsi . the center for science in the public interest ( cspinet ) wrote beyonce an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation . nevertheless , netbase found that beyonce ' s campaign was the most talked about endorsement in april 2013 , with a 70 per cent positive audience response to the commercial and print ads . [ sep ] 70
beyonce has worked with tommy hilfiger for the fragrances true star ( singing a cover version of " wishing on a star " ) and true star gold ; she also promoted emporio armani ' s diamonds fragrance in 2007 . beyonce launched her first official fragrance , heat in 2010 . the commercial , which featured the 1956 song " fever " , was shown after the water shed in the united kingdom as it begins with an image of beyonce appearing to lie naked in a room . in february 2011 , beyonce launched her second fragrance , heat rush . beyonce ' s third fragrance , pulse , was launched in september 2011 . in 2013 , the mrs . carter show limited edition version of heat was released . the six editions of heat are the world ' s best - selling celebrity fragrance line , with sales of over $ 400 million . [ sep ] tommy hilfiger
beyonce has worked with tommy hilfiger for the fragrances true star ( singing a cover version of " wishing on a star " ) and true star gold ; she also promoted emporio armani ' s diamonds fragrance in 2007 . beyonce launched her first official fragrance , heat in 2010 . the commercial , which featured the 1956 song " fever " , was shown after the water shed in the united kingdom as it begins with an image of beyonce appearing to lie naked in a room . in february 2011 , beyonce launched her second fragrance , heat rush . beyonce ' s third fragrance , pulse , was launched in september 2011 . in 2013 , the mrs . carter show limited edition version of heat was released . the six editions of heat are the world ' s best - selling celebrity fragrance line , with sales of over $ 400 million . [ sep ] beyonce
beyonce has worked with tommy hilfiger for the fragrances true star ( singing a cover version of " wishing on a star " ) and true star gold ; she also promoted emporio armani ' s diamonds fragrance in 2007 . beyonce launched her first official fragrance , heat in 2010 . the commercial , which featured the 1956 song " fever " , was shown after the water shed in the united kingdom as it begins with an image of beyonce appearing to lie naked in a room . in february 2011 , beyonce launched her second fragrance , heat rush . beyonce ' s third fragrance , pulse , was launched in september 2011 . in 2013 , the mrs . carter show limited edition version of heat was released . the six editions of heat are the world ' s best - selling celebrity fragrance line , with sales of over $ 400 million . [ sep ] heat
beyonce has worked with tommy hilfiger for the fragrances true star ( singing a cover version of " wishing on a star " ) and true star gold ; she also promoted emporio armani ' s diamonds fragrance in 2007 . beyonce launched her first official fragrance , heat in 2010 . the commercial , which featured the 1956 song " fever " , was shown after the water shed in the united kingdom as it begins with an image of beyonce appearing to lie naked in a room . in february 2011 , beyonce launched her second fragrance , heat rush . beyonce ' s third fragrance , pulse , was launched in september 2011 . in 2013 , the mrs . carter show limited edition version of heat was released . the six editions of heat are the world ' s best - selling celebrity fragrance line , with sales of over $ 400 million . [ sep ] 2013
beyonce has worked with tommy hilfiger for the fragrances true star ( singing a cover version of " wishing on a star " ) and true star gold ; she also promoted emporio armani ' s diamonds fragrance in 2007 . beyonce launched her first official fragrance , heat in 2010 . the commercial , which featured the 1956 song " fever " , was shown after the water shed in the united kingdom as it begins with an image of beyonce appearing to lie naked in a room . in february 2011 , beyonce launched her second fragrance , heat rush . beyonce ' s third fragrance , pulse , was launched in september 2011 . in 2013 , the mrs . carter show limited edition version of heat was released . the six editions of heat are the world ' s best - selling celebrity fragrance line , with sales of over $ 400 million . [ sep ] 400 million
the release of a video - game starpower : beyonce was cancelled after beyonce pulled out of a $ 100 million with gatefive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development . it was settled out of court by her lawyers in june 2013 who said that they had cancelled because gatefive had lost its financial backers . beyonce also has had deals with american express , nintendo ds and l ' oreal since the age of 18 . [ sep ] 18
the release of a video - game starpower : beyonce was cancelled after beyonce pulled out of a $ 100 million with gatefive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development . it was settled out of court by her lawyers in june 2013 who said that they had cancelled because gatefive had lost its financial backers . beyonce also has had deals with american express , nintendo ds and l ' oreal since the age of 18 . [ sep ] starpower : beyonce
in october 2014 , it was announced that beyonce with her management company parkwood entertainment would be partnering with london - based fashion retailer topshop , in a new 50 / 50 split subsidiary business named parkwood topshop athletic ltd . the new division was created for topshop to break into the activewear market , with an athletic , street wear brand being produced . " creating a partnership with beyonce , one of the most hard - working and talented people in the world , who spends many hours of her life dancing , rehearsing and training is a unique opportunity to develop this category " stated sir philip green on the partnership . the company and collection is set to launch and hit stores in the fall of 2015 . [ sep ] fashion retailer topshop
in october 2014 , it was announced that beyonce with her management company parkwood entertainment would be partnering with london - based fashion retailer topshop , in a new 50 / 50 split subsidiary business named parkwood topshop athletic ltd . the new division was created for topshop to break into the activewear market , with an athletic , street wear brand being produced . " creating a partnership with beyonce , one of the most hard - working and talented people in the world , who spends many hours of her life dancing , rehearsing and training is a unique opportunity to develop this category " stated sir philip green on the partnership . the company and collection is set to launch and hit stores in the fall of 2015 . [ sep ] parkwood topshop athletic ltd
in october 2014 , it was announced that beyonce with her management company parkwood entertainment would be partnering with london - based fashion retailer topshop , in a new 50 / 50 split subsidiary business named parkwood topshop athletic ltd . the new division was created for topshop to break into the activewear market , with an athletic , street wear brand being produced . " creating a partnership with beyonce , one of the most hard - working and talented people in the world , who spends many hours of her life dancing , rehearsing and training is a unique opportunity to develop this category " stated sir philip green on the partnership . the company and collection is set to launch and hit stores in the fall of 2015 . [ sep ] activewear
in october 2014 , it was announced that beyonce with her management company parkwood entertainment would be partnering with london - based fashion retailer topshop , in a new 50 / 50 split subsidiary business named parkwood topshop athletic ltd . the new division was created for topshop to break into the activewear market , with an athletic , street wear brand being produced . " creating a partnership with beyonce , one of the most hard - working and talented people in the world , who spends many hours of her life dancing , rehearsing and training is a unique opportunity to develop this category " stated sir philip green on the partnership . the company and collection is set to launch and hit stores in the fall of 2015 . [ sep ] fall of 2015
on march 30 , 2015 , it was announced that beyonce is a co - owner , with various other music artists , in the music streaming service tidal . the service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos . beyonce ' s husband jay z acquired the parent company of tidal , aspiro , in the first quarter of 2015 . including beyonce and jay - z , sixteen artist stakeholders ( such as kanye west , rihanna , madonna , chris martin , nicki minaj and more ) co - own tidal , with the majority owning a 3 % equity stake . the idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry , and to rival other streaming services such as spotify , which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties . " the challenge is to get everyone to respect music again , to recognize its value " , stated jay - z on the release of tidal . [ sep ] march 30 , 2015
on march 30 , 2015 , it was announced that beyonce is a co - owner , with various other music artists , in the music streaming service tidal . the service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos . beyonce ' s husband jay z acquired the parent company of tidal , aspiro , in the first quarter of 2015 . including beyonce and jay - z , sixteen artist stakeholders ( such as kanye west , rihanna , madonna , chris martin , nicki minaj and more ) co - own tidal , with the majority owning a 3 % equity stake . the idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry , and to rival other streaming services such as spotify , which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties . " the challenge is to get everyone to respect music again , to recognize its value " , stated jay - z on the release of tidal . [ sep ] jay z
beyonce and her mother introduced house of dereon , a contemporary women ' s fashion line , in 2005 . the concept is inspired by three generations of women in their family , the name paying tribute to beyonce ' s grandmother , agnez dereon , a respected seamstress . according to tina , the overall style of the line best reflects her and beyonce ' s taste and style . beyonce and her mother founded their family ' s company beyond productions , which provides the licensing and brand management for house of dereon , and its junior collection , dereon . house of dereon pieces were exhibited in destiny ' s child ' s shows and tours , during their destiny fulfilled era . the collection features sportswear , denim offerings with fur , outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear , and are available at department and specialty stores across the us and canada . [ sep ] her mother
beyonce and her mother introduced house of dereon , a contemporary women ' s fashion line , in 2005 . the concept is inspired by three generations of women in their family , the name paying tribute to beyonce ' s grandmother , agnez dereon , a respected seamstress . according to tina , the overall style of the line best reflects her and beyonce ' s taste and style . beyonce and her mother founded their family ' s company beyond productions , which provides the licensing and brand management for house of dereon , and its junior collection , dereon . house of dereon pieces were exhibited in destiny ' s child ' s shows and tours , during their destiny fulfilled era . the collection features sportswear , denim offerings with fur , outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear , and are available at department and specialty stores across the us and canada . [ sep ] agnez dereon
beyonce and her mother introduced house of dereon , a contemporary women ' s fashion line , in 2005 . the concept is inspired by three generations of women in their family , the name paying tribute to beyonce ' s grandmother , agnez dereon , a respected seamstress . according to tina , the overall style of the line best reflects her and beyonce ' s taste and style . beyonce and her mother founded their family ' s company beyond productions , which provides the licensing and brand management for house of dereon , and its junior collection , dereon . house of dereon pieces were exhibited in destiny ' s child ' s shows and tours , during their destiny fulfilled era . the collection features sportswear , denim offerings with fur , outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear , and are available at department and specialty stores across the us and canada . [ sep ] beyond productions
beyonce and her mother introduced house of dereon , a contemporary women ' s fashion line , in 2005 . the concept is inspired by three generations of women in their family , the name paying tribute to beyonce ' s grandmother , agnez dereon , a respected seamstress . according to tina , the overall style of the line best reflects her and beyonce ' s taste and style . beyonce and her mother founded their family ' s company beyond productions , which provides the licensing and brand management for house of dereon , and its junior collection , dereon . house of dereon pieces were exhibited in destiny ' s child ' s shows and tours , during their destiny fulfilled era . the collection features sportswear , denim offerings with fur , outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear , and are available at department and specialty stores across the us and canada . [ sep ] sportswear , denim offerings with fur , outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear
beyonce and her mother introduced house of dereon , a contemporary women ' s fashion line , in 2005 . the concept is inspired by three generations of women in their family , the name paying tribute to beyonce ' s grandmother , agnez dereon , a respected seamstress . according to tina , the overall style of the line best reflects her and beyonce ' s taste and style . beyonce and her mother founded their family ' s company beyond productions , which provides the licensing and brand management for house of dereon , and its junior collection , dereon . house of dereon pieces were exhibited in destiny ' s child ' s shows and tours , during their destiny fulfilled era . the collection features sportswear , denim offerings with fur , outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear , and are available at department and specialty stores across the us and canada . [ sep ] us and canada
in 2005 , beyonce teamed up with house of brands , a shoe company , to produce a range of footwear for house of dereon . in january 2008 , starwave mobile launched beyonce fashion diva , a " high - style " mobile game with a social networking component , featuring the house of dereon collection . in july 2009 , beyonce and her mother launched a new junior apparel label , sasha fierce for dereon , for back - to - school selling . the collection included sportswear , outerwear , handbags , footwear , eyewear , lingerie and jewelry . it was available at department stores including macy ' s and dillard ' s , and specialty stores jimmy jazz and against all odds . on may 27 , 2010 , beyonce teamed up with clothing store c & a to launch dereon by beyonce at their stores in brazil . the collection included tailored blazers with padded shoulders , little black dresses , embroidered tops and shirts and bandage dresses . [ sep ] shoe
in 2005 , beyonce teamed up with house of brands , a shoe company , to produce a range of footwear for house of dereon . in january 2008 , starwave mobile launched beyonce fashion diva , a " high - style " mobile game with a social networking component , featuring the house of dereon collection . in july 2009 , beyonce and her mother launched a new junior apparel label , sasha fierce for dereon , for back - to - school selling . the collection included sportswear , outerwear , handbags , footwear , eyewear , lingerie and jewelry . it was available at department stores including macy ' s and dillard ' s , and specialty stores jimmy jazz and against all odds . on may 27 , 2010 , beyonce teamed up with clothing store c & a to launch dereon by beyonce at their stores in brazil . the collection included tailored blazers with padded shoulders , little black dresses , embroidered tops and shirts and bandage dresses . [ sep ] brazil
in 2005 , beyonce teamed up with house of brands , a shoe company , to produce a range of footwear for house of dereon . in january 2008 , starwave mobile launched beyonce fashion diva , a " high - style " mobile game with a social networking component , featuring the house of dereon collection . in july 2009 , beyonce and her mother launched a new junior apparel label , sasha fierce for dereon , for back - to - school selling . the collection included sportswear , outerwear , handbags , footwear , eyewear , lingerie and jewelry . it was available at department stores including macy ' s and dillard ' s , and specialty stores jimmy jazz and against all odds . on may 27 , 2010 , beyonce teamed up with clothing store c & a to launch dereon by beyonce at their stores in brazil . the collection included tailored blazers with padded shoulders , little black dresses , embroidered tops and shirts and bandage dresses . [ sep ] 2009
in october 2014 , beyonce signed a deal to launch an activewear line of clothing with british fashion retailer topshop . the 50 - 50 venture is called parkwood topshop athletic ltd and is scheduled to launch its first dance , fitness and sports ranges in autumn 2015 . the line will launch in april 2016 . [ sep ] topshop
in october 2014 , beyonce signed a deal to launch an activewear line of clothing with british fashion retailer topshop . the 50 - 50 venture is called parkwood topshop athletic ltd and is scheduled to launch its first dance , fitness and sports ranges in autumn 2015 . the line will launch in april 2016 . [ sep ] autumn 2015
after hurricane katrina in 2005 , beyonce and rowland founded the survivor foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the houston area , to which beyonce contributed an initial $ 250 , 000 . the foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city , and also provided relief following hurricane ike three years later . [ sep ] hurricane katrina
after hurricane katrina in 2005 , beyonce and rowland founded the survivor foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the houston area , to which beyonce contributed an initial $ 250 , 000 . the foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city , and also provided relief following hurricane ike three years later . [ sep ] 250 , 000
after hurricane katrina in 2005 , beyonce and rowland founded the survivor foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the houston area , to which beyonce contributed an initial $ 250 , 000 . the foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city , and also provided relief following hurricane ike three years later . [ sep ] ike
beyonce participated in george clooney and wyclef jean ' s hope for haiti now : a global benefit for earthquake relief telethon and was named the official face of the limited edition cfda " fashion for haiti " t - shirt , made by theory which raised a total of $ 1 million . on march 5 , 2010 , beyonce and her mother tina opened the beyonce cosmetology center at the brooklyn phoenix house , offering a seven - month cosmetology training course for men and women . in april 2011 , beyonce joined forces with us first lady michelle obama and the national association of broadcasters education foundation , to help boost the latter ' s campaign against child obesity by reworking her single " get me bodied " . following the death of osama bin laden , beyonce released her cover of the lee greenwood song " god bless the usa " , as a charity single to help raise funds for the new york police and fire widows ' and children ' s benefit fund . [ sep ] george clooney and wyclef jean
beyonce participated in george clooney and wyclef jean ' s hope for haiti now : a global benefit for earthquake relief telethon and was named the official face of the limited edition cfda " fashion for haiti " t - shirt , made by theory which raised a total of $ 1 million . on march 5 , 2010 , beyonce and her mother tina opened the beyonce cosmetology center at the brooklyn phoenix house , offering a seven - month cosmetology training course for men and women . in april 2011 , beyonce joined forces with us first lady michelle obama and the national association of broadcasters education foundation , to help boost the latter ' s campaign against child obesity by reworking her single " get me bodied " . following the death of osama bin laden , beyonce released her cover of the lee greenwood song " god bless the usa " , as a charity single to help raise funds for the new york police and fire widows ' and children ' s benefit fund . [ sep ] brooklyn phoenix house
beyonce participated in george clooney and wyclef jean ' s hope for haiti now : a global benefit for earthquake relief telethon and was named the official face of the limited edition cfda " fashion for haiti " t - shirt , made by theory which raised a total of $ 1 million . on march 5 , 2010 , beyonce and her mother tina opened the beyonce cosmetology center at the brooklyn phoenix house , offering a seven - month cosmetology training course for men and women . in april 2011 , beyonce joined forces with us first lady michelle obama and the national association of broadcasters education foundation , to help boost the latter ' s campaign against child obesity by reworking her single " get me bodied " . following the death of osama bin laden , beyonce released her cover of the lee greenwood song " god bless the usa " , as a charity single to help raise funds for the new york police and fire widows ' and children ' s benefit fund . [ sep ] god bless the usa
in december , beyonce along with a variety of other celebrities teamed up and produced a video campaign for " demand a plan " , a bipartisan effort by a group of 950 us mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws , following the sandy hook elementary school shooting . beyonce became an ambassador for the 2012 world humanitarian day campaign donating her song " i was here " and its music video , shot in the un , to the campaign . in 2013 , it was announced that beyonce would work with salma hayek and frida giannini on a gucci " chime for change " campaign that aims to spread female empowerment . the campaign , which aired on february 28 , was set to her new music . a concert for the cause took place on june 1 , 2013 in london and included other acts like ellie goulding , florence and the machine , and rita ora . in advance of the concert , she appeared in a campaign video released on 15 may 2013 , where she , along with cameron diaz , john legend and kylie minogue , described inspiration from their mothers , while a number of other artists celebrated personal inspiration from other women , leading to a call for submission of photos of women of viewers ' inspiration from which a selection was shown at the concert . beyonce said about her mother tina knowles that her gift was " finding the best qualities in every human being . " with help of the crowdfunding platform catapult , visitors of the concert could choose between several projects promoting education of women and girls . beyonce is also taking part in " miss a meal " , a food - donation campaign , and supporting goodwill charity through online charity auctions at charitybuzz that support job creation throughout europe and the u . s . [ sep ] sandy hook elementary school shooting
in december , beyonce along with a variety of other celebrities teamed up and produced a video campaign for " demand a plan " , a bipartisan effort by a group of 950 us mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws , following the sandy hook elementary school shooting . beyonce became an ambassador for the 2012 world humanitarian day campaign donating her song " i was here " and its music video , shot in the un , to the campaign . in 2013 , it was announced that beyonce would work with salma hayek and frida giannini on a gucci " chime for change " campaign that aims to spread female empowerment . the campaign , which aired on february 28 , was set to her new music . a concert for the cause took place on june 1 , 2013 in london and included other acts like ellie goulding , florence and the machine , and rita ora . in advance of the concert , she appeared in a campaign video released on 15 may 2013 , where she , along with cameron diaz , john legend and kylie minogue , described inspiration from their mothers , while a number of other artists celebrated personal inspiration from other women , leading to a call for submission of photos of women of viewers ' inspiration from which a selection was shown at the concert . beyonce said about her mother tina knowles that her gift was " finding the best qualities in every human being . " with help of the crowdfunding platform catapult , visitors of the concert could choose between several projects promoting education of women and girls . beyonce is also taking part in " miss a meal " , a food - donation campaign , and supporting goodwill charity through online charity auctions at charitybuzz that support job creation throughout europe and the u . s . [ sep ] i was here
in december , beyonce along with a variety of other celebrities teamed up and produced a video campaign for " demand a plan " , a bipartisan effort by a group of 950 us mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws , following the sandy hook elementary school shooting . beyonce became an ambassador for the 2012 world humanitarian day campaign donating her song " i was here " and its music video , shot in the un , to the campaign . in 2013 , it was announced that beyonce would work with salma hayek and frida giannini on a gucci " chime for change " campaign that aims to spread female empowerment . the campaign , which aired on february 28 , was set to her new music . a concert for the cause took place on june 1 , 2013 in london and included other acts like ellie goulding , florence and the machine , and rita ora . in advance of the concert , she appeared in a campaign video released on 15 may 2013 , where she , along with cameron diaz , john legend and kylie minogue , described inspiration from their mothers , while a number of other artists celebrated personal inspiration from other women , leading to a call for submission of photos of women of viewers ' inspiration from which a selection was shown at the concert . beyonce said about her mother tina knowles that her gift was " finding the best qualities in every human being . " with help of the crowdfunding platform catapult , visitors of the concert could choose between several projects promoting education of women and girls . beyonce is also taking part in " miss a meal " , a food - donation campaign , and supporting goodwill charity through online charity auctions at charitybuzz that support job creation throughout europe and the u . s . [ sep ] miss a meal
in december , beyonce along with a variety of other celebrities teamed up and produced a video campaign for " demand a plan " , a bipartisan effort by a group of 950 us mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws , following the sandy hook elementary school shooting . beyonce became an ambassador for the 2012 world humanitarian day campaign donating her song " i was here " and its music video , shot in the un , to the campaign . in 2013 , it was announced that beyonce would work with salma hayek and frida giannini on a gucci " chime for change " campaign that aims to spread female empowerment . the campaign , which aired on february 28 , was set to her new music . a concert for the cause took place on june 1 , 2013 in london and included other acts like ellie goulding , florence and the machine , and rita ora . in advance of the concert , she appeared in a campaign video released on 15 may 2013 , where she , along with cameron diaz , john legend and kylie minogue , described inspiration from their mothers , while a number of other artists celebrated personal inspiration from other women , leading to a call for submission of photos of women of viewers ' inspiration from which a selection was shown at the concert . beyonce said about her mother tina knowles that her gift was " finding the best qualities in every human being . " with help of the crowdfunding platform catapult , visitors of the concert could choose between several projects promoting education of women and girls . beyonce is also taking part in " miss a meal " , a food - donation campaign , and supporting goodwill charity through online charity auctions at charitybuzz that support job creation throughout europe and the u . s . [ sep ] london
in december , beyonce along with a variety of other celebrities teamed up and produced a video campaign for " demand a plan " , a bipartisan effort by a group of 950 us mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws , following the sandy hook elementary school shooting . beyonce became an ambassador for the 2012 world humanitarian day campaign donating her song " i was here " and its music video , shot in the un , to the campaign . in 2013 , it was announced that beyonce would work with salma hayek and frida giannini on a gucci " chime for change " campaign that aims to spread female empowerment . the campaign , which aired on february 28 , was set to her new music . a concert for the cause took place on june 1 , 2013 in london and included other acts like ellie goulding , florence and the machine , and rita ora . in advance of the concert , she appeared in a campaign video released on 15 may 2013 , where she , along with cameron diaz , john legend and kylie minogue , described inspiration from their mothers , while a number of other artists celebrated personal inspiration from other women , leading to a call for submission of photos of women of viewers ' inspiration from which a selection was shown at the concert . beyonce said about her mother tina knowles that her gift was " finding the best qualities in every human being . " with help of the crowdfunding platform catapult , visitors of the concert could choose between several projects promoting education of women and girls . beyonce is also taking part in " miss a meal " , a food - donation campaign , and supporting goodwill charity through online charity auctions at charitybuzz that support job creation throughout europe and the u . s . [ sep ] her mother
beyonce giselle knowles - carter ( / [unk] / bee - yon - say ) ( born september 4 , 1981 ) is an american singer , songwriter , record producer and actress . born and raised in houston , texas , she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child , and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of r & b girl - group destiny ' s child . managed by her father , mathew knowles , the group became one of the world ' s best - selling girl groups of all time . their hiatus saw the release of beyonce ' s debut album , dangerously in love ( 2003 ) , which established her as a solo artist worldwide , earned five grammy awards and featured the billboard hot 100 number - one singles " crazy in love " and " baby boy " . [ sep ] houston , texas
beyonce giselle knowles - carter ( / [unk] / bee - yon - say ) ( born september 4 , 1981 ) is an american singer , songwriter , record producer and actress . born and raised in houston , texas , she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child , and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of r & b girl - group destiny ' s child . managed by her father , mathew knowles , the group became one of the world ' s best - selling girl groups of all time . their hiatus saw the release of beyonce ' s debut album , dangerously in love ( 2003 ) , which established her as a solo artist worldwide , earned five grammy awards and featured the billboard hot 100 number - one singles " crazy in love " and " baby boy " . [ sep ] late 1990s
beyonce giselle knowles - carter ( / [unk] / bee - yon - say ) ( born september 4 , 1981 ) is an american singer , songwriter , record producer and actress . born and raised in houston , texas , she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child , and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of r & b girl - group destiny ' s child . managed by her father , mathew knowles , the group became one of the world ' s best - selling girl groups of all time . their hiatus saw the release of beyonce ' s debut album , dangerously in love ( 2003 ) , which established her as a solo artist worldwide , earned five grammy awards and featured the billboard hot 100 number - one singles " crazy in love " and " baby boy " . [ sep ] destiny ' s child
beyonce giselle knowles - carter ( / [unk] / bee - yon - say ) ( born september 4 , 1981 ) is an american singer , songwriter , record producer and actress . born and raised in houston , texas , she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child , and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of r & b girl - group destiny ' s child . managed by her father , mathew knowles , the group became one of the world ' s best - selling girl groups of all time . their hiatus saw the release of beyonce ' s debut album , dangerously in love ( 2003 ) , which established her as a solo artist worldwide , earned five grammy awards and featured the billboard hot 100 number - one singles " crazy in love " and " baby boy " . [ sep ] dangerously in love
beyonce giselle knowles - carter ( / [unk] / bee - yon - say ) ( born september 4 , 1981 ) is an american singer , songwriter , record producer and actress . born and raised in houston , texas , she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child , and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of r & b girl - group destiny ' s child . managed by her father , mathew knowles , the group became one of the world ' s best - selling girl groups of all time . their hiatus saw the release of beyonce ' s debut album , dangerously in love ( 2003 ) , which established her as a solo artist worldwide , earned five grammy awards and featured the billboard hot 100 number - one singles " crazy in love " and " baby boy " . [ sep ] mathew knowles
following the disbandment of destiny ' s child in june 2005 , she released her second solo album , b ' day ( 2006 ) , which contained hits " deja vu " , " irreplaceable " , and " beautiful liar " . beyonce also ventured into acting , with a golden globe - nominated performance in dreamgirls ( 2006 ) , and starring roles in the pink panther ( 2006 ) and obsessed ( 2009 ) . her marriage to rapper jay z and portrayal of etta james in cadillac records ( 2008 ) influenced her third album , i am . . . sasha fierce ( 2008 ) , which saw the birth of her alter - ego sasha fierce and earned a record - setting six grammy awards in 2010 , including song of the year for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " . beyonce took a hiatus from music in 2010 and took over management of her career ; her fourth album 4 ( 2011 ) was subsequently mellower in tone , exploring 1970s funk , 1980s pop , and 1990s soul . her critically acclaimed fifth studio album , beyonce ( 2013 ) , was distinguished from previous releases by its experimental production and exploration of darker themes . [ sep ] dreamgirls
following the disbandment of destiny ' s child in june 2005 , she released her second solo album , b ' day ( 2006 ) , which contained hits " deja vu " , " irreplaceable " , and " beautiful liar " . beyonce also ventured into acting , with a golden globe - nominated performance in dreamgirls ( 2006 ) , and starring roles in the pink panther ( 2006 ) and obsessed ( 2009 ) . her marriage to rapper jay z and portrayal of etta james in cadillac records ( 2008 ) influenced her third album , i am . . . sasha fierce ( 2008 ) , which saw the birth of her alter - ego sasha fierce and earned a record - setting six grammy awards in 2010 , including song of the year for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " . beyonce took a hiatus from music in 2010 and took over management of her career ; her fourth album 4 ( 2011 ) was subsequently mellower in tone , exploring 1970s funk , 1980s pop , and 1990s soul . her critically acclaimed fifth studio album , beyonce ( 2013 ) , was distinguished from previous releases by its experimental production and exploration of darker themes . [ sep ] 2010
following the disbandment of destiny ' s child in june 2005 , she released her second solo album , b ' day ( 2006 ) , which contained hits " deja vu " , " irreplaceable " , and " beautiful liar " . beyonce also ventured into acting , with a golden globe - nominated performance in dreamgirls ( 2006 ) , and starring roles in the pink panther ( 2006 ) and obsessed ( 2009 ) . her marriage to rapper jay z and portrayal of etta james in cadillac records ( 2008 ) influenced her third album , i am . . . sasha fierce ( 2008 ) , which saw the birth of her alter - ego sasha fierce and earned a record - setting six grammy awards in 2010 , including song of the year for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " . beyonce took a hiatus from music in 2010 and took over management of her career ; her fourth album 4 ( 2011 ) was subsequently mellower in tone , exploring 1970s funk , 1980s pop , and 1990s soul . her critically acclaimed fifth studio album , beyonce ( 2013 ) , was distinguished from previous releases by its experimental production and exploration of darker themes . [ sep ] beyonce
following the disbandment of destiny ' s child in june 2005 , she released her second solo album , b ' day ( 2006 ) , which contained hits " deja vu " , " irreplaceable " , and " beautiful liar " . beyonce also ventured into acting , with a golden globe - nominated performance in dreamgirls ( 2006 ) , and starring roles in the pink panther ( 2006 ) and obsessed ( 2009 ) . her marriage to rapper jay z and portrayal of etta james in cadillac records ( 2008 ) influenced her third album , i am . . . sasha fierce ( 2008 ) , which saw the birth of her alter - ego sasha fierce and earned a record - setting six grammy awards in 2010 , including song of the year for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " . beyonce took a hiatus from music in 2010 and took over management of her career ; her fourth album 4 ( 2011 ) was subsequently mellower in tone , exploring 1970s funk , 1980s pop , and 1990s soul . her critically acclaimed fifth studio album , beyonce ( 2013 ) , was distinguished from previous releases by its experimental production and exploration of darker themes . [ sep ] cadillac records
a self - described " modern - day feminist " , beyonce creates songs that are often characterized by themes of love , relationships , and monogamy , as well as female sexuality and empowerment . on stage , her dynamic , highly choreographed performances have led to critics hailing her as one of the best entertainers in contemporary popular music . throughout a career spanning 19 years , she has sold over 118 million records as a solo artist , and a further 60 million with destiny ' s child , making her one of the best - selling music artists of all time . she has won 20 grammy awards and is the most nominated woman in the award ' s history . the recording industry association of america recognized her as the top certified artist in america during the 2000s decade . in 2009 , billboard named her the top radio songs artist of the decade , the top female artist of the 2000s and their artist of the millennium in 2011 . time listed her among the 100 most influential people in the world in 2013 and 2014 . forbes magazine also listed her as the most powerful female musician of 2015 . [ sep ] 2000s
a self - described " modern - day feminist " , beyonce creates songs that are often characterized by themes of love , relationships , and monogamy , as well as female sexuality and empowerment . on stage , her dynamic , highly choreographed performances have led to critics hailing her as one of the best entertainers in contemporary popular music . throughout a career spanning 19 years , she has sold over 118 million records as a solo artist , and a further 60 million with destiny ' s child , making her one of the best - selling music artists of all time . she has won 20 grammy awards and is the most nominated woman in the award ' s history . the recording industry association of america recognized her as the top certified artist in america during the 2000s decade . in 2009 , billboard named her the top radio songs artist of the decade , the top female artist of the 2000s and their artist of the millennium in 2011 . time listed her among the 100 most influential people in the world in 2013 and 2014 . forbes magazine also listed her as the most powerful female musician of 2015 . [ sep ] forbes
a self - described " modern - day feminist " , beyonce creates songs that are often characterized by themes of love , relationships , and monogamy , as well as female sexuality and empowerment . on stage , her dynamic , highly choreographed performances have led to critics hailing her as one of the best entertainers in contemporary popular music . throughout a career spanning 19 years , she has sold over 118 million records as a solo artist , and a further 60 million with destiny ' s child , making her one of the best - selling music artists of all time . she has won 20 grammy awards and is the most nominated woman in the award ' s history . the recording industry association of america recognized her as the top certified artist in america during the 2000s decade . in 2009 , billboard named her the top radio songs artist of the decade , the top female artist of the 2000s and their artist of the millennium in 2011 . time listed her among the 100 most influential people in the world in 2013 and 2014 . forbes magazine also listed her as the most powerful female musician of 2015 . [ sep ] modern - day feminist
a self - described " modern - day feminist " , beyonce creates songs that are often characterized by themes of love , relationships , and monogamy , as well as female sexuality and empowerment . on stage , her dynamic , highly choreographed performances have led to critics hailing her as one of the best entertainers in contemporary popular music . throughout a career spanning 19 years , she has sold over 118 million records as a solo artist , and a further 60 million with destiny ' s child , making her one of the best - selling music artists of all time . she has won 20 grammy awards and is the most nominated woman in the award ' s history . the recording industry association of america recognized her as the top certified artist in america during the 2000s decade . in 2009 , billboard named her the top radio songs artist of the decade , the top female artist of the 2000s and their artist of the millennium in 2011 . time listed her among the 100 most influential people in the world in 2013 and 2014 . forbes magazine also listed her as the most powerful female musician of 2015 . [ sep ] 2013 and 2014
a self - described " modern - day feminist " , beyonce creates songs that are often characterized by themes of love , relationships , and monogamy , as well as female sexuality and empowerment . on stage , her dynamic , highly choreographed performances have led to critics hailing her as one of the best entertainers in contemporary popular music . throughout a career spanning 19 years , she has sold over 118 million records as a solo artist , and a further 60 million with destiny ' s child , making her one of the best - selling music artists of all time . she has won 20 grammy awards and is the most nominated woman in the award ' s history . the recording industry association of america recognized her as the top certified artist in america during the 2000s decade . in 2009 , billboard named her the top radio songs artist of the decade , the top female artist of the 2000s and their artist of the millennium in 2011 . time listed her among the 100 most influential people in the world in 2013 and 2014 . forbes magazine also listed her as the most powerful female musician of 2015 . [ sep ] 118 million
beyonce giselle knowles was born in houston , texas , to celestine ann " tina " knowles ( nee beyince ) , a hairdresser and salon owner , and mathew knowles , a xerox sales manager . beyonce ' s name is a tribute to her mother ' s maiden name . beyonce ' s younger sister solange is also a singer and a former member of destiny ' s child . mathew is african - american , while tina is of louisiana creole descent ( with african , native american , french , cajun , and distant irish and spanish ancestry ) . through her mother , beyonce is a descendant of acadian leader joseph broussard . she was raised in a methodist household . [ sep ] xerox
beyonce giselle knowles was born in houston , texas , to celestine ann " tina " knowles ( nee beyince ) , a hairdresser and salon owner , and mathew knowles , a xerox sales manager . beyonce ' s name is a tribute to her mother ' s maiden name . beyonce ' s younger sister solange is also a singer and a former member of destiny ' s child . mathew is african - american , while tina is of louisiana creole descent ( with african , native american , french , cajun , and distant irish and spanish ancestry ) . through her mother , beyonce is a descendant of acadian leader joseph broussard . she was raised in a methodist household . [ sep ] hairdresser and salon owner
beyonce giselle knowles was born in houston , texas , to celestine ann " tina " knowles ( nee beyince ) , a hairdresser and salon owner , and mathew knowles , a xerox sales manager . beyonce ' s name is a tribute to her mother ' s maiden name . beyonce ' s younger sister solange is also a singer and a former member of destiny ' s child . mathew is african - american , while tina is of louisiana creole descent ( with african , native american , french , cajun , and distant irish and spanish ancestry ) . through her mother , beyonce is a descendant of acadian leader joseph broussard . she was raised in a methodist household . [ sep ] solange
beyonce giselle knowles was born in houston , texas , to celestine ann " tina " knowles ( nee beyince ) , a hairdresser and salon owner , and mathew knowles , a xerox sales manager . beyonce ' s name is a tribute to her mother ' s maiden name . beyonce ' s younger sister solange is also a singer and a former member of destiny ' s child . mathew is african - american , while tina is of louisiana creole descent ( with african , native american , french , cajun , and distant irish and spanish ancestry ) . through her mother , beyonce is a descendant of acadian leader joseph broussard . she was raised in a methodist household . [ sep ] joseph broussard
beyonce attended st . mary ' s elementary school in fredericksburg , texas , where she enrolled in dance classes . her singing talent was discovered when dance instructor darlette johnson began humming a song and she finished it , able to hit the high - pitched notes . beyonce ' s interest in music and performing continued after winning a school talent show at age seven , singing john lennon ' s " imagine " to beat 15 / 16 - year - olds . in fall of 1990 , beyonce enrolled in parker elementary school , a music magnet school in houston , where she would perform with the school ' s choir . she also attended the high school for the performing and visual arts and later alief elsik high school . beyonce was also a member of the choir at st . john ' s united methodist church as a soloist for two years . [ sep ] dance instructor darlette johnson
beyonce attended st . mary ' s elementary school in fredericksburg , texas , where she enrolled in dance classes . her singing talent was discovered when dance instructor darlette johnson began humming a song and she finished it , able to hit the high - pitched notes . beyonce ' s interest in music and performing continued after winning a school talent show at age seven , singing john lennon ' s " imagine " to beat 15 / 16 - year - olds . in fall of 1990 , beyonce enrolled in parker elementary school , a music magnet school in houston , where she would perform with the school ' s choir . she also attended the high school for the performing and visual arts and later alief elsik high school . beyonce was also a member of the choir at st . john ' s united methodist church as a soloist for two years . [ sep ] st . john ' s united methodist church
beyonce attended st . mary ' s elementary school in fredericksburg , texas , where she enrolled in dance classes . her singing talent was discovered when dance instructor darlette johnson began humming a song and she finished it , able to hit the high - pitched notes . beyonce ' s interest in music and performing continued after winning a school talent show at age seven , singing john lennon ' s " imagine " to beat 15 / 16 - year - olds . in fall of 1990 , beyonce enrolled in parker elementary school , a music magnet school in houston , where she would perform with the school ' s choir . she also attended the high school for the performing and visual arts and later alief elsik high school . beyonce was also a member of the choir at st . john ' s united methodist church as a soloist for two years . [ sep ] music magnet school
beyonce attended st . mary ' s elementary school in fredericksburg , texas , where she enrolled in dance classes . her singing talent was discovered when dance instructor darlette johnson began humming a song and she finished it , able to hit the high - pitched notes . beyonce ' s interest in music and performing continued after winning a school talent show at age seven , singing john lennon ' s " imagine " to beat 15 / 16 - year - olds . in fall of 1990 , beyonce enrolled in parker elementary school , a music magnet school in houston , where she would perform with the school ' s choir . she also attended the high school for the performing and visual arts and later alief elsik high school . beyonce was also a member of the choir at st . john ' s united methodist church as a soloist for two years . [ sep ] imagine
at age eight , beyonce and childhood friend kelly rowland met latavia roberson while in an audition for an all - girl entertainment group . they were placed into a group with three other girls as girl ' s tyme , and rapped and danced on the talent show circuit in houston . after seeing the group , r & b producer arne frager brought them to his northern california studio and placed them in star search , the largest talent show on national tv at the time . girl ' s tyme failed to win , and beyonce later said the song they performed was not good . in 1995 beyonce ' s father resigned from his job to manage the group . the move reduced beyonce ' s family ' s income by half , and her parents were forced to move into separated apartments . mathew cut the original line - up to four and the group continued performing as an opening act for other established r & b girl groups . the girls auditioned before record labels and were finally signed to elektra records , moving to atlanta records briefly to work on their first recording , only to be cut by the company . this put further strain on the family , and beyonce ' s parents separated . on october 5 , 1995 , dwayne wiggins ' s grass roots entertainment signed the group . in 1996 , the girls began recording their debut album under an agreement with sony music , the knowles family reunited , and shortly after , the group got a contract with columbia records . [ sep ] arne frager
at age eight , beyonce and childhood friend kelly rowland met latavia roberson while in an audition for an all - girl entertainment group . they were placed into a group with three other girls as girl ' s tyme , and rapped and danced on the talent show circuit in houston . after seeing the group , r & b producer arne frager brought them to his northern california studio and placed them in star search , the largest talent show on national tv at the time . girl ' s tyme failed to win , and beyonce later said the song they performed was not good . in 1995 beyonce ' s father resigned from his job to manage the group . the move reduced beyonce ' s family ' s income by half , and her parents were forced to move into separated apartments . mathew cut the original line - up to four and the group continued performing as an opening act for other established r & b girl groups . the girls auditioned before record labels and were finally signed to elektra records , moving to atlanta records briefly to work on their first recording , only to be cut by the company . this put further strain on the family , and beyonce ' s parents separated . on october 5 , 1995 , dwayne wiggins ' s grass roots entertainment signed the group . in 1996 , the girls began recording their debut album under an agreement with sony music , the knowles family reunited , and shortly after , the group got a contract with columbia records . [ sep ] 1995
at age eight , beyonce and childhood friend kelly rowland met latavia roberson while in an audition for an all - girl entertainment group . they were placed into a group with three other girls as girl ' s tyme , and rapped and danced on the talent show circuit in houston . after seeing the group , r & b producer arne frager brought them to his northern california studio and placed them in star search , the largest talent show on national tv at the time . girl ' s tyme failed to win , and beyonce later said the song they performed was not good . in 1995 beyonce ' s father resigned from his job to manage the group . the move reduced beyonce ' s family ' s income by half , and her parents were forced to move into separated apartments . mathew cut the original line - up to four and the group continued performing as an opening act for other established r & b girl groups . the girls auditioned before record labels and were finally signed to elektra records , moving to atlanta records briefly to work on their first recording , only to be cut by the company . this put further strain on the family , and beyonce ' s parents separated . on october 5 , 1995 , dwayne wiggins ' s grass roots entertainment signed the group . in 1996 , the girls began recording their debut album under an agreement with sony music , the knowles family reunited , and shortly after , the group got a contract with columbia records . [ sep ] sony music
at age eight , beyonce and childhood friend kelly rowland met latavia roberson while in an audition for an all - girl entertainment group . they were placed into a group with three other girls as girl ' s tyme , and rapped and danced on the talent show circuit in houston . after seeing the group , r & b producer arne frager brought them to his northern california studio and placed them in star search , the largest talent show on national tv at the time . girl ' s tyme failed to win , and beyonce later said the song they performed was not good . in 1995 beyonce ' s father resigned from his job to manage the group . the move reduced beyonce ' s family ' s income by half , and her parents were forced to move into separated apartments . mathew cut the original line - up to four and the group continued performing as an opening act for other established r & b girl groups . the girls auditioned before record labels and were finally signed to elektra records , moving to atlanta records briefly to work on their first recording , only to be cut by the company . this put further strain on the family , and beyonce ' s parents separated . on october 5 , 1995 , dwayne wiggins ' s grass roots entertainment signed the group . in 1996 , the girls began recording their debut album under an agreement with sony music , the knowles family reunited , and shortly after , the group got a contract with columbia records . [ sep ] elektra records
at age eight , beyonce and childhood friend kelly rowland met latavia roberson while in an audition for an all - girl entertainment group . they were placed into a group with three other girls as girl ' s tyme , and rapped and danced on the talent show circuit in houston . after seeing the group , r & b producer arne frager brought them to his northern california studio and placed them in star search , the largest talent show on national tv at the time . girl ' s tyme failed to win , and beyonce later said the song they performed was not good . in 1995 beyonce ' s father resigned from his job to manage the group . the move reduced beyonce ' s family ' s income by half , and her parents were forced to move into separated apartments . mathew cut the original line - up to four and the group continued performing as an opening act for other established r & b girl groups . the girls auditioned before record labels and were finally signed to elektra records , moving to atlanta records briefly to work on their first recording , only to be cut by the company . this put further strain on the family , and beyonce ' s parents separated . on october 5 , 1995 , dwayne wiggins ' s grass roots entertainment signed the group . in 1996 , the girls began recording their debut album under an agreement with sony music , the knowles family reunited , and shortly after , the group got a contract with columbia records . [ sep ] age eight
the group changed their name to destiny ' s child in 1996 , based upon a passage in the book of isaiah . in 1997 , destiny ' s child released their major label debut song " killing time " on the soundtrack to the 1997 film , men in black . the following year , the group released their self - titled debut album , scoring their first major hit " no , no , no " . the album established the group as a viable act in the music industry , with moderate sales and winning the group three soul train lady of soul awards for best r & b / soul album of the year , best r & b / soul or rap new artist , and best r & b / soul single for " no , no , no " . the group released their multi - platinum second album the writing ' s on the wall in 1999 . the record features some of the group ' s most widely known songs such as " bills , bills , bills " , the group ' s first number - one single , " jumpin ' jumpin ' " and " say my name " , which became their most successful song at the time , and would remain one of their signature songs . " say my name " won the best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals and the best r & b song at the 43rd annual grammy awards . the writing ' s on the wall sold more than eight million copies worldwide . during this time , beyonce recorded a duet with marc nelson , an original member of boyz ii men , on the song " after all is said and done " for the soundtrack to the 1999 film , the best man . [ sep ] 1996
the group changed their name to destiny ' s child in 1996 , based upon a passage in the book of isaiah . in 1997 , destiny ' s child released their major label debut song " killing time " on the soundtrack to the 1997 film , men in black . the following year , the group released their self - titled debut album , scoring their first major hit " no , no , no " . the album established the group as a viable act in the music industry , with moderate sales and winning the group three soul train lady of soul awards for best r & b / soul album of the year , best r & b / soul or rap new artist , and best r & b / soul single for " no , no , no " . the group released their multi - platinum second album the writing ' s on the wall in 1999 . the record features some of the group ' s most widely known songs such as " bills , bills , bills " , the group ' s first number - one single , " jumpin ' jumpin ' " and " say my name " , which became their most successful song at the time , and would remain one of their signature songs . " say my name " won the best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals and the best r & b song at the 43rd annual grammy awards . the writing ' s on the wall sold more than eight million copies worldwide . during this time , beyonce recorded a duet with marc nelson , an original member of boyz ii men , on the song " after all is said and done " for the soundtrack to the 1999 film , the best man . [ sep ] book of isaiah
the group changed their name to destiny ' s child in 1996 , based upon a passage in the book of isaiah . in 1997 , destiny ' s child released their major label debut song " killing time " on the soundtrack to the 1997 film , men in black . the following year , the group released their self - titled debut album , scoring their first major hit " no , no , no " . the album established the group as a viable act in the music industry , with moderate sales and winning the group three soul train lady of soul awards for best r & b / soul album of the year , best r & b / soul or rap new artist , and best r & b / soul single for " no , no , no " . the group released their multi - platinum second album the writing ' s on the wall in 1999 . the record features some of the group ' s most widely known songs such as " bills , bills , bills " , the group ' s first number - one single , " jumpin ' jumpin ' " and " say my name " , which became their most successful song at the time , and would remain one of their signature songs . " say my name " won the best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals and the best r & b song at the 43rd annual grammy awards . the writing ' s on the wall sold more than eight million copies worldwide . during this time , beyonce recorded a duet with marc nelson , an original member of boyz ii men , on the song " after all is said and done " for the soundtrack to the 1999 film , the best man . [ sep ] men in black
the group changed their name to destiny ' s child in 1996 , based upon a passage in the book of isaiah . in 1997 , destiny ' s child released their major label debut song " killing time " on the soundtrack to the 1997 film , men in black . the following year , the group released their self - titled debut album , scoring their first major hit " no , no , no " . the album established the group as a viable act in the music industry , with moderate sales and winning the group three soul train lady of soul awards for best r & b / soul album of the year , best r & b / soul or rap new artist , and best r & b / soul single for " no , no , no " . the group released their multi - platinum second album the writing ' s on the wall in 1999 . the record features some of the group ' s most widely known songs such as " bills , bills , bills " , the group ' s first number - one single , " jumpin ' jumpin ' " and " say my name " , which became their most successful song at the time , and would remain one of their signature songs . " say my name " won the best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals and the best r & b song at the 43rd annual grammy awards . the writing ' s on the wall sold more than eight million copies worldwide . during this time , beyonce recorded a duet with marc nelson , an original member of boyz ii men , on the song " after all is said and done " for the soundtrack to the 1999 film , the best man . [ sep ] say my name
the group changed their name to destiny ' s child in 1996 , based upon a passage in the book of isaiah . in 1997 , destiny ' s child released their major label debut song " killing time " on the soundtrack to the 1997 film , men in black . the following year , the group released their self - titled debut album , scoring their first major hit " no , no , no " . the album established the group as a viable act in the music industry , with moderate sales and winning the group three soul train lady of soul awards for best r & b / soul album of the year , best r & b / soul or rap new artist , and best r & b / soul single for " no , no , no " . the group released their multi - platinum second album the writing ' s on the wall in 1999 . the record features some of the group ' s most widely known songs such as " bills , bills , bills " , the group ' s first number - one single , " jumpin ' jumpin ' " and " say my name " , which became their most successful song at the time , and would remain one of their signature songs . " say my name " won the best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals and the best r & b song at the 43rd annual grammy awards . the writing ' s on the wall sold more than eight million copies worldwide . during this time , beyonce recorded a duet with marc nelson , an original member of boyz ii men , on the song " after all is said and done " for the soundtrack to the 1999 film , the best man . [ sep ] marc nelson
letoya luckett and roberson became unhappy with mathew ' s managing of the band and eventually were replaced by farrah franklin and michelle williams . beyonce experienced depression following the split with luckett and roberson after being publicly blamed by the media , critics , and blogs for its cause . her long - standing boyfriend left her at this time . the depression was so severe it lasted for a couple of years , during which she occasionally kept herself in her bedroom for days and refused to eat anything . beyonce stated that she struggled to speak about her depression because destiny ' s child had just won their first grammy award and she feared no one would take her seriously . beyonce would later speak of her mother as the person who helped her fight it . franklin was dismissed , leaving just beyonce , rowland , and williams . [ sep ] split with luckett and rober
letoya luckett and roberson became unhappy with mathew ' s managing of the band and eventually were replaced by farrah franklin and michelle williams . beyonce experienced depression following the split with luckett and roberson after being publicly blamed by the media , critics , and blogs for its cause . her long - standing boyfriend left her at this time . the depression was so severe it lasted for a couple of years , during which she occasionally kept herself in her bedroom for days and refused to eat anything . beyonce stated that she struggled to speak about her depression because destiny ' s child had just won their first grammy award and she feared no one would take her seriously . beyonce would later speak of her mother as the person who helped her fight it . franklin was dismissed , leaving just beyonce , rowland , and williams . [ sep ] a couple of years
letoya luckett and roberson became unhappy with mathew ' s managing of the band and eventually were replaced by farrah franklin and michelle williams . beyonce experienced depression following the split with luckett and roberson after being publicly blamed by the media , critics , and blogs for its cause . her long - standing boyfriend left her at this time . the depression was so severe it lasted for a couple of years , during which she occasionally kept herself in her bedroom for days and refused to eat anything . beyonce stated that she struggled to speak about her depression because destiny ' s child had just won their first grammy award and she feared no one would take her seriously . beyonce would later speak of her mother as the person who helped her fight it . franklin was dismissed , leaving just beyonce , rowland , and williams . [ sep ] her mother
the remaining band members recorded " independent women part i " , which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2000 film , charlie ' s angels . it became their best - charting single , topping the u . s . billboard hot 100 chart for eleven consecutive weeks . in early 2001 , while destiny ' s child was completing their third album , beyonce landed a major role in the mtv made - for - television film , carmen : a hip hopera , starring alongside american actor mekhi phifer . set in philadelphia , the film is a modern interpretation of the 19th century opera carmen by french composer georges bizet . when the third album survivor was released in may 2001 , luckett and roberson filed a lawsuit claiming that the songs were aimed at them . the album debuted at number one on the u . s . billboard 200 , with first - week sales of 663 , 000 copies sold . the album spawned other number - one hits , " bootylicious " and the title track , " survivor " , the latter of which earned the group a grammy award for best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals . after releasing their holiday album 8 days of christmas in october 2001 , the group announced a hiatus to further pursue solo careers . [ sep ] georges bizet
the remaining band members recorded " independent women part i " , which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2000 film , charlie ' s angels . it became their best - charting single , topping the u . s . billboard hot 100 chart for eleven consecutive weeks . in early 2001 , while destiny ' s child was completing their third album , beyonce landed a major role in the mtv made - for - television film , carmen : a hip hopera , starring alongside american actor mekhi phifer . set in philadelphia , the film is a modern interpretation of the 19th century opera carmen by french composer georges bizet . when the third album survivor was released in may 2001 , luckett and roberson filed a lawsuit claiming that the songs were aimed at them . the album debuted at number one on the u . s . billboard 200 , with first - week sales of 663 , 000 copies sold . the album spawned other number - one hits , " bootylicious " and the title track , " survivor " , the latter of which earned the group a grammy award for best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals . after releasing their holiday album 8 days of christmas in october 2001 , the group announced a hiatus to further pursue solo careers . [ sep ] survivor
in july 2002 , beyonce continued her acting career playing foxxy cleopatra alongside mike myers in the comedy film , austin powers in goldmember , which spent its first weekend atop the us box office and grossed $ 73 million . beyonce released " work it out " as the lead single from its soundtrack album which entered the top ten in the uk , norway , and belgium . in 2003 , beyonce starred opposite cuba gooding , jr . , in the musical comedy the fighting temptations as lilly , a single mother whom gooding ' s character falls in love with . the film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $ 30 million in the u . s . beyonce released " fighting temptation " as the lead single from the film ' s soundtrack album , with missy elliott , mc lyte , and free which was also used to promote the film . another of beyonce ' s contributions to the soundtrack , " summertime " , fared better on the us charts . [ sep ] austin powers in goldmember
in july 2002 , beyonce continued her acting career playing foxxy cleopatra alongside mike myers in the comedy film , austin powers in goldmember , which spent its first weekend atop the us box office and grossed $ 73 million . beyonce released " work it out " as the lead single from its soundtrack album which entered the top ten in the uk , norway , and belgium . in 2003 , beyonce starred opposite cuba gooding , jr . , in the musical comedy the fighting temptations as lilly , a single mother whom gooding ' s character falls in love with . the film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $ 30 million in the u . s . beyonce released " fighting temptation " as the lead single from the film ' s soundtrack album , with missy elliott , mc lyte , and free which was also used to promote the film . another of beyonce ' s contributions to the soundtrack , " summertime " , fared better on the us charts . [ sep ] 73 million
in july 2002 , beyonce continued her acting career playing foxxy cleopatra alongside mike myers in the comedy film , austin powers in goldmember , which spent its first weekend atop the us box office and grossed $ 73 million . beyonce released " work it out " as the lead single from its soundtrack album which entered the top ten in the uk , norway , and belgium . in 2003 , beyonce starred opposite cuba gooding , jr . , in the musical comedy the fighting temptations as lilly , a single mother whom gooding ' s character falls in love with . the film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $ 30 million in the u . s . beyonce released " fighting temptation " as the lead single from the film ' s soundtrack album , with missy elliott , mc lyte , and free which was also used to promote the film . another of beyonce ' s contributions to the soundtrack , " summertime " , fared better on the us charts . [ sep ] musical comedy
in july 2002 , beyonce continued her acting career playing foxxy cleopatra alongside mike myers in the comedy film , austin powers in goldmember , which spent its first weekend atop the us box office and grossed $ 73 million . beyonce released " work it out " as the lead single from its soundtrack album which entered the top ten in the uk , norway , and belgium . in 2003 , beyonce starred opposite cuba gooding , jr . , in the musical comedy the fighting temptations as lilly , a single mother whom gooding ' s character falls in love with . the film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $ 30 million in the u . s . beyonce released " fighting temptation " as the lead single from the film ' s soundtrack album , with missy elliott , mc lyte , and free which was also used to promote the film . another of beyonce ' s contributions to the soundtrack , " summertime " , fared better on the us charts . [ sep ] fighting temptations
in july 2002 , beyonce continued her acting career playing foxxy cleopatra alongside mike myers in the comedy film , austin powers in goldmember , which spent its first weekend atop the us box office and grossed $ 73 million . beyonce released " work it out " as the lead single from its soundtrack album which entered the top ten in the uk , norway , and belgium . in 2003 , beyonce starred opposite cuba gooding , jr . , in the musical comedy the fighting temptations as lilly , a single mother whom gooding ' s character falls in love with . the film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $ 30 million in the u . s . beyonce released " fighting temptation " as the lead single from the film ' s soundtrack album , with missy elliott , mc lyte , and free which was also used to promote the film . another of beyonce ' s contributions to the soundtrack , " summertime " , fared better on the us charts . [ sep ] mixed reviews
beyonce ' s first solo recording was a feature on jay z ' s " ' 03 bonnie & clyde " that was released in october 2002 , peaking at number four on the u . s . billboard hot 100 chart . her first solo album dangerously in love was released on june 24 , 2003 , after michelle williams and kelly rowland had released their solo efforts . the album sold 317 , 000 copies in its first week , debuted atop the billboard 200 , and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide . the album ' s lead single , " crazy in love " , featuring jay z , became beyonce ' s first number - one single as a solo artist in the us . the single " baby boy " also reached number one , and singles , " me , myself and i " and " naughty girl " , both reached the top - five . the album earned beyonce a then record - tying five awards at the 46th annual grammy awards ; best contemporary r & b album , best female r & b vocal performance for " dangerously in love 2 " , best r & b song and best rap / sung collaboration for " crazy in love " , and best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals for " the closer i get to you " with luther vandross . [ sep ] jay z
beyonce ' s first solo recording was a feature on jay z ' s " ' 03 bonnie & clyde " that was released in october 2002 , peaking at number four on the u . s . billboard hot 100 chart . her first solo album dangerously in love was released on june 24 , 2003 , after michelle williams and kelly rowland had released their solo efforts . the album sold 317 , 000 copies in its first week , debuted atop the billboard 200 , and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide . the album ' s lead single , " crazy in love " , featuring jay z , became beyonce ' s first number - one single as a solo artist in the us . the single " baby boy " also reached number one , and singles , " me , myself and i " and " naughty girl " , both reached the top - five . the album earned beyonce a then record - tying five awards at the 46th annual grammy awards ; best contemporary r & b album , best female r & b vocal performance for " dangerously in love 2 " , best r & b song and best rap / sung collaboration for " crazy in love " , and best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals for " the closer i get to you " with luther vandross . [ sep ] dangerously in love
beyonce ' s first solo recording was a feature on jay z ' s " ' 03 bonnie & clyde " that was released in october 2002 , peaking at number four on the u . s . billboard hot 100 chart . her first solo album dangerously in love was released on june 24 , 2003 , after michelle williams and kelly rowland had released their solo efforts . the album sold 317 , 000 copies in its first week , debuted atop the billboard 200 , and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide . the album ' s lead single , " crazy in love " , featuring jay z , became beyonce ' s first number - one single as a solo artist in the us . the single " baby boy " also reached number one , and singles , " me , myself and i " and " naughty girl " , both reached the top - five . the album earned beyonce a then record - tying five awards at the 46th annual grammy awards ; best contemporary r & b album , best female r & b vocal performance for " dangerously in love 2 " , best r & b song and best rap / sung collaboration for " crazy in love " , and best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals for " the closer i get to you " with luther vandross . [ sep ] number four
beyonce ' s first solo recording was a feature on jay z ' s " ' 03 bonnie & clyde " that was released in october 2002 , peaking at number four on the u . s . billboard hot 100 chart . her first solo album dangerously in love was released on june 24 , 2003 , after michelle williams and kelly rowland had released their solo efforts . the album sold 317 , 000 copies in its first week , debuted atop the billboard 200 , and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide . the album ' s lead single , " crazy in love " , featuring jay z , became beyonce ' s first number - one single as a solo artist in the us . the single " baby boy " also reached number one , and singles , " me , myself and i " and " naughty girl " , both reached the top - five . the album earned beyonce a then record - tying five awards at the 46th annual grammy awards ; best contemporary r & b album , best female r & b vocal performance for " dangerously in love 2 " , best r & b song and best rap / sung collaboration for " crazy in love " , and best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals for " the closer i get to you " with luther vandross . [ sep ] luther vandross
in november 2003 , she embarked on the dangerously in love tour in europe and later toured alongside missy elliott and alicia keys for the verizon ladies first tour in north america . on february 1 , 2004 , beyonce performed the american national anthem at super bowl xxxviii , at the reliant stadium in houston , texas . after the release of dangerously in love , beyonce had planned to produce a follow - up album using several of the left - over tracks . however , this was put on hold so she could concentrate on recording destiny fulfilled , the final studio album by destiny ' s child . released on november 15 , 2004 , in the us and peaking at number two on the billboard 200 , destiny fulfilled included the singles " lose my breath " and " soldier " , which reached the top five on the billboard hot 100 chart . destiny ' s child embarked on a worldwide concert tour , destiny fulfilled . . . and lovin ' it and during the last stop of their european tour , in barcelona on june 11 , 2005 , rowland announced that destiny ' s child would disband following the north american leg of the tour . the group released their first compilation album number 1 ' s on october 25 , 2005 , in the us and accepted a star on the hollywood walk of fame in march 2006 . [ sep ] november 2003
in november 2003 , she embarked on the dangerously in love tour in europe and later toured alongside missy elliott and alicia keys for the verizon ladies first tour in north america . on february 1 , 2004 , beyonce performed the american national anthem at super bowl xxxviii , at the reliant stadium in houston , texas . after the release of dangerously in love , beyonce had planned to produce a follow - up album using several of the left - over tracks . however , this was put on hold so she could concentrate on recording destiny fulfilled , the final studio album by destiny ' s child . released on november 15 , 2004 , in the us and peaking at number two on the billboard 200 , destiny fulfilled included the singles " lose my breath " and " soldier " , which reached the top five on the billboard hot 100 chart . destiny ' s child embarked on a worldwide concert tour , destiny fulfilled . . . and lovin ' it and during the last stop of their european tour , in barcelona on june 11 , 2005 , rowland announced that destiny ' s child would disband following the north american leg of the tour . the group released their first compilation album number 1 ' s on october 25 , 2005 , in the us and accepted a star on the hollywood walk of fame in march 2006 . [ sep ] destiny fulfilled
in november 2003 , she embarked on the dangerously in love tour in europe and later toured alongside missy elliott and alicia keys for the verizon ladies first tour in north america . on february 1 , 2004 , beyonce performed the american national anthem at super bowl xxxviii , at the reliant stadium in houston , texas . after the release of dangerously in love , beyonce had planned to produce a follow - up album using several of the left - over tracks . however , this was put on hold so she could concentrate on recording destiny fulfilled , the final studio album by destiny ' s child . released on november 15 , 2004 , in the us and peaking at number two on the billboard 200 , destiny fulfilled included the singles " lose my breath " and " soldier " , which reached the top five on the billboard hot 100 chart . destiny ' s child embarked on a worldwide concert tour , destiny fulfilled . . . and lovin ' it and during the last stop of their european tour , in barcelona on june 11 , 2005 , rowland announced that destiny ' s child would disband following the north american leg of the tour . the group released their first compilation album number 1 ' s on october 25 , 2005 , in the us and accepted a star on the hollywood walk of fame in march 2006 . [ sep ] barcelona
in november 2003 , she embarked on the dangerously in love tour in europe and later toured alongside missy elliott and alicia keys for the verizon ladies first tour in north america . on february 1 , 2004 , beyonce performed the american national anthem at super bowl xxxviii , at the reliant stadium in houston , texas . after the release of dangerously in love , beyonce had planned to produce a follow - up album using several of the left - over tracks . however , this was put on hold so she could concentrate on recording destiny fulfilled , the final studio album by destiny ' s child . released on november 15 , 2004 , in the us and peaking at number two on the billboard 200 , destiny fulfilled included the singles " lose my breath " and " soldier " , which reached the top five on the billboard hot 100 chart . destiny ' s child embarked on a worldwide concert tour , destiny fulfilled . . . and lovin ' it and during the last stop of their european tour , in barcelona on june 11 , 2005 , rowland announced that destiny ' s child would disband following the north american leg of the tour . the group released their first compilation album number 1 ' s on october 25 , 2005 , in the us and accepted a star on the hollywood walk of fame in march 2006 . [ sep ] march 2006
beyonce ' s second solo album b ' day was released on september 5 , 2006 , in the us , to coincide with her twenty - fifth birthday . it sold 541 , 000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the billboard 200 , becoming beyonce ' s second consecutive number - one album in the united states . the album ' s lead single " deja vu " , featuring jay z , reached the top five on the billboard hot 100 chart . the second international single " irreplaceable " was a commercial success worldwide , reaching number one in australia , hungary , ireland , new zealand and the united states . b ' day also produced three other singles ; " ring the alarm " , " get me bodied " , and " green light " ( released in the united kingdom only ) . [ sep ] twenty - fifth birthday
beyonce ' s second solo album b ' day was released on september 5 , 2006 , in the us , to coincide with her twenty - fifth birthday . it sold 541 , 000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the billboard 200 , becoming beyonce ' s second consecutive number - one album in the united states . the album ' s lead single " deja vu " , featuring jay z , reached the top five on the billboard hot 100 chart . the second international single " irreplaceable " was a commercial success worldwide , reaching number one in australia , hungary , ireland , new zealand and the united states . b ' day also produced three other singles ; " ring the alarm " , " get me bodied " , and " green light " ( released in the united kingdom only ) . [ sep ] jay z
beyonce ' s second solo album b ' day was released on september 5 , 2006 , in the us , to coincide with her twenty - fifth birthday . it sold 541 , 000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the billboard 200 , becoming beyonce ' s second consecutive number - one album in the united states . the album ' s lead single " deja vu " , featuring jay z , reached the top five on the billboard hot 100 chart . the second international single " irreplaceable " was a commercial success worldwide , reaching number one in australia , hungary , ireland , new zealand and the united states . b ' day also produced three other singles ; " ring the alarm " , " get me bodied " , and " green light " ( released in the united kingdom only ) . [ sep ] top five
her first acting role of 2006 was in the comedy film the pink panther starring opposite steve martin , grossing $ 158 . 8 million at the box office worldwide . her second film dreamgirls , the film version of the 1981 broadway musical loosely based on the supremes , received acclaim from critics and grossed $ 154 million internationally . in it , she starred opposite jennifer hudson , jamie foxx , and eddie murphy playing a pop singer based on diana ross . to promote the film , beyonce released " listen " as the lead single from the soundtrack album . in april 2007 , beyonce embarked on the beyonce experience , her first worldwide concert tour , visiting 97 venues and grossed over $ 24 million . [ note 1 ] beyonce conducted pre - concert food donation drives during six major stops in conjunction with her pastor at st . john ' s and america ' s second harvest . at the same time , b ' day was re - released with five additional songs , including her duet with shakira " beautiful liar " . [ sep ] 158 . 8 million
her first acting role of 2006 was in the comedy film the pink panther starring opposite steve martin , grossing $ 158 . 8 million at the box office worldwide . her second film dreamgirls , the film version of the 1981 broadway musical loosely based on the supremes , received acclaim from critics and grossed $ 154 million internationally . in it , she starred opposite jennifer hudson , jamie foxx , and eddie murphy playing a pop singer based on diana ross . to promote the film , beyonce released " listen " as the lead single from the soundtrack album . in april 2007 , beyonce embarked on the beyonce experience , her first worldwide concert tour , visiting 97 venues and grossed over $ 24 million . [ note 1 ] beyonce conducted pre - concert food donation drives during six major stops in conjunction with her pastor at st . john ' s and america ' s second harvest . at the same time , b ' day was re - released with five additional songs , including her duet with shakira " beautiful liar " . [ sep ] the beyonce experience
her first acting role of 2006 was in the comedy film the pink panther starring opposite steve martin , grossing $ 158 . 8 million at the box office worldwide . her second film dreamgirls , the film version of the 1981 broadway musical loosely based on the supremes , received acclaim from critics and grossed $ 154 million internationally . in it , she starred opposite jennifer hudson , jamie foxx , and eddie murphy playing a pop singer based on diana ross . to promote the film , beyonce released " listen " as the lead single from the soundtrack album . in april 2007 , beyonce embarked on the beyonce experience , her first worldwide concert tour , visiting 97 venues and grossed over $ 24 million . [ note 1 ] beyonce conducted pre - concert food donation drives during six major stops in conjunction with her pastor at st . john ' s and america ' s second harvest . at the same time , b ' day was re - released with five additional songs , including her duet with shakira " beautiful liar " . [ sep ] shakira
on april 4 , 2008 , beyonce married jay z . she publicly revealed their marriage in a video montage at the listening party for her third studio album , i am . . . sasha fierce , in manhattan ' s sony club on october 22 , 2008 . i am . . . sasha fierce was released on november 18 , 2008 in the united states . the album formally introduces beyonce ' s alter ego sasha fierce , conceived during the making of her 2003 single " crazy in love " , selling 482 , 000 copies in its first week , debuting atop the billboard 200 , and giving beyonce her third consecutive number - one album in the us . the album featured the number - one song " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " and the top - five songs " if i were a boy " and " halo " . achieving the accomplishment of becoming her longest - running hot 100 single in her career , " halo " ' s success in the us helped beyonce attain more top - ten singles on the list than any other woman during the 2000s . it also included the successful " sweet dreams " , and singles " diva " , " ego " , " broken - hearted girl " and " video phone " . the music video for " single ladies " has been parodied and imitated around the world , spawning the " first major dance craze " of the internet age according to the toronto star . the video has won several awards , including best video at the 2009 mtv europe music awards , the 2009 scottish mobo awards , and the 2009 bet awards . at the 2009 mtv video music awards , the video was nominated for nine awards , ultimately winning three including video of the year . its failure to win the best female video category , which went to american country pop singer taylor swift ' s " you belong with me " , led to kanye west interrupting the ceremony and beyonce improvising a re - presentation of swift ' s award during her own acceptance speech . in march 2009 , beyonce embarked on the i am . . . world tour , her second headlining worldwide concert tour , consisting of 108 shows , grossing $ 119 . 5 million . [ sep ] in a video montage
on april 4 , 2008 , beyonce married jay z . she publicly revealed their marriage in a video montage at the listening party for her third studio album , i am . . . sasha fierce , in manhattan ' s sony club on october 22 , 2008 . i am . . . sasha fierce was released on november 18 , 2008 in the united states . the album formally introduces beyonce ' s alter ego sasha fierce , conceived during the making of her 2003 single " crazy in love " , selling 482 , 000 copies in its first week , debuting atop the billboard 200 , and giving beyonce her third consecutive number - one album in the us . the album featured the number - one song " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " and the top - five songs " if i were a boy " and " halo " . achieving the accomplishment of becoming her longest - running hot 100 single in her career , " halo " ' s success in the us helped beyonce attain more top - ten singles on the list than any other woman during the 2000s . it also included the successful " sweet dreams " , and singles " diva " , " ego " , " broken - hearted girl " and " video phone " . the music video for " single ladies " has been parodied and imitated around the world , spawning the " first major dance craze " of the internet age according to the toronto star . the video has won several awards , including best video at the 2009 mtv europe music awards , the 2009 scottish mobo awards , and the 2009 bet awards . at the 2009 mtv video music awards , the video was nominated for nine awards , ultimately winning three including video of the year . its failure to win the best female video category , which went to american country pop singer taylor swift ' s " you belong with me " , led to kanye west interrupting the ceremony and beyonce improvising a re - presentation of swift ' s award during her own acceptance speech . in march 2009 , beyonce embarked on the i am . . . world tour , her second headlining worldwide concert tour , consisting of 108 shows , grossing $ 119 . 5 million . [ sep ] march 2009
on april 4 , 2008 , beyonce married jay z . she publicly revealed their marriage in a video montage at the listening party for her third studio album , i am . . . sasha fierce , in manhattan ' s sony club on october 22 , 2008 . i am . . . sasha fierce was released on november 18 , 2008 in the united states . the album formally introduces beyonce ' s alter ego sasha fierce , conceived during the making of her 2003 single " crazy in love " , selling 482 , 000 copies in its first week , debuting atop the billboard 200 , and giving beyonce her third consecutive number - one album in the us . the album featured the number - one song " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " and the top - five songs " if i were a boy " and " halo " . achieving the accomplishment of becoming her longest - running hot 100 single in her career , " halo " ' s success in the us helped beyonce attain more top - ten singles on the list than any other woman during the 2000s . it also included the successful " sweet dreams " , and singles " diva " , " ego " , " broken - hearted girl " and " video phone " . the music video for " single ladies " has been parodied and imitated around the world , spawning the " first major dance craze " of the internet age according to the toronto star . the video has won several awards , including best video at the 2009 mtv europe music awards , the 2009 scottish mobo awards , and the 2009 bet awards . at the 2009 mtv video music awards , the video was nominated for nine awards , ultimately winning three including video of the year . its failure to win the best female video category , which went to american country pop singer taylor swift ' s " you belong with me " , led to kanye west interrupting the ceremony and beyonce improvising a re - presentation of swift ' s award during her own acceptance speech . in march 2009 , beyonce embarked on the i am . . . world tour , her second headlining worldwide concert tour , consisting of 108 shows , grossing $ 119 . 5 million . [ sep ] taylor swift
on april 4 , 2008 , beyonce married jay z . she publicly revealed their marriage in a video montage at the listening party for her third studio album , i am . . . sasha fierce , in manhattan ' s sony club on october 22 , 2008 . i am . . . sasha fierce was released on november 18 , 2008 in the united states . the album formally introduces beyonce ' s alter ego sasha fierce , conceived during the making of her 2003 single " crazy in love " , selling 482 , 000 copies in its first week , debuting atop the billboard 200 , and giving beyonce her third consecutive number - one album in the us . the album featured the number - one song " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " and the top - five songs " if i were a boy " and " halo " . achieving the accomplishment of becoming her longest - running hot 100 single in her career , " halo " ' s success in the us helped beyonce attain more top - ten singles on the list than any other woman during the 2000s . it also included the successful " sweet dreams " , and singles " diva " , " ego " , " broken - hearted girl " and " video phone " . the music video for " single ladies " has been parodied and imitated around the world , spawning the " first major dance craze " of the internet age according to the toronto star . the video has won several awards , including best video at the 2009 mtv europe music awards , the 2009 scottish mobo awards , and the 2009 bet awards . at the 2009 mtv video music awards , the video was nominated for nine awards , ultimately winning three including video of the year . its failure to win the best female video category , which went to american country pop singer taylor swift ' s " you belong with me " , led to kanye west interrupting the ceremony and beyonce improvising a re - presentation of swift ' s award during her own acceptance speech . in march 2009 , beyonce embarked on the i am . . . world tour , her second headlining worldwide concert tour , consisting of 108 shows , grossing $ 119 . 5 million . [ sep ] 119 . 5 million
beyonce further expanded her acting career , starring as blues singer etta james in the 2008 musical biopic , cadillac records . her performance in the film received praise from critics , and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of james , including a satellite award nomination for best supporting actress , and a naacp image award nomination for outstanding supporting actress . beyonce donated her entire salary from the film to phoenix house , an organization of rehabilitation centers for heroin addicts around the country . on january 20 , 2009 , beyonce performed james ' " at last " at the first couple ' s first inaugural ball . beyonce starred opposite ali larter and idris elba in the thriller , obsessed . she played sharon charles , a mother and wife who learns of a woman ' s obsessive behavior over her husband . although the film received negative reviews from critics , the movie did well at the us box office , grossing $ 68 million — $ 60 million more than cadillac records — on a budget of $ 20 million . the fight scene finale between sharon and the character played by ali larter also won the 2010 mtv movie award for best fight . [ sep ] phoenix house
beyonce further expanded her acting career , starring as blues singer etta james in the 2008 musical biopic , cadillac records . her performance in the film received praise from critics , and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of james , including a satellite award nomination for best supporting actress , and a naacp image award nomination for outstanding supporting actress . beyonce donated her entire salary from the film to phoenix house , an organization of rehabilitation centers for heroin addicts around the country . on january 20 , 2009 , beyonce performed james ' " at last " at the first couple ' s first inaugural ball . beyonce starred opposite ali larter and idris elba in the thriller , obsessed . she played sharon charles , a mother and wife who learns of a woman ' s obsessive behavior over her husband . although the film received negative reviews from critics , the movie did well at the us box office , grossing $ 68 million — $ 60 million more than cadillac records — on a budget of $ 20 million . the fight scene finale between sharon and the character played by ali larter also won the 2010 mtv movie award for best fight . [ sep ] obsessed
beyonce further expanded her acting career , starring as blues singer etta james in the 2008 musical biopic , cadillac records . her performance in the film received praise from critics , and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of james , including a satellite award nomination for best supporting actress , and a naacp image award nomination for outstanding supporting actress . beyonce donated her entire salary from the film to phoenix house , an organization of rehabilitation centers for heroin addicts around the country . on january 20 , 2009 , beyonce performed james ' " at last " at the first couple ' s first inaugural ball . beyonce starred opposite ali larter and idris elba in the thriller , obsessed . she played sharon charles , a mother and wife who learns of a woman ' s obsessive behavior over her husband . although the film received negative reviews from critics , the movie did well at the us box office , grossing $ 68 million — $ 60 million more than cadillac records — on a budget of $ 20 million . the fight scene finale between sharon and the character played by ali larter also won the 2010 mtv movie award for best fight . [ sep ] sharon charles
beyonce further expanded her acting career , starring as blues singer etta james in the 2008 musical biopic , cadillac records . her performance in the film received praise from critics , and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of james , including a satellite award nomination for best supporting actress , and a naacp image award nomination for outstanding supporting actress . beyonce donated her entire salary from the film to phoenix house , an organization of rehabilitation centers for heroin addicts around the country . on january 20 , 2009 , beyonce performed james ' " at last " at the first couple ' s first inaugural ball . beyonce starred opposite ali larter and idris elba in the thriller , obsessed . she played sharon charles , a mother and wife who learns of a woman ' s obsessive behavior over her husband . although the film received negative reviews from critics , the movie did well at the us box office , grossing $ 68 million — $ 60 million more than cadillac records — on a budget of $ 20 million . the fight scene finale between sharon and the character played by ali larter also won the 2010 mtv movie award for best fight . [ sep ] 60 million
at the 52nd annual grammy awards , beyonce received ten nominations , including album of the year for i am . . . sasha fierce , record of the year for " halo " , and song of the year for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , among others . she tied with lauryn hill for most grammy nominations in a single year by a female artist . in 2010 , beyonce was featured on lady gaga ' s single " telephone " and its music video . the song topped the us pop songs chart , becoming the sixth number - one for both beyonce and gaga , tying them with mariah carey for most number - ones since the nielsen top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992 . " telephone " received a grammy award nomination for best pop collaboration with vocals . [ sep ] ten nominations
at the 52nd annual grammy awards , beyonce received ten nominations , including album of the year for i am . . . sasha fierce , record of the year for " halo " , and song of the year for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , among others . she tied with lauryn hill for most grammy nominations in a single year by a female artist . in 2010 , beyonce was featured on lady gaga ' s single " telephone " and its music video . the song topped the us pop songs chart , becoming the sixth number - one for both beyonce and gaga , tying them with mariah carey for most number - ones since the nielsen top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992 . " telephone " received a grammy award nomination for best pop collaboration with vocals . [ sep ] telephone
at the 52nd annual grammy awards , beyonce received ten nominations , including album of the year for i am . . . sasha fierce , record of the year for " halo " , and song of the year for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , among others . she tied with lauryn hill for most grammy nominations in a single year by a female artist . in 2010 , beyonce was featured on lady gaga ' s single " telephone " and its music video . the song topped the us pop songs chart , becoming the sixth number - one for both beyonce and gaga , tying them with mariah carey for most number - ones since the nielsen top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992 . " telephone " received a grammy award nomination for best pop collaboration with vocals . [ sep ] lady gaga
at the 52nd annual grammy awards , beyonce received ten nominations , including album of the year for i am . . . sasha fierce , record of the year for " halo " , and song of the year for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , among others . she tied with lauryn hill for most grammy nominations in a single year by a female artist . in 2010 , beyonce was featured on lady gaga ' s single " telephone " and its music video . the song topped the us pop songs chart , becoming the sixth number - one for both beyonce and gaga , tying them with mariah carey for most number - ones since the nielsen top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992 . " telephone " received a grammy award nomination for best pop collaboration with vocals . [ sep ] mariah carey
at the 52nd annual grammy awards , beyonce received ten nominations , including album of the year for i am . . . sasha fierce , record of the year for " halo " , and song of the year for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , among others . she tied with lauryn hill for most grammy nominations in a single year by a female artist . in 2010 , beyonce was featured on lady gaga ' s single " telephone " and its music video . the song topped the us pop songs chart , becoming the sixth number - one for both beyonce and gaga , tying them with mariah carey for most number - ones since the nielsen top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992 . " telephone " received a grammy award nomination for best pop collaboration with vocals . [ sep ] lauryn hill
beyonce announced a hiatus from her music career in january 2010 , heeding her mother ' s advice , " to live life , to be inspired by things again " . during the break she and her father parted ways as business partners . beyonce ' s musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple european cities , the great wall of china , the egyptian pyramids , australia , english music festivals and various museums and ballet performances . [ sep ] 2010
beyonce announced a hiatus from her music career in january 2010 , heeding her mother ' s advice , " to live life , to be inspired by things again " . during the break she and her father parted ways as business partners . beyonce ' s musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple european cities , the great wall of china , the egyptian pyramids , australia , english music festivals and various museums and ballet performances . [ sep ] her mother
beyonce announced a hiatus from her music career in january 2010 , heeding her mother ' s advice , " to live life , to be inspired by things again " . during the break she and her father parted ways as business partners . beyonce ' s musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple european cities , the great wall of china , the egyptian pyramids , australia , english music festivals and various museums and ballet performances . [ sep ] during the break
beyonce announced a hiatus from her music career in january 2010 , heeding her mother ' s advice , " to live life , to be inspired by things again " . during the break she and her father parted ways as business partners . beyonce ' s musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple european cities , the great wall of china , the egyptian pyramids , australia , english music festivals and various museums and ballet performances . [ sep ] nine months
in 2011 , documents obtained by wikileaks revealed that beyonce was one of many entertainers who performed for the family of libyan ruler muammar gaddafi . rolling stone reported that the music industry was urging them to return the money they earned for the concerts ; a spokesperson for beyonce later confirmed to the huffington post that she donated the money to the clinton bush haiti fund . later that year she became the first solo female artist to headline the main pyramid stage at the 2011 glastonbury festival in over twenty years , and was named the highest - paid performer in the world per minute . [ sep ] documents obtained by wikileaks
in 2011 , documents obtained by wikileaks revealed that beyonce was one of many entertainers who performed for the family of libyan ruler muammar gaddafi . rolling stone reported that the music industry was urging them to return the money they earned for the concerts ; a spokesperson for beyonce later confirmed to the huffington post that she donated the money to the clinton bush haiti fund . later that year she became the first solo female artist to headline the main pyramid stage at the 2011 glastonbury festival in over twenty years , and was named the highest - paid performer in the world per minute . [ sep ] 2011
in 2011 , documents obtained by wikileaks revealed that beyonce was one of many entertainers who performed for the family of libyan ruler muammar gaddafi . rolling stone reported that the music industry was urging them to return the money they earned for the concerts ; a spokesperson for beyonce later confirmed to the huffington post that she donated the money to the clinton bush haiti fund . later that year she became the first solo female artist to headline the main pyramid stage at the 2011 glastonbury festival in over twenty years , and was named the highest - paid performer in the world per minute . [ sep ] the huffington post
in 2011 , documents obtained by wikileaks revealed that beyonce was one of many entertainers who performed for the family of libyan ruler muammar gaddafi . rolling stone reported that the music industry was urging them to return the money they earned for the concerts ; a spokesperson for beyonce later confirmed to the huffington post that she donated the money to the clinton bush haiti fund . later that year she became the first solo female artist to headline the main pyramid stage at the 2011 glastonbury festival in over twenty years , and was named the highest - paid performer in the world per minute . [ sep ] glastonbury festival
her fourth studio album 4 was released on june 28 , 2011 in the us . 4 sold 310 , 000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the billboard 200 chart , giving beyonce her fourth consecutive number - one album in the us . the album was preceded by two of its singles " run the world ( girls ) " and " best thing i never had " , which both attained moderate success . the fourth single " love on top " was a commercial success in the us . 4 also produced four other singles ; " party " , " countdown " , " i care " and " end of time " . " eat , play , love " , a cover story written by beyonce for essence that detailed her 2010 career break , won her a writing award from the new york association of black journalists . in late 2011 , she took the stage at new york ' s roseland ballroom for four nights of special performances : the 4 intimate nights with beyonce concerts saw the performance of her 4 album to a standing room only . [ sep ] june 28 , 2011
her fourth studio album 4 was released on june 28 , 2011 in the us . 4 sold 310 , 000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the billboard 200 chart , giving beyonce her fourth consecutive number - one album in the us . the album was preceded by two of its singles " run the world ( girls ) " and " best thing i never had " , which both attained moderate success . the fourth single " love on top " was a commercial success in the us . 4 also produced four other singles ; " party " , " countdown " , " i care " and " end of time " . " eat , play , love " , a cover story written by beyonce for essence that detailed her 2010 career break , won her a writing award from the new york association of black journalists . in late 2011 , she took the stage at new york ' s roseland ballroom for four nights of special performances : the 4 intimate nights with beyonce concerts saw the performance of her 4 album to a standing room only . [ sep ] 310 , 000 copies
her fourth studio album 4 was released on june 28 , 2011 in the us . 4 sold 310 , 000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the billboard 200 chart , giving beyonce her fourth consecutive number - one album in the us . the album was preceded by two of its singles " run the world ( girls ) " and " best thing i never had " , which both attained moderate success . the fourth single " love on top " was a commercial success in the us . 4 also produced four other singles ; " party " , " countdown " , " i care " and " end of time " . " eat , play , love " , a cover story written by beyonce for essence that detailed her 2010 career break , won her a writing award from the new york association of black journalists . in late 2011 , she took the stage at new york ' s roseland ballroom for four nights of special performances : the 4 intimate nights with beyonce concerts saw the performance of her 4 album to a standing room only . [ sep ] new york association of black journalists
her fourth studio album 4 was released on june 28 , 2011 in the us . 4 sold 310 , 000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the billboard 200 chart , giving beyonce her fourth consecutive number - one album in the us . the album was preceded by two of its singles " run the world ( girls ) " and " best thing i never had " , which both attained moderate success . the fourth single " love on top " was a commercial success in the us . 4 also produced four other singles ; " party " , " countdown " , " i care " and " end of time " . " eat , play , love " , a cover story written by beyonce for essence that detailed her 2010 career break , won her a writing award from the new york association of black journalists . in late 2011 , she took the stage at new york ' s roseland ballroom for four nights of special performances : the 4 intimate nights with beyonce concerts saw the performance of her 4 album to a standing room only . [ sep ] 2011
on january 7 , 2012 , beyonce gave birth to her first child , a daughter , blue ivy carter , at lenox hill hospital in new york . five months later , she performed for four nights at revel atlantic city ' s ovation hall to celebrate the resort ' s opening , her first performances since giving birth to blue ivy . [ sep ] january 7 , 2012
on january 7 , 2012 , beyonce gave birth to her first child , a daughter , blue ivy carter , at lenox hill hospital in new york . five months later , she performed for four nights at revel atlantic city ' s ovation hall to celebrate the resort ' s opening , her first performances since giving birth to blue ivy . [ sep ] blue ivy carter
on january 7 , 2012 , beyonce gave birth to her first child , a daughter , blue ivy carter , at lenox hill hospital in new york . five months later , she performed for four nights at revel atlantic city ' s ovation hall to celebrate the resort ' s opening , her first performances since giving birth to blue ivy . [ sep ] five months
on january 7 , 2012 , beyonce gave birth to her first child , a daughter , blue ivy carter , at lenox hill hospital in new york . five months later , she performed for four nights at revel atlantic city ' s ovation hall to celebrate the resort ' s opening , her first performances since giving birth to blue ivy . [ sep ] four nights
in january 2013 , destiny ' s child released love songs , a compilation album of the romance - themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded track , " nuclear " . beyonce performed the american national anthem singing along with a pre - recorded track at president obama ' s second inauguration in washington , d . c . the following month , beyonce performed at the super bowl xlvii halftime show , held at the mercedes - benz superdome in new orleans . the performance stands as the second most tweeted about moment in history at 268 , 000 tweets per minute . at the 55th annual grammy awards , beyonce won for best traditional r & b performance for " love on top " . her feature - length documentary film , life is but a dream , first aired on hbo on february 16 , 2013 . the film , which she directed and produced herself , featured footage from her childhood , her as a mother and businesswoman , recording , rehearsing for live performances , and her return to the spotlight following blue ivy ' s birth . its dvd release in november 2013 was accompanied by footage from the revel presents : beyonce live concerts and a new song , " god made you beautiful " . in february 2013 , beyonce signed a global publishing agreement with warner / chappell music , which would cover her future songwriting and then - upcoming studio album . [ sep ] january 2013
in january 2013 , destiny ' s child released love songs , a compilation album of the romance - themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded track , " nuclear " . beyonce performed the american national anthem singing along with a pre - recorded track at president obama ' s second inauguration in washington , d . c . the following month , beyonce performed at the super bowl xlvii halftime show , held at the mercedes - benz superdome in new orleans . the performance stands as the second most tweeted about moment in history at 268 , 000 tweets per minute . at the 55th annual grammy awards , beyonce won for best traditional r & b performance for " love on top " . her feature - length documentary film , life is but a dream , first aired on hbo on february 16 , 2013 . the film , which she directed and produced herself , featured footage from her childhood , her as a mother and businesswoman , recording , rehearsing for live performances , and her return to the spotlight following blue ivy ' s birth . its dvd release in november 2013 was accompanied by footage from the revel presents : beyonce live concerts and a new song , " god made you beautiful " . in february 2013 , beyonce signed a global publishing agreement with warner / chappell music , which would cover her future songwriting and then - upcoming studio album . [ sep ] nuclear
in january 2013 , destiny ' s child released love songs , a compilation album of the romance - themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded track , " nuclear " . beyonce performed the american national anthem singing along with a pre - recorded track at president obama ' s second inauguration in washington , d . c . the following month , beyonce performed at the super bowl xlvii halftime show , held at the mercedes - benz superdome in new orleans . the performance stands as the second most tweeted about moment in history at 268 , 000 tweets per minute . at the 55th annual grammy awards , beyonce won for best traditional r & b performance for " love on top " . her feature - length documentary film , life is but a dream , first aired on hbo on february 16 , 2013 . the film , which she directed and produced herself , featured footage from her childhood , her as a mother and businesswoman , recording , rehearsing for live performances , and her return to the spotlight following blue ivy ' s birth . its dvd release in november 2013 was accompanied by footage from the revel presents : beyonce live concerts and a new song , " god made you beautiful " . in february 2013 , beyonce signed a global publishing agreement with warner / chappell music , which would cover her future songwriting and then - upcoming studio album . [ sep ] president obama
in january 2013 , destiny ' s child released love songs , a compilation album of the romance - themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded track , " nuclear " . beyonce performed the american national anthem singing along with a pre - recorded track at president obama ' s second inauguration in washington , d . c . the following month , beyonce performed at the super bowl xlvii halftime show , held at the mercedes - benz superdome in new orleans . the performance stands as the second most tweeted about moment in history at 268 , 000 tweets per minute . at the 55th annual grammy awards , beyonce won for best traditional r & b performance for " love on top " . her feature - length documentary film , life is but a dream , first aired on hbo on february 16 , 2013 . the film , which she directed and produced herself , featured footage from her childhood , her as a mother and businesswoman , recording , rehearsing for live performances , and her return to the spotlight following blue ivy ' s birth . its dvd release in november 2013 was accompanied by footage from the revel presents : beyonce live concerts and a new song , " god made you beautiful " . in february 2013 , beyonce signed a global publishing agreement with warner / chappell music , which would cover her future songwriting and then - upcoming studio album . [ sep ] 268 , 000 tweets per minute
beyonce embarked on the mrs . carter show world tour on april 15 in belgrade , serbia ; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to march 2014 . it became the most successful tour of her career and one of the most - successful tours of all time . in may , beyonce ' s cover of amy winehouse ' s " back to black " with andre 3000 on the great gatsby soundtrack was released . she was also honorary chair of the 2013 met gala . beyonce voiced queen tara in the 3d cgi animated film , epic , released by 20th century fox on may 24 , and recorded an original song for the film , " rise up " , co - written with sia . [ sep ] april 15
beyonce embarked on the mrs . carter show world tour on april 15 in belgrade , serbia ; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to march 2014 . it became the most successful tour of her career and one of the most - successful tours of all time . in may , beyonce ' s cover of amy winehouse ' s " back to black " with andre 3000 on the great gatsby soundtrack was released . she was also honorary chair of the 2013 met gala . beyonce voiced queen tara in the 3d cgi animated film , epic , released by 20th century fox on may 24 , and recorded an original song for the film , " rise up " , co - written with sia . [ sep ] 2013 met gala
beyonce embarked on the mrs . carter show world tour on april 15 in belgrade , serbia ; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to march 2014 . it became the most successful tour of her career and one of the most - successful tours of all time . in may , beyonce ' s cover of amy winehouse ' s " back to black " with andre 3000 on the great gatsby soundtrack was released . she was also honorary chair of the 2013 met gala . beyonce voiced queen tara in the 3d cgi animated film , epic , released by 20th century fox on may 24 , and recorded an original song for the film , " rise up " , co - written with sia . [ sep ] queen tara
beyonce embarked on the mrs . carter show world tour on april 15 in belgrade , serbia ; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to march 2014 . it became the most successful tour of her career and one of the most - successful tours of all time . in may , beyonce ' s cover of amy winehouse ' s " back to black " with andre 3000 on the great gatsby soundtrack was released . she was also honorary chair of the 2013 met gala . beyonce voiced queen tara in the 3d cgi animated film , epic , released by 20th century fox on may 24 , and recorded an original song for the film , " rise up " , co - written with sia . [ sep ] rise up
on december 13 , 2013 , beyonce unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the itunes store without any prior announcement or promotion . the album debuted atop the billboard 200 chart , giving beyonce her fifth consecutive number - one album in the us . this made her the first woman in the chart ' s history to have her first five studio albums debut at number one . beyonce received critical acclaim and commercial success , selling one million digital copies worldwide in six days ; the new york times noted the album ' s unconventional , unexpected release as significant . musically an electro - r & b album , it concerns darker themes previously unexplored in her work , such as " bulimia , postnatal depression [ and ] the fears and insecurities of marriage and motherhood " . the single " drunk in love " , featuring jay z , peaked at number two on the billboard hot 100 chart . in april 2014 , after much speculation in the weeks before , beyonce and jay z officially announced their on the run tour . it served as the couple ' s first co - headlining stadium tour together . on august 24 , 2014 , she received the video vanguard award at the 2014 mtv video music awards . knowles also took home three competitive awards : best video with a social message and best cinematography for " pretty hurts " , as well as best collaboration for " drunk in love " . in november , forbes reported that beyonce was the top - earning woman in music for the second year in a row — earning $ 115 million in the year , more than double her earnings in 2013 . beyonce was reissued with new material in three forms : as an extended play , a box set , as well as a full platinum edition . [ sep ] december 13 , 2013
on december 13 , 2013 , beyonce unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the itunes store without any prior announcement or promotion . the album debuted atop the billboard 200 chart , giving beyonce her fifth consecutive number - one album in the us . this made her the first woman in the chart ' s history to have her first five studio albums debut at number one . beyonce received critical acclaim and commercial success , selling one million digital copies worldwide in six days ; the new york times noted the album ' s unconventional , unexpected release as significant . musically an electro - r & b album , it concerns darker themes previously unexplored in her work , such as " bulimia , postnatal depression [ and ] the fears and insecurities of marriage and motherhood " . the single " drunk in love " , featuring jay z , peaked at number two on the billboard hot 100 chart . in april 2014 , after much speculation in the weeks before , beyonce and jay z officially announced their on the run tour . it served as the couple ' s first co - headlining stadium tour together . on august 24 , 2014 , she received the video vanguard award at the 2014 mtv video music awards . knowles also took home three competitive awards : best video with a social message and best cinematography for " pretty hurts " , as well as best collaboration for " drunk in love " . in november , forbes reported that beyonce was the top - earning woman in music for the second year in a row — earning $ 115 million in the year , more than double her earnings in 2013 . beyonce was reissued with new material in three forms : as an extended play , a box set , as well as a full platinum edition . [ sep ] the itunes store
on december 13 , 2013 , beyonce unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the itunes store without any prior announcement or promotion . the album debuted atop the billboard 200 chart , giving beyonce her fifth consecutive number - one album in the us . this made her the first woman in the chart ' s history to have her first five studio albums debut at number one . beyonce received critical acclaim and commercial success , selling one million digital copies worldwide in six days ; the new york times noted the album ' s unconventional , unexpected release as significant . musically an electro - r & b album , it concerns darker themes previously unexplored in her work , such as " bulimia , postnatal depression [ and ] the fears and insecurities of marriage and motherhood " . the single " drunk in love " , featuring jay z , peaked at number two on the billboard hot 100 chart . in april 2014 , after much speculation in the weeks before , beyonce and jay z officially announced their on the run tour . it served as the couple ' s first co - headlining stadium tour together . on august 24 , 2014 , she received the video vanguard award at the 2014 mtv video music awards . knowles also took home three competitive awards : best video with a social message and best cinematography for " pretty hurts " , as well as best collaboration for " drunk in love " . in november , forbes reported that beyonce was the top - earning woman in music for the second year in a row — earning $ 115 million in the year , more than double her earnings in 2013 . beyonce was reissued with new material in three forms : as an extended play , a box set , as well as a full platinum edition . [ sep ] jay z
on december 13 , 2013 , beyonce unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the itunes store without any prior announcement or promotion . the album debuted atop the billboard 200 chart , giving beyonce her fifth consecutive number - one album in the us . this made her the first woman in the chart ' s history to have her first five studio albums debut at number one . beyonce received critical acclaim and commercial success , selling one million digital copies worldwide in six days ; the new york times noted the album ' s unconventional , unexpected release as significant . musically an electro - r & b album , it concerns darker themes previously unexplored in her work , such as " bulimia , postnatal depression [ and ] the fears and insecurities of marriage and motherhood " . the single " drunk in love " , featuring jay z , peaked at number two on the billboard hot 100 chart . in april 2014 , after much speculation in the weeks before , beyonce and jay z officially announced their on the run tour . it served as the couple ' s first co - headlining stadium tour together . on august 24 , 2014 , she received the video vanguard award at the 2014 mtv video music awards . knowles also took home three competitive awards : best video with a social message and best cinematography for " pretty hurts " , as well as best collaboration for " drunk in love " . in november , forbes reported that beyonce was the top - earning woman in music for the second year in a row — earning $ 115 million in the year , more than double her earnings in 2013 . beyonce was reissued with new material in three forms : as an extended play , a box set , as well as a full platinum edition . [ sep ] forbes
on december 13 , 2013 , beyonce unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the itunes store without any prior announcement or promotion . the album debuted atop the billboard 200 chart , giving beyonce her fifth consecutive number - one album in the us . this made her the first woman in the chart ' s history to have her first five studio albums debut at number one . beyonce received critical acclaim and commercial success , selling one million digital copies worldwide in six days ; the new york times noted the album ' s unconventional , unexpected release as significant . musically an electro - r & b album , it concerns darker themes previously unexplored in her work , such as " bulimia , postnatal depression [ and ] the fears and insecurities of marriage and motherhood " . the single " drunk in love " , featuring jay z , peaked at number two on the billboard hot 100 chart . in april 2014 , after much speculation in the weeks before , beyonce and jay z officially announced their on the run tour . it served as the couple ' s first co - headlining stadium tour together . on august 24 , 2014 , she received the video vanguard award at the 2014 mtv video music awards . knowles also took home three competitive awards : best video with a social message and best cinematography for " pretty hurts " , as well as best collaboration for " drunk in love " . in november , forbes reported that beyonce was the top - earning woman in music for the second year in a row — earning $ 115 million in the year , more than double her earnings in 2013 . beyonce was reissued with new material in three forms : as an extended play , a box set , as well as a full platinum edition . [ sep ] more than double her earnings
at the 57th annual grammy awards in february 2015 , beyonce was nominated for six awards , ultimately winning three : best r & b performance and best r & b song for " drunk in love " , and best surround sound album for beyonce . she was nominated for album of the year but the award was won by beck for his morning phase album . in august , the cover of the september issue of vogue magazine was unveiled online , beyonce as the cover star , becoming the first african - american artist and third african - american woman in general to cover the september issue . she headlined the 2015 made in america festival in early september and also the global citizen festival later that month . beyonce made an uncredited featured appearance on the track " hymn for the weekend " by british rock band coldplay , on their seventh studio album a head full of dreams ( 2015 ) , which saw release in december . on january 7 , 2016 , pepsi announced beyonce would perform alongside coldplay at super bowl 50 in february . knowles has previously performed at four super bowl shows throughout her career , serving as the main headliner of the 47th super bowl halftime show in 2013 . [ sep ] six awards
at the 57th annual grammy awards in february 2015 , beyonce was nominated for six awards , ultimately winning three : best r & b performance and best r & b song for " drunk in love " , and best surround sound album for beyonce . she was nominated for album of the year but the award was won by beck for his morning phase album . in august , the cover of the september issue of vogue magazine was unveiled online , beyonce as the cover star , becoming the first african - american artist and third african - american woman in general to cover the september issue . she headlined the 2015 made in america festival in early september and also the global citizen festival later that month . beyonce made an uncredited featured appearance on the track " hymn for the weekend " by british rock band coldplay , on their seventh studio album a head full of dreams ( 2015 ) , which saw release in december . on january 7 , 2016 , pepsi announced beyonce would perform alongside coldplay at super bowl 50 in february . knowles has previously performed at four super bowl shows throughout her career , serving as the main headliner of the 47th super bowl halftime show in 2013 . [ sep ] vogue
at the 57th annual grammy awards in february 2015 , beyonce was nominated for six awards , ultimately winning three : best r & b performance and best r & b song for " drunk in love " , and best surround sound album for beyonce . she was nominated for album of the year but the award was won by beck for his morning phase album . in august , the cover of the september issue of vogue magazine was unveiled online , beyonce as the cover star , becoming the first african - american artist and third african - american woman in general to cover the september issue . she headlined the 2015 made in america festival in early september and also the global citizen festival later that month . beyonce made an uncredited featured appearance on the track " hymn for the weekend " by british rock band coldplay , on their seventh studio album a head full of dreams ( 2015 ) , which saw release in december . on january 7 , 2016 , pepsi announced beyonce would perform alongside coldplay at super bowl 50 in february . knowles has previously performed at four super bowl shows throughout her career , serving as the main headliner of the 47th super bowl halftime show in 2013 . [ sep ] coldplay
at the 57th annual grammy awards in february 2015 , beyonce was nominated for six awards , ultimately winning three : best r & b performance and best r & b song for " drunk in love " , and best surround sound album for beyonce . she was nominated for album of the year but the award was won by beck for his morning phase album . in august , the cover of the september issue of vogue magazine was unveiled online , beyonce as the cover star , becoming the first african - american artist and third african - american woman in general to cover the september issue . she headlined the 2015 made in america festival in early september and also the global citizen festival later that month . beyonce made an uncredited featured appearance on the track " hymn for the weekend " by british rock band coldplay , on their seventh studio album a head full of dreams ( 2015 ) , which saw release in december . on january 7 , 2016 , pepsi announced beyonce would perform alongside coldplay at super bowl 50 in february . knowles has previously performed at four super bowl shows throughout her career , serving as the main headliner of the 47th super bowl halftime show in 2013 . [ sep ] coldplay
on february 6 , 2016 , one day before her performance at the super bowl , beyonce released a new single exclusively on music streaming service tidal called " formation " . [ sep ] february 6 , 2016
on february 6 , 2016 , one day before her performance at the super bowl , beyonce released a new single exclusively on music streaming service tidal called " formation " . [ sep ] exclusively
on february 6 , 2016 , one day before her performance at the super bowl , beyonce released a new single exclusively on music streaming service tidal called " formation " . [ sep ] tidal
on february 6 , 2016 , one day before her performance at the super bowl , beyonce released a new single exclusively on music streaming service tidal called " formation " . [ sep ] music streaming
beyonce is believed to have first started a relationship with jay z after a collaboration on " ' 03 bonnie & clyde " , which appeared on his seventh album the blueprint 2 : the gift & the curse ( 2002 ) . beyonce appeared as jay z ' s girlfriend in the music video for the song , which would further fuel speculation of their relationship . on april 4 , 2008 , beyonce and jay z were married without publicity . as of april 2014 , the couple have sold a combined 300 million records together . the couple are known for their private relationship , although they have appeared to become more relaxed in recent years . beyonce suffered a miscarriage in 2010 or 2011 , describing it as " the saddest thing " she had ever endured . she returned to the studio and wrote music in order to cope with the loss . in april 2011 , beyonce and jay z traveled to paris in order to shoot the album cover for her 4 , and unexpectedly became pregnant in paris . [ sep ] jay z
beyonce is believed to have first started a relationship with jay z after a collaboration on " ' 03 bonnie & clyde " , which appeared on his seventh album the blueprint 2 : the gift & the curse ( 2002 ) . beyonce appeared as jay z ' s girlfriend in the music video for the song , which would further fuel speculation of their relationship . on april 4 , 2008 , beyonce and jay z were married without publicity . as of april 2014 , the couple have sold a combined 300 million records together . the couple are known for their private relationship , although they have appeared to become more relaxed in recent years . beyonce suffered a miscarriage in 2010 or 2011 , describing it as " the saddest thing " she had ever endured . she returned to the studio and wrote music in order to cope with the loss . in april 2011 , beyonce and jay z traveled to paris in order to shoot the album cover for her 4 , and unexpectedly became pregnant in paris . [ sep ] april 4 , 2008
beyonce is believed to have first started a relationship with jay z after a collaboration on " ' 03 bonnie & clyde " , which appeared on his seventh album the blueprint 2 : the gift & the curse ( 2002 ) . beyonce appeared as jay z ' s girlfriend in the music video for the song , which would further fuel speculation of their relationship . on april 4 , 2008 , beyonce and jay z were married without publicity . as of april 2014 , the couple have sold a combined 300 million records together . the couple are known for their private relationship , although they have appeared to become more relaxed in recent years . beyonce suffered a miscarriage in 2010 or 2011 , describing it as " the saddest thing " she had ever endured . she returned to the studio and wrote music in order to cope with the loss . in april 2011 , beyonce and jay z traveled to paris in order to shoot the album cover for her 4 , and unexpectedly became pregnant in paris . [ sep ] 300 million
beyonce is believed to have first started a relationship with jay z after a collaboration on " ' 03 bonnie & clyde " , which appeared on his seventh album the blueprint 2 : the gift & the curse ( 2002 ) . beyonce appeared as jay z ' s girlfriend in the music video for the song , which would further fuel speculation of their relationship . on april 4 , 2008 , beyonce and jay z were married without publicity . as of april 2014 , the couple have sold a combined 300 million records together . the couple are known for their private relationship , although they have appeared to become more relaxed in recent years . beyonce suffered a miscarriage in 2010 or 2011 , describing it as " the saddest thing " she had ever endured . she returned to the studio and wrote music in order to cope with the loss . in april 2011 , beyonce and jay z traveled to paris in order to shoot the album cover for her 4 , and unexpectedly became pregnant in paris . [ sep ] wrote music
beyonce is believed to have first started a relationship with jay z after a collaboration on " ' 03 bonnie & clyde " , which appeared on his seventh album the blueprint 2 : the gift & the curse ( 2002 ) . beyonce appeared as jay z ' s girlfriend in the music video for the song , which would further fuel speculation of their relationship . on april 4 , 2008 , beyonce and jay z were married without publicity . as of april 2014 , the couple have sold a combined 300 million records together . the couple are known for their private relationship , although they have appeared to become more relaxed in recent years . beyonce suffered a miscarriage in 2010 or 2011 , describing it as " the saddest thing " she had ever endured . she returned to the studio and wrote music in order to cope with the loss . in april 2011 , beyonce and jay z traveled to paris in order to shoot the album cover for her 4 , and unexpectedly became pregnant in paris . [ sep ] paris
in august , the couple attended the 2011 mtv video music awards , at which beyonce performed " love on top " and started the performance saying " tonight i want you to stand up on your feet , i want you to feel the love that ' s growing inside of me " . at the end of the performance , she dropped her microphone , unbuttoned her blazer and rubbed her stomach , confirming her pregnancy she had alluded to earlier in the evening . her appearance helped that year ' s mtv video music awards become the most - watched broadcast in mtv history , pulling in 12 . 4 million viewers ; the announcement was listed in guinness world records for " most tweets per second recorded for a single event " on twitter , receiving 8 , 868 tweets per second and " beyonce pregnant " was the most googled term the week of august 29 , 2011 . [ sep ] 2011 mtv video music awards
in august , the couple attended the 2011 mtv video music awards , at which beyonce performed " love on top " and started the performance saying " tonight i want you to stand up on your feet , i want you to feel the love that ' s growing inside of me " . at the end of the performance , she dropped her microphone , unbuttoned her blazer and rubbed her stomach , confirming her pregnancy she had alluded to earlier in the evening . her appearance helped that year ' s mtv video music awards become the most - watched broadcast in mtv history , pulling in 12 . 4 million viewers ; the announcement was listed in guinness world records for " most tweets per second recorded for a single event " on twitter , receiving 8 , 868 tweets per second and " beyonce pregnant " was the most googled term the week of august 29 , 2011 . [ sep ] her appearance
in august , the couple attended the 2011 mtv video music awards , at which beyonce performed " love on top " and started the performance saying " tonight i want you to stand up on your feet , i want you to feel the love that ' s growing inside of me " . at the end of the performance , she dropped her microphone , unbuttoned her blazer and rubbed her stomach , confirming her pregnancy she had alluded to earlier in the evening . her appearance helped that year ' s mtv video music awards become the most - watched broadcast in mtv history , pulling in 12 . 4 million viewers ; the announcement was listed in guinness world records for " most tweets per second recorded for a single event " on twitter , receiving 8 , 868 tweets per second and " beyonce pregnant " was the most googled term the week of august 29 , 2011 . [ sep ] most tweets per second
in august , the couple attended the 2011 mtv video music awards , at which beyonce performed " love on top " and started the performance saying " tonight i want you to stand up on your feet , i want you to feel the love that ' s growing inside of me " . at the end of the performance , she dropped her microphone , unbuttoned her blazer and rubbed her stomach , confirming her pregnancy she had alluded to earlier in the evening . her appearance helped that year ' s mtv video music awards become the most - watched broadcast in mtv history , pulling in 12 . 4 million viewers ; the announcement was listed in guinness world records for " most tweets per second recorded for a single event " on twitter , receiving 8 , 868 tweets per second and " beyonce pregnant " was the most googled term the week of august 29 , 2011 . [ sep ] beyonce pregnant
in august , the couple attended the 2011 mtv video music awards , at which beyonce performed " love on top " and started the performance saying " tonight i want you to stand up on your feet , i want you to feel the love that ' s growing inside of me " . at the end of the performance , she dropped her microphone , unbuttoned her blazer and rubbed her stomach , confirming her pregnancy she had alluded to earlier in the evening . her appearance helped that year ' s mtv video music awards become the most - watched broadcast in mtv history , pulling in 12 . 4 million viewers ; the announcement was listed in guinness world records for " most tweets per second recorded for a single event " on twitter , receiving 8 , 868 tweets per second and " beyonce pregnant " was the most googled term the week of august 29 , 2011 . [ sep ] love on top
on january 7 , 2012 , beyonce gave birth to a daughter , blue ivy carter , at lenox hill hospital in new york under heavy security . two days later , jay z released " glory " , a song dedicated to their child , on his website lifeandtimes . com . the song detailed the couple ' s pregnancy struggles , including a miscarriage beyonce suffered before becoming pregnant with blue ivy . blue ivy ' s cries are included at the end of the song , and she was officially credited as " b . i . c . " on it . at two days old , she became the youngest person ever to appear on a billboard chart when " glory " debuted on the hot r & b / hip - hop songs chart . [ sep ] blue ivy carter
on january 7 , 2012 , beyonce gave birth to a daughter , blue ivy carter , at lenox hill hospital in new york under heavy security . two days later , jay z released " glory " , a song dedicated to their child , on his website lifeandtimes . com . the song detailed the couple ' s pregnancy struggles , including a miscarriage beyonce suffered before becoming pregnant with blue ivy . blue ivy ' s cries are included at the end of the song , and she was officially credited as " b . i . c . " on it . at two days old , she became the youngest person ever to appear on a billboard chart when " glory " debuted on the hot r & b / hip - hop songs chart . [ sep ] lenox hill hospital
on january 7 , 2012 , beyonce gave birth to a daughter , blue ivy carter , at lenox hill hospital in new york under heavy security . two days later , jay z released " glory " , a song dedicated to their child , on his website lifeandtimes . com . the song detailed the couple ' s pregnancy struggles , including a miscarriage beyonce suffered before becoming pregnant with blue ivy . blue ivy ' s cries are included at the end of the song , and she was officially credited as " b . i . c . " on it . at two days old , she became the youngest person ever to appear on a billboard chart when " glory " debuted on the hot r & b / hip - hop songs chart . [ sep ] glory
on january 7 , 2012 , beyonce gave birth to a daughter , blue ivy carter , at lenox hill hospital in new york under heavy security . two days later , jay z released " glory " , a song dedicated to their child , on his website lifeandtimes . com . the song detailed the couple ' s pregnancy struggles , including a miscarriage beyonce suffered before becoming pregnant with blue ivy . blue ivy ' s cries are included at the end of the song , and she was officially credited as " b . i . c . " on it . at two days old , she became the youngest person ever to appear on a billboard chart when " glory " debuted on the hot r & b / hip - hop songs chart . [ sep ] blue ivy carter
on january 7 , 2012 , beyonce gave birth to a daughter , blue ivy carter , at lenox hill hospital in new york under heavy security . two days later , jay z released " glory " , a song dedicated to their child , on his website lifeandtimes . com . the song detailed the couple ' s pregnancy struggles , including a miscarriage beyonce suffered before becoming pregnant with blue ivy . blue ivy ' s cries are included at the end of the song , and she was officially credited as " b . i . c . " on it . at two days old , she became the youngest person ever to appear on a billboard chart when " glory " debuted on the hot r & b / hip - hop songs chart . [ sep ] b . i . c .
beyonce and husband jay z are friends with president barack obama and first lady michelle obama . she performed " america the beautiful " at the 2009 presidential inauguration , as well as " at last " during the first inaugural dance at the neighborhood ball two days later . beyonce and jay z held a fundraiser at the latter ' s 40 / 40 club in manhattan for obama ' s 2012 presidential campaign which raised $ 4 million . beyonce uploaded pictures of her paper ballot on tumblr , confirming she had voted in support for the democratic party and to encourage others to do so . she also performed the american national anthem at his second inauguration , singing along with a pre - recorded track . she publicly endorsed same sex marriage on march 26 , 2013 , after the supreme court debate on california ' s proposition 8 . in july 2013 , beyonce and jay - z attended a rally in response to the acquittal of george zimmerman for the shooting of trayvon martin . [ sep ] 4 million
beyonce and husband jay z are friends with president barack obama and first lady michelle obama . she performed " america the beautiful " at the 2009 presidential inauguration , as well as " at last " during the first inaugural dance at the neighborhood ball two days later . beyonce and jay z held a fundraiser at the latter ' s 40 / 40 club in manhattan for obama ' s 2012 presidential campaign which raised $ 4 million . beyonce uploaded pictures of her paper ballot on tumblr , confirming she had voted in support for the democratic party and to encourage others to do so . she also performed the american national anthem at his second inauguration , singing along with a pre - recorded track . she publicly endorsed same sex marriage on march 26 , 2013 , after the supreme court debate on california ' s proposition 8 . in july 2013 , beyonce and jay - z attended a rally in response to the acquittal of george zimmerman for the shooting of trayvon martin . [ sep ] same sex marriage
beyonce and husband jay z are friends with president barack obama and first lady michelle obama . she performed " america the beautiful " at the 2009 presidential inauguration , as well as " at last " during the first inaugural dance at the neighborhood ball two days later . beyonce and jay z held a fundraiser at the latter ' s 40 / 40 club in manhattan for obama ' s 2012 presidential campaign which raised $ 4 million . beyonce uploaded pictures of her paper ballot on tumblr , confirming she had voted in support for the democratic party and to encourage others to do so . she also performed the american national anthem at his second inauguration , singing along with a pre - recorded track . she publicly endorsed same sex marriage on march 26 , 2013 , after the supreme court debate on california ' s proposition 8 . in july 2013 , beyonce and jay - z attended a rally in response to the acquittal of george zimmerman for the shooting of trayvon martin . [ sep ] a rally
beyonce and husband jay z are friends with president barack obama and first lady michelle obama . she performed " america the beautiful " at the 2009 presidential inauguration , as well as " at last " during the first inaugural dance at the neighborhood ball two days later . beyonce and jay z held a fundraiser at the latter ' s 40 / 40 club in manhattan for obama ' s 2012 presidential campaign which raised $ 4 million . beyonce uploaded pictures of her paper ballot on tumblr , confirming she had voted in support for the democratic party and to encourage others to do so . she also performed the american national anthem at his second inauguration , singing along with a pre - recorded track . she publicly endorsed same sex marriage on march 26 , 2013 , after the supreme court debate on california ' s proposition 8 . in july 2013 , beyonce and jay - z attended a rally in response to the acquittal of george zimmerman for the shooting of trayvon martin . [ sep ] america the beautiful
in an interview published by vogue in april 2013 , beyonce was asked if she considers herself a feminist , to which she said , " that word can be very extreme . . . but i guess i am a modern - day feminist . i do believe in equality " . she would later align herself more publicly with the movement , sampling " we should all be feminists " , a speech delivered by nigerian author chimamanda ngozi adichie at a tedxeuston conference in april 2013 , in her song " flawless " , released later that year . she has also contributed to the ban bossy campaign , which uses television and social media to encourage leadership in girls . [ sep ] vogue
in an interview published by vogue in april 2013 , beyonce was asked if she considers herself a feminist , to which she said , " that word can be very extreme . . . but i guess i am a modern - day feminist . i do believe in equality " . she would later align herself more publicly with the movement , sampling " we should all be feminists " , a speech delivered by nigerian author chimamanda ngozi adichie at a tedxeuston conference in april 2013 , in her song " flawless " , released later that year . she has also contributed to the ban bossy campaign , which uses television and social media to encourage leadership in girls . [ sep ] april 2013
in an interview published by vogue in april 2013 , beyonce was asked if she considers herself a feminist , to which she said , " that word can be very extreme . . . but i guess i am a modern - day feminist . i do believe in equality " . she would later align herself more publicly with the movement , sampling " we should all be feminists " , a speech delivered by nigerian author chimamanda ngozi adichie at a tedxeuston conference in april 2013 , in her song " flawless " , released later that year . she has also contributed to the ban bossy campaign , which uses television and social media to encourage leadership in girls . [ sep ] ban bossy
in an interview published by vogue in april 2013 , beyonce was asked if she considers herself a feminist , to which she said , " that word can be very extreme . . . but i guess i am a modern - day feminist . i do believe in equality " . she would later align herself more publicly with the movement , sampling " we should all be feminists " , a speech delivered by nigerian author chimamanda ngozi adichie at a tedxeuston conference in april 2013 , in her song " flawless " , released later that year . she has also contributed to the ban bossy campaign , which uses television and social media to encourage leadership in girls . [ sep ] flawless
in an interview published by vogue in april 2013 , beyonce was asked if she considers herself a feminist , to which she said , " that word can be very extreme . . . but i guess i am a modern - day feminist . i do believe in equality " . she would later align herself more publicly with the movement , sampling " we should all be feminists " , a speech delivered by nigerian author chimamanda ngozi adichie at a tedxeuston conference in april 2013 , in her song " flawless " , released later that year . she has also contributed to the ban bossy campaign , which uses television and social media to encourage leadership in girls . [ sep ] leadership in girls
in 2015 beyonce signed an open letter which the one campaign had been collecting signatures for ; the letter was addressed to angela merkel and nkosazana dlamini - zuma , urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the g7 in germany and the au in south africa respectively , which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main un summit in september 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation . [ sep ] 2015
in 2015 beyonce signed an open letter which the one campaign had been collecting signatures for ; the letter was addressed to angela merkel and nkosazana dlamini - zuma , urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the g7 in germany and the au in south africa respectively , which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main un summit in september 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation . [ sep ] angela merkel and nkosazana dlamini - zuma
in 2015 beyonce signed an open letter which the one campaign had been collecting signatures for ; the letter was addressed to angela merkel and nkosazana dlamini - zuma , urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the g7 in germany and the au in south africa respectively , which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main un summit in september 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation . [ sep ] head of the g7 in germany
in 2015 beyonce signed an open letter which the one campaign had been collecting signatures for ; the letter was addressed to angela merkel and nkosazana dlamini - zuma , urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the g7 in germany and the au in south africa respectively , which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main un summit in september 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation . [ sep ] september 2015
following the death of freddie gray , beyonce and jay - z , among other notable figures , met with his family . after the imprisonment of protesters of gray ' s death , beyonce and jay - z donated thousands of dollars to bail them out . [ sep ] freddie gray
following the death of freddie gray , beyonce and jay - z , among other notable figures , met with his family . after the imprisonment of protesters of gray ' s death , beyonce and jay - z donated thousands of dollars to bail them out . [ sep ] thousands of dollars
forbes magazine began reporting on beyonce ' s earnings in 2008 , calculating that the $ 80 million earned between june 2007 to june 2008 , for her music , tour , films and clothing line made her the world ' s best - paid music personality at the time , above madonna and celine dion . they placed her fourth on the celebrity 100 list in 2009 and ninth on the " most powerful women in the world " list in 2010 . the following year , forbes placed her eighth on the " best - paid celebrities under 30 " list , having earned $ 35 million in the past year for her clothing line and endorsement deals . in 2012 , forbes placed beyonce at number 16 on the celebrity 100 list , twelve places lower than three years ago yet still having earned $ 40 million in the past year for her album 4 , clothing line and endorsement deals . in the same year , beyonce and jay z placed at number one on the " world ' s highest - paid celebrity couples " , for collectively earning $ 78 million . the couple made it into the previous year ' s guinness world records as the " highest - earning power couple " for collectively earning $ 122 million in 2009 . for the years 2009 to 2011 , beyonce earned an average of $ 70 million per year , and earned $ 40 million in 2012 . in 2013 , beyonce ' s endorsements of pepsi and h & m made her and jay z the world ' s first billion dollar couple in the music industry . that year , beyonce was published as the fourth most - powerful celebrity in the forbes rankings . mtv estimated that by the end of 2014 , beyonce would become the highest - paid black musician in history ; she succeeded to do so in april 2014 . in june 2014 , beyonce ranked at # 1 on the forbes celebrity 100 list , earning an estimated $ 115 million throughout june 2013 – june 2014 . this in turn was the first time she had topped the celebrity 100 list as well as being her highest yearly earnings to date . as of may 2015 , her net worth is estimated to be $ 250 million . [ sep ] madonna and celine dion
forbes magazine began reporting on beyonce ' s earnings in 2008 , calculating that the $ 80 million earned between june 2007 to june 2008 , for her music , tour , films and clothing line made her the world ' s best - paid music personality at the time , above madonna and celine dion . they placed her fourth on the celebrity 100 list in 2009 and ninth on the " most powerful women in the world " list in 2010 . the following year , forbes placed her eighth on the " best - paid celebrities under 30 " list , having earned $ 35 million in the past year for her clothing line and endorsement deals . in 2012 , forbes placed beyonce at number 16 on the celebrity 100 list , twelve places lower than three years ago yet still having earned $ 40 million in the past year for her album 4 , clothing line and endorsement deals . in the same year , beyonce and jay z placed at number one on the " world ' s highest - paid celebrity couples " , for collectively earning $ 78 million . the couple made it into the previous year ' s guinness world records as the " highest - earning power couple " for collectively earning $ 122 million in 2009 . for the years 2009 to 2011 , beyonce earned an average of $ 70 million per year , and earned $ 40 million in 2012 . in 2013 , beyonce ' s endorsements of pepsi and h & m made her and jay z the world ' s first billion dollar couple in the music industry . that year , beyonce was published as the fourth most - powerful celebrity in the forbes rankings . mtv estimated that by the end of 2014 , beyonce would become the highest - paid black musician in history ; she succeeded to do so in april 2014 . in june 2014 , beyonce ranked at # 1 on the forbes celebrity 100 list , earning an estimated $ 115 million throughout june 2013 – june 2014 . this in turn was the first time she had topped the celebrity 100 list as well as being her highest yearly earnings to date . as of may 2015 , her net worth is estimated to be $ 250 million . [ sep ] forbes
forbes magazine began reporting on beyonce ' s earnings in 2008 , calculating that the $ 80 million earned between june 2007 to june 2008 , for her music , tour , films and clothing line made her the world ' s best - paid music personality at the time , above madonna and celine dion . they placed her fourth on the celebrity 100 list in 2009 and ninth on the " most powerful women in the world " list in 2010 . the following year , forbes placed her eighth on the " best - paid celebrities under 30 " list , having earned $ 35 million in the past year for her clothing line and endorsement deals . in 2012 , forbes placed beyonce at number 16 on the celebrity 100 list , twelve places lower than three years ago yet still having earned $ 40 million in the past year for her album 4 , clothing line and endorsement deals . in the same year , beyonce and jay z placed at number one on the " world ' s highest - paid celebrity couples " , for collectively earning $ 78 million . the couple made it into the previous year ' s guinness world records as the " highest - earning power couple " for collectively earning $ 122 million in 2009 . for the years 2009 to 2011 , beyonce earned an average of $ 70 million per year , and earned $ 40 million in 2012 . in 2013 , beyonce ' s endorsements of pepsi and h & m made her and jay z the world ' s first billion dollar couple in the music industry . that year , beyonce was published as the fourth most - powerful celebrity in the forbes rankings . mtv estimated that by the end of 2014 , beyonce would become the highest - paid black musician in history ; she succeeded to do so in april 2014 . in june 2014 , beyonce ranked at # 1 on the forbes celebrity 100 list , earning an estimated $ 115 million throughout june 2013 – june 2014 . this in turn was the first time she had topped the celebrity 100 list as well as being her highest yearly earnings to date . as of may 2015 , her net worth is estimated to be $ 250 million . [ sep ] 2011
forbes magazine began reporting on beyonce ' s earnings in 2008 , calculating that the $ 80 million earned between june 2007 to june 2008 , for her music , tour , films and clothing line made her the world ' s best - paid music personality at the time , above madonna and celine dion . they placed her fourth on the celebrity 100 list in 2009 and ninth on the " most powerful women in the world " list in 2010 . the following year , forbes placed her eighth on the " best - paid celebrities under 30 " list , having earned $ 35 million in the past year for her clothing line and endorsement deals . in 2012 , forbes placed beyonce at number 16 on the celebrity 100 list , twelve places lower than three years ago yet still having earned $ 40 million in the past year for her album 4 , clothing line and endorsement deals . in the same year , beyonce and jay z placed at number one on the " world ' s highest - paid celebrity couples " , for collectively earning $ 78 million . the couple made it into the previous year ' s guinness world records as the " highest - earning power couple " for collectively earning $ 122 million in 2009 . for the years 2009 to 2011 , beyonce earned an average of $ 70 million per year , and earned $ 40 million in 2012 . in 2013 , beyonce ' s endorsements of pepsi and h & m made her and jay z the world ' s first billion dollar couple in the music industry . that year , beyonce was published as the fourth most - powerful celebrity in the forbes rankings . mtv estimated that by the end of 2014 , beyonce would become the highest - paid black musician in history ; she succeeded to do so in april 2014 . in june 2014 , beyonce ranked at # 1 on the forbes celebrity 100 list , earning an estimated $ 115 million throughout june 2013 – june 2014 . this in turn was the first time she had topped the celebrity 100 list as well as being her highest yearly earnings to date . as of may 2015 , her net worth is estimated to be $ 250 million . [ sep ] 115 million
forbes magazine began reporting on beyonce ' s earnings in 2008 , calculating that the $ 80 million earned between june 2007 to june 2008 , for her music , tour , films and clothing line made her the world ' s best - paid music personality at the time , above madonna and celine dion . they placed her fourth on the celebrity 100 list in 2009 and ninth on the " most powerful women in the world " list in 2010 . the following year , forbes placed her eighth on the " best - paid celebrities under 30 " list , having earned $ 35 million in the past year for her clothing line and endorsement deals . in 2012 , forbes placed beyonce at number 16 on the celebrity 100 list , twelve places lower than three years ago yet still having earned $ 40 million in the past year for her album 4 , clothing line and endorsement deals . in the same year , beyonce and jay z placed at number one on the " world ' s highest - paid celebrity couples " , for collectively earning $ 78 million . the couple made it into the previous year ' s guinness world records as the " highest - earning power couple " for collectively earning $ 122 million in 2009 . for the years 2009 to 2011 , beyonce earned an average of $ 70 million per year , and earned $ 40 million in 2012 . in 2013 , beyonce ' s endorsements of pepsi and h & m made her and jay z the world ' s first billion dollar couple in the music industry . that year , beyonce was published as the fourth most - powerful celebrity in the forbes rankings . mtv estimated that by the end of 2014 , beyonce would become the highest - paid black musician in history ; she succeeded to do so in april 2014 . in june 2014 , beyonce ranked at # 1 on the forbes celebrity 100 list , earning an estimated $ 115 million throughout june 2013 – june 2014 . this in turn was the first time she had topped the celebrity 100 list as well as being her highest yearly earnings to date . as of may 2015 , her net worth is estimated to be $ 250 million . [ sep ] 250 million
beyonce ' s vocal range spans four octaves . jody rosen highlights her tone and timbre as particularly distinctive , describing her voice as " one of the most compelling instruments in popular music " . while another critic says she is a " vocal acrobat , being able to sing long and complex melismas and vocal runs effortlessly , and in key . her vocal abilities mean she is identified as the centerpiece of destiny ' s child . the daily mail calls beyonce ' s voice " versatile " , capable of exploring power ballads , soul , rock belting , operatic flourishes , and hip hop . jon pareles of the new york times commented that her voice is " velvety yet tart , with an insistent flutter and reserves of soul belting " . rosen notes that the hip hop era highly influenced beyonce ' s strange rhythmic vocal style , but also finds her quite traditionalist in her use of balladry , gospel and falsetto . other critics praise her range and power , with chris richards of the washington post saying she was " capable of punctuating any beat with goose - bump - inducing whispers or full - bore diva - roars . " [ sep ] four octaves
beyonce ' s vocal range spans four octaves . jody rosen highlights her tone and timbre as particularly distinctive , describing her voice as " one of the most compelling instruments in popular music " . while another critic says she is a " vocal acrobat , being able to sing long and complex melismas and vocal runs effortlessly , and in key . her vocal abilities mean she is identified as the centerpiece of destiny ' s child . the daily mail calls beyonce ' s voice " versatile " , capable of exploring power ballads , soul , rock belting , operatic flourishes , and hip hop . jon pareles of the new york times commented that her voice is " velvety yet tart , with an insistent flutter and reserves of soul belting " . rosen notes that the hip hop era highly influenced beyonce ' s strange rhythmic vocal style , but also finds her quite traditionalist in her use of balladry , gospel and falsetto . other critics praise her range and power , with chris richards of the washington post saying she was " capable of punctuating any beat with goose - bump - inducing whispers or full - bore diva - roars . " [ sep ] versatile
beyonce ' s vocal range spans four octaves . jody rosen highlights her tone and timbre as particularly distinctive , describing her voice as " one of the most compelling instruments in popular music " . while another critic says she is a " vocal acrobat , being able to sing long and complex melismas and vocal runs effortlessly , and in key . her vocal abilities mean she is identified as the centerpiece of destiny ' s child . the daily mail calls beyonce ' s voice " versatile " , capable of exploring power ballads , soul , rock belting , operatic flourishes , and hip hop . jon pareles of the new york times commented that her voice is " velvety yet tart , with an insistent flutter and reserves of soul belting " . rosen notes that the hip hop era highly influenced beyonce ' s strange rhythmic vocal style , but also finds her quite traditionalist in her use of balladry , gospel and falsetto . other critics praise her range and power , with chris richards of the washington post saying she was " capable of punctuating any beat with goose - bump - inducing whispers or full - bore diva - roars . " [ sep ] hip hop
beyonce ' s vocal range spans four octaves . jody rosen highlights her tone and timbre as particularly distinctive , describing her voice as " one of the most compelling instruments in popular music " . while another critic says she is a " vocal acrobat , being able to sing long and complex melismas and vocal runs effortlessly , and in key . her vocal abilities mean she is identified as the centerpiece of destiny ' s child . the daily mail calls beyonce ' s voice " versatile " , capable of exploring power ballads , soul , rock belting , operatic flourishes , and hip hop . jon pareles of the new york times commented that her voice is " velvety yet tart , with an insistent flutter and reserves of soul belting " . rosen notes that the hip hop era highly influenced beyonce ' s strange rhythmic vocal style , but also finds her quite traditionalist in her use of balladry , gospel and falsetto . other critics praise her range and power , with chris richards of the washington post saying she was " capable of punctuating any beat with goose - bump - inducing whispers or full - bore diva - roars . " [ sep ] praise her range and power
beyonce ' s music is generally r & b , but she also incorporates pop , soul and funk into her songs . 4 demonstrated beyonce ' s exploration of 90s - style r & b , as well as further use of soul and hip hop than compared to previous releases . while she almost exclusively releases english songs , beyonce recorded several spanish songs for irreemplazable ( re - recordings of songs from b ' day for a spanish - language audience ) , and the re - release of b ' day . to record these , beyonce was coached phonetically by american record producer rudy perez . [ sep ] r & b
beyonce ' s music is generally r & b , but she also incorporates pop , soul and funk into her songs . 4 demonstrated beyonce ' s exploration of 90s - style r & b , as well as further use of soul and hip hop than compared to previous releases . while she almost exclusively releases english songs , beyonce recorded several spanish songs for irreemplazable ( re - recordings of songs from b ' day for a spanish - language audience ) , and the re - release of b ' day . to record these , beyonce was coached phonetically by american record producer rudy perez . [ sep ] english
beyonce ' s music is generally r & b , but she also incorporates pop , soul and funk into her songs . 4 demonstrated beyonce ' s exploration of 90s - style r & b , as well as further use of soul and hip hop than compared to previous releases . while she almost exclusively releases english songs , beyonce recorded several spanish songs for irreemplazable ( re - recordings of songs from b ' day for a spanish - language audience ) , and the re - release of b ' day . to record these , beyonce was coached phonetically by american record producer rudy perez . [ sep ] spanish
beyonce ' s music is generally r & b , but she also incorporates pop , soul and funk into her songs . 4 demonstrated beyonce ' s exploration of 90s - style r & b , as well as further use of soul and hip hop than compared to previous releases . while she almost exclusively releases english songs , beyonce recorded several spanish songs for irreemplazable ( re - recordings of songs from b ' day for a spanish - language audience ) , and the re - release of b ' day . to record these , beyonce was coached phonetically by american record producer rudy perez . [ sep ] b ' day
she has received co - writing credits for most of the songs recorded with destiny ' s child and her solo efforts . her early songs were personally driven and female - empowerment themed compositions like " independent women " and " survivor " , but after the start of her relationship with jay z she transitioned to more man - tending anthems such as " cater 2 u " . beyonce has also received co - producing credits for most of the records in which she has been involved , especially during her solo efforts . however , she does not formulate beats herself , but typically comes up with melodies and ideas during production , sharing them with producers . [ sep ] female - empowerment
she has received co - writing credits for most of the songs recorded with destiny ' s child and her solo efforts . her early songs were personally driven and female - empowerment themed compositions like " independent women " and " survivor " , but after the start of her relationship with jay z she transitioned to more man - tending anthems such as " cater 2 u " . beyonce has also received co - producing credits for most of the records in which she has been involved , especially during her solo efforts . however , she does not formulate beats herself , but typically comes up with melodies and ideas during production , sharing them with producers . [ sep ] man - tending anthems
she has received co - writing credits for most of the songs recorded with destiny ' s child and her solo efforts . her early songs were personally driven and female - empowerment themed compositions like " independent women " and " survivor " , but after the start of her relationship with jay z she transitioned to more man - tending anthems such as " cater 2 u " . beyonce has also received co - producing credits for most of the records in which she has been involved , especially during her solo efforts . however , she does not formulate beats herself , but typically comes up with melodies and ideas during production , sharing them with producers . [ sep ] co - producing credits
she has received co - writing credits for most of the songs recorded with destiny ' s child and her solo efforts . her early songs were personally driven and female - empowerment themed compositions like " independent women " and " survivor " , but after the start of her relationship with jay z she transitioned to more man - tending anthems such as " cater 2 u " . beyonce has also received co - producing credits for most of the records in which she has been involved , especially during her solo efforts . however , she does not formulate beats herself , but typically comes up with melodies and ideas during production , sharing them with producers . [ sep ] melodies
in 2001 , she became the first african - american woman and second woman songwriter to win the pop songwriter of the year award at the american society of composers , authors , and publishers pop music awards . beyonce was the third woman to have writing credits on three number one songs ( " irreplaceable " , " grillz " and " check on it " ) in the same year , after carole king in 1971 and mariah carey in 1991 . she is tied with american songwriter diane warren at third with nine songwriting credits on number - one singles . ( the latter wrote her 9 / 11 - motivated song " i was here " for 4 . ) in may 2011 , billboard magazine listed beyonce at number 17 on their list of the " top 20 hot 100 songwriters " , for having co - written eight singles that hit number one on the billboard hot 100 chart . she was one of only three women on that list . [ sep ] 2001
in 2001 , she became the first african - american woman and second woman songwriter to win the pop songwriter of the year award at the american society of composers , authors , and publishers pop music awards . beyonce was the third woman to have writing credits on three number one songs ( " irreplaceable " , " grillz " and " check on it " ) in the same year , after carole king in 1971 and mariah carey in 1991 . she is tied with american songwriter diane warren at third with nine songwriting credits on number - one singles . ( the latter wrote her 9 / 11 - motivated song " i was here " for 4 . ) in may 2011 , billboard magazine listed beyonce at number 17 on their list of the " top 20 hot 100 songwriters " , for having co - written eight singles that hit number one on the billboard hot 100 chart . she was one of only three women on that list . [ sep ] third
in 2001 , she became the first african - american woman and second woman songwriter to win the pop songwriter of the year award at the american society of composers , authors , and publishers pop music awards . beyonce was the third woman to have writing credits on three number one songs ( " irreplaceable " , " grillz " and " check on it " ) in the same year , after carole king in 1971 and mariah carey in 1991 . she is tied with american songwriter diane warren at third with nine songwriting credits on number - one singles . ( the latter wrote her 9 / 11 - motivated song " i was here " for 4 . ) in may 2011 , billboard magazine listed beyonce at number 17 on their list of the " top 20 hot 100 songwriters " , for having co - written eight singles that hit number one on the billboard hot 100 chart . she was one of only three women on that list . [ sep ] billboard magazine
in 2001 , she became the first african - american woman and second woman songwriter to win the pop songwriter of the year award at the american society of composers , authors , and publishers pop music awards . beyonce was the third woman to have writing credits on three number one songs ( " irreplaceable " , " grillz " and " check on it " ) in the same year , after carole king in 1971 and mariah carey in 1991 . she is tied with american songwriter diane warren at third with nine songwriting credits on number - one singles . ( the latter wrote her 9 / 11 - motivated song " i was here " for 4 . ) in may 2011 , billboard magazine listed beyonce at number 17 on their list of the " top 20 hot 100 songwriters " , for having co - written eight singles that hit number one on the billboard hot 100 chart . she was one of only three women on that list . [ sep ] third woman
beyonce names michael jackson as her major musical influence . aged five , beyonce attended her first ever concert where jackson performed and she claims to have realised her purpose . when she presented him with a tribute award at the world music awards in 2006 , beyonce said , " if it wasn ' t for michael jackson , i would never ever have performed . " she admires diana ross as an " all - around entertainer " and whitney houston , who she said " inspired me to get up there and do what she did . " she credits mariah carey ' s singing and her song " vision of love " as influencing her to begin practicing vocal runs as a child . her other musical influences include aaliyah , prince , lauryn hill , sade adu , donna summer , mary j . blige , janet jackson , anita baker and rachelle ferrell . [ sep ] michael jackson
beyonce names michael jackson as her major musical influence . aged five , beyonce attended her first ever concert where jackson performed and she claims to have realised her purpose . when she presented him with a tribute award at the world music awards in 2006 , beyonce said , " if it wasn ' t for michael jackson , i would never ever have performed . " she admires diana ross as an " all - around entertainer " and whitney houston , who she said " inspired me to get up there and do what she did . " she credits mariah carey ' s singing and her song " vision of love " as influencing her to begin practicing vocal runs as a child . her other musical influences include aaliyah , prince , lauryn hill , sade adu , donna summer , mary j . blige , janet jackson , anita baker and rachelle ferrell . [ sep ] vision of love
the feminism and female empowerment themes on beyonce ' s second solo album b ' day were inspired by her role in dreamgirls and by singer josephine baker . beyonce paid homage to baker by performing " deja vu " at the 2006 fashion rocks concert wearing baker ' s trademark mini - hula skirt embellished with fake bananas . beyonce ' s third solo album i am . . . sasha fierce was inspired by jay z and especially by etta james , whose " boldness " inspired beyonce to explore other musical genres and styles . her fourth solo album , 4 , was inspired by fela kuti , 1990s r & b , earth , wind & fire , debarge , lionel richie , teena marie with additional influences by the jackson 5 , new edition , adele , florence and the machine , and prince . [ sep ] dreamgirls
the feminism and female empowerment themes on beyonce ' s second solo album b ' day were inspired by her role in dreamgirls and by singer josephine baker . beyonce paid homage to baker by performing " deja vu " at the 2006 fashion rocks concert wearing baker ' s trademark mini - hula skirt embellished with fake bananas . beyonce ' s third solo album i am . . . sasha fierce was inspired by jay z and especially by etta james , whose " boldness " inspired beyonce to explore other musical genres and styles . her fourth solo album , 4 , was inspired by fela kuti , 1990s r & b , earth , wind & fire , debarge , lionel richie , teena marie with additional influences by the jackson 5 , new edition , adele , florence and the machine , and prince . [ sep ] boldness
the feminism and female empowerment themes on beyonce ' s second solo album b ' day were inspired by her role in dreamgirls and by singer josephine baker . beyonce paid homage to baker by performing " deja vu " at the 2006 fashion rocks concert wearing baker ' s trademark mini - hula skirt embellished with fake bananas . beyonce ' s third solo album i am . . . sasha fierce was inspired by jay z and especially by etta james , whose " boldness " inspired beyonce to explore other musical genres and styles . her fourth solo album , 4 , was inspired by fela kuti , 1990s r & b , earth , wind & fire , debarge , lionel richie , teena marie with additional influences by the jackson 5 , new edition , adele , florence and the machine , and prince . [ sep ] 2006 fashion rocks concert
beyonce has stated that she is personally inspired by us first lady michelle obama , saying " she proves you can do it all " and she has described oprah winfrey as " the definition of inspiration and a strong woman " . she has also discussed how jay z is a continuing inspiration to her , both with what she describes as his lyrical genius and in the obstacles he has overcome in his life . beyonce has expressed admiration for the artist jean - michel basquiat , posting in a letter " what i find in the work of jean - michel basquiat , i search for in every day in music . . . he is lyrical and raw " . in february 2013 , beyonce said that madonna inspired her to take control of her own career . she commented : " i think about madonna and how she took all of the great things she achieved and started the label and developed other artists . but there are not enough of those women . " . [ sep ] michelle obama
beyonce has stated that she is personally inspired by us first lady michelle obama , saying " she proves you can do it all " and she has described oprah winfrey as " the definition of inspiration and a strong woman " . she has also discussed how jay z is a continuing inspiration to her , both with what she describes as his lyrical genius and in the obstacles he has overcome in his life . beyonce has expressed admiration for the artist jean - michel basquiat , posting in a letter " what i find in the work of jean - michel basquiat , i search for in every day in music . . . he is lyrical and raw " . in february 2013 , beyonce said that madonna inspired her to take control of her own career . she commented : " i think about madonna and how she took all of the great things she achieved and started the label and developed other artists . but there are not enough of those women . " . [ sep ] a strong woman
beyonce has stated that she is personally inspired by us first lady michelle obama , saying " she proves you can do it all " and she has described oprah winfrey as " the definition of inspiration and a strong woman " . she has also discussed how jay z is a continuing inspiration to her , both with what she describes as his lyrical genius and in the obstacles he has overcome in his life . beyonce has expressed admiration for the artist jean - michel basquiat , posting in a letter " what i find in the work of jean - michel basquiat , i search for in every day in music . . . he is lyrical and raw " . in february 2013 , beyonce said that madonna inspired her to take control of her own career . she commented : " i think about madonna and how she took all of the great things she achieved and started the label and developed other artists . but there are not enough of those women . " . [ sep ] lyrical and raw
beyonce has stated that she is personally inspired by us first lady michelle obama , saying " she proves you can do it all " and she has described oprah winfrey as " the definition of inspiration and a strong woman " . she has also discussed how jay z is a continuing inspiration to her , both with what she describes as his lyrical genius and in the obstacles he has overcome in his life . beyonce has expressed admiration for the artist jean - michel basquiat , posting in a letter " what i find in the work of jean - michel basquiat , i search for in every day in music . . . he is lyrical and raw " . in february 2013 , beyonce said that madonna inspired her to take control of her own career . she commented : " i think about madonna and how she took all of the great things she achieved and started the label and developed other artists . but there are not enough of those women . " . [ sep ] to take control of her own career
beyonce has stated that she is personally inspired by us first lady michelle obama , saying " she proves you can do it all " and she has described oprah winfrey as " the definition of inspiration and a strong woman " . she has also discussed how jay z is a continuing inspiration to her , both with what she describes as his lyrical genius and in the obstacles he has overcome in his life . beyonce has expressed admiration for the artist jean - michel basquiat , posting in a letter " what i find in the work of jean - michel basquiat , i search for in every day in music . . . he is lyrical and raw " . in february 2013 , beyonce said that madonna inspired her to take control of her own career . she commented : " i think about madonna and how she took all of the great things she achieved and started the label and developed other artists . but there are not enough of those women . " . [ sep ] continuing inspiration
in 2006 , beyonce introduced her all - female tour band suga mama ( also the name of a song in b ' day ) which includes bassists , drummers , guitarists , horn players , keyboardists and percussionists . her background singers , the mamas , consist of montina cooper - donnell , crystal collins and tiffany monique riddick . they made their debut appearance at the 2006 bet awards and re - appeared in the music videos for " irreplaceable " and " green light " . the band have supported beyonce in most subsequent live performances , including her 2007 concert tour the beyonce experience , 2009 – 2010 i am . . . world tour and 2013 – 2014 the mrs . carter show world tour . [ sep ] suga mama
in 2006 , beyonce introduced her all - female tour band suga mama ( also the name of a song in b ' day ) which includes bassists , drummers , guitarists , horn players , keyboardists and percussionists . her background singers , the mamas , consist of montina cooper - donnell , crystal collins and tiffany monique riddick . they made their debut appearance at the 2006 bet awards and re - appeared in the music videos for " irreplaceable " and " green light " . the band have supported beyonce in most subsequent live performances , including her 2007 concert tour the beyonce experience , 2009 – 2010 i am . . . world tour and 2013 – 2014 the mrs . carter show world tour . [ sep ] suga mama
in 2006 , beyonce introduced her all - female tour band suga mama ( also the name of a song in b ' day ) which includes bassists , drummers , guitarists , horn players , keyboardists and percussionists . her background singers , the mamas , consist of montina cooper - donnell , crystal collins and tiffany monique riddick . they made their debut appearance at the 2006 bet awards and re - appeared in the music videos for " irreplaceable " and " green light " . the band have supported beyonce in most subsequent live performances , including her 2007 concert tour the beyonce experience , 2009 – 2010 i am . . . world tour and 2013 – 2014 the mrs . carter show world tour . [ sep ] 2006 bet awards
in 2006 , beyonce introduced her all - female tour band suga mama ( also the name of a song in b ' day ) which includes bassists , drummers , guitarists , horn players , keyboardists and percussionists . her background singers , the mamas , consist of montina cooper - donnell , crystal collins and tiffany monique riddick . they made their debut appearance at the 2006 bet awards and re - appeared in the music videos for " irreplaceable " and " green light " . the band have supported beyonce in most subsequent live performances , including her 2007 concert tour the beyonce experience , 2009 – 2010 i am . . . world tour and 2013 – 2014 the mrs . carter show world tour . [ sep ] suga mama
beyonce has received praise for her stage presence and voice during live performances . jarett wieselman of the new york post placed her at number one on her list of the five best singer / dancers . according to barbara ellen of the guardian beyonce is the most in - charge female artist she ' s seen onstage , while alice jones of the independent wrote she " takes her role as entertainer so seriously she ' s almost too good . " the ex - president of def jam l . a . reid has described beyonce as the greatest entertainer alive . jim farber of the daily news and stephanie classen of star phoenix both praised her strong voice and her stage presence . [ sep ] stage presence
beyonce has received praise for her stage presence and voice during live performances . jarett wieselman of the new york post placed her at number one on her list of the five best singer / dancers . according to barbara ellen of the guardian beyonce is the most in - charge female artist she ' s seen onstage , while alice jones of the independent wrote she " takes her role as entertainer so seriously she ' s almost too good . " the ex - president of def jam l . a . reid has described beyonce as the greatest entertainer alive . jim farber of the daily news and stephanie classen of star phoenix both praised her strong voice and her stage presence . [ sep ] jarett wieselman
beyonce has received praise for her stage presence and voice during live performances . jarett wieselman of the new york post placed her at number one on her list of the five best singer / dancers . according to barbara ellen of the guardian beyonce is the most in - charge female artist she ' s seen onstage , while alice jones of the independent wrote she " takes her role as entertainer so seriously she ' s almost too good . " the ex - president of def jam l . a . reid has described beyonce as the greatest entertainer alive . jim farber of the daily news and stephanie classen of star phoenix both praised her strong voice and her stage presence . [ sep ] greatest entertainer alive
beyonce has received praise for her stage presence and voice during live performances . jarett wieselman of the new york post placed her at number one on her list of the five best singer / dancers . according to barbara ellen of the guardian beyonce is the most in - charge female artist she ' s seen onstage , while alice jones of the independent wrote she " takes her role as entertainer so seriously she ' s almost too good . " the ex - president of def jam l . a . reid has described beyonce as the greatest entertainer alive . jim farber of the daily news and stephanie classen of star phoenix both praised her strong voice and her stage presence . [ sep ] she ' s almost too good
described as being " sexy , seductive and provocative " when performing on stage , beyonce has said that she originally created the alter ego " sasha fierce " to keep that stage persona separate from who she really is . she described sasha as being " too aggressive , too strong , too sassy [ and ] too sexy " , stating , " i ' m not like her in real life at all . " sasha was conceived during the making of " crazy in love " , and beyonce introduced her with the release of her 2008 album i am . . . sasha fierce . in february 2010 , she announced in an interview with allure magazine that she was comfortable enough with herself to no longer need sasha fierce . however , beyonce announced in may 2012 that she would bring her back for her revel presents : beyonce live shows later that month . [ sep ] too aggressive , too strong
described as being " sexy , seductive and provocative " when performing on stage , beyonce has said that she originally created the alter ego " sasha fierce " to keep that stage persona separate from who she really is . she described sasha as being " too aggressive , too strong , too sassy [ and ] too sexy " , stating , " i ' m not like her in real life at all . " sasha was conceived during the making of " crazy in love " , and beyonce introduced her with the release of her 2008 album i am . . . sasha fierce . in february 2010 , she announced in an interview with allure magazine that she was comfortable enough with herself to no longer need sasha fierce . however , beyonce announced in may 2012 that she would bring her back for her revel presents : beyonce live shows later that month . [ sep ] she would bring her back
beyonce has been described as a having a wide - ranging sex appeal , with music journalist toure writing that since the release of dangerously in love , she has " become a crossover sex symbol " . offstage beyonce says that while she likes to dress sexily , her onstage dress " is absolutely for the stage . " due to her curves and the term ' s catchiness , in the 2000s , the media often used the term " bootylicious " ( a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious ) to describe beyonce , the term popularized by destiny ' s child ' s single of the same name . in 2006 , it was added to the oxford english dictionary . [ sep ] bootylicious
beyonce has been described as a having a wide - ranging sex appeal , with music journalist toure writing that since the release of dangerously in love , she has " become a crossover sex symbol " . offstage beyonce says that while she likes to dress sexily , her onstage dress " is absolutely for the stage . " due to her curves and the term ' s catchiness , in the 2000s , the media often used the term " bootylicious " ( a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious ) to describe beyonce , the term popularized by destiny ' s child ' s single of the same name . in 2006 , it was added to the oxford english dictionary . [ sep ] 2006
in september 2010 , beyonce made her runway modelling debut at tom ford ' s spring / summer 2011 fashion show . she was named " world ' s most beautiful woman " by people and the " hottest female singer of all time " by complex in 2012 . in january 2013 , gq placed her on its cover , featuring her atop its " 100 sexiest women of the 21st century " list . vh1 listed her at number 1 on its 100 sexiest artists list . several wax figures of beyonce are found at madame tussauds wax museums in major cities around the world , including new york , washington , d . c . , amsterdam , bangkok , hollywood and sydney . [ sep ] people
in september 2010 , beyonce made her runway modelling debut at tom ford ' s spring / summer 2011 fashion show . she was named " world ' s most beautiful woman " by people and the " hottest female singer of all time " by complex in 2012 . in january 2013 , gq placed her on its cover , featuring her atop its " 100 sexiest women of the 21st century " list . vh1 listed her at number 1 on its 100 sexiest artists list . several wax figures of beyonce are found at madame tussauds wax museums in major cities around the world , including new york , washington , d . c . , amsterdam , bangkok , hollywood and sydney . [ sep ] complex
in september 2010 , beyonce made her runway modelling debut at tom ford ' s spring / summer 2011 fashion show . she was named " world ' s most beautiful woman " by people and the " hottest female singer of all time " by complex in 2012 . in january 2013 , gq placed her on its cover , featuring her atop its " 100 sexiest women of the 21st century " list . vh1 listed her at number 1 on its 100 sexiest artists list . several wax figures of beyonce are found at madame tussauds wax museums in major cities around the world , including new york , washington , d . c . , amsterdam , bangkok , hollywood and sydney . [ sep ] 2013
in september 2010 , beyonce made her runway modelling debut at tom ford ' s spring / summer 2011 fashion show . she was named " world ' s most beautiful woman " by people and the " hottest female singer of all time " by complex in 2012 . in january 2013 , gq placed her on its cover , featuring her atop its " 100 sexiest women of the 21st century " list . vh1 listed her at number 1 on its 100 sexiest artists list . several wax figures of beyonce are found at madame tussauds wax museums in major cities around the world , including new york , washington , d . c . , amsterdam , bangkok , hollywood and sydney . [ sep ] number 1
according to italian fashion designer roberto cavalli , beyonce uses different fashion styles to work with her music while performing . her mother co - wrote a book , published in 2002 , titled destiny ' s style an account of how fashion had an impact on the trio ' s success . the b ' day anthology video album showed many instances of fashion - oriented footage , depicting classic to contemporary wardrobe styles . in 2007 , beyonce was featured on the cover of the sports illustrated swimsuit issue , becoming the second african american woman after tyra banks , and people magazine recognized beyonce as the best - dressed celebrity . [ sep ] destiny ' s style
according to italian fashion designer roberto cavalli , beyonce uses different fashion styles to work with her music while performing . her mother co - wrote a book , published in 2002 , titled destiny ' s style an account of how fashion had an impact on the trio ' s success . the b ' day anthology video album showed many instances of fashion - oriented footage , depicting classic to contemporary wardrobe styles . in 2007 , beyonce was featured on the cover of the sports illustrated swimsuit issue , becoming the second african american woman after tyra banks , and people magazine recognized beyonce as the best - dressed celebrity . [ sep ] 2007
according to italian fashion designer roberto cavalli , beyonce uses different fashion styles to work with her music while performing . her mother co - wrote a book , published in 2002 , titled destiny ' s style an account of how fashion had an impact on the trio ' s success . the b ' day anthology video album showed many instances of fashion - oriented footage , depicting classic to contemporary wardrobe styles . in 2007 , beyonce was featured on the cover of the sports illustrated swimsuit issue , becoming the second african american woman after tyra banks , and people magazine recognized beyonce as the best - dressed celebrity . [ sep ] tyra banks
the bey hive is the name given to beyonce ' s fan base . fans were previously titled " the beyontourage " , ( a portmanteau of beyonce and entourage ) . the name bey hive derives from the word beehive , purposely misspelled to resemble her first name , and was penned by fans after petitions on the online social networking service twitter and online news reports during competitions . [ sep ] bey hive
the bey hive is the name given to beyonce ' s fan base . fans were previously titled " the beyontourage " , ( a portmanteau of beyonce and entourage ) . the name bey hive derives from the word beehive , purposely misspelled to resemble her first name , and was penned by fans after petitions on the online social networking service twitter and online news reports during competitions . [ sep ] beyontourage
in 2006 , the animal rights organization people for the ethical treatment of animals ( peta ) , criticized beyonce for wearing and using fur in her clothing line house of dereon . in 2011 , she appeared on the cover of french fashion magazine l ' officiel , in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media . a statement released from a spokesperson for the magazine said that beyonce ' s look was " far from the glamorous sasha fierce " and that it was " a return to her african roots " . [ sep ] for wearing and using fur
in 2006 , the animal rights organization people for the ethical treatment of animals ( peta ) , criticized beyonce for wearing and using fur in her clothing line house of dereon . in 2011 , she appeared on the cover of french fashion magazine l ' officiel , in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media . a statement released from a spokesperson for the magazine said that beyonce ' s look was " far from the glamorous sasha fierce " and that it was " a return to her african roots " . [ sep ] l ' officiel
in 2006 , the animal rights organization people for the ethical treatment of animals ( peta ) , criticized beyonce for wearing and using fur in her clothing line house of dereon . in 2011 , she appeared on the cover of french fashion magazine l ' officiel , in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media . a statement released from a spokesperson for the magazine said that beyonce ' s look was " far from the glamorous sasha fierce " and that it was " a return to her african roots " . [ sep ] in blackface and tribal makeup
beyonce ' s lighter skin color and costuming has drawn criticism from some in the african - american community . emmett price , a professor of music at northeastern university , wrote in 2007 , that he thinks race plays a role in many of these criticisms , saying white celebrities who dress similarly do not attract as many comments . in 2008 , l ' oreal was accused of whitening her skin in their feria hair color advertisements , responding that " it is categorically untrue " , and in 2013 , beyonce herself criticized h & m for their proposed " retouching " of promotional images of her , and according to vogue requested that only " natural pictures be used " . [ sep ] natural pictures be used
beyonce ' s lighter skin color and costuming has drawn criticism from some in the african - american community . emmett price , a professor of music at northeastern university , wrote in 2007 , that he thinks race plays a role in many of these criticisms , saying white celebrities who dress similarly do not attract as many comments . in 2008 , l ' oreal was accused of whitening her skin in their feria hair color advertisements , responding that " it is categorically untrue " , and in 2013 , beyonce herself criticized h & m for their proposed " retouching " of promotional images of her , and according to vogue requested that only " natural pictures be used " . [ sep ] it is categorically untrue
in the new yorker music critic jody rosen described beyonce as " the most important and compelling popular musician of the twenty - first century . . . . . the result , the logical end point , of a century - plus of pop . " when the guardian named her artist of the decade , llewyn - smith wrote , " why beyonce ? [ . . . ] because she made not one but two of the decade ' s greatest singles , with crazy in love and single ladies ( put a ring on it ) , not to mention her hits with destiny ' s child ; and this was the decade when singles – particularly r & b singles – regained their status as pop ' s favourite medium . [ . . . ] [ she ] and not any superannuated rock star was arguably the greatest live performer of the past 10 years . " in 2013 , beyonce made the time 100 list , baz luhrmann writing " no one has that voice , no one moves the way she moves , no one can hold an audience the way she does . . . when beyonce does an album , when beyonce sings a song , when beyonce does anything , it ' s an event , and it ' s broadly influential . right now , she is the heir - apparent diva of the usa — the reigning national voice . " in 2014 , beyonce was listed again on the time 100 and also featured on the cover of the issue . [ sep ] artist of the decade
in the new yorker music critic jody rosen described beyonce as " the most important and compelling popular musician of the twenty - first century . . . . . the result , the logical end point , of a century - plus of pop . " when the guardian named her artist of the decade , llewyn - smith wrote , " why beyonce ? [ . . . ] because she made not one but two of the decade ' s greatest singles , with crazy in love and single ladies ( put a ring on it ) , not to mention her hits with destiny ' s child ; and this was the decade when singles – particularly r & b singles – regained their status as pop ' s favourite medium . [ . . . ] [ she ] and not any superannuated rock star was arguably the greatest live performer of the past 10 years . " in 2013 , beyonce made the time 100 list , baz luhrmann writing " no one has that voice , no one moves the way she moves , no one can hold an audience the way she does . . . when beyonce does an album , when beyonce sings a song , when beyonce does anything , it ' s an event , and it ' s broadly influential . right now , she is the heir - apparent diva of the usa — the reigning national voice . " in 2014 , beyonce was listed again on the time 100 and also featured on the cover of the issue . [ sep ] 2013
in the new yorker music critic jody rosen described beyonce as " the most important and compelling popular musician of the twenty - first century . . . . . the result , the logical end point , of a century - plus of pop . " when the guardian named her artist of the decade , llewyn - smith wrote , " why beyonce ? [ . . . ] because she made not one but two of the decade ' s greatest singles , with crazy in love and single ladies ( put a ring on it ) , not to mention her hits with destiny ' s child ; and this was the decade when singles – particularly r & b singles – regained their status as pop ' s favourite medium . [ . . . ] [ she ] and not any superannuated rock star was arguably the greatest live performer of the past 10 years . " in 2013 , beyonce made the time 100 list , baz luhrmann writing " no one has that voice , no one moves the way she moves , no one can hold an audience the way she does . . . when beyonce does an album , when beyonce sings a song , when beyonce does anything , it ' s an event , and it ' s broadly influential . right now , she is the heir - apparent diva of the usa — the reigning national voice . " in 2014 , beyonce was listed again on the time 100 and also featured on the cover of the issue . [ sep ] 2014
in the new yorker music critic jody rosen described beyonce as " the most important and compelling popular musician of the twenty - first century . . . . . the result , the logical end point , of a century - plus of pop . " when the guardian named her artist of the decade , llewyn - smith wrote , " why beyonce ? [ . . . ] because she made not one but two of the decade ' s greatest singles , with crazy in love and single ladies ( put a ring on it ) , not to mention her hits with destiny ' s child ; and this was the decade when singles – particularly r & b singles – regained their status as pop ' s favourite medium . [ . . . ] [ she ] and not any superannuated rock star was arguably the greatest live performer of the past 10 years . " in 2013 , beyonce made the time 100 list , baz luhrmann writing " no one has that voice , no one moves the way she moves , no one can hold an audience the way she does . . . when beyonce does an album , when beyonce sings a song , when beyonce does anything , it ' s an event , and it ' s broadly influential . right now , she is the heir - apparent diva of the usa — the reigning national voice . " in 2014 , beyonce was listed again on the time 100 and also featured on the cover of the issue . [ sep ] baz luhrmann
beyonce ' s work has influenced numerous artists including adele , ariana grande , lady gaga , bridgit mendler , rihanna , kelly rowland , sam smith , meghan trainor , nicole scherzinger , rita ora , zendaya , cheryl cole , jojo , alexis jordan , jessica sanchez , and azealia banks . american indie rock band white rabbits also cited her an inspiration for their third album milk famous ( 2012 ) , friend gwyneth paltrow studied beyonce at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film country strong . nicki minaj has stated that seeing beyonce ' s pepsi commercial influenced her decision to appear in the company ' s 2012 global campaign . [ sep ] beyonce ' s pepsi commercial
beyonce ' s work has influenced numerous artists including adele , ariana grande , lady gaga , bridgit mendler , rihanna , kelly rowland , sam smith , meghan trainor , nicole scherzinger , rita ora , zendaya , cheryl cole , jojo , alexis jordan , jessica sanchez , and azealia banks . american indie rock band white rabbits also cited her an inspiration for their third album milk famous ( 2012 ) , friend gwyneth paltrow studied beyonce at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film country strong . nicki minaj has stated that seeing beyonce ' s pepsi commercial influenced her decision to appear in the company ' s 2012 global campaign . [ sep ] white rabbits
beyonce ' s work has influenced numerous artists including adele , ariana grande , lady gaga , bridgit mendler , rihanna , kelly rowland , sam smith , meghan trainor , nicole scherzinger , rita ora , zendaya , cheryl cole , jojo , alexis jordan , jessica sanchez , and azealia banks . american indie rock band white rabbits also cited her an inspiration for their third album milk famous ( 2012 ) , friend gwyneth paltrow studied beyonce at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film country strong . nicki minaj has stated that seeing beyonce ' s pepsi commercial influenced her decision to appear in the company ' s 2012 global campaign . [ sep ] work
beyonce ' s work has influenced numerous artists including adele , ariana grande , lady gaga , bridgit mendler , rihanna , kelly rowland , sam smith , meghan trainor , nicole scherzinger , rita ora , zendaya , cheryl cole , jojo , alexis jordan , jessica sanchez , and azealia banks . american indie rock band white rabbits also cited her an inspiration for their third album milk famous ( 2012 ) , friend gwyneth paltrow studied beyonce at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film country strong . nicki minaj has stated that seeing beyonce ' s pepsi commercial influenced her decision to appear in the company ' s 2012 global campaign . [ sep ] country strong
her debut single , " crazy in love " was named vh1 ' s " greatest song of the 2000s " , nme ' s " best track of the 00s " and " pop song of the century " , considered by rolling stone to be one of the 500 greatest songs of all time , earned two grammy awards and is one of the best - selling singles of all time at around 8 million copies . the music video for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , which achieved fame for its intricate choreography and its deployment of jazz hands , was credited by the toronto star as having started the " first major dance craze of both the new millennium and the internet " , triggering a number of parodies of the dance choreography and a legion of amateur imitators on youtube . in 2013 , drake released a single titled " girls love beyonce " , which featured an interpolation from destiny child ' s " say my name " and discussed his relationship with women . in january 2012 , research scientist bryan lessard named scaptia beyonceae , a species of horse fly found in northern queensland , australia after beyonce due to the fly ' s unique golden hairs on its abdomen . in july 2014 , a beyonce exhibit was introduced into the " legends of rock " section of the rock and roll hall of fame . the black leotard from the " single ladies " video and her outfit from the super bowl half time performance are among several pieces housed at the museum . [ sep ] crazy in love
her debut single , " crazy in love " was named vh1 ' s " greatest song of the 2000s " , nme ' s " best track of the 00s " and " pop song of the century " , considered by rolling stone to be one of the 500 greatest songs of all time , earned two grammy awards and is one of the best - selling singles of all time at around 8 million copies . the music video for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , which achieved fame for its intricate choreography and its deployment of jazz hands , was credited by the toronto star as having started the " first major dance craze of both the new millennium and the internet " , triggering a number of parodies of the dance choreography and a legion of amateur imitators on youtube . in 2013 , drake released a single titled " girls love beyonce " , which featured an interpolation from destiny child ' s " say my name " and discussed his relationship with women . in january 2012 , research scientist bryan lessard named scaptia beyonceae , a species of horse fly found in northern queensland , australia after beyonce due to the fly ' s unique golden hairs on its abdomen . in july 2014 , a beyonce exhibit was introduced into the " legends of rock " section of the rock and roll hall of fame . the black leotard from the " single ladies " video and her outfit from the super bowl half time performance are among several pieces housed at the museum . [ sep ] earned two grammy awards
her debut single , " crazy in love " was named vh1 ' s " greatest song of the 2000s " , nme ' s " best track of the 00s " and " pop song of the century " , considered by rolling stone to be one of the 500 greatest songs of all time , earned two grammy awards and is one of the best - selling singles of all time at around 8 million copies . the music video for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , which achieved fame for its intricate choreography and its deployment of jazz hands , was credited by the toronto star as having started the " first major dance craze of both the new millennium and the internet " , triggering a number of parodies of the dance choreography and a legion of amateur imitators on youtube . in 2013 , drake released a single titled " girls love beyonce " , which featured an interpolation from destiny child ' s " say my name " and discussed his relationship with women . in january 2012 , research scientist bryan lessard named scaptia beyonceae , a species of horse fly found in northern queensland , australia after beyonce due to the fly ' s unique golden hairs on its abdomen . in july 2014 , a beyonce exhibit was introduced into the " legends of rock " section of the rock and roll hall of fame . the black leotard from the " single ladies " video and her outfit from the super bowl half time performance are among several pieces housed at the museum . [ sep ] around 8 million copies
her debut single , " crazy in love " was named vh1 ' s " greatest song of the 2000s " , nme ' s " best track of the 00s " and " pop song of the century " , considered by rolling stone to be one of the 500 greatest songs of all time , earned two grammy awards and is one of the best - selling singles of all time at around 8 million copies . the music video for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , which achieved fame for its intricate choreography and its deployment of jazz hands , was credited by the toronto star as having started the " first major dance craze of both the new millennium and the internet " , triggering a number of parodies of the dance choreography and a legion of amateur imitators on youtube . in 2013 , drake released a single titled " girls love beyonce " , which featured an interpolation from destiny child ' s " say my name " and discussed his relationship with women . in january 2012 , research scientist bryan lessard named scaptia beyonceae , a species of horse fly found in northern queensland , australia after beyonce due to the fly ' s unique golden hairs on its abdomen . in july 2014 , a beyonce exhibit was introduced into the " legends of rock " section of the rock and roll hall of fame . the black leotard from the " single ladies " video and her outfit from the super bowl half time performance are among several pieces housed at the museum . [ sep ] drake
beyonce has received numerous awards . as a solo artist she has sold over 15 million albums in the us , and over 118 million records worldwide ( a further 60 million additionally with destiny ' s child ) , making her one of the best - selling music artists of all time . the recording industry association of america ( riaa ) listed beyonce as the top certified artist of the 2000s , with a total of 64 certifications . her songs " crazy in love " , " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , " halo " , and " irreplaceable " are some of the best - selling singles of all time worldwide . in 2009 , the observer named her the artist of the decade and billboard named her the top female artist and top radio songs artist of the decade . in 2010 , billboard named her in their " top 50 r & b / hip - hop artists of the past 25 years " list at number 15 . in 2012 vh1 ranked her third on their list of the " 100 greatest women in music " . beyonce was the first female artist to be honored with the international artist award at the american music awards . she has also received the legend award at the 2008 world music awards and the billboard millennium award at the 2011 billboard music awards . [ sep ] 15 million
beyonce has received numerous awards . as a solo artist she has sold over 15 million albums in the us , and over 118 million records worldwide ( a further 60 million additionally with destiny ' s child ) , making her one of the best - selling music artists of all time . the recording industry association of america ( riaa ) listed beyonce as the top certified artist of the 2000s , with a total of 64 certifications . her songs " crazy in love " , " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , " halo " , and " irreplaceable " are some of the best - selling singles of all time worldwide . in 2009 , the observer named her the artist of the decade and billboard named her the top female artist and top radio songs artist of the decade . in 2010 , billboard named her in their " top 50 r & b / hip - hop artists of the past 25 years " list at number 15 . in 2012 vh1 ranked her third on their list of the " 100 greatest women in music " . beyonce was the first female artist to be honored with the international artist award at the american music awards . she has also received the legend award at the 2008 world music awards and the billboard millennium award at the 2011 billboard music awards . [ sep ] 118 million
beyonce has received numerous awards . as a solo artist she has sold over 15 million albums in the us , and over 118 million records worldwide ( a further 60 million additionally with destiny ' s child ) , making her one of the best - selling music artists of all time . the recording industry association of america ( riaa ) listed beyonce as the top certified artist of the 2000s , with a total of 64 certifications . her songs " crazy in love " , " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , " halo " , and " irreplaceable " are some of the best - selling singles of all time worldwide . in 2009 , the observer named her the artist of the decade and billboard named her the top female artist and top radio songs artist of the decade . in 2010 , billboard named her in their " top 50 r & b / hip - hop artists of the past 25 years " list at number 15 . in 2012 vh1 ranked her third on their list of the " 100 greatest women in music " . beyonce was the first female artist to be honored with the international artist award at the american music awards . she has also received the legend award at the 2008 world music awards and the billboard millennium award at the 2011 billboard music awards . [ sep ] 60 million
beyonce has received numerous awards . as a solo artist she has sold over 15 million albums in the us , and over 118 million records worldwide ( a further 60 million additionally with destiny ' s child ) , making her one of the best - selling music artists of all time . the recording industry association of america ( riaa ) listed beyonce as the top certified artist of the 2000s , with a total of 64 certifications . her songs " crazy in love " , " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , " halo " , and " irreplaceable " are some of the best - selling singles of all time worldwide . in 2009 , the observer named her the artist of the decade and billboard named her the top female artist and top radio songs artist of the decade . in 2010 , billboard named her in their " top 50 r & b / hip - hop artists of the past 25 years " list at number 15 . in 2012 vh1 ranked her third on their list of the " 100 greatest women in music " . beyonce was the first female artist to be honored with the international artist award at the american music awards . she has also received the legend award at the 2008 world music awards and the billboard millennium award at the 2011 billboard music awards . [ sep ] 2008 world music awards
beyonce has received numerous awards . as a solo artist she has sold over 15 million albums in the us , and over 118 million records worldwide ( a further 60 million additionally with destiny ' s child ) , making her one of the best - selling music artists of all time . the recording industry association of america ( riaa ) listed beyonce as the top certified artist of the 2000s , with a total of 64 certifications . her songs " crazy in love " , " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , " halo " , and " irreplaceable " are some of the best - selling singles of all time worldwide . in 2009 , the observer named her the artist of the decade and billboard named her the top female artist and top radio songs artist of the decade . in 2010 , billboard named her in their " top 50 r & b / hip - hop artists of the past 25 years " list at number 15 . in 2012 vh1 ranked her third on their list of the " 100 greatest women in music " . beyonce was the first female artist to be honored with the international artist award at the american music awards . she has also received the legend award at the 2008 world music awards and the billboard millennium award at the 2011 billboard music awards . [ sep ] 64 certifications
beyonce has won 20 grammy awards , both as a solo artist and member of destiny ' s child , making her the second most honored female artist by the grammys , behind alison krauss and the most nominated woman in grammy award history with 52 nominations . " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " won song of the year in 2010 while " say my name " and " crazy in love " had previously won best r & b song . dangerously in love , b ' day and i am . . . sasha fierce have all won best contemporary r & b album . beyonce set the record for the most grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010 when she won six awards , breaking the tie she previously held with alicia keys , norah jones , alison krauss , and amy winehouse , with adele equaling this in 2012 . following her role in dreamgirls she was nominated for best original song for " listen " and best actress at the golden globe awards , and outstanding actress in a motion picture at the naacp image awards . beyonce won two awards at the broadcast film critics association awards 2006 ; best song for " listen " and best original soundtrack for dreamgirls : music from the motion picture . [ sep ] 20 grammy awards
beyonce has won 20 grammy awards , both as a solo artist and member of destiny ' s child , making her the second most honored female artist by the grammys , behind alison krauss and the most nominated woman in grammy award history with 52 nominations . " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " won song of the year in 2010 while " say my name " and " crazy in love " had previously won best r & b song . dangerously in love , b ' day and i am . . . sasha fierce have all won best contemporary r & b album . beyonce set the record for the most grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010 when she won six awards , breaking the tie she previously held with alicia keys , norah jones , alison krauss , and amy winehouse , with adele equaling this in 2012 . following her role in dreamgirls she was nominated for best original song for " listen " and best actress at the golden globe awards , and outstanding actress in a motion picture at the naacp image awards . beyonce won two awards at the broadcast film critics association awards 2006 ; best song for " listen " and best original soundtrack for dreamgirls : music from the motion picture . [ sep ] 52 nominations
beyonce has won 20 grammy awards , both as a solo artist and member of destiny ' s child , making her the second most honored female artist by the grammys , behind alison krauss and the most nominated woman in grammy award history with 52 nominations . " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " won song of the year in 2010 while " say my name " and " crazy in love " had previously won best r & b song . dangerously in love , b ' day and i am . . . sasha fierce have all won best contemporary r & b album . beyonce set the record for the most grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010 when she won six awards , breaking the tie she previously held with alicia keys , norah jones , alison krauss , and amy winehouse , with adele equaling this in 2012 . following her role in dreamgirls she was nominated for best original song for " listen " and best actress at the golden globe awards , and outstanding actress in a motion picture at the naacp image awards . beyonce won two awards at the broadcast film critics association awards 2006 ; best song for " listen " and best original soundtrack for dreamgirls : music from the motion picture . [ sep ] 2010
beyonce has won 20 grammy awards , both as a solo artist and member of destiny ' s child , making her the second most honored female artist by the grammys , behind alison krauss and the most nominated woman in grammy award history with 52 nominations . " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " won song of the year in 2010 while " say my name " and " crazy in love " had previously won best r & b song . dangerously in love , b ' day and i am . . . sasha fierce have all won best contemporary r & b album . beyonce set the record for the most grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010 when she won six awards , breaking the tie she previously held with alicia keys , norah jones , alison krauss , and amy winehouse , with adele equaling this in 2012 . following her role in dreamgirls she was nominated for best original song for " listen " and best actress at the golden globe awards , and outstanding actress in a motion picture at the naacp image awards . beyonce won two awards at the broadcast film critics association awards 2006 ; best song for " listen " and best original soundtrack for dreamgirls : music from the motion picture . [ sep ] adele
beyonce has worked with pepsi since 2002 , and in 2004 appeared in a gladiator - themed commercial with britney spears , pink , and enrique iglesias . in 2012 , beyonce signed a $ 50 million deal to endorse pepsi . the center for science in the public interest ( cspinet ) wrote beyonce an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation . nevertheless , netbase found that beyonce ' s campaign was the most talked about endorsement in april 2013 , with a 70 per cent positive audience response to the commercial and print ads . [ sep ] 2002
beyonce has worked with pepsi since 2002 , and in 2004 appeared in a gladiator - themed commercial with britney spears , pink , and enrique iglesias . in 2012 , beyonce signed a $ 50 million deal to endorse pepsi . the center for science in the public interest ( cspinet ) wrote beyonce an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation . nevertheless , netbase found that beyonce ' s campaign was the most talked about endorsement in april 2013 , with a 70 per cent positive audience response to the commercial and print ads . [ sep ] britney spears , pink , and enrique iglesias
beyonce has worked with pepsi since 2002 , and in 2004 appeared in a gladiator - themed commercial with britney spears , pink , and enrique iglesias . in 2012 , beyonce signed a $ 50 million deal to endorse pepsi . the center for science in the public interest ( cspinet ) wrote beyonce an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation . nevertheless , netbase found that beyonce ' s campaign was the most talked about endorsement in april 2013 , with a 70 per cent positive audience response to the commercial and print ads . [ sep ] endorse pepsi
beyonce has worked with pepsi since 2002 , and in 2004 appeared in a gladiator - themed commercial with britney spears , pink , and enrique iglesias . in 2012 , beyonce signed a $ 50 million deal to endorse pepsi . the center for science in the public interest ( cspinet ) wrote beyonce an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation . nevertheless , netbase found that beyonce ' s campaign was the most talked about endorsement in april 2013 , with a 70 per cent positive audience response to the commercial and print ads . [ sep ] center for science in the public interest
beyonce has worked with tommy hilfiger for the fragrances true star ( singing a cover version of " wishing on a star " ) and true star gold ; she also promoted emporio armani ' s diamonds fragrance in 2007 . beyonce launched her first official fragrance , heat in 2010 . the commercial , which featured the 1956 song " fever " , was shown after the water shed in the united kingdom as it begins with an image of beyonce appearing to lie naked in a room . in february 2011 , beyonce launched her second fragrance , heat rush . beyonce ' s third fragrance , pulse , was launched in september 2011 . in 2013 , the mrs . carter show limited edition version of heat was released . the six editions of heat are the world ' s best - selling celebrity fragrance line , with sales of over $ 400 million . [ sep ] heat
beyonce has worked with tommy hilfiger for the fragrances true star ( singing a cover version of " wishing on a star " ) and true star gold ; she also promoted emporio armani ' s diamonds fragrance in 2007 . beyonce launched her first official fragrance , heat in 2010 . the commercial , which featured the 1956 song " fever " , was shown after the water shed in the united kingdom as it begins with an image of beyonce appearing to lie naked in a room . in february 2011 , beyonce launched her second fragrance , heat rush . beyonce ' s third fragrance , pulse , was launched in september 2011 . in 2013 , the mrs . carter show limited edition version of heat was released . the six editions of heat are the world ' s best - selling celebrity fragrance line , with sales of over $ 400 million . [ sep ] 2011
beyonce has worked with tommy hilfiger for the fragrances true star ( singing a cover version of " wishing on a star " ) and true star gold ; she also promoted emporio armani ' s diamonds fragrance in 2007 . beyonce launched her first official fragrance , heat in 2010 . the commercial , which featured the 1956 song " fever " , was shown after the water shed in the united kingdom as it begins with an image of beyonce appearing to lie naked in a room . in february 2011 , beyonce launched her second fragrance , heat rush . beyonce ' s third fragrance , pulse , was launched in september 2011 . in 2013 , the mrs . carter show limited edition version of heat was released . the six editions of heat are the world ' s best - selling celebrity fragrance line , with sales of over $ 400 million . [ sep ] pulse
beyonce has worked with tommy hilfiger for the fragrances true star ( singing a cover version of " wishing on a star " ) and true star gold ; she also promoted emporio armani ' s diamonds fragrance in 2007 . beyonce launched her first official fragrance , heat in 2010 . the commercial , which featured the 1956 song " fever " , was shown after the water shed in the united kingdom as it begins with an image of beyonce appearing to lie naked in a room . in february 2011 , beyonce launched her second fragrance , heat rush . beyonce ' s third fragrance , pulse , was launched in september 2011 . in 2013 , the mrs . carter show limited edition version of heat was released . the six editions of heat are the world ' s best - selling celebrity fragrance line , with sales of over $ 400 million . [ sep ] six editions
the release of a video - game starpower : beyonce was cancelled after beyonce pulled out of a $ 100 million with gatefive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development . it was settled out of court by her lawyers in june 2013 who said that they had cancelled because gatefive had lost its financial backers . beyonce also has had deals with american express , nintendo ds and l ' oreal since the age of 18 . [ sep ] since the age of 18
the release of a video - game starpower : beyonce was cancelled after beyonce pulled out of a $ 100 million with gatefive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development . it was settled out of court by her lawyers in june 2013 who said that they had cancelled because gatefive had lost its financial backers . beyonce also has had deals with american express , nintendo ds and l ' oreal since the age of 18 . [ sep ] 70 staff
the release of a video - game starpower : beyonce was cancelled after beyonce pulled out of a $ 100 million with gatefive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development . it was settled out of court by her lawyers in june 2013 who said that they had cancelled because gatefive had lost its financial backers . beyonce also has had deals with american express , nintendo ds and l ' oreal since the age of 18 . [ sep ] out of court
the release of a video - game starpower : beyonce was cancelled after beyonce pulled out of a $ 100 million with gatefive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development . it was settled out of court by her lawyers in june 2013 who said that they had cancelled because gatefive had lost its financial backers . beyonce also has had deals with american express , nintendo ds and l ' oreal since the age of 18 . [ sep ] starpower : beyonce
in october 2014 , it was announced that beyonce with her management company parkwood entertainment would be partnering with london - based fashion retailer topshop , in a new 50 / 50 split subsidiary business named parkwood topshop athletic ltd . the new division was created for topshop to break into the activewear market , with an athletic , street wear brand being produced . " creating a partnership with beyonce , one of the most hard - working and talented people in the world , who spends many hours of her life dancing , rehearsing and training is a unique opportunity to develop this category " stated sir philip green on the partnership . the company and collection is set to launch and hit stores in the fall of 2015 . [ sep ] topshop
in october 2014 , it was announced that beyonce with her management company parkwood entertainment would be partnering with london - based fashion retailer topshop , in a new 50 / 50 split subsidiary business named parkwood topshop athletic ltd . the new division was created for topshop to break into the activewear market , with an athletic , street wear brand being produced . " creating a partnership with beyonce , one of the most hard - working and talented people in the world , who spends many hours of her life dancing , rehearsing and training is a unique opportunity to develop this category " stated sir philip green on the partnership . the company and collection is set to launch and hit stores in the fall of 2015 . [ sep ] 2015
on march 30 , 2015 , it was announced that beyonce is a co - owner , with various other music artists , in the music streaming service tidal . the service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos . beyonce ' s husband jay z acquired the parent company of tidal , aspiro , in the first quarter of 2015 . including beyonce and jay - z , sixteen artist stakeholders ( such as kanye west , rihanna , madonna , chris martin , nicki minaj and more ) co - own tidal , with the majority owning a 3 % equity stake . the idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry , and to rival other streaming services such as spotify , which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties . " the challenge is to get everyone to respect music again , to recognize its value " , stated jay - z on the release of tidal . [ sep ] march 30 , 2015
on march 30 , 2015 , it was announced that beyonce is a co - owner , with various other music artists , in the music streaming service tidal . the service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos . beyonce ' s husband jay z acquired the parent company of tidal , aspiro , in the first quarter of 2015 . including beyonce and jay - z , sixteen artist stakeholders ( such as kanye west , rihanna , madonna , chris martin , nicki minaj and more ) co - own tidal , with the majority owning a 3 % equity stake . the idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry , and to rival other streaming services such as spotify , which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties . " the challenge is to get everyone to respect music again , to recognize its value " , stated jay - z on the release of tidal . [ sep ] music streaming service
on march 30 , 2015 , it was announced that beyonce is a co - owner , with various other music artists , in the music streaming service tidal . the service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos . beyonce ' s husband jay z acquired the parent company of tidal , aspiro , in the first quarter of 2015 . including beyonce and jay - z , sixteen artist stakeholders ( such as kanye west , rihanna , madonna , chris martin , nicki minaj and more ) co - own tidal , with the majority owning a 3 % equity stake . the idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry , and to rival other streaming services such as spotify , which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties . " the challenge is to get everyone to respect music again , to recognize its value " , stated jay - z on the release of tidal . [ sep ] low payout of royalties
beyonce and her mother introduced house of dereon , a contemporary women ' s fashion line , in 2005 . the concept is inspired by three generations of women in their family , the name paying tribute to beyonce ' s grandmother , agnez dereon , a respected seamstress . according to tina , the overall style of the line best reflects her and beyonce ' s taste and style . beyonce and her mother founded their family ' s company beyond productions , which provides the licensing and brand management for house of dereon , and its junior collection , dereon . house of dereon pieces were exhibited in destiny ' s child ' s shows and tours , during their destiny fulfilled era . the collection features sportswear , denim offerings with fur , outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear , and are available at department and specialty stores across the us and canada . [ sep ] her mother
beyonce and her mother introduced house of dereon , a contemporary women ' s fashion line , in 2005 . the concept is inspired by three generations of women in their family , the name paying tribute to beyonce ' s grandmother , agnez dereon , a respected seamstress . according to tina , the overall style of the line best reflects her and beyonce ' s taste and style . beyonce and her mother founded their family ' s company beyond productions , which provides the licensing and brand management for house of dereon , and its junior collection , dereon . house of dereon pieces were exhibited in destiny ' s child ' s shows and tours , during their destiny fulfilled era . the collection features sportswear , denim offerings with fur , outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear , and are available at department and specialty stores across the us and canada . [ sep ] 2005
beyonce and her mother introduced house of dereon , a contemporary women ' s fashion line , in 2005 . the concept is inspired by three generations of women in their family , the name paying tribute to beyonce ' s grandmother , agnez dereon , a respected seamstress . according to tina , the overall style of the line best reflects her and beyonce ' s taste and style . beyonce and her mother founded their family ' s company beyond productions , which provides the licensing and brand management for house of dereon , and its junior collection , dereon . house of dereon pieces were exhibited in destiny ' s child ' s shows and tours , during their destiny fulfilled era . the collection features sportswear , denim offerings with fur , outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear , and are available at department and specialty stores across the us and canada . [ sep ] grandmother , agnez dereon
beyonce and her mother introduced house of dereon , a contemporary women ' s fashion line , in 2005 . the concept is inspired by three generations of women in their family , the name paying tribute to beyonce ' s grandmother , agnez dereon , a respected seamstress . according to tina , the overall style of the line best reflects her and beyonce ' s taste and style . beyonce and her mother founded their family ' s company beyond productions , which provides the licensing and brand management for house of dereon , and its junior collection , dereon . house of dereon pieces were exhibited in destiny ' s child ' s shows and tours , during their destiny fulfilled era . the collection features sportswear , denim offerings with fur , outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear , and are available at department and specialty stores across the us and canada . [ sep ] in destiny ' s child ' s shows and tours
in 2005 , beyonce teamed up with house of brands , a shoe company , to produce a range of footwear for house of dereon . in january 2008 , starwave mobile launched beyonce fashion diva , a " high - style " mobile game with a social networking component , featuring the house of dereon collection . in july 2009 , beyonce and her mother launched a new junior apparel label , sasha fierce for dereon , for back - to - school selling . the collection included sportswear , outerwear , handbags , footwear , eyewear , lingerie and jewelry . it was available at department stores including macy ' s and dillard ' s , and specialty stores jimmy jazz and against all odds . on may 27 , 2010 , beyonce teamed up with clothing store c & a to launch dereon by beyonce at their stores in brazil . the collection included tailored blazers with padded shoulders , little black dresses , embroidered tops and shirts and bandage dresses . [ sep ] house of dereon collection
in 2005 , beyonce teamed up with house of brands , a shoe company , to produce a range of footwear for house of dereon . in january 2008 , starwave mobile launched beyonce fashion diva , a " high - style " mobile game with a social networking component , featuring the house of dereon collection . in july 2009 , beyonce and her mother launched a new junior apparel label , sasha fierce for dereon , for back - to - school selling . the collection included sportswear , outerwear , handbags , footwear , eyewear , lingerie and jewelry . it was available at department stores including macy ' s and dillard ' s , and specialty stores jimmy jazz and against all odds . on may 27 , 2010 , beyonce teamed up with clothing store c & a to launch dereon by beyonce at their stores in brazil . the collection included tailored blazers with padded shoulders , little black dresses , embroidered tops and shirts and bandage dresses . [ sep ] sasha fierce for dereon
in 2005 , beyonce teamed up with house of brands , a shoe company , to produce a range of footwear for house of dereon . in january 2008 , starwave mobile launched beyonce fashion diva , a " high - style " mobile game with a social networking component , featuring the house of dereon collection . in july 2009 , beyonce and her mother launched a new junior apparel label , sasha fierce for dereon , for back - to - school selling . the collection included sportswear , outerwear , handbags , footwear , eyewear , lingerie and jewelry . it was available at department stores including macy ' s and dillard ' s , and specialty stores jimmy jazz and against all odds . on may 27 , 2010 , beyonce teamed up with clothing store c & a to launch dereon by beyonce at their stores in brazil . the collection included tailored blazers with padded shoulders , little black dresses , embroidered tops and shirts and bandage dresses . [ sep ] may 27 , 2010
in october 2014 , beyonce signed a deal to launch an activewear line of clothing with british fashion retailer topshop . the 50 - 50 venture is called parkwood topshop athletic ltd and is scheduled to launch its first dance , fitness and sports ranges in autumn 2015 . the line will launch in april 2016 . [ sep ] parkwood topshop athletic ltd
in october 2014 , beyonce signed a deal to launch an activewear line of clothing with british fashion retailer topshop . the 50 - 50 venture is called parkwood topshop athletic ltd and is scheduled to launch its first dance , fitness and sports ranges in autumn 2015 . the line will launch in april 2016 . [ sep ] 50
in october 2014 , beyonce signed a deal to launch an activewear line of clothing with british fashion retailer topshop . the 50 - 50 venture is called parkwood topshop athletic ltd and is scheduled to launch its first dance , fitness and sports ranges in autumn 2015 . the line will launch in april 2016 . [ sep ] april 2016
after hurricane katrina in 2005 , beyonce and rowland founded the survivor foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the houston area , to which beyonce contributed an initial $ 250 , 000 . the foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city , and also provided relief following hurricane ike three years later . [ sep ] the survivor foundation
after hurricane katrina in 2005 , beyonce and rowland founded the survivor foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the houston area , to which beyonce contributed an initial $ 250 , 000 . the foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city , and also provided relief following hurricane ike three years later . [ sep ] $ 250 , 000
after hurricane katrina in 2005 , beyonce and rowland founded the survivor foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the houston area , to which beyonce contributed an initial $ 250 , 000 . the foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city , and also provided relief following hurricane ike three years later . [ sep ] expanded to work with other charities
beyonce participated in george clooney and wyclef jean ' s hope for haiti now : a global benefit for earthquake relief telethon and was named the official face of the limited edition cfda " fashion for haiti " t - shirt , made by theory which raised a total of $ 1 million . on march 5 , 2010 , beyonce and her mother tina opened the beyonce cosmetology center at the brooklyn phoenix house , offering a seven - month cosmetology training course for men and women . in april 2011 , beyonce joined forces with us first lady michelle obama and the national association of broadcasters education foundation , to help boost the latter ' s campaign against child obesity by reworking her single " get me bodied " . following the death of osama bin laden , beyonce released her cover of the lee greenwood song " god bless the usa " , as a charity single to help raise funds for the new york police and fire widows ' and children ' s benefit fund . [ sep ] $ 1 million
beyonce participated in george clooney and wyclef jean ' s hope for haiti now : a global benefit for earthquake relief telethon and was named the official face of the limited edition cfda " fashion for haiti " t - shirt , made by theory which raised a total of $ 1 million . on march 5 , 2010 , beyonce and her mother tina opened the beyonce cosmetology center at the brooklyn phoenix house , offering a seven - month cosmetology training course for men and women . in april 2011 , beyonce joined forces with us first lady michelle obama and the national association of broadcasters education foundation , to help boost the latter ' s campaign against child obesity by reworking her single " get me bodied " . following the death of osama bin laden , beyonce released her cover of the lee greenwood song " god bless the usa " , as a charity single to help raise funds for the new york police and fire widows ' and children ' s benefit fund . [ sep ] beyonce cosmetology center at the brooklyn phoenix house
beyonce participated in george clooney and wyclef jean ' s hope for haiti now : a global benefit for earthquake relief telethon and was named the official face of the limited edition cfda " fashion for haiti " t - shirt , made by theory which raised a total of $ 1 million . on march 5 , 2010 , beyonce and her mother tina opened the beyonce cosmetology center at the brooklyn phoenix house , offering a seven - month cosmetology training course for men and women . in april 2011 , beyonce joined forces with us first lady michelle obama and the national association of broadcasters education foundation , to help boost the latter ' s campaign against child obesity by reworking her single " get me bodied " . following the death of osama bin laden , beyonce released her cover of the lee greenwood song " god bless the usa " , as a charity single to help raise funds for the new york police and fire widows ' and children ' s benefit fund . [ sep ] new york police and fire widows ' and children ' s benefit fund
beyonce participated in george clooney and wyclef jean ' s hope for haiti now : a global benefit for earthquake relief telethon and was named the official face of the limited edition cfda " fashion for haiti " t - shirt , made by theory which raised a total of $ 1 million . on march 5 , 2010 , beyonce and her mother tina opened the beyonce cosmetology center at the brooklyn phoenix house , offering a seven - month cosmetology training course for men and women . in april 2011 , beyonce joined forces with us first lady michelle obama and the national association of broadcasters education foundation , to help boost the latter ' s campaign against child obesity by reworking her single " get me bodied " . following the death of osama bin laden , beyonce released her cover of the lee greenwood song " god bless the usa " , as a charity single to help raise funds for the new york police and fire widows ' and children ' s benefit fund . [ sep ] hope for haiti now : a global benefit
in december , beyonce along with a variety of other celebrities teamed up and produced a video campaign for " demand a plan " , a bipartisan effort by a group of 950 us mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws , following the sandy hook elementary school shooting . beyonce became an ambassador for the 2012 world humanitarian day campaign donating her song " i was here " and its music video , shot in the un , to the campaign . in 2013 , it was announced that beyonce would work with salma hayek and frida giannini on a gucci " chime for change " campaign that aims to spread female empowerment . the campaign , which aired on february 28 , was set to her new music . a concert for the cause took place on june 1 , 2013 in london and included other acts like ellie goulding , florence and the machine , and rita ora . in advance of the concert , she appeared in a campaign video released on 15 may 2013 , where she , along with cameron diaz , john legend and kylie minogue , described inspiration from their mothers , while a number of other artists celebrated personal inspiration from other women , leading to a call for submission of photos of women of viewers ' inspiration from which a selection was shown at the concert . beyonce said about her mother tina knowles that her gift was " finding the best qualities in every human being . " with help of the crowdfunding platform catapult , visitors of the concert could choose between several projects promoting education of women and girls . beyonce is also taking part in " miss a meal " , a food - donation campaign , and supporting goodwill charity through online charity auctions at charitybuzz that support job creation throughout europe and the u . s . [ sep ] sandy hook elementary school shooting .
in december , beyonce along with a variety of other celebrities teamed up and produced a video campaign for " demand a plan " , a bipartisan effort by a group of 950 us mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws , following the sandy hook elementary school shooting . beyonce became an ambassador for the 2012 world humanitarian day campaign donating her song " i was here " and its music video , shot in the un , to the campaign . in 2013 , it was announced that beyonce would work with salma hayek and frida giannini on a gucci " chime for change " campaign that aims to spread female empowerment . the campaign , which aired on february 28 , was set to her new music . a concert for the cause took place on june 1 , 2013 in london and included other acts like ellie goulding , florence and the machine , and rita ora . in advance of the concert , she appeared in a campaign video released on 15 may 2013 , where she , along with cameron diaz , john legend and kylie minogue , described inspiration from their mothers , while a number of other artists celebrated personal inspiration from other women , leading to a call for submission of photos of women of viewers ' inspiration from which a selection was shown at the concert . beyonce said about her mother tina knowles that her gift was " finding the best qualities in every human being . " with help of the crowdfunding platform catapult , visitors of the concert could choose between several projects promoting education of women and girls . beyonce is also taking part in " miss a meal " , a food - donation campaign , and supporting goodwill charity through online charity auctions at charitybuzz that support job creation throughout europe and the u . s . [ sep ] spread female empowerment
in december , beyonce along with a variety of other celebrities teamed up and produced a video campaign for " demand a plan " , a bipartisan effort by a group of 950 us mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws , following the sandy hook elementary school shooting . beyonce became an ambassador for the 2012 world humanitarian day campaign donating her song " i was here " and its music video , shot in the un , to the campaign . in 2013 , it was announced that beyonce would work with salma hayek and frida giannini on a gucci " chime for change " campaign that aims to spread female empowerment . the campaign , which aired on february 28 , was set to her new music . a concert for the cause took place on june 1 , 2013 in london and included other acts like ellie goulding , florence and the machine , and rita ora . in advance of the concert , she appeared in a campaign video released on 15 may 2013 , where she , along with cameron diaz , john legend and kylie minogue , described inspiration from their mothers , while a number of other artists celebrated personal inspiration from other women , leading to a call for submission of photos of women of viewers ' inspiration from which a selection was shown at the concert . beyonce said about her mother tina knowles that her gift was " finding the best qualities in every human being . " with help of the crowdfunding platform catapult , visitors of the concert could choose between several projects promoting education of women and girls . beyonce is also taking part in " miss a meal " , a food - donation campaign , and supporting goodwill charity through online charity auctions at charitybuzz that support job creation throughout europe and the u . s . [ sep ] catapult
frederic francois chopin ( / ˈʃoʊpæn / ; french pronunciation : [ fʁe . de . ʁik fʁɑ . swa ʃɔ . pɛ ] ; 22 february or 1 march 1810 – 17 october 1849 ) , born fryderyk franciszek chopin , [ n 1 ] was a polish and french ( by citizenship and birth of father ) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the romantic era , who wrote primarily for the solo piano . he gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era , whose " poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation . " chopin was born in what was then the duchy of warsaw , and grew up in warsaw , which after 1815 became part of congress poland . a child prodigy , he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in warsaw before leaving poland at the age of 20 , less than a month before the outbreak of the november 1830 uprising . [ sep ] polish and french
frederic francois chopin ( / ˈʃoʊpæn / ; french pronunciation : [ fʁe . de . ʁik fʁɑ . swa ʃɔ . pɛ ] ; 22 february or 1 march 1810 – 17 october 1849 ) , born fryderyk franciszek chopin , [ n 1 ] was a polish and french ( by citizenship and birth of father ) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the romantic era , who wrote primarily for the solo piano . he gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era , whose " poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation . " chopin was born in what was then the duchy of warsaw , and grew up in warsaw , which after 1815 became part of congress poland . a child prodigy , he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in warsaw before leaving poland at the age of 20 , less than a month before the outbreak of the november 1830 uprising . [ sep ] romantic era
frederic francois chopin ( / ˈʃoʊpæn / ; french pronunciation : [ fʁe . de . ʁik fʁɑ . swa ʃɔ . pɛ ] ; 22 february or 1 march 1810 – 17 october 1849 ) , born fryderyk franciszek chopin , [ n 1 ] was a polish and french ( by citizenship and birth of father ) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the romantic era , who wrote primarily for the solo piano . he gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era , whose " poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation . " chopin was born in what was then the duchy of warsaw , and grew up in warsaw , which after 1815 became part of congress poland . a child prodigy , he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in warsaw before leaving poland at the age of 20 , less than a month before the outbreak of the november 1830 uprising . [ sep ] solo piano
frederic francois chopin ( / ˈʃoʊpæn / ; french pronunciation : [ fʁe . de . ʁik fʁɑ . swa ʃɔ . pɛ ] ; 22 february or 1 march 1810 – 17 october 1849 ) , born fryderyk franciszek chopin , [ n 1 ] was a polish and french ( by citizenship and birth of father ) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the romantic era , who wrote primarily for the solo piano . he gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era , whose " poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation . " chopin was born in what was then the duchy of warsaw , and grew up in warsaw , which after 1815 became part of congress poland . a child prodigy , he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in warsaw before leaving poland at the age of 20 , less than a month before the outbreak of the november 1830 uprising . [ sep ] duchy of warsaw
frederic francois chopin ( / ˈʃoʊpæn / ; french pronunciation : [ fʁe . de . ʁik fʁɑ . swa ʃɔ . pɛ ] ; 22 february or 1 march 1810 – 17 october 1849 ) , born fryderyk franciszek chopin , [ n 1 ] was a polish and french ( by citizenship and birth of father ) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the romantic era , who wrote primarily for the solo piano . he gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era , whose " poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation . " chopin was born in what was then the duchy of warsaw , and grew up in warsaw , which after 1815 became part of congress poland . a child prodigy , he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in warsaw before leaving poland at the age of 20 , less than a month before the outbreak of the november 1830 uprising . [ sep ] 20
at the age of 21 he settled in paris . thereafter , during the last 18 years of his life , he gave only some 30 public performances , preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon . he supported himself by selling his compositions and teaching piano , for which he was in high demand . chopin formed a friendship with franz liszt and was admired by many of his musical contemporaries , including robert schumann . in 1835 he obtained french citizenship . after a failed engagement to maria wodzinska , from 1837 to 1847 he maintained an often troubled relationship with the french writer george sand . a brief and unhappy visit to majorca with sand in 1838 – 39 was one of his most productive periods of composition . in his last years , he was financially supported by his admirer jane stirling , who also arranged for him to visit scotland in 1848 . through most of his life , chopin suffered from poor health . he died in paris in 1849 , probably of tuberculosis . [ sep ] 21
at the age of 21 he settled in paris . thereafter , during the last 18 years of his life , he gave only some 30 public performances , preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon . he supported himself by selling his compositions and teaching piano , for which he was in high demand . chopin formed a friendship with franz liszt and was admired by many of his musical contemporaries , including robert schumann . in 1835 he obtained french citizenship . after a failed engagement to maria wodzinska , from 1837 to 1847 he maintained an often troubled relationship with the french writer george sand . a brief and unhappy visit to majorca with sand in 1838 – 39 was one of his most productive periods of composition . in his last years , he was financially supported by his admirer jane stirling , who also arranged for him to visit scotland in 1848 . through most of his life , chopin suffered from poor health . he died in paris in 1849 , probably of tuberculosis . [ sep ] 30
at the age of 21 he settled in paris . thereafter , during the last 18 years of his life , he gave only some 30 public performances , preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon . he supported himself by selling his compositions and teaching piano , for which he was in high demand . chopin formed a friendship with franz liszt and was admired by many of his musical contemporaries , including robert schumann . in 1835 he obtained french citizenship . after a failed engagement to maria wodzinska , from 1837 to 1847 he maintained an often troubled relationship with the french writer george sand . a brief and unhappy visit to majorca with sand in 1838 – 39 was one of his most productive periods of composition . in his last years , he was financially supported by his admirer jane stirling , who also arranged for him to visit scotland in 1848 . through most of his life , chopin suffered from poor health . he died in paris in 1849 , probably of tuberculosis . [ sep ] 1835
at the age of 21 he settled in paris . thereafter , during the last 18 years of his life , he gave only some 30 public performances , preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon . he supported himself by selling his compositions and teaching piano , for which he was in high demand . chopin formed a friendship with franz liszt and was admired by many of his musical contemporaries , including robert schumann . in 1835 he obtained french citizenship . after a failed engagement to maria wodzinska , from 1837 to 1847 he maintained an often troubled relationship with the french writer george sand . a brief and unhappy visit to majorca with sand in 1838 – 39 was one of his most productive periods of composition . in his last years , he was financially supported by his admirer jane stirling , who also arranged for him to visit scotland in 1848 . through most of his life , chopin suffered from poor health . he died in paris in 1849 , probably of tuberculosis . [ sep ] majorca
at the age of 21 he settled in paris . thereafter , during the last 18 years of his life , he gave only some 30 public performances , preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon . he supported himself by selling his compositions and teaching piano , for which he was in high demand . chopin formed a friendship with franz liszt and was admired by many of his musical contemporaries , including robert schumann . in 1835 he obtained french citizenship . after a failed engagement to maria wodzinska , from 1837 to 1847 he maintained an often troubled relationship with the french writer george sand . a brief and unhappy visit to majorca with sand in 1838 – 39 was one of his most productive periods of composition . in his last years , he was financially supported by his admirer jane stirling , who also arranged for him to visit scotland in 1848 . through most of his life , chopin suffered from poor health . he died in paris in 1849 , probably of tuberculosis . [ sep ] tuberculosis
all of chopin ' s compositions include the piano . most are for solo piano , though he also wrote two piano concertos , a few chamber pieces , and some songs to polish lyrics . his keyboard style is highly individual and often technically demanding ; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity . chopin invented the concept of instrumental ballade . his major piano works also include mazurkas , waltzes , nocturnes , polonaises , etudes , impromptus , scherzos , preludes and sonatas , some published only after his death . influences on his compositional style include polish folk music , the classical tradition of j . s . bach , mozart and schubert , the music of all of whom he admired , as well as the paris salons where he was a frequent guest . his innovations in style , musical form , and harmony , and his association of music with nationalism , were influential throughout and after the late romantic period . [ sep ] piano
all of chopin ' s compositions include the piano . most are for solo piano , though he also wrote two piano concertos , a few chamber pieces , and some songs to polish lyrics . his keyboard style is highly individual and often technically demanding ; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity . chopin invented the concept of instrumental ballade . his major piano works also include mazurkas , waltzes , nocturnes , polonaises , etudes , impromptus , scherzos , preludes and sonatas , some published only after his death . influences on his compositional style include polish folk music , the classical tradition of j . s . bach , mozart and schubert , the music of all of whom he admired , as well as the paris salons where he was a frequent guest . his innovations in style , musical form , and harmony , and his association of music with nationalism , were influential throughout and after the late romantic period . [ sep ] instrumental ballade
all of chopin ' s compositions include the piano . most are for solo piano , though he also wrote two piano concertos , a few chamber pieces , and some songs to polish lyrics . his keyboard style is highly individual and often technically demanding ; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity . chopin invented the concept of instrumental ballade . his major piano works also include mazurkas , waltzes , nocturnes , polonaises , etudes , impromptus , scherzos , preludes and sonatas , some published only after his death . influences on his compositional style include polish folk music , the classical tradition of j . s . bach , mozart and schubert , the music of all of whom he admired , as well as the paris salons where he was a frequent guest . his innovations in style , musical form , and harmony , and his association of music with nationalism , were influential throughout and after the late romantic period . [ sep ] j . s . bach , mozart and schubert
all of chopin ' s compositions include the piano . most are for solo piano , though he also wrote two piano concertos , a few chamber pieces , and some songs to polish lyrics . his keyboard style is highly individual and often technically demanding ; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity . chopin invented the concept of instrumental ballade . his major piano works also include mazurkas , waltzes , nocturnes , polonaises , etudes , impromptus , scherzos , preludes and sonatas , some published only after his death . influences on his compositional style include polish folk music , the classical tradition of j . s . bach , mozart and schubert , the music of all of whom he admired , as well as the paris salons where he was a frequent guest . his innovations in style , musical form , and harmony , and his association of music with nationalism , were influential throughout and after the late romantic period . [ sep ] nuance and sensitivity
all of chopin ' s compositions include the piano . most are for solo piano , though he also wrote two piano concertos , a few chamber pieces , and some songs to polish lyrics . his keyboard style is highly individual and often technically demanding ; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity . chopin invented the concept of instrumental ballade . his major piano works also include mazurkas , waltzes , nocturnes , polonaises , etudes , impromptus , scherzos , preludes and sonatas , some published only after his death . influences on his compositional style include polish folk music , the classical tradition of j . s . bach , mozart and schubert , the music of all of whom he admired , as well as the paris salons where he was a frequent guest . his innovations in style , musical form , and harmony , and his association of music with nationalism , were influential throughout and after the late romantic period . [ sep ] paris salons
in his native poland , in france , where he composed most of his works , and beyond , chopin ' s music , his status as one of music ' s earliest superstars , his association ( if only indirect ) with political insurrection , his love life and his early death have made him , in the public consciousness , a leading symbol of the romantic era . his works remain popular , and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy . [ sep ] indirect
in his native poland , in france , where he composed most of his works , and beyond , chopin ' s music , his status as one of music ' s earliest superstars , his association ( if only indirect ) with political insurrection , his love life and his early death have made him , in the public consciousness , a leading symbol of the romantic era . his works remain popular , and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy . [ sep ] his love life and his early death
in his native poland , in france , where he composed most of his works , and beyond , chopin ' s music , his status as one of music ' s earliest superstars , his association ( if only indirect ) with political insurrection , his love life and his early death have made him , in the public consciousness , a leading symbol of the romantic era . his works remain popular , and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy . [ sep ] romantic era
in his native poland , in france , where he composed most of his works , and beyond , chopin ' s music , his status as one of music ' s earliest superstars , his association ( if only indirect ) with political insurrection , his love life and his early death have made him , in the public consciousness , a leading symbol of the romantic era . his works remain popular , and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy . [ sep ] films and biographies
fryderyk chopin was born in zelazowa wola , 46 kilometres ( 29 miles ) west of warsaw , in what was then the duchy of warsaw , a polish state established by napoleon . the parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 february 1810 , and cites his given names in the latin form fridericus franciscus ( in polish , he was fryderyk franciszek ) . however , the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 march , [ n 2 ] which is now generally accepted as the correct date . [ sep ] zelazowa wola
fryderyk chopin was born in zelazowa wola , 46 kilometres ( 29 miles ) west of warsaw , in what was then the duchy of warsaw , a polish state established by napoleon . the parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 february 1810 , and cites his given names in the latin form fridericus franciscus ( in polish , he was fryderyk franciszek ) . however , the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 march , [ n 2 ] which is now generally accepted as the correct date . [ sep ] 22 february 1810
fryderyk chopin was born in zelazowa wola , 46 kilometres ( 29 miles ) west of warsaw , in what was then the duchy of warsaw , a polish state established by napoleon . the parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 february 1810 , and cites his given names in the latin form fridericus franciscus ( in polish , he was fryderyk franciszek ) . however , the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 march , [ n 2 ] which is now generally accepted as the correct date . [ sep ] 1 march
fryderyk chopin was born in zelazowa wola , 46 kilometres ( 29 miles ) west of warsaw , in what was then the duchy of warsaw , a polish state established by napoleon . the parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 february 1810 , and cites his given names in the latin form fridericus franciscus ( in polish , he was fryderyk franciszek ) . however , the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 march , [ n 2 ] which is now generally accepted as the correct date . [ sep ] fridericus franciscus
fryderyk chopin was born in zelazowa wola , 46 kilometres ( 29 miles ) west of warsaw , in what was then the duchy of warsaw , a polish state established by napoleon . the parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 february 1810 , and cites his given names in the latin form fridericus franciscus ( in polish , he was fryderyk franciszek ) . however , the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 march , [ n 2 ] which is now generally accepted as the correct date . [ sep ] 29
fryderyk ' s father , nicolas chopin , was a frenchman from lorraine who had emigrated to poland in 1787 at the age of sixteen . nicolas tutored children of the polish aristocracy , and in 1806 married justyna krzyzanowska , a poor relative of the skarbeks , one of the families for whom he worked . fryderyk was baptized on easter sunday , 23 april 1810 , in the same church where his parents had married , in brochow . his eighteen - year - old godfather , for whom he was named , was fryderyk skarbek , a pupil of nicolas chopin . fryderyk was the couple ' s second child and only son ; he had an elder sister , ludwika ( 1807 – 55 ) , and two younger sisters , izabela ( 1811 – 81 ) and emilia ( 1812 – 27 ) . nicolas was devoted to his adopted homeland , and insisted on the use of the polish language in the household . [ sep ] justyna krzyzanowska
fryderyk ' s father , nicolas chopin , was a frenchman from lorraine who had emigrated to poland in 1787 at the age of sixteen . nicolas tutored children of the polish aristocracy , and in 1806 married justyna krzyzanowska , a poor relative of the skarbeks , one of the families for whom he worked . fryderyk was baptized on easter sunday , 23 april 1810 , in the same church where his parents had married , in brochow . his eighteen - year - old godfather , for whom he was named , was fryderyk skarbek , a pupil of nicolas chopin . fryderyk was the couple ' s second child and only son ; he had an elder sister , ludwika ( 1807 – 55 ) , and two younger sisters , izabela ( 1811 – 81 ) and emilia ( 1812 – 27 ) . nicolas was devoted to his adopted homeland , and insisted on the use of the polish language in the household . [ sep ] 23 april 1810
fryderyk ' s father , nicolas chopin , was a frenchman from lorraine who had emigrated to poland in 1787 at the age of sixteen . nicolas tutored children of the polish aristocracy , and in 1806 married justyna krzyzanowska , a poor relative of the skarbeks , one of the families for whom he worked . fryderyk was baptized on easter sunday , 23 april 1810 , in the same church where his parents had married , in brochow . his eighteen - year - old godfather , for whom he was named , was fryderyk skarbek , a pupil of nicolas chopin . fryderyk was the couple ' s second child and only son ; he had an elder sister , ludwika ( 1807 – 55 ) , and two younger sisters , izabela ( 1811 – 81 ) and emilia ( 1812 – 27 ) . nicolas was devoted to his adopted homeland , and insisted on the use of the polish language in the household . [ sep ] polish
in october 1810 , six months after fryderyk ' s birth , the family moved to warsaw , where his father acquired a post teaching french at the warsaw lyceum , then housed in the saxon palace . fryderyk lived with his family in the palace grounds . the father played the flute and violin ; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the chopins kept . chopin was of slight build , and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses . [ sep ] october
in october 1810 , six months after fryderyk ' s birth , the family moved to warsaw , where his father acquired a post teaching french at the warsaw lyceum , then housed in the saxon palace . fryderyk lived with his family in the palace grounds . the father played the flute and violin ; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the chopins kept . chopin was of slight build , and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses . [ sep ] french
in october 1810 , six months after fryderyk ' s birth , the family moved to warsaw , where his father acquired a post teaching french at the warsaw lyceum , then housed in the saxon palace . fryderyk lived with his family in the palace grounds . the father played the flute and violin ; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the chopins kept . chopin was of slight build , and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses . [ sep ] the palace grounds
in october 1810 , six months after fryderyk ' s birth , the family moved to warsaw , where his father acquired a post teaching french at the warsaw lyceum , then housed in the saxon palace . fryderyk lived with his family in the palace grounds . the father played the flute and violin ; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the chopins kept . chopin was of slight build , and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses . [ sep ] flute and violin
in october 1810 , six months after fryderyk ' s birth , the family moved to warsaw , where his father acquired a post teaching french at the warsaw lyceum , then housed in the saxon palace . fryderyk lived with his family in the palace grounds . the father played the flute and violin ; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the chopins kept . chopin was of slight build , and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses . [ sep ] illnesses
fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother , but his first professional music tutor , from 1816 to 1821 , was the czech pianist wojciech zywny . his elder sister ludwika also took lessons from zywny , and occasionally played duets with her brother . it quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy . by the age of seven fryderyk had begun giving public concerts , and in 1817 he composed two polonaises , in g minor and b - flat major . his next work , a polonaise in a - flat major of 1821 , dedicated to zywny , is his earliest surviving musical manuscript . [ sep ] wojciech zywny
fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother , but his first professional music tutor , from 1816 to 1821 , was the czech pianist wojciech zywny . his elder sister ludwika also took lessons from zywny , and occasionally played duets with her brother . it quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy . by the age of seven fryderyk had begun giving public concerts , and in 1817 he composed two polonaises , in g minor and b - flat major . his next work , a polonaise in a - flat major of 1821 , dedicated to zywny , is his earliest surviving musical manuscript . [ sep ] ludwika
fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother , but his first professional music tutor , from 1816 to 1821 , was the czech pianist wojciech zywny . his elder sister ludwika also took lessons from zywny , and occasionally played duets with her brother . it quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy . by the age of seven fryderyk had begun giving public concerts , and in 1817 he composed two polonaises , in g minor and b - flat major . his next work , a polonaise in a - flat major of 1821 , dedicated to zywny , is his earliest surviving musical manuscript . [ sep ] 7
fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother , but his first professional music tutor , from 1816 to 1821 , was the czech pianist wojciech zywny . his elder sister ludwika also took lessons from zywny , and occasionally played duets with her brother . it quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy . by the age of seven fryderyk had begun giving public concerts , and in 1817 he composed two polonaises , in g minor and b - flat major . his next work , a polonaise in a - flat major of 1821 , dedicated to zywny , is his earliest surviving musical manuscript . [ sep ] two polonaises
fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother , but his first professional music tutor , from 1816 to 1821 , was the czech pianist wojciech zywny . his elder sister ludwika also took lessons from zywny , and occasionally played duets with her brother . it quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy . by the age of seven fryderyk had begun giving public concerts , and in 1817 he composed two polonaises , in g minor and b - flat major . his next work , a polonaise in a - flat major of 1821 , dedicated to zywny , is his earliest surviving musical manuscript . [ sep ] a polonaise in a - flat major of 1821
in 1817 the saxon palace was requisitioned by warsaw ' s russian governor for military use , and the warsaw lyceum was reestablished in the kazimierz palace ( today the rectorate of warsaw university ) . fryderyk and his family moved to a building , which still survives , adjacent to the kazimierz palace . during this period , fryderyk was sometimes invited to the belweder palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of russian poland , grand duke constantine ; he played the piano for the duke and composed a march for him . julian ursyn niemcewicz , in his dramatic eclogue , " nasze przebiegi " ( " our discourses " , 1818 ) , attested to " little chopin ' s " popularity . [ sep ] 1817
in 1817 the saxon palace was requisitioned by warsaw ' s russian governor for military use , and the warsaw lyceum was reestablished in the kazimierz palace ( today the rectorate of warsaw university ) . fryderyk and his family moved to a building , which still survives , adjacent to the kazimierz palace . during this period , fryderyk was sometimes invited to the belweder palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of russian poland , grand duke constantine ; he played the piano for the duke and composed a march for him . julian ursyn niemcewicz , in his dramatic eclogue , " nasze przebiegi " ( " our discourses " , 1818 ) , attested to " little chopin ' s " popularity . [ sep ] warsaw university
in 1817 the saxon palace was requisitioned by warsaw ' s russian governor for military use , and the warsaw lyceum was reestablished in the kazimierz palace ( today the rectorate of warsaw university ) . fryderyk and his family moved to a building , which still survives , adjacent to the kazimierz palace . during this period , fryderyk was sometimes invited to the belweder palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of russian poland , grand duke constantine ; he played the piano for the duke and composed a march for him . julian ursyn niemcewicz , in his dramatic eclogue , " nasze przebiegi " ( " our discourses " , 1818 ) , attested to " little chopin ' s " popularity . [ sep ] kazimierz palace
in 1817 the saxon palace was requisitioned by warsaw ' s russian governor for military use , and the warsaw lyceum was reestablished in the kazimierz palace ( today the rectorate of warsaw university ) . fryderyk and his family moved to a building , which still survives , adjacent to the kazimierz palace . during this period , fryderyk was sometimes invited to the belweder palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of russian poland , grand duke constantine ; he played the piano for the duke and composed a march for him . julian ursyn niemcewicz , in his dramatic eclogue , " nasze przebiegi " ( " our discourses " , 1818 ) , attested to " little chopin ' s " popularity . [ sep ] belweder palace
in 1817 the saxon palace was requisitioned by warsaw ' s russian governor for military use , and the warsaw lyceum was reestablished in the kazimierz palace ( today the rectorate of warsaw university ) . fryderyk and his family moved to a building , which still survives , adjacent to the kazimierz palace . during this period , fryderyk was sometimes invited to the belweder palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of russian poland , grand duke constantine ; he played the piano for the duke and composed a march for him . julian ursyn niemcewicz , in his dramatic eclogue , " nasze przebiegi " ( " our discourses " , 1818 ) , attested to " little chopin ' s " popularity . [ sep ] nasze przebiegi
from september 1823 to 1826 chopin attended the warsaw lyceum , where he received organ lessons from the czech musician wilhelm wurfel during his first year . in the autumn of 1826 he began a three - year course under the silesian composer jozef elsner at the warsaw conservatory , studying music theory , figured bass and composition . [ n 3 ] throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons in warsaw . he was engaged by the inventors of a mechanical organ , the " eolomelodicon " , and on this instrument in may 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by moscheles . the success of this concert led to an invitation to give a similar recital on the instrument before tsar alexander i , who was visiting warsaw ; the tsar presented him with a diamond ring . at a subsequent eolomelodicon concert on 10 june 1825 , chopin performed his rondo op . 1 . this was the first of his works to be commercially published and earned him his first mention in the foreign press , when the leipzig allgemeine musikalische zeitung praised his " wealth of musical ideas " . [ sep ] 1823 to 1826
from september 1823 to 1826 chopin attended the warsaw lyceum , where he received organ lessons from the czech musician wilhelm wurfel during his first year . in the autumn of 1826 he began a three - year course under the silesian composer jozef elsner at the warsaw conservatory , studying music theory , figured bass and composition . [ n 3 ] throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons in warsaw . he was engaged by the inventors of a mechanical organ , the " eolomelodicon " , and on this instrument in may 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by moscheles . the success of this concert led to an invitation to give a similar recital on the instrument before tsar alexander i , who was visiting warsaw ; the tsar presented him with a diamond ring . at a subsequent eolomelodicon concert on 10 june 1825 , chopin performed his rondo op . 1 . this was the first of his works to be commercially published and earned him his first mention in the foreign press , when the leipzig allgemeine musikalische zeitung praised his " wealth of musical ideas " . [ sep ] jozef elsner
from september 1823 to 1826 chopin attended the warsaw lyceum , where he received organ lessons from the czech musician wilhelm wurfel during his first year . in the autumn of 1826 he began a three - year course under the silesian composer jozef elsner at the warsaw conservatory , studying music theory , figured bass and composition . [ n 3 ] throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons in warsaw . he was engaged by the inventors of a mechanical organ , the " eolomelodicon " , and on this instrument in may 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by moscheles . the success of this concert led to an invitation to give a similar recital on the instrument before tsar alexander i , who was visiting warsaw ; the tsar presented him with a diamond ring . at a subsequent eolomelodicon concert on 10 june 1825 , chopin performed his rondo op . 1 . this was the first of his works to be commercially published and earned him his first mention in the foreign press , when the leipzig allgemeine musikalische zeitung praised his " wealth of musical ideas " . [ sep ] eolomelodicon
from september 1823 to 1826 chopin attended the warsaw lyceum , where he received organ lessons from the czech musician wilhelm wurfel during his first year . in the autumn of 1826 he began a three - year course under the silesian composer jozef elsner at the warsaw conservatory , studying music theory , figured bass and composition . [ n 3 ] throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons in warsaw . he was engaged by the inventors of a mechanical organ , the " eolomelodicon " , and on this instrument in may 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by moscheles . the success of this concert led to an invitation to give a similar recital on the instrument before tsar alexander i , who was visiting warsaw ; the tsar presented him with a diamond ring . at a subsequent eolomelodicon concert on 10 june 1825 , chopin performed his rondo op . 1 . this was the first of his works to be commercially published and earned him his first mention in the foreign press , when the leipzig allgemeine musikalische zeitung praised his " wealth of musical ideas " . [ sep ] alexander i
from september 1823 to 1826 chopin attended the warsaw lyceum , where he received organ lessons from the czech musician wilhelm wurfel during his first year . in the autumn of 1826 he began a three - year course under the silesian composer jozef elsner at the warsaw conservatory , studying music theory , figured bass and composition . [ n 3 ] throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons in warsaw . he was engaged by the inventors of a mechanical organ , the " eolomelodicon " , and on this instrument in may 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by moscheles . the success of this concert led to an invitation to give a similar recital on the instrument before tsar alexander i , who was visiting warsaw ; the tsar presented him with a diamond ring . at a subsequent eolomelodicon concert on 10 june 1825 , chopin performed his rondo op . 1 . this was the first of his works to be commercially published and earned him his first mention in the foreign press , when the leipzig allgemeine musikalische zeitung praised his " wealth of musical ideas " . [ sep ] 10 june 1825
during 1824 – 28 chopin spent his vacations away from warsaw , at a number of locales . [ n 4 ] in 1824 and 1825 , at szafarnia , he was a guest of dominik dziewanowski , the father of a schoolmate . here for the first time he encountered polish rural folk music . his letters home from szafarnia ( to which he gave the title " the szafarnia courier " ) , written in a very modern and lively polish , amused his family with their spoofing of the warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster ' s literary gift . [ sep ] dominik dziewanowski
during 1824 – 28 chopin spent his vacations away from warsaw , at a number of locales . [ n 4 ] in 1824 and 1825 , at szafarnia , he was a guest of dominik dziewanowski , the father of a schoolmate . here for the first time he encountered polish rural folk music . his letters home from szafarnia ( to which he gave the title " the szafarnia courier " ) , written in a very modern and lively polish , amused his family with their spoofing of the warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster ' s literary gift . [ sep ] szafarnia
during 1824 – 28 chopin spent his vacations away from warsaw , at a number of locales . [ n 4 ] in 1824 and 1825 , at szafarnia , he was a guest of dominik dziewanowski , the father of a schoolmate . here for the first time he encountered polish rural folk music . his letters home from szafarnia ( to which he gave the title " the szafarnia courier " ) , written in a very modern and lively polish , amused his family with their spoofing of the warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster ' s literary gift . [ sep ] his family
during 1824 – 28 chopin spent his vacations away from warsaw , at a number of locales . [ n 4 ] in 1824 and 1825 , at szafarnia , he was a guest of dominik dziewanowski , the father of a schoolmate . here for the first time he encountered polish rural folk music . his letters home from szafarnia ( to which he gave the title " the szafarnia courier " ) , written in a very modern and lively polish , amused his family with their spoofing of the warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster ' s literary gift . [ sep ] warsaw newspapers
in 1827 , soon after the death of chopin ' s youngest sister emilia , the family moved from the warsaw university building , adjacent to the kazimierz palace , to lodgings just across the street from the university , in the south annex of the krasinski palace on krakowskie przedmiescie , [ n 5 ] where chopin lived until he left warsaw in 1830 . [ n 6 ] here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students ; the chopin family parlour ( salonik chopinow ) became a museum in the 20th century . in 1829 the artist ambrozy mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of chopin family members , including the first known portrait of the composer . [ n 7 ] [ sep ] 1827
in 1827 , soon after the death of chopin ' s youngest sister emilia , the family moved from the warsaw university building , adjacent to the kazimierz palace , to lodgings just across the street from the university , in the south annex of the krasinski palace on krakowskie przedmiescie , [ n 5 ] where chopin lived until he left warsaw in 1830 . [ n 6 ] here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students ; the chopin family parlour ( salonik chopinow ) became a museum in the 20th century . in 1829 the artist ambrozy mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of chopin family members , including the first known portrait of the composer . [ n 7 ] [ sep ] krakowskie przedmiescie
in 1827 , soon after the death of chopin ' s youngest sister emilia , the family moved from the warsaw university building , adjacent to the kazimierz palace , to lodgings just across the street from the university , in the south annex of the krasinski palace on krakowskie przedmiescie , [ n 5 ] where chopin lived until he left warsaw in 1830 . [ n 6 ] here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students ; the chopin family parlour ( salonik chopinow ) became a museum in the 20th century . in 1829 the artist ambrozy mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of chopin family members , including the first known portrait of the composer . [ n 7 ] [ sep ] 1830
in 1827 , soon after the death of chopin ' s youngest sister emilia , the family moved from the warsaw university building , adjacent to the kazimierz palace , to lodgings just across the street from the university , in the south annex of the krasinski palace on krakowskie przedmiescie , [ n 5 ] where chopin lived until he left warsaw in 1830 . [ n 6 ] here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students ; the chopin family parlour ( salonik chopinow ) became a museum in the 20th century . in 1829 the artist ambrozy mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of chopin family members , including the first known portrait of the composer . [ n 7 ] [ sep ] a museum
in 1827 , soon after the death of chopin ' s youngest sister emilia , the family moved from the warsaw university building , adjacent to the kazimierz palace , to lodgings just across the street from the university , in the south annex of the krasinski palace on krakowskie przedmiescie , [ n 5 ] where chopin lived until he left warsaw in 1830 . [ n 6 ] here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students ; the chopin family parlour ( salonik chopinow ) became a museum in the 20th century . in 1829 the artist ambrozy mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of chopin family members , including the first known portrait of the composer . [ n 7 ] [ sep ] ambrozy mieroszewski
four boarders at his parents ' apartments became chopin ' s intimates : tytus woyciechowski , jan nepomucen białobłocki , jan matuszynski and julian fontana ; the latter two would become part of his paris milieu . he was friendly with members of warsaw ' s young artistic and intellectual world , including fontana , jozef bohdan zaleski and stefan witwicki . he was also attracted to the singing student konstancja gładkowska . in letters to woyciechowski , he indicated which of his works , and even which of their passages , were influenced by his fascination with her ; his letter of 15 may 1830 revealed that the slow movement ( larghetto ) of his piano concerto no . 1 ( in e minor ) was secretly dedicated to her – " it should be like dreaming in beautiful springtime – by moonlight . " his final conservatory report ( july 1829 ) read : " chopin f . , third - year student , exceptional talent , musical genius . " [ sep ] jan matuszynski and julian fontana
four boarders at his parents ' apartments became chopin ' s intimates : tytus woyciechowski , jan nepomucen białobłocki , jan matuszynski and julian fontana ; the latter two would become part of his paris milieu . he was friendly with members of warsaw ' s young artistic and intellectual world , including fontana , jozef bohdan zaleski and stefan witwicki . he was also attracted to the singing student konstancja gładkowska . in letters to woyciechowski , he indicated which of his works , and even which of their passages , were influenced by his fascination with her ; his letter of 15 may 1830 revealed that the slow movement ( larghetto ) of his piano concerto no . 1 ( in e minor ) was secretly dedicated to her – " it should be like dreaming in beautiful springtime – by moonlight . " his final conservatory report ( july 1829 ) read : " chopin f . , third - year student , exceptional talent , musical genius . " [ sep ] konstancja gładkowska
in september 1828 chopin , while still a student , visited berlin with a family friend , zoologist feliks jarocki , enjoying operas directed by gaspare spontini and attending concerts by carl friedrich zelter , felix mendelssohn and other celebrities . on an 1829 return trip to berlin , he was a guest of prince antoni radziwiłł , governor of the grand duchy of posen — himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist . for the prince and his pianist daughter wanda , he composed his introduction and polonaise brillante in c major for cello and piano , op . 3 . [ sep ] feliks jarocki
in september 1828 chopin , while still a student , visited berlin with a family friend , zoologist feliks jarocki , enjoying operas directed by gaspare spontini and attending concerts by carl friedrich zelter , felix mendelssohn and other celebrities . on an 1829 return trip to berlin , he was a guest of prince antoni radziwiłł , governor of the grand duchy of posen — himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist . for the prince and his pianist daughter wanda , he composed his introduction and polonaise brillante in c major for cello and piano , op . 3 . [ sep ] gaspare spontini
in september 1828 chopin , while still a student , visited berlin with a family friend , zoologist feliks jarocki , enjoying operas directed by gaspare spontini and attending concerts by carl friedrich zelter , felix mendelssohn and other celebrities . on an 1829 return trip to berlin , he was a guest of prince antoni radziwiłł , governor of the grand duchy of posen — himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist . for the prince and his pianist daughter wanda , he composed his introduction and polonaise brillante in c major for cello and piano , op . 3 . [ sep ] prince antoni radziwiłł
in september 1828 chopin , while still a student , visited berlin with a family friend , zoologist feliks jarocki , enjoying operas directed by gaspare spontini and attending concerts by carl friedrich zelter , felix mendelssohn and other celebrities . on an 1829 return trip to berlin , he was a guest of prince antoni radziwiłł , governor of the grand duchy of posen — himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist . for the prince and his pianist daughter wanda , he composed his introduction and polonaise brillante in c major for cello and piano , op . 3 . [ sep ] introduction and polonaise brillante in c major for cello and piano , op . 3
back in warsaw that year , chopin heard niccolo paganini play the violin , and composed a set of variations , souvenir de paganini . it may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first etudes , ( 1829 – 32 ) , exploring the capacities of his own instrument . on 11 august , three weeks after completing his studies at the warsaw conservatory , he made his debut in vienna . he gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews — in addition to some commenting ( in chopin ' s own words ) that he was " too delicate for those accustomed to the piano - bashing of local artists " . in one of these concerts , he premiered his variations on la ci darem la mano , op . 2 ( variations on an aria from mozart ' s opera don giovanni ) for piano and orchestra . he returned to warsaw in september 1829 , where he premiered his piano concerto no . 2 in f minor , op . 21 on 17 march 1830 . [ sep ] souvenir de paganini
back in warsaw that year , chopin heard niccolo paganini play the violin , and composed a set of variations , souvenir de paganini . it may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first etudes , ( 1829 – 32 ) , exploring the capacities of his own instrument . on 11 august , three weeks after completing his studies at the warsaw conservatory , he made his debut in vienna . he gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews — in addition to some commenting ( in chopin ' s own words ) that he was " too delicate for those accustomed to the piano - bashing of local artists " . in one of these concerts , he premiered his variations on la ci darem la mano , op . 2 ( variations on an aria from mozart ' s opera don giovanni ) for piano and orchestra . he returned to warsaw in september 1829 , where he premiered his piano concerto no . 2 in f minor , op . 21 on 17 march 1830 . [ sep ] august
back in warsaw that year , chopin heard niccolo paganini play the violin , and composed a set of variations , souvenir de paganini . it may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first etudes , ( 1829 – 32 ) , exploring the capacities of his own instrument . on 11 august , three weeks after completing his studies at the warsaw conservatory , he made his debut in vienna . he gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews — in addition to some commenting ( in chopin ' s own words ) that he was " too delicate for those accustomed to the piano - bashing of local artists " . in one of these concerts , he premiered his variations on la ci darem la mano , op . 2 ( variations on an aria from mozart ' s opera don giovanni ) for piano and orchestra . he returned to warsaw in september 1829 , where he premiered his piano concerto no . 2 in f minor , op . 21 on 17 march 1830 . [ sep ] two
back in warsaw that year , chopin heard niccolo paganini play the violin , and composed a set of variations , souvenir de paganini . it may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first etudes , ( 1829 – 32 ) , exploring the capacities of his own instrument . on 11 august , three weeks after completing his studies at the warsaw conservatory , he made his debut in vienna . he gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews — in addition to some commenting ( in chopin ' s own words ) that he was " too delicate for those accustomed to the piano - bashing of local artists " . in one of these concerts , he premiered his variations on la ci darem la mano , op . 2 ( variations on an aria from mozart ' s opera don giovanni ) for piano and orchestra . he returned to warsaw in september 1829 , where he premiered his piano concerto no . 2 in f minor , op . 21 on 17 march 1830 . [ sep ] 17 march 1830
chopin ' s successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western europe for him , and on 2 november 1830 , he set out , in the words of zdzisław jachimecki , " into the wide world , with no very clearly defined aim , forever . " with woyciechowski , he headed for austria , intending to go on to italy . later that month , in warsaw , the november 1830 uprising broke out , and woyciechowski returned to poland to enlist . chopin , now alone in vienna , was nostalgic for his homeland , and wrote to a friend , " i curse the moment of my departure . " when in september 1831 he learned , while travelling from vienna to paris , that the uprising had been crushed , he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal : " oh god ! . . . you are there , and yet you do not take vengeance ! " jachimecki ascribes to these events the composer ' s maturing " into an inspired national bard who intuited the past , present and future of his native poland . " [ sep ] 2 november 1830
chopin ' s successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western europe for him , and on 2 november 1830 , he set out , in the words of zdzisław jachimecki , " into the wide world , with no very clearly defined aim , forever . " with woyciechowski , he headed for austria , intending to go on to italy . later that month , in warsaw , the november 1830 uprising broke out , and woyciechowski returned to poland to enlist . chopin , now alone in vienna , was nostalgic for his homeland , and wrote to a friend , " i curse the moment of my departure . " when in september 1831 he learned , while travelling from vienna to paris , that the uprising had been crushed , he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal : " oh god ! . . . you are there , and yet you do not take vengeance ! " jachimecki ascribes to these events the composer ' s maturing " into an inspired national bard who intuited the past , present and future of his native poland . " [ sep ] austria
chopin ' s successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western europe for him , and on 2 november 1830 , he set out , in the words of zdzisław jachimecki , " into the wide world , with no very clearly defined aim , forever . " with woyciechowski , he headed for austria , intending to go on to italy . later that month , in warsaw , the november 1830 uprising broke out , and woyciechowski returned to poland to enlist . chopin , now alone in vienna , was nostalgic for his homeland , and wrote to a friend , " i curse the moment of my departure . " when in september 1831 he learned , while travelling from vienna to paris , that the uprising had been crushed , he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal : " oh god ! . . . you are there , and yet you do not take vengeance ! " jachimecki ascribes to these events the composer ' s maturing " into an inspired national bard who intuited the past , present and future of his native poland . " [ sep ] 1830
chopin ' s successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western europe for him , and on 2 november 1830 , he set out , in the words of zdzisław jachimecki , " into the wide world , with no very clearly defined aim , forever . " with woyciechowski , he headed for austria , intending to go on to italy . later that month , in warsaw , the november 1830 uprising broke out , and woyciechowski returned to poland to enlist . chopin , now alone in vienna , was nostalgic for his homeland , and wrote to a friend , " i curse the moment of my departure . " when in september 1831 he learned , while travelling from vienna to paris , that the uprising had been crushed , he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal : " oh god ! . . . you are there , and yet you do not take vengeance ! " jachimecki ascribes to these events the composer ' s maturing " into an inspired national bard who intuited the past , present and future of his native poland . " [ sep ] zdzisław jachimecki
chopin arrived in paris in late september 1831 ; he would never return to poland , thus becoming one of many expatriates of the polish great emigration . in france he used the french versions of his given names , and after receiving french citizenship in 1835 , he travelled on a french passport . however , chopin remained close to his fellow poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking french . chopin ' s biographer adam zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be french , despite his father ' s french origins , and always saw himself as a pole . [ sep ] the polish great emigration
chopin arrived in paris in late september 1831 ; he would never return to poland , thus becoming one of many expatriates of the polish great emigration . in france he used the french versions of his given names , and after receiving french citizenship in 1835 , he travelled on a french passport . however , chopin remained close to his fellow poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking french . chopin ' s biographer adam zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be french , despite his father ' s french origins , and always saw himself as a pole . [ sep ] french
chopin arrived in paris in late september 1831 ; he would never return to poland , thus becoming one of many expatriates of the polish great emigration . in france he used the french versions of his given names , and after receiving french citizenship in 1835 , he travelled on a french passport . however , chopin remained close to his fellow poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking french . chopin ' s biographer adam zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be french , despite his father ' s french origins , and always saw himself as a pole . [ sep ] 1835
chopin arrived in paris in late september 1831 ; he would never return to poland , thus becoming one of many expatriates of the polish great emigration . in france he used the french versions of his given names , and after receiving french citizenship in 1835 , he travelled on a french passport . however , chopin remained close to his fellow poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking french . chopin ' s biographer adam zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be french , despite his father ' s french origins , and always saw himself as a pole . [ sep ] friends and confidants
chopin arrived in paris in late september 1831 ; he would never return to poland , thus becoming one of many expatriates of the polish great emigration . in france he used the french versions of his given names , and after receiving french citizenship in 1835 , he travelled on a french passport . however , chopin remained close to his fellow poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking french . chopin ' s biographer adam zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be french , despite his father ' s french origins , and always saw himself as a pole . [ sep ] polish
in paris , chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures , and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity . during his years in paris he was to become acquainted with , among many others , hector berlioz , franz liszt , ferdinand hiller , heinrich heine , eugene delacroix , and alfred de vigny . chopin was also acquainted with the poet adam mickiewicz , principal of the polish literary society , some of whose verses he set as songs . [ sep ] paris
in paris , chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures , and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity . during his years in paris he was to become acquainted with , among many others , hector berlioz , franz liszt , ferdinand hiller , heinrich heine , eugene delacroix , and alfred de vigny . chopin was also acquainted with the poet adam mickiewicz , principal of the polish literary society , some of whose verses he set as songs . [ sep ] adam mickiewicz
in paris , chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures , and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity . during his years in paris he was to become acquainted with , among many others , hector berlioz , franz liszt , ferdinand hiller , heinrich heine , eugene delacroix , and alfred de vigny . chopin was also acquainted with the poet adam mickiewicz , principal of the polish literary society , some of whose verses he set as songs . [ sep ] songs
two polish friends in paris were also to play important roles in chopin ' s life there . his fellow student at the warsaw conservatory , julian fontana , had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in england ; albert grzymała , who in paris became a wealthy financier and society figure , often acted as chopin ' s adviser and " gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [ his ] life . " fontana was to become , in the words of michałowski and samson , chopin ' s " general factotum and copyist " . [ sep ] julian fontana
two polish friends in paris were also to play important roles in chopin ' s life there . his fellow student at the warsaw conservatory , julian fontana , had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in england ; albert grzymała , who in paris became a wealthy financier and society figure , often acted as chopin ' s adviser and " gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [ his ] life . " fontana was to become , in the words of michałowski and samson , chopin ' s " general factotum and copyist " . [ sep ] albert grzymała
two polish friends in paris were also to play important roles in chopin ' s life there . his fellow student at the warsaw conservatory , julian fontana , had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in england ; albert grzymała , who in paris became a wealthy financier and society figure , often acted as chopin ' s adviser and " gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [ his ] life . " fontana was to become , in the words of michałowski and samson , chopin ' s " general factotum and copyist " . [ sep ] elder brother
two polish friends in paris were also to play important roles in chopin ' s life there . his fellow student at the warsaw conservatory , julian fontana , had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in england ; albert grzymała , who in paris became a wealthy financier and society figure , often acted as chopin ' s adviser and " gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [ his ] life . " fontana was to become , in the words of michałowski and samson , chopin ' s " general factotum and copyist " . [ sep ] julian fontana
two polish friends in paris were also to play important roles in chopin ' s life there . his fellow student at the warsaw conservatory , julian fontana , had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in england ; albert grzymała , who in paris became a wealthy financier and society figure , often acted as chopin ' s adviser and " gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [ his ] life . " fontana was to become , in the words of michałowski and samson , chopin ' s " general factotum and copyist " . [ sep ] polish
at the end of 1831 , chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when robert schumann , reviewing the op . 2 variations in the allgemeine musikalische zeitung ( his first published article on music ) , declared : " hats off , gentlemen ! a genius . " on 26 february 1832 chopin gave a debut paris concert at the salle pleyel which drew universal admiration . the critic francois - joseph fetis wrote in the revue et gazette musicale : " here is a young man who . . . taking no model , has found , if not a complete renewal of piano music , . . . an abundance of original ideas of a kind to be found nowhere else . . . " after this concert , chopin realized that his essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large concert spaces . later that year he was introduced to the wealthy rothschild banking family , whose patronage also opened doors for him to other private salons ( social gatherings of the aristocracy and artistic and literary elite ) . by the end of 1832 chopin had established himself among the parisian musical elite , and had earned the respect of his peers such as hiller , liszt , and berlioz . he no longer depended financially upon his father , and in the winter of 1832 he began earning a handsome income from publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students from all over europe . this freed him from the strains of public concert - giving , which he disliked . [ sep ] robert schumann
at the end of 1831 , chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when robert schumann , reviewing the op . 2 variations in the allgemeine musikalische zeitung ( his first published article on music ) , declared : " hats off , gentlemen ! a genius . " on 26 february 1832 chopin gave a debut paris concert at the salle pleyel which drew universal admiration . the critic francois - joseph fetis wrote in the revue et gazette musicale : " here is a young man who . . . taking no model , has found , if not a complete renewal of piano music , . . . an abundance of original ideas of a kind to be found nowhere else . . . " after this concert , chopin realized that his essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large concert spaces . later that year he was introduced to the wealthy rothschild banking family , whose patronage also opened doors for him to other private salons ( social gatherings of the aristocracy and artistic and literary elite ) . by the end of 1832 chopin had established himself among the parisian musical elite , and had earned the respect of his peers such as hiller , liszt , and berlioz . he no longer depended financially upon his father , and in the winter of 1832 he began earning a handsome income from publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students from all over europe . this freed him from the strains of public concert - giving , which he disliked . [ sep ] 26 february 1832
at the end of 1831 , chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when robert schumann , reviewing the op . 2 variations in the allgemeine musikalische zeitung ( his first published article on music ) , declared : " hats off , gentlemen ! a genius . " on 26 february 1832 chopin gave a debut paris concert at the salle pleyel which drew universal admiration . the critic francois - joseph fetis wrote in the revue et gazette musicale : " here is a young man who . . . taking no model , has found , if not a complete renewal of piano music , . . . an abundance of original ideas of a kind to be found nowhere else . . . " after this concert , chopin realized that his essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large concert spaces . later that year he was introduced to the wealthy rothschild banking family , whose patronage also opened doors for him to other private salons ( social gatherings of the aristocracy and artistic and literary elite ) . by the end of 1832 chopin had established himself among the parisian musical elite , and had earned the respect of his peers such as hiller , liszt , and berlioz . he no longer depended financially upon his father , and in the winter of 1832 he began earning a handsome income from publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students from all over europe . this freed him from the strains of public concert - giving , which he disliked . [ sep ] intimate keyboard technique
at the end of 1831 , chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when robert schumann , reviewing the op . 2 variations in the allgemeine musikalische zeitung ( his first published article on music ) , declared : " hats off , gentlemen ! a genius . " on 26 february 1832 chopin gave a debut paris concert at the salle pleyel which drew universal admiration . the critic francois - joseph fetis wrote in the revue et gazette musicale : " here is a young man who . . . taking no model , has found , if not a complete renewal of piano music , . . . an abundance of original ideas of a kind to be found nowhere else . . . " after this concert , chopin realized that his essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large concert spaces . later that year he was introduced to the wealthy rothschild banking family , whose patronage also opened doors for him to other private salons ( social gatherings of the aristocracy and artistic and literary elite ) . by the end of 1832 chopin had established himself among the parisian musical elite , and had earned the respect of his peers such as hiller , liszt , and berlioz . he no longer depended financially upon his father , and in the winter of 1832 he began earning a handsome income from publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students from all over europe . this freed him from the strains of public concert - giving , which he disliked . [ sep ] his father
chopin seldom performed publicly in paris . in later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the salle pleyel , a venue that seated three hundred . he played more frequently at salons , but preferred playing at his own paris apartment for small groups of friends . the musicologist arthur hedley has observed that " as a pianist chopin was unique in acquiring a reputation of the highest order on the basis of a minimum of public appearances — few more than thirty in the course of his lifetime . " the list of musicians who took part in some of his concerts provides an indication of the richness of parisian artistic life during this period . examples include a concert on 23 march 1833 , in which chopin , liszt and hiller performed ( on pianos ) a concerto by j . s . bach for three keyboards ; and , on 3 march 1838 , a concert in which chopin , his pupil adolphe gutmann , charles - valentin alkan , and alkan ' s teacher joseph zimmermann performed alkan ' s arrangement , for eight hands , of two movements from beethoven ' s 7th symphony . chopin was also involved in the composition of liszt ' s hexameron ; he wrote the sixth ( and final ) variation on bellini ' s theme . chopin ' s music soon found success with publishers , and in 1833 he contracted with maurice schlesinger , who arranged for it to be published not only in france but , through his family connections , also in germany and england . [ sep ] his own paris apartment for small groups of friends
chopin seldom performed publicly in paris . in later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the salle pleyel , a venue that seated three hundred . he played more frequently at salons , but preferred playing at his own paris apartment for small groups of friends . the musicologist arthur hedley has observed that " as a pianist chopin was unique in acquiring a reputation of the highest order on the basis of a minimum of public appearances — few more than thirty in the course of his lifetime . " the list of musicians who took part in some of his concerts provides an indication of the richness of parisian artistic life during this period . examples include a concert on 23 march 1833 , in which chopin , liszt and hiller performed ( on pianos ) a concerto by j . s . bach for three keyboards ; and , on 3 march 1838 , a concert in which chopin , his pupil adolphe gutmann , charles - valentin alkan , and alkan ' s teacher joseph zimmermann performed alkan ' s arrangement , for eight hands , of two movements from beethoven ' s 7th symphony . chopin was also involved in the composition of liszt ' s hexameron ; he wrote the sixth ( and final ) variation on bellini ' s theme . chopin ' s music soon found success with publishers , and in 1833 he contracted with maurice schlesinger , who arranged for it to be published not only in france but , through his family connections , also in germany and england . [ sep ] pianos
in the spring of 1834 , chopin attended the lower rhenish music festival in aix - la - chapelle with hiller , and it was there that chopin met felix mendelssohn . after the festival , the three visited dusseldorf , where mendelssohn had been appointed musical director . they spent what mendelssohn described as " a very agreeable day " , playing and discussing music at his piano , and met friedrich wilhelm schadow , director of the academy of art , and some of his eminent pupils such as lessing , bendemann , hildebrandt and sohn . in 1835 chopin went to carlsbad , where he spent time with his parents ; it was the last time he would see them . on his way back to paris , he met old friends from warsaw , the wodzinskis . he had made the acquaintance of their daughter maria in poland five years earlier , when she was eleven . this meeting prompted him to stay for two weeks in dresden , when he had previously intended to return to paris via leipzig . the sixteen - year - old girl ' s portrait of the composer is considered , along with delacroix ' s , as among chopin ' s best likenesses . in october he finally reached leipzig , where he met schumann , clara wieck and felix mendelssohn , who organised for him a performance of his own oratorio st . paul , and who considered him " a perfect musician " . in july 1836 chopin travelled to marienbad and dresden to be with the wodzinski family , and in september he proposed to maria , whose mother countess wodzinska approved in principle . chopin went on to leipzig , where he presented schumann with his g minor ballade . at the end of 1836 he sent maria an album in which his sister ludwika had inscribed seven of his songs , and his 1835 nocturne in c - sharp minor , op . 27 , no . 1 . the anodyne thanks he received from maria proved to be the last letter he was to have from her . [ sep ] felix mendelssohn
in the spring of 1834 , chopin attended the lower rhenish music festival in aix - la - chapelle with hiller , and it was there that chopin met felix mendelssohn . after the festival , the three visited dusseldorf , where mendelssohn had been appointed musical director . they spent what mendelssohn described as " a very agreeable day " , playing and discussing music at his piano , and met friedrich wilhelm schadow , director of the academy of art , and some of his eminent pupils such as lessing , bendemann , hildebrandt and sohn . in 1835 chopin went to carlsbad , where he spent time with his parents ; it was the last time he would see them . on his way back to paris , he met old friends from warsaw , the wodzinskis . he had made the acquaintance of their daughter maria in poland five years earlier , when she was eleven . this meeting prompted him to stay for two weeks in dresden , when he had previously intended to return to paris via leipzig . the sixteen - year - old girl ' s portrait of the composer is considered , along with delacroix ' s , as among chopin ' s best likenesses . in october he finally reached leipzig , where he met schumann , clara wieck and felix mendelssohn , who organised for him a performance of his own oratorio st . paul , and who considered him " a perfect musician " . in july 1836 chopin travelled to marienbad and dresden to be with the wodzinski family , and in september he proposed to maria , whose mother countess wodzinska approved in principle . chopin went on to leipzig , where he presented schumann with his g minor ballade . at the end of 1836 he sent maria an album in which his sister ludwika had inscribed seven of his songs , and his 1835 nocturne in c - sharp minor , op . 27 , no . 1 . the anodyne thanks he received from maria proved to be the last letter he was to have from her . [ sep ] playing and discussing music
in the spring of 1834 , chopin attended the lower rhenish music festival in aix - la - chapelle with hiller , and it was there that chopin met felix mendelssohn . after the festival , the three visited dusseldorf , where mendelssohn had been appointed musical director . they spent what mendelssohn described as " a very agreeable day " , playing and discussing music at his piano , and met friedrich wilhelm schadow , director of the academy of art , and some of his eminent pupils such as lessing , bendemann , hildebrandt and sohn . in 1835 chopin went to carlsbad , where he spent time with his parents ; it was the last time he would see them . on his way back to paris , he met old friends from warsaw , the wodzinskis . he had made the acquaintance of their daughter maria in poland five years earlier , when she was eleven . this meeting prompted him to stay for two weeks in dresden , when he had previously intended to return to paris via leipzig . the sixteen - year - old girl ' s portrait of the composer is considered , along with delacroix ' s , as among chopin ' s best likenesses . in october he finally reached leipzig , where he met schumann , clara wieck and felix mendelssohn , who organised for him a performance of his own oratorio st . paul , and who considered him " a perfect musician " . in july 1836 chopin travelled to marienbad and dresden to be with the wodzinski family , and in september he proposed to maria , whose mother countess wodzinska approved in principle . chopin went on to leipzig , where he presented schumann with his g minor ballade . at the end of 1836 he sent maria an album in which his sister ludwika had inscribed seven of his songs , and his 1835 nocturne in c - sharp minor , op . 27 , no . 1 . the anodyne thanks he received from maria proved to be the last letter he was to have from her . [ sep ] friedrich wilhelm schadow
in the spring of 1834 , chopin attended the lower rhenish music festival in aix - la - chapelle with hiller , and it was there that chopin met felix mendelssohn . after the festival , the three visited dusseldorf , where mendelssohn had been appointed musical director . they spent what mendelssohn described as " a very agreeable day " , playing and discussing music at his piano , and met friedrich wilhelm schadow , director of the academy of art , and some of his eminent pupils such as lessing , bendemann , hildebrandt and sohn . in 1835 chopin went to carlsbad , where he spent time with his parents ; it was the last time he would see them . on his way back to paris , he met old friends from warsaw , the wodzinskis . he had made the acquaintance of their daughter maria in poland five years earlier , when she was eleven . this meeting prompted him to stay for two weeks in dresden , when he had previously intended to return to paris via leipzig . the sixteen - year - old girl ' s portrait of the composer is considered , along with delacroix ' s , as among chopin ' s best likenesses . in october he finally reached leipzig , where he met schumann , clara wieck and felix mendelssohn , who organised for him a performance of his own oratorio st . paul , and who considered him " a perfect musician " . in july 1836 chopin travelled to marienbad and dresden to be with the wodzinski family , and in september he proposed to maria , whose mother countess wodzinska approved in principle . chopin went on to leipzig , where he presented schumann with his g minor ballade . at the end of 1836 he sent maria an album in which his sister ludwika had inscribed seven of his songs , and his 1835 nocturne in c - sharp minor , op . 27 , no . 1 . the anodyne thanks he received from maria proved to be the last letter he was to have from her . [ sep ] carlsbad
although it is not known exactly when chopin first met liszt after arriving in paris , on 12 december 1831 he mentioned in a letter to his friend woyciechowski that " i have met rossini , cherubini , baillot , etc . — also kalkbrenner . you would not believe how curious i was about herz , liszt , hiller , etc . " liszt was in attendance at chopin ' s parisian debut on 26 february 1832 at the salle pleyel , which led him to remark : " the most vigorous applause seemed not to suffice to our enthusiasm in the presence of this talented musician , who revealed a new phase of poetic sentiment combined with such happy innovation in the form of his art . " [ sep ] woyciechowski
although it is not known exactly when chopin first met liszt after arriving in paris , on 12 december 1831 he mentioned in a letter to his friend woyciechowski that " i have met rossini , cherubini , baillot , etc . — also kalkbrenner . you would not believe how curious i was about herz , liszt , hiller , etc . " liszt was in attendance at chopin ' s parisian debut on 26 february 1832 at the salle pleyel , which led him to remark : " the most vigorous applause seemed not to suffice to our enthusiasm in the presence of this talented musician , who revealed a new phase of poetic sentiment combined with such happy innovation in the form of his art . " [ sep ] herz , liszt , hiller
although it is not known exactly when chopin first met liszt after arriving in paris , on 12 december 1831 he mentioned in a letter to his friend woyciechowski that " i have met rossini , cherubini , baillot , etc . — also kalkbrenner . you would not believe how curious i was about herz , liszt , hiller , etc . " liszt was in attendance at chopin ' s parisian debut on 26 february 1832 at the salle pleyel , which led him to remark : " the most vigorous applause seemed not to suffice to our enthusiasm in the presence of this talented musician , who revealed a new phase of poetic sentiment combined with such happy innovation in the form of his art . " [ sep ] liszt
the two became friends , and for many years lived in close proximity in paris , chopin at 38 rue de la chaussee - d ' antin , and liszt at the hotel de france on the rue lafitte , a few blocks away . they performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841 . the first , on 2 april 1833 , was at a benefit concert organized by hector berlioz for his bankrupt shakespearean actress wife harriet smithson , during which they played george onslow ' s sonata in f minor for piano duet . later joint appearances included a benefit concert for the benevolent association of polish ladies in paris . their last appearance together in public was for a charity concert conducted for the beethoven memorial in bonn , held at the salle pleyel and the paris conservatory on 25 and 26 april 1841 . [ sep ] 38 rue de la chaussee - d ' antin
the two became friends , and for many years lived in close proximity in paris , chopin at 38 rue de la chaussee - d ' antin , and liszt at the hotel de france on the rue lafitte , a few blocks away . they performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841 . the first , on 2 april 1833 , was at a benefit concert organized by hector berlioz for his bankrupt shakespearean actress wife harriet smithson , during which they played george onslow ' s sonata in f minor for piano duet . later joint appearances included a benefit concert for the benevolent association of polish ladies in paris . their last appearance together in public was for a charity concert conducted for the beethoven memorial in bonn , held at the salle pleyel and the paris conservatory on 25 and 26 april 1841 . [ sep ] a few blocks
the two became friends , and for many years lived in close proximity in paris , chopin at 38 rue de la chaussee - d ' antin , and liszt at the hotel de france on the rue lafitte , a few blocks away . they performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841 . the first , on 2 april 1833 , was at a benefit concert organized by hector berlioz for his bankrupt shakespearean actress wife harriet smithson , during which they played george onslow ' s sonata in f minor for piano duet . later joint appearances included a benefit concert for the benevolent association of polish ladies in paris . their last appearance together in public was for a charity concert conducted for the beethoven memorial in bonn , held at the salle pleyel and the paris conservatory on 25 and 26 april 1841 . [ sep ] seven
the two became friends , and for many years lived in close proximity in paris , chopin at 38 rue de la chaussee - d ' antin , and liszt at the hotel de france on the rue lafitte , a few blocks away . they performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841 . the first , on 2 april 1833 , was at a benefit concert organized by hector berlioz for his bankrupt shakespearean actress wife harriet smithson , during which they played george onslow ' s sonata in f minor for piano duet . later joint appearances included a benefit concert for the benevolent association of polish ladies in paris . their last appearance together in public was for a charity concert conducted for the beethoven memorial in bonn , held at the salle pleyel and the paris conservatory on 25 and 26 april 1841 . [ sep ] harriet smithson
the two became friends , and for many years lived in close proximity in paris , chopin at 38 rue de la chaussee - d ' antin , and liszt at the hotel de france on the rue lafitte , a few blocks away . they performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841 . the first , on 2 april 1833 , was at a benefit concert organized by hector berlioz for his bankrupt shakespearean actress wife harriet smithson , during which they played george onslow ' s sonata in f minor for piano duet . later joint appearances included a benefit concert for the benevolent association of polish ladies in paris . their last appearance together in public was for a charity concert conducted for the beethoven memorial in bonn , held at the salle pleyel and the paris conservatory on 25 and 26 april 1841 . [ sep ] salle pleyel and the paris conservatory
although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other , their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love - hate relationship . harold c . schonberg believes that chopin displayed a " tinge of jealousy and spite " towards liszt ' s virtuosity on the piano , and others have also argued that he had become enchanted with liszt ' s theatricality , showmanship and success . liszt was the dedicatee of chopin ' s op . 10 etudes , and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to hiller , " i should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies . " however , chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments , at which chopin remarked that he should play the music as written or not play it at all , forcing an apology . most biographers of chopin state that after this the two had little to do with each other , although in his letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as " my friend liszt " . some commentators point to events in the two men ' s romantic lives which led to a rift between them ; there are claims that liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress marie d ' agoult ' s obsession with chopin , while others believe that chopin had become concerned about liszt ' s growing relationship with george sand . [ sep ] love - hate relationship
although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other , their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love - hate relationship . harold c . schonberg believes that chopin displayed a " tinge of jealousy and spite " towards liszt ' s virtuosity on the piano , and others have also argued that he had become enchanted with liszt ' s theatricality , showmanship and success . liszt was the dedicatee of chopin ' s op . 10 etudes , and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to hiller , " i should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies . " however , chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments , at which chopin remarked that he should play the music as written or not play it at all , forcing an apology . most biographers of chopin state that after this the two had little to do with each other , although in his letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as " my friend liszt " . some commentators point to events in the two men ' s romantic lives which led to a rift between them ; there are claims that liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress marie d ' agoult ' s obsession with chopin , while others believe that chopin had become concerned about liszt ' s growing relationship with george sand . [ sep ] theatricality , showmanship and success
although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other , their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love - hate relationship . harold c . schonberg believes that chopin displayed a " tinge of jealousy and spite " towards liszt ' s virtuosity on the piano , and others have also argued that he had become enchanted with liszt ' s theatricality , showmanship and success . liszt was the dedicatee of chopin ' s op . 10 etudes , and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to hiller , " i should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies . " however , chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments , at which chopin remarked that he should play the music as written or not play it at all , forcing an apology . most biographers of chopin state that after this the two had little to do with each other , although in his letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as " my friend liszt " . some commentators point to events in the two men ' s romantic lives which led to a rift between them ; there are claims that liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress marie d ' agoult ' s obsession with chopin , while others believe that chopin had become concerned about liszt ' s growing relationship with george sand . [ sep ] an apology
although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other , their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love - hate relationship . harold c . schonberg believes that chopin displayed a " tinge of jealousy and spite " towards liszt ' s virtuosity on the piano , and others have also argued that he had become enchanted with liszt ' s theatricality , showmanship and success . liszt was the dedicatee of chopin ' s op . 10 etudes , and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to hiller , " i should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies . " however , chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments , at which chopin remarked that he should play the music as written or not play it at all , forcing an apology . most biographers of chopin state that after this the two had little to do with each other , although in his letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as " my friend liszt " . some commentators point to events in the two men ' s romantic lives which led to a rift between them ; there are claims that liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress marie d ' agoult ' s obsession with chopin , while others believe that chopin had become concerned about liszt ' s growing relationship with george sand . [ sep ] my friend liszt
in 1836 , at a party hosted by marie d ' agoult , chopin met the french author george sand ( born [ amantine ] aurore [ lucile ] dupin ) . short ( under five feet , or 152 cm ) , dark , big - eyed and a cigar smoker , she initially repelled chopin , who remarked , " what an unattractive person la sand is . is she really a woman ? " however , by early 1837 maria wodzinska ' s mother had made it clear to chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed . it is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d ' agoult and sand . chopin finally placed the letters from maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote , in polish , " my tragedy " . sand , in a letter to grzymała of june 1838 , admitted strong feelings for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with chopin ; she asked grzymała to assess chopin ' s relationship with maria wodzinska , without realising that the affair , at least from maria ' s side , was over . [ sep ] marie d ' agoult
in 1836 , at a party hosted by marie d ' agoult , chopin met the french author george sand ( born [ amantine ] aurore [ lucile ] dupin ) . short ( under five feet , or 152 cm ) , dark , big - eyed and a cigar smoker , she initially repelled chopin , who remarked , " what an unattractive person la sand is . is she really a woman ? " however , by early 1837 maria wodzinska ' s mother had made it clear to chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed . it is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d ' agoult and sand . chopin finally placed the letters from maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote , in polish , " my tragedy " . sand , in a letter to grzymała of june 1838 , admitted strong feelings for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with chopin ; she asked grzymała to assess chopin ' s relationship with maria wodzinska , without realising that the affair , at least from maria ' s side , was over . [ sep ] my tragedy
in 1836 , at a party hosted by marie d ' agoult , chopin met the french author george sand ( born [ amantine ] aurore [ lucile ] dupin ) . short ( under five feet , or 152 cm ) , dark , big - eyed and a cigar smoker , she initially repelled chopin , who remarked , " what an unattractive person la sand is . is she really a woman ? " however , by early 1837 maria wodzinska ' s mother had made it clear to chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed . it is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d ' agoult and sand . chopin finally placed the letters from maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote , in polish , " my tragedy " . sand , in a letter to grzymała of june 1838 , admitted strong feelings for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with chopin ; she asked grzymała to assess chopin ' s relationship with maria wodzinska , without realising that the affair , at least from maria ' s side , was over . [ sep ] grzymała
in june 1837 chopin visited london incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer camille pleyel where he played at a musical soiree at the house of english piano maker james broadwood . on his return to paris , his association with sand began in earnest , and by the end of june 1838 they had become lovers . sand , who was six years older than the composer , and who had had a series of lovers , wrote at this time : " i must say i was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me . . . i have still not recovered from my astonishment , and if i were a proud person i should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away . . . " the two spent a miserable winter on majorca ( 8 november 1838 to 13 february 1839 ) , where , together with sand ' s two children , they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of chopin and that of sand ' s 15 - year - old son maurice , and also to escape the threats of sand ' s former lover felicien mallefille . after discovering that the couple were not married , the deeply traditional catholic people of majorca became inhospitable , making accommodation difficult to find . this compelled the group to take lodgings in a former carthusian monastery in valldemossa , which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather . [ sep ] london
in june 1837 chopin visited london incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer camille pleyel where he played at a musical soiree at the house of english piano maker james broadwood . on his return to paris , his association with sand began in earnest , and by the end of june 1838 they had become lovers . sand , who was six years older than the composer , and who had had a series of lovers , wrote at this time : " i must say i was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me . . . i have still not recovered from my astonishment , and if i were a proud person i should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away . . . " the two spent a miserable winter on majorca ( 8 november 1838 to 13 february 1839 ) , where , together with sand ' s two children , they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of chopin and that of sand ' s 15 - year - old son maurice , and also to escape the threats of sand ' s former lover felicien mallefille . after discovering that the couple were not married , the deeply traditional catholic people of majorca became inhospitable , making accommodation difficult to find . this compelled the group to take lodgings in a former carthusian monastery in valldemossa , which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather . [ sep ] his association with sand began in earnest
in june 1837 chopin visited london incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer camille pleyel where he played at a musical soiree at the house of english piano maker james broadwood . on his return to paris , his association with sand began in earnest , and by the end of june 1838 they had become lovers . sand , who was six years older than the composer , and who had had a series of lovers , wrote at this time : " i must say i was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me . . . i have still not recovered from my astonishment , and if i were a proud person i should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away . . . " the two spent a miserable winter on majorca ( 8 november 1838 to 13 february 1839 ) , where , together with sand ' s two children , they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of chopin and that of sand ' s 15 - year - old son maurice , and also to escape the threats of sand ' s former lover felicien mallefille . after discovering that the couple were not married , the deeply traditional catholic people of majorca became inhospitable , making accommodation difficult to find . this compelled the group to take lodgings in a former carthusian monastery in valldemossa , which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather . [ sep ] six
in june 1837 chopin visited london incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer camille pleyel where he played at a musical soiree at the house of english piano maker james broadwood . on his return to paris , his association with sand began in earnest , and by the end of june 1838 they had become lovers . sand , who was six years older than the composer , and who had had a series of lovers , wrote at this time : " i must say i was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me . . . i have still not recovered from my astonishment , and if i were a proud person i should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away . . . " the two spent a miserable winter on majorca ( 8 november 1838 to 13 february 1839 ) , where , together with sand ' s two children , they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of chopin and that of sand ' s 15 - year - old son maurice , and also to escape the threats of sand ' s former lover felicien mallefille . after discovering that the couple were not married , the deeply traditional catholic people of majorca became inhospitable , making accommodation difficult to find . this compelled the group to take lodgings in a former carthusian monastery in valldemossa , which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather . [ sep ] miserable
in june 1837 chopin visited london incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer camille pleyel where he played at a musical soiree at the house of english piano maker james broadwood . on his return to paris , his association with sand began in earnest , and by the end of june 1838 they had become lovers . sand , who was six years older than the composer , and who had had a series of lovers , wrote at this time : " i must say i was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me . . . i have still not recovered from my astonishment , and if i were a proud person i should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away . . . " the two spent a miserable winter on majorca ( 8 november 1838 to 13 february 1839 ) , where , together with sand ' s two children , they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of chopin and that of sand ' s 15 - year - old son maurice , and also to escape the threats of sand ' s former lover felicien mallefille . after discovering that the couple were not married , the deeply traditional catholic people of majorca became inhospitable , making accommodation difficult to find . this compelled the group to take lodgings in a former carthusian monastery in valldemossa , which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather . [ sep ] valldemossa
on 3 december , chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in majorca : " three doctors have visited me . . . the first said i was dead ; the second said i was dying ; and the third said i was about to die . " he also had problems having his pleyel piano sent to him . it finally arrived from paris in december . chopin wrote to pleyel in january 1839 : " i am sending you my preludes [ ( op . 28 ) ] . i finished them on your little piano , which arrived in the best possible condition in spite of the sea , the bad weather and the palma customs . " chopin was also able to undertake work on his ballade no . 2 , op . 38 ; two polonaises , op . 40 ; and the scherzo no . 3 , op . 39 . [ sep ] three
on 3 december , chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in majorca : " three doctors have visited me . . . the first said i was dead ; the second said i was dying ; and the third said i was about to die . " he also had problems having his pleyel piano sent to him . it finally arrived from paris in december . chopin wrote to pleyel in january 1839 : " i am sending you my preludes [ ( op . 28 ) ] . i finished them on your little piano , which arrived in the best possible condition in spite of the sea , the bad weather and the palma customs . " chopin was also able to undertake work on his ballade no . 2 , op . 38 ; two polonaises , op . 40 ; and the scherzo no . 3 , op . 39 . [ sep ] piano
on 3 december , chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in majorca : " three doctors have visited me . . . the first said i was dead ; the second said i was dying ; and the third said i was about to die . " he also had problems having his pleyel piano sent to him . it finally arrived from paris in december . chopin wrote to pleyel in january 1839 : " i am sending you my preludes [ ( op . 28 ) ] . i finished them on your little piano , which arrived in the best possible condition in spite of the sea , the bad weather and the palma customs . " chopin was also able to undertake work on his ballade no . 2 , op . 38 ; two polonaises , op . 40 ; and the scherzo no . 3 , op . 39 . [ sep ] best possible condition
although this period had been productive , the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on chopin ' s health that sand determined to leave the island . to avoid further customs duties , sand sold the piano to a local french couple , the canuts . [ n 8 ] the group traveled first to barcelona , then to marseilles , where they stayed for a few months while chopin convalesced . in may 1839 they headed for the summer to sand ' s estate at nohant , where they spent most summers until 1846 . in autumn they returned to paris , where chopin ' s apartment at 5 rue tronchet was close to sand ' s rented accommodation at the rue pigalle . he frequently visited sand in the evenings , but both retained some independence . in 1842 he and sand moved to the square d ' orleans , living in adjacent buildings . [ sep ] bad weather
although this period had been productive , the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on chopin ' s health that sand determined to leave the island . to avoid further customs duties , sand sold the piano to a local french couple , the canuts . [ n 8 ] the group traveled first to barcelona , then to marseilles , where they stayed for a few months while chopin convalesced . in may 1839 they headed for the summer to sand ' s estate at nohant , where they spent most summers until 1846 . in autumn they returned to paris , where chopin ' s apartment at 5 rue tronchet was close to sand ' s rented accommodation at the rue pigalle . he frequently visited sand in the evenings , but both retained some independence . in 1842 he and sand moved to the square d ' orleans , living in adjacent buildings . [ sep ] canuts
although this period had been productive , the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on chopin ' s health that sand determined to leave the island . to avoid further customs duties , sand sold the piano to a local french couple , the canuts . [ n 8 ] the group traveled first to barcelona , then to marseilles , where they stayed for a few months while chopin convalesced . in may 1839 they headed for the summer to sand ' s estate at nohant , where they spent most summers until 1846 . in autumn they returned to paris , where chopin ' s apartment at 5 rue tronchet was close to sand ' s rented accommodation at the rue pigalle . he frequently visited sand in the evenings , but both retained some independence . in 1842 he and sand moved to the square d ' orleans , living in adjacent buildings . [ sep ] marseilles
although this period had been productive , the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on chopin ' s health that sand determined to leave the island . to avoid further customs duties , sand sold the piano to a local french couple , the canuts . [ n 8 ] the group traveled first to barcelona , then to marseilles , where they stayed for a few months while chopin convalesced . in may 1839 they headed for the summer to sand ' s estate at nohant , where they spent most summers until 1846 . in autumn they returned to paris , where chopin ' s apartment at 5 rue tronchet was close to sand ' s rented accommodation at the rue pigalle . he frequently visited sand in the evenings , but both retained some independence . in 1842 he and sand moved to the square d ' orleans , living in adjacent buildings . [ sep ] nohant
although this period had been productive , the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on chopin ' s health that sand determined to leave the island . to avoid further customs duties , sand sold the piano to a local french couple , the canuts . [ n 8 ] the group traveled first to barcelona , then to marseilles , where they stayed for a few months while chopin convalesced . in may 1839 they headed for the summer to sand ' s estate at nohant , where they spent most summers until 1846 . in autumn they returned to paris , where chopin ' s apartment at 5 rue tronchet was close to sand ' s rented accommodation at the rue pigalle . he frequently visited sand in the evenings , but both retained some independence . in 1842 he and sand moved to the square d ' orleans , living in adjacent buildings . [ sep ] square d ' orleans
at the funeral of the tenor adolphe nourrit in paris in 1839 , chopin made a rare appearance at the organ , playing a transcription of franz schubert ' s lied die gestirne . on 26 july 1840 chopin and sand were present at the dress rehearsal of berlioz ' s grande symphonie funebre et triomphale , composed to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the july revolution . chopin was reportedly unimpressed with the composition . [ sep ] berlioz ' s grande symphonie funebre et triomphale
at the funeral of the tenor adolphe nourrit in paris in 1839 , chopin made a rare appearance at the organ , playing a transcription of franz schubert ' s lied die gestirne . on 26 july 1840 chopin and sand were present at the dress rehearsal of berlioz ' s grande symphonie funebre et triomphale , composed to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the july revolution . chopin was reportedly unimpressed with the composition . [ sep ] tenth
during the summers at nohant , particularly in the years 1839 – 43 , chopin found quiet , productive days during which he composed many works , including his polonaise in a - flat major , op . 53 . among the visitors to nohant were delacroix and the mezzo - soprano pauline viardot , whom chopin had advised on piano technique and composition . delacroix gives an account of staying at nohant in a letter of 7 june 1842 : [ sep ] polonaise in a - flat major , op . 53
during the summers at nohant , particularly in the years 1839 – 43 , chopin found quiet , productive days during which he composed many works , including his polonaise in a - flat major , op . 53 . among the visitors to nohant were delacroix and the mezzo - soprano pauline viardot , whom chopin had advised on piano technique and composition . delacroix gives an account of staying at nohant in a letter of 7 june 1842 : [ sep ] pauline viardot
during the summers at nohant , particularly in the years 1839 – 43 , chopin found quiet , productive days during which he composed many works , including his polonaise in a - flat major , op . 53 . among the visitors to nohant were delacroix and the mezzo - soprano pauline viardot , whom chopin had advised on piano technique and composition . delacroix gives an account of staying at nohant in a letter of 7 june 1842 : [ sep ] 7 june 1842
from 1842 onwards , chopin showed signs of serious illness . after a solo recital in paris on 21 february 1842 , he wrote to grzymała : " i have to lie in bed all day long , my mouth and tonsils are aching so much . " he was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from alkan to participate in a repeat performance of the beethoven seventh symphony arrangement at erard ' s on 1 march 1843 . late in 1844 , charles halle visited chopin and found him " hardly able to move , bent like a half - opened penknife and evidently in great pain " , although his spirits returned when he started to play the piano for his visitor . chopin ' s health continued to deteriorate , particularly from this time onwards . modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses , he may also have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy . [ sep ] 1842
from 1842 onwards , chopin showed signs of serious illness . after a solo recital in paris on 21 february 1842 , he wrote to grzymała : " i have to lie in bed all day long , my mouth and tonsils are aching so much . " he was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from alkan to participate in a repeat performance of the beethoven seventh symphony arrangement at erard ' s on 1 march 1843 . late in 1844 , charles halle visited chopin and found him " hardly able to move , bent like a half - opened penknife and evidently in great pain " , although his spirits returned when he started to play the piano for his visitor . chopin ' s health continued to deteriorate , particularly from this time onwards . modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses , he may also have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy . [ sep ] grzymała
from 1842 onwards , chopin showed signs of serious illness . after a solo recital in paris on 21 february 1842 , he wrote to grzymała : " i have to lie in bed all day long , my mouth and tonsils are aching so much . " he was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from alkan to participate in a repeat performance of the beethoven seventh symphony arrangement at erard ' s on 1 march 1843 . late in 1844 , charles halle visited chopin and found him " hardly able to move , bent like a half - opened penknife and evidently in great pain " , although his spirits returned when he started to play the piano for his visitor . chopin ' s health continued to deteriorate , particularly from this time onwards . modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses , he may also have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy . [ sep ] beethoven seventh symphony arrangement at erard ' s
from 1842 onwards , chopin showed signs of serious illness . after a solo recital in paris on 21 february 1842 , he wrote to grzymała : " i have to lie in bed all day long , my mouth and tonsils are aching so much . " he was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from alkan to participate in a repeat performance of the beethoven seventh symphony arrangement at erard ' s on 1 march 1843 . late in 1844 , charles halle visited chopin and found him " hardly able to move , bent like a half - opened penknife and evidently in great pain " , although his spirits returned when he started to play the piano for his visitor . chopin ' s health continued to deteriorate , particularly from this time onwards . modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses , he may also have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy . [ sep ] piano
from 1842 onwards , chopin showed signs of serious illness . after a solo recital in paris on 21 february 1842 , he wrote to grzymała : " i have to lie in bed all day long , my mouth and tonsils are aching so much . " he was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from alkan to participate in a repeat performance of the beethoven seventh symphony arrangement at erard ' s on 1 march 1843 . late in 1844 , charles halle visited chopin and found him " hardly able to move , bent like a half - opened penknife and evidently in great pain " , although his spirits returned when he started to play the piano for his visitor . chopin ' s health continued to deteriorate , particularly from this time onwards . modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses , he may also have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy . [ sep ] temporal lobe epilepsy
chopin ' s relations with sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter solange and solange ' s fiance , the young fortune - hunting sculptor auguste clesinger . the composer frequently took solange ' s side in quarrels with her mother ; he also faced jealousy from sand ' s son maurice . chopin was utterly indifferent to sand ' s radical political pursuits , while sand looked on his society friends with disdain . as the composer ' s illness progressed , sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to chopin , whom she called her " third child " . in letters to third parties , she vented her impatience , referring to him as a " child , " a " little angel " , a " sufferer " and a " beloved little corpse . " in 1847 sand published her novel lucrezia floriani , whose main characters — a rich actress and a prince in weak health — could be interpreted as sand and chopin ; the story was uncomplimentary to chopin , who could not have missed the allusions as he helped sand correct the printer ' s galleys . in 1847 he did not visit nohant , and he quietly ended their ten - year relationship following an angry correspondence which , in sand ' s words , made " a strange conclusion to nine years of exclusive friendship . " the two would never meet again . [ sep ] auguste clesinger
chopin ' s relations with sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter solange and solange ' s fiance , the young fortune - hunting sculptor auguste clesinger . the composer frequently took solange ' s side in quarrels with her mother ; he also faced jealousy from sand ' s son maurice . chopin was utterly indifferent to sand ' s radical political pursuits , while sand looked on his society friends with disdain . as the composer ' s illness progressed , sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to chopin , whom she called her " third child " . in letters to third parties , she vented her impatience , referring to him as a " child , " a " little angel " , a " sufferer " and a " beloved little corpse . " in 1847 sand published her novel lucrezia floriani , whose main characters — a rich actress and a prince in weak health — could be interpreted as sand and chopin ; the story was uncomplimentary to chopin , who could not have missed the allusions as he helped sand correct the printer ' s galleys . in 1847 he did not visit nohant , and he quietly ended their ten - year relationship following an angry correspondence which , in sand ' s words , made " a strange conclusion to nine years of exclusive friendship . " the two would never meet again . [ sep ] radical political pursuits
chopin ' s relations with sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter solange and solange ' s fiance , the young fortune - hunting sculptor auguste clesinger . the composer frequently took solange ' s side in quarrels with her mother ; he also faced jealousy from sand ' s son maurice . chopin was utterly indifferent to sand ' s radical political pursuits , while sand looked on his society friends with disdain . as the composer ' s illness progressed , sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to chopin , whom she called her " third child " . in letters to third parties , she vented her impatience , referring to him as a " child , " a " little angel " , a " sufferer " and a " beloved little corpse . " in 1847 sand published her novel lucrezia floriani , whose main characters — a rich actress and a prince in weak health — could be interpreted as sand and chopin ; the story was uncomplimentary to chopin , who could not have missed the allusions as he helped sand correct the printer ' s galleys . in 1847 he did not visit nohant , and he quietly ended their ten - year relationship following an angry correspondence which , in sand ' s words , made " a strange conclusion to nine years of exclusive friendship . " the two would never meet again . [ sep ] third child
chopin ' s relations with sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter solange and solange ' s fiance , the young fortune - hunting sculptor auguste clesinger . the composer frequently took solange ' s side in quarrels with her mother ; he also faced jealousy from sand ' s son maurice . chopin was utterly indifferent to sand ' s radical political pursuits , while sand looked on his society friends with disdain . as the composer ' s illness progressed , sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to chopin , whom she called her " third child " . in letters to third parties , she vented her impatience , referring to him as a " child , " a " little angel " , a " sufferer " and a " beloved little corpse . " in 1847 sand published her novel lucrezia floriani , whose main characters — a rich actress and a prince in weak health — could be interpreted as sand and chopin ; the story was uncomplimentary to chopin , who could not have missed the allusions as he helped sand correct the printer ' s galleys . in 1847 he did not visit nohant , and he quietly ended their ten - year relationship following an angry correspondence which , in sand ' s words , made " a strange conclusion to nine years of exclusive friendship . " the two would never meet again . [ sep ] lucrezia floriani
chopin ' s relations with sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter solange and solange ' s fiance , the young fortune - hunting sculptor auguste clesinger . the composer frequently took solange ' s side in quarrels with her mother ; he also faced jealousy from sand ' s son maurice . chopin was utterly indifferent to sand ' s radical political pursuits , while sand looked on his society friends with disdain . as the composer ' s illness progressed , sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to chopin , whom she called her " third child " . in letters to third parties , she vented her impatience , referring to him as a " child , " a " little angel " , a " sufferer " and a " beloved little corpse . " in 1847 sand published her novel lucrezia floriani , whose main characters — a rich actress and a prince in weak health — could be interpreted as sand and chopin ; the story was uncomplimentary to chopin , who could not have missed the allusions as he helped sand correct the printer ' s galleys . in 1847 he did not visit nohant , and he quietly ended their ten - year relationship following an angry correspondence which , in sand ' s words , made " a strange conclusion to nine years of exclusive friendship . " the two would never meet again . [ sep ] 1847
chopin ' s output as a composer throughout this period declined in quantity year by year . whereas in 1841 he had written a dozen works , only six were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843 . in 1844 he wrote only the op . 58 sonata . 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas ( op . 59 ) . although these works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions , zamoyski opines that " his powers of concentration were failing and his inspiration was beset by anguish , both emotional and intellectual . " [ sep ] op . 58 sonata
chopin ' s output as a composer throughout this period declined in quantity year by year . whereas in 1841 he had written a dozen works , only six were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843 . in 1844 he wrote only the op . 58 sonata . 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas ( op . 59 ) . although these works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions , zamoyski opines that " his powers of concentration were failing and his inspiration was beset by anguish , both emotional and intellectual . " [ sep ] more refined than many of his earlier compositions
chopin ' s public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane , as did the number of his pupils , and this , together with the political strife and instability of the time , caused him to struggle financially . in february 1848 , with the cellist auguste franchomme , he gave his last paris concert , which included three movements of the cello sonata op . 65 . [ sep ] february 1848
chopin ' s public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane , as did the number of his pupils , and this , together with the political strife and instability of the time , caused him to struggle financially . in february 1848 , with the cellist auguste franchomme , he gave his last paris concert , which included three movements of the cello sonata op . 65 . [ sep ] auguste franchomme
the exact nature of relations between tibet and the ming dynasty of china ( 1368 – 1644 ) is unclear . analysis of the relationship is further complicated by modern political conflicts and the application of westphalian sovereignty to a time when the concept did not exist . some mainland chinese scholars , such as wang jiawei and nyima gyaincain , assert that the ming dynasty had unquestioned sovereignty over tibet , pointing to the ming court ' s issuing of various titles to tibetan leaders , tibetans ' full acceptance of these titles , and a renewal process for successors of these titles that involved traveling to the ming capital . scholars within china also argue that tibet has been an integral part of china since the 13th century and that it was thus a part of the ming empire . but most scholars outside china , such as turrell v . wylie , melvin c . goldstein , and helmut hoffman , say that the relationship was one of suzerainty , that ming titles were only nominal , that tibet remained an independent region outside ming control , and that it simply paid tribute until the jiajing emperor ( 1521 – 1566 ) , who ceased relations with tibet . [ sep ] mainland chinese scholars
some scholars note that tibetan leaders during the ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as nepal . some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the ming - tibetan relationship , noting the ming dynasty ' s shortage of horses for warfare and thus the importance of the horse trade with tibet . others argue that the significant religious nature of the relationship of the ming court with tibetan lamas is underrepresented in modern scholarship . in hopes of reviving the unique relationship of the earlier mongol leader kublai khan ( r . 1260 – 1294 ) and his spiritual superior drogon chogyal phagpa ( 1235 – 1280 ) of the sakya school of tibetan buddhism , the yongle emperor ( r . 1402 – 1424 ) made a concerted effort to build a secular and religious alliance with deshin shekpa ( 1384 – 1415 ) , the karmapa of the karma kagyu school . however , the yongle emperor ' s attempts were unsuccessful . [ sep ] horse trade
some scholars note that tibetan leaders during the ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as nepal . some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the ming - tibetan relationship , noting the ming dynasty ' s shortage of horses for warfare and thus the importance of the horse trade with tibet . others argue that the significant religious nature of the relationship of the ming court with tibetan lamas is underrepresented in modern scholarship . in hopes of reviving the unique relationship of the earlier mongol leader kublai khan ( r . 1260 – 1294 ) and his spiritual superior drogon chogyal phagpa ( 1235 – 1280 ) of the sakya school of tibetan buddhism , the yongle emperor ( r . 1402 – 1424 ) made a concerted effort to build a secular and religious alliance with deshin shekpa ( 1384 – 1415 ) , the karmapa of the karma kagyu school . however , the yongle emperor ' s attempts were unsuccessful . [ sep ] 1402 – 1424
some scholars note that tibetan leaders during the ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as nepal . some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the ming - tibetan relationship , noting the ming dynasty ' s shortage of horses for warfare and thus the importance of the horse trade with tibet . others argue that the significant religious nature of the relationship of the ming court with tibetan lamas is underrepresented in modern scholarship . in hopes of reviving the unique relationship of the earlier mongol leader kublai khan ( r . 1260 – 1294 ) and his spiritual superior drogon chogyal phagpa ( 1235 – 1280 ) of the sakya school of tibetan buddhism , the yongle emperor ( r . 1402 – 1424 ) made a concerted effort to build a secular and religious alliance with deshin shekpa ( 1384 – 1415 ) , the karmapa of the karma kagyu school . however , the yongle emperor ' s attempts were unsuccessful . [ sep ] deshin shekpa
some scholars note that tibetan leaders during the ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as nepal . some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the ming - tibetan relationship , noting the ming dynasty ' s shortage of horses for warfare and thus the importance of the horse trade with tibet . others argue that the significant religious nature of the relationship of the ming court with tibetan lamas is underrepresented in modern scholarship . in hopes of reviving the unique relationship of the earlier mongol leader kublai khan ( r . 1260 – 1294 ) and his spiritual superior drogon chogyal phagpa ( 1235 – 1280 ) of the sakya school of tibetan buddhism , the yongle emperor ( r . 1402 – 1424 ) made a concerted effort to build a secular and religious alliance with deshin shekpa ( 1384 – 1415 ) , the karmapa of the karma kagyu school . however , the yongle emperor ' s attempts were unsuccessful . [ sep ] the karma kagyu school
some scholars note that tibetan leaders during the ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as nepal . some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the ming - tibetan relationship , noting the ming dynasty ' s shortage of horses for warfare and thus the importance of the horse trade with tibet . others argue that the significant religious nature of the relationship of the ming court with tibetan lamas is underrepresented in modern scholarship . in hopes of reviving the unique relationship of the earlier mongol leader kublai khan ( r . 1260 – 1294 ) and his spiritual superior drogon chogyal phagpa ( 1235 – 1280 ) of the sakya school of tibetan buddhism , the yongle emperor ( r . 1402 – 1424 ) made a concerted effort to build a secular and religious alliance with deshin shekpa ( 1384 – 1415 ) , the karmapa of the karma kagyu school . however , the yongle emperor ' s attempts were unsuccessful . [ sep ] nepal
the ming initiated sporadic armed intervention in tibet during the 14th century , but did not garrison permanent troops there . at times the tibetans also used armed resistance against ming forays . the wanli emperor ( r . 1572 – 1620 ) made attempts to reestablish sino - tibetan relations after the mongol - tibetan alliance initiated in 1578 , which affected the foreign policy of the subsequent qing dynasty ( 1644 – 1912 ) of china in their support for the dalai lama of the gelug school . by the late 16th century , the mongols were successful armed protectors of the gelug dalai lama , after increasing their presence in the amdo region . this culminated in gushi khan ' s ( 1582 – 1655 ) conquest of tibet from 1637 – 1642 and the establishment of the ganden phodrang regime by the 5th dalai lama with his help . [ sep ] armed resistance
the ming initiated sporadic armed intervention in tibet during the 14th century , but did not garrison permanent troops there . at times the tibetans also used armed resistance against ming forays . the wanli emperor ( r . 1572 – 1620 ) made attempts to reestablish sino - tibetan relations after the mongol - tibetan alliance initiated in 1578 , which affected the foreign policy of the subsequent qing dynasty ( 1644 – 1912 ) of china in their support for the dalai lama of the gelug school . by the late 16th century , the mongols were successful armed protectors of the gelug dalai lama , after increasing their presence in the amdo region . this culminated in gushi khan ' s ( 1582 – 1655 ) conquest of tibet from 1637 – 1642 and the establishment of the ganden phodrang regime by the 5th dalai lama with his help . [ sep ] the mongols
the ming initiated sporadic armed intervention in tibet during the 14th century , but did not garrison permanent troops there . at times the tibetans also used armed resistance against ming forays . the wanli emperor ( r . 1572 – 1620 ) made attempts to reestablish sino - tibetan relations after the mongol - tibetan alliance initiated in 1578 , which affected the foreign policy of the subsequent qing dynasty ( 1644 – 1912 ) of china in their support for the dalai lama of the gelug school . by the late 16th century , the mongols were successful armed protectors of the gelug dalai lama , after increasing their presence in the amdo region . this culminated in gushi khan ' s ( 1582 – 1655 ) conquest of tibet from 1637 – 1642 and the establishment of the ganden phodrang regime by the 5th dalai lama with his help . [ sep ] the ganden phodrang
the ming initiated sporadic armed intervention in tibet during the 14th century , but did not garrison permanent troops there . at times the tibetans also used armed resistance against ming forays . the wanli emperor ( r . 1572 – 1620 ) made attempts to reestablish sino - tibetan relations after the mongol - tibetan alliance initiated in 1578 , which affected the foreign policy of the subsequent qing dynasty ( 1644 – 1912 ) of china in their support for the dalai lama of the gelug school . by the late 16th century , the mongols were successful armed protectors of the gelug dalai lama , after increasing their presence in the amdo region . this culminated in gushi khan ' s ( 1582 – 1655 ) conquest of tibet from 1637 – 1642 and the establishment of the ganden phodrang regime by the 5th dalai lama with his help . [ sep ] 1578
tibet was once a strong power contemporaneous with tang china ( 618 – 907 ) . until the tibetan empire ' s collapse in the 9th century , it was the tang ' s major rival in dominating inner asia . the yarlung rulers of tibet also signed various peace treaties with the tang , culminating in a treaty in 821 that fixed the borders between tibet and china . [ sep ] the 9th century
tibet was once a strong power contemporaneous with tang china ( 618 – 907 ) . until the tibetan empire ' s collapse in the 9th century , it was the tang ' s major rival in dominating inner asia . the yarlung rulers of tibet also signed various peace treaties with the tang , culminating in a treaty in 821 that fixed the borders between tibet and china . [ sep ] the yarlung rulers of tibet
tibet was once a strong power contemporaneous with tang china ( 618 – 907 ) . until the tibetan empire ' s collapse in the 9th century , it was the tang ' s major rival in dominating inner asia . the yarlung rulers of tibet also signed various peace treaties with the tang , culminating in a treaty in 821 that fixed the borders between tibet and china . [ sep ] the borders between tibet and china
tibet was once a strong power contemporaneous with tang china ( 618 – 907 ) . until the tibetan empire ' s collapse in the 9th century , it was the tang ' s major rival in dominating inner asia . the yarlung rulers of tibet also signed various peace treaties with the tang , culminating in a treaty in 821 that fixed the borders between tibet and china . [ sep ] tibet
tibet was once a strong power contemporaneous with tang china ( 618 – 907 ) . until the tibetan empire ' s collapse in the 9th century , it was the tang ' s major rival in dominating inner asia . the yarlung rulers of tibet also signed various peace treaties with the tang , culminating in a treaty in 821 that fixed the borders between tibet and china . [ sep ] 821
during the five dynasties and ten kingdoms period of china ( 907 – 960 ) , while the fractured political realm of china saw no threat in a tibet which was in just as much political disarray , there was little in the way of sino - tibetan relations . few documents involving sino - tibetan contacts survive from the song dynasty ( 960 – 1279 ) . the song were far more concerned with countering northern enemy states of the khitan - ruled liao dynasty ( 907 – 1125 ) and jurchen - ruled jin dynasty ( 1115 – 1234 ) . [ sep ] 907 – 960
during the five dynasties and ten kingdoms period of china ( 907 – 960 ) , while the fractured political realm of china saw no threat in a tibet which was in just as much political disarray , there was little in the way of sino - tibetan relations . few documents involving sino - tibetan contacts survive from the song dynasty ( 960 – 1279 ) . the song were far more concerned with countering northern enemy states of the khitan - ruled liao dynasty ( 907 – 1125 ) and jurchen - ruled jin dynasty ( 1115 – 1234 ) . [ sep ] 960 – 1279
during the five dynasties and ten kingdoms period of china ( 907 – 960 ) , while the fractured political realm of china saw no threat in a tibet which was in just as much political disarray , there was little in the way of sino - tibetan relations . few documents involving sino - tibetan contacts survive from the song dynasty ( 960 – 1279 ) . the song were far more concerned with countering northern enemy states of the khitan - ruled liao dynasty ( 907 – 1125 ) and jurchen - ruled jin dynasty ( 1115 – 1234 ) . [ sep ] song dynasty
during the five dynasties and ten kingdoms period of china ( 907 – 960 ) , while the fractured political realm of china saw no threat in a tibet which was in just as much political disarray , there was little in the way of sino - tibetan relations . few documents involving sino - tibetan contacts survive from the song dynasty ( 960 – 1279 ) . the song were far more concerned with countering northern enemy states of the khitan - ruled liao dynasty ( 907 – 1125 ) and jurchen - ruled jin dynasty ( 1115 – 1234 ) . [ sep ] the khitan
during the five dynasties and ten kingdoms period of china ( 907 – 960 ) , while the fractured political realm of china saw no threat in a tibet which was in just as much political disarray , there was little in the way of sino - tibetan relations . few documents involving sino - tibetan contacts survive from the song dynasty ( 960 – 1279 ) . the song were far more concerned with countering northern enemy states of the khitan - ruled liao dynasty ( 907 – 1125 ) and jurchen - ruled jin dynasty ( 1115 – 1234 ) . [ sep ] jurchen
in 1207 , the mongol ruler genghis khan ( r . 1206 – 1227 ) conquered and subjugated the ethnic tangut state of the western xia ( 1038 – 1227 ) . in the same year , he established diplomatic relations with tibet by sending envoys there . the conquest of the western xia alarmed tibetan rulers , who decided to pay tribute to the mongols . however , when they ceased to pay tribute after genghis khan ' s death , his successor ogedei khan ( r . 1229 – 1241 ) launched an invasion into tibet . [ sep ] genghis khan
in 1207 , the mongol ruler genghis khan ( r . 1206 – 1227 ) conquered and subjugated the ethnic tangut state of the western xia ( 1038 – 1227 ) . in the same year , he established diplomatic relations with tibet by sending envoys there . the conquest of the western xia alarmed tibetan rulers , who decided to pay tribute to the mongols . however , when they ceased to pay tribute after genghis khan ' s death , his successor ogedei khan ( r . 1229 – 1241 ) launched an invasion into tibet . [ sep ] ogedei khan
in 1207 , the mongol ruler genghis khan ( r . 1206 – 1227 ) conquered and subjugated the ethnic tangut state of the western xia ( 1038 – 1227 ) . in the same year , he established diplomatic relations with tibet by sending envoys there . the conquest of the western xia alarmed tibetan rulers , who decided to pay tribute to the mongols . however , when they ceased to pay tribute after genghis khan ' s death , his successor ogedei khan ( r . 1229 – 1241 ) launched an invasion into tibet . [ sep ] 1229 – 1241
in 1207 , the mongol ruler genghis khan ( r . 1206 – 1227 ) conquered and subjugated the ethnic tangut state of the western xia ( 1038 – 1227 ) . in the same year , he established diplomatic relations with tibet by sending envoys there . the conquest of the western xia alarmed tibetan rulers , who decided to pay tribute to the mongols . however , when they ceased to pay tribute after genghis khan ' s death , his successor ogedei khan ( r . 1229 – 1241 ) launched an invasion into tibet . [ sep ] ogedei khan
the mongol prince godan , a grandson of genghis khan , raided as far as lhasa . during his attack in 1240 , prince godan summoned sakya pandita ( 1182 – 1251 ) , leader of the sakya school of tibetan buddhism , to his court in what is now gansu in western china . with sakya pandita ' s submission to godan in 1247 , tibet was officially incorporated into the mongol empire during the regency of toregene khatun ( 1241 – 1246 ) . michael c . van walt van praag writes that godan granted sakya pandita temporal authority over a still politically fragmented tibet , stating that " this investiture had little real impact " but it was significant in that it established the unique " priest - patron " relationship between the mongols and the sakya lamas . [ sep ] godan
the mongol prince godan , a grandson of genghis khan , raided as far as lhasa . during his attack in 1240 , prince godan summoned sakya pandita ( 1182 – 1251 ) , leader of the sakya school of tibetan buddhism , to his court in what is now gansu in western china . with sakya pandita ' s submission to godan in 1247 , tibet was officially incorporated into the mongol empire during the regency of toregene khatun ( 1241 – 1246 ) . michael c . van walt van praag writes that godan granted sakya pandita temporal authority over a still politically fragmented tibet , stating that " this investiture had little real impact " but it was significant in that it established the unique " priest - patron " relationship between the mongols and the sakya lamas . [ sep ] sakya pandita
the mongol prince godan , a grandson of genghis khan , raided as far as lhasa . during his attack in 1240 , prince godan summoned sakya pandita ( 1182 – 1251 ) , leader of the sakya school of tibetan buddhism , to his court in what is now gansu in western china . with sakya pandita ' s submission to godan in 1247 , tibet was officially incorporated into the mongol empire during the regency of toregene khatun ( 1241 – 1246 ) . michael c . van walt van praag writes that godan granted sakya pandita temporal authority over a still politically fragmented tibet , stating that " this investiture had little real impact " but it was significant in that it established the unique " priest - patron " relationship between the mongols and the sakya lamas . [ sep ] toregene khatun
the mongol prince godan , a grandson of genghis khan , raided as far as lhasa . during his attack in 1240 , prince godan summoned sakya pandita ( 1182 – 1251 ) , leader of the sakya school of tibetan buddhism , to his court in what is now gansu in western china . with sakya pandita ' s submission to godan in 1247 , tibet was officially incorporated into the mongol empire during the regency of toregene khatun ( 1241 – 1246 ) . michael c . van walt van praag writes that godan granted sakya pandita temporal authority over a still politically fragmented tibet , stating that " this investiture had little real impact " but it was significant in that it established the unique " priest - patron " relationship between the mongols and the sakya lamas . [ sep ] 1241 – 1246
starting in 1236 , the mongol prince kublai , who later ruled as khagan from 1260 – 1294 , was granted a large appanage in north china by his superior , ogedei khan . karma pakshi , 2nd karmapa lama ( 1203 – 1283 ) — the head lama of the karma kagyu lineage of tibetan buddhism — rejected kublai ' s invitation , so instead kublai invited drogon chogyal phagpa ( 1235 – 1280 ) , successor and nephew of sakya pandita , who came to his court in 1253 . kublai instituted a unique relationship with the phagpa lama , which recognized kublai as a superior sovereign in political affairs and the phagpa lama as the senior instructor to kublai in religious affairs . kublai also made drogon chogyal phagpa the director of the government agency known as the bureau of buddhist and tibetan affairs and the ruling priest - king of tibet , which comprised thirteen different states ruled by myriarchies . [ sep ] thirteen
starting in 1236 , the mongol prince kublai , who later ruled as khagan from 1260 – 1294 , was granted a large appanage in north china by his superior , ogedei khan . karma pakshi , 2nd karmapa lama ( 1203 – 1283 ) — the head lama of the karma kagyu lineage of tibetan buddhism — rejected kublai ' s invitation , so instead kublai invited drogon chogyal phagpa ( 1235 – 1280 ) , successor and nephew of sakya pandita , who came to his court in 1253 . kublai instituted a unique relationship with the phagpa lama , which recognized kublai as a superior sovereign in political affairs and the phagpa lama as the senior instructor to kublai in religious affairs . kublai also made drogon chogyal phagpa the director of the government agency known as the bureau of buddhist and tibetan affairs and the ruling priest - king of tibet , which comprised thirteen different states ruled by myriarchies . [ sep ] khagan
starting in 1236 , the mongol prince kublai , who later ruled as khagan from 1260 – 1294 , was granted a large appanage in north china by his superior , ogedei khan . karma pakshi , 2nd karmapa lama ( 1203 – 1283 ) — the head lama of the karma kagyu lineage of tibetan buddhism — rejected kublai ' s invitation , so instead kublai invited drogon chogyal phagpa ( 1235 – 1280 ) , successor and nephew of sakya pandita , who came to his court in 1253 . kublai instituted a unique relationship with the phagpa lama , which recognized kublai as a superior sovereign in political affairs and the phagpa lama as the senior instructor to kublai in religious affairs . kublai also made drogon chogyal phagpa the director of the government agency known as the bureau of buddhist and tibetan affairs and the ruling priest - king of tibet , which comprised thirteen different states ruled by myriarchies . [ sep ] ogedei khan
starting in 1236 , the mongol prince kublai , who later ruled as khagan from 1260 – 1294 , was granted a large appanage in north china by his superior , ogedei khan . karma pakshi , 2nd karmapa lama ( 1203 – 1283 ) — the head lama of the karma kagyu lineage of tibetan buddhism — rejected kublai ' s invitation , so instead kublai invited drogon chogyal phagpa ( 1235 – 1280 ) , successor and nephew of sakya pandita , who came to his court in 1253 . kublai instituted a unique relationship with the phagpa lama , which recognized kublai as a superior sovereign in political affairs and the phagpa lama as the senior instructor to kublai in religious affairs . kublai also made drogon chogyal phagpa the director of the government agency known as the bureau of buddhist and tibetan affairs and the ruling priest - king of tibet , which comprised thirteen different states ruled by myriarchies . [ sep ] karma pakshi
starting in 1236 , the mongol prince kublai , who later ruled as khagan from 1260 – 1294 , was granted a large appanage in north china by his superior , ogedei khan . karma pakshi , 2nd karmapa lama ( 1203 – 1283 ) — the head lama of the karma kagyu lineage of tibetan buddhism — rejected kublai ' s invitation , so instead kublai invited drogon chogyal phagpa ( 1235 – 1280 ) , successor and nephew of sakya pandita , who came to his court in 1253 . kublai instituted a unique relationship with the phagpa lama , which recognized kublai as a superior sovereign in political affairs and the phagpa lama as the senior instructor to kublai in religious affairs . kublai also made drogon chogyal phagpa the director of the government agency known as the bureau of buddhist and tibetan affairs and the ruling priest - king of tibet , which comprised thirteen different states ruled by myriarchies . [ sep ] the phagpa lama
kublai khan did not conquer the song dynasty in south china until 1279 , so tibet was a component of the early mongol empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of china under the yuan dynasty ( 1271 – 1368 ) . van praag writes that this conquest " marked the end of independent china , " which was then incorporated into the yuan dynasty that ruled china , tibet , mongolia , korea , parts of siberia and upper burma . morris rossabi , a professor of asian history at queens college , city university of new york , writes that " khubilai wished to be perceived both as the legitimate khan of khans of the mongols and as the emperor of china . though he had , by the early 1260s , become closely identified with china , he still , for a time , claimed universal rule " , and yet " despite his successes in china and korea , khubilai was unable to have himself accepted as the great khan " . thus , with such limited acceptance of his position as great khan , kublai khan increasingly became identified with china and sought support as emperor of china . [ sep ] 1279
kublai khan did not conquer the song dynasty in south china until 1279 , so tibet was a component of the early mongol empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of china under the yuan dynasty ( 1271 – 1368 ) . van praag writes that this conquest " marked the end of independent china , " which was then incorporated into the yuan dynasty that ruled china , tibet , mongolia , korea , parts of siberia and upper burma . morris rossabi , a professor of asian history at queens college , city university of new york , writes that " khubilai wished to be perceived both as the legitimate khan of khans of the mongols and as the emperor of china . though he had , by the early 1260s , become closely identified with china , he still , for a time , claimed universal rule " , and yet " despite his successes in china and korea , khubilai was unable to have himself accepted as the great khan " . thus , with such limited acceptance of his position as great khan , kublai khan increasingly became identified with china and sought support as emperor of china . [ sep ] 1271 – 1368
kublai khan did not conquer the song dynasty in south china until 1279 , so tibet was a component of the early mongol empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of china under the yuan dynasty ( 1271 – 1368 ) . van praag writes that this conquest " marked the end of independent china , " which was then incorporated into the yuan dynasty that ruled china , tibet , mongolia , korea , parts of siberia and upper burma . morris rossabi , a professor of asian history at queens college , city university of new york , writes that " khubilai wished to be perceived both as the legitimate khan of khans of the mongols and as the emperor of china . though he had , by the early 1260s , become closely identified with china , he still , for a time , claimed universal rule " , and yet " despite his successes in china and korea , khubilai was unable to have himself accepted as the great khan " . thus , with such limited acceptance of his position as great khan , kublai khan increasingly became identified with china and sought support as emperor of china . [ sep ] the yuan dynasty
kublai khan did not conquer the song dynasty in south china until 1279 , so tibet was a component of the early mongol empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of china under the yuan dynasty ( 1271 – 1368 ) . van praag writes that this conquest " marked the end of independent china , " which was then incorporated into the yuan dynasty that ruled china , tibet , mongolia , korea , parts of siberia and upper burma . morris rossabi , a professor of asian history at queens college , city university of new york , writes that " khubilai wished to be perceived both as the legitimate khan of khans of the mongols and as the emperor of china . though he had , by the early 1260s , become closely identified with china , he still , for a time , claimed universal rule " , and yet " despite his successes in china and korea , khubilai was unable to have himself accepted as the great khan " . thus , with such limited acceptance of his position as great khan , kublai khan increasingly became identified with china and sought support as emperor of china . [ sep ] universal rule
kublai khan did not conquer the song dynasty in south china until 1279 , so tibet was a component of the early mongol empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of china under the yuan dynasty ( 1271 – 1368 ) . van praag writes that this conquest " marked the end of independent china , " which was then incorporated into the yuan dynasty that ruled china , tibet , mongolia , korea , parts of siberia and upper burma . morris rossabi , a professor of asian history at queens college , city university of new york , writes that " khubilai wished to be perceived both as the legitimate khan of khans of the mongols and as the emperor of china . though he had , by the early 1260s , become closely identified with china , he still , for a time , claimed universal rule " , and yet " despite his successes in china and korea , khubilai was unable to have himself accepted as the great khan " . thus , with such limited acceptance of his position as great khan , kublai khan increasingly became identified with china and sought support as emperor of china . [ sep ] china
the ipod is a line of portable media players and multi - purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by apple inc . the first line was released on october 23 , 2001 , about 8½ months after itunes ( macintosh version ) was released . the most recent ipod redesigns were announced on july 15 , 2015 . there are three current versions of the ipod : the ultra - compact ipod shuffle , the compact ipod nano and the touchscreen ipod touch . [ sep ] apple
the ipod is a line of portable media players and multi - purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by apple inc . the first line was released on october 23 , 2001 , about 8½ months after itunes ( macintosh version ) was released . the most recent ipod redesigns were announced on july 15 , 2015 . there are three current versions of the ipod : the ultra - compact ipod shuffle , the compact ipod nano and the touchscreen ipod touch . [ sep ] october 23 , 2001
the ipod is a line of portable media players and multi - purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by apple inc . the first line was released on october 23 , 2001 , about 8½ months after itunes ( macintosh version ) was released . the most recent ipod redesigns were announced on july 15 , 2015 . there are three current versions of the ipod : the ultra - compact ipod shuffle , the compact ipod nano and the touchscreen ipod touch . [ sep ] three
the ipod is a line of portable media players and multi - purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by apple inc . the first line was released on october 23 , 2001 , about 8½ months after itunes ( macintosh version ) was released . the most recent ipod redesigns were announced on july 15 , 2015 . there are three current versions of the ipod : the ultra - compact ipod shuffle , the compact ipod nano and the touchscreen ipod touch . [ sep ] portable media players
the ipod is a line of portable media players and multi - purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by apple inc . the first line was released on october 23 , 2001 , about 8½ months after itunes ( macintosh version ) was released . the most recent ipod redesigns were announced on july 15 , 2015 . there are three current versions of the ipod : the ultra - compact ipod shuffle , the compact ipod nano and the touchscreen ipod touch . [ sep ] touchscreen
like other digital music players , ipods can serve as external data storage devices . storage capacity varies by model , ranging from 2 gb for the ipod shuffle to 128 gb for the ipod touch ( previously 160 gb for the ipod classic , which is now discontinued ) . [ sep ] data storage
like other digital music players , ipods can serve as external data storage devices . storage capacity varies by model , ranging from 2 gb for the ipod shuffle to 128 gb for the ipod touch ( previously 160 gb for the ipod classic , which is now discontinued ) . [ sep ] 2 gb
like other digital music players , ipods can serve as external data storage devices . storage capacity varies by model , ranging from 2 gb for the ipod shuffle to 128 gb for the ipod touch ( previously 160 gb for the ipod classic , which is now discontinued ) . [ sep ] 128 gb
like other digital music players , ipods can serve as external data storage devices . storage capacity varies by model , ranging from 2 gb for the ipod shuffle to 128 gb for the ipod touch ( previously 160 gb for the ipod classic , which is now discontinued ) . [ sep ] ipod shuffle
like other digital music players , ipods can serve as external data storage devices . storage capacity varies by model , ranging from 2 gb for the ipod shuffle to 128 gb for the ipod touch ( previously 160 gb for the ipod classic , which is now discontinued ) . [ sep ] ipod touch
apple ' s itunes software ( and other alternative software ) can be used to transfer music , photos , videos , games , contact information , e - mail settings , web bookmarks , and calendars , to the devices supporting these features from computers using certain versions of apple macintosh and microsoft windows operating systems . [ sep ] itunes
apple ' s itunes software ( and other alternative software ) can be used to transfer music , photos , videos , games , contact information , e - mail settings , web bookmarks , and calendars , to the devices supporting these features from computers using certain versions of apple macintosh and microsoft windows operating systems . [ sep ] apple macintosh and microsoft windows
before the release of ios 5 , the ipod branding was used for the media player included with the iphone and ipad , a combination of the music and videos apps on the ipod touch . as of ios 5 , separate apps named " music " and " videos " are standardized across all ios - powered products . while the iphone and ipad have essentially the same media player capabilities as the ipod line , they are generally treated as separate products . during the middle of 2010 , iphone sales overtook those of the ipod . [ sep ] one
before the release of ios 5 , the ipod branding was used for the media player included with the iphone and ipad , a combination of the music and videos apps on the ipod touch . as of ios 5 , separate apps named " music " and " videos " are standardized across all ios - powered products . while the iphone and ipad have essentially the same media player capabilities as the ipod line , they are generally treated as separate products . during the middle of 2010 , iphone sales overtook those of the ipod . [ sep ] iphone
in mid - 2015 , a new model of the ipod touch was announced by apple , and was officially released on the apple store on july 15 , 2015 . the sixth generation ipod touch includes a wide variety of spec improvements such as the upgraded a8 processor and higher - quality screen . the core is over 5 times faster than previous models and is built to be roughly on par with the iphone 5s . it is available in 5 different colors : space grey , pink , gold , silver and product ( red ) . [ sep ] a8
in mid - 2015 , a new model of the ipod touch was announced by apple , and was officially released on the apple store on july 15 , 2015 . the sixth generation ipod touch includes a wide variety of spec improvements such as the upgraded a8 processor and higher - quality screen . the core is over 5 times faster than previous models and is built to be roughly on par with the iphone 5s . it is available in 5 different colors : space grey , pink , gold , silver and product ( red ) . [ sep ] sixth
in 1358 , the sakya viceregal regime installed by the mongols in tibet was overthrown in a rebellion by the phagmodru myriarch tai situ changchub gyaltsen ( 1302 – 1364 ) . the mongol yuan court was forced to accept him as the new viceroy , and changchub gyaltsen and his successors , the phagmodrupa dynasty , gained de facto rule over tibet . [ sep ] 1358
in 1358 , the sakya viceregal regime installed by the mongols in tibet was overthrown in a rebellion by the phagmodru myriarch tai situ changchub gyaltsen ( 1302 – 1364 ) . the mongol yuan court was forced to accept him as the new viceroy , and changchub gyaltsen and his successors , the phagmodrupa dynasty , gained de facto rule over tibet . [ sep ] the mongols in tibet
in 1358 , the sakya viceregal regime installed by the mongols in tibet was overthrown in a rebellion by the phagmodru myriarch tai situ changchub gyaltsen ( 1302 – 1364 ) . the mongol yuan court was forced to accept him as the new viceroy , and changchub gyaltsen and his successors , the phagmodrupa dynasty , gained de facto rule over tibet . [ sep ] the phagmodru myriarch tai situ changchub gyaltsen
in 1358 , the sakya viceregal regime installed by the mongols in tibet was overthrown in a rebellion by the phagmodru myriarch tai situ changchub gyaltsen ( 1302 – 1364 ) . the mongol yuan court was forced to accept him as the new viceroy , and changchub gyaltsen and his successors , the phagmodrupa dynasty , gained de facto rule over tibet . [ sep ] the phagmodrupa dynasty
in 1368 , a han chinese revolt known as the red turban rebellion toppled the mongol yuan dynasty in china . zhu yuanzhang then established the ming dynasty , ruling as the hongwu emperor ( r . 1368 – 1398 ) . it is not clear how much the early ming court understood the civil war going on in tibet between rival religious sects , but the first emperor was anxious to avoid the same trouble that tibet had caused for the tang dynasty . instead of recognizing the phagmodru ruler , the hongwu emperor sided with the karmapa of the nearer kham region and southeastern tibet , sending envoys out in the winter of 1372 – 1373 to ask the yuan officeholders to renew their titles for the new ming court . [ sep ] zhu yuanzhang
in 1368 , a han chinese revolt known as the red turban rebellion toppled the mongol yuan dynasty in china . zhu yuanzhang then established the ming dynasty , ruling as the hongwu emperor ( r . 1368 – 1398 ) . it is not clear how much the early ming court understood the civil war going on in tibet between rival religious sects , but the first emperor was anxious to avoid the same trouble that tibet had caused for the tang dynasty . instead of recognizing the phagmodru ruler , the hongwu emperor sided with the karmapa of the nearer kham region and southeastern tibet , sending envoys out in the winter of 1372 – 1373 to ask the yuan officeholders to renew their titles for the new ming court . [ sep ] the red turban rebellion
in 1368 , a han chinese revolt known as the red turban rebellion toppled the mongol yuan dynasty in china . zhu yuanzhang then established the ming dynasty , ruling as the hongwu emperor ( r . 1368 – 1398 ) . it is not clear how much the early ming court understood the civil war going on in tibet between rival religious sects , but the first emperor was anxious to avoid the same trouble that tibet had caused for the tang dynasty . instead of recognizing the phagmodru ruler , the hongwu emperor sided with the karmapa of the nearer kham region and southeastern tibet , sending envoys out in the winter of 1372 – 1373 to ask the yuan officeholders to renew their titles for the new ming court . [ sep ] zhu yuanzhang
in 1368 , a han chinese revolt known as the red turban rebellion toppled the mongol yuan dynasty in china . zhu yuanzhang then established the ming dynasty , ruling as the hongwu emperor ( r . 1368 – 1398 ) . it is not clear how much the early ming court understood the civil war going on in tibet between rival religious sects , but the first emperor was anxious to avoid the same trouble that tibet had caused for the tang dynasty . instead of recognizing the phagmodru ruler , the hongwu emperor sided with the karmapa of the nearer kham region and southeastern tibet , sending envoys out in the winter of 1372 – 1373 to ask the yuan officeholders to renew their titles for the new ming court . [ sep ] 1368 – 1398
in 1368 , a han chinese revolt known as the red turban rebellion toppled the mongol yuan dynasty in china . zhu yuanzhang then established the ming dynasty , ruling as the hongwu emperor ( r . 1368 – 1398 ) . it is not clear how much the early ming court understood the civil war going on in tibet between rival religious sects , but the first emperor was anxious to avoid the same trouble that tibet had caused for the tang dynasty . instead of recognizing the phagmodru ruler , the hongwu emperor sided with the karmapa of the nearer kham region and southeastern tibet , sending envoys out in the winter of 1372 – 1373 to ask the yuan officeholders to renew their titles for the new ming court . [ sep ] yuan officeholders
though the ipod was released in 2001 , its price and mac - only compatibility caused sales to be relatively slow until 2004 . the ipod line came from apple ' s " digital hub " category , when the company began creating software for the growing market of personal digital devices . digital cameras , camcorders and organizers had well - established mainstream markets , but the company found existing digital music players " big and clunky or small and useless " with user interfaces that were " unbelievably awful , " so apple decided to develop its own . as ordered by ceo steve jobs , apple ' s hardware engineering chief jon rubinstein assembled a team of engineers to design the ipod line , including hardware engineers tony fadell and michael dhuey , and design engineer sir jonathan ive . rubinstein had already discovered the toshiba disk drive when meeting with an apple supplier in japan , and purchased the rights to it for apple , and had also already worked out how the screen , battery , and other key elements would work . the aesthetic was inspired by the 1958 braun t3 transistor radio designed by dieter rams , while the wheel based user interface was prompted by bang & olufsen ' s beocom 6000 telephone . the product ( " the walkman of the twenty - first century " ) was developed in less than one year and unveiled on october 23 , 2001 . jobs announced it as a mac - compatible product with a 5 gb hard drive that put " 1 , 000 songs in your pocket . " [ sep ] 2001
though the ipod was released in 2001 , its price and mac - only compatibility caused sales to be relatively slow until 2004 . the ipod line came from apple ' s " digital hub " category , when the company began creating software for the growing market of personal digital devices . digital cameras , camcorders and organizers had well - established mainstream markets , but the company found existing digital music players " big and clunky or small and useless " with user interfaces that were " unbelievably awful , " so apple decided to develop its own . as ordered by ceo steve jobs , apple ' s hardware engineering chief jon rubinstein assembled a team of engineers to design the ipod line , including hardware engineers tony fadell and michael dhuey , and design engineer sir jonathan ive . rubinstein had already discovered the toshiba disk drive when meeting with an apple supplier in japan , and purchased the rights to it for apple , and had also already worked out how the screen , battery , and other key elements would work . the aesthetic was inspired by the 1958 braun t3 transistor radio designed by dieter rams , while the wheel based user interface was prompted by bang & olufsen ' s beocom 6000 telephone . the product ( " the walkman of the twenty - first century " ) was developed in less than one year and unveiled on october 23 , 2001 . jobs announced it as a mac - compatible product with a 5 gb hard drive that put " 1 , 000 songs in your pocket . " [ sep ] 2004
though the ipod was released in 2001 , its price and mac - only compatibility caused sales to be relatively slow until 2004 . the ipod line came from apple ' s " digital hub " category , when the company began creating software for the growing market of personal digital devices . digital cameras , camcorders and organizers had well - established mainstream markets , but the company found existing digital music players " big and clunky or small and useless " with user interfaces that were " unbelievably awful , " so apple decided to develop its own . as ordered by ceo steve jobs , apple ' s hardware engineering chief jon rubinstein assembled a team of engineers to design the ipod line , including hardware engineers tony fadell and michael dhuey , and design engineer sir jonathan ive . rubinstein had already discovered the toshiba disk drive when meeting with an apple supplier in japan , and purchased the rights to it for apple , and had also already worked out how the screen , battery , and other key elements would work . the aesthetic was inspired by the 1958 braun t3 transistor radio designed by dieter rams , while the wheel based user interface was prompted by bang & olufsen ' s beocom 6000 telephone . the product ( " the walkman of the twenty - first century " ) was developed in less than one year and unveiled on october 23 , 2001 . jobs announced it as a mac - compatible product with a 5 gb hard drive that put " 1 , 000 songs in your pocket . " [ sep ] jon rubinstein
though the ipod was released in 2001 , its price and mac - only compatibility caused sales to be relatively slow until 2004 . the ipod line came from apple ' s " digital hub " category , when the company began creating software for the growing market of personal digital devices . digital cameras , camcorders and organizers had well - established mainstream markets , but the company found existing digital music players " big and clunky or small and useless " with user interfaces that were " unbelievably awful , " so apple decided to develop its own . as ordered by ceo steve jobs , apple ' s hardware engineering chief jon rubinstein assembled a team of engineers to design the ipod line , including hardware engineers tony fadell and michael dhuey , and design engineer sir jonathan ive . rubinstein had already discovered the toshiba disk drive when meeting with an apple supplier in japan , and purchased the rights to it for apple , and had also already worked out how the screen , battery , and other key elements would work . the aesthetic was inspired by the 1958 braun t3 transistor radio designed by dieter rams , while the wheel based user interface was prompted by bang & olufsen ' s beocom 6000 telephone . the product ( " the walkman of the twenty - first century " ) was developed in less than one year and unveiled on october 23 , 2001 . jobs announced it as a mac - compatible product with a 5 gb hard drive that put " 1 , 000 songs in your pocket . " [ sep ] braun t3 transistor radio
though the ipod was released in 2001 , its price and mac - only compatibility caused sales to be relatively slow until 2004 . the ipod line came from apple ' s " digital hub " category , when the company began creating software for the growing market of personal digital devices . digital cameras , camcorders and organizers had well - established mainstream markets , but the company found existing digital music players " big and clunky or small and useless " with user interfaces that were " unbelievably awful , " so apple decided to develop its own . as ordered by ceo steve jobs , apple ' s hardware engineering chief jon rubinstein assembled a team of engineers to design the ipod line , including hardware engineers tony fadell and michael dhuey , and design engineer sir jonathan ive . rubinstein had already discovered the toshiba disk drive when meeting with an apple supplier in japan , and purchased the rights to it for apple , and had also already worked out how the screen , battery , and other key elements would work . the aesthetic was inspired by the 1958 braun t3 transistor radio designed by dieter rams , while the wheel based user interface was prompted by bang & olufsen ' s beocom 6000 telephone . the product ( " the walkman of the twenty - first century " ) was developed in less than one year and unveiled on october 23 , 2001 . jobs announced it as a mac - compatible product with a 5 gb hard drive that put " 1 , 000 songs in your pocket . " [ sep ] 5 gb
as evident in his imperial edicts , the hongwu emperor was well aware of the buddhist link between tibet and china and wanted to foster it . rolpe dorje , 4th karmapa lama ( 1340 – 1383 ) rejected the hongwu emperor ' s invitation , although he did send some disciples as envoys to the court in nanjing . the hongwu emperor also entrusted his guru zongluo , one of many buddhist monks at court , to head a religious mission into tibet in 1378 – 1382 in order to obtain buddhist texts . [ sep ] rolpe dorje
as evident in his imperial edicts , the hongwu emperor was well aware of the buddhist link between tibet and china and wanted to foster it . rolpe dorje , 4th karmapa lama ( 1340 – 1383 ) rejected the hongwu emperor ' s invitation , although he did send some disciples as envoys to the court in nanjing . the hongwu emperor also entrusted his guru zongluo , one of many buddhist monks at court , to head a religious mission into tibet in 1378 – 1382 in order to obtain buddhist texts . [ sep ] rolpe dorje
as evident in his imperial edicts , the hongwu emperor was well aware of the buddhist link between tibet and china and wanted to foster it . rolpe dorje , 4th karmapa lama ( 1340 – 1383 ) rejected the hongwu emperor ' s invitation , although he did send some disciples as envoys to the court in nanjing . the hongwu emperor also entrusted his guru zongluo , one of many buddhist monks at court , to head a religious mission into tibet in 1378 – 1382 in order to obtain buddhist texts . [ sep ] the buddhist link between tibet and china
as evident in his imperial edicts , the hongwu emperor was well aware of the buddhist link between tibet and china and wanted to foster it . rolpe dorje , 4th karmapa lama ( 1340 – 1383 ) rejected the hongwu emperor ' s invitation , although he did send some disciples as envoys to the court in nanjing . the hongwu emperor also entrusted his guru zongluo , one of many buddhist monks at court , to head a religious mission into tibet in 1378 – 1382 in order to obtain buddhist texts . [ sep ] disciples
apple did not develop the ipod software entirely in - house , instead using portalplayer ' s reference platform based on two arm cores . the platform had rudimentary software running on a commercial microkernel embedded operating system . portalplayer had previously been working on an ibm - branded mp3 player with bluetooth headphones . apple contracted another company , pixo , to help design and implement the user interface under the direct supervision of steve jobs . as development progressed , apple continued to refine the software ' s look and feel . starting with the ipod mini , the chicago font was replaced with espy sans . later ipods switched fonts again to podium sans — a font similar to apple ' s corporate font , myriad . ipods with color displays then adopted some mac os x themes like aqua progress bars , and brushed metal meant to evoke a combination lock . in 2007 , apple modified the ipod interface again with the introduction of the sixth - generation ipod classic and third - generation ipod nano by changing the font to helvetica and , in most cases , splitting the screen in half by displaying the menus on the left and album artwork , photos , or videos on the right ( whichever was appropriate for the selected item ) . [ sep ] pixo
apple did not develop the ipod software entirely in - house , instead using portalplayer ' s reference platform based on two arm cores . the platform had rudimentary software running on a commercial microkernel embedded operating system . portalplayer had previously been working on an ibm - branded mp3 player with bluetooth headphones . apple contracted another company , pixo , to help design and implement the user interface under the direct supervision of steve jobs . as development progressed , apple continued to refine the software ' s look and feel . starting with the ipod mini , the chicago font was replaced with espy sans . later ipods switched fonts again to podium sans — a font similar to apple ' s corporate font , myriad . ipods with color displays then adopted some mac os x themes like aqua progress bars , and brushed metal meant to evoke a combination lock . in 2007 , apple modified the ipod interface again with the introduction of the sixth - generation ipod classic and third - generation ipod nano by changing the font to helvetica and , in most cases , splitting the screen in half by displaying the menus on the left and album artwork , photos , or videos on the right ( whichever was appropriate for the selected item ) . [ sep ] chicago
apple did not develop the ipod software entirely in - house , instead using portalplayer ' s reference platform based on two arm cores . the platform had rudimentary software running on a commercial microkernel embedded operating system . portalplayer had previously been working on an ibm - branded mp3 player with bluetooth headphones . apple contracted another company , pixo , to help design and implement the user interface under the direct supervision of steve jobs . as development progressed , apple continued to refine the software ' s look and feel . starting with the ipod mini , the chicago font was replaced with espy sans . later ipods switched fonts again to podium sans — a font similar to apple ' s corporate font , myriad . ipods with color displays then adopted some mac os x themes like aqua progress bars , and brushed metal meant to evoke a combination lock . in 2007 , apple modified the ipod interface again with the introduction of the sixth - generation ipod classic and third - generation ipod nano by changing the font to helvetica and , in most cases , splitting the screen in half by displaying the menus on the left and album artwork , photos , or videos on the right ( whichever was appropriate for the selected item ) . [ sep ] 2007
apple did not develop the ipod software entirely in - house , instead using portalplayer ' s reference platform based on two arm cores . the platform had rudimentary software running on a commercial microkernel embedded operating system . portalplayer had previously been working on an ibm - branded mp3 player with bluetooth headphones . apple contracted another company , pixo , to help design and implement the user interface under the direct supervision of steve jobs . as development progressed , apple continued to refine the software ' s look and feel . starting with the ipod mini , the chicago font was replaced with espy sans . later ipods switched fonts again to podium sans — a font similar to apple ' s corporate font , myriad . ipods with color displays then adopted some mac os x themes like aqua progress bars , and brushed metal meant to evoke a combination lock . in 2007 , apple modified the ipod interface again with the introduction of the sixth - generation ipod classic and third - generation ipod nano by changing the font to helvetica and , in most cases , splitting the screen in half by displaying the menus on the left and album artwork , photos , or videos on the right ( whichever was appropriate for the selected item ) . [ sep ] helvetica
in 2006 apple presented a special edition for ipod 5g of irish rock band u2 . like its predecessor , this ipod has engraved the signatures of the four members of the band on its back , but this one was the first time the company changed the colour of the metal ( not silver but black ) . this ipod was only available with 30gb of storage capacity . the special edition entitled purchasers to an exclusive video with 33 minutes of interviews and performance by u2 , downloadable from the itunes store . [ sep ] 2006
in 2006 apple presented a special edition for ipod 5g of irish rock band u2 . like its predecessor , this ipod has engraved the signatures of the four members of the band on its back , but this one was the first time the company changed the colour of the metal ( not silver but black ) . this ipod was only available with 30gb of storage capacity . the special edition entitled purchasers to an exclusive video with 33 minutes of interviews and performance by u2 , downloadable from the itunes store . [ sep ] u2
in 2006 apple presented a special edition for ipod 5g of irish rock band u2 . like its predecessor , this ipod has engraved the signatures of the four members of the band on its back , but this one was the first time the company changed the colour of the metal ( not silver but black ) . this ipod was only available with 30gb of storage capacity . the special edition entitled purchasers to an exclusive video with 33 minutes of interviews and performance by u2 , downloadable from the itunes store . [ sep ] black
in 2006 apple presented a special edition for ipod 5g of irish rock band u2 . like its predecessor , this ipod has engraved the signatures of the four members of the band on its back , but this one was the first time the company changed the colour of the metal ( not silver but black ) . this ipod was only available with 30gb of storage capacity . the special edition entitled purchasers to an exclusive video with 33 minutes of interviews and performance by u2 , downloadable from the itunes store . [ sep ] video
in september 2007 , during a lawsuit with patent holding company burst . com , apple drew attention to a patent for a similar device that was developed in 1979 . kane kramer applied for a uk patent for his design of a " plastic music box " in 1981 , which he called the ixi . he was unable to secure funding to renew the us $ 120 , 000 worldwide patent , so it lapsed and kramer never profited from his idea . [ sep ] burst . com
in september 2007 , during a lawsuit with patent holding company burst . com , apple drew attention to a patent for a similar device that was developed in 1979 . kane kramer applied for a uk patent for his design of a " plastic music box " in 1981 , which he called the ixi . he was unable to secure funding to renew the us $ 120 , 000 worldwide patent , so it lapsed and kramer never profited from his idea . [ sep ] kane kramer
in september 2007 , during a lawsuit with patent holding company burst . com , apple drew attention to a patent for a similar device that was developed in 1979 . kane kramer applied for a uk patent for his design of a " plastic music box " in 1981 , which he called the ixi . he was unable to secure funding to renew the us $ 120 , 000 worldwide patent , so it lapsed and kramer never profited from his idea . [ sep ] uk
in september 2007 , during a lawsuit with patent holding company burst . com , apple drew attention to a patent for a similar device that was developed in 1979 . kane kramer applied for a uk patent for his design of a " plastic music box " in 1981 , which he called the ixi . he was unable to secure funding to renew the us $ 120 , 000 worldwide patent , so it lapsed and kramer never profited from his idea . [ sep ] 1981
in september 2007 , during a lawsuit with patent holding company burst . com , apple drew attention to a patent for a similar device that was developed in 1979 . kane kramer applied for a uk patent for his design of a " plastic music box " in 1981 , which he called the ixi . he was unable to secure funding to renew the us $ 120 , 000 worldwide patent , so it lapsed and kramer never profited from his idea . [ sep ] ixi
the name ipod was proposed by vinnie chieco , a freelance copywriter , who ( with others ) was called by apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public . after chieco saw a prototype , he thought of the movie 2001 : a space odyssey and the phrase " open the pod bay door , hal ! " , which refers to the white eva pods of the discovery one spaceship . chieco saw an analogy to the relationship between the spaceship and the smaller independent pods in the relationship between a personal computer and the music player . apple researched the trademark and found that it was already in use . joseph n . grasso of new jersey had originally listed an " ipod " trademark with the u . s . patent and trademark office ( uspto ) in july 2000 for internet kiosks . the first ipod kiosks had been demonstrated to the public in new jersey in march 1998 , and commercial use began in january 2000 , but had apparently been discontinued by 2001 . the trademark was registered by the uspto in november 2003 , and grasso assigned it to apple computer , inc . in 2005 . [ sep ] vinnie chieco
the name ipod was proposed by vinnie chieco , a freelance copywriter , who ( with others ) was called by apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public . after chieco saw a prototype , he thought of the movie 2001 : a space odyssey and the phrase " open the pod bay door , hal ! " , which refers to the white eva pods of the discovery one spaceship . chieco saw an analogy to the relationship between the spaceship and the smaller independent pods in the relationship between a personal computer and the music player . apple researched the trademark and found that it was already in use . joseph n . grasso of new jersey had originally listed an " ipod " trademark with the u . s . patent and trademark office ( uspto ) in july 2000 for internet kiosks . the first ipod kiosks had been demonstrated to the public in new jersey in march 1998 , and commercial use began in january 2000 , but had apparently been discontinued by 2001 . the trademark was registered by the uspto in november 2003 , and grasso assigned it to apple computer , inc . in 2005 . [ sep ] freelance copywriter
the name ipod was proposed by vinnie chieco , a freelance copywriter , who ( with others ) was called by apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public . after chieco saw a prototype , he thought of the movie 2001 : a space odyssey and the phrase " open the pod bay door , hal ! " , which refers to the white eva pods of the discovery one spaceship . chieco saw an analogy to the relationship between the spaceship and the smaller independent pods in the relationship between a personal computer and the music player . apple researched the trademark and found that it was already in use . joseph n . grasso of new jersey had originally listed an " ipod " trademark with the u . s . patent and trademark office ( uspto ) in july 2000 for internet kiosks . the first ipod kiosks had been demonstrated to the public in new jersey in march 1998 , and commercial use began in january 2000 , but had apparently been discontinued by 2001 . the trademark was registered by the uspto in november 2003 , and grasso assigned it to apple computer , inc . in 2005 . [ sep ] 2001 : a space odyssey
the name ipod was proposed by vinnie chieco , a freelance copywriter , who ( with others ) was called by apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public . after chieco saw a prototype , he thought of the movie 2001 : a space odyssey and the phrase " open the pod bay door , hal ! " , which refers to the white eva pods of the discovery one spaceship . chieco saw an analogy to the relationship between the spaceship and the smaller independent pods in the relationship between a personal computer and the music player . apple researched the trademark and found that it was already in use . joseph n . grasso of new jersey had originally listed an " ipod " trademark with the u . s . patent and trademark office ( uspto ) in july 2000 for internet kiosks . the first ipod kiosks had been demonstrated to the public in new jersey in march 1998 , and commercial use began in january 2000 , but had apparently been discontinued by 2001 . the trademark was registered by the uspto in november 2003 , and grasso assigned it to apple computer , inc . in 2005 . [ sep ] joseph n . grasso
the name ipod was proposed by vinnie chieco , a freelance copywriter , who ( with others ) was called by apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public . after chieco saw a prototype , he thought of the movie 2001 : a space odyssey and the phrase " open the pod bay door , hal ! " , which refers to the white eva pods of the discovery one spaceship . chieco saw an analogy to the relationship between the spaceship and the smaller independent pods in the relationship between a personal computer and the music player . apple researched the trademark and found that it was already in use . joseph n . grasso of new jersey had originally listed an " ipod " trademark with the u . s . patent and trademark office ( uspto ) in july 2000 for internet kiosks . the first ipod kiosks had been demonstrated to the public in new jersey in march 1998 , and commercial use began in january 2000 , but had apparently been discontinued by 2001 . the trademark was registered by the uspto in november 2003 , and grasso assigned it to apple computer , inc . in 2005 . [ sep ] 2005
in mid - 2015 , several new color schemes for all of the current ipod models were spotted in the latest version of itunes , 12 . 2 . belgian website belgium iphone originally found the images when plugging in an ipod for the first time , and subsequent leaked photos were found by pierre dandumont . [ sep ] mid - 2015
in mid - 2015 , several new color schemes for all of the current ipod models were spotted in the latest version of itunes , 12 . 2 . belgian website belgium iphone originally found the images when plugging in an ipod for the first time , and subsequent leaked photos were found by pierre dandumont . [ sep ] pierre dandumont
in mid - 2015 , several new color schemes for all of the current ipod models were spotted in the latest version of itunes , 12 . 2 . belgian website belgium iphone originally found the images when plugging in an ipod for the first time , and subsequent leaked photos were found by pierre dandumont . [ sep ] 12 . 2
the third - generation ipod had a weak bass response , as shown in audio tests . the combination of the undersized dc - blocking capacitors and the typical low - impedance of most consumer headphones form a high - pass filter , which attenuates the low - frequency bass output . similar capacitors were used in the fourth - generation ipods . the problem is reduced when using high - impedance headphones and is completely masked when driving high - impedance ( line level ) loads , such as an external headphone amplifier . the first - generation ipod shuffle uses a dual - transistor output stage , rather than a single capacitor - coupled output , and does not exhibit reduced bass response for any load . [ sep ] weak bass response
the third - generation ipod had a weak bass response , as shown in audio tests . the combination of the undersized dc - blocking capacitors and the typical low - impedance of most consumer headphones form a high - pass filter , which attenuates the low - frequency bass output . similar capacitors were used in the fourth - generation ipods . the problem is reduced when using high - impedance headphones and is completely masked when driving high - impedance ( line level ) loads , such as an external headphone amplifier . the first - generation ipod shuffle uses a dual - transistor output stage , rather than a single capacitor - coupled output , and does not exhibit reduced bass response for any load . [ sep ] high - impedance
the third - generation ipod had a weak bass response , as shown in audio tests . the combination of the undersized dc - blocking capacitors and the typical low - impedance of most consumer headphones form a high - pass filter , which attenuates the low - frequency bass output . similar capacitors were used in the fourth - generation ipods . the problem is reduced when using high - impedance headphones and is completely masked when driving high - impedance ( line level ) loads , such as an external headphone amplifier . the first - generation ipod shuffle uses a dual - transistor output stage , rather than a single capacitor - coupled output , and does not exhibit reduced bass response for any load . [ sep ] external headphone amplifier
for all ipods released in 2006 and earlier , some equalizer ( eq ) sound settings would distort the bass sound far too easily , even on undemanding songs . this would happen for eq settings like r & b , rock , acoustic , and bass booster , because the equalizer amplified the digital audio level beyond the software ' s limit , causing distortion ( clipping ) on bass instruments . [ sep ] bass
for all ipods released in 2006 and earlier , some equalizer ( eq ) sound settings would distort the bass sound far too easily , even on undemanding songs . this would happen for eq settings like r & b , rock , acoustic , and bass booster , because the equalizer amplified the digital audio level beyond the software ' s limit , causing distortion ( clipping ) on bass instruments . [ sep ] r & b , rock , acoustic , and bass booster
for all ipods released in 2006 and earlier , some equalizer ( eq ) sound settings would distort the bass sound far too easily , even on undemanding songs . this would happen for eq settings like r & b , rock , acoustic , and bass booster , because the equalizer amplified the digital audio level beyond the software ' s limit , causing distortion ( clipping ) on bass instruments . [ sep ] clipping
from the fifth - generation ipod on , apple introduced a user - configurable volume limit in response to concerns about hearing loss . users report that in the sixth - generation ipod , the maximum volume output level is limited to 100 db in eu markets . apple previously had to remove ipods from shelves in france for exceeding this legal limit . however , users that have bought a new sixth - generation ipod in late 2013 have reported a new option that allowed them to disable the eu volume limit . it has been said that these new ipods came with an updated software that allowed this change . older sixth - generation ipods , however , are unable to update to this software version . [ sep ] hearing loss
from the fifth - generation ipod on , apple introduced a user - configurable volume limit in response to concerns about hearing loss . users report that in the sixth - generation ipod , the maximum volume output level is limited to 100 db in eu markets . apple previously had to remove ipods from shelves in france for exceeding this legal limit . however , users that have bought a new sixth - generation ipod in late 2013 have reported a new option that allowed them to disable the eu volume limit . it has been said that these new ipods came with an updated software that allowed this change . older sixth - generation ipods , however , are unable to update to this software version . [ sep ] eu
from the fifth - generation ipod on , apple introduced a user - configurable volume limit in response to concerns about hearing loss . users report that in the sixth - generation ipod , the maximum volume output level is limited to 100 db in eu markets . apple previously had to remove ipods from shelves in france for exceeding this legal limit . however , users that have bought a new sixth - generation ipod in late 2013 have reported a new option that allowed them to disable the eu volume limit . it has been said that these new ipods came with an updated software that allowed this change . older sixth - generation ipods , however , are unable to update to this software version . [ sep ] 100 db
from the fifth - generation ipod on , apple introduced a user - configurable volume limit in response to concerns about hearing loss . users report that in the sixth - generation ipod , the maximum volume output level is limited to 100 db in eu markets . apple previously had to remove ipods from shelves in france for exceeding this legal limit . however , users that have bought a new sixth - generation ipod in late 2013 have reported a new option that allowed them to disable the eu volume limit . it has been said that these new ipods came with an updated software that allowed this change . older sixth - generation ipods , however , are unable to update to this software version . [ sep ] france
originally , a firewire connection to the host computer was used to update songs or recharge the battery . the battery could also be charged with a power adapter that was included with the first four generations . [ sep ] firewire
originally , a firewire connection to the host computer was used to update songs or recharge the battery . the battery could also be charged with a power adapter that was included with the first four generations . [ sep ] power adapter
the third generation began including a 30 - pin dock connector , allowing for firewire or usb connectivity . this provided better compatibility with non - apple machines , as most of them did not have firewire ports at the time . eventually apple began shipping ipods with usb cables instead of firewire , although the latter was available separately . as of the first - generation ipod nano and the fifth - generation ipod classic , apple discontinued using firewire for data transfer ( while still allowing for use of firewire to charge the device ) in an attempt to reduce cost and form factor . as of the second - generation ipod touch and the fourth - generation ipod nano , firewire charging ability has been removed . the second - , third - , and fourth - generation ipod shuffle uses a single 3 . 5 mm minijack phone connector which acts as both a headphone jack and a data port for the dock . [ sep ] third generation
the third generation began including a 30 - pin dock connector , allowing for firewire or usb connectivity . this provided better compatibility with non - apple machines , as most of them did not have firewire ports at the time . eventually apple began shipping ipods with usb cables instead of firewire , although the latter was available separately . as of the first - generation ipod nano and the fifth - generation ipod classic , apple discontinued using firewire for data transfer ( while still allowing for use of firewire to charge the device ) in an attempt to reduce cost and form factor . as of the second - generation ipod touch and the fourth - generation ipod nano , firewire charging ability has been removed . the second - , third - , and fourth - generation ipod shuffle uses a single 3 . 5 mm minijack phone connector which acts as both a headphone jack and a data port for the dock . [ sep ] 30 - pin dock connector
the third generation began including a 30 - pin dock connector , allowing for firewire or usb connectivity . this provided better compatibility with non - apple machines , as most of them did not have firewire ports at the time . eventually apple began shipping ipods with usb cables instead of firewire , although the latter was available separately . as of the first - generation ipod nano and the fifth - generation ipod classic , apple discontinued using firewire for data transfer ( while still allowing for use of firewire to charge the device ) in an attempt to reduce cost and form factor . as of the second - generation ipod touch and the fourth - generation ipod nano , firewire charging ability has been removed . the second - , third - , and fourth - generation ipod shuffle uses a single 3 . 5 mm minijack phone connector which acts as both a headphone jack and a data port for the dock . [ sep ] fifth
the third generation began including a 30 - pin dock connector , allowing for firewire or usb connectivity . this provided better compatibility with non - apple machines , as most of them did not have firewire ports at the time . eventually apple began shipping ipods with usb cables instead of firewire , although the latter was available separately . as of the first - generation ipod nano and the fifth - generation ipod classic , apple discontinued using firewire for data transfer ( while still allowing for use of firewire to charge the device ) in an attempt to reduce cost and form factor . as of the second - generation ipod touch and the fourth - generation ipod nano , firewire charging ability has been removed . the second - , third - , and fourth - generation ipod shuffle uses a single 3 . 5 mm minijack phone connector which acts as both a headphone jack and a data port for the dock . [ sep ] fourth
the third generation began including a 30 - pin dock connector , allowing for firewire or usb connectivity . this provided better compatibility with non - apple machines , as most of them did not have firewire ports at the time . eventually apple began shipping ipods with usb cables instead of firewire , although the latter was available separately . as of the first - generation ipod nano and the fifth - generation ipod classic , apple discontinued using firewire for data transfer ( while still allowing for use of firewire to charge the device ) in an attempt to reduce cost and form factor . as of the second - generation ipod touch and the fourth - generation ipod nano , firewire charging ability has been removed . the second - , third - , and fourth - generation ipod shuffle uses a single 3 . 5 mm minijack phone connector which acts as both a headphone jack and a data port for the dock . [ sep ] 3 . 5 mm minijack
the dock connector also allowed the ipod to connect to accessories , which often supplement the ipod ' s music , video , and photo playback . apple sells a few accessories , such as the now - discontinued ipod hi - fi , but most are manufactured by third parties such as belkin and griffin . some peripherals use their own interface , while others use the ipod ' s own screen . because the dock connector is a proprietary interface , the implementation of the interface requires paying royalties to apple . [ sep ] ipod hi - fi
the dock connector also allowed the ipod to connect to accessories , which often supplement the ipod ' s music , video , and photo playback . apple sells a few accessories , such as the now - discontinued ipod hi - fi , but most are manufactured by third parties such as belkin and griffin . some peripherals use their own interface , while others use the ipod ' s own screen . because the dock connector is a proprietary interface , the implementation of the interface requires paying royalties to apple . [ sep ] belkin and griffin
the dock connector also allowed the ipod to connect to accessories , which often supplement the ipod ' s music , video , and photo playback . apple sells a few accessories , such as the now - discontinued ipod hi - fi , but most are manufactured by third parties such as belkin and griffin . some peripherals use their own interface , while others use the ipod ' s own screen . because the dock connector is a proprietary interface , the implementation of the interface requires paying royalties to apple . [ sep ] dock connector
the dock connector also allowed the ipod to connect to accessories , which often supplement the ipod ' s music , video , and photo playback . apple sells a few accessories , such as the now - discontinued ipod hi - fi , but most are manufactured by third parties such as belkin and griffin . some peripherals use their own interface , while others use the ipod ' s own screen . because the dock connector is a proprietary interface , the implementation of the interface requires paying royalties to apple . [ sep ] paying royalties
the dock connector also allowed the ipod to connect to accessories , which often supplement the ipod ' s music , video , and photo playback . apple sells a few accessories , such as the now - discontinued ipod hi - fi , but most are manufactured by third parties such as belkin and griffin . some peripherals use their own interface , while others use the ipod ' s own screen . because the dock connector is a proprietary interface , the implementation of the interface requires paying royalties to apple . [ sep ] third parties
apple introduced a new 8 - pin dock connector , named lightning , on september 12 , 2012 with their announcement of the iphone 5 , the fifth generation ipod touch , and the seventh generation ipod nano , which all feature it . the new connector replaces the older 30 - pin dock connector used by older ipods , iphones , and ipads . apple lightning cables have pins on both sides of the plug so it can be inserted with either side facing up . [ sep ] lightning
apple introduced a new 8 - pin dock connector , named lightning , on september 12 , 2012 with their announcement of the iphone 5 , the fifth generation ipod touch , and the seventh generation ipod nano , which all feature it . the new connector replaces the older 30 - pin dock connector used by older ipods , iphones , and ipads . apple lightning cables have pins on both sides of the plug so it can be inserted with either side facing up . [ sep ] seventh generation ipod nano
apple introduced a new 8 - pin dock connector , named lightning , on september 12 , 2012 with their announcement of the iphone 5 , the fifth generation ipod touch , and the seventh generation ipod nano , which all feature it . the new connector replaces the older 30 - pin dock connector used by older ipods , iphones , and ipads . apple lightning cables have pins on both sides of the plug so it can be inserted with either side facing up . [ sep ] 30
apple introduced a new 8 - pin dock connector , named lightning , on september 12 , 2012 with their announcement of the iphone 5 , the fifth generation ipod touch , and the seventh generation ipod nano , which all feature it . the new connector replaces the older 30 - pin dock connector used by older ipods , iphones , and ipads . apple lightning cables have pins on both sides of the plug so it can be inserted with either side facing up . [ sep ] 8
apple introduced a new 8 - pin dock connector , named lightning , on september 12 , 2012 with their announcement of the iphone 5 , the fifth generation ipod touch , and the seventh generation ipod nano , which all feature it . the new connector replaces the older 30 - pin dock connector used by older ipods , iphones , and ipads . apple lightning cables have pins on both sides of the plug so it can be inserted with either side facing up . [ sep ] both sides
many accessories have been made for the ipod line . a large number are made by third party companies , although many , such as the ipod hi - fi , are made by apple . some accessories add extra features that other music players have , such as sound recorders , fm radio tuners , wired remote controls , and audio / visual cables for tv connections . other accessories offer unique features like the nike + ipod pedometer and the ipod camera connector . other notable accessories include external speakers , wireless remote controls , protective case , screen films , and wireless earphones . among the first accessory manufacturers were griffin technology , belkin , jbl , bose , monster cable , and sendstation . [ sep ] ipod hi - fi
many accessories have been made for the ipod line . a large number are made by third party companies , although many , such as the ipod hi - fi , are made by apple . some accessories add extra features that other music players have , such as sound recorders , fm radio tuners , wired remote controls , and audio / visual cables for tv connections . other accessories offer unique features like the nike + ipod pedometer and the ipod camera connector . other notable accessories include external speakers , wireless remote controls , protective case , screen films , and wireless earphones . among the first accessory manufacturers were griffin technology , belkin , jbl , bose , monster cable , and sendstation . [ sep ] nike + ipod pedometer
many accessories have been made for the ipod line . a large number are made by third party companies , although many , such as the ipod hi - fi , are made by apple . some accessories add extra features that other music players have , such as sound recorders , fm radio tuners , wired remote controls , and audio / visual cables for tv connections . other accessories offer unique features like the nike + ipod pedometer and the ipod camera connector . other notable accessories include external speakers , wireless remote controls , protective case , screen films , and wireless earphones . among the first accessory manufacturers were griffin technology , belkin , jbl , bose , monster cable , and sendstation . [ sep ] griffin technology , belkin , jbl , bose , monster cable , and sendstation
many accessories have been made for the ipod line . a large number are made by third party companies , although many , such as the ipod hi - fi , are made by apple . some accessories add extra features that other music players have , such as sound recorders , fm radio tuners , wired remote controls , and audio / visual cables for tv connections . other accessories offer unique features like the nike + ipod pedometer and the ipod camera connector . other notable accessories include external speakers , wireless remote controls , protective case , screen films , and wireless earphones . among the first accessory manufacturers were griffin technology , belkin , jbl , bose , monster cable , and sendstation . [ sep ] tv
bmw released the first ipod automobile interface , allowing drivers of newer bmw vehicles to control an ipod using either the built - in steering wheel controls or the radio head - unit buttons . apple announced in 2005 that similar systems would be available for other vehicle brands , including mercedes - benz , volvo , nissan , toyota , alfa romeo , ferrari , acura , audi , honda , renault , infiniti and volkswagen . scion offers standard ipod connectivity on all their cars . [ sep ] bmw
bmw released the first ipod automobile interface , allowing drivers of newer bmw vehicles to control an ipod using either the built - in steering wheel controls or the radio head - unit buttons . apple announced in 2005 that similar systems would be available for other vehicle brands , including mercedes - benz , volvo , nissan , toyota , alfa romeo , ferrari , acura , audi , honda , renault , infiniti and volkswagen . scion offers standard ipod connectivity on all their cars . [ sep ] 2005
bmw released the first ipod automobile interface , allowing drivers of newer bmw vehicles to control an ipod using either the built - in steering wheel controls or the radio head - unit buttons . apple announced in 2005 that similar systems would be available for other vehicle brands , including mercedes - benz , volvo , nissan , toyota , alfa romeo , ferrari , acura , audi , honda , renault , infiniti and volkswagen . scion offers standard ipod connectivity on all their cars . [ sep ] scion
some independent stereo manufacturers including jvc , pioneer , kenwood , alpine , sony , and harman kardon also have ipod - specific integration solutions . alternative connection methods include adapter kits ( that use the cassette deck or the cd changer port ) , audio input jacks , and fm transmitters such as the itrip — although personal fm transmitters are illegal in some countries . many car manufacturers have added audio input jacks as standard . [ sep ] jvc , pioneer , kenwood , alpine , sony , and harman kardon
some independent stereo manufacturers including jvc , pioneer , kenwood , alpine , sony , and harman kardon also have ipod - specific integration solutions . alternative connection methods include adapter kits ( that use the cassette deck or the cd changer port ) , audio input jacks , and fm transmitters such as the itrip — although personal fm transmitters are illegal in some countries . many car manufacturers have added audio input jacks as standard . [ sep ] fm
some independent stereo manufacturers including jvc , pioneer , kenwood , alpine , sony , and harman kardon also have ipod - specific integration solutions . alternative connection methods include adapter kits ( that use the cassette deck or the cd changer port ) , audio input jacks , and fm transmitters such as the itrip — although personal fm transmitters are illegal in some countries . many car manufacturers have added audio input jacks as standard . [ sep ] audio input jacks
beginning in mid - 2007 , four major airlines , united , continental , delta , and emirates , reached agreements to install ipod seat connections . the free service will allow passengers to power and charge an ipod , and view video and music libraries on individual seat - back displays . originally klm and air france were reported to be part of the deal with apple , but they later released statements explaining that they were only contemplating the possibility of incorporating such systems . [ sep ] united , continental , delta , and emirates
beginning in mid - 2007 , four major airlines , united , continental , delta , and emirates , reached agreements to install ipod seat connections . the free service will allow passengers to power and charge an ipod , and view video and music libraries on individual seat - back displays . originally klm and air france were reported to be part of the deal with apple , but they later released statements explaining that they were only contemplating the possibility of incorporating such systems . [ sep ] individual seat - back displays
beginning in mid - 2007 , four major airlines , united , continental , delta , and emirates , reached agreements to install ipod seat connections . the free service will allow passengers to power and charge an ipod , and view video and music libraries on individual seat - back displays . originally klm and air france were reported to be part of the deal with apple , but they later released statements explaining that they were only contemplating the possibility of incorporating such systems . [ sep ] klm and air france
the ipod line can play several audio file formats including mp3 , aac / m4a , protected aac , aiff , wav , audible audiobook , and apple lossless . the ipod photo introduced the ability to display jpeg , bmp , gif , tiff , and png image file formats . fifth and sixth generation ipod classics , as well as third generation ipod nanos , can additionally play mpeg - 4 ( h . 264 / mpeg - 4 avc ) and quicktime video formats , with restrictions on video dimensions , encoding techniques and data - rates . originally , ipod software only worked with mac os ; ipod software for microsoft windows was launched with the second generation model . unlike most other media players , apple does not support microsoft ' s wma audio format — but a converter for wma files without digital rights management ( drm ) is provided with the windows version of itunes . midi files also cannot be played , but can be converted to audio files using the " advanced " menu in itunes . alternative open - source audio formats , such as ogg vorbis and flac , are not supported without installing custom firmware onto an ipod ( e . g . , rockbox ) . [ sep ] apple lossless
the ipod line can play several audio file formats including mp3 , aac / m4a , protected aac , aiff , wav , audible audiobook , and apple lossless . the ipod photo introduced the ability to display jpeg , bmp , gif , tiff , and png image file formats . fifth and sixth generation ipod classics , as well as third generation ipod nanos , can additionally play mpeg - 4 ( h . 264 / mpeg - 4 avc ) and quicktime video formats , with restrictions on video dimensions , encoding techniques and data - rates . originally , ipod software only worked with mac os ; ipod software for microsoft windows was launched with the second generation model . unlike most other media players , apple does not support microsoft ' s wma audio format — but a converter for wma files without digital rights management ( drm ) is provided with the windows version of itunes . midi files also cannot be played , but can be converted to audio files using the " advanced " menu in itunes . alternative open - source audio formats , such as ogg vorbis and flac , are not supported without installing custom firmware onto an ipod ( e . g . , rockbox ) . [ sep ] ipod photo
the ipod line can play several audio file formats including mp3 , aac / m4a , protected aac , aiff , wav , audible audiobook , and apple lossless . the ipod photo introduced the ability to display jpeg , bmp , gif , tiff , and png image file formats . fifth and sixth generation ipod classics , as well as third generation ipod nanos , can additionally play mpeg - 4 ( h . 264 / mpeg - 4 avc ) and quicktime video formats , with restrictions on video dimensions , encoding techniques and data - rates . originally , ipod software only worked with mac os ; ipod software for microsoft windows was launched with the second generation model . unlike most other media players , apple does not support microsoft ' s wma audio format — but a converter for wma files without digital rights management ( drm ) is provided with the windows version of itunes . midi files also cannot be played , but can be converted to audio files using the " advanced " menu in itunes . alternative open - source audio formats , such as ogg vorbis and flac , are not supported without installing custom firmware onto an ipod ( e . g . , rockbox ) . [ sep ] wma
the ipod line can play several audio file formats including mp3 , aac / m4a , protected aac , aiff , wav , audible audiobook , and apple lossless . the ipod photo introduced the ability to display jpeg , bmp , gif , tiff , and png image file formats . fifth and sixth generation ipod classics , as well as third generation ipod nanos , can additionally play mpeg - 4 ( h . 264 / mpeg - 4 avc ) and quicktime video formats , with restrictions on video dimensions , encoding techniques and data - rates . originally , ipod software only worked with mac os ; ipod software for microsoft windows was launched with the second generation model . unlike most other media players , apple does not support microsoft ' s wma audio format — but a converter for wma files without digital rights management ( drm ) is provided with the windows version of itunes . midi files also cannot be played , but can be converted to audio files using the " advanced " menu in itunes . alternative open - source audio formats , such as ogg vorbis and flac , are not supported without installing custom firmware onto an ipod ( e . g . , rockbox ) . [ sep ] digital rights management
during installation , an ipod is associated with one host computer . each time an ipod connects to its host computer , itunes can synchronize entire music libraries or music playlists either automatically or manually . song ratings can be set on an ipod and synchronized later to the itunes library , and vice versa . a user can access , play , and add music on a second computer if an ipod is set to manual and not automatic sync , but anything added or edited will be reversed upon connecting and syncing with the main computer and its library . if a user wishes to automatically sync music with another computer , an ipod ' s library will be entirely wiped and replaced with the other computer ' s library . [ sep ] one
during installation , an ipod is associated with one host computer . each time an ipod connects to its host computer , itunes can synchronize entire music libraries or music playlists either automatically or manually . song ratings can be set on an ipod and synchronized later to the itunes library , and vice versa . a user can access , play , and add music on a second computer if an ipod is set to manual and not automatic sync , but anything added or edited will be reversed upon connecting and syncing with the main computer and its library . if a user wishes to automatically sync music with another computer , an ipod ' s library will be entirely wiped and replaced with the other computer ' s library . [ sep ] library
ipods with color displays use anti - aliased graphics and text , with sliding animations . all ipods ( except the 3rd - generation ipod shuffle , the 6th & 7th generation ipod nano , and ipod touch ) have five buttons and the later generations have the buttons integrated into the click wheel – an innovation that gives an uncluttered , minimalist interface . the buttons perform basic functions such as menu , play , pause , next track , and previous track . other operations , such as scrolling through menu items and controlling the volume , are performed by using the click wheel in a rotational manner . the 3rd - generation ipod shuffle does not have any controls on the actual player ; instead it has a small control on the earphone cable , with volume - up and - down buttons and a single button for play and pause , next track , etc . the ipod touch has no click - wheel ; instead it uses a 3 . 5 " touch screen along with a home button , sleep / wake button and ( on the second and third generations of the ipod touch ) volume - up and - down buttons . the user interface for the ipod touch is identical to that of the iphone . differences include a lack of a phone application . both devices use ios . [ sep ] five
ipods with color displays use anti - aliased graphics and text , with sliding animations . all ipods ( except the 3rd - generation ipod shuffle , the 6th & 7th generation ipod nano , and ipod touch ) have five buttons and the later generations have the buttons integrated into the click wheel – an innovation that gives an uncluttered , minimalist interface . the buttons perform basic functions such as menu , play , pause , next track , and previous track . other operations , such as scrolling through menu items and controlling the volume , are performed by using the click wheel in a rotational manner . the 3rd - generation ipod shuffle does not have any controls on the actual player ; instead it has a small control on the earphone cable , with volume - up and - down buttons and a single button for play and pause , next track , etc . the ipod touch has no click - wheel ; instead it uses a 3 . 5 " touch screen along with a home button , sleep / wake button and ( on the second and third generations of the ipod touch ) volume - up and - down buttons . the user interface for the ipod touch is identical to that of the iphone . differences include a lack of a phone application . both devices use ios . [ sep ] click wheel
ipods with color displays use anti - aliased graphics and text , with sliding animations . all ipods ( except the 3rd - generation ipod shuffle , the 6th & 7th generation ipod nano , and ipod touch ) have five buttons and the later generations have the buttons integrated into the click wheel – an innovation that gives an uncluttered , minimalist interface . the buttons perform basic functions such as menu , play , pause , next track , and previous track . other operations , such as scrolling through menu items and controlling the volume , are performed by using the click wheel in a rotational manner . the 3rd - generation ipod shuffle does not have any controls on the actual player ; instead it has a small control on the earphone cable , with volume - up and - down buttons and a single button for play and pause , next track , etc . the ipod touch has no click - wheel ; instead it uses a 3 . 5 " touch screen along with a home button , sleep / wake button and ( on the second and third generations of the ipod touch ) volume - up and - down buttons . the user interface for the ipod touch is identical to that of the iphone . differences include a lack of a phone application . both devices use ios . [ sep ] earphone cable
ipods with color displays use anti - aliased graphics and text , with sliding animations . all ipods ( except the 3rd - generation ipod shuffle , the 6th & 7th generation ipod nano , and ipod touch ) have five buttons and the later generations have the buttons integrated into the click wheel – an innovation that gives an uncluttered , minimalist interface . the buttons perform basic functions such as menu , play , pause , next track , and previous track . other operations , such as scrolling through menu items and controlling the volume , are performed by using the click wheel in a rotational manner . the 3rd - generation ipod shuffle does not have any controls on the actual player ; instead it has a small control on the earphone cable , with volume - up and - down buttons and a single button for play and pause , next track , etc . the ipod touch has no click - wheel ; instead it uses a 3 . 5 " touch screen along with a home button , sleep / wake button and ( on the second and third generations of the ipod touch ) volume - up and - down buttons . the user interface for the ipod touch is identical to that of the iphone . differences include a lack of a phone application . both devices use ios . [ sep ] touch screen
ipods with color displays use anti - aliased graphics and text , with sliding animations . all ipods ( except the 3rd - generation ipod shuffle , the 6th & 7th generation ipod nano , and ipod touch ) have five buttons and the later generations have the buttons integrated into the click wheel – an innovation that gives an uncluttered , minimalist interface . the buttons perform basic functions such as menu , play , pause , next track , and previous track . other operations , such as scrolling through menu items and controlling the volume , are performed by using the click wheel in a rotational manner . the 3rd - generation ipod shuffle does not have any controls on the actual player ; instead it has a small control on the earphone cable , with volume - up and - down buttons and a single button for play and pause , next track , etc . the ipod touch has no click - wheel ; instead it uses a 3 . 5 " touch screen along with a home button , sleep / wake button and ( on the second and third generations of the ipod touch ) volume - up and - down buttons . the user interface for the ipod touch is identical to that of the iphone . differences include a lack of a phone application . both devices use ios . [ sep ] iphone
the itunes store ( introduced april 29 , 2003 ) is an online media store run by apple and accessed through itunes . the store became the market leader soon after its launch and apple announced the sale of videos through the store on october 12 , 2005 . full - length movies became available on september 12 , 2006 . [ sep ] april 29 , 2003
the itunes store ( introduced april 29 , 2003 ) is an online media store run by apple and accessed through itunes . the store became the market leader soon after its launch and apple announced the sale of videos through the store on october 12 , 2005 . full - length movies became available on september 12 , 2006 . [ sep ] itunes
the itunes store ( introduced april 29 , 2003 ) is an online media store run by apple and accessed through itunes . the store became the market leader soon after its launch and apple announced the sale of videos through the store on october 12 , 2005 . full - length movies became available on september 12 , 2006 . [ sep ] october 12 , 2005
the itunes store ( introduced april 29 , 2003 ) is an online media store run by apple and accessed through itunes . the store became the market leader soon after its launch and apple announced the sale of videos through the store on october 12 , 2005 . full - length movies became available on september 12 , 2006 . [ sep ] september 12 , 2006
at the time the store was introduced , purchased audio files used the aac format with added encryption , based on the fairplay drm system . up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of ipods could play the files . burning the files with itunes as an audio cd , then re - importing would create music files without the drm . the drm could also be removed using third - party software . however , in a deal with apple , emi began selling drm - free , higher - quality songs on the itunes stores , in a category called " itunes plus . " while individual songs were made available at a cost of us $ 1 . 29 , 30¢ more than the cost of a regular drm song , entire albums were available for the same price , us $ 9 . 99 , as drm encoded albums . on october 17 , 2007 , apple lowered the cost of individual itunes plus songs to us $ 0 . 99 per song , the same as drm encoded tracks . on january 6 , 2009 , apple announced that drm has been removed from 80 % of the music catalog , and that it would be removed from all music by april 2009 . [ sep ] aac
at the time the store was introduced , purchased audio files used the aac format with added encryption , based on the fairplay drm system . up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of ipods could play the files . burning the files with itunes as an audio cd , then re - importing would create music files without the drm . the drm could also be removed using third - party software . however , in a deal with apple , emi began selling drm - free , higher - quality songs on the itunes stores , in a category called " itunes plus . " while individual songs were made available at a cost of us $ 1 . 29 , 30¢ more than the cost of a regular drm song , entire albums were available for the same price , us $ 9 . 99 , as drm encoded albums . on october 17 , 2007 , apple lowered the cost of individual itunes plus songs to us $ 0 . 99 per song , the same as drm encoded tracks . on january 6 , 2009 , apple announced that drm has been removed from 80 % of the music catalog , and that it would be removed from all music by april 2009 . [ sep ] five
at the time the store was introduced , purchased audio files used the aac format with added encryption , based on the fairplay drm system . up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of ipods could play the files . burning the files with itunes as an audio cd , then re - importing would create music files without the drm . the drm could also be removed using third - party software . however , in a deal with apple , emi began selling drm - free , higher - quality songs on the itunes stores , in a category called " itunes plus . " while individual songs were made available at a cost of us $ 1 . 29 , 30¢ more than the cost of a regular drm song , entire albums were available for the same price , us $ 9 . 99 , as drm encoded albums . on october 17 , 2007 , apple lowered the cost of individual itunes plus songs to us $ 0 . 99 per song , the same as drm encoded tracks . on january 6 , 2009 , apple announced that drm has been removed from 80 % of the music catalog , and that it would be removed from all music by april 2009 . [ sep ] itunes plus
at the time the store was introduced , purchased audio files used the aac format with added encryption , based on the fairplay drm system . up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of ipods could play the files . burning the files with itunes as an audio cd , then re - importing would create music files without the drm . the drm could also be removed using third - party software . however , in a deal with apple , emi began selling drm - free , higher - quality songs on the itunes stores , in a category called " itunes plus . " while individual songs were made available at a cost of us $ 1 . 29 , 30¢ more than the cost of a regular drm song , entire albums were available for the same price , us $ 9 . 99 , as drm encoded albums . on october 17 , 2007 , apple lowered the cost of individual itunes plus songs to us $ 0 . 99 per song , the same as drm encoded tracks . on january 6 , 2009 , apple announced that drm has been removed from 80 % of the music catalog , and that it would be removed from all music by april 2009 . [ sep ] january 6 , 2009
at the time the store was introduced , purchased audio files used the aac format with added encryption , based on the fairplay drm system . up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of ipods could play the files . burning the files with itunes as an audio cd , then re - importing would create music files without the drm . the drm could also be removed using third - party software . however , in a deal with apple , emi began selling drm - free , higher - quality songs on the itunes stores , in a category called " itunes plus . " while individual songs were made available at a cost of us $ 1 . 29 , 30¢ more than the cost of a regular drm song , entire albums were available for the same price , us $ 9 . 99 , as drm encoded albums . on october 17 , 2007 , apple lowered the cost of individual itunes plus songs to us $ 0 . 99 per song , the same as drm encoded tracks . on january 6 , 2009 , apple announced that drm has been removed from 80 % of the music catalog , and that it would be removed from all music by april 2009 . [ sep ] april 2009
ipods cannot play music files from competing music stores that use rival - drm technologies like microsoft ' s protected wma or realnetworks ' helix drm . example stores include napster and msn music . realnetworks claims that apple is creating problems for itself by using fairplay to lock users into using the itunes store . steve jobs stated that apple makes little profit from song sales , although apple uses the store to promote ipod sales . however , ipods can also play music files from online stores that do not use drm , such as emusic or amie street . [ sep ] napster and msn music
ipods cannot play music files from competing music stores that use rival - drm technologies like microsoft ' s protected wma or realnetworks ' helix drm . example stores include napster and msn music . realnetworks claims that apple is creating problems for itself by using fairplay to lock users into using the itunes store . steve jobs stated that apple makes little profit from song sales , although apple uses the store to promote ipod sales . however , ipods can also play music files from online stores that do not use drm , such as emusic or amie street . [ sep ] ipods
universal music group decided not to renew their contract with the itunes store on july 3 , 2007 . universal will now supply itunes in an ' at will ' capacity . [ sep ] universal music group
universal music group decided not to renew their contract with the itunes store on july 3 , 2007 . universal will now supply itunes in an ' at will ' capacity . [ sep ] itunes store
apple debuted the itunes wi - fi music store on september 5 , 2007 , in its media event entitled " the beat goes on . . . " . this service allows users to access the music store from either an iphone or an ipod touch and download songs directly to the device that can be synced to the user ' s itunes library over a wifi connection , or , in the case of an iphone , the telephone network . [ sep ] the beat goes on . . .
apple debuted the itunes wi - fi music store on september 5 , 2007 , in its media event entitled " the beat goes on . . . " . this service allows users to access the music store from either an iphone or an ipod touch and download songs directly to the device that can be synced to the user ' s itunes library over a wifi connection , or , in the case of an iphone , the telephone network . [ sep ] september 5 , 2007
video games are playable on various versions of ipods . the original ipod had the game brick ( originally invented by apple ' s co - founder steve wozniak ) included as an easter egg hidden feature ; later firmware versions added it as a menu option . later revisions of the ipod added three more games : parachute , solitaire , and music quiz . [ sep ] ipods
video games are playable on various versions of ipods . the original ipod had the game brick ( originally invented by apple ' s co - founder steve wozniak ) included as an easter egg hidden feature ; later firmware versions added it as a menu option . later revisions of the ipod added three more games : parachute , solitaire , and music quiz . [ sep ] brick
video games are playable on various versions of ipods . the original ipod had the game brick ( originally invented by apple ' s co - founder steve wozniak ) included as an easter egg hidden feature ; later firmware versions added it as a menu option . later revisions of the ipod added three more games : parachute , solitaire , and music quiz . [ sep ] steve wozniak
video games are playable on various versions of ipods . the original ipod had the game brick ( originally invented by apple ' s co - founder steve wozniak ) included as an easter egg hidden feature ; later firmware versions added it as a menu option . later revisions of the ipod added three more games : parachute , solitaire , and music quiz . [ sep ] parachute , solitaire , and music quiz
video games are playable on various versions of ipods . the original ipod had the game brick ( originally invented by apple ' s co - founder steve wozniak ) included as an easter egg hidden feature ; later firmware versions added it as a menu option . later revisions of the ipod added three more games : parachute , solitaire , and music quiz . [ sep ] easter egg
in september 2006 , the itunes store began to offer additional games for purchase with the launch of itunes 7 , compatible with the fifth generation ipod with ipod software 1 . 2 or later . those games were : bejeweled , cubis 2 , mahjong , mini golf , pac - man , tetris , texas hold ' em , vortex , asphalt 4 : elite racing and zuma . additional games have since been added . these games work on the 6th and 5th generation ipod classic and the 5th and 4th generation ipod nano . [ sep ] 2006
in september 2006 , the itunes store began to offer additional games for purchase with the launch of itunes 7 , compatible with the fifth generation ipod with ipod software 1 . 2 or later . those games were : bejeweled , cubis 2 , mahjong , mini golf , pac - man , tetris , texas hold ' em , vortex , asphalt 4 : elite racing and zuma . additional games have since been added . these games work on the 6th and 5th generation ipod classic and the 5th and 4th generation ipod nano . [ sep ] itunes 7
in september 2006 , the itunes store began to offer additional games for purchase with the launch of itunes 7 , compatible with the fifth generation ipod with ipod software 1 . 2 or later . those games were : bejeweled , cubis 2 , mahjong , mini golf , pac - man , tetris , texas hold ' em , vortex , asphalt 4 : elite racing and zuma . additional games have since been added . these games work on the 6th and 5th generation ipod classic and the 5th and 4th generation ipod nano . [ sep ] 5th generation
in september 2006 , the itunes store began to offer additional games for purchase with the launch of itunes 7 , compatible with the fifth generation ipod with ipod software 1 . 2 or later . those games were : bejeweled , cubis 2 , mahjong , mini golf , pac - man , tetris , texas hold ' em , vortex , asphalt 4 : elite racing and zuma . additional games have since been added . these games work on the 6th and 5th generation ipod classic and the 5th and 4th generation ipod nano . [ sep ] 4th generation
with third parties like namco , square enix , electronic arts , sega , and hudson soft all making games for the ipod , apple ' s mp3 player has taken steps towards entering the video game handheld console market . even video game magazines like gamepro and egm have reviewed and rated most of their games as of late . [ sep ] namco , square enix , electronic arts , sega , and hudson soft
with third parties like namco , square enix , electronic arts , sega , and hudson soft all making games for the ipod , apple ' s mp3 player has taken steps towards entering the video game handheld console market . even video game magazines like gamepro and egm have reviewed and rated most of their games as of late . [ sep ] video game handheld console market
with third parties like namco , square enix , electronic arts , sega , and hudson soft all making games for the ipod , apple ' s mp3 player has taken steps towards entering the video game handheld console market . even video game magazines like gamepro and egm have reviewed and rated most of their games as of late . [ sep ] gamepro and egm
the games are in the form of . ipg files , which are actually . zip archives in disguise [ citation needed ] . when unzipped , they reveal executable files along with common audio and image files , leading to the possibility of third party games . apple has not publicly released a software development kit ( sdk ) for ipod - specific development . apps produced with the iphone sdk are compatible only with the ios on the ipod touch and iphone , which cannot run clickwheel - based games . [ sep ] . ipg
the games are in the form of . ipg files , which are actually . zip archives in disguise [ citation needed ] . when unzipped , they reveal executable files along with common audio and image files , leading to the possibility of third party games . apple has not publicly released a software development kit ( sdk ) for ipod - specific development . apps produced with the iphone sdk are compatible only with the ios on the ipod touch and iphone , which cannot run clickwheel - based games . [ sep ] . zip
the games are in the form of . ipg files , which are actually . zip archives in disguise [ citation needed ] . when unzipped , they reveal executable files along with common audio and image files , leading to the possibility of third party games . apple has not publicly released a software development kit ( sdk ) for ipod - specific development . apps produced with the iphone sdk are compatible only with the ios on the ipod touch and iphone , which cannot run clickwheel - based games . [ sep ] software development kit
the games are in the form of . ipg files , which are actually . zip archives in disguise [ citation needed ] . when unzipped , they reveal executable files along with common audio and image files , leading to the possibility of third party games . apple has not publicly released a software development kit ( sdk ) for ipod - specific development . apps produced with the iphone sdk are compatible only with the ios on the ipod touch and iphone , which cannot run clickwheel - based games . [ sep ] ios
however , the early ming government enacted a law , later rescinded , which forbade han chinese to learn the tenets of tibetan buddhism . there is little detailed evidence of chinese — especially lay chinese — studying tibetan buddhism until the republican era ( 1912 – 1949 ) . despite these missions on behalf of the hongwu emperor , morris rossabi writes that the yongle emperor ( r . 1402 – 1424 ) " was the first ming ruler actively to seek an extension of relations with tibet . " [ sep ] ming government
however , the early ming government enacted a law , later rescinded , which forbade han chinese to learn the tenets of tibetan buddhism . there is little detailed evidence of chinese — especially lay chinese — studying tibetan buddhism until the republican era ( 1912 – 1949 ) . despite these missions on behalf of the hongwu emperor , morris rossabi writes that the yongle emperor ( r . 1402 – 1424 ) " was the first ming ruler actively to seek an extension of relations with tibet . " [ sep ] 1402 – 1424
however , the early ming government enacted a law , later rescinded , which forbade han chinese to learn the tenets of tibetan buddhism . there is little detailed evidence of chinese — especially lay chinese — studying tibetan buddhism until the republican era ( 1912 – 1949 ) . despite these missions on behalf of the hongwu emperor , morris rossabi writes that the yongle emperor ( r . 1402 – 1424 ) " was the first ming ruler actively to seek an extension of relations with tibet . " [ sep ] the yongle emperor
according to the official twenty - four histories , the history of ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent qing dynasty ( 1644 – 1912 ) , the ming dynasty established the " e - li - si army - civilian marshal office " ( chinese : [unk] 力 [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ) in western tibet and installed the " u - tsang itinerant high commandery " and " amdo - kham itinerant high commandery " to administer kham . the mingshi states that administrative offices were set up under these high commanderies , including one itinerant commandery , three pacification commissioner ' s offices , six expedition commissioner ' s offices , four wanhu offices ( myriarchies , in command of 10 , 000 households each ) and seventeen qianhu offices ( chiliarchies , each in command of 1 , 000 households ) . [ sep ] 1644 – 1912
according to the official twenty - four histories , the history of ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent qing dynasty ( 1644 – 1912 ) , the ming dynasty established the " e - li - si army - civilian marshal office " ( chinese : [unk] 力 [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ) in western tibet and installed the " u - tsang itinerant high commandery " and " amdo - kham itinerant high commandery " to administer kham . the mingshi states that administrative offices were set up under these high commanderies , including one itinerant commandery , three pacification commissioner ' s offices , six expedition commissioner ' s offices , four wanhu offices ( myriarchies , in command of 10 , 000 households each ) and seventeen qianhu offices ( chiliarchies , each in command of 1 , 000 households ) . [ sep ] 1739
according to the official twenty - four histories , the history of ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent qing dynasty ( 1644 – 1912 ) , the ming dynasty established the " e - li - si army - civilian marshal office " ( chinese : [unk] 力 [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ) in western tibet and installed the " u - tsang itinerant high commandery " and " amdo - kham itinerant high commandery " to administer kham . the mingshi states that administrative offices were set up under these high commanderies , including one itinerant commandery , three pacification commissioner ' s offices , six expedition commissioner ' s offices , four wanhu offices ( myriarchies , in command of 10 , 000 households each ) and seventeen qianhu offices ( chiliarchies , each in command of 1 , 000 households ) . [ sep ] e - li - si army - civilian marshal office
according to the official twenty - four histories , the history of ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent qing dynasty ( 1644 – 1912 ) , the ming dynasty established the " e - li - si army - civilian marshal office " ( chinese : [unk] 力 [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ) in western tibet and installed the " u - tsang itinerant high commandery " and " amdo - kham itinerant high commandery " to administer kham . the mingshi states that administrative offices were set up under these high commanderies , including one itinerant commandery , three pacification commissioner ' s offices , six expedition commissioner ' s offices , four wanhu offices ( myriarchies , in command of 10 , 000 households each ) and seventeen qianhu offices ( chiliarchies , each in command of 1 , 000 households ) . [ sep ] seventeen qianhu offices
according to the official twenty - four histories , the history of ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent qing dynasty ( 1644 – 1912 ) , the ming dynasty established the " e - li - si army - civilian marshal office " ( chinese : [unk] 力 [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ) in western tibet and installed the " u - tsang itinerant high commandery " and " amdo - kham itinerant high commandery " to administer kham . the mingshi states that administrative offices were set up under these high commanderies , including one itinerant commandery , three pacification commissioner ' s offices , six expedition commissioner ' s offices , four wanhu offices ( myriarchies , in command of 10 , 000 households each ) and seventeen qianhu offices ( chiliarchies , each in command of 1 , 000 households ) . [ sep ] western tibet
the ming court appointed three princes of dharma ( [unk] 王 ) and five princes ( 王 ) , and granted many other titles , such as grand state tutors ( 大 國 [unk] ) and state tutors ( 國 [unk] ) , to the important schools of tibetan buddhism , including the karma kagyu , sakya , and gelug . according to wang jiawei and nyima gyaincain , leading officials of these organs were all appointed by the central government and were subject to the rule of law . yet van praag describes the distinct and long - lasting tibetan law code established by the phagmodru ruler tai situ changchub gyaltsen as one of many reforms to revive old imperial tibetan traditions . [ sep ] three
the ming court appointed three princes of dharma ( [unk] 王 ) and five princes ( 王 ) , and granted many other titles , such as grand state tutors ( 大 國 [unk] ) and state tutors ( 國 [unk] ) , to the important schools of tibetan buddhism , including the karma kagyu , sakya , and gelug . according to wang jiawei and nyima gyaincain , leading officials of these organs were all appointed by the central government and were subject to the rule of law . yet van praag describes the distinct and long - lasting tibetan law code established by the phagmodru ruler tai situ changchub gyaltsen as one of many reforms to revive old imperial tibetan traditions . [ sep ] tai situ changchub gyaltsen
the ming court appointed three princes of dharma ( [unk] 王 ) and five princes ( 王 ) , and granted many other titles , such as grand state tutors ( 大 國 [unk] ) and state tutors ( 國 [unk] ) , to the important schools of tibetan buddhism , including the karma kagyu , sakya , and gelug . according to wang jiawei and nyima gyaincain , leading officials of these organs were all appointed by the central government and were subject to the rule of law . yet van praag describes the distinct and long - lasting tibetan law code established by the phagmodru ruler tai situ changchub gyaltsen as one of many reforms to revive old imperial tibetan traditions . [ sep ] tai situ changchub gyaltsen
the late turrell v . wylie , a former professor of the university of washington , and li tieh - tseng argue that the reliability of the heavily censored history of ming as a credible source on sino - tibetan relations is questionable , in the light of modern scholarship . other historians also assert that these ming titles were nominal and did not actually confer the authority that the earlier yuan titles had . van praag writes that the " numerous economically motivated tibetan missions to the ming court are referred to as ' tributary missions ' in the ming shih . " van praag writes that these " tributary missions " were simply prompted by china ' s need for horses from tibet , since a viable horse market in mongol lands was closed as a result of incessant conflict . morris rossabi also writes that " tibet , which had extensive contacts with china during the yuan , scarcely had diplomatic relations with the ming . " [ sep ] turrell v . wylie
the late turrell v . wylie , a former professor of the university of washington , and li tieh - tseng argue that the reliability of the heavily censored history of ming as a credible source on sino - tibetan relations is questionable , in the light of modern scholarship . other historians also assert that these ming titles were nominal and did not actually confer the authority that the earlier yuan titles had . van praag writes that the " numerous economically motivated tibetan missions to the ming court are referred to as ' tributary missions ' in the ming shih . " van praag writes that these " tributary missions " were simply prompted by china ' s need for horses from tibet , since a viable horse market in mongol lands was closed as a result of incessant conflict . morris rossabi also writes that " tibet , which had extensive contacts with china during the yuan , scarcely had diplomatic relations with the ming . " [ sep ] tibet
the late turrell v . wylie , a former professor of the university of washington , and li tieh - tseng argue that the reliability of the heavily censored history of ming as a credible source on sino - tibetan relations is questionable , in the light of modern scholarship . other historians also assert that these ming titles were nominal and did not actually confer the authority that the earlier yuan titles had . van praag writes that the " numerous economically motivated tibetan missions to the ming court are referred to as ' tributary missions ' in the ming shih . " van praag writes that these " tributary missions " were simply prompted by china ' s need for horses from tibet , since a viable horse market in mongol lands was closed as a result of incessant conflict . morris rossabi also writes that " tibet , which had extensive contacts with china during the yuan , scarcely had diplomatic relations with the ming . " [ sep ] morris rossabi
historians disagree on what the relationship was between the ming court and tibet and whether or not ming china had sovereignty over tibet . van praag writes that chinese court historians viewed tibet as an independent foreign tributary and had little interest in tibet besides a lama - patron relationship . the historian tsepon w . d . shakabpa supports van praag ' s position . however , wang jiawei and nyima gyaincain state that these assertions by van praag and shakabpa are " fallacies " . [ sep ] historian tsepon w . d . shakabpa
historians disagree on what the relationship was between the ming court and tibet and whether or not ming china had sovereignty over tibet . van praag writes that chinese court historians viewed tibet as an independent foreign tributary and had little interest in tibet besides a lama - patron relationship . the historian tsepon w . d . shakabpa supports van praag ' s position . however , wang jiawei and nyima gyaincain state that these assertions by van praag and shakabpa are " fallacies " . [ sep ] wang jiawei and nyima gyaincain
wang and nyima argue that the ming emperor sent edicts to tibet twice in the second year of the ming dynasty , and demonstrated that he viewed tibet as a significant region to pacify by urging various tibetan tribes to submit to the authority of the ming court . they note that at the same time , the mongol prince punala , who had inherited his position as ruler of areas of tibet , went to nanjing in 1371 to pay tribute and show his allegiance to the ming court , bringing with him the seal of authority issued by the yuan court . they also state that since successors of lamas granted the title of " prince " had to travel to the ming court to renew this title , and since lamas called themselves princes , the ming court therefore had " full sovereignty over tibet . " they state that the ming dynasty , by issuing imperial edicts to invite ex - yuan officials to the court for official positions in the early years of its founding , won submission from ex - yuan religious and administrative leaders in the tibetan areas , and thereby incorporated tibetan areas into the rule of the ming court . thus , they conclude , the ming court won the power to rule tibetan areas formerly under the rule of the yuan dynasty . [ sep ] wang and nyima
wang and nyima argue that the ming emperor sent edicts to tibet twice in the second year of the ming dynasty , and demonstrated that he viewed tibet as a significant region to pacify by urging various tibetan tribes to submit to the authority of the ming court . they note that at the same time , the mongol prince punala , who had inherited his position as ruler of areas of tibet , went to nanjing in 1371 to pay tribute and show his allegiance to the ming court , bringing with him the seal of authority issued by the yuan court . they also state that since successors of lamas granted the title of " prince " had to travel to the ming court to renew this title , and since lamas called themselves princes , the ming court therefore had " full sovereignty over tibet . " they state that the ming dynasty , by issuing imperial edicts to invite ex - yuan officials to the court for official positions in the early years of its founding , won submission from ex - yuan religious and administrative leaders in the tibetan areas , and thereby incorporated tibetan areas into the rule of the ming court . thus , they conclude , the ming court won the power to rule tibetan areas formerly under the rule of the yuan dynasty . [ sep ] 1371
wang and nyima argue that the ming emperor sent edicts to tibet twice in the second year of the ming dynasty , and demonstrated that he viewed tibet as a significant region to pacify by urging various tibetan tribes to submit to the authority of the ming court . they note that at the same time , the mongol prince punala , who had inherited his position as ruler of areas of tibet , went to nanjing in 1371 to pay tribute and show his allegiance to the ming court , bringing with him the seal of authority issued by the yuan court . they also state that since successors of lamas granted the title of " prince " had to travel to the ming court to renew this title , and since lamas called themselves princes , the ming court therefore had " full sovereignty over tibet . " they state that the ming dynasty , by issuing imperial edicts to invite ex - yuan officials to the court for official positions in the early years of its founding , won submission from ex - yuan religious and administrative leaders in the tibetan areas , and thereby incorporated tibetan areas into the rule of the ming court . thus , they conclude , the ming court won the power to rule tibetan areas formerly under the rule of the yuan dynasty . [ sep ] princes
wang and nyima argue that the ming emperor sent edicts to tibet twice in the second year of the ming dynasty , and demonstrated that he viewed tibet as a significant region to pacify by urging various tibetan tribes to submit to the authority of the ming court . they note that at the same time , the mongol prince punala , who had inherited his position as ruler of areas of tibet , went to nanjing in 1371 to pay tribute and show his allegiance to the ming court , bringing with him the seal of authority issued by the yuan court . they also state that since successors of lamas granted the title of " prince " had to travel to the ming court to renew this title , and since lamas called themselves princes , the ming court therefore had " full sovereignty over tibet . " they state that the ming dynasty , by issuing imperial edicts to invite ex - yuan officials to the court for official positions in the early years of its founding , won submission from ex - yuan religious and administrative leaders in the tibetan areas , and thereby incorporated tibetan areas into the rule of the ming court . thus , they conclude , the ming court won the power to rule tibetan areas formerly under the rule of the yuan dynasty . [ sep ] imperial edicts
journalist and author thomas laird , in his book the story of tibet : conversations with the dalai lama , writes that wang and nyima present the government viewpoint of the people ' s republic of china in their historical status of china ' s tibet , and fail to realize that china was " absorbed into a larger , non - chinese political unit " during the mongol yuan dynasty , which wang and nyima paint as a characteristic chinese dynasty succeeded by the ming . laird asserts that the ruling mongol khans never administered tibet as part of china and instead ruled them as separate territories , comparing the mongols with the british who colonized india and new zealand , yet stating this does not make india part of new zealand as a consequence . of later mongol and tibetan accounts interpreting the mongol conquest of tibet , laird asserts that " they , like all non - chinese historical narratives , never portray the mongol subjugation of tibet as a chinese one . " [ sep ] journalist and author thomas laird
journalist and author thomas laird , in his book the story of tibet : conversations with the dalai lama , writes that wang and nyima present the government viewpoint of the people ' s republic of china in their historical status of china ' s tibet , and fail to realize that china was " absorbed into a larger , non - chinese political unit " during the mongol yuan dynasty , which wang and nyima paint as a characteristic chinese dynasty succeeded by the ming . laird asserts that the ruling mongol khans never administered tibet as part of china and instead ruled them as separate territories , comparing the mongols with the british who colonized india and new zealand , yet stating this does not make india part of new zealand as a consequence . of later mongol and tibetan accounts interpreting the mongol conquest of tibet , laird asserts that " they , like all non - chinese historical narratives , never portray the mongol subjugation of tibet as a chinese one . " [ sep ] the british
journalist and author thomas laird , in his book the story of tibet : conversations with the dalai lama , writes that wang and nyima present the government viewpoint of the people ' s republic of china in their historical status of china ' s tibet , and fail to realize that china was " absorbed into a larger , non - chinese political unit " during the mongol yuan dynasty , which wang and nyima paint as a characteristic chinese dynasty succeeded by the ming . laird asserts that the ruling mongol khans never administered tibet as part of china and instead ruled them as separate territories , comparing the mongols with the british who colonized india and new zealand , yet stating this does not make india part of new zealand as a consequence . of later mongol and tibetan accounts interpreting the mongol conquest of tibet , laird asserts that " they , like all non - chinese historical narratives , never portray the mongol subjugation of tibet as a chinese one . " [ sep ] the government viewpoint of the people ' s republic of china
the columbia encyclopedia distinguishes between the yuan dynasty and the other mongol empire khanates of ilkhanate , chagatai khanate and the golden horde . it describes the yuan dynasty as " a mongol dynasty of china that ruled from 1271 to 1368 , and a division of the great empire conquered by the mongols . founded by kublai khan , who adopted the chinese dynastic name of yuan in 1271 . " the encyclopedia americana describes the yuan dynasty as " the line of mongol rulers in china " and adds that the mongols " proclaimed a chinese - style yuan dynasty at khanbaliq ( beijing ) . " the metropolitan museum of art writes that the mongol rulers of the yuan dynasty " adopted chinese political and cultural models ; ruling from their capitals in dadu , they assumed the role of chinese emperors , " although tibetologist thomas laird dismissed the yuan dynasty as a non - chinese polity and plays down its chinese characteristics . the metropolitan museum of art also noted that in spite of the gradual assimilation of yuan monarchs , the mongol rulers largely ignored the literati and imposed harsh policies discriminating against southern chinese . in his kublai khan : his life and times , rossabi explains that kublai " created government institutions that either resembled or were the same as the traditional chinese ones " , and he " wished to signal to the chinese that he intended to adopt the trappings and style of a chinese ruler " . [ sep ] a mongol dynasty of china
the columbia encyclopedia distinguishes between the yuan dynasty and the other mongol empire khanates of ilkhanate , chagatai khanate and the golden horde . it describes the yuan dynasty as " a mongol dynasty of china that ruled from 1271 to 1368 , and a division of the great empire conquered by the mongols . founded by kublai khan , who adopted the chinese dynastic name of yuan in 1271 . " the encyclopedia americana describes the yuan dynasty as " the line of mongol rulers in china " and adds that the mongols " proclaimed a chinese - style yuan dynasty at khanbaliq ( beijing ) . " the metropolitan museum of art writes that the mongol rulers of the yuan dynasty " adopted chinese political and cultural models ; ruling from their capitals in dadu , they assumed the role of chinese emperors , " although tibetologist thomas laird dismissed the yuan dynasty as a non - chinese polity and plays down its chinese characteristics . the metropolitan museum of art also noted that in spite of the gradual assimilation of yuan monarchs , the mongol rulers largely ignored the literati and imposed harsh policies discriminating against southern chinese . in his kublai khan : his life and times , rossabi explains that kublai " created government institutions that either resembled or were the same as the traditional chinese ones " , and he " wished to signal to the chinese that he intended to adopt the trappings and style of a chinese ruler " . [ sep ] the line of mongol rulers in china
the columbia encyclopedia distinguishes between the yuan dynasty and the other mongol empire khanates of ilkhanate , chagatai khanate and the golden horde . it describes the yuan dynasty as " a mongol dynasty of china that ruled from 1271 to 1368 , and a division of the great empire conquered by the mongols . founded by kublai khan , who adopted the chinese dynastic name of yuan in 1271 . " the encyclopedia americana describes the yuan dynasty as " the line of mongol rulers in china " and adds that the mongols " proclaimed a chinese - style yuan dynasty at khanbaliq ( beijing ) . " the metropolitan museum of art writes that the mongol rulers of the yuan dynasty " adopted chinese political and cultural models ; ruling from their capitals in dadu , they assumed the role of chinese emperors , " although tibetologist thomas laird dismissed the yuan dynasty as a non - chinese polity and plays down its chinese characteristics . the metropolitan museum of art also noted that in spite of the gradual assimilation of yuan monarchs , the mongol rulers largely ignored the literati and imposed harsh policies discriminating against southern chinese . in his kublai khan : his life and times , rossabi explains that kublai " created government institutions that either resembled or were the same as the traditional chinese ones " , and he " wished to signal to the chinese that he intended to adopt the trappings and style of a chinese ruler " . [ sep ] a non - chinese polity
the columbia encyclopedia distinguishes between the yuan dynasty and the other mongol empire khanates of ilkhanate , chagatai khanate and the golden horde . it describes the yuan dynasty as " a mongol dynasty of china that ruled from 1271 to 1368 , and a division of the great empire conquered by the mongols . founded by kublai khan , who adopted the chinese dynastic name of yuan in 1271 . " the encyclopedia americana describes the yuan dynasty as " the line of mongol rulers in china " and adds that the mongols " proclaimed a chinese - style yuan dynasty at khanbaliq ( beijing ) . " the metropolitan museum of art writes that the mongol rulers of the yuan dynasty " adopted chinese political and cultural models ; ruling from their capitals in dadu , they assumed the role of chinese emperors , " although tibetologist thomas laird dismissed the yuan dynasty as a non - chinese polity and plays down its chinese characteristics . the metropolitan museum of art also noted that in spite of the gradual assimilation of yuan monarchs , the mongol rulers largely ignored the literati and imposed harsh policies discriminating against southern chinese . in his kublai khan : his life and times , rossabi explains that kublai " created government institutions that either resembled or were the same as the traditional chinese ones " , and he " wished to signal to the chinese that he intended to adopt the trappings and style of a chinese ruler " . [ sep ] rossabi
the columbia encyclopedia distinguishes between the yuan dynasty and the other mongol empire khanates of ilkhanate , chagatai khanate and the golden horde . it describes the yuan dynasty as " a mongol dynasty of china that ruled from 1271 to 1368 , and a division of the great empire conquered by the mongols . founded by kublai khan , who adopted the chinese dynastic name of yuan in 1271 . " the encyclopedia americana describes the yuan dynasty as " the line of mongol rulers in china " and adds that the mongols " proclaimed a chinese - style yuan dynasty at khanbaliq ( beijing ) . " the metropolitan museum of art writes that the mongol rulers of the yuan dynasty " adopted chinese political and cultural models ; ruling from their capitals in dadu , they assumed the role of chinese emperors , " although tibetologist thomas laird dismissed the yuan dynasty as a non - chinese polity and plays down its chinese characteristics . the metropolitan museum of art also noted that in spite of the gradual assimilation of yuan monarchs , the mongol rulers largely ignored the literati and imposed harsh policies discriminating against southern chinese . in his kublai khan : his life and times , rossabi explains that kublai " created government institutions that either resembled or were the same as the traditional chinese ones " , and he " wished to signal to the chinese that he intended to adopt the trappings and style of a chinese ruler " . [ sep ] 1271 to 1368
nevertheless , the ethno - geographic caste hierarchy favoring the mongols and other ethnicities were accorded higher status than the han chinese majority . although han chinese who were recruited as advisers were often actually more influential than high officials , their status was not as well defined . kublai also abolished the imperial examinations of china ' s civil service legacy , which was not reinstated until ayurbarwada buyantu khan ' s reign ( 1311 – 1320 ) . rossabi writes that kublai recognized that in order to rule china , " he had to employ chinese advisors and officials , yet he could not rely totally on chinese advisers because he had to maintain a delicate balancing act between ruling the sedentary civilization of china and preserving the cultural identity and values of the mongols . " and " in governing china , he was concerned with the interests of his chinese subjects , but also with exploiting the resources of the empire for his own aggrandizement . his motivations and objectives alternated from one to the other throughout his reign , " according to rossabi . van praag writes in the status of tibet that the tibetans and mongols , on the other hand , upheld a dual system of rule and an interdependent relationship that legitimated the succession of mongol khans as universal buddhist rulers , or chakravartin . van praag writes that " tibet remained a unique part of the empire and was never fully integrated into it , " citing examples such as a licensed border market that existed between china and tibet during the yuan . [ sep ] 1311 – 1320
nevertheless , the ethno - geographic caste hierarchy favoring the mongols and other ethnicities were accorded higher status than the han chinese majority . although han chinese who were recruited as advisers were often actually more influential than high officials , their status was not as well defined . kublai also abolished the imperial examinations of china ' s civil service legacy , which was not reinstated until ayurbarwada buyantu khan ' s reign ( 1311 – 1320 ) . rossabi writes that kublai recognized that in order to rule china , " he had to employ chinese advisors and officials , yet he could not rely totally on chinese advisers because he had to maintain a delicate balancing act between ruling the sedentary civilization of china and preserving the cultural identity and values of the mongols . " and " in governing china , he was concerned with the interests of his chinese subjects , but also with exploiting the resources of the empire for his own aggrandizement . his motivations and objectives alternated from one to the other throughout his reign , " according to rossabi . van praag writes in the status of tibet that the tibetans and mongols , on the other hand , upheld a dual system of rule and an interdependent relationship that legitimated the succession of mongol khans as universal buddhist rulers , or chakravartin . van praag writes that " tibet remained a unique part of the empire and was never fully integrated into it , " citing examples such as a licensed border market that existed between china and tibet during the yuan . [ sep ] a licensed border market
nevertheless , the ethno - geographic caste hierarchy favoring the mongols and other ethnicities were accorded higher status than the han chinese majority . although han chinese who were recruited as advisers were often actually more influential than high officials , their status was not as well defined . kublai also abolished the imperial examinations of china ' s civil service legacy , which was not reinstated until ayurbarwada buyantu khan ' s reign ( 1311 – 1320 ) . rossabi writes that kublai recognized that in order to rule china , " he had to employ chinese advisors and officials , yet he could not rely totally on chinese advisers because he had to maintain a delicate balancing act between ruling the sedentary civilization of china and preserving the cultural identity and values of the mongols . " and " in governing china , he was concerned with the interests of his chinese subjects , but also with exploiting the resources of the empire for his own aggrandizement . his motivations and objectives alternated from one to the other throughout his reign , " according to rossabi . van praag writes in the status of tibet that the tibetans and mongols , on the other hand , upheld a dual system of rule and an interdependent relationship that legitimated the succession of mongol khans as universal buddhist rulers , or chakravartin . van praag writes that " tibet remained a unique part of the empire and was never fully integrated into it , " citing examples such as a licensed border market that existed between china and tibet during the yuan . [ sep ] the mongols and other ethnicities
the official position of the ministry of foreign affairs of the people ' s republic of china is that the ming implemented a policy of managing tibet according to conventions and customs , granting titles and setting up administrative organs over tibet . the state council information office of the people ' s republic states that the ming dynasty ' s u - tsang commanding office governed most areas of tibet . it also states that while the ming abolished the policy council set up by the mongol yuan to manage local affairs in tibet and the mongol system of imperial tutors to govern religious affairs , the ming adopted a policy of bestowing titles upon religious leaders who had submitted to the ming dynasty . for example , an edict of the hongwu emperor in 1373 appointed the tibetan leader choskunskyabs as the general of the ngari military and civil wanhu office , stating : [ sep ] the ming
the official position of the ministry of foreign affairs of the people ' s republic of china is that the ming implemented a policy of managing tibet according to conventions and customs , granting titles and setting up administrative organs over tibet . the state council information office of the people ' s republic states that the ming dynasty ' s u - tsang commanding office governed most areas of tibet . it also states that while the ming abolished the policy council set up by the mongol yuan to manage local affairs in tibet and the mongol system of imperial tutors to govern religious affairs , the ming adopted a policy of bestowing titles upon religious leaders who had submitted to the ming dynasty . for example , an edict of the hongwu emperor in 1373 appointed the tibetan leader choskunskyabs as the general of the ngari military and civil wanhu office , stating : [ sep ] the general of the ngari military and civil wanhu office
the official position of the ministry of foreign affairs of the people ' s republic of china is that the ming implemented a policy of managing tibet according to conventions and customs , granting titles and setting up administrative organs over tibet . the state council information office of the people ' s republic states that the ming dynasty ' s u - tsang commanding office governed most areas of tibet . it also states that while the ming abolished the policy council set up by the mongol yuan to manage local affairs in tibet and the mongol system of imperial tutors to govern religious affairs , the ming adopted a policy of bestowing titles upon religious leaders who had submitted to the ming dynasty . for example , an edict of the hongwu emperor in 1373 appointed the tibetan leader choskunskyabs as the general of the ngari military and civil wanhu office , stating : [ sep ] ming dynasty ' s u - tsang commanding office
chen qingying , professor of history and director of the history studies institute under the china tibetology research center in beijing , writes that the ming court conferred new official positions on ex - yuan tibetan leaders of the phachu kargyu and granted them lower - ranking positions . of the county ( zong or dzong ) leaders of neiwo zong and renbam zong , chen states that when " the emperor learned the actual situation of the phachu kargyu , the ming court then appointed the main zong leaders to be senior officers of the senior command of dbus and gtsang . " the official posts that the ming court established in tibet , such as senior and junior commanders , offices of qianhu ( in charge of 1 , 000 households ) , and offices of wanhu ( in charge of 10 , 000 households ) , were all hereditary positions according to chen , but he asserts that " the succession of some important posts still had to be approved by the emperor , " while old imperial mandates had to be returned to the ming court for renewal . [ sep ] beijing
chen qingying , professor of history and director of the history studies institute under the china tibetology research center in beijing , writes that the ming court conferred new official positions on ex - yuan tibetan leaders of the phachu kargyu and granted them lower - ranking positions . of the county ( zong or dzong ) leaders of neiwo zong and renbam zong , chen states that when " the emperor learned the actual situation of the phachu kargyu , the ming court then appointed the main zong leaders to be senior officers of the senior command of dbus and gtsang . " the official posts that the ming court established in tibet , such as senior and junior commanders , offices of qianhu ( in charge of 1 , 000 households ) , and offices of wanhu ( in charge of 10 , 000 households ) , were all hereditary positions according to chen , but he asserts that " the succession of some important posts still had to be approved by the emperor , " while old imperial mandates had to be returned to the ming court for renewal . [ sep ] chen qingying
chen qingying , professor of history and director of the history studies institute under the china tibetology research center in beijing , writes that the ming court conferred new official positions on ex - yuan tibetan leaders of the phachu kargyu and granted them lower - ranking positions . of the county ( zong or dzong ) leaders of neiwo zong and renbam zong , chen states that when " the emperor learned the actual situation of the phachu kargyu , the ming court then appointed the main zong leaders to be senior officers of the senior command of dbus and gtsang . " the official posts that the ming court established in tibet , such as senior and junior commanders , offices of qianhu ( in charge of 1 , 000 households ) , and offices of wanhu ( in charge of 10 , 000 households ) , were all hereditary positions according to chen , but he asserts that " the succession of some important posts still had to be approved by the emperor , " while old imperial mandates had to be returned to the ming court for renewal . [ sep ] 1 , 000 households
chen qingying , professor of history and director of the history studies institute under the china tibetology research center in beijing , writes that the ming court conferred new official positions on ex - yuan tibetan leaders of the phachu kargyu and granted them lower - ranking positions . of the county ( zong or dzong ) leaders of neiwo zong and renbam zong , chen states that when " the emperor learned the actual situation of the phachu kargyu , the ming court then appointed the main zong leaders to be senior officers of the senior command of dbus and gtsang . " the official posts that the ming court established in tibet , such as senior and junior commanders , offices of qianhu ( in charge of 1 , 000 households ) , and offices of wanhu ( in charge of 10 , 000 households ) , were all hereditary positions according to chen , but he asserts that " the succession of some important posts still had to be approved by the emperor , " while old imperial mandates had to be returned to the ming court for renewal . [ sep ] 10 , 000 households
according to tibetologist john powers , tibetan sources counter this narrative of titles granted by the chinese to tibetans with various titles which the tibetans gave to the chinese emperors and their officials . tribute missions from tibetan monasteries to the chinese court brought back not only titles , but large , commercially valuable gifts which could subsequently be sold . the ming emperors sent invitations to ruling lamas , but the lamas sent subordinates rather than coming themselves , and no tibetan ruler ever explicitly accepted the role of being a vassal of the ming . [ sep ] john powers
according to tibetologist john powers , tibetan sources counter this narrative of titles granted by the chinese to tibetans with various titles which the tibetans gave to the chinese emperors and their officials . tribute missions from tibetan monasteries to the chinese court brought back not only titles , but large , commercially valuable gifts which could subsequently be sold . the ming emperors sent invitations to ruling lamas , but the lamas sent subordinates rather than coming themselves , and no tibetan ruler ever explicitly accepted the role of being a vassal of the ming . [ sep ] ruling lamas
according to tibetologist john powers , tibetan sources counter this narrative of titles granted by the chinese to tibetans with various titles which the tibetans gave to the chinese emperors and their officials . tribute missions from tibetan monasteries to the chinese court brought back not only titles , but large , commercially valuable gifts which could subsequently be sold . the ming emperors sent invitations to ruling lamas , but the lamas sent subordinates rather than coming themselves , and no tibetan ruler ever explicitly accepted the role of being a vassal of the ming . [ sep ] subordinates
hans bielenstein writes that as far back as the han dynasty ( 202 bce – 220 ce ) , the han chinese government " maintained the fiction " that the foreign officials administering the various " dependent states " and oasis city - states of the western regions ( composed of the tarim basin and oasis of turpan ) were true han representatives due to the han government ' s conferral of chinese seals and seal cords to them . [ sep ] the tarim basin and oasis of turpan
hans bielenstein writes that as far back as the han dynasty ( 202 bce – 220 ce ) , the han chinese government " maintained the fiction " that the foreign officials administering the various " dependent states " and oasis city - states of the western regions ( composed of the tarim basin and oasis of turpan ) were true han representatives due to the han government ' s conferral of chinese seals and seal cords to them . [ sep ] foreign officials
wang and nyima state that after the official title " education minister " was granted to tai situ changchub gyaltsen ( 1302 – 1364 ) by the yuan court , this title appeared frequently with his name in various tibetan texts , while his tibetan title " degsi " ( sic properly sde - srid or desi ) is seldom mentioned . wang and nyima take this to mean that " even in the later period of the yuan dynasty , the yuan imperial court and the phagmodrupa dynasty maintained a central - local government relation . " the tai situpa is even supposed to have written in his will : " in the past i received loving care from the emperor in the east . if the emperor continues to care for us , please follow his edicts and the imperial envoy should be well received . " [ sep ] education minister
wang and nyima state that after the official title " education minister " was granted to tai situ changchub gyaltsen ( 1302 – 1364 ) by the yuan court , this title appeared frequently with his name in various tibetan texts , while his tibetan title " degsi " ( sic properly sde - srid or desi ) is seldom mentioned . wang and nyima take this to mean that " even in the later period of the yuan dynasty , the yuan imperial court and the phagmodrupa dynasty maintained a central - local government relation . " the tai situpa is even supposed to have written in his will : " in the past i received loving care from the emperor in the east . if the emperor continues to care for us , please follow his edicts and the imperial envoy should be well received . " [ sep ] degsi
wang and nyima state that after the official title " education minister " was granted to tai situ changchub gyaltsen ( 1302 – 1364 ) by the yuan court , this title appeared frequently with his name in various tibetan texts , while his tibetan title " degsi " ( sic properly sde - srid or desi ) is seldom mentioned . wang and nyima take this to mean that " even in the later period of the yuan dynasty , the yuan imperial court and the phagmodrupa dynasty maintained a central - local government relation . " the tai situpa is even supposed to have written in his will : " in the past i received loving care from the emperor in the east . if the emperor continues to care for us , please follow his edicts and the imperial envoy should be well received . " [ sep ] phagmodrupa dynasty
wang and nyima state that after the official title " education minister " was granted to tai situ changchub gyaltsen ( 1302 – 1364 ) by the yuan court , this title appeared frequently with his name in various tibetan texts , while his tibetan title " degsi " ( sic properly sde - srid or desi ) is seldom mentioned . wang and nyima take this to mean that " even in the later period of the yuan dynasty , the yuan imperial court and the phagmodrupa dynasty maintained a central - local government relation . " the tai situpa is even supposed to have written in his will : " in the past i received loving care from the emperor in the east . if the emperor continues to care for us , please follow his edicts and the imperial envoy should be well received . " [ sep ] wang and nyima
wang and nyima state that after the official title " education minister " was granted to tai situ changchub gyaltsen ( 1302 – 1364 ) by the yuan court , this title appeared frequently with his name in various tibetan texts , while his tibetan title " degsi " ( sic properly sde - srid or desi ) is seldom mentioned . wang and nyima take this to mean that " even in the later period of the yuan dynasty , the yuan imperial court and the phagmodrupa dynasty maintained a central - local government relation . " the tai situpa is even supposed to have written in his will : " in the past i received loving care from the emperor in the east . if the emperor continues to care for us , please follow his edicts and the imperial envoy should be well received . " [ sep ] the tai situpa
unlike many other mp3 players , simply copying audio or video files to the drive with a typical file management application will not allow an ipod to properly access them . the user must use software that has been specifically designed to transfer media files to ipods , so that the files are playable and viewable . usually itunes is used to transfer media to an ipod , though several alternative third - party applications are available on a number of different platforms . [ sep ] itunes
unlike many other mp3 players , simply copying audio or video files to the drive with a typical file management application will not allow an ipod to properly access them . the user must use software that has been specifically designed to transfer media files to ipods , so that the files are playable and viewable . usually itunes is used to transfer media to an ipod , though several alternative third - party applications are available on a number of different platforms . [ sep ] third - party
itunes 7 and above can transfer purchased media of the itunes store from an ipod to a computer , provided that computer containing the drm protected media is authorized to play it . [ sep ] drm
however , lok - ham chan , a professor of history at the university of washington , writes that changchub gyaltsen ' s aims were to recreate the old tibetan kingdom that existed during the chinese tang dynasty , to build " nationalist sentiment " amongst tibetans , and to " remove all traces of mongol suzerainty . " georges dreyfus , a professor of religion at williams college , writes that it was changchub gyaltsen who adopted the old administrative system of songtsan gampo ( c . 605 – 649 ) — the first leader of the tibetan empire to establish tibet as a strong power — by reinstating its legal code of punishments and administrative units . for example , instead of the 13 governorships established by the mongol sakya viceroy , changchub gyaltsen divided central tibet into districts ( dzong ) with district heads ( dzong dpon ) who had to conform to old rituals and wear clothing styles of old imperial tibet . van praag asserts that changchub gyaltsen ' s ambitions were to " restore to tibet the glories of its imperial age " by reinstating secular administration , promoting " national culture and traditions , " and installing a law code that survived into the 20th century . [ sep ] changchub gyaltsen
however , lok - ham chan , a professor of history at the university of washington , writes that changchub gyaltsen ' s aims were to recreate the old tibetan kingdom that existed during the chinese tang dynasty , to build " nationalist sentiment " amongst tibetans , and to " remove all traces of mongol suzerainty . " georges dreyfus , a professor of religion at williams college , writes that it was changchub gyaltsen who adopted the old administrative system of songtsan gampo ( c . 605 – 649 ) — the first leader of the tibetan empire to establish tibet as a strong power — by reinstating its legal code of punishments and administrative units . for example , instead of the 13 governorships established by the mongol sakya viceroy , changchub gyaltsen divided central tibet into districts ( dzong ) with district heads ( dzong dpon ) who had to conform to old rituals and wear clothing styles of old imperial tibet . van praag asserts that changchub gyaltsen ' s ambitions were to " restore to tibet the glories of its imperial age " by reinstating secular administration , promoting " national culture and traditions , " and installing a law code that survived into the 20th century . [ sep ] van praag
however , lok - ham chan , a professor of history at the university of washington , writes that changchub gyaltsen ' s aims were to recreate the old tibetan kingdom that existed during the chinese tang dynasty , to build " nationalist sentiment " amongst tibetans , and to " remove all traces of mongol suzerainty . " georges dreyfus , a professor of religion at williams college , writes that it was changchub gyaltsen who adopted the old administrative system of songtsan gampo ( c . 605 – 649 ) — the first leader of the tibetan empire to establish tibet as a strong power — by reinstating its legal code of punishments and administrative units . for example , instead of the 13 governorships established by the mongol sakya viceroy , changchub gyaltsen divided central tibet into districts ( dzong ) with district heads ( dzong dpon ) who had to conform to old rituals and wear clothing styles of old imperial tibet . van praag asserts that changchub gyaltsen ' s ambitions were to " restore to tibet the glories of its imperial age " by reinstating secular administration , promoting " national culture and traditions , " and installing a law code that survived into the 20th century . [ sep ] the university of washington
however , lok - ham chan , a professor of history at the university of washington , writes that changchub gyaltsen ' s aims were to recreate the old tibetan kingdom that existed during the chinese tang dynasty , to build " nationalist sentiment " amongst tibetans , and to " remove all traces of mongol suzerainty . " georges dreyfus , a professor of religion at williams college , writes that it was changchub gyaltsen who adopted the old administrative system of songtsan gampo ( c . 605 – 649 ) — the first leader of the tibetan empire to establish tibet as a strong power — by reinstating its legal code of punishments and administrative units . for example , instead of the 13 governorships established by the mongol sakya viceroy , changchub gyaltsen divided central tibet into districts ( dzong ) with district heads ( dzong dpon ) who had to conform to old rituals and wear clothing styles of old imperial tibet . van praag asserts that changchub gyaltsen ' s ambitions were to " restore to tibet the glories of its imperial age " by reinstating secular administration , promoting " national culture and traditions , " and installing a law code that survived into the 20th century . [ sep ] all traces of mongol suzerainty
media files are stored on an ipod in a hidden folder , along with a proprietary database file . the hidden content can be accessed on the host operating system by enabling hidden files to be shown . the media files can then be recovered manually by copying the files or folders off the ipod . many third - party applications also allow easy copying of media files off of an ipod . [ sep ] hidden
media files are stored on an ipod in a hidden folder , along with a proprietary database file . the hidden content can be accessed on the host operating system by enabling hidden files to be shown . the media files can then be recovered manually by copying the files or folders off the ipod . many third - party applications also allow easy copying of media files off of an ipod . [ sep ] host
media files are stored on an ipod in a hidden folder , along with a proprietary database file . the hidden content can be accessed on the host operating system by enabling hidden files to be shown . the media files can then be recovered manually by copying the files or folders off the ipod . many third - party applications also allow easy copying of media files off of an ipod . [ sep ] manual
in 2005 , apple faced two lawsuits claiming patent infringement by the ipod line and its associated technologies : advanced audio devices claimed the ipod line breached its patent on a " music jukebox " , while a hong kong - based ip portfolio company called pat - rights filed a suit claiming that apple ' s fairplay technology breached a patent issued to inventor ho keung tse . the latter case also includes the online music stores of sony , realnetworks , napster , and musicmatch as defendants . [ sep ] 2005
in 2005 , apple faced two lawsuits claiming patent infringement by the ipod line and its associated technologies : advanced audio devices claimed the ipod line breached its patent on a " music jukebox " , while a hong kong - based ip portfolio company called pat - rights filed a suit claiming that apple ' s fairplay technology breached a patent issued to inventor ho keung tse . the latter case also includes the online music stores of sony , realnetworks , napster , and musicmatch as defendants . [ sep ] patent infringement
in 2005 , apple faced two lawsuits claiming patent infringement by the ipod line and its associated technologies : advanced audio devices claimed the ipod line breached its patent on a " music jukebox " , while a hong kong - based ip portfolio company called pat - rights filed a suit claiming that apple ' s fairplay technology breached a patent issued to inventor ho keung tse . the latter case also includes the online music stores of sony , realnetworks , napster , and musicmatch as defendants . [ sep ] sony , realnetworks , napster , and musicmatch
in 2005 , apple faced two lawsuits claiming patent infringement by the ipod line and its associated technologies : advanced audio devices claimed the ipod line breached its patent on a " music jukebox " , while a hong kong - based ip portfolio company called pat - rights filed a suit claiming that apple ' s fairplay technology breached a patent issued to inventor ho keung tse . the latter case also includes the online music stores of sony , realnetworks , napster , and musicmatch as defendants . [ sep ] ho keung tse
according to chen , the ming officer of hezhou ( modern day linxia ) informed the hongwu emperor that the general situation in dbus and gtsang " was under control , " and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second phagmodru ruler , jamyang shakya gyaltsen , an official title . according to the records of the founding emperor , the hongwu emperor issued an edict granting the title " initiation state master " to sagya gyaincain , while the latter sent envoys to the ming court to hand over his jade seal of authority along with tribute of colored silk and satin , statues of the buddha , buddhist scriptures , and sarira . [ sep ] sagya gyaincain
according to chen , the ming officer of hezhou ( modern day linxia ) informed the hongwu emperor that the general situation in dbus and gtsang " was under control , " and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second phagmodru ruler , jamyang shakya gyaltsen , an official title . according to the records of the founding emperor , the hongwu emperor issued an edict granting the title " initiation state master " to sagya gyaincain , while the latter sent envoys to the ming court to hand over his jade seal of authority along with tribute of colored silk and satin , statues of the buddha , buddhist scriptures , and sarira . [ sep ] the ming officer of hezhou
according to chen , the ming officer of hezhou ( modern day linxia ) informed the hongwu emperor that the general situation in dbus and gtsang " was under control , " and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second phagmodru ruler , jamyang shakya gyaltsen , an official title . according to the records of the founding emperor , the hongwu emperor issued an edict granting the title " initiation state master " to sagya gyaincain , while the latter sent envoys to the ming court to hand over his jade seal of authority along with tribute of colored silk and satin , statues of the buddha , buddhist scriptures , and sarira . [ sep ] jamyang shakya gyaltsen
according to chen , the ming officer of hezhou ( modern day linxia ) informed the hongwu emperor that the general situation in dbus and gtsang " was under control , " and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second phagmodru ruler , jamyang shakya gyaltsen , an official title . according to the records of the founding emperor , the hongwu emperor issued an edict granting the title " initiation state master " to sagya gyaincain , while the latter sent envoys to the ming court to hand over his jade seal of authority along with tribute of colored silk and satin , statues of the buddha , buddhist scriptures , and sarira . [ sep ] the ming officer of hezhou
according to chen , the ming officer of hezhou ( modern day linxia ) informed the hongwu emperor that the general situation in dbus and gtsang " was under control , " and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second phagmodru ruler , jamyang shakya gyaltsen , an official title . according to the records of the founding emperor , the hongwu emperor issued an edict granting the title " initiation state master " to sagya gyaincain , while the latter sent envoys to the ming court to hand over his jade seal of authority along with tribute of colored silk and satin , statues of the buddha , buddhist scriptures , and sarira . [ sep ] to the ming court
dreyfus writes that after the phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over tibet in 1434 , several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th dalai lama ' s effective hegemony over tibet . [ sep ] the phagmodrupa
dreyfus writes that after the phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over tibet in 1434 , several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th dalai lama ' s effective hegemony over tibet . [ sep ] 1434
dreyfus writes that after the phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over tibet in 1434 , several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th dalai lama ' s effective hegemony over tibet . [ sep ] 1642
dreyfus writes that after the phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over tibet in 1434 , several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th dalai lama ' s effective hegemony over tibet . [ sep ] hegemonies
the ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the karmapa kargyu , but the latter had previously declined mongol invitations to receive titles . when the ming yongle emperor invited je tsongkhapa ( 1357 – 1419 ) , founder of the gelug school , to come to the ming court and pay tribute , the latter declined . wang and nyima write that this was due to old age and physical weakness , and also because of efforts being made to build three major monasteries . chen qingying states that tsongkhapa wrote a letter to decline the emperor ' s invitation , and in this reply , tsongkhapa wrote : [ sep ] the karmapa kargyu
the ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the karmapa kargyu , but the latter had previously declined mongol invitations to receive titles . when the ming yongle emperor invited je tsongkhapa ( 1357 – 1419 ) , founder of the gelug school , to come to the ming court and pay tribute , the latter declined . wang and nyima write that this was due to old age and physical weakness , and also because of efforts being made to build three major monasteries . chen qingying states that tsongkhapa wrote a letter to decline the emperor ' s invitation , and in this reply , tsongkhapa wrote : [ sep ] mongol
the ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the karmapa kargyu , but the latter had previously declined mongol invitations to receive titles . when the ming yongle emperor invited je tsongkhapa ( 1357 – 1419 ) , founder of the gelug school , to come to the ming court and pay tribute , the latter declined . wang and nyima write that this was due to old age and physical weakness , and also because of efforts being made to build three major monasteries . chen qingying states that tsongkhapa wrote a letter to decline the emperor ' s invitation , and in this reply , tsongkhapa wrote : [ sep ] je tsongkhapa
the ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the karmapa kargyu , but the latter had previously declined mongol invitations to receive titles . when the ming yongle emperor invited je tsongkhapa ( 1357 – 1419 ) , founder of the gelug school , to come to the ming court and pay tribute , the latter declined . wang and nyima write that this was due to old age and physical weakness , and also because of efforts being made to build three major monasteries . chen qingying states that tsongkhapa wrote a letter to decline the emperor ' s invitation , and in this reply , tsongkhapa wrote : [ sep ] the ming yongle emperor
the ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the karmapa kargyu , but the latter had previously declined mongol invitations to receive titles . when the ming yongle emperor invited je tsongkhapa ( 1357 – 1419 ) , founder of the gelug school , to come to the ming court and pay tribute , the latter declined . wang and nyima write that this was due to old age and physical weakness , and also because of efforts being made to build three major monasteries . chen qingying states that tsongkhapa wrote a letter to decline the emperor ' s invitation , and in this reply , tsongkhapa wrote : [ sep ] tsongkhapa
a . tom grunfeld says that tsongkhapa claimed ill health in his refusal to appear at the ming court , while rossabi adds that tsongkhapa cited the " length and arduousness of the journey " to china as another reason not to make an appearance . this first request by the ming was made in 1407 , but the ming court sent another embassy in 1413 , this one led by the eunuch hou xian ( [unk] [unk] ; fl . 1403 – 1427 ) , which was again refused by tsongkhapa . rossabi writes that tsongkhapa did not want to entirely alienate the ming court , so he sent his disciple chosrje shakya yeshes to nanjing in 1414 on his behalf , and upon his arrival in 1415 the yongle emperor bestowed upon him the title of " state teacher " — the same title earlier awarded the phagmodrupa ruler of tibet . the xuande emperor ( r . 1425 – 1435 ) even granted this disciple chosrje shakya yeshes the title of a " king " ( 王 ) . this title does not appear to have held any practical meaning , or to have given its holder any power , at tsongkhapa ' s ganden monastery . wylie notes that this — like the karma kargyu — cannot be seen as a reappointment of mongol yuan offices , since the gelug school was created after the fall of the yuan dynasty . [ sep ] 1407
a . tom grunfeld says that tsongkhapa claimed ill health in his refusal to appear at the ming court , while rossabi adds that tsongkhapa cited the " length and arduousness of the journey " to china as another reason not to make an appearance . this first request by the ming was made in 1407 , but the ming court sent another embassy in 1413 , this one led by the eunuch hou xian ( [unk] [unk] ; fl . 1403 – 1427 ) , which was again refused by tsongkhapa . rossabi writes that tsongkhapa did not want to entirely alienate the ming court , so he sent his disciple chosrje shakya yeshes to nanjing in 1414 on his behalf , and upon his arrival in 1415 the yongle emperor bestowed upon him the title of " state teacher " — the same title earlier awarded the phagmodrupa ruler of tibet . the xuande emperor ( r . 1425 – 1435 ) even granted this disciple chosrje shakya yeshes the title of a " king " ( 王 ) . this title does not appear to have held any practical meaning , or to have given its holder any power , at tsongkhapa ' s ganden monastery . wylie notes that this — like the karma kargyu — cannot be seen as a reappointment of mongol yuan offices , since the gelug school was created after the fall of the yuan dynasty . [ sep ] 1413
a . tom grunfeld says that tsongkhapa claimed ill health in his refusal to appear at the ming court , while rossabi adds that tsongkhapa cited the " length and arduousness of the journey " to china as another reason not to make an appearance . this first request by the ming was made in 1407 , but the ming court sent another embassy in 1413 , this one led by the eunuch hou xian ( [unk] [unk] ; fl . 1403 – 1427 ) , which was again refused by tsongkhapa . rossabi writes that tsongkhapa did not want to entirely alienate the ming court , so he sent his disciple chosrje shakya yeshes to nanjing in 1414 on his behalf , and upon his arrival in 1415 the yongle emperor bestowed upon him the title of " state teacher " — the same title earlier awarded the phagmodrupa ruler of tibet . the xuande emperor ( r . 1425 – 1435 ) even granted this disciple chosrje shakya yeshes the title of a " king " ( 王 ) . this title does not appear to have held any practical meaning , or to have given its holder any power , at tsongkhapa ' s ganden monastery . wylie notes that this — like the karma kargyu — cannot be seen as a reappointment of mongol yuan offices , since the gelug school was created after the fall of the yuan dynasty . [ sep ] his disciple chosrje shakya yeshes
a . tom grunfeld says that tsongkhapa claimed ill health in his refusal to appear at the ming court , while rossabi adds that tsongkhapa cited the " length and arduousness of the journey " to china as another reason not to make an appearance . this first request by the ming was made in 1407 , but the ming court sent another embassy in 1413 , this one led by the eunuch hou xian ( [unk] [unk] ; fl . 1403 – 1427 ) , which was again refused by tsongkhapa . rossabi writes that tsongkhapa did not want to entirely alienate the ming court , so he sent his disciple chosrje shakya yeshes to nanjing in 1414 on his behalf , and upon his arrival in 1415 the yongle emperor bestowed upon him the title of " state teacher " — the same title earlier awarded the phagmodrupa ruler of tibet . the xuande emperor ( r . 1425 – 1435 ) even granted this disciple chosrje shakya yeshes the title of a " king " ( 王 ) . this title does not appear to have held any practical meaning , or to have given its holder any power , at tsongkhapa ' s ganden monastery . wylie notes that this — like the karma kargyu — cannot be seen as a reappointment of mongol yuan offices , since the gelug school was created after the fall of the yuan dynasty . [ sep ] 1414
dawa norbu argues that modern chinese communist historians tend to be in favor of the view that the ming simply reappointed old yuan dynasty officials in tibet and perpetuated their rule of tibet in this manner . norbu writes that , although this would have been true for the eastern tibetan regions of amdo and kham ' s " tribute - cum - trade " relations with the ming , it was untrue if applied to the western tibetan regions of u - tsang and ngari . after the phagmodrupa changchub gyaltsen , these were ruled by " three successive nationalistic regimes , " which norbu writes " communist historians prefer to ignore . " [ sep ] dawa norbu
apple ' s application to the united states patent and trademark office for a patent on " rotational user inputs " , as used on the ipod interface , received a third " non - final rejection " ( nfr ) in august 2005 . also in august 2005 , creative technology , one of apple ' s main rivals in the mp3 player market , announced that it held a patent on part of the music selection interface used by the ipod line , which creative technology dubbed the " zen patent " , granted on august 9 , 2005 . on may 15 , 2006 , creative filed another suit against apple with the united states district court for the northern district of california . creative also asked the united states international trade commission to investigate whether apple was breaching u . s . trade laws by importing ipods into the united states . [ sep ] rotational user inputs
apple ' s application to the united states patent and trademark office for a patent on " rotational user inputs " , as used on the ipod interface , received a third " non - final rejection " ( nfr ) in august 2005 . also in august 2005 , creative technology , one of apple ' s main rivals in the mp3 player market , announced that it held a patent on part of the music selection interface used by the ipod line , which creative technology dubbed the " zen patent " , granted on august 9 , 2005 . on may 15 , 2006 , creative filed another suit against apple with the united states district court for the northern district of california . creative also asked the united states international trade commission to investigate whether apple was breaching u . s . trade laws by importing ipods into the united states . [ sep ] august 2005
apple ' s application to the united states patent and trademark office for a patent on " rotational user inputs " , as used on the ipod interface , received a third " non - final rejection " ( nfr ) in august 2005 . also in august 2005 , creative technology , one of apple ' s main rivals in the mp3 player market , announced that it held a patent on part of the music selection interface used by the ipod line , which creative technology dubbed the " zen patent " , granted on august 9 , 2005 . on may 15 , 2006 , creative filed another suit against apple with the united states district court for the northern district of california . creative also asked the united states international trade commission to investigate whether apple was breaching u . s . trade laws by importing ipods into the united states . [ sep ] creative technology
apple ' s application to the united states patent and trademark office for a patent on " rotational user inputs " , as used on the ipod interface , received a third " non - final rejection " ( nfr ) in august 2005 . also in august 2005 , creative technology , one of apple ' s main rivals in the mp3 player market , announced that it held a patent on part of the music selection interface used by the ipod line , which creative technology dubbed the " zen patent " , granted on august 9 , 2005 . on may 15 , 2006 , creative filed another suit against apple with the united states district court for the northern district of california . creative also asked the united states international trade commission to investigate whether apple was breaching u . s . trade laws by importing ipods into the united states . [ sep ] zen patent
apple ' s application to the united states patent and trademark office for a patent on " rotational user inputs " , as used on the ipod interface , received a third " non - final rejection " ( nfr ) in august 2005 . also in august 2005 , creative technology , one of apple ' s main rivals in the mp3 player market , announced that it held a patent on part of the music selection interface used by the ipod line , which creative technology dubbed the " zen patent " , granted on august 9 , 2005 . on may 15 , 2006 , creative filed another suit against apple with the united states district court for the northern district of california . creative also asked the united states international trade commission to investigate whether apple was breaching u . s . trade laws by importing ipods into the united states . [ sep ] united states international trade commission
on august 24 , 2006 , apple and creative announced a broad settlement to end their legal disputes . apple will pay creative us $ 100 million for a paid - up license , to use creative ' s awarded patent in all apple products . as part of the agreement , apple will recoup part of its payment , if creative is successful in licensing the patent . creative then announced its intention to produce ipod accessories by joining the made for ipod program . [ sep ] august 24 , 2006
on august 24 , 2006 , apple and creative announced a broad settlement to end their legal disputes . apple will pay creative us $ 100 million for a paid - up license , to use creative ' s awarded patent in all apple products . as part of the agreement , apple will recoup part of its payment , if creative is successful in licensing the patent . creative then announced its intention to produce ipod accessories by joining the made for ipod program . [ sep ] $ 100 million
on august 24 , 2006 , apple and creative announced a broad settlement to end their legal disputes . apple will pay creative us $ 100 million for a paid - up license , to use creative ' s awarded patent in all apple products . as part of the agreement , apple will recoup part of its payment , if creative is successful in licensing the patent . creative then announced its intention to produce ipod accessories by joining the made for ipod program . [ sep ] made for ipod
since october 2004 , the ipod line has dominated digital music player sales in the united states , with over 90 % of the market for hard drive - based players and over 70 % of the market for all types of players . during the year from january 2004 to january 2005 , the high rate of sales caused its u . s . market share to increase from 31 % to 65 % and in july 2005 , this market share was measured at 74 % . in january 2007 the ipod market share reached 72 . 7 % according to bloomberg online . [ sep ] 90 %
since october 2004 , the ipod line has dominated digital music player sales in the united states , with over 90 % of the market for hard drive - based players and over 70 % of the market for all types of players . during the year from january 2004 to january 2005 , the high rate of sales caused its u . s . market share to increase from 31 % to 65 % and in july 2005 , this market share was measured at 74 % . in january 2007 the ipod market share reached 72 . 7 % according to bloomberg online . [ sep ] 2004
since october 2004 , the ipod line has dominated digital music player sales in the united states , with over 90 % of the market for hard drive - based players and over 70 % of the market for all types of players . during the year from january 2004 to january 2005 , the high rate of sales caused its u . s . market share to increase from 31 % to 65 % and in july 2005 , this market share was measured at 74 % . in january 2007 the ipod market share reached 72 . 7 % according to bloomberg online . [ sep ] 72 . 7 %
since october 2004 , the ipod line has dominated digital music player sales in the united states , with over 90 % of the market for hard drive - based players and over 70 % of the market for all types of players . during the year from january 2004 to january 2005 , the high rate of sales caused its u . s . market share to increase from 31 % to 65 % and in july 2005 , this market share was measured at 74 % . in january 2007 the ipod market share reached 72 . 7 % according to bloomberg online . [ sep ] bloomberg online
laird writes that the ming appointed titles to eastern tibetan princes , and that " these alliances with eastern tibetan principalities are the evidence china now produces for its assertion that the ming ruled tibet , " despite the fact that the ming did not send an army to replace the mongols after they left tibet . yiu yung - chin states that the furthest western extent of the ming dynasty ' s territory was gansu , sichuan , and yunnan while " the ming did not possess tibet . " [ sep ] eastern tibetan princes
laird writes that the ming appointed titles to eastern tibetan princes , and that " these alliances with eastern tibetan principalities are the evidence china now produces for its assertion that the ming ruled tibet , " despite the fact that the ming did not send an army to replace the mongols after they left tibet . yiu yung - chin states that the furthest western extent of the ming dynasty ' s territory was gansu , sichuan , and yunnan while " the ming did not possess tibet . " [ sep ] an army
laird writes that the ming appointed titles to eastern tibetan princes , and that " these alliances with eastern tibetan principalities are the evidence china now produces for its assertion that the ming ruled tibet , " despite the fact that the ming did not send an army to replace the mongols after they left tibet . yiu yung - chin states that the furthest western extent of the ming dynasty ' s territory was gansu , sichuan , and yunnan while " the ming did not possess tibet . " [ sep ] tibet
on january 8 , 2004 , hewlett - packard ( hp ) announced that they would sell hp - branded ipods under a license agreement from apple . several new retail channels were used — including wal - mart — and these ipods eventually made up 5 % of all ipod sales . in july 2005 , hp stopped selling ipods due to unfavorable terms and conditions imposed by apple . [ sep ] january 8 , 2004
on january 8 , 2004 , hewlett - packard ( hp ) announced that they would sell hp - branded ipods under a license agreement from apple . several new retail channels were used — including wal - mart — and these ipods eventually made up 5 % of all ipod sales . in july 2005 , hp stopped selling ipods due to unfavorable terms and conditions imposed by apple . [ sep ] hewlett - packard
on january 8 , 2004 , hewlett - packard ( hp ) announced that they would sell hp - branded ipods under a license agreement from apple . several new retail channels were used — including wal - mart — and these ipods eventually made up 5 % of all ipod sales . in july 2005 , hp stopped selling ipods due to unfavorable terms and conditions imposed by apple . [ sep ] wal - mart
on january 8 , 2004 , hewlett - packard ( hp ) announced that they would sell hp - branded ipods under a license agreement from apple . several new retail channels were used — including wal - mart — and these ipods eventually made up 5 % of all ipod sales . in july 2005 , hp stopped selling ipods due to unfavorable terms and conditions imposed by apple . [ sep ] 5 %
on january 8 , 2004 , hewlett - packard ( hp ) announced that they would sell hp - branded ipods under a license agreement from apple . several new retail channels were used — including wal - mart — and these ipods eventually made up 5 % of all ipod sales . in july 2005 , hp stopped selling ipods due to unfavorable terms and conditions imposed by apple . [ sep ] unfavorable
shih - shan henry tsai writes that the yongle emperor sent his eunuch yang sanbao into tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various tibetan princes , while the yongle emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as nepal and tibet . however , van praag states that tibetan rulers upheld their own separate relations with the kingdoms of nepal and kashmir , and at times " engaged in armed confrontation with them . " [ sep ] yang sanbao
shih - shan henry tsai writes that the yongle emperor sent his eunuch yang sanbao into tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various tibetan princes , while the yongle emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as nepal and tibet . however , van praag states that tibetan rulers upheld their own separate relations with the kingdoms of nepal and kashmir , and at times " engaged in armed confrontation with them . " [ sep ] tibet
shih - shan henry tsai writes that the yongle emperor sent his eunuch yang sanbao into tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various tibetan princes , while the yongle emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as nepal and tibet . however , van praag states that tibetan rulers upheld their own separate relations with the kingdoms of nepal and kashmir , and at times " engaged in armed confrontation with them . " [ sep ] 1413
shih - shan henry tsai writes that the yongle emperor sent his eunuch yang sanbao into tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various tibetan princes , while the yongle emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as nepal and tibet . however , van praag states that tibetan rulers upheld their own separate relations with the kingdoms of nepal and kashmir , and at times " engaged in armed confrontation with them . " [ sep ] the allegiance of various tibetan princes
shih - shan henry tsai writes that the yongle emperor sent his eunuch yang sanbao into tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various tibetan princes , while the yongle emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as nepal and tibet . however , van praag states that tibetan rulers upheld their own separate relations with the kingdoms of nepal and kashmir , and at times " engaged in armed confrontation with them . " [ sep ] to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states
even though the gelug exchanged gifts with and sent missions to the ming court up until the 1430s , the gelug was not mentioned in the mingshi or the mingshi lu . on this , historian li tieh - tseng says of tsongkhapa ' s refusal of ming invitations to visit the yongle emperor ' s court : [ sep ] the ming court
even though the gelug exchanged gifts with and sent missions to the ming court up until the 1430s , the gelug was not mentioned in the mingshi or the mingshi lu . on this , historian li tieh - tseng says of tsongkhapa ' s refusal of ming invitations to visit the yongle emperor ' s court : [ sep ] 1430s
even though the gelug exchanged gifts with and sent missions to the ming court up until the 1430s , the gelug was not mentioned in the mingshi or the mingshi lu . on this , historian li tieh - tseng says of tsongkhapa ' s refusal of ming invitations to visit the yongle emperor ' s court : [ sep ] the mingshi or the mingshi lu
wylie asserts that this type of censorship of the history of ming distorts the true picture of the history of sino - tibetan relations , while the ming court granted titles to various lamas regardless of their sectarian affiliations in an ongoing civil war in tibet between competing buddhist factions . wylie argues that ming titles of " king " granted indiscriminately to various tibetan lamas or even their disciples should not be viewed as reappointments to earlier yuan dynasty offices , since the viceregal sakya regime established by the mongols in tibet was overthrown by the phagmodru myriarchy before the ming existed . [ sep ] various lamas
wylie asserts that this type of censorship of the history of ming distorts the true picture of the history of sino - tibetan relations , while the ming court granted titles to various lamas regardless of their sectarian affiliations in an ongoing civil war in tibet between competing buddhist factions . wylie argues that ming titles of " king " granted indiscriminately to various tibetan lamas or even their disciples should not be viewed as reappointments to earlier yuan dynasty offices , since the viceregal sakya regime established by the mongols in tibet was overthrown by the phagmodru myriarchy before the ming existed . [ sep ] the phagmodru myriarchy
helmut hoffman states that the ming upheld the facade of rule over tibet through periodic missions of " tribute emissaries " to the ming court and by granting nominal titles to ruling lamas , but did not actually interfere in tibetan governance . melvyn c . goldstein writes that the ming had no real administrative authority over tibet , as the various titles given to tibetan leaders did not confer authority as the earlier mongol yuan titles had . he asserts that " by conferring titles on tibetans already in power , the ming emperors merely recognized political reality . " hugh edward richardson writes that the ming dynasty exercised no authority over the succession of tibetan ruling families , the phagmodru ( 1354 – 1435 ) , rinpungpa ( 1435 – 1565 ) , and tsangpa ( 1565 – 1642 ) . [ sep ] melvyn c . goldstein
helmut hoffman states that the ming upheld the facade of rule over tibet through periodic missions of " tribute emissaries " to the ming court and by granting nominal titles to ruling lamas , but did not actually interfere in tibetan governance . melvyn c . goldstein writes that the ming had no real administrative authority over tibet , as the various titles given to tibetan leaders did not confer authority as the earlier mongol yuan titles had . he asserts that " by conferring titles on tibetans already in power , the ming emperors merely recognized political reality . " hugh edward richardson writes that the ming dynasty exercised no authority over the succession of tibetan ruling families , the phagmodru ( 1354 – 1435 ) , rinpungpa ( 1435 – 1565 ) , and tsangpa ( 1565 – 1642 ) . [ sep ] 1435 – 1565
helmut hoffman states that the ming upheld the facade of rule over tibet through periodic missions of " tribute emissaries " to the ming court and by granting nominal titles to ruling lamas , but did not actually interfere in tibetan governance . melvyn c . goldstein writes that the ming had no real administrative authority over tibet , as the various titles given to tibetan leaders did not confer authority as the earlier mongol yuan titles had . he asserts that " by conferring titles on tibetans already in power , the ming emperors merely recognized political reality . " hugh edward richardson writes that the ming dynasty exercised no authority over the succession of tibetan ruling families , the phagmodru ( 1354 – 1435 ) , rinpungpa ( 1435 – 1565 ) , and tsangpa ( 1565 – 1642 ) . [ sep ] melvyn c . goldstein
helmut hoffman states that the ming upheld the facade of rule over tibet through periodic missions of " tribute emissaries " to the ming court and by granting nominal titles to ruling lamas , but did not actually interfere in tibetan governance . melvyn c . goldstein writes that the ming had no real administrative authority over tibet , as the various titles given to tibetan leaders did not confer authority as the earlier mongol yuan titles had . he asserts that " by conferring titles on tibetans already in power , the ming emperors merely recognized political reality . " hugh edward richardson writes that the ming dynasty exercised no authority over the succession of tibetan ruling families , the phagmodru ( 1354 – 1435 ) , rinpungpa ( 1435 – 1565 ) , and tsangpa ( 1565 – 1642 ) . [ sep ] 1565 – 1642
in his usurpation of the throne from the jianwen emperor ( r . 1398 – 1402 ) , the yongle emperor was aided by the buddhist monk yao guangxiao , and like his father , the hongwu emperor , the yongle emperor was " well - disposed towards buddhism " , claims rossabi . on march 10 , 1403 , the yongle emperor invited deshin shekpa , 5th karmapa lama ( 1384 – 1415 ) , to his court , even though the fourth karmapa had rejected the invitation of the hongwu emperor . a tibetan translation in the 16th century preserves the letter of the yongle emperor , which the association for asian studies notes is polite and complimentary towards the karmapa . the letter of invitation reads , [ sep ] 1398 – 1402
in his usurpation of the throne from the jianwen emperor ( r . 1398 – 1402 ) , the yongle emperor was aided by the buddhist monk yao guangxiao , and like his father , the hongwu emperor , the yongle emperor was " well - disposed towards buddhism " , claims rossabi . on march 10 , 1403 , the yongle emperor invited deshin shekpa , 5th karmapa lama ( 1384 – 1415 ) , to his court , even though the fourth karmapa had rejected the invitation of the hongwu emperor . a tibetan translation in the 16th century preserves the letter of the yongle emperor , which the association for asian studies notes is polite and complimentary towards the karmapa . the letter of invitation reads , [ sep ] the buddhist monk yao guangxiao
in his usurpation of the throne from the jianwen emperor ( r . 1398 – 1402 ) , the yongle emperor was aided by the buddhist monk yao guangxiao , and like his father , the hongwu emperor , the yongle emperor was " well - disposed towards buddhism " , claims rossabi . on march 10 , 1403 , the yongle emperor invited deshin shekpa , 5th karmapa lama ( 1384 – 1415 ) , to his court , even though the fourth karmapa had rejected the invitation of the hongwu emperor . a tibetan translation in the 16th century preserves the letter of the yongle emperor , which the association for asian studies notes is polite and complimentary towards the karmapa . the letter of invitation reads , [ sep ] the hongwu emperor
in his usurpation of the throne from the jianwen emperor ( r . 1398 – 1402 ) , the yongle emperor was aided by the buddhist monk yao guangxiao , and like his father , the hongwu emperor , the yongle emperor was " well - disposed towards buddhism " , claims rossabi . on march 10 , 1403 , the yongle emperor invited deshin shekpa , 5th karmapa lama ( 1384 – 1415 ) , to his court , even though the fourth karmapa had rejected the invitation of the hongwu emperor . a tibetan translation in the 16th century preserves the letter of the yongle emperor , which the association for asian studies notes is polite and complimentary towards the karmapa . the letter of invitation reads , [ sep ] march 10 , 1403
on april 9 , 2007 , it was announced that apple had sold its one - hundred millionth ipod , making it the biggest selling digital music player of all time . in april 2007 , apple reported second quarter revenue of us $ 5 . 2 billion , of which 32 % was made from ipod sales . apple and several industry analysts suggest that ipod users are likely to purchase other apple products such as mac computers . [ sep ] hundred million
on april 9 , 2007 , it was announced that apple had sold its one - hundred millionth ipod , making it the biggest selling digital music player of all time . in april 2007 , apple reported second quarter revenue of us $ 5 . 2 billion , of which 32 % was made from ipod sales . apple and several industry analysts suggest that ipod users are likely to purchase other apple products such as mac computers . [ sep ] 32 %
on april 9 , 2007 , it was announced that apple had sold its one - hundred millionth ipod , making it the biggest selling digital music player of all time . in april 2007 , apple reported second quarter revenue of us $ 5 . 2 billion , of which 32 % was made from ipod sales . apple and several industry analysts suggest that ipod users are likely to purchase other apple products such as mac computers . [ sep ] mac computers
on april 9 , 2007 , it was announced that apple had sold its one - hundred millionth ipod , making it the biggest selling digital music player of all time . in april 2007 , apple reported second quarter revenue of us $ 5 . 2 billion , of which 32 % was made from ipod sales . apple and several industry analysts suggest that ipod users are likely to purchase other apple products such as mac computers . [ sep ] $ 5 . 2 billion
in order to seek out the karmapa , the yongle emperor dispatched his eunuch hou xian and the buddhist monk zhi guang ( d . 1435 ) to tibet . traveling to lhasa either through qinghai or via the silk road to khotan , hou xian and zhi guang did not return to nanjing until 1407 . [ sep ] hou xian and the buddhist monk zhi guang
in order to seek out the karmapa , the yongle emperor dispatched his eunuch hou xian and the buddhist monk zhi guang ( d . 1435 ) to tibet . traveling to lhasa either through qinghai or via the silk road to khotan , hou xian and zhi guang did not return to nanjing until 1407 . [ sep ] to seek out the karmapa
in order to seek out the karmapa , the yongle emperor dispatched his eunuch hou xian and the buddhist monk zhi guang ( d . 1435 ) to tibet . traveling to lhasa either through qinghai or via the silk road to khotan , hou xian and zhi guang did not return to nanjing until 1407 . [ sep ] 1407
in order to seek out the karmapa , the yongle emperor dispatched his eunuch hou xian and the buddhist monk zhi guang ( d . 1435 ) to tibet . traveling to lhasa either through qinghai or via the silk road to khotan , hou xian and zhi guang did not return to nanjing until 1407 . [ sep ] through qinghai or via the silk road to khotan
on october 22 , 2007 , apple reported quarterly revenue of us $ 6 . 22 billion , of which 30 . 69 % came from apple notebook sales , 19 . 22 % from desktop sales and 26 % from ipod sales . apple ' s 2007 year revenue increased to us $ 24 . 01 billion with us $ 3 . 5 billion in profits . apple ended the fiscal year 2007 with us $ 15 . 4 billion in cash and no debt . [ sep ] $ 6 . 22 billion
on october 22 , 2007 , apple reported quarterly revenue of us $ 6 . 22 billion , of which 30 . 69 % came from apple notebook sales , 19 . 22 % from desktop sales and 26 % from ipod sales . apple ' s 2007 year revenue increased to us $ 24 . 01 billion with us $ 3 . 5 billion in profits . apple ended the fiscal year 2007 with us $ 15 . 4 billion in cash and no debt . [ sep ] 19 . 22 %
on october 22 , 2007 , apple reported quarterly revenue of us $ 6 . 22 billion , of which 30 . 69 % came from apple notebook sales , 19 . 22 % from desktop sales and 26 % from ipod sales . apple ' s 2007 year revenue increased to us $ 24 . 01 billion with us $ 3 . 5 billion in profits . apple ended the fiscal year 2007 with us $ 15 . 4 billion in cash and no debt . [ sep ] $ 3 . 5 billion
on october 22 , 2007 , apple reported quarterly revenue of us $ 6 . 22 billion , of which 30 . 69 % came from apple notebook sales , 19 . 22 % from desktop sales and 26 % from ipod sales . apple ' s 2007 year revenue increased to us $ 24 . 01 billion with us $ 3 . 5 billion in profits . apple ended the fiscal year 2007 with us $ 15 . 4 billion in cash and no debt . [ sep ] $ 15 . 4 billion
during his travels beginning in 1403 , deshin shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the ming court to visit nanjing by april 10 , 1407 . norbu writes that the yongle emperor , following the tradition of mongol emperors and their reverence for the sakya lamas , showed an enormous amount of deference towards deshin shekpa . the yongle emperor came out of the palace in nanjing to greet the karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal . according to karma thinley , the emperor gave the karmapa the place of honor at his left , and on a higher throne than his own . rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by kublai khan and the sakya phagpa lama , writing that kublai would " sit on a lower platform than the tibetan cleric " when receiving religious instructions from him . [ sep ] 1403
during his travels beginning in 1403 , deshin shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the ming court to visit nanjing by april 10 , 1407 . norbu writes that the yongle emperor , following the tradition of mongol emperors and their reverence for the sakya lamas , showed an enormous amount of deference towards deshin shekpa . the yongle emperor came out of the palace in nanjing to greet the karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal . according to karma thinley , the emperor gave the karmapa the place of honor at his left , and on a higher throne than his own . rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by kublai khan and the sakya phagpa lama , writing that kublai would " sit on a lower platform than the tibetan cleric " when receiving religious instructions from him . [ sep ] nanjing
during his travels beginning in 1403 , deshin shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the ming court to visit nanjing by april 10 , 1407 . norbu writes that the yongle emperor , following the tradition of mongol emperors and their reverence for the sakya lamas , showed an enormous amount of deference towards deshin shekpa . the yongle emperor came out of the palace in nanjing to greet the karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal . according to karma thinley , the emperor gave the karmapa the place of honor at his left , and on a higher throne than his own . rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by kublai khan and the sakya phagpa lama , writing that kublai would " sit on a lower platform than the tibetan cleric " when receiving religious instructions from him . [ sep ] the karmapa
during his travels beginning in 1403 , deshin shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the ming court to visit nanjing by april 10 , 1407 . norbu writes that the yongle emperor , following the tradition of mongol emperors and their reverence for the sakya lamas , showed an enormous amount of deference towards deshin shekpa . the yongle emperor came out of the palace in nanjing to greet the karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal . according to karma thinley , the emperor gave the karmapa the place of honor at his left , and on a higher throne than his own . rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by kublai khan and the sakya phagpa lama , writing that kublai would " sit on a lower platform than the tibetan cleric " when receiving religious instructions from him . [ sep ] kublai
during his travels beginning in 1403 , deshin shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the ming court to visit nanjing by april 10 , 1407 . norbu writes that the yongle emperor , following the tradition of mongol emperors and their reverence for the sakya lamas , showed an enormous amount of deference towards deshin shekpa . the yongle emperor came out of the palace in nanjing to greet the karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal . according to karma thinley , the emperor gave the karmapa the place of honor at his left , and on a higher throne than his own . rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by kublai khan and the sakya phagpa lama , writing that kublai would " sit on a lower platform than the tibetan cleric " when receiving religious instructions from him . [ sep ] the yongle emperor
on january 22 , 2008 , apple reported the best quarter revenue and earnings in apple ' s history so far . apple posted record revenue of us $ 9 . 6 billion and record net quarterly profit of us $ 1 . 58 billion . 42 % of apple ' s revenue for the first fiscal quarter of 2008 came from ipod sales , followed by 21 % from notebook sales and 16 % from desktop sales . [ sep ] january 22 , 2008
on january 22 , 2008 , apple reported the best quarter revenue and earnings in apple ' s history so far . apple posted record revenue of us $ 9 . 6 billion and record net quarterly profit of us $ 1 . 58 billion . 42 % of apple ' s revenue for the first fiscal quarter of 2008 came from ipod sales , followed by 21 % from notebook sales and 16 % from desktop sales . [ sep ] $ 1 . 58 billion
on january 22 , 2008 , apple reported the best quarter revenue and earnings in apple ' s history so far . apple posted record revenue of us $ 9 . 6 billion and record net quarterly profit of us $ 1 . 58 billion . 42 % of apple ' s revenue for the first fiscal quarter of 2008 came from ipod sales , followed by 21 % from notebook sales and 16 % from desktop sales . [ sep ] 21 %
on october 21 , 2008 , apple reported that only 14 . 21 % of total revenue for fiscal quarter 4 of year 2008 came from ipods . at the september 9 , 2009 keynote presentation at the apple event , phil schiller announced total cumulative sales of ipods exceeded 220 million . the continual decline of ipod sales since 2009 has not been a surprising trend for the apple corporation , as apple cfo peter oppenheimer explained in june 2009 : " we expect our traditional mp3 players to decline over time as we cannibalize ourselves with the ipod touch and the iphone . " since 2009 , the company ' s ipod sales have continually decreased every financial quarter and in 2013 a new model was not introduced onto the market . [ sep ] peter oppenheimer
on october 21 , 2008 , apple reported that only 14 . 21 % of total revenue for fiscal quarter 4 of year 2008 came from ipods . at the september 9 , 2009 keynote presentation at the apple event , phil schiller announced total cumulative sales of ipods exceeded 220 million . the continual decline of ipod sales since 2009 has not been a surprising trend for the apple corporation , as apple cfo peter oppenheimer explained in june 2009 : " we expect our traditional mp3 players to decline over time as we cannibalize ourselves with the ipod touch and the iphone . " since 2009 , the company ' s ipod sales have continually decreased every financial quarter and in 2013 a new model was not introduced onto the market . [ sep ] 2009
on october 21 , 2008 , apple reported that only 14 . 21 % of total revenue for fiscal quarter 4 of year 2008 came from ipods . at the september 9 , 2009 keynote presentation at the apple event , phil schiller announced total cumulative sales of ipods exceeded 220 million . the continual decline of ipod sales since 2009 has not been a surprising trend for the apple corporation , as apple cfo peter oppenheimer explained in june 2009 : " we expect our traditional mp3 players to decline over time as we cannibalize ourselves with the ipod touch and the iphone . " since 2009 , the company ' s ipod sales have continually decreased every financial quarter and in 2013 a new model was not introduced onto the market . [ sep ] 14 . 21 %
throughout the following month , the yongle emperor and his court showered the karmapa with presents . at linggu temple in nanjing , he presided over the religious ceremonies for the yongle emperor ' s deceased parents , while twenty - two days of his stay were marked by religious miracles that were recorded in five languages on a gigantic scroll that bore the emperor ' s seal . during his stay in nanjing , deshin shekpa was bestowed the title " great treasure prince of dharma " by the yongle emperor . elliot sperling asserts that the yongle emperor , in bestowing deshin shekpa with the title of " king " and praising his mystical abilities and miracles , was trying to build an alliance with the karmapa as the mongols had with the sakya lamas , but deshin shekpa rejected the yongle emperor ' s offer . in fact , this was the same title that kublai khan had offered the sakya phagpa lama , but deshin shekpa persuaded the yongle emperor to grant the title to religious leaders of other tibetan buddhist sects . [ sep ] linggu temple
throughout the following month , the yongle emperor and his court showered the karmapa with presents . at linggu temple in nanjing , he presided over the religious ceremonies for the yongle emperor ' s deceased parents , while twenty - two days of his stay were marked by religious miracles that were recorded in five languages on a gigantic scroll that bore the emperor ' s seal . during his stay in nanjing , deshin shekpa was bestowed the title " great treasure prince of dharma " by the yongle emperor . elliot sperling asserts that the yongle emperor , in bestowing deshin shekpa with the title of " king " and praising his mystical abilities and miracles , was trying to build an alliance with the karmapa as the mongols had with the sakya lamas , but deshin shekpa rejected the yongle emperor ' s offer . in fact , this was the same title that kublai khan had offered the sakya phagpa lama , but deshin shekpa persuaded the yongle emperor to grant the title to religious leaders of other tibetan buddhist sects . [ sep ] nanjing
throughout the following month , the yongle emperor and his court showered the karmapa with presents . at linggu temple in nanjing , he presided over the religious ceremonies for the yongle emperor ' s deceased parents , while twenty - two days of his stay were marked by religious miracles that were recorded in five languages on a gigantic scroll that bore the emperor ' s seal . during his stay in nanjing , deshin shekpa was bestowed the title " great treasure prince of dharma " by the yongle emperor . elliot sperling asserts that the yongle emperor , in bestowing deshin shekpa with the title of " king " and praising his mystical abilities and miracles , was trying to build an alliance with the karmapa as the mongols had with the sakya lamas , but deshin shekpa rejected the yongle emperor ' s offer . in fact , this was the same title that kublai khan had offered the sakya phagpa lama , but deshin shekpa persuaded the yongle emperor to grant the title to religious leaders of other tibetan buddhist sects . [ sep ] great treasure prince of dharma
throughout the following month , the yongle emperor and his court showered the karmapa with presents . at linggu temple in nanjing , he presided over the religious ceremonies for the yongle emperor ' s deceased parents , while twenty - two days of his stay were marked by religious miracles that were recorded in five languages on a gigantic scroll that bore the emperor ' s seal . during his stay in nanjing , deshin shekpa was bestowed the title " great treasure prince of dharma " by the yongle emperor . elliot sperling asserts that the yongle emperor , in bestowing deshin shekpa with the title of " king " and praising his mystical abilities and miracles , was trying to build an alliance with the karmapa as the mongols had with the sakya lamas , but deshin shekpa rejected the yongle emperor ' s offer . in fact , this was the same title that kublai khan had offered the sakya phagpa lama , but deshin shekpa persuaded the yongle emperor to grant the title to religious leaders of other tibetan buddhist sects . [ sep ] religious leaders of other tibetan buddhist sects
ipods have won several awards ranging from engineering excellence , [ not in citation given ] to most innovative audio product , to fourth best computer product of 2006 . ipods often receive favorable reviews ; scoring on looks , clean design , and ease of use . pc world says that ipod line has " altered the landscape for portable audio players " . several industries are modifying their products to work better with both the ipod line and the aac audio format . examples include cd copy - protection schemes , and mobile phones , such as phones from sony ericsson and nokia , which play aac files rather than wma . [ sep ] fourth
ipods have won several awards ranging from engineering excellence , [ not in citation given ] to most innovative audio product , to fourth best computer product of 2006 . ipods often receive favorable reviews ; scoring on looks , clean design , and ease of use . pc world says that ipod line has " altered the landscape for portable audio players " . several industries are modifying their products to work better with both the ipod line and the aac audio format . examples include cd copy - protection schemes , and mobile phones , such as phones from sony ericsson and nokia , which play aac files rather than wma . [ sep ] favorable
ipods have won several awards ranging from engineering excellence , [ not in citation given ] to most innovative audio product , to fourth best computer product of 2006 . ipods often receive favorable reviews ; scoring on looks , clean design , and ease of use . pc world says that ipod line has " altered the landscape for portable audio players " . several industries are modifying their products to work better with both the ipod line and the aac audio format . examples include cd copy - protection schemes , and mobile phones , such as phones from sony ericsson and nokia , which play aac files rather than wma . [ sep ] sony ericsson and nokia
ipods have won several awards ranging from engineering excellence , [ not in citation given ] to most innovative audio product , to fourth best computer product of 2006 . ipods often receive favorable reviews ; scoring on looks , clean design , and ease of use . pc world says that ipod line has " altered the landscape for portable audio players " . several industries are modifying their products to work better with both the ipod line and the aac audio format . examples include cd copy - protection schemes , and mobile phones , such as phones from sony ericsson and nokia , which play aac files rather than wma . [ sep ] wma
ipods have won several awards ranging from engineering excellence , [ not in citation given ] to most innovative audio product , to fourth best computer product of 2006 . ipods often receive favorable reviews ; scoring on looks , clean design , and ease of use . pc world says that ipod line has " altered the landscape for portable audio players " . several industries are modifying their products to work better with both the ipod line and the aac audio format . examples include cd copy - protection schemes , and mobile phones , such as phones from sony ericsson and nokia , which play aac files rather than wma . [ sep ] pc world
besides earning a reputation as a respected entertainment device , the ipod has also been accepted as a business device . government departments , major institutions and international organisations have turned to the ipod line as a delivery mechanism for business communication and training , such as the royal and western infirmaries in glasgow , scotland , where ipods are used to train new staff . [ sep ] business
besides earning a reputation as a respected entertainment device , the ipod has also been accepted as a business device . government departments , major institutions and international organisations have turned to the ipod line as a delivery mechanism for business communication and training , such as the royal and western infirmaries in glasgow , scotland , where ipods are used to train new staff . [ sep ] communication and training
besides earning a reputation as a respected entertainment device , the ipod has also been accepted as a business device . government departments , major institutions and international organisations have turned to the ipod line as a delivery mechanism for business communication and training , such as the royal and western infirmaries in glasgow , scotland , where ipods are used to train new staff . [ sep ] royal and western infirmaries
besides earning a reputation as a respected entertainment device , the ipod has also been accepted as a business device . government departments , major institutions and international organisations have turned to the ipod line as a delivery mechanism for business communication and training , such as the royal and western infirmaries in glasgow , scotland , where ipods are used to train new staff . [ sep ] glasgow , scotland
ipods have also gained popularity for use in education . apple offers more information on educational uses for ipods on their website , including a collection of lesson plans . there has also been academic research done in this area in nursing education and more general k - 16 education . duke university provided ipods to all incoming freshmen in the fall of 2004 , and the ipod program continues today with modifications . entertainment weekly put it on its end - of - the - decade , " best - of " list , saying , " yes , children , there really was a time when we roamed the earth without thousands of our favorite jams tucked comfortably into our hip pockets . weird . " [ sep ] duke
ipods have also gained popularity for use in education . apple offers more information on educational uses for ipods on their website , including a collection of lesson plans . there has also been academic research done in this area in nursing education and more general k - 16 education . duke university provided ipods to all incoming freshmen in the fall of 2004 , and the ipod program continues today with modifications . entertainment weekly put it on its end - of - the - decade , " best - of " list , saying , " yes , children , there really was a time when we roamed the earth without thousands of our favorite jams tucked comfortably into our hip pockets . weird . " [ sep ] entertainment weekly
the ipod has also been credited with accelerating shifts within the music industry . the ipod ' s popularization of digital music storage allows users to abandon listening to entire albums and instead be able to choose specific singles which hastened the end of the album era in popular music . [ sep ] the album era
the ipod has also been credited with accelerating shifts within the music industry . the ipod ' s popularization of digital music storage allows users to abandon listening to entire albums and instead be able to choose specific singles which hastened the end of the album era in popular music . [ sep ] music industry
the ipod has also been credited with accelerating shifts within the music industry . the ipod ' s popularization of digital music storage allows users to abandon listening to entire albums and instead be able to choose specific singles which hastened the end of the album era in popular music . [ sep ] digital music storage
tibetan sources say deshin shekpa also persuaded the yongle emperor not to impose his military might on tibet as the mongols had previously done . thinley writes that before the karmapa returned to tibet , the yongle emperor began planning to send a military force into tibet to forcibly give the karmapa authority over all the tibetan buddhist schools but deshin shekpa dissuaded him . however , hok - lam chan states that " there is little evidence that this was ever the emperor ' s intention " and that evidence indicates that deshin skekpa was invited strictly for religious purposes . [ sep ] the mongols
tibetan sources say deshin shekpa also persuaded the yongle emperor not to impose his military might on tibet as the mongols had previously done . thinley writes that before the karmapa returned to tibet , the yongle emperor began planning to send a military force into tibet to forcibly give the karmapa authority over all the tibetan buddhist schools but deshin shekpa dissuaded him . however , hok - lam chan states that " there is little evidence that this was ever the emperor ' s intention " and that evidence indicates that deshin skekpa was invited strictly for religious purposes . [ sep ] religious purposes
tibetan sources say deshin shekpa also persuaded the yongle emperor not to impose his military might on tibet as the mongols had previously done . thinley writes that before the karmapa returned to tibet , the yongle emperor began planning to send a military force into tibet to forcibly give the karmapa authority over all the tibetan buddhist schools but deshin shekpa dissuaded him . however , hok - lam chan states that " there is little evidence that this was ever the emperor ' s intention " and that evidence indicates that deshin skekpa was invited strictly for religious purposes . [ sep ] to send a military force into tibet
tibetan sources say deshin shekpa also persuaded the yongle emperor not to impose his military might on tibet as the mongols had previously done . thinley writes that before the karmapa returned to tibet , the yongle emperor began planning to send a military force into tibet to forcibly give the karmapa authority over all the tibetan buddhist schools but deshin shekpa dissuaded him . however , hok - lam chan states that " there is little evidence that this was ever the emperor ' s intention " and that evidence indicates that deshin skekpa was invited strictly for religious purposes . [ sep ] to forcibly give the karmapa authority over all the tibetan buddhist schools
tibetan sources say deshin shekpa also persuaded the yongle emperor not to impose his military might on tibet as the mongols had previously done . thinley writes that before the karmapa returned to tibet , the yongle emperor began planning to send a military force into tibet to forcibly give the karmapa authority over all the tibetan buddhist schools but deshin shekpa dissuaded him . however , hok - lam chan states that " there is little evidence that this was ever the emperor ' s intention " and that evidence indicates that deshin skekpa was invited strictly for religious purposes . [ sep ] deshin shekpa
the advertised battery life on most models is different from the real - world achievable life . for example , the fifth generation 30 gb ipod is advertised as having up to 14 hours of music playback . an mp3 . com report stated that this was virtually unachievable under real - life usage conditions , with a writer for mp3 . com getting on average less than 8 hours from an ipod . in 2003 , class action lawsuits were brought against apple complaining that the battery charges lasted for shorter lengths of time than stated and that the battery degraded over time . the lawsuits were settled by offering individuals either us $ 50 store credit or a free battery replacement . [ sep ] 14 hours
the advertised battery life on most models is different from the real - world achievable life . for example , the fifth generation 30 gb ipod is advertised as having up to 14 hours of music playback . an mp3 . com report stated that this was virtually unachievable under real - life usage conditions , with a writer for mp3 . com getting on average less than 8 hours from an ipod . in 2003 , class action lawsuits were brought against apple complaining that the battery charges lasted for shorter lengths of time than stated and that the battery degraded over time . the lawsuits were settled by offering individuals either us $ 50 store credit or a free battery replacement . [ sep ] mp3 . com
the advertised battery life on most models is different from the real - world achievable life . for example , the fifth generation 30 gb ipod is advertised as having up to 14 hours of music playback . an mp3 . com report stated that this was virtually unachievable under real - life usage conditions , with a writer for mp3 . com getting on average less than 8 hours from an ipod . in 2003 , class action lawsuits were brought against apple complaining that the battery charges lasted for shorter lengths of time than stated and that the battery degraded over time . the lawsuits were settled by offering individuals either us $ 50 store credit or a free battery replacement . [ sep ] 2003
ipod batteries are not designed to be removed or replaced by the user , although some users have been able to open the case themselves , usually following instructions from third - party vendors of ipod replacement batteries . compounding the problem , apple initially would not replace worn - out batteries . the official policy was that the customer should buy a refurbished replacement ipod , at a cost almost equivalent to a brand new one . all lithium - ion batteries lose capacity during their lifetime even when not in use ( guidelines are available for prolonging life - span ) and this situation led to a market for third - party battery replacement kits . [ sep ] third - party vendors
ipod batteries are not designed to be removed or replaced by the user , although some users have been able to open the case themselves , usually following instructions from third - party vendors of ipod replacement batteries . compounding the problem , apple initially would not replace worn - out batteries . the official policy was that the customer should buy a refurbished replacement ipod , at a cost almost equivalent to a brand new one . all lithium - ion batteries lose capacity during their lifetime even when not in use ( guidelines are available for prolonging life - span ) and this situation led to a market for third - party battery replacement kits . [ sep ] refurbished replacement ipod
ipod batteries are not designed to be removed or replaced by the user , although some users have been able to open the case themselves , usually following instructions from third - party vendors of ipod replacement batteries . compounding the problem , apple initially would not replace worn - out batteries . the official policy was that the customer should buy a refurbished replacement ipod , at a cost almost equivalent to a brand new one . all lithium - ion batteries lose capacity during their lifetime even when not in use ( guidelines are available for prolonging life - span ) and this situation led to a market for third - party battery replacement kits . [ sep ] lithium - ion
apple announced a battery replacement program on november 14 , 2003 , a week before a high publicity stunt and website by the neistat brothers . the initial cost was us $ 99 , and it was lowered to us $ 59 in 2005 . one week later , apple offered an extended ipod warranty for us $ 59 . for the ipod nano , soldering tools are needed because the battery is soldered onto the main board . fifth generation ipods have their battery attached to the backplate with adhesive . [ sep ] battery replacement program
apple announced a battery replacement program on november 14 , 2003 , a week before a high publicity stunt and website by the neistat brothers . the initial cost was us $ 99 , and it was lowered to us $ 59 in 2005 . one week later , apple offered an extended ipod warranty for us $ 59 . for the ipod nano , soldering tools are needed because the battery is soldered onto the main board . fifth generation ipods have their battery attached to the backplate with adhesive . [ sep ] $ 99
apple announced a battery replacement program on november 14 , 2003 , a week before a high publicity stunt and website by the neistat brothers . the initial cost was us $ 99 , and it was lowered to us $ 59 in 2005 . one week later , apple offered an extended ipod warranty for us $ 59 . for the ipod nano , soldering tools are needed because the battery is soldered onto the main board . fifth generation ipods have their battery attached to the backplate with adhesive . [ sep ] soldering tools
apple announced a battery replacement program on november 14 , 2003 , a week before a high publicity stunt and website by the neistat brothers . the initial cost was us $ 99 , and it was lowered to us $ 59 in 2005 . one week later , apple offered an extended ipod warranty for us $ 59 . for the ipod nano , soldering tools are needed because the battery is soldered onto the main board . fifth generation ipods have their battery attached to the backplate with adhesive . [ sep ] fifth generation
marsha weidner states that deshin shekpa ' s miracles " testified to the power of both the emperor and his guru and served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor ' s problematic succession to the throne , " referring to the yongle emperor ' s conflict with the previous jianwen emperor . tsai writes that deshin shekpa aided the legitimacy of the yongle emperor ' s rule by providing him with portents and omens which demonstrated heaven ' s favor of the yongle emperor on the ming throne . [ sep ] jianwen emperor
marsha weidner states that deshin shekpa ' s miracles " testified to the power of both the emperor and his guru and served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor ' s problematic succession to the throne , " referring to the yongle emperor ' s conflict with the previous jianwen emperor . tsai writes that deshin shekpa aided the legitimacy of the yongle emperor ' s rule by providing him with portents and omens which demonstrated heaven ' s favor of the yongle emperor on the ming throne . [ sep ] deshin shekpa
marsha weidner states that deshin shekpa ' s miracles " testified to the power of both the emperor and his guru and served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor ' s problematic succession to the throne , " referring to the yongle emperor ' s conflict with the previous jianwen emperor . tsai writes that deshin shekpa aided the legitimacy of the yongle emperor ' s rule by providing him with portents and omens which demonstrated heaven ' s favor of the yongle emperor on the ming throne . [ sep ] deshin shekpa ' s miracles
the first generation ipod nano may overheat and pose a health and safety risk . affected ipod nanos were sold between september 2005 and december 2006 . this is due to a flawed battery used by apple from a single battery manufacturer . apple recommended that owners of affected ipod nanos stop using them . under an apple product replacement program , affected nanos were replaced with current generation nanos free of charge . [ sep ] battery
the first generation ipod nano may overheat and pose a health and safety risk . affected ipod nanos were sold between september 2005 and december 2006 . this is due to a flawed battery used by apple from a single battery manufacturer . apple recommended that owners of affected ipod nanos stop using them . under an apple product replacement program , affected nanos were replaced with current generation nanos free of charge . [ sep ] apple product replacement program
ipods have been criticized for alleged short life - span and fragile hard drives . a 2005 survey conducted on the macintouch website found that the ipod line had an average failure rate of 13 . 7 % ( although they note that comments from respondents indicate that " the true ipod failure rate may be lower than it appears " ) . it concluded that some models were more durable than others . in particular , failure rates for ipods employing hard drives was usually above 20 % while those with flash memory had a failure rate below 10 % . in late 2005 , many users complained that the surface of the first generation ipod nano can become scratched easily , rendering the screen unusable . a class action lawsuit was also filed . apple initially considered the issue a minor defect , but later began shipping these ipods with protective sleeves . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] short life - span and fragile hard drives
ipods have been criticized for alleged short life - span and fragile hard drives . a 2005 survey conducted on the macintouch website found that the ipod line had an average failure rate of 13 . 7 % ( although they note that comments from respondents indicate that " the true ipod failure rate may be lower than it appears " ) . it concluded that some models were more durable than others . in particular , failure rates for ipods employing hard drives was usually above 20 % while those with flash memory had a failure rate below 10 % . in late 2005 , many users complained that the surface of the first generation ipod nano can become scratched easily , rendering the screen unusable . a class action lawsuit was also filed . apple initially considered the issue a minor defect , but later began shipping these ipods with protective sleeves . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] macintouch
ipods have been criticized for alleged short life - span and fragile hard drives . a 2005 survey conducted on the macintouch website found that the ipod line had an average failure rate of 13 . 7 % ( although they note that comments from respondents indicate that " the true ipod failure rate may be lower than it appears " ) . it concluded that some models were more durable than others . in particular , failure rates for ipods employing hard drives was usually above 20 % while those with flash memory had a failure rate below 10 % . in late 2005 , many users complained that the surface of the first generation ipod nano can become scratched easily , rendering the screen unusable . a class action lawsuit was also filed . apple initially considered the issue a minor defect , but later began shipping these ipods with protective sleeves . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] 13 . 7 %
ipods have been criticized for alleged short life - span and fragile hard drives . a 2005 survey conducted on the macintouch website found that the ipod line had an average failure rate of 13 . 7 % ( although they note that comments from respondents indicate that " the true ipod failure rate may be lower than it appears " ) . it concluded that some models were more durable than others . in particular , failure rates for ipods employing hard drives was usually above 20 % while those with flash memory had a failure rate below 10 % . in late 2005 , many users complained that the surface of the first generation ipod nano can become scratched easily , rendering the screen unusable . a class action lawsuit was also filed . apple initially considered the issue a minor defect , but later began shipping these ipods with protective sleeves . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] late 2005
ipods have been criticized for alleged short life - span and fragile hard drives . a 2005 survey conducted on the macintouch website found that the ipod line had an average failure rate of 13 . 7 % ( although they note that comments from respondents indicate that " the true ipod failure rate may be lower than it appears " ) . it concluded that some models were more durable than others . in particular , failure rates for ipods employing hard drives was usually above 20 % while those with flash memory had a failure rate below 10 % . in late 2005 , many users complained that the surface of the first generation ipod nano can become scratched easily , rendering the screen unusable . a class action lawsuit was also filed . apple initially considered the issue a minor defect , but later began shipping these ipods with protective sleeves . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] protective sleeves
on june 11 , 2006 , the british tabloid the mail on sunday reported that ipods are mainly manufactured by workers who earn no more than us $ 50 per month and work 15 - hour shifts . apple investigated the case with independent auditors and found that , while some of the plant ' s labour practices met apple ' s code of conduct , others did not : employees worked over 60 hours a week for 35 % of the time , and worked more than six consecutive days for 25 % of the time . [ sep ] the mail on sunday
on june 11 , 2006 , the british tabloid the mail on sunday reported that ipods are mainly manufactured by workers who earn no more than us $ 50 per month and work 15 - hour shifts . apple investigated the case with independent auditors and found that , while some of the plant ' s labour practices met apple ' s code of conduct , others did not : employees worked over 60 hours a week for 35 % of the time , and worked more than six consecutive days for 25 % of the time . [ sep ] apple ' s code of conduct
on june 11 , 2006 , the british tabloid the mail on sunday reported that ipods are mainly manufactured by workers who earn no more than us $ 50 per month and work 15 - hour shifts . apple investigated the case with independent auditors and found that , while some of the plant ' s labour practices met apple ' s code of conduct , others did not : employees worked over 60 hours a week for 35 % of the time , and worked more than six consecutive days for 25 % of the time . [ sep ] 25
foxconn , apple ' s manufacturer , initially denied the abuses , but when an auditing team from apple found that workers had been working longer hours than were allowed under chinese law , they promised to prevent workers working more hours than the code allowed . apple hired a workplace standards auditing company , verite , and joined the electronic industry code of conduct implementation group to oversee the measures . on december 31 , 2006 , workers at the foxconn factory in longhua , shenzhen formed a union affiliated with the all - china federation of trade unions , the chinese government - approved union umbrella organization . [ sep ] verite
foxconn , apple ' s manufacturer , initially denied the abuses , but when an auditing team from apple found that workers had been working longer hours than were allowed under chinese law , they promised to prevent workers working more hours than the code allowed . apple hired a workplace standards auditing company , verite , and joined the electronic industry code of conduct implementation group to oversee the measures . on december 31 , 2006 , workers at the foxconn factory in longhua , shenzhen formed a union affiliated with the all - china federation of trade unions , the chinese government - approved union umbrella organization . [ sep ] electronic industry code of conduct implementation group
foxconn , apple ' s manufacturer , initially denied the abuses , but when an auditing team from apple found that workers had been working longer hours than were allowed under chinese law , they promised to prevent workers working more hours than the code allowed . apple hired a workplace standards auditing company , verite , and joined the electronic industry code of conduct implementation group to oversee the measures . on december 31 , 2006 , workers at the foxconn factory in longhua , shenzhen formed a union affiliated with the all - china federation of trade unions , the chinese government - approved union umbrella organization . [ sep ] foxconn
foxconn , apple ' s manufacturer , initially denied the abuses , but when an auditing team from apple found that workers had been working longer hours than were allowed under chinese law , they promised to prevent workers working more hours than the code allowed . apple hired a workplace standards auditing company , verite , and joined the electronic industry code of conduct implementation group to oversee the measures . on december 31 , 2006 , workers at the foxconn factory in longhua , shenzhen formed a union affiliated with the all - china federation of trade unions , the chinese government - approved union umbrella organization . [ sep ] longhua , shenzhen
in 2010 , a number of workers committed suicide at a foxconn operations in china . apple , hp , and others stated that they were investigating the situation . foxconn guards have been videotaped beating employees . another employee killed himself in 2009 when an apple prototype went missing , and claimed in messages to friends , that he had been beaten and interrogated . [ sep ] 2010
in 2010 , a number of workers committed suicide at a foxconn operations in china . apple , hp , and others stated that they were investigating the situation . foxconn guards have been videotaped beating employees . another employee killed himself in 2009 when an apple prototype went missing , and claimed in messages to friends , that he had been beaten and interrogated . [ sep ] apple prototype
as of 2006 , the ipod was produced by about 14 , 000 workers in the u . s . and 27 , 000 overseas . further , the salaries attributed to this product were overwhelmingly distributed to highly skilled u . s . professionals , as opposed to lower skilled u . s . retail employees or overseas manufacturing labor . one interpretation of this result is that u . s . innovation can create more jobs overseas than domestically . [ sep ] innovation
the legend of zelda : twilight princess ( japanese : [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] , hepburn : zeruda no densetsu : towairaito purinsesu ? ) is an action - adventure game developed and published by nintendo for the gamecube and wii home video game consoles . it is the thirteenth installment in the the legend of zelda series . originally planned for release on the gamecube in november 2005 , twilight princess was delayed by nintendo to allow its developers to refine the game , add more content , and port it to the wii . the wii version was released alongside the console in north america in november 2006 , and in japan , europe , and australia the following month . the gamecube version was released worldwide in december 2006 . [ b ] [ sep ] action - adventure
the legend of zelda : twilight princess ( japanese : [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] , hepburn : zeruda no densetsu : towairaito purinsesu ? ) is an action - adventure game developed and published by nintendo for the gamecube and wii home video game consoles . it is the thirteenth installment in the the legend of zelda series . originally planned for release on the gamecube in november 2005 , twilight princess was delayed by nintendo to allow its developers to refine the game , add more content , and port it to the wii . the wii version was released alongside the console in north america in november 2006 , and in japan , europe , and australia the following month . the gamecube version was released worldwide in december 2006 . [ b ] [ sep ] gamecube and wii
the legend of zelda : twilight princess ( japanese : [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] , hepburn : zeruda no densetsu : towairaito purinsesu ? ) is an action - adventure game developed and published by nintendo for the gamecube and wii home video game consoles . it is the thirteenth installment in the the legend of zelda series . originally planned for release on the gamecube in november 2005 , twilight princess was delayed by nintendo to allow its developers to refine the game , add more content , and port it to the wii . the wii version was released alongside the console in north america in november 2006 , and in japan , europe , and australia the following month . the gamecube version was released worldwide in december 2006 . [ b ] [ sep ] november 2006
the legend of zelda : twilight princess ( japanese : [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] , hepburn : zeruda no densetsu : towairaito purinsesu ? ) is an action - adventure game developed and published by nintendo for the gamecube and wii home video game consoles . it is the thirteenth installment in the the legend of zelda series . originally planned for release on the gamecube in november 2005 , twilight princess was delayed by nintendo to allow its developers to refine the game , add more content , and port it to the wii . the wii version was released alongside the console in north america in november 2006 , and in japan , europe , and australia the following month . the gamecube version was released worldwide in december 2006 . [ b ] [ sep ] december 2006
the story focuses on series protagonist link , who tries to prevent hyrule from being engulfed by a corrupted parallel dimension known as the twilight realm . to do so , he takes the form of both a hylian and a wolf , and is assisted by a mysterious creature named midna . the game takes place hundreds of years after ocarina of time and majora ' s mask , in an alternate timeline from the wind waker . [ sep ] link
the story focuses on series protagonist link , who tries to prevent hyrule from being engulfed by a corrupted parallel dimension known as the twilight realm . to do so , he takes the form of both a hylian and a wolf , and is assisted by a mysterious creature named midna . the game takes place hundreds of years after ocarina of time and majora ' s mask , in an alternate timeline from the wind waker . [ sep ] hyrule
the story focuses on series protagonist link , who tries to prevent hyrule from being engulfed by a corrupted parallel dimension known as the twilight realm . to do so , he takes the form of both a hylian and a wolf , and is assisted by a mysterious creature named midna . the game takes place hundreds of years after ocarina of time and majora ' s mask , in an alternate timeline from the wind waker . [ sep ] midna
at the time of its release , twilight princess was considered the greatest entry in the zelda series by many critics , including writers for 1up . com , computer and video games , electronic gaming monthly , game informer , gamesradar , ign , and the washington post . it received several game of the year awards , and was the most critically acclaimed game of 2006 . in 2011 , the wii version was rereleased under the nintendo selects label . a high - definition port for the wii u , the legend of zelda : twilight princess hd , will be released in march 2016 . [ sep ] game of the year
at the time of its release , twilight princess was considered the greatest entry in the zelda series by many critics , including writers for 1up . com , computer and video games , electronic gaming monthly , game informer , gamesradar , ign , and the washington post . it received several game of the year awards , and was the most critically acclaimed game of 2006 . in 2011 , the wii version was rereleased under the nintendo selects label . a high - definition port for the wii u , the legend of zelda : twilight princess hd , will be released in march 2016 . [ sep ] nintendo selects
at the time of its release , twilight princess was considered the greatest entry in the zelda series by many critics , including writers for 1up . com , computer and video games , electronic gaming monthly , game informer , gamesradar , ign , and the washington post . it received several game of the year awards , and was the most critically acclaimed game of 2006 . in 2011 , the wii version was rereleased under the nintendo selects label . a high - definition port for the wii u , the legend of zelda : twilight princess hd , will be released in march 2016 . [ sep ] march 2016
the legend of zelda : twilight princess is an action - adventure game focused on combat , exploration , and item collection . it uses the basic control scheme introduced in ocarina of time , including context - sensitive action buttons and l - targeting ( z - targeting on the wii ) , a system that allows the player to keep link ' s view focused on an enemy or important object while moving and attacking . link can walk , run , and attack , and will automatically jump when running off of or reaching for a ledge . [ c ] link uses a sword and shield in combat , complemented with secondary weapons and items , including a bow and arrows , a boomerang , bombs , and the clawshot ( similar to the hookshot introduced earlier in the the legend of zelda series ) . [ d ] while l - targeting , projectile - based weapons can be fired at a target without the need for manual aiming . [ c ] [ sep ] combat , exploration , and item collection
the legend of zelda : twilight princess is an action - adventure game focused on combat , exploration , and item collection . it uses the basic control scheme introduced in ocarina of time , including context - sensitive action buttons and l - targeting ( z - targeting on the wii ) , a system that allows the player to keep link ' s view focused on an enemy or important object while moving and attacking . link can walk , run , and attack , and will automatically jump when running off of or reaching for a ledge . [ c ] link uses a sword and shield in combat , complemented with secondary weapons and items , including a bow and arrows , a boomerang , bombs , and the clawshot ( similar to the hookshot introduced earlier in the the legend of zelda series ) . [ d ] while l - targeting , projectile - based weapons can be fired at a target without the need for manual aiming . [ c ] [ sep ] ocarina of time
the legend of zelda : twilight princess is an action - adventure game focused on combat , exploration , and item collection . it uses the basic control scheme introduced in ocarina of time , including context - sensitive action buttons and l - targeting ( z - targeting on the wii ) , a system that allows the player to keep link ' s view focused on an enemy or important object while moving and attacking . link can walk , run , and attack , and will automatically jump when running off of or reaching for a ledge . [ c ] link uses a sword and shield in combat , complemented with secondary weapons and items , including a bow and arrows , a boomerang , bombs , and the clawshot ( similar to the hookshot introduced earlier in the the legend of zelda series ) . [ d ] while l - targeting , projectile - based weapons can be fired at a target without the need for manual aiming . [ c ] [ sep ] l - targeting
the legend of zelda : twilight princess is an action - adventure game focused on combat , exploration , and item collection . it uses the basic control scheme introduced in ocarina of time , including context - sensitive action buttons and l - targeting ( z - targeting on the wii ) , a system that allows the player to keep link ' s view focused on an enemy or important object while moving and attacking . link can walk , run , and attack , and will automatically jump when running off of or reaching for a ledge . [ c ] link uses a sword and shield in combat , complemented with secondary weapons and items , including a bow and arrows , a boomerang , bombs , and the clawshot ( similar to the hookshot introduced earlier in the the legend of zelda series ) . [ d ] while l - targeting , projectile - based weapons can be fired at a target without the need for manual aiming . [ c ] [ sep ] sword
the legend of zelda : twilight princess is an action - adventure game focused on combat , exploration , and item collection . it uses the basic control scheme introduced in ocarina of time , including context - sensitive action buttons and l - targeting ( z - targeting on the wii ) , a system that allows the player to keep link ' s view focused on an enemy or important object while moving and attacking . link can walk , run , and attack , and will automatically jump when running off of or reaching for a ledge . [ c ] link uses a sword and shield in combat , complemented with secondary weapons and items , including a bow and arrows , a boomerang , bombs , and the clawshot ( similar to the hookshot introduced earlier in the the legend of zelda series ) . [ d ] while l - targeting , projectile - based weapons can be fired at a target without the need for manual aiming . [ c ] [ sep ] clawshot
the context - sensitive button mechanic allows one button to serve a variety of functions , such as talking , opening doors , and pushing , pulling , and throwing objects . [ e ] the on - screen display shows what action , if any , the button will trigger , determined by the situation . for example , if link is holding a rock , the context - sensitive button will cause link to throw the rock if he is moving or targeting an object or enemy , or place the rock on the ground if he is standing still . [ f ] [ sep ] one
the context - sensitive button mechanic allows one button to serve a variety of functions , such as talking , opening doors , and pushing , pulling , and throwing objects . [ e ] the on - screen display shows what action , if any , the button will trigger , determined by the situation . for example , if link is holding a rock , the context - sensitive button will cause link to throw the rock if he is moving or targeting an object or enemy , or place the rock on the ground if he is standing still . [ f ] [ sep ] on - screen display
the context - sensitive button mechanic allows one button to serve a variety of functions , such as talking , opening doors , and pushing , pulling , and throwing objects . [ e ] the on - screen display shows what action , if any , the button will trigger , determined by the situation . for example , if link is holding a rock , the context - sensitive button will cause link to throw the rock if he is moving or targeting an object or enemy , or place the rock on the ground if he is standing still . [ f ] [ sep ] on the ground
with the example of the ming court ' s relationship with the fifth karmapa and other tibetan leaders , norbu states that chinese communist historians have failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the ming - tibetan relationship . he writes that the meetings of lamas with the emperor of china were exchanges of tribute between " the patron and the priest " and were not merely instances of a political subordinate paying tribute to a superior . he also notes that the items of tribute were buddhist artifacts which symbolized " the religious nature of the relationship . " josef kolmas writes that the ming dynasty did not exercise any direct political control over tibet , content with their tribute relations that were " almost entirely of a religious character . " patricia ann berger writes that the yongle emperor ' s courting and granting of titles to lamas was his attempt to " resurrect the relationship between china and tibet established earlier by the yuan dynastic founder khubilai khan and his guru phagpa . " she also writes that the later qing emperors and their mongol associates viewed the yongle emperor ' s relationship with tibet as " part of a chain of reincarnation that saw this han chinese emperor as yet another emanation of manjusri . " [ sep ] chinese communist historians
with the example of the ming court ' s relationship with the fifth karmapa and other tibetan leaders , norbu states that chinese communist historians have failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the ming - tibetan relationship . he writes that the meetings of lamas with the emperor of china were exchanges of tribute between " the patron and the priest " and were not merely instances of a political subordinate paying tribute to a superior . he also notes that the items of tribute were buddhist artifacts which symbolized " the religious nature of the relationship . " josef kolmas writes that the ming dynasty did not exercise any direct political control over tibet , content with their tribute relations that were " almost entirely of a religious character . " patricia ann berger writes that the yongle emperor ' s courting and granting of titles to lamas was his attempt to " resurrect the relationship between china and tibet established earlier by the yuan dynastic founder khubilai khan and his guru phagpa . " she also writes that the later qing emperors and their mongol associates viewed the yongle emperor ' s relationship with tibet as " part of a chain of reincarnation that saw this han chinese emperor as yet another emanation of manjusri . " [ sep ] buddhist artifacts
with the example of the ming court ' s relationship with the fifth karmapa and other tibetan leaders , norbu states that chinese communist historians have failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the ming - tibetan relationship . he writes that the meetings of lamas with the emperor of china were exchanges of tribute between " the patron and the priest " and were not merely instances of a political subordinate paying tribute to a superior . he also notes that the items of tribute were buddhist artifacts which symbolized " the religious nature of the relationship . " josef kolmas writes that the ming dynasty did not exercise any direct political control over tibet , content with their tribute relations that were " almost entirely of a religious character . " patricia ann berger writes that the yongle emperor ' s courting and granting of titles to lamas was his attempt to " resurrect the relationship between china and tibet established earlier by the yuan dynastic founder khubilai khan and his guru phagpa . " she also writes that the later qing emperors and their mongol associates viewed the yongle emperor ' s relationship with tibet as " part of a chain of reincarnation that saw this han chinese emperor as yet another emanation of manjusri . " [ sep ] josef kolmas
the information office of the state council of the prc preserves an edict of the zhengtong emperor ( r . 1435 – 1449 ) addressed to the karmapa in 1445 , written after the latter ' s agent had brought holy relics to the ming court . zhengtong had the following message delivered to the great treasure prince of dharma , the karmapa : [ sep ] 1435 – 1449
the information office of the state council of the prc preserves an edict of the zhengtong emperor ( r . 1435 – 1449 ) addressed to the karmapa in 1445 , written after the latter ' s agent had brought holy relics to the ming court . zhengtong had the following message delivered to the great treasure prince of dharma , the karmapa : [ sep ] the information office of the state council of the prc
the information office of the state council of the prc preserves an edict of the zhengtong emperor ( r . 1435 – 1449 ) addressed to the karmapa in 1445 , written after the latter ' s agent had brought holy relics to the ming court . zhengtong had the following message delivered to the great treasure prince of dharma , the karmapa : [ sep ] the karmapa
the information office of the state council of the prc preserves an edict of the zhengtong emperor ( r . 1435 – 1449 ) addressed to the karmapa in 1445 , written after the latter ' s agent had brought holy relics to the ming court . zhengtong had the following message delivered to the great treasure prince of dharma , the karmapa : [ sep ] great treasure prince of dharma
the information office of the state council of the prc preserves an edict of the zhengtong emperor ( r . 1435 – 1449 ) addressed to the karmapa in 1445 , written after the latter ' s agent had brought holy relics to the ming court . zhengtong had the following message delivered to the great treasure prince of dharma , the karmapa : [ sep ] after the latter ' s agent had brought holy relics to the ming court
despite this glowing message by the emperor , chan writes that a year later in 1446 , the ming court cut off all relations with the karmapa hierarchs . until then , the court was unaware that deshin shekpa had died in 1415 . the ming court had believed that the representatives of the karma kagyu who continued to visit the ming capital were sent by the karmapa . [ sep ] the karmapa hierarchs
despite this glowing message by the emperor , chan writes that a year later in 1446 , the ming court cut off all relations with the karmapa hierarchs . until then , the court was unaware that deshin shekpa had died in 1415 . the ming court had believed that the representatives of the karma kagyu who continued to visit the ming capital were sent by the karmapa . [ sep ] 1446
despite this glowing message by the emperor , chan writes that a year later in 1446 , the ming court cut off all relations with the karmapa hierarchs . until then , the court was unaware that deshin shekpa had died in 1415 . the ming court had believed that the representatives of the karma kagyu who continued to visit the ming capital were sent by the karmapa . [ sep ] 1415
despite this glowing message by the emperor , chan writes that a year later in 1446 , the ming court cut off all relations with the karmapa hierarchs . until then , the court was unaware that deshin shekpa had died in 1415 . the ming court had believed that the representatives of the karma kagyu who continued to visit the ming capital were sent by the karmapa . [ sep ] the karmapa
tsai writes that shortly after the visit by deshin shekpa , the yongle emperor ordered the construction of a road and of trading posts in the upper reaches of the yangzi and mekong rivers in order to facilitate trade with tibet in tea , horses , and salt . the trade route passed through sichuan and crossed shangri - la county in yunnan . wang and nyima assert that this " tribute - related trade " of the ming exchanging chinese tea for tibetan horses — while granting tibetan envoys and tibetan merchants explicit permission to trade with han chinese merchants — " furthered the rule of the ming dynasty court over tibet " . rossabi and sperling note that this trade in tibetan horses for chinese tea existed long before the ming . peter c . perdue says that wang anshi ( 1021 – 1086 ) , realizing that china could not produce enough militarily capable steeds , had also aimed to obtain horses from inner asia in exchange for chinese tea . the chinese needed horses not only for cavalry but also as draft animals for the army ' s supply wagons . the tibetans required chinese tea not only as a common beverage but also as a religious ceremonial supplement . the ming government imposed a monopoly on tea production and attempted to regulate this trade with state - supervised markets , but these collapsed in 1449 due to military failures and internal ecological and commercial pressures on the tea - producing regions . [ sep ] to facilitate trade with tibet
tsai writes that shortly after the visit by deshin shekpa , the yongle emperor ordered the construction of a road and of trading posts in the upper reaches of the yangzi and mekong rivers in order to facilitate trade with tibet in tea , horses , and salt . the trade route passed through sichuan and crossed shangri - la county in yunnan . wang and nyima assert that this " tribute - related trade " of the ming exchanging chinese tea for tibetan horses — while granting tibetan envoys and tibetan merchants explicit permission to trade with han chinese merchants — " furthered the rule of the ming dynasty court over tibet " . rossabi and sperling note that this trade in tibetan horses for chinese tea existed long before the ming . peter c . perdue says that wang anshi ( 1021 – 1086 ) , realizing that china could not produce enough militarily capable steeds , had also aimed to obtain horses from inner asia in exchange for chinese tea . the chinese needed horses not only for cavalry but also as draft animals for the army ' s supply wagons . the tibetans required chinese tea not only as a common beverage but also as a religious ceremonial supplement . the ming government imposed a monopoly on tea production and attempted to regulate this trade with state - supervised markets , but these collapsed in 1449 due to military failures and internal ecological and commercial pressures on the tea - producing regions . [ sep ] tea , horses , and salt
tsai writes that shortly after the visit by deshin shekpa , the yongle emperor ordered the construction of a road and of trading posts in the upper reaches of the yangzi and mekong rivers in order to facilitate trade with tibet in tea , horses , and salt . the trade route passed through sichuan and crossed shangri - la county in yunnan . wang and nyima assert that this " tribute - related trade " of the ming exchanging chinese tea for tibetan horses — while granting tibetan envoys and tibetan merchants explicit permission to trade with han chinese merchants — " furthered the rule of the ming dynasty court over tibet " . rossabi and sperling note that this trade in tibetan horses for chinese tea existed long before the ming . peter c . perdue says that wang anshi ( 1021 – 1086 ) , realizing that china could not produce enough militarily capable steeds , had also aimed to obtain horses from inner asia in exchange for chinese tea . the chinese needed horses not only for cavalry but also as draft animals for the army ' s supply wagons . the tibetans required chinese tea not only as a common beverage but also as a religious ceremonial supplement . the ming government imposed a monopoly on tea production and attempted to regulate this trade with state - supervised markets , but these collapsed in 1449 due to military failures and internal ecological and commercial pressures on the tea - producing regions . [ sep ] through sichuan and crossed shangri - la county in yunnan
van praag states that the ming court established diplomatic delegations with tibet merely to secure urgently needed horses . wang and nyima argue that these were not diplomatic delegations at all , that tibetan areas were ruled by the ming since tibetan leaders were granted positions as ming officials , that horses were collected from tibet as a mandatory " corvee " tax , and therefore tibetans were " undertaking domestic affairs , not foreign diplomacy " . sperling writes that the ming simultaneously bought horses in the kham region while fighting tibetan tribes in amdo and receiving tibetan embassies in nanjing . he also argues that the embassies of tibetan lamas visiting the ming court were for the most part efforts to promote commercial transactions between the lamas ' large , wealthy entourage and ming chinese merchants and officials . kolmas writes that while the ming maintained a laissez - faire policy towards tibet and limited the numbers of the tibetan retinues , the tibetans sought to maintain a tributary relationship with the ming because imperial patronage provided them with wealth and power . laird writes that tibetans eagerly sought ming court invitations since the gifts the tibetans received for bringing tribute were much greater in value than the latter . as for the yongle emperor ' s gifts to his tibetan and nepalese vassals such as silver wares , buddha relics , utensils for buddhist temples and religious ceremonies , and gowns and robes for monks , tsai writes " in his effort to draw neighboring states to the ming orbit so that he could bask in glory , the yongle emperor was quite willing to pay a small price " . the information office of the state council of the prc lists the tibetan tribute items as oxen , horses , camels , sheep , fur products , medical herbs , tibetan incenses , thangkas ( painted scrolls ) , and handicrafts ; while the ming awarded tibetan tribute - bearers an equal value of gold , silver , satin and brocade , bolts of cloth , grains , and tea leaves . silk workshops during the ming also catered specifically to the tibetan market with silk clothes and furnishings featuring tibetan buddhist iconography . [ sep ] to secure urgently needed horses
van praag states that the ming court established diplomatic delegations with tibet merely to secure urgently needed horses . wang and nyima argue that these were not diplomatic delegations at all , that tibetan areas were ruled by the ming since tibetan leaders were granted positions as ming officials , that horses were collected from tibet as a mandatory " corvee " tax , and therefore tibetans were " undertaking domestic affairs , not foreign diplomacy " . sperling writes that the ming simultaneously bought horses in the kham region while fighting tibetan tribes in amdo and receiving tibetan embassies in nanjing . he also argues that the embassies of tibetan lamas visiting the ming court were for the most part efforts to promote commercial transactions between the lamas ' large , wealthy entourage and ming chinese merchants and officials . kolmas writes that while the ming maintained a laissez - faire policy towards tibet and limited the numbers of the tibetan retinues , the tibetans sought to maintain a tributary relationship with the ming because imperial patronage provided them with wealth and power . laird writes that tibetans eagerly sought ming court invitations since the gifts the tibetans received for bringing tribute were much greater in value than the latter . as for the yongle emperor ' s gifts to his tibetan and nepalese vassals such as silver wares , buddha relics , utensils for buddhist temples and religious ceremonies , and gowns and robes for monks , tsai writes " in his effort to draw neighboring states to the ming orbit so that he could bask in glory , the yongle emperor was quite willing to pay a small price " . the information office of the state council of the prc lists the tibetan tribute items as oxen , horses , camels , sheep , fur products , medical herbs , tibetan incenses , thangkas ( painted scrolls ) , and handicrafts ; while the ming awarded tibetan tribute - bearers an equal value of gold , silver , satin and brocade , bolts of cloth , grains , and tea leaves . silk workshops during the ming also catered specifically to the tibetan market with silk clothes and furnishings featuring tibetan buddhist iconography . [ sep ] silk workshops
van praag states that the ming court established diplomatic delegations with tibet merely to secure urgently needed horses . wang and nyima argue that these were not diplomatic delegations at all , that tibetan areas were ruled by the ming since tibetan leaders were granted positions as ming officials , that horses were collected from tibet as a mandatory " corvee " tax , and therefore tibetans were " undertaking domestic affairs , not foreign diplomacy " . sperling writes that the ming simultaneously bought horses in the kham region while fighting tibetan tribes in amdo and receiving tibetan embassies in nanjing . he also argues that the embassies of tibetan lamas visiting the ming court were for the most part efforts to promote commercial transactions between the lamas ' large , wealthy entourage and ming chinese merchants and officials . kolmas writes that while the ming maintained a laissez - faire policy towards tibet and limited the numbers of the tibetan retinues , the tibetans sought to maintain a tributary relationship with the ming because imperial patronage provided them with wealth and power . laird writes that tibetans eagerly sought ming court invitations since the gifts the tibetans received for bringing tribute were much greater in value than the latter . as for the yongle emperor ' s gifts to his tibetan and nepalese vassals such as silver wares , buddha relics , utensils for buddhist temples and religious ceremonies , and gowns and robes for monks , tsai writes " in his effort to draw neighboring states to the ming orbit so that he could bask in glory , the yongle emperor was quite willing to pay a small price " . the information office of the state council of the prc lists the tibetan tribute items as oxen , horses , camels , sheep , fur products , medical herbs , tibetan incenses , thangkas ( painted scrolls ) , and handicrafts ; while the ming awarded tibetan tribute - bearers an equal value of gold , silver , satin and brocade , bolts of cloth , grains , and tea leaves . silk workshops during the ming also catered specifically to the tibetan market with silk clothes and furnishings featuring tibetan buddhist iconography . [ sep ] tibetan buddhist
van praag states that the ming court established diplomatic delegations with tibet merely to secure urgently needed horses . wang and nyima argue that these were not diplomatic delegations at all , that tibetan areas were ruled by the ming since tibetan leaders were granted positions as ming officials , that horses were collected from tibet as a mandatory " corvee " tax , and therefore tibetans were " undertaking domestic affairs , not foreign diplomacy " . sperling writes that the ming simultaneously bought horses in the kham region while fighting tibetan tribes in amdo and receiving tibetan embassies in nanjing . he also argues that the embassies of tibetan lamas visiting the ming court were for the most part efforts to promote commercial transactions between the lamas ' large , wealthy entourage and ming chinese merchants and officials . kolmas writes that while the ming maintained a laissez - faire policy towards tibet and limited the numbers of the tibetan retinues , the tibetans sought to maintain a tributary relationship with the ming because imperial patronage provided them with wealth and power . laird writes that tibetans eagerly sought ming court invitations since the gifts the tibetans received for bringing tribute were much greater in value than the latter . as for the yongle emperor ' s gifts to his tibetan and nepalese vassals such as silver wares , buddha relics , utensils for buddhist temples and religious ceremonies , and gowns and robes for monks , tsai writes " in his effort to draw neighboring states to the ming orbit so that he could bask in glory , the yongle emperor was quite willing to pay a small price " . the information office of the state council of the prc lists the tibetan tribute items as oxen , horses , camels , sheep , fur products , medical herbs , tibetan incenses , thangkas ( painted scrolls ) , and handicrafts ; while the ming awarded tibetan tribute - bearers an equal value of gold , silver , satin and brocade , bolts of cloth , grains , and tea leaves . silk workshops during the ming also catered specifically to the tibetan market with silk clothes and furnishings featuring tibetan buddhist iconography . [ sep ] the ming
van praag states that the ming court established diplomatic delegations with tibet merely to secure urgently needed horses . wang and nyima argue that these were not diplomatic delegations at all , that tibetan areas were ruled by the ming since tibetan leaders were granted positions as ming officials , that horses were collected from tibet as a mandatory " corvee " tax , and therefore tibetans were " undertaking domestic affairs , not foreign diplomacy " . sperling writes that the ming simultaneously bought horses in the kham region while fighting tibetan tribes in amdo and receiving tibetan embassies in nanjing . he also argues that the embassies of tibetan lamas visiting the ming court were for the most part efforts to promote commercial transactions between the lamas ' large , wealthy entourage and ming chinese merchants and officials . kolmas writes that while the ming maintained a laissez - faire policy towards tibet and limited the numbers of the tibetan retinues , the tibetans sought to maintain a tributary relationship with the ming because imperial patronage provided them with wealth and power . laird writes that tibetans eagerly sought ming court invitations since the gifts the tibetans received for bringing tribute were much greater in value than the latter . as for the yongle emperor ' s gifts to his tibetan and nepalese vassals such as silver wares , buddha relics , utensils for buddhist temples and religious ceremonies , and gowns and robes for monks , tsai writes " in his effort to draw neighboring states to the ming orbit so that he could bask in glory , the yongle emperor was quite willing to pay a small price " . the information office of the state council of the prc lists the tibetan tribute items as oxen , horses , camels , sheep , fur products , medical herbs , tibetan incenses , thangkas ( painted scrolls ) , and handicrafts ; while the ming awarded tibetan tribute - bearers an equal value of gold , silver , satin and brocade , bolts of cloth , grains , and tea leaves . silk workshops during the ming also catered specifically to the tibetan market with silk clothes and furnishings featuring tibetan buddhist iconography . [ sep ] a mandatory " corvee " tax
while the ming dynasty traded horses with tibet , it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north , which laird sees as an effort to punish the mongols for their raids and to " drive them from the frontiers of china . " however , after altan khan ( 1507 – 1582 ) — leader of the tumed mongols who overthrew the oirat mongol confederation ' s hegemony over the steppes — made peace with the ming dynasty in 1571 , he persuaded the ming to reopen their border markets in 1573 . this provided the chinese with a new supply of horses that the mongols had in excess ; it was also a relief to the ming , since they were unable to stop the mongols from periodic raiding . laird says that despite the fact that later mongols believed altan forced the ming to view him as an equal , chinese historians argue that he was simply a loyal chinese citizen . by 1578 , altan khan formed a formidable mongol - tibetan alliance with the gelug that the ming viewed from afar without intervention . [ sep ] tibet
while the ming dynasty traded horses with tibet , it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north , which laird sees as an effort to punish the mongols for their raids and to " drive them from the frontiers of china . " however , after altan khan ( 1507 – 1582 ) — leader of the tumed mongols who overthrew the oirat mongol confederation ' s hegemony over the steppes — made peace with the ming dynasty in 1571 , he persuaded the ming to reopen their border markets in 1573 . this provided the chinese with a new supply of horses that the mongols had in excess ; it was also a relief to the ming , since they were unable to stop the mongols from periodic raiding . laird says that despite the fact that later mongols believed altan forced the ming to view him as an equal , chinese historians argue that he was simply a loyal chinese citizen . by 1578 , altan khan formed a formidable mongol - tibetan alliance with the gelug that the ming viewed from afar without intervention . [ sep ] altan khan
while the ming dynasty traded horses with tibet , it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north , which laird sees as an effort to punish the mongols for their raids and to " drive them from the frontiers of china . " however , after altan khan ( 1507 – 1582 ) — leader of the tumed mongols who overthrew the oirat mongol confederation ' s hegemony over the steppes — made peace with the ming dynasty in 1571 , he persuaded the ming to reopen their border markets in 1573 . this provided the chinese with a new supply of horses that the mongols had in excess ; it was also a relief to the ming , since they were unable to stop the mongols from periodic raiding . laird says that despite the fact that later mongols believed altan forced the ming to view him as an equal , chinese historians argue that he was simply a loyal chinese citizen . by 1578 , altan khan formed a formidable mongol - tibetan alliance with the gelug that the ming viewed from afar without intervention . [ sep ] the oirat mongol confederation ' s hegemony
while the ming dynasty traded horses with tibet , it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north , which laird sees as an effort to punish the mongols for their raids and to " drive them from the frontiers of china . " however , after altan khan ( 1507 – 1582 ) — leader of the tumed mongols who overthrew the oirat mongol confederation ' s hegemony over the steppes — made peace with the ming dynasty in 1571 , he persuaded the ming to reopen their border markets in 1573 . this provided the chinese with a new supply of horses that the mongols had in excess ; it was also a relief to the ming , since they were unable to stop the mongols from periodic raiding . laird says that despite the fact that later mongols believed altan forced the ming to view him as an equal , chinese historians argue that he was simply a loyal chinese citizen . by 1578 , altan khan formed a formidable mongol - tibetan alliance with the gelug that the ming viewed from afar without intervention . [ sep ] the ming dynasty
while the ming dynasty traded horses with tibet , it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north , which laird sees as an effort to punish the mongols for their raids and to " drive them from the frontiers of china . " however , after altan khan ( 1507 – 1582 ) — leader of the tumed mongols who overthrew the oirat mongol confederation ' s hegemony over the steppes — made peace with the ming dynasty in 1571 , he persuaded the ming to reopen their border markets in 1573 . this provided the chinese with a new supply of horses that the mongols had in excess ; it was also a relief to the ming , since they were unable to stop the mongols from periodic raiding . laird says that despite the fact that later mongols believed altan forced the ming to view him as an equal , chinese historians argue that he was simply a loyal chinese citizen . by 1578 , altan khan formed a formidable mongol - tibetan alliance with the gelug that the ming viewed from afar without intervention . [ sep ] altan khan
the gamecube and wii versions feature several minor differences in their controls . the wii version of the game makes use of the motion sensors and built - in speaker of the wii remote . the speaker emits the sounds of a bowstring when shooting an arrow , midna ' s laugh when she gives advice to link , and the series ' trademark " chime " when discovering secrets . the player controls link ' s sword by swinging the wii remote . other attacks are triggered using similar gestures with the nunchuk . unique to the gamecube version is the ability for the player to control the camera freely , without entering a special " lookaround " mode required by the wii ; however , in the gamecube version , only two of link ' s secondary weapons can be equipped at a time , as opposed to four in the wii version . [ g ] [ sep ] wii remote
the gamecube and wii versions feature several minor differences in their controls . the wii version of the game makes use of the motion sensors and built - in speaker of the wii remote . the speaker emits the sounds of a bowstring when shooting an arrow , midna ' s laugh when she gives advice to link , and the series ' trademark " chime " when discovering secrets . the player controls link ' s sword by swinging the wii remote . other attacks are triggered using similar gestures with the nunchuk . unique to the gamecube version is the ability for the player to control the camera freely , without entering a special " lookaround " mode required by the wii ; however , in the gamecube version , only two of link ' s secondary weapons can be equipped at a time , as opposed to four in the wii version . [ g ] [ sep ] chime
the gamecube and wii versions feature several minor differences in their controls . the wii version of the game makes use of the motion sensors and built - in speaker of the wii remote . the speaker emits the sounds of a bowstring when shooting an arrow , midna ' s laugh when she gives advice to link , and the series ' trademark " chime " when discovering secrets . the player controls link ' s sword by swinging the wii remote . other attacks are triggered using similar gestures with the nunchuk . unique to the gamecube version is the ability for the player to control the camera freely , without entering a special " lookaround " mode required by the wii ; however , in the gamecube version , only two of link ' s secondary weapons can be equipped at a time , as opposed to four in the wii version . [ g ] [ sep ] wii remote
the gamecube and wii versions feature several minor differences in their controls . the wii version of the game makes use of the motion sensors and built - in speaker of the wii remote . the speaker emits the sounds of a bowstring when shooting an arrow , midna ' s laugh when she gives advice to link , and the series ' trademark " chime " when discovering secrets . the player controls link ' s sword by swinging the wii remote . other attacks are triggered using similar gestures with the nunchuk . unique to the gamecube version is the ability for the player to control the camera freely , without entering a special " lookaround " mode required by the wii ; however , in the gamecube version , only two of link ' s secondary weapons can be equipped at a time , as opposed to four in the wii version . [ g ] [ sep ] nunchuk
the gamecube and wii versions feature several minor differences in their controls . the wii version of the game makes use of the motion sensors and built - in speaker of the wii remote . the speaker emits the sounds of a bowstring when shooting an arrow , midna ' s laugh when she gives advice to link , and the series ' trademark " chime " when discovering secrets . the player controls link ' s sword by swinging the wii remote . other attacks are triggered using similar gestures with the nunchuk . unique to the gamecube version is the ability for the player to control the camera freely , without entering a special " lookaround " mode required by the wii ; however , in the gamecube version , only two of link ' s secondary weapons can be equipped at a time , as opposed to four in the wii version . [ g ] [ sep ] two
the game features nine dungeons — large , contained areas where link battles enemies , collects items , and solves puzzles . link navigates these dungeons and fights a boss at the end in order to obtain an item or otherwise advance the plot . the dungeons are connected by a large overworld , across which link can travel on foot ; on his horse , epona ; or by teleporting . [ sep ] nine
the game features nine dungeons — large , contained areas where link battles enemies , collects items , and solves puzzles . link navigates these dungeons and fights a boss at the end in order to obtain an item or otherwise advance the plot . the dungeons are connected by a large overworld , across which link can travel on foot ; on his horse , epona ; or by teleporting . [ sep ] enemies
the game features nine dungeons — large , contained areas where link battles enemies , collects items , and solves puzzles . link navigates these dungeons and fights a boss at the end in order to obtain an item or otherwise advance the plot . the dungeons are connected by a large overworld , across which link can travel on foot ; on his horse , epona ; or by teleporting . [ sep ] overworld
the game features nine dungeons — large , contained areas where link battles enemies , collects items , and solves puzzles . link navigates these dungeons and fights a boss at the end in order to obtain an item or otherwise advance the plot . the dungeons are connected by a large overworld , across which link can travel on foot ; on his horse , epona ; or by teleporting . [ sep ] epona
when link enters the twilight realm , the void that corrupts parts of hyrule , he transforms into a wolf . [ h ] he is eventually able to transform between his hylian and wolf forms at will . as a wolf , link loses the ability to use his sword , shield , or any secondary items ; he instead attacks by biting , and defends primarily by dodging attacks . however , " wolf link " gains several key advantages in return — he moves faster than he does as a human ( though riding epona is still faster ) and digs holes to create new passages and uncover buried items , and has improved senses , including the ability to follow scent trails . [ i ] he also carries midna , a small imp - like creature who gives him hints , uses an energy field to attack enemies , helps him jump long distances , and eventually allows link to " warp " to any of several preset locations throughout the overworld . [ j ] using link ' s wolf senses , the player can see and listen to the wandering spirits of those affected by the twilight , as well as hunt for enemy ghosts named poes . [ k ] [ sep ] wolf
when link enters the twilight realm , the void that corrupts parts of hyrule , he transforms into a wolf . [ h ] he is eventually able to transform between his hylian and wolf forms at will . as a wolf , link loses the ability to use his sword , shield , or any secondary items ; he instead attacks by biting , and defends primarily by dodging attacks . however , " wolf link " gains several key advantages in return — he moves faster than he does as a human ( though riding epona is still faster ) and digs holes to create new passages and uncover buried items , and has improved senses , including the ability to follow scent trails . [ i ] he also carries midna , a small imp - like creature who gives him hints , uses an energy field to attack enemies , helps him jump long distances , and eventually allows link to " warp " to any of several preset locations throughout the overworld . [ j ] using link ' s wolf senses , the player can see and listen to the wandering spirits of those affected by the twilight , as well as hunt for enemy ghosts named poes . [ k ] [ sep ] biting
when link enters the twilight realm , the void that corrupts parts of hyrule , he transforms into a wolf . [ h ] he is eventually able to transform between his hylian and wolf forms at will . as a wolf , link loses the ability to use his sword , shield , or any secondary items ; he instead attacks by biting , and defends primarily by dodging attacks . however , " wolf link " gains several key advantages in return — he moves faster than he does as a human ( though riding epona is still faster ) and digs holes to create new passages and uncover buried items , and has improved senses , including the ability to follow scent trails . [ i ] he also carries midna , a small imp - like creature who gives him hints , uses an energy field to attack enemies , helps him jump long distances , and eventually allows link to " warp " to any of several preset locations throughout the overworld . [ j ] using link ' s wolf senses , the player can see and listen to the wandering spirits of those affected by the twilight , as well as hunt for enemy ghosts named poes . [ k ] [ sep ] poes
when link enters the twilight realm , the void that corrupts parts of hyrule , he transforms into a wolf . [ h ] he is eventually able to transform between his hylian and wolf forms at will . as a wolf , link loses the ability to use his sword , shield , or any secondary items ; he instead attacks by biting , and defends primarily by dodging attacks . however , " wolf link " gains several key advantages in return — he moves faster than he does as a human ( though riding epona is still faster ) and digs holes to create new passages and uncover buried items , and has improved senses , including the ability to follow scent trails . [ i ] he also carries midna , a small imp - like creature who gives him hints , uses an energy field to attack enemies , helps him jump long distances , and eventually allows link to " warp " to any of several preset locations throughout the overworld . [ j ] using link ' s wolf senses , the player can see and listen to the wandering spirits of those affected by the twilight , as well as hunt for enemy ghosts named poes . [ k ] [ sep ] midna
when link enters the twilight realm , the void that corrupts parts of hyrule , he transforms into a wolf . [ h ] he is eventually able to transform between his hylian and wolf forms at will . as a wolf , link loses the ability to use his sword , shield , or any secondary items ; he instead attacks by biting , and defends primarily by dodging attacks . however , " wolf link " gains several key advantages in return — he moves faster than he does as a human ( though riding epona is still faster ) and digs holes to create new passages and uncover buried items , and has improved senses , including the ability to follow scent trails . [ i ] he also carries midna , a small imp - like creature who gives him hints , uses an energy field to attack enemies , helps him jump long distances , and eventually allows link to " warp " to any of several preset locations throughout the overworld . [ j ] using link ' s wolf senses , the player can see and listen to the wandering spirits of those affected by the twilight , as well as hunt for enemy ghosts named poes . [ k ] [ sep ] human
the artificial intelligence ( ai ) of enemies in twilight princess is more advanced than that of enemies in the wind waker . enemies react to defeated companions and to arrows or slingshot pellets that pass by , and can detect link from a greater distance than was possible in previous games . [ sep ] artificial intelligence
the artificial intelligence ( ai ) of enemies in twilight princess is more advanced than that of enemies in the wind waker . enemies react to defeated companions and to arrows or slingshot pellets that pass by , and can detect link from a greater distance than was possible in previous games . [ sep ] the wind waker
the artificial intelligence ( ai ) of enemies in twilight princess is more advanced than that of enemies in the wind waker . enemies react to defeated companions and to arrows or slingshot pellets that pass by , and can detect link from a greater distance than was possible in previous games . [ sep ] react
patricia ebrey writes that tibet , like joseon korea and other neighboring states to the ming , settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of ming china stationed in its territory . laird writes that " after the mongol troops left tibet , no ming troops replaced them . " wang and nyima state that , despite the fact that the ming refrained from sending troops to subdue tibet and refrained from garrisoning ming troops there , these measures were unnecessary so long as the ming court upheld close ties with tibetan vassals and their forces . however , there were instances in the 14th century when the hongwu emperor did use military force to quell unrest in tibet . john d . langlois writes that there was unrest in tibet and western sichuan , which the marquis mu ying ( [unk] [unk] ) was commissioned to quell in november 1378 after he established a taozhou garrison in gansu . langlois notes that by october 1379 , mu ying had allegedly captured 30 , 000 tibetan prisoners and 200 , 000 domesticated animals . yet invasion went both ways ; the ming general qu neng , under the command of lan yu , was ordered to repel a tibetan assault into sichuan in 1390 . [ sep ] the 14th century
patricia ebrey writes that tibet , like joseon korea and other neighboring states to the ming , settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of ming china stationed in its territory . laird writes that " after the mongol troops left tibet , no ming troops replaced them . " wang and nyima state that , despite the fact that the ming refrained from sending troops to subdue tibet and refrained from garrisoning ming troops there , these measures were unnecessary so long as the ming court upheld close ties with tibetan vassals and their forces . however , there were instances in the 14th century when the hongwu emperor did use military force to quell unrest in tibet . john d . langlois writes that there was unrest in tibet and western sichuan , which the marquis mu ying ( [unk] [unk] ) was commissioned to quell in november 1378 after he established a taozhou garrison in gansu . langlois notes that by october 1379 , mu ying had allegedly captured 30 , 000 tibetan prisoners and 200 , 000 domesticated animals . yet invasion went both ways ; the ming general qu neng , under the command of lan yu , was ordered to repel a tibetan assault into sichuan in 1390 . [ sep ] november 1378
patricia ebrey writes that tibet , like joseon korea and other neighboring states to the ming , settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of ming china stationed in its territory . laird writes that " after the mongol troops left tibet , no ming troops replaced them . " wang and nyima state that , despite the fact that the ming refrained from sending troops to subdue tibet and refrained from garrisoning ming troops there , these measures were unnecessary so long as the ming court upheld close ties with tibetan vassals and their forces . however , there were instances in the 14th century when the hongwu emperor did use military force to quell unrest in tibet . john d . langlois writes that there was unrest in tibet and western sichuan , which the marquis mu ying ( [unk] [unk] ) was commissioned to quell in november 1378 after he established a taozhou garrison in gansu . langlois notes that by october 1379 , mu ying had allegedly captured 30 , 000 tibetan prisoners and 200 , 000 domesticated animals . yet invasion went both ways ; the ming general qu neng , under the command of lan yu , was ordered to repel a tibetan assault into sichuan in 1390 . [ sep ] 30 , 000
patricia ebrey writes that tibet , like joseon korea and other neighboring states to the ming , settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of ming china stationed in its territory . laird writes that " after the mongol troops left tibet , no ming troops replaced them . " wang and nyima state that , despite the fact that the ming refrained from sending troops to subdue tibet and refrained from garrisoning ming troops there , these measures were unnecessary so long as the ming court upheld close ties with tibetan vassals and their forces . however , there were instances in the 14th century when the hongwu emperor did use military force to quell unrest in tibet . john d . langlois writes that there was unrest in tibet and western sichuan , which the marquis mu ying ( [unk] [unk] ) was commissioned to quell in november 1378 after he established a taozhou garrison in gansu . langlois notes that by october 1379 , mu ying had allegedly captured 30 , 000 tibetan prisoners and 200 , 000 domesticated animals . yet invasion went both ways ; the ming general qu neng , under the command of lan yu , was ordered to repel a tibetan assault into sichuan in 1390 . [ sep ] 200 , 000
patricia ebrey writes that tibet , like joseon korea and other neighboring states to the ming , settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of ming china stationed in its territory . laird writes that " after the mongol troops left tibet , no ming troops replaced them . " wang and nyima state that , despite the fact that the ming refrained from sending troops to subdue tibet and refrained from garrisoning ming troops there , these measures were unnecessary so long as the ming court upheld close ties with tibetan vassals and their forces . however , there were instances in the 14th century when the hongwu emperor did use military force to quell unrest in tibet . john d . langlois writes that there was unrest in tibet and western sichuan , which the marquis mu ying ( [unk] [unk] ) was commissioned to quell in november 1378 after he established a taozhou garrison in gansu . langlois notes that by october 1379 , mu ying had allegedly captured 30 , 000 tibetan prisoners and 200 , 000 domesticated animals . yet invasion went both ways ; the ming general qu neng , under the command of lan yu , was ordered to repel a tibetan assault into sichuan in 1390 . [ sep ] ming general qu neng
there is very little voice acting in the game , as is the case in most zelda titles to date . link remains silent in conversation , but grunts when attacking or injured and gasps when surprised . his emotions and responses are largely indicated visually by nods and facial expressions . other characters have similar language - independent verbalizations , including laughter , surprised or fearful exclamations , and screams . the character of midna has the most voice acting — her on - screen dialog is often accompanied by a babble of pseudo - speech , which was produced by scrambling the phonemes of english phrases [ better source needed ] sampled by japanese voice actress akiko komoto . [ sep ] nods and facial expressions
there is very little voice acting in the game , as is the case in most zelda titles to date . link remains silent in conversation , but grunts when attacking or injured and gasps when surprised . his emotions and responses are largely indicated visually by nods and facial expressions . other characters have similar language - independent verbalizations , including laughter , surprised or fearful exclamations , and screams . the character of midna has the most voice acting — her on - screen dialog is often accompanied by a babble of pseudo - speech , which was produced by scrambling the phonemes of english phrases [ better source needed ] sampled by japanese voice actress akiko komoto . [ sep ] midna
there is very little voice acting in the game , as is the case in most zelda titles to date . link remains silent in conversation , but grunts when attacking or injured and gasps when surprised . his emotions and responses are largely indicated visually by nods and facial expressions . other characters have similar language - independent verbalizations , including laughter , surprised or fearful exclamations , and screams . the character of midna has the most voice acting — her on - screen dialog is often accompanied by a babble of pseudo - speech , which was produced by scrambling the phonemes of english phrases [ better source needed ] sampled by japanese voice actress akiko komoto . [ sep ] akiko komoto
there is very little voice acting in the game , as is the case in most zelda titles to date . link remains silent in conversation , but grunts when attacking or injured and gasps when surprised . his emotions and responses are largely indicated visually by nods and facial expressions . other characters have similar language - independent verbalizations , including laughter , surprised or fearful exclamations , and screams . the character of midna has the most voice acting — her on - screen dialog is often accompanied by a babble of pseudo - speech , which was produced by scrambling the phonemes of english phrases [ better source needed ] sampled by japanese voice actress akiko komoto . [ sep ] japan
twilight princess takes place several centuries after ocarina of time and majora ' s mask , and begins with a youth named link who is working as a ranch hand in ordon village . one day , the village is attacked by bulblins , who carry off the village ' s children with link in pursuit before he encounters a wall of twilight . a shadow beast pulls him beyond the wall into the realm of twilight , where he is transformed into a wolf and imprisoned . link is soon freed by an imp - like twilight being named midna , who dislikes link but agrees to help him if he obeys her unconditionally . she guides him to princess zelda . zelda explains that zant , the king of the twilight , has stolen the light from three of the four light spirits and conquered hyrule . in order to save hyrule , link must first restore the light spirits by entering the twilight - covered areas and , as a wolf , recover the spirits ' lost light . he must do this by collecting the multiple " tears of light " ; once all the tears of light are collected for one area , he restores that area ' s light spirit . as he restores them , the light spirits return link to his hylian form . [ sep ] ranch hand
twilight princess takes place several centuries after ocarina of time and majora ' s mask , and begins with a youth named link who is working as a ranch hand in ordon village . one day , the village is attacked by bulblins , who carry off the village ' s children with link in pursuit before he encounters a wall of twilight . a shadow beast pulls him beyond the wall into the realm of twilight , where he is transformed into a wolf and imprisoned . link is soon freed by an imp - like twilight being named midna , who dislikes link but agrees to help him if he obeys her unconditionally . she guides him to princess zelda . zelda explains that zant , the king of the twilight , has stolen the light from three of the four light spirits and conquered hyrule . in order to save hyrule , link must first restore the light spirits by entering the twilight - covered areas and , as a wolf , recover the spirits ' lost light . he must do this by collecting the multiple " tears of light " ; once all the tears of light are collected for one area , he restores that area ' s light spirit . as he restores them , the light spirits return link to his hylian form . [ sep ] children
twilight princess takes place several centuries after ocarina of time and majora ' s mask , and begins with a youth named link who is working as a ranch hand in ordon village . one day , the village is attacked by bulblins , who carry off the village ' s children with link in pursuit before he encounters a wall of twilight . a shadow beast pulls him beyond the wall into the realm of twilight , where he is transformed into a wolf and imprisoned . link is soon freed by an imp - like twilight being named midna , who dislikes link but agrees to help him if he obeys her unconditionally . she guides him to princess zelda . zelda explains that zant , the king of the twilight , has stolen the light from three of the four light spirits and conquered hyrule . in order to save hyrule , link must first restore the light spirits by entering the twilight - covered areas and , as a wolf , recover the spirits ' lost light . he must do this by collecting the multiple " tears of light " ; once all the tears of light are collected for one area , he restores that area ' s light spirit . as he restores them , the light spirits return link to his hylian form . [ sep ] midna
twilight princess takes place several centuries after ocarina of time and majora ' s mask , and begins with a youth named link who is working as a ranch hand in ordon village . one day , the village is attacked by bulblins , who carry off the village ' s children with link in pursuit before he encounters a wall of twilight . a shadow beast pulls him beyond the wall into the realm of twilight , where he is transformed into a wolf and imprisoned . link is soon freed by an imp - like twilight being named midna , who dislikes link but agrees to help him if he obeys her unconditionally . she guides him to princess zelda . zelda explains that zant , the king of the twilight , has stolen the light from three of the four light spirits and conquered hyrule . in order to save hyrule , link must first restore the light spirits by entering the twilight - covered areas and , as a wolf , recover the spirits ' lost light . he must do this by collecting the multiple " tears of light " ; once all the tears of light are collected for one area , he restores that area ' s light spirit . as he restores them , the light spirits return link to his hylian form . [ sep ] tears of light
during this time , link also helps midna find the fused shadows , fragments of a relic containing powerful dark magic . in return , she helps link find ordon village ' s children while helping the monkeys of faron , the gorons of eldin , and the zoras of lanayru . once link has restored the light spirits and midna has all the fused shadows , they are ambushed by zant . after he relieves midna of the fused shadow fragments , she ridicules him for abusing his tribe ' s magic , but zant reveals that his power comes from another source as he uses it to turn link back into a wolf , and then leaves midna in hyrule to die from the world ' s light . bringing a dying midna to zelda , link learns he needs the master sword to return to human form . zelda sacrifices herself to heal midna with her power before vanishing mysteriously . midna is moved by zelda ' s sacrifice , and begins to care more about link and the fate of the light world . [ sep ] fused shadows
during this time , link also helps midna find the fused shadows , fragments of a relic containing powerful dark magic . in return , she helps link find ordon village ' s children while helping the monkeys of faron , the gorons of eldin , and the zoras of lanayru . once link has restored the light spirits and midna has all the fused shadows , they are ambushed by zant . after he relieves midna of the fused shadow fragments , she ridicules him for abusing his tribe ' s magic , but zant reveals that his power comes from another source as he uses it to turn link back into a wolf , and then leaves midna in hyrule to die from the world ' s light . bringing a dying midna to zelda , link learns he needs the master sword to return to human form . zelda sacrifices herself to heal midna with her power before vanishing mysteriously . midna is moved by zelda ' s sacrifice , and begins to care more about link and the fate of the light world . [ sep ] zant
during this time , link also helps midna find the fused shadows , fragments of a relic containing powerful dark magic . in return , she helps link find ordon village ' s children while helping the monkeys of faron , the gorons of eldin , and the zoras of lanayru . once link has restored the light spirits and midna has all the fused shadows , they are ambushed by zant . after he relieves midna of the fused shadow fragments , she ridicules him for abusing his tribe ' s magic , but zant reveals that his power comes from another source as he uses it to turn link back into a wolf , and then leaves midna in hyrule to die from the world ' s light . bringing a dying midna to zelda , link learns he needs the master sword to return to human form . zelda sacrifices herself to heal midna with her power before vanishing mysteriously . midna is moved by zelda ' s sacrifice , and begins to care more about link and the fate of the light world . [ sep ] master sword
during this time , link also helps midna find the fused shadows , fragments of a relic containing powerful dark magic . in return , she helps link find ordon village ' s children while helping the monkeys of faron , the gorons of eldin , and the zoras of lanayru . once link has restored the light spirits and midna has all the fused shadows , they are ambushed by zant . after he relieves midna of the fused shadow fragments , she ridicules him for abusing his tribe ' s magic , but zant reveals that his power comes from another source as he uses it to turn link back into a wolf , and then leaves midna in hyrule to die from the world ' s light . bringing a dying midna to zelda , link learns he needs the master sword to return to human form . zelda sacrifices herself to heal midna with her power before vanishing mysteriously . midna is moved by zelda ' s sacrifice , and begins to care more about link and the fate of the light world . [ sep ] zelda
during this time , link also helps midna find the fused shadows , fragments of a relic containing powerful dark magic . in return , she helps link find ordon village ' s children while helping the monkeys of faron , the gorons of eldin , and the zoras of lanayru . once link has restored the light spirits and midna has all the fused shadows , they are ambushed by zant . after he relieves midna of the fused shadow fragments , she ridicules him for abusing his tribe ' s magic , but zant reveals that his power comes from another source as he uses it to turn link back into a wolf , and then leaves midna in hyrule to die from the world ' s light . bringing a dying midna to zelda , link learns he needs the master sword to return to human form . zelda sacrifices herself to heal midna with her power before vanishing mysteriously . midna is moved by zelda ' s sacrifice , and begins to care more about link and the fate of the light world . [ sep ] lanayru
after gaining the master sword , link is cleansed of the magic that kept him in wolf form , obtaining the shadow crystal . now able to use it to switch between both forms at will , link is led by midna to the mirror of twilight located deep within the gerudo desert , the only known gateway between the twilight realm and hyrule . however , they discover that the mirror is broken . the sages there explain that zant tried to destroy it , but he was only able to shatter it into fragments ; only the true ruler of the twili can completely destroy the mirror of twilight . they also reveal that they used it a century ago to banish ganondorf , the gerudo leader who attempted to steal the triforce , to the twilight realm when executing him failed . assisted by an underground resistance group they meet in castle town , link and midna set out to retrieve the missing shards of the mirror , defeating those they infected . once the portal has been restored , midna is revealed to be the true ruler of the twilight realm , usurped by zant when he cursed her into her current form . confronting zant , link and midna learn that zant ' s coup was made possible when he forged a pact with ganondorf , who asked for zant ' s assistance in conquering hyrule . after link defeats zant , midna recovers the fused shadows , but destroys zant after learning that only ganondorf ' s death can release her from her curse . returning to hyrule , link and midna find ganondorf in hyrule castle , with a lifeless zelda suspended above his head . ganondorf fights link by possessing zelda ' s body and eventually by transforming into a beast , but link defeats him and midna is able to resurrect zelda . [ sep ] shadow crystal
after gaining the master sword , link is cleansed of the magic that kept him in wolf form , obtaining the shadow crystal . now able to use it to switch between both forms at will , link is led by midna to the mirror of twilight located deep within the gerudo desert , the only known gateway between the twilight realm and hyrule . however , they discover that the mirror is broken . the sages there explain that zant tried to destroy it , but he was only able to shatter it into fragments ; only the true ruler of the twili can completely destroy the mirror of twilight . they also reveal that they used it a century ago to banish ganondorf , the gerudo leader who attempted to steal the triforce , to the twilight realm when executing him failed . assisted by an underground resistance group they meet in castle town , link and midna set out to retrieve the missing shards of the mirror , defeating those they infected . once the portal has been restored , midna is revealed to be the true ruler of the twilight realm , usurped by zant when he cursed her into her current form . confronting zant , link and midna learn that zant ' s coup was made possible when he forged a pact with ganondorf , who asked for zant ' s assistance in conquering hyrule . after link defeats zant , midna recovers the fused shadows , but destroys zant after learning that only ganondorf ' s death can release her from her curse . returning to hyrule , link and midna find ganondorf in hyrule castle , with a lifeless zelda suspended above his head . ganondorf fights link by possessing zelda ' s body and eventually by transforming into a beast , but link defeats him and midna is able to resurrect zelda . [ sep ] mirror of twilight
after gaining the master sword , link is cleansed of the magic that kept him in wolf form , obtaining the shadow crystal . now able to use it to switch between both forms at will , link is led by midna to the mirror of twilight located deep within the gerudo desert , the only known gateway between the twilight realm and hyrule . however , they discover that the mirror is broken . the sages there explain that zant tried to destroy it , but he was only able to shatter it into fragments ; only the true ruler of the twili can completely destroy the mirror of twilight . they also reveal that they used it a century ago to banish ganondorf , the gerudo leader who attempted to steal the triforce , to the twilight realm when executing him failed . assisted by an underground resistance group they meet in castle town , link and midna set out to retrieve the missing shards of the mirror , defeating those they infected . once the portal has been restored , midna is revealed to be the true ruler of the twilight realm , usurped by zant when he cursed her into her current form . confronting zant , link and midna learn that zant ' s coup was made possible when he forged a pact with ganondorf , who asked for zant ' s assistance in conquering hyrule . after link defeats zant , midna recovers the fused shadows , but destroys zant after learning that only ganondorf ' s death can release her from her curse . returning to hyrule , link and midna find ganondorf in hyrule castle , with a lifeless zelda suspended above his head . ganondorf fights link by possessing zelda ' s body and eventually by transforming into a beast , but link defeats him and midna is able to resurrect zelda . [ sep ] ganondorf
after gaining the master sword , link is cleansed of the magic that kept him in wolf form , obtaining the shadow crystal . now able to use it to switch between both forms at will , link is led by midna to the mirror of twilight located deep within the gerudo desert , the only known gateway between the twilight realm and hyrule . however , they discover that the mirror is broken . the sages there explain that zant tried to destroy it , but he was only able to shatter it into fragments ; only the true ruler of the twili can completely destroy the mirror of twilight . they also reveal that they used it a century ago to banish ganondorf , the gerudo leader who attempted to steal the triforce , to the twilight realm when executing him failed . assisted by an underground resistance group they meet in castle town , link and midna set out to retrieve the missing shards of the mirror , defeating those they infected . once the portal has been restored , midna is revealed to be the true ruler of the twilight realm , usurped by zant when he cursed her into her current form . confronting zant , link and midna learn that zant ' s coup was made possible when he forged a pact with ganondorf , who asked for zant ' s assistance in conquering hyrule . after link defeats zant , midna recovers the fused shadows , but destroys zant after learning that only ganondorf ' s death can release her from her curse . returning to hyrule , link and midna find ganondorf in hyrule castle , with a lifeless zelda suspended above his head . ganondorf fights link by possessing zelda ' s body and eventually by transforming into a beast , but link defeats him and midna is able to resurrect zelda . [ sep ] hyrule castle
after gaining the master sword , link is cleansed of the magic that kept him in wolf form , obtaining the shadow crystal . now able to use it to switch between both forms at will , link is led by midna to the mirror of twilight located deep within the gerudo desert , the only known gateway between the twilight realm and hyrule . however , they discover that the mirror is broken . the sages there explain that zant tried to destroy it , but he was only able to shatter it into fragments ; only the true ruler of the twili can completely destroy the mirror of twilight . they also reveal that they used it a century ago to banish ganondorf , the gerudo leader who attempted to steal the triforce , to the twilight realm when executing him failed . assisted by an underground resistance group they meet in castle town , link and midna set out to retrieve the missing shards of the mirror , defeating those they infected . once the portal has been restored , midna is revealed to be the true ruler of the twilight realm , usurped by zant when he cursed her into her current form . confronting zant , link and midna learn that zant ' s coup was made possible when he forged a pact with ganondorf , who asked for zant ' s assistance in conquering hyrule . after link defeats zant , midna recovers the fused shadows , but destroys zant after learning that only ganondorf ' s death can release her from her curse . returning to hyrule , link and midna find ganondorf in hyrule castle , with a lifeless zelda suspended above his head . ganondorf fights link by possessing zelda ' s body and eventually by transforming into a beast , but link defeats him and midna is able to resurrect zelda . [ sep ] zelda ' s
ganondorf then revives , and midna teleports link and zelda outside the castle so she can hold him off with the fused shadows . however , as hyrule castle collapses , it is revealed that ganondorf was victorious as he crushes midna ' s helmet . ganondorf engages link on horseback , and , assisted by zelda and the light spirits , link eventually knocks ganondorf off his horse and they duel on foot before link strikes down ganondorf and plunges the master sword into his chest . with ganondorf dead , the light spirits not only bring midna back to life , but restore her to her true form . after bidding farewell to link and zelda , midna returns home before destroying the mirror of twilight with a tear to maintain balance between hyrule and the twilight realm . near the end , as hyrule castle is rebuilt , link is shown leaving ordon village heading to parts unknown . [ sep ] helmet
ganondorf then revives , and midna teleports link and zelda outside the castle so she can hold him off with the fused shadows . however , as hyrule castle collapses , it is revealed that ganondorf was victorious as he crushes midna ' s helmet . ganondorf engages link on horseback , and , assisted by zelda and the light spirits , link eventually knocks ganondorf off his horse and they duel on foot before link strikes down ganondorf and plunges the master sword into his chest . with ganondorf dead , the light spirits not only bring midna back to life , but restore her to her true form . after bidding farewell to link and zelda , midna returns home before destroying the mirror of twilight with a tear to maintain balance between hyrule and the twilight realm . near the end , as hyrule castle is rebuilt , link is shown leaving ordon village heading to parts unknown . [ sep ] ordon village
ganondorf then revives , and midna teleports link and zelda outside the castle so she can hold him off with the fused shadows . however , as hyrule castle collapses , it is revealed that ganondorf was victorious as he crushes midna ' s helmet . ganondorf engages link on horseback , and , assisted by zelda and the light spirits , link eventually knocks ganondorf off his horse and they duel on foot before link strikes down ganondorf and plunges the master sword into his chest . with ganondorf dead , the light spirits not only bring midna back to life , but restore her to her true form . after bidding farewell to link and zelda , midna returns home before destroying the mirror of twilight with a tear to maintain balance between hyrule and the twilight realm . near the end , as hyrule castle is rebuilt , link is shown leaving ordon village heading to parts unknown . [ sep ] zelda
ganondorf then revives , and midna teleports link and zelda outside the castle so she can hold him off with the fused shadows . however , as hyrule castle collapses , it is revealed that ganondorf was victorious as he crushes midna ' s helmet . ganondorf engages link on horseback , and , assisted by zelda and the light spirits , link eventually knocks ganondorf off his horse and they duel on foot before link strikes down ganondorf and plunges the master sword into his chest . with ganondorf dead , the light spirits not only bring midna back to life , but restore her to her true form . after bidding farewell to link and zelda , midna returns home before destroying the mirror of twilight with a tear to maintain balance between hyrule and the twilight realm . near the end , as hyrule castle is rebuilt , link is shown leaving ordon village heading to parts unknown . [ sep ] chest
ganondorf then revives , and midna teleports link and zelda outside the castle so she can hold him off with the fused shadows . however , as hyrule castle collapses , it is revealed that ganondorf was victorious as he crushes midna ' s helmet . ganondorf engages link on horseback , and , assisted by zelda and the light spirits , link eventually knocks ganondorf off his horse and they duel on foot before link strikes down ganondorf and plunges the master sword into his chest . with ganondorf dead , the light spirits not only bring midna back to life , but restore her to her true form . after bidding farewell to link and zelda , midna returns home before destroying the mirror of twilight with a tear to maintain balance between hyrule and the twilight realm . near the end , as hyrule castle is rebuilt , link is shown leaving ordon village heading to parts unknown . [ sep ] light spirits
in 2003 , nintendo announced that a new the legend of zelda game was in the works for the gamecube by the same team that had created the cel - shaded the wind waker . at the following year ' s game developers conference , director eiji aonuma unintentionally revealed that the game ' s sequel was in development under the working title the wind waker 2 ; it was set to use a similar graphical style to that of its predecessor . nintendo of america told aonuma that north american sales of the wind waker were sluggish because its cartoon appearance created the impression that the game was designed for a young audience . concerned that the sequel would have the same problem , aonuma expressed to producer shigeru miyamoto that he wanted to create a realistic zelda game that would appeal to the north american market . miyamoto , hesitant about solely changing the game ' s presentation , suggested the team ' s focus should instead be on coming up with gameplay innovations . he advised that aonuma should start by doing what could not be done in ocarina of time , particularly horseback combat . [ l ] [ sep ] 2003
in 2003 , nintendo announced that a new the legend of zelda game was in the works for the gamecube by the same team that had created the cel - shaded the wind waker . at the following year ' s game developers conference , director eiji aonuma unintentionally revealed that the game ' s sequel was in development under the working title the wind waker 2 ; it was set to use a similar graphical style to that of its predecessor . nintendo of america told aonuma that north american sales of the wind waker were sluggish because its cartoon appearance created the impression that the game was designed for a young audience . concerned that the sequel would have the same problem , aonuma expressed to producer shigeru miyamoto that he wanted to create a realistic zelda game that would appeal to the north american market . miyamoto , hesitant about solely changing the game ' s presentation , suggested the team ' s focus should instead be on coming up with gameplay innovations . he advised that aonuma should start by doing what could not be done in ocarina of time , particularly horseback combat . [ l ] [ sep ] game developers conference
in 2003 , nintendo announced that a new the legend of zelda game was in the works for the gamecube by the same team that had created the cel - shaded the wind waker . at the following year ' s game developers conference , director eiji aonuma unintentionally revealed that the game ' s sequel was in development under the working title the wind waker 2 ; it was set to use a similar graphical style to that of its predecessor . nintendo of america told aonuma that north american sales of the wind waker were sluggish because its cartoon appearance created the impression that the game was designed for a young audience . concerned that the sequel would have the same problem , aonuma expressed to producer shigeru miyamoto that he wanted to create a realistic zelda game that would appeal to the north american market . miyamoto , hesitant about solely changing the game ' s presentation , suggested the team ' s focus should instead be on coming up with gameplay innovations . he advised that aonuma should start by doing what could not be done in ocarina of time , particularly horseback combat . [ l ] [ sep ] north american
in 2003 , nintendo announced that a new the legend of zelda game was in the works for the gamecube by the same team that had created the cel - shaded the wind waker . at the following year ' s game developers conference , director eiji aonuma unintentionally revealed that the game ' s sequel was in development under the working title the wind waker 2 ; it was set to use a similar graphical style to that of its predecessor . nintendo of america told aonuma that north american sales of the wind waker were sluggish because its cartoon appearance created the impression that the game was designed for a young audience . concerned that the sequel would have the same problem , aonuma expressed to producer shigeru miyamoto that he wanted to create a realistic zelda game that would appeal to the north american market . miyamoto , hesitant about solely changing the game ' s presentation , suggested the team ' s focus should instead be on coming up with gameplay innovations . he advised that aonuma should start by doing what could not be done in ocarina of time , particularly horseback combat . [ l ] [ sep ] horseback combat
in four months , aonuma ' s team managed to present realistic horseback riding , [ l ] which nintendo later revealed to the public with a trailer at electronic entertainment expo 2004 . the game was scheduled to be released the next year , and was no longer a follow - up to the wind waker ; a true sequel to it was released for the nintendo ds in 2007 , in the form of phantom hourglass . miyamoto explained in interviews that the graphical style was chosen to satisfy demand , and that it better fit the theme of an older incarnation of link . the game runs on a modified the wind waker engine . [ sep ] four
in four months , aonuma ' s team managed to present realistic horseback riding , [ l ] which nintendo later revealed to the public with a trailer at electronic entertainment expo 2004 . the game was scheduled to be released the next year , and was no longer a follow - up to the wind waker ; a true sequel to it was released for the nintendo ds in 2007 , in the form of phantom hourglass . miyamoto explained in interviews that the graphical style was chosen to satisfy demand , and that it better fit the theme of an older incarnation of link . the game runs on a modified the wind waker engine . [ sep ] electronic entertainment expo 2004
in four months , aonuma ' s team managed to present realistic horseback riding , [ l ] which nintendo later revealed to the public with a trailer at electronic entertainment expo 2004 . the game was scheduled to be released the next year , and was no longer a follow - up to the wind waker ; a true sequel to it was released for the nintendo ds in 2007 , in the form of phantom hourglass . miyamoto explained in interviews that the graphical style was chosen to satisfy demand , and that it better fit the theme of an older incarnation of link . the game runs on a modified the wind waker engine . [ sep ] nintendo ds
in four months , aonuma ' s team managed to present realistic horseback riding , [ l ] which nintendo later revealed to the public with a trailer at electronic entertainment expo 2004 . the game was scheduled to be released the next year , and was no longer a follow - up to the wind waker ; a true sequel to it was released for the nintendo ds in 2007 , in the form of phantom hourglass . miyamoto explained in interviews that the graphical style was chosen to satisfy demand , and that it better fit the theme of an older incarnation of link . the game runs on a modified the wind waker engine . [ sep ] phantom hourglass
prior zelda games have employed a theme of two separate , yet connected , worlds . in a link to the past , link travels between a " light world " and a " dark world " ; in ocarina of time , as well as in oracle of ages , link travels between two different time periods . the zelda team sought to reuse this motif in the series ' latest installment . it was suggested that link transform into a wolf , much like he metamorphoses into a rabbit in the dark world of a link to the past . [ m ] the story of the game was created by aonuma , and later underwent several changes by scenario writers mitsuhiro takano and aya kyogoku . takano created the script for the story scenes , while kyogoku and takayuki ikkaku handled the actual in - game script . aonuma left his team working on the new idea while he directed the minish cap for the game boy advance . when he returned , he found the twilight princess team struggling . emphasis on the parallel worlds and the wolf transformation had made link ' s character unbelievable . aonuma also felt the gameplay lacked the caliber of innovation found in phantom hourglass , which was being developed with touch controls for the nintendo ds . at the same time , the wii was under development with the code name " revolution " . miyamoto thought that the revolution ' s pointing device , the wii remote , was well suited for aiming arrows in zelda , and suggested that aonuma consider using it . [ n ] [ sep ] rabbit
prior zelda games have employed a theme of two separate , yet connected , worlds . in a link to the past , link travels between a " light world " and a " dark world " ; in ocarina of time , as well as in oracle of ages , link travels between two different time periods . the zelda team sought to reuse this motif in the series ' latest installment . it was suggested that link transform into a wolf , much like he metamorphoses into a rabbit in the dark world of a link to the past . [ m ] the story of the game was created by aonuma , and later underwent several changes by scenario writers mitsuhiro takano and aya kyogoku . takano created the script for the story scenes , while kyogoku and takayuki ikkaku handled the actual in - game script . aonuma left his team working on the new idea while he directed the minish cap for the game boy advance . when he returned , he found the twilight princess team struggling . emphasis on the parallel worlds and the wolf transformation had made link ' s character unbelievable . aonuma also felt the gameplay lacked the caliber of innovation found in phantom hourglass , which was being developed with touch controls for the nintendo ds . at the same time , the wii was under development with the code name " revolution " . miyamoto thought that the revolution ' s pointing device , the wii remote , was well suited for aiming arrows in zelda , and suggested that aonuma consider using it . [ n ] [ sep ] the minish cap
prior zelda games have employed a theme of two separate , yet connected , worlds . in a link to the past , link travels between a " light world " and a " dark world " ; in ocarina of time , as well as in oracle of ages , link travels between two different time periods . the zelda team sought to reuse this motif in the series ' latest installment . it was suggested that link transform into a wolf , much like he metamorphoses into a rabbit in the dark world of a link to the past . [ m ] the story of the game was created by aonuma , and later underwent several changes by scenario writers mitsuhiro takano and aya kyogoku . takano created the script for the story scenes , while kyogoku and takayuki ikkaku handled the actual in - game script . aonuma left his team working on the new idea while he directed the minish cap for the game boy advance . when he returned , he found the twilight princess team struggling . emphasis on the parallel worlds and the wolf transformation had made link ' s character unbelievable . aonuma also felt the gameplay lacked the caliber of innovation found in phantom hourglass , which was being developed with touch controls for the nintendo ds . at the same time , the wii was under development with the code name " revolution " . miyamoto thought that the revolution ' s pointing device , the wii remote , was well suited for aiming arrows in zelda , and suggested that aonuma consider using it . [ n ] [ sep ] revolution
prior zelda games have employed a theme of two separate , yet connected , worlds . in a link to the past , link travels between a " light world " and a " dark world " ; in ocarina of time , as well as in oracle of ages , link travels between two different time periods . the zelda team sought to reuse this motif in the series ' latest installment . it was suggested that link transform into a wolf , much like he metamorphoses into a rabbit in the dark world of a link to the past . [ m ] the story of the game was created by aonuma , and later underwent several changes by scenario writers mitsuhiro takano and aya kyogoku . takano created the script for the story scenes , while kyogoku and takayuki ikkaku handled the actual in - game script . aonuma left his team working on the new idea while he directed the minish cap for the game boy advance . when he returned , he found the twilight princess team struggling . emphasis on the parallel worlds and the wolf transformation had made link ' s character unbelievable . aonuma also felt the gameplay lacked the caliber of innovation found in phantom hourglass , which was being developed with touch controls for the nintendo ds . at the same time , the wii was under development with the code name " revolution " . miyamoto thought that the revolution ' s pointing device , the wii remote , was well suited for aiming arrows in zelda , and suggested that aonuma consider using it . [ n ] [ sep ] miyamoto
aonuma had anticipated creating a zelda game for what would later be called the wii , but had assumed that he would need to complete twilight princess first . his team began work developing a pointing - based interface for the bow and arrow , and aonuma found that aiming directly at the screen gave the game a new feel , just like the ds control scheme for phantom hourglass . aonuma felt confident this was the only way to proceed , but worried about consumers who had been anticipating a gamecube release . developing two versions would mean delaying the previously announced 2005 release , still disappointing the consumer . satoru iwata felt that having both versions would satisfy users in the end , even though they would have to wait for the finished product . aonuma then started working on both versions in parallel . [ o ] [ sep ] pointing - based
aonuma had anticipated creating a zelda game for what would later be called the wii , but had assumed that he would need to complete twilight princess first . his team began work developing a pointing - based interface for the bow and arrow , and aonuma found that aiming directly at the screen gave the game a new feel , just like the ds control scheme for phantom hourglass . aonuma felt confident this was the only way to proceed , but worried about consumers who had been anticipating a gamecube release . developing two versions would mean delaying the previously announced 2005 release , still disappointing the consumer . satoru iwata felt that having both versions would satisfy users in the end , even though they would have to wait for the finished product . aonuma then started working on both versions in parallel . [ o ] [ sep ] 2005
aonuma had anticipated creating a zelda game for what would later be called the wii , but had assumed that he would need to complete twilight princess first . his team began work developing a pointing - based interface for the bow and arrow , and aonuma found that aiming directly at the screen gave the game a new feel , just like the ds control scheme for phantom hourglass . aonuma felt confident this was the only way to proceed , but worried about consumers who had been anticipating a gamecube release . developing two versions would mean delaying the previously announced 2005 release , still disappointing the consumer . satoru iwata felt that having both versions would satisfy users in the end , even though they would have to wait for the finished product . aonuma then started working on both versions in parallel . [ o ] [ sep ] satoru iwata
discussions of strategy in the mid ming dynasty focused primarily on recovery of the ordos region , which the mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into ming china . norbu states that the ming dynasty , preoccupied with the mongol threat to the north , could not spare additional armed forces to enforce or back up their claim of sovereignty over tibet ; instead , they relied on " confucian instruments of tribute relations " of heaping unlimited number of titles and gifts on tibetan lamas through acts of diplomacy . sperling states that the delicate relationship between the ming and tibet was " the last time a united china had to deal with an independent tibet , " that there was a potential for armed conflict at their borders , and that the ultimate goal of ming foreign policy with tibet was not subjugation but " avoidance of any kind of tibetan threat . " p . christiaan klieger argues that the ming court ' s patronage of high tibetan lamas " was designed to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes . " [ sep ] recovery of the ordos region
discussions of strategy in the mid ming dynasty focused primarily on recovery of the ordos region , which the mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into ming china . norbu states that the ming dynasty , preoccupied with the mongol threat to the north , could not spare additional armed forces to enforce or back up their claim of sovereignty over tibet ; instead , they relied on " confucian instruments of tribute relations " of heaping unlimited number of titles and gifts on tibetan lamas through acts of diplomacy . sperling states that the delicate relationship between the ming and tibet was " the last time a united china had to deal with an independent tibet , " that there was a potential for armed conflict at their borders , and that the ultimate goal of ming foreign policy with tibet was not subjugation but " avoidance of any kind of tibetan threat . " p . christiaan klieger argues that the ming court ' s patronage of high tibetan lamas " was designed to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes . " [ sep ] the mongols
discussions of strategy in the mid ming dynasty focused primarily on recovery of the ordos region , which the mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into ming china . norbu states that the ming dynasty , preoccupied with the mongol threat to the north , could not spare additional armed forces to enforce or back up their claim of sovereignty over tibet ; instead , they relied on " confucian instruments of tribute relations " of heaping unlimited number of titles and gifts on tibetan lamas through acts of diplomacy . sperling states that the delicate relationship between the ming and tibet was " the last time a united china had to deal with an independent tibet , " that there was a potential for armed conflict at their borders , and that the ultimate goal of ming foreign policy with tibet was not subjugation but " avoidance of any kind of tibetan threat . " p . christiaan klieger argues that the ming court ' s patronage of high tibetan lamas " was designed to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes . " [ sep ] ming china
discussions of strategy in the mid ming dynasty focused primarily on recovery of the ordos region , which the mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into ming china . norbu states that the ming dynasty , preoccupied with the mongol threat to the north , could not spare additional armed forces to enforce or back up their claim of sovereignty over tibet ; instead , they relied on " confucian instruments of tribute relations " of heaping unlimited number of titles and gifts on tibetan lamas through acts of diplomacy . sperling states that the delicate relationship between the ming and tibet was " the last time a united china had to deal with an independent tibet , " that there was a potential for armed conflict at their borders , and that the ultimate goal of ming foreign policy with tibet was not subjugation but " avoidance of any kind of tibetan threat . " p . christiaan klieger argues that the ming court ' s patronage of high tibetan lamas " was designed to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes . " [ sep ] to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes
transferring gamecube development to the wii was relatively simple , since the wii was being created to be compatible with the gamecube . [ o ] at e3 2005 , nintendo released a small number of nintendo ds game cards containing a preview trailer for twilight princess . they also announced that zelda would appear on the wii ( then codenamed " revolution " ) , but it was not clear to the media if this meant twilight princess or a different game . [ sep ] gamecube
transferring gamecube development to the wii was relatively simple , since the wii was being created to be compatible with the gamecube . [ o ] at e3 2005 , nintendo released a small number of nintendo ds game cards containing a preview trailer for twilight princess . they also announced that zelda would appear on the wii ( then codenamed " revolution " ) , but it was not clear to the media if this meant twilight princess or a different game . [ sep ] e3 2005
transferring gamecube development to the wii was relatively simple , since the wii was being created to be compatible with the gamecube . [ o ] at e3 2005 , nintendo released a small number of nintendo ds game cards containing a preview trailer for twilight princess . they also announced that zelda would appear on the wii ( then codenamed " revolution " ) , but it was not clear to the media if this meant twilight princess or a different game . [ sep ] wii
the team worked on a wii control scheme , adapting camera control and the fighting mechanics to the new interface . a prototype was created that used a swinging gesture to control the sword from a first - person viewpoint , but was unable to show the variety of link ' s movements . when the third - person view was restored , aonuma thought it felt strange to swing the wii remote with the right hand to control the sword in link ' s left hand , so the entire wii version map was mirrored . [ p ] details about wii controls began to surface in december 2005 when british publication ngc magazine claimed that when a gamecube copy of twilight princess was played on the revolution , it would give the player the option of using the revolution controller . miyamoto confirmed the revolution controller - functionality in an interview with nintendo of europe and time reported this soon after . however , support for the wii controller did not make it into the gamecube release . at e3 2006 , nintendo announced that both versions would be available at the wii launch , and had a playable version of twilight princess for the wii . [ p ] later , the gamecube release was pushed back to a month after the launch of the wii . [ sep ] swinging gesture
the team worked on a wii control scheme , adapting camera control and the fighting mechanics to the new interface . a prototype was created that used a swinging gesture to control the sword from a first - person viewpoint , but was unable to show the variety of link ' s movements . when the third - person view was restored , aonuma thought it felt strange to swing the wii remote with the right hand to control the sword in link ' s left hand , so the entire wii version map was mirrored . [ p ] details about wii controls began to surface in december 2005 when british publication ngc magazine claimed that when a gamecube copy of twilight princess was played on the revolution , it would give the player the option of using the revolution controller . miyamoto confirmed the revolution controller - functionality in an interview with nintendo of europe and time reported this soon after . however , support for the wii controller did not make it into the gamecube release . at e3 2006 , nintendo announced that both versions would be available at the wii launch , and had a playable version of twilight princess for the wii . [ p ] later , the gamecube release was pushed back to a month after the launch of the wii . [ sep ] ngc magazine
the team worked on a wii control scheme , adapting camera control and the fighting mechanics to the new interface . a prototype was created that used a swinging gesture to control the sword from a first - person viewpoint , but was unable to show the variety of link ' s movements . when the third - person view was restored , aonuma thought it felt strange to swing the wii remote with the right hand to control the sword in link ' s left hand , so the entire wii version map was mirrored . [ p ] details about wii controls began to surface in december 2005 when british publication ngc magazine claimed that when a gamecube copy of twilight princess was played on the revolution , it would give the player the option of using the revolution controller . miyamoto confirmed the revolution controller - functionality in an interview with nintendo of europe and time reported this soon after . however , support for the wii controller did not make it into the gamecube release . at e3 2006 , nintendo announced that both versions would be available at the wii launch , and had a playable version of twilight princess for the wii . [ p ] later , the gamecube release was pushed back to a month after the launch of the wii . [ sep ] wii controller
the team worked on a wii control scheme , adapting camera control and the fighting mechanics to the new interface . a prototype was created that used a swinging gesture to control the sword from a first - person viewpoint , but was unable to show the variety of link ' s movements . when the third - person view was restored , aonuma thought it felt strange to swing the wii remote with the right hand to control the sword in link ' s left hand , so the entire wii version map was mirrored . [ p ] details about wii controls began to surface in december 2005 when british publication ngc magazine claimed that when a gamecube copy of twilight princess was played on the revolution , it would give the player the option of using the revolution controller . miyamoto confirmed the revolution controller - functionality in an interview with nintendo of europe and time reported this soon after . however , support for the wii controller did not make it into the gamecube release . at e3 2006 , nintendo announced that both versions would be available at the wii launch , and had a playable version of twilight princess for the wii . [ p ] later , the gamecube release was pushed back to a month after the launch of the wii . [ sep ] 2006
the team worked on a wii control scheme , adapting camera control and the fighting mechanics to the new interface . a prototype was created that used a swinging gesture to control the sword from a first - person viewpoint , but was unable to show the variety of link ' s movements . when the third - person view was restored , aonuma thought it felt strange to swing the wii remote with the right hand to control the sword in link ' s left hand , so the entire wii version map was mirrored . [ p ] details about wii controls began to surface in december 2005 when british publication ngc magazine claimed that when a gamecube copy of twilight princess was played on the revolution , it would give the player the option of using the revolution controller . miyamoto confirmed the revolution controller - functionality in an interview with nintendo of europe and time reported this soon after . however , support for the wii controller did not make it into the gamecube release . at e3 2006 , nintendo announced that both versions would be available at the wii launch , and had a playable version of twilight princess for the wii . [ p ] later , the gamecube release was pushed back to a month after the launch of the wii . [ sep ] a month
nintendo staff members reported that demo users complained about the difficulty of the control scheme . aonuma realized that his team had implemented wii controls under the mindset of " forcing " users to adapt , instead of making the system intuitive and easy to use . he began rethinking the controls with miyamoto to focus on comfort and ease . [ q ] the camera movement was reworked and item controls were changed to avoid accidental button presses . [ r ] in addition , the new item system required use of the button that had previously been used for the sword . to solve this , sword controls were transferred back to gestures — something e3 attendees had commented they would like to see . this reintroduced the problem of using a right - handed swing to control a left - handed sword attack . the team did not have enough time before release to rework link ' s character model , so they instead flipped the entire game — everything was made a mirror image . [ s ] link was now right - handed , and references to " east " and " west " were switched around . the gamecube version , however , was left with the original orientation . the twilight princess player ' s guide focuses on the wii version , but has a section in the back with mirror - image maps for gamecube users . [ t ] [ sep ] control scheme
nintendo staff members reported that demo users complained about the difficulty of the control scheme . aonuma realized that his team had implemented wii controls under the mindset of " forcing " users to adapt , instead of making the system intuitive and easy to use . he began rethinking the controls with miyamoto to focus on comfort and ease . [ q ] the camera movement was reworked and item controls were changed to avoid accidental button presses . [ r ] in addition , the new item system required use of the button that had previously been used for the sword . to solve this , sword controls were transferred back to gestures — something e3 attendees had commented they would like to see . this reintroduced the problem of using a right - handed swing to control a left - handed sword attack . the team did not have enough time before release to rework link ' s character model , so they instead flipped the entire game — everything was made a mirror image . [ s ] link was now right - handed , and references to " east " and " west " were switched around . the gamecube version , however , was left with the original orientation . the twilight princess player ' s guide focuses on the wii version , but has a section in the back with mirror - image maps for gamecube users . [ t ] [ sep ] sword
nintendo staff members reported that demo users complained about the difficulty of the control scheme . aonuma realized that his team had implemented wii controls under the mindset of " forcing " users to adapt , instead of making the system intuitive and easy to use . he began rethinking the controls with miyamoto to focus on comfort and ease . [ q ] the camera movement was reworked and item controls were changed to avoid accidental button presses . [ r ] in addition , the new item system required use of the button that had previously been used for the sword . to solve this , sword controls were transferred back to gestures — something e3 attendees had commented they would like to see . this reintroduced the problem of using a right - handed swing to control a left - handed sword attack . the team did not have enough time before release to rework link ' s character model , so they instead flipped the entire game — everything was made a mirror image . [ s ] link was now right - handed , and references to " east " and " west " were switched around . the gamecube version , however , was left with the original orientation . the twilight princess player ' s guide focuses on the wii version , but has a section in the back with mirror - image maps for gamecube users . [ t ] [ sep ] e3 attendees
nintendo staff members reported that demo users complained about the difficulty of the control scheme . aonuma realized that his team had implemented wii controls under the mindset of " forcing " users to adapt , instead of making the system intuitive and easy to use . he began rethinking the controls with miyamoto to focus on comfort and ease . [ q ] the camera movement was reworked and item controls were changed to avoid accidental button presses . [ r ] in addition , the new item system required use of the button that had previously been used for the sword . to solve this , sword controls were transferred back to gestures — something e3 attendees had commented they would like to see . this reintroduced the problem of using a right - handed swing to control a left - handed sword attack . the team did not have enough time before release to rework link ' s character model , so they instead flipped the entire game — everything was made a mirror image . [ s ] link was now right - handed , and references to " east " and " west " were switched around . the gamecube version , however , was left with the original orientation . the twilight princess player ' s guide focuses on the wii version , but has a section in the back with mirror - image maps for gamecube users . [ t ] [ sep ] right
the game ' s score was composed by toru minegishi and asuka ohta , with series regular koji kondo serving as the sound supervisor . minegishi took charge of composition and sound design in twilight princess , providing all field and dungeon music under the supervision of kondo . for the trailers , three pieces were written by different composers , two of which were created by mahito yokota and kondo . michiru oshima created orchestral arrangements for the three compositions , later to be performed by an ensemble conducted by yasuzo takemoto . kondo ' s piece was later chosen as music for the e3 2005 trailer and for the demo movie after the game ' s title screen . [ sep ] toru minegishi and asuka ohta
the game ' s score was composed by toru minegishi and asuka ohta , with series regular koji kondo serving as the sound supervisor . minegishi took charge of composition and sound design in twilight princess , providing all field and dungeon music under the supervision of kondo . for the trailers , three pieces were written by different composers , two of which were created by mahito yokota and kondo . michiru oshima created orchestral arrangements for the three compositions , later to be performed by an ensemble conducted by yasuzo takemoto . kondo ' s piece was later chosen as music for the e3 2005 trailer and for the demo movie after the game ' s title screen . [ sep ] koji kondo
the game ' s score was composed by toru minegishi and asuka ohta , with series regular koji kondo serving as the sound supervisor . minegishi took charge of composition and sound design in twilight princess , providing all field and dungeon music under the supervision of kondo . for the trailers , three pieces were written by different composers , two of which were created by mahito yokota and kondo . michiru oshima created orchestral arrangements for the three compositions , later to be performed by an ensemble conducted by yasuzo takemoto . kondo ' s piece was later chosen as music for the e3 2005 trailer and for the demo movie after the game ' s title screen . [ sep ] michiru oshima
the game ' s score was composed by toru minegishi and asuka ohta , with series regular koji kondo serving as the sound supervisor . minegishi took charge of composition and sound design in twilight princess , providing all field and dungeon music under the supervision of kondo . for the trailers , three pieces were written by different composers , two of which were created by mahito yokota and kondo . michiru oshima created orchestral arrangements for the three compositions , later to be performed by an ensemble conducted by yasuzo takemoto . kondo ' s piece was later chosen as music for the e3 2005 trailer and for the demo movie after the game ' s title screen . [ sep ] koji kondo
media requests at the trade show prompted kondo to consider using orchestral music for the other tracks in the game as well , a notion reinforced by his preference for live instruments . he originally envisioned a full 50 - person orchestra for action sequences and a string quartet for more " lyrical moments " , though the final product used sequenced music instead . kondo later cited the lack of interactivity that comes with orchestral music as one of the main reasons for the decision . both six - and seven - track versions of the game ' s soundtrack were released on november 19 , 2006 , as part of a nintendo power promotion and bundled with replicas of the master sword and the hylian shield . [ sep ] live
media requests at the trade show prompted kondo to consider using orchestral music for the other tracks in the game as well , a notion reinforced by his preference for live instruments . he originally envisioned a full 50 - person orchestra for action sequences and a string quartet for more " lyrical moments " , though the final product used sequenced music instead . kondo later cited the lack of interactivity that comes with orchestral music as one of the main reasons for the decision . both six - and seven - track versions of the game ' s soundtrack were released on november 19 , 2006 , as part of a nintendo power promotion and bundled with replicas of the master sword and the hylian shield . [ sep ] 50
media requests at the trade show prompted kondo to consider using orchestral music for the other tracks in the game as well , a notion reinforced by his preference for live instruments . he originally envisioned a full 50 - person orchestra for action sequences and a string quartet for more " lyrical moments " , though the final product used sequenced music instead . kondo later cited the lack of interactivity that comes with orchestral music as one of the main reasons for the decision . both six - and seven - track versions of the game ' s soundtrack were released on november 19 , 2006 , as part of a nintendo power promotion and bundled with replicas of the master sword and the hylian shield . [ sep ] november 19 , 2006
media requests at the trade show prompted kondo to consider using orchestral music for the other tracks in the game as well , a notion reinforced by his preference for live instruments . he originally envisioned a full 50 - person orchestra for action sequences and a string quartet for more " lyrical moments " , though the final product used sequenced music instead . kondo later cited the lack of interactivity that comes with orchestral music as one of the main reasons for the decision . both six - and seven - track versions of the game ' s soundtrack were released on november 19 , 2006 , as part of a nintendo power promotion and bundled with replicas of the master sword and the hylian shield . [ sep ] nintendo power
following the discovery of a buffer overflow vulnerability in the wii version of twilight princess , an exploit known as the " twilight hack " was developed , allowing the execution of custom code from a secure digital ( sd ) card on the console . a properly designed save file would cause the game to load unsigned code , which could include executable and linkable format ( elf ) programs and homebrew wii applications . versions 3 . 3 and 3 . 4 of the wii menu prevented copying exploited save files onto the console until circumvention methods were discovered , and version 4 . 0 of the wii menu patched the vulnerability . [ sep ] buffer overflow vulnerability
following the discovery of a buffer overflow vulnerability in the wii version of twilight princess , an exploit known as the " twilight hack " was developed , allowing the execution of custom code from a secure digital ( sd ) card on the console . a properly designed save file would cause the game to load unsigned code , which could include executable and linkable format ( elf ) programs and homebrew wii applications . versions 3 . 3 and 3 . 4 of the wii menu prevented copying exploited save files onto the console until circumvention methods were discovered , and version 4 . 0 of the wii menu patched the vulnerability . [ sep ] executable and linkable format
following the discovery of a buffer overflow vulnerability in the wii version of twilight princess , an exploit known as the " twilight hack " was developed , allowing the execution of custom code from a secure digital ( sd ) card on the console . a properly designed save file would cause the game to load unsigned code , which could include executable and linkable format ( elf ) programs and homebrew wii applications . versions 3 . 3 and 3 . 4 of the wii menu prevented copying exploited save files onto the console until circumvention methods were discovered , and version 4 . 0 of the wii menu patched the vulnerability . [ sep ] 4 . 0
a high - definition remaster of the game , the legend of zelda : twilight princess hd , is being developed by tantalus media for the wii u . officially announced during a nintendo direct presentation on november 12 , 2015 , it features enhanced graphics and amiibo functionality . the game will be released in north america and europe on march 4 , 2016 ; in australia on march 5 , 2016 ; and in japan on march 10 , 2016 . [ sep ] tantalus media
a high - definition remaster of the game , the legend of zelda : twilight princess hd , is being developed by tantalus media for the wii u . officially announced during a nintendo direct presentation on november 12 , 2015 , it features enhanced graphics and amiibo functionality . the game will be released in north america and europe on march 4 , 2016 ; in australia on march 5 , 2016 ; and in japan on march 10 , 2016 . [ sep ] wii u
a high - definition remaster of the game , the legend of zelda : twilight princess hd , is being developed by tantalus media for the wii u . officially announced during a nintendo direct presentation on november 12 , 2015 , it features enhanced graphics and amiibo functionality . the game will be released in north america and europe on march 4 , 2016 ; in australia on march 5 , 2016 ; and in japan on march 10 , 2016 . [ sep ] november 12 , 2015
a high - definition remaster of the game , the legend of zelda : twilight princess hd , is being developed by tantalus media for the wii u . officially announced during a nintendo direct presentation on november 12 , 2015 , it features enhanced graphics and amiibo functionality . the game will be released in north america and europe on march 4 , 2016 ; in australia on march 5 , 2016 ; and in japan on march 10 , 2016 . [ sep ] march 5 , 2016
special bundles of the game contain a wolf link amiibo figurine , which unlocks a wii u - exclusive dungeon called the " cave of shadows " and can carry data over to the upcoming 2016 zelda game . other zelda - related amiibo figurines have distinct functions : link and toon link replenish arrows , zelda and sheik restore link ' s health , and ganondorf causes link to take twice as much damage . [ sep ] wolf link amiibo figurine
special bundles of the game contain a wolf link amiibo figurine , which unlocks a wii u - exclusive dungeon called the " cave of shadows " and can carry data over to the upcoming 2016 zelda game . other zelda - related amiibo figurines have distinct functions : link and toon link replenish arrows , zelda and sheik restore link ' s health , and ganondorf causes link to take twice as much damage . [ sep ] link and toon link
special bundles of the game contain a wolf link amiibo figurine , which unlocks a wii u - exclusive dungeon called the " cave of shadows " and can carry data over to the upcoming 2016 zelda game . other zelda - related amiibo figurines have distinct functions : link and toon link replenish arrows , zelda and sheik restore link ' s health , and ganondorf causes link to take twice as much damage . [ sep ] zelda and sheik
special bundles of the game contain a wolf link amiibo figurine , which unlocks a wii u - exclusive dungeon called the " cave of shadows " and can carry data over to the upcoming 2016 zelda game . other zelda - related amiibo figurines have distinct functions : link and toon link replenish arrows , zelda and sheik restore link ' s health , and ganondorf causes link to take twice as much damage . [ sep ] ganondorf
special bundles of the game contain a wolf link amiibo figurine , which unlocks a wii u - exclusive dungeon called the " cave of shadows " and can carry data over to the upcoming 2016 zelda game . other zelda - related amiibo figurines have distinct functions : link and toon link replenish arrows , zelda and sheik restore link ' s health , and ganondorf causes link to take twice as much damage . [ sep ] cave of shadows
a cd containing 20 musical selections from the game was available as a gamestop preorder bonus in the united states ; it is included in all bundles in japan , europe , and australia . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] gamestop
a cd containing 20 musical selections from the game was available as a gamestop preorder bonus in the united states ; it is included in all bundles in japan , europe , and australia . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] 20
a cd containing 20 musical selections from the game was available as a gamestop preorder bonus in the united states ; it is included in all bundles in japan , europe , and australia . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] japan , europe , and australia
twilight princess was released to universal critical acclaim and commercial success . it received perfect scores from major publications such as 1up . com , computer and video games , electronic gaming monthly , game informer , gamesradar , and gamespy . on the review aggregators gamerankings and metacritic , twilight princess has average scores of 95 % and 95 for the wii version and scores of 95 % and 96 for the gamecube version . gametrailers in their review called it one of the greatest games ever created . [ sep ] perfect
twilight princess was released to universal critical acclaim and commercial success . it received perfect scores from major publications such as 1up . com , computer and video games , electronic gaming monthly , game informer , gamesradar , and gamespy . on the review aggregators gamerankings and metacritic , twilight princess has average scores of 95 % and 95 for the wii version and scores of 95 % and 96 for the gamecube version . gametrailers in their review called it one of the greatest games ever created . [ sep ] gamerankings and metacritic
twilight princess was released to universal critical acclaim and commercial success . it received perfect scores from major publications such as 1up . com , computer and video games , electronic gaming monthly , game informer , gamesradar , and gamespy . on the review aggregators gamerankings and metacritic , twilight princess has average scores of 95 % and 95 for the wii version and scores of 95 % and 96 for the gamecube version . gametrailers in their review called it one of the greatest games ever created . [ sep ] gametrailers
on release , twilight princess was considered to be the greatest zelda game ever made by many critics including writers for 1up . com , computer and video games , electronic gaming monthly , game informer , gamesradar , ign and the washington post . game informer called it " so creative that it rivals the best that hollywood has to offer " . gamesradar praised twilight princess as " a game that deserves nothing but the absolute highest recommendation " . cubed3 hailed twilight princess as " the single greatest videogame experience " . twilight princess ' s graphics were praised for the art style and animation , although the game was designed for the gamecube , which is technically lacking compared to the next generation consoles . both ign and gamespy pointed out the existence of blurry textures and low - resolution characters . despite these complaints , computer and video games felt the game ' s atmosphere was superior to that of any previous zelda game , and regarded twilight princess ' s hyrule as the best version ever created . palgn praised the game ' s cinematics , noting that " the cutscenes are the best ever in zelda games " . regarding the wii version , gamespot ' s jeff gerstmann said the wii controls felt " tacked - on " , although 1up . com said the remote - swinging sword attacks were " the most impressive in the entire series " . gaming nexus considered twilight princess ' s soundtrack to be the best of this generation , though ign criticized its midi - formatted songs for lacking " the punch and crispness " of their orchestrated counterparts . hyper ' s javier glickman commended the game for its " very long quests , superb wii controls and being able to save anytime " . however , he criticised it for " no voice acting , no orchestral score and slightly outdated graphics " . [ sep ] ign and gamespy
on release , twilight princess was considered to be the greatest zelda game ever made by many critics including writers for 1up . com , computer and video games , electronic gaming monthly , game informer , gamesradar , ign and the washington post . game informer called it " so creative that it rivals the best that hollywood has to offer " . gamesradar praised twilight princess as " a game that deserves nothing but the absolute highest recommendation " . cubed3 hailed twilight princess as " the single greatest videogame experience " . twilight princess ' s graphics were praised for the art style and animation , although the game was designed for the gamecube , which is technically lacking compared to the next generation consoles . both ign and gamespy pointed out the existence of blurry textures and low - resolution characters . despite these complaints , computer and video games felt the game ' s atmosphere was superior to that of any previous zelda game , and regarded twilight princess ' s hyrule as the best version ever created . palgn praised the game ' s cinematics , noting that " the cutscenes are the best ever in zelda games " . regarding the wii version , gamespot ' s jeff gerstmann said the wii controls felt " tacked - on " , although 1up . com said the remote - swinging sword attacks were " the most impressive in the entire series " . gaming nexus considered twilight princess ' s soundtrack to be the best of this generation , though ign criticized its midi - formatted songs for lacking " the punch and crispness " of their orchestrated counterparts . hyper ' s javier glickman commended the game for its " very long quests , superb wii controls and being able to save anytime " . however , he criticised it for " no voice acting , no orchestral score and slightly outdated graphics " . [ sep ] jeff gerstmann
on release , twilight princess was considered to be the greatest zelda game ever made by many critics including writers for 1up . com , computer and video games , electronic gaming monthly , game informer , gamesradar , ign and the washington post . game informer called it " so creative that it rivals the best that hollywood has to offer " . gamesradar praised twilight princess as " a game that deserves nothing but the absolute highest recommendation " . cubed3 hailed twilight princess as " the single greatest videogame experience " . twilight princess ' s graphics were praised for the art style and animation , although the game was designed for the gamecube , which is technically lacking compared to the next generation consoles . both ign and gamespy pointed out the existence of blurry textures and low - resolution characters . despite these complaints , computer and video games felt the game ' s atmosphere was superior to that of any previous zelda game , and regarded twilight princess ' s hyrule as the best version ever created . palgn praised the game ' s cinematics , noting that " the cutscenes are the best ever in zelda games " . regarding the wii version , gamespot ' s jeff gerstmann said the wii controls felt " tacked - on " , although 1up . com said the remote - swinging sword attacks were " the most impressive in the entire series " . gaming nexus considered twilight princess ' s soundtrack to be the best of this generation , though ign criticized its midi - formatted songs for lacking " the punch and crispness " of their orchestrated counterparts . hyper ' s javier glickman commended the game for its " very long quests , superb wii controls and being able to save anytime " . however , he criticised it for " no voice acting , no orchestral score and slightly outdated graphics " . [ sep ] gamespot
on release , twilight princess was considered to be the greatest zelda game ever made by many critics including writers for 1up . com , computer and video games , electronic gaming monthly , game informer , gamesradar , ign and the washington post . game informer called it " so creative that it rivals the best that hollywood has to offer " . gamesradar praised twilight princess as " a game that deserves nothing but the absolute highest recommendation " . cubed3 hailed twilight princess as " the single greatest videogame experience " . twilight princess ' s graphics were praised for the art style and animation , although the game was designed for the gamecube , which is technically lacking compared to the next generation consoles . both ign and gamespy pointed out the existence of blurry textures and low - resolution characters . despite these complaints , computer and video games felt the game ' s atmosphere was superior to that of any previous zelda game , and regarded twilight princess ' s hyrule as the best version ever created . palgn praised the game ' s cinematics , noting that " the cutscenes are the best ever in zelda games " . regarding the wii version , gamespot ' s jeff gerstmann said the wii controls felt " tacked - on " , although 1up . com said the remote - swinging sword attacks were " the most impressive in the entire series " . gaming nexus considered twilight princess ' s soundtrack to be the best of this generation , though ign criticized its midi - formatted songs for lacking " the punch and crispness " of their orchestrated counterparts . hyper ' s javier glickman commended the game for its " very long quests , superb wii controls and being able to save anytime " . however , he criticised it for " no voice acting , no orchestral score and slightly outdated graphics " . [ sep ] javier glickman
on release , twilight princess was considered to be the greatest zelda game ever made by many critics including writers for 1up . com , computer and video games , electronic gaming monthly , game informer , gamesradar , ign and the washington post . game informer called it " so creative that it rivals the best that hollywood has to offer " . gamesradar praised twilight princess as " a game that deserves nothing but the absolute highest recommendation " . cubed3 hailed twilight princess as " the single greatest videogame experience " . twilight princess ' s graphics were praised for the art style and animation , although the game was designed for the gamecube , which is technically lacking compared to the next generation consoles . both ign and gamespy pointed out the existence of blurry textures and low - resolution characters . despite these complaints , computer and video games felt the game ' s atmosphere was superior to that of any previous zelda game , and regarded twilight princess ' s hyrule as the best version ever created . palgn praised the game ' s cinematics , noting that " the cutscenes are the best ever in zelda games " . regarding the wii version , gamespot ' s jeff gerstmann said the wii controls felt " tacked - on " , although 1up . com said the remote - swinging sword attacks were " the most impressive in the entire series " . gaming nexus considered twilight princess ' s soundtrack to be the best of this generation , though ign criticized its midi - formatted songs for lacking " the punch and crispness " of their orchestrated counterparts . hyper ' s javier glickman commended the game for its " very long quests , superb wii controls and being able to save anytime " . however , he criticised it for " no voice acting , no orchestral score and slightly outdated graphics " . [ sep ] hyper
twilight princess received the awards for best artistic design , best original score , and best use of sound from ign for its gamecube version . both ign and nintendo power gave twilight princess the awards for best graphics and best story . twilight princess received game of the year awards from gametrailers , 1up . com , electronic gaming monthly , game informer , games radar , gamespy , spacey awards , x - play and nintendo power . it was also given awards for best adventure game from the game critics awards , x - play , ign , gametrailers , 1up . com , and nintendo power . the game was considered the best console game by the game critics awards and gamespy . the game placed 16th in official nintendo magazine ' s list of the 100 greatest nintendo games of all time . ign ranked the game as the 4th - best wii game . nintendo power ranked the game as the third - best game to be released on a nintendo system in the 2000s decade . [ sep ] gamecube
twilight princess received the awards for best artistic design , best original score , and best use of sound from ign for its gamecube version . both ign and nintendo power gave twilight princess the awards for best graphics and best story . twilight princess received game of the year awards from gametrailers , 1up . com , electronic gaming monthly , game informer , games radar , gamespy , spacey awards , x - play and nintendo power . it was also given awards for best adventure game from the game critics awards , x - play , ign , gametrailers , 1up . com , and nintendo power . the game was considered the best console game by the game critics awards and gamespy . the game placed 16th in official nintendo magazine ' s list of the 100 greatest nintendo games of all time . ign ranked the game as the 4th - best wii game . nintendo power ranked the game as the third - best game to be released on a nintendo system in the 2000s decade . [ sep ] 16th
twilight princess received the awards for best artistic design , best original score , and best use of sound from ign for its gamecube version . both ign and nintendo power gave twilight princess the awards for best graphics and best story . twilight princess received game of the year awards from gametrailers , 1up . com , electronic gaming monthly , game informer , games radar , gamespy , spacey awards , x - play and nintendo power . it was also given awards for best adventure game from the game critics awards , x - play , ign , gametrailers , 1up . com , and nintendo power . the game was considered the best console game by the game critics awards and gamespy . the game placed 16th in official nintendo magazine ' s list of the 100 greatest nintendo games of all time . ign ranked the game as the 4th - best wii game . nintendo power ranked the game as the third - best game to be released on a nintendo system in the 2000s decade . [ sep ] 4th
twilight princess received the awards for best artistic design , best original score , and best use of sound from ign for its gamecube version . both ign and nintendo power gave twilight princess the awards for best graphics and best story . twilight princess received game of the year awards from gametrailers , 1up . com , electronic gaming monthly , game informer , games radar , gamespy , spacey awards , x - play and nintendo power . it was also given awards for best adventure game from the game critics awards , x - play , ign , gametrailers , 1up . com , and nintendo power . the game was considered the best console game by the game critics awards and gamespy . the game placed 16th in official nintendo magazine ' s list of the 100 greatest nintendo games of all time . ign ranked the game as the 4th - best wii game . nintendo power ranked the game as the third - best game to be released on a nintendo system in the 2000s decade . [ sep ] third
in the pal region , which covers most of africa , asia , europe , and oceania , twilight princess is the best - selling entry in the zelda series . during its first week , the game was sold with three of every four wii purchases . the game had sold 5 . 82 million copies on the wii as of march 31 , 2011 [ update ] , and 1 . 32 million on the gamecube as of march 31 , 2007 [ update ] . [ sep ] pal
in the pal region , which covers most of africa , asia , europe , and oceania , twilight princess is the best - selling entry in the zelda series . during its first week , the game was sold with three of every four wii purchases . the game had sold 5 . 82 million copies on the wii as of march 31 , 2011 [ update ] , and 1 . 32 million on the gamecube as of march 31 , 2007 [ update ] . [ sep ] 5 . 82 million
in the pal region , which covers most of africa , asia , europe , and oceania , twilight princess is the best - selling entry in the zelda series . during its first week , the game was sold with three of every four wii purchases . the game had sold 5 . 82 million copies on the wii as of march 31 , 2011 [ update ] , and 1 . 32 million on the gamecube as of march 31 , 2007 [ update ] . [ sep ] 1 . 32 million
a japan - exclusive manga series based on twilight princess , penned and illustrated by akira himekawa , was first released on february 8 , 2016 . the series is available solely via publisher shogakukan ' s mangaone mobile application . while the manga adaptation began almost ten years after the initial release of the game on which it is based , it launched only a month before the release of the high - definition remake . [ sep ] akira himekawa
a japan - exclusive manga series based on twilight princess , penned and illustrated by akira himekawa , was first released on february 8 , 2016 . the series is available solely via publisher shogakukan ' s mangaone mobile application . while the manga adaptation began almost ten years after the initial release of the game on which it is based , it launched only a month before the release of the high - definition remake . [ sep ] japan
a japan - exclusive manga series based on twilight princess , penned and illustrated by akira himekawa , was first released on february 8 , 2016 . the series is available solely via publisher shogakukan ' s mangaone mobile application . while the manga adaptation began almost ten years after the initial release of the game on which it is based , it launched only a month before the release of the high - definition remake . [ sep ] shogakukan
a japan - exclusive manga series based on twilight princess , penned and illustrated by akira himekawa , was first released on february 8 , 2016 . the series is available solely via publisher shogakukan ' s mangaone mobile application . while the manga adaptation began almost ten years after the initial release of the game on which it is based , it launched only a month before the release of the high - definition remake . [ sep ] mobile
historians luciano petech and sato hisashi argue that the ming upheld a " divide - and - rule " policy towards a weak and politically fragmented tibet after the sakya regime had fallen . chan writes that this was perhaps the calculated strategy of the yongle emperor , as exclusive patronage to one tibetan sect would have given it too much regional power . sperling finds no textual evidence in either chinese or tibetan sources to support this thesis of petech and hisashi . norbu asserts that their thesis is largely based on the list of ming titles conferred on tibetan lamas rather than " comparative analysis of developments in china and tibet . " rossabi states that this theory " attributes too much influence to the chinese , " pointing out that tibet was already politically divided when the ming dynasty began . rossabi also discounts the " divide - and - rule " theory on the grounds of the yongle emperor ' s failed attempt to build a strong relationship with the fifth karmapa — one which he hoped would parallel kublai khan ' s earlier relationship with the sakya phagpa lama . instead , the yongle emperor followed the karmapa ' s advice of giving patronage to many different tibetan lamas . [ sep ] divide - and - rule
historians luciano petech and sato hisashi argue that the ming upheld a " divide - and - rule " policy towards a weak and politically fragmented tibet after the sakya regime had fallen . chan writes that this was perhaps the calculated strategy of the yongle emperor , as exclusive patronage to one tibetan sect would have given it too much regional power . sperling finds no textual evidence in either chinese or tibetan sources to support this thesis of petech and hisashi . norbu asserts that their thesis is largely based on the list of ming titles conferred on tibetan lamas rather than " comparative analysis of developments in china and tibet . " rossabi states that this theory " attributes too much influence to the chinese , " pointing out that tibet was already politically divided when the ming dynasty began . rossabi also discounts the " divide - and - rule " theory on the grounds of the yongle emperor ' s failed attempt to build a strong relationship with the fifth karmapa — one which he hoped would parallel kublai khan ' s earlier relationship with the sakya phagpa lama . instead , the yongle emperor followed the karmapa ' s advice of giving patronage to many different tibetan lamas . [ sep ] after the sakya regime had fallen
historians luciano petech and sato hisashi argue that the ming upheld a " divide - and - rule " policy towards a weak and politically fragmented tibet after the sakya regime had fallen . chan writes that this was perhaps the calculated strategy of the yongle emperor , as exclusive patronage to one tibetan sect would have given it too much regional power . sperling finds no textual evidence in either chinese or tibetan sources to support this thesis of petech and hisashi . norbu asserts that their thesis is largely based on the list of ming titles conferred on tibetan lamas rather than " comparative analysis of developments in china and tibet . " rossabi states that this theory " attributes too much influence to the chinese , " pointing out that tibet was already politically divided when the ming dynasty began . rossabi also discounts the " divide - and - rule " theory on the grounds of the yongle emperor ' s failed attempt to build a strong relationship with the fifth karmapa — one which he hoped would parallel kublai khan ' s earlier relationship with the sakya phagpa lama . instead , the yongle emperor followed the karmapa ' s advice of giving patronage to many different tibetan lamas . [ sep ] fifth karmapa
historians luciano petech and sato hisashi argue that the ming upheld a " divide - and - rule " policy towards a weak and politically fragmented tibet after the sakya regime had fallen . chan writes that this was perhaps the calculated strategy of the yongle emperor , as exclusive patronage to one tibetan sect would have given it too much regional power . sperling finds no textual evidence in either chinese or tibetan sources to support this thesis of petech and hisashi . norbu asserts that their thesis is largely based on the list of ming titles conferred on tibetan lamas rather than " comparative analysis of developments in china and tibet . " rossabi states that this theory " attributes too much influence to the chinese , " pointing out that tibet was already politically divided when the ming dynasty began . rossabi also discounts the " divide - and - rule " theory on the grounds of the yongle emperor ' s failed attempt to build a strong relationship with the fifth karmapa — one which he hoped would parallel kublai khan ' s earlier relationship with the sakya phagpa lama . instead , the yongle emperor followed the karmapa ' s advice of giving patronage to many different tibetan lamas . [ sep ] many different tibetan lamas
the association for asian studies states that there is no known written evidence to suggest that later leaders of the gelug — gendun drup ( 1391 – 1474 ) and gendun gyatso ( 1475 – 1571 ) — had any contacts with ming china . these two religious leaders were preoccupied with an overriding concern for dealing with the powerful secular rinpungpa princes , who were patrons and protectors of the karma kargyu lamas . the rinpungpa leaders were relatives of the phagmodrupa , yet their authority shifted over time from simple governors to rulers in their own right over large areas of u - tsang . the prince of rinbung occupied lhasa in 1498 and excluded the gelug from attending new years ceremonies and prayers , the most important event in the gelug . while the task of new years prayers in lhasa was granted to the karmapa and others , gendun gyatso traveled in exile looking for allies . however , it was not until 1518 that the secular phagmodru ruler captured lhasa from the rinbung , and thereafter the gelug was given rights to conduct the new years prayer . when the drikung kagyu abbot of drigung monastery threatened lhasa in 1537 , gendun gyatso was forced to abandon the drepung monastery , although he eventually returned . [ sep ] the phagmodrupa
the association for asian studies states that there is no known written evidence to suggest that later leaders of the gelug — gendun drup ( 1391 – 1474 ) and gendun gyatso ( 1475 – 1571 ) — had any contacts with ming china . these two religious leaders were preoccupied with an overriding concern for dealing with the powerful secular rinpungpa princes , who were patrons and protectors of the karma kargyu lamas . the rinpungpa leaders were relatives of the phagmodrupa , yet their authority shifted over time from simple governors to rulers in their own right over large areas of u - tsang . the prince of rinbung occupied lhasa in 1498 and excluded the gelug from attending new years ceremonies and prayers , the most important event in the gelug . while the task of new years prayers in lhasa was granted to the karmapa and others , gendun gyatso traveled in exile looking for allies . however , it was not until 1518 that the secular phagmodru ruler captured lhasa from the rinbung , and thereafter the gelug was given rights to conduct the new years prayer . when the drikung kagyu abbot of drigung monastery threatened lhasa in 1537 , gendun gyatso was forced to abandon the drepung monastery , although he eventually returned . [ sep ] 1498
the association for asian studies states that there is no known written evidence to suggest that later leaders of the gelug — gendun drup ( 1391 – 1474 ) and gendun gyatso ( 1475 – 1571 ) — had any contacts with ming china . these two religious leaders were preoccupied with an overriding concern for dealing with the powerful secular rinpungpa princes , who were patrons and protectors of the karma kargyu lamas . the rinpungpa leaders were relatives of the phagmodrupa , yet their authority shifted over time from simple governors to rulers in their own right over large areas of u - tsang . the prince of rinbung occupied lhasa in 1498 and excluded the gelug from attending new years ceremonies and prayers , the most important event in the gelug . while the task of new years prayers in lhasa was granted to the karmapa and others , gendun gyatso traveled in exile looking for allies . however , it was not until 1518 that the secular phagmodru ruler captured lhasa from the rinbung , and thereafter the gelug was given rights to conduct the new years prayer . when the drikung kagyu abbot of drigung monastery threatened lhasa in 1537 , gendun gyatso was forced to abandon the drepung monastery , although he eventually returned . [ sep ] new years ceremonies and prayers
the association for asian studies states that there is no known written evidence to suggest that later leaders of the gelug — gendun drup ( 1391 – 1474 ) and gendun gyatso ( 1475 – 1571 ) — had any contacts with ming china . these two religious leaders were preoccupied with an overriding concern for dealing with the powerful secular rinpungpa princes , who were patrons and protectors of the karma kargyu lamas . the rinpungpa leaders were relatives of the phagmodrupa , yet their authority shifted over time from simple governors to rulers in their own right over large areas of u - tsang . the prince of rinbung occupied lhasa in 1498 and excluded the gelug from attending new years ceremonies and prayers , the most important event in the gelug . while the task of new years prayers in lhasa was granted to the karmapa and others , gendun gyatso traveled in exile looking for allies . however , it was not until 1518 that the secular phagmodru ruler captured lhasa from the rinbung , and thereafter the gelug was given rights to conduct the new years prayer . when the drikung kagyu abbot of drigung monastery threatened lhasa in 1537 , gendun gyatso was forced to abandon the drepung monastery , although he eventually returned . [ sep ] 1518
the zhengde emperor ( r . 1505 – 1521 ) , who enjoyed the company of lamas at court despite protests from the censorate , had heard tales of a " living buddha " which he desired to host at the ming capital ; this was none other than the rinpung - supported mikyo dorje , 8th karmapa lama then occupying lhasa . zhengde ' s top advisors made every attempt to dissuade him from inviting this lama to court , arguing that tibetan buddhism was wildly heterodox and unorthodox . despite protests by the grand secretary liang chu , in 1515 the zhengde emperor sent his eunuch official liu yun of the palace chancellery on a mission to invite this karmapa to beijing . liu commanded a fleet of hundreds of ships requisitioned along the yangtze , consuming 2 , 835 g ( 100 oz ) of silver a day in food expenses while stationed for a year in chengdu of sichuan . after procurring necessary gifts for the mission , he departed with a cavalry force of about 1 , 000 troops . when the request was delivered , the karmapa lama refused to leave tibet despite the ming force brought to coerce him . the karmapa launched a surprise ambush on liu yun ' s camp , seizing all the goods and valuables while killing or wounding half of liu yun ' s entire escort . after this fiasco , liu fled for his life , but only returned to chengdu several years later to find that the zhengde emperor had died . [ sep ] 1505 – 1521
the zhengde emperor ( r . 1505 – 1521 ) , who enjoyed the company of lamas at court despite protests from the censorate , had heard tales of a " living buddha " which he desired to host at the ming capital ; this was none other than the rinpung - supported mikyo dorje , 8th karmapa lama then occupying lhasa . zhengde ' s top advisors made every attempt to dissuade him from inviting this lama to court , arguing that tibetan buddhism was wildly heterodox and unorthodox . despite protests by the grand secretary liang chu , in 1515 the zhengde emperor sent his eunuch official liu yun of the palace chancellery on a mission to invite this karmapa to beijing . liu commanded a fleet of hundreds of ships requisitioned along the yangtze , consuming 2 , 835 g ( 100 oz ) of silver a day in food expenses while stationed for a year in chengdu of sichuan . after procurring necessary gifts for the mission , he departed with a cavalry force of about 1 , 000 troops . when the request was delivered , the karmapa lama refused to leave tibet despite the ming force brought to coerce him . the karmapa launched a surprise ambush on liu yun ' s camp , seizing all the goods and valuables while killing or wounding half of liu yun ' s entire escort . after this fiasco , liu fled for his life , but only returned to chengdu several years later to find that the zhengde emperor had died . [ sep ] the company of lamas
the zhengde emperor ( r . 1505 – 1521 ) , who enjoyed the company of lamas at court despite protests from the censorate , had heard tales of a " living buddha " which he desired to host at the ming capital ; this was none other than the rinpung - supported mikyo dorje , 8th karmapa lama then occupying lhasa . zhengde ' s top advisors made every attempt to dissuade him from inviting this lama to court , arguing that tibetan buddhism was wildly heterodox and unorthodox . despite protests by the grand secretary liang chu , in 1515 the zhengde emperor sent his eunuch official liu yun of the palace chancellery on a mission to invite this karmapa to beijing . liu commanded a fleet of hundreds of ships requisitioned along the yangtze , consuming 2 , 835 g ( 100 oz ) of silver a day in food expenses while stationed for a year in chengdu of sichuan . after procurring necessary gifts for the mission , he departed with a cavalry force of about 1 , 000 troops . when the request was delivered , the karmapa lama refused to leave tibet despite the ming force brought to coerce him . the karmapa launched a surprise ambush on liu yun ' s camp , seizing all the goods and valuables while killing or wounding half of liu yun ' s entire escort . after this fiasco , liu fled for his life , but only returned to chengdu several years later to find that the zhengde emperor had died . [ sep ] mikyo dorje
spectre ( 2015 ) is the twenty - fourth james bond film produced by eon productions . it features daniel craig in his fourth performance as james bond , and christoph waltz as ernst stavro blofeld , with the film marking the character ' s re - introduction into the series . it was directed by sam mendes as his second james bond film following skyfall , and was written by john logan , neal purvis , robert wade and jez butterworth . it is distributed by metro - goldwyn - mayer and columbia pictures . with a budget around $ 245 million , it is the most expensive bond film and one of the most expensive films ever made . [ sep ] eon productions
spectre ( 2015 ) is the twenty - fourth james bond film produced by eon productions . it features daniel craig in his fourth performance as james bond , and christoph waltz as ernst stavro blofeld , with the film marking the character ' s re - introduction into the series . it was directed by sam mendes as his second james bond film following skyfall , and was written by john logan , neal purvis , robert wade and jez butterworth . it is distributed by metro - goldwyn - mayer and columbia pictures . with a budget around $ 245 million , it is the most expensive bond film and one of the most expensive films ever made . [ sep ] daniel craig
spectre ( 2015 ) is the twenty - fourth james bond film produced by eon productions . it features daniel craig in his fourth performance as james bond , and christoph waltz as ernst stavro blofeld , with the film marking the character ' s re - introduction into the series . it was directed by sam mendes as his second james bond film following skyfall , and was written by john logan , neal purvis , robert wade and jez butterworth . it is distributed by metro - goldwyn - mayer and columbia pictures . with a budget around $ 245 million , it is the most expensive bond film and one of the most expensive films ever made . [ sep ] james bond
spectre ( 2015 ) is the twenty - fourth james bond film produced by eon productions . it features daniel craig in his fourth performance as james bond , and christoph waltz as ernst stavro blofeld , with the film marking the character ' s re - introduction into the series . it was directed by sam mendes as his second james bond film following skyfall , and was written by john logan , neal purvis , robert wade and jez butterworth . it is distributed by metro - goldwyn - mayer and columbia pictures . with a budget around $ 245 million , it is the most expensive bond film and one of the most expensive films ever made . [ sep ] skyfall
spectre ( 2015 ) is the twenty - fourth james bond film produced by eon productions . it features daniel craig in his fourth performance as james bond , and christoph waltz as ernst stavro blofeld , with the film marking the character ' s re - introduction into the series . it was directed by sam mendes as his second james bond film following skyfall , and was written by john logan , neal purvis , robert wade and jez butterworth . it is distributed by metro - goldwyn - mayer and columbia pictures . with a budget around $ 245 million , it is the most expensive bond film and one of the most expensive films ever made . [ sep ] $ 245
the story sees bond pitted against the global criminal organisation spectre , marking the group ' s first appearance in an eon productions film since 1971 ' s diamonds are forever , [ n 2 ] and tying craig ' s series of films together with an overarching storyline . several recurring james bond characters , including m , q and eve moneypenny return , with the new additions of lea seydoux as dr . madeleine swann , dave bautista as mr . hinx , andrew scott as max denbigh and monica bellucci as lucia sciarra . [ sep ] spectre
the story sees bond pitted against the global criminal organisation spectre , marking the group ' s first appearance in an eon productions film since 1971 ' s diamonds are forever , [ n 2 ] and tying craig ' s series of films together with an overarching storyline . several recurring james bond characters , including m , q and eve moneypenny return , with the new additions of lea seydoux as dr . madeleine swann , dave bautista as mr . hinx , andrew scott as max denbigh and monica bellucci as lucia sciarra . [ sep ] diamonds are forever
the story sees bond pitted against the global criminal organisation spectre , marking the group ' s first appearance in an eon productions film since 1971 ' s diamonds are forever , [ n 2 ] and tying craig ' s series of films together with an overarching storyline . several recurring james bond characters , including m , q and eve moneypenny return , with the new additions of lea seydoux as dr . madeleine swann , dave bautista as mr . hinx , andrew scott as max denbigh and monica bellucci as lucia sciarra . [ sep ] m , q and eve moneypenny
the story sees bond pitted against the global criminal organisation spectre , marking the group ' s first appearance in an eon productions film since 1971 ' s diamonds are forever , [ n 2 ] and tying craig ' s series of films together with an overarching storyline . several recurring james bond characters , including m , q and eve moneypenny return , with the new additions of lea seydoux as dr . madeleine swann , dave bautista as mr . hinx , andrew scott as max denbigh and monica bellucci as lucia sciarra . [ sep ] dave bautista
the story sees bond pitted against the global criminal organisation spectre , marking the group ' s first appearance in an eon productions film since 1971 ' s diamonds are forever , [ n 2 ] and tying craig ' s series of films together with an overarching storyline . several recurring james bond characters , including m , q and eve moneypenny return , with the new additions of lea seydoux as dr . madeleine swann , dave bautista as mr . hinx , andrew scott as max denbigh and monica bellucci as lucia sciarra . [ sep ] lucia sciarra
spectre was released on 26 october 2015 in the united kingdom on the same night as the world premiere at the royal albert hall in london , followed by a worldwide release . it was released in the united states on 6 november 2015 . it became the second james bond film to be screened in imax venues after skyfall , although it was not filmed with imax cameras . spectre received mixed reviews upon its release ; although criticised for its length , lack of screen time for new characters , and writing , it received praise for its action sequences and cinematography . the theme song , " writing ' s on the wall " , received mixed reviews , particularly compared to the previous theme ; nevertheless , it won the golden globe for best original song and was nominated for the academy award in the same category . as of 20 february 2016 [ update ] , spectre has grossed over $ 879 million worldwide . [ sep ] 26 october 2015
spectre was released on 26 october 2015 in the united kingdom on the same night as the world premiere at the royal albert hall in london , followed by a worldwide release . it was released in the united states on 6 november 2015 . it became the second james bond film to be screened in imax venues after skyfall , although it was not filmed with imax cameras . spectre received mixed reviews upon its release ; although criticised for its length , lack of screen time for new characters , and writing , it received praise for its action sequences and cinematography . the theme song , " writing ' s on the wall " , received mixed reviews , particularly compared to the previous theme ; nevertheless , it won the golden globe for best original song and was nominated for the academy award in the same category . as of 20 february 2016 [ update ] , spectre has grossed over $ 879 million worldwide . [ sep ] royal albert hall in london
spectre was released on 26 october 2015 in the united kingdom on the same night as the world premiere at the royal albert hall in london , followed by a worldwide release . it was released in the united states on 6 november 2015 . it became the second james bond film to be screened in imax venues after skyfall , although it was not filmed with imax cameras . spectre received mixed reviews upon its release ; although criticised for its length , lack of screen time for new characters , and writing , it received praise for its action sequences and cinematography . the theme song , " writing ' s on the wall " , received mixed reviews , particularly compared to the previous theme ; nevertheless , it won the golden globe for best original song and was nominated for the academy award in the same category . as of 20 february 2016 [ update ] , spectre has grossed over $ 879 million worldwide . [ sep ] 6 november 2015
spectre was released on 26 october 2015 in the united kingdom on the same night as the world premiere at the royal albert hall in london , followed by a worldwide release . it was released in the united states on 6 november 2015 . it became the second james bond film to be screened in imax venues after skyfall , although it was not filmed with imax cameras . spectre received mixed reviews upon its release ; although criticised for its length , lack of screen time for new characters , and writing , it received praise for its action sequences and cinematography . the theme song , " writing ' s on the wall " , received mixed reviews , particularly compared to the previous theme ; nevertheless , it won the golden globe for best original song and was nominated for the academy award in the same category . as of 20 february 2016 [ update ] , spectre has grossed over $ 879 million worldwide . [ sep ] action sequences and cinematography
spectre was released on 26 october 2015 in the united kingdom on the same night as the world premiere at the royal albert hall in london , followed by a worldwide release . it was released in the united states on 6 november 2015 . it became the second james bond film to be screened in imax venues after skyfall , although it was not filmed with imax cameras . spectre received mixed reviews upon its release ; although criticised for its length , lack of screen time for new characters , and writing , it received praise for its action sequences and cinematography . the theme song , " writing ' s on the wall " , received mixed reviews , particularly compared to the previous theme ; nevertheless , it won the golden globe for best original song and was nominated for the academy award in the same category . as of 20 february 2016 [ update ] , spectre has grossed over $ 879 million worldwide . [ sep ] best original song
the 2008 sichuan earthquake or the great sichuan earthquake , measured at 8 . 0 ms and 7 . 9 mw , and occurred at 02 : 28 : 01 pm china standard time at epicenter ( 06 : 28 : 01 utc ) on may 12 in sichuan province , killed 69 , 197 people and left 18 , 222 missing . [ sep ] 2008
the 2008 sichuan earthquake or the great sichuan earthquake , measured at 8 . 0 ms and 7 . 9 mw , and occurred at 02 : 28 : 01 pm china standard time at epicenter ( 06 : 28 : 01 utc ) on may 12 in sichuan province , killed 69 , 197 people and left 18 , 222 missing . [ sep ] the great sichuan earthquake
the 2008 sichuan earthquake or the great sichuan earthquake , measured at 8 . 0 ms and 7 . 9 mw , and occurred at 02 : 28 : 01 pm china standard time at epicenter ( 06 : 28 : 01 utc ) on may 12 in sichuan province , killed 69 , 197 people and left 18 , 222 missing . [ sep ] 69 , 197
it is also known as the wenchuan earthquake ( chinese : [unk] 川 大 [unk] [unk] ; pinyin : wenchuan da dizhen ; literally : " great wenchuan earthquake " ) , after the location of the earthquake ' s epicenter , wenchuan county , sichuan . the epicenter was 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) west - northwest of chengdu , the provincial capital , with a focal depth of 19 km ( 12 mi ) . the earthquake was also felt in nearby countries and as far away as both beijing and shanghai — 1 , 500 km ( 930 mi ) and 1 , 700 km ( 1 , 060 mi ) away — where office buildings swayed with the tremor . strong aftershocks , some exceeding magnitude 6 , continued to hit the area even months after the main quake , causing new casualties and damage . [ sep ] beijing and shanghai
it is also known as the wenchuan earthquake ( chinese : [unk] 川 大 [unk] [unk] ; pinyin : wenchuan da dizhen ; literally : " great wenchuan earthquake " ) , after the location of the earthquake ' s epicenter , wenchuan county , sichuan . the epicenter was 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) west - northwest of chengdu , the provincial capital , with a focal depth of 19 km ( 12 mi ) . the earthquake was also felt in nearby countries and as far away as both beijing and shanghai — 1 , 500 km ( 930 mi ) and 1 , 700 km ( 1 , 060 mi ) away — where office buildings swayed with the tremor . strong aftershocks , some exceeding magnitude 6 , continued to hit the area even months after the main quake , causing new casualties and damage . [ sep ] 19 km
it is also known as the wenchuan earthquake ( chinese : [unk] 川 大 [unk] [unk] ; pinyin : wenchuan da dizhen ; literally : " great wenchuan earthquake " ) , after the location of the earthquake ' s epicenter , wenchuan county , sichuan . the epicenter was 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) west - northwest of chengdu , the provincial capital , with a focal depth of 19 km ( 12 mi ) . the earthquake was also felt in nearby countries and as far away as both beijing and shanghai — 1 , 500 km ( 930 mi ) and 1 , 700 km ( 1 , 060 mi ) away — where office buildings swayed with the tremor . strong aftershocks , some exceeding magnitude 6 , continued to hit the area even months after the main quake , causing new casualties and damage . [ sep ] months after
official figures ( as of july 21 , 2008 12 : 00 cst ) stated that 69 , 197 were confirmed dead , including 68 , 636 in sichuan province , and 374 , 176 injured , with 18 , 222 listed as missing . the earthquake left about 4 . 8 million people homeless , though the number could be as high as 11 million . approximately 15 million people lived in the affected area . it was the deadliest earthquake to hit china since the 1976 tangshan earthquake , which killed at least 240 , 000 people , and the strongest in the country since the 1950 chayu earthquake , which registered at 8 . 5 on the richter magnitude scale . it is the 21st deadliest earthquake of all time . on november 6 , 2008 , the central government announced that it would spend 1 trillion rmb ( about us $ 146 . 5 billion ) over the next three years to rebuild areas ravaged by the earthquake , as part of the chinese economic stimulus program . [ sep ] 69 , 197
official figures ( as of july 21 , 2008 12 : 00 cst ) stated that 69 , 197 were confirmed dead , including 68 , 636 in sichuan province , and 374 , 176 injured , with 18 , 222 listed as missing . the earthquake left about 4 . 8 million people homeless , though the number could be as high as 11 million . approximately 15 million people lived in the affected area . it was the deadliest earthquake to hit china since the 1976 tangshan earthquake , which killed at least 240 , 000 people , and the strongest in the country since the 1950 chayu earthquake , which registered at 8 . 5 on the richter magnitude scale . it is the 21st deadliest earthquake of all time . on november 6 , 2008 , the central government announced that it would spend 1 trillion rmb ( about us $ 146 . 5 billion ) over the next three years to rebuild areas ravaged by the earthquake , as part of the chinese economic stimulus program . [ sep ] 68 , 636
official figures ( as of july 21 , 2008 12 : 00 cst ) stated that 69 , 197 were confirmed dead , including 68 , 636 in sichuan province , and 374 , 176 injured , with 18 , 222 listed as missing . the earthquake left about 4 . 8 million people homeless , though the number could be as high as 11 million . approximately 15 million people lived in the affected area . it was the deadliest earthquake to hit china since the 1976 tangshan earthquake , which killed at least 240 , 000 people , and the strongest in the country since the 1950 chayu earthquake , which registered at 8 . 5 on the richter magnitude scale . it is the 21st deadliest earthquake of all time . on november 6 , 2008 , the central government announced that it would spend 1 trillion rmb ( about us $ 146 . 5 billion ) over the next three years to rebuild areas ravaged by the earthquake , as part of the chinese economic stimulus program . [ sep ] 4 . 8 million
official figures ( as of july 21 , 2008 12 : 00 cst ) stated that 69 , 197 were confirmed dead , including 68 , 636 in sichuan province , and 374 , 176 injured , with 18 , 222 listed as missing . the earthquake left about 4 . 8 million people homeless , though the number could be as high as 11 million . approximately 15 million people lived in the affected area . it was the deadliest earthquake to hit china since the 1976 tangshan earthquake , which killed at least 240 , 000 people , and the strongest in the country since the 1950 chayu earthquake , which registered at 8 . 5 on the richter magnitude scale . it is the 21st deadliest earthquake of all time . on november 6 , 2008 , the central government announced that it would spend 1 trillion rmb ( about us $ 146 . 5 billion ) over the next three years to rebuild areas ravaged by the earthquake , as part of the chinese economic stimulus program . [ sep ] 15 million
official figures ( as of july 21 , 2008 12 : 00 cst ) stated that 69 , 197 were confirmed dead , including 68 , 636 in sichuan province , and 374 , 176 injured , with 18 , 222 listed as missing . the earthquake left about 4 . 8 million people homeless , though the number could be as high as 11 million . approximately 15 million people lived in the affected area . it was the deadliest earthquake to hit china since the 1976 tangshan earthquake , which killed at least 240 , 000 people , and the strongest in the country since the 1950 chayu earthquake , which registered at 8 . 5 on the richter magnitude scale . it is the 21st deadliest earthquake of all time . on november 6 , 2008 , the central government announced that it would spend 1 trillion rmb ( about us $ 146 . 5 billion ) over the next three years to rebuild areas ravaged by the earthquake , as part of the chinese economic stimulus program . [ sep ] 1 trillion rmb
the earthquake had a magnitude of 8 . 0 ms and 7 . 9 mw . the epicenter was in wenchuan county , ngawa tibetan and qiang autonomous prefecture , 80 km west / northwest of the provincial capital of chengdu , with its main tremor occurring at 14 : 28 : 01 . 42 china standard time ( 06 : 28 : 01 . 42 utc ) , on may 12 , 2008 lasting for around 2 minutes , in the quake almost 80 % of buildings were destroyed . [ sep ] wenchuan county , ngawa tibetan and qiang autonomous prefecture
the earthquake had a magnitude of 8 . 0 ms and 7 . 9 mw . the epicenter was in wenchuan county , ngawa tibetan and qiang autonomous prefecture , 80 km west / northwest of the provincial capital of chengdu , with its main tremor occurring at 14 : 28 : 01 . 42 china standard time ( 06 : 28 : 01 . 42 utc ) , on may 12 , 2008 lasting for around 2 minutes , in the quake almost 80 % of buildings were destroyed . [ sep ] 2 minutes
the earthquake had a magnitude of 8 . 0 ms and 7 . 9 mw . the epicenter was in wenchuan county , ngawa tibetan and qiang autonomous prefecture , 80 km west / northwest of the provincial capital of chengdu , with its main tremor occurring at 14 : 28 : 01 . 42 china standard time ( 06 : 28 : 01 . 42 utc ) , on may 12 , 2008 lasting for around 2 minutes , in the quake almost 80 % of buildings were destroyed . [ sep ] 80 %
according to a study by the china earthquake administration ( cea ) , the earthquake occurred along the longmenshan fault , a thrust structure along the border of the indo - australian plate and eurasian plate . seismic activities concentrated on its mid - fracture ( known as yingxiu - beichuan fracture ) . the rupture lasted close to 120 sec , with the majority of energy released in the first 80 sec . starting from wenchuan , the rupture propagated at an average speed of 3 . 1 kilometers per second 49° toward north east , rupturing a total of about 300 km . maximum displacement amounted to 9 meters . the focus was deeper than 10 km . [ sep ] longmenshan fault
according to a study by the china earthquake administration ( cea ) , the earthquake occurred along the longmenshan fault , a thrust structure along the border of the indo - australian plate and eurasian plate . seismic activities concentrated on its mid - fracture ( known as yingxiu - beichuan fracture ) . the rupture lasted close to 120 sec , with the majority of energy released in the first 80 sec . starting from wenchuan , the rupture propagated at an average speed of 3 . 1 kilometers per second 49° toward north east , rupturing a total of about 300 km . maximum displacement amounted to 9 meters . the focus was deeper than 10 km . [ sep ] along the border of the indo - australian plate and eurasian plate
according to a study by the china earthquake administration ( cea ) , the earthquake occurred along the longmenshan fault , a thrust structure along the border of the indo - australian plate and eurasian plate . seismic activities concentrated on its mid - fracture ( known as yingxiu - beichuan fracture ) . the rupture lasted close to 120 sec , with the majority of energy released in the first 80 sec . starting from wenchuan , the rupture propagated at an average speed of 3 . 1 kilometers per second 49° toward north east , rupturing a total of about 300 km . maximum displacement amounted to 9 meters . the focus was deeper than 10 km . [ sep ] 120 sec
according to a study by the china earthquake administration ( cea ) , the earthquake occurred along the longmenshan fault , a thrust structure along the border of the indo - australian plate and eurasian plate . seismic activities concentrated on its mid - fracture ( known as yingxiu - beichuan fracture ) . the rupture lasted close to 120 sec , with the majority of energy released in the first 80 sec . starting from wenchuan , the rupture propagated at an average speed of 3 . 1 kilometers per second 49° toward north east , rupturing a total of about 300 km . maximum displacement amounted to 9 meters . the focus was deeper than 10 km . [ sep ] 10 km
malaysia - based yazhou zhoukan conducted an interview with former researcher at the china seismological bureau geng qingguo ( [unk] [unk] 国 ) , in which geng claimed that a confidential written report was sent to the state seismological bureau on april 30 , 2008 , warning about the possible occurrence of a significant earthquake in ngawa prefecture region of sichuan around may 8 , with a range of 10 days before or after the quake . geng , while acknowledging that earthquake prediction was broadly considered problematic by the scientific community , believed that " the bigger the earthquake , the easier it is to predict . " geng had long attempted to establish a correlation between the occurrence of droughts and earthquakes ; premier zhou enlai reportedly took an interest in geng ' s work . geng ' s drought - earthquake correlation theory was first released in 1972 , and said to have successfully predicted the 1975 haicheng and 1976 tangshan earthquakes . the same yazhou zhoukan article pointed out the inherent difficulties associated with predicting earthquakes . in response , an official with the seismological bureau stated that " earthquake prediction is widely acknowledged around the world to be difficult from a scientific standpoint . " the official also denied that the seismological bureau had received reports predicting the earthquake . [ sep ] april 30 , 2008
malaysia - based yazhou zhoukan conducted an interview with former researcher at the china seismological bureau geng qingguo ( [unk] [unk] 国 ) , in which geng claimed that a confidential written report was sent to the state seismological bureau on april 30 , 2008 , warning about the possible occurrence of a significant earthquake in ngawa prefecture region of sichuan around may 8 , with a range of 10 days before or after the quake . geng , while acknowledging that earthquake prediction was broadly considered problematic by the scientific community , believed that " the bigger the earthquake , the easier it is to predict . " geng had long attempted to establish a correlation between the occurrence of droughts and earthquakes ; premier zhou enlai reportedly took an interest in geng ' s work . geng ' s drought - earthquake correlation theory was first released in 1972 , and said to have successfully predicted the 1975 haicheng and 1976 tangshan earthquakes . the same yazhou zhoukan article pointed out the inherent difficulties associated with predicting earthquakes . in response , an official with the seismological bureau stated that " earthquake prediction is widely acknowledged around the world to be difficult from a scientific standpoint . " the official also denied that the seismological bureau had received reports predicting the earthquake . [ sep ] 1972
in a united states geological survey ( usgs ) study , preliminary rupture models of the earthquake indicated displacement of up to 9 meters along a fault approximately 240 km long by 20 km deep . the earthquake generated deformations of the surface greater than 3 meters and increased the stress ( and probability of occurrence of future events ) at the northeastern and southwestern ends of the fault . on may 20 , usgs seismologist tom parsons warned that there is " high risk " of a major m > 7 aftershock over the next weeks or months . [ sep ] up to 9 meters
in a united states geological survey ( usgs ) study , preliminary rupture models of the earthquake indicated displacement of up to 9 meters along a fault approximately 240 km long by 20 km deep . the earthquake generated deformations of the surface greater than 3 meters and increased the stress ( and probability of occurrence of future events ) at the northeastern and southwestern ends of the fault . on may 20 , usgs seismologist tom parsons warned that there is " high risk " of a major m > 7 aftershock over the next weeks or months . [ sep ] tom parsons
following garreth mallory ' s promotion to m , on a mission in mexico city unofficially ordered by a posthumous message from the previous m , 007 james bond kills three men plotting a terrorist bombing during the day of the dead and gives chase to marco sciarra , an assassin who survived the attack . in the ensuing struggle , bond steals his ring , which is emblazoned with a stylised octopus , and then kills sciarra by kicking him out of a helicopter . upon returning to london , bond is indefinitely suspended from field duty by m , who is in the midst of a power struggle with c , the head of the privately - backed joint intelligence service , consisting of the recently merged mi5 and mi6 . c campaigns for britain to form alongside 8 other countries " nine eyes " , a global surveillance and intelligence co - operation initiative between nine member states , and uses his influence to close down the ' 00 ' section , believing it to be outdated . [ sep ] day of the dead
following garreth mallory ' s promotion to m , on a mission in mexico city unofficially ordered by a posthumous message from the previous m , 007 james bond kills three men plotting a terrorist bombing during the day of the dead and gives chase to marco sciarra , an assassin who survived the attack . in the ensuing struggle , bond steals his ring , which is emblazoned with a stylised octopus , and then kills sciarra by kicking him out of a helicopter . upon returning to london , bond is indefinitely suspended from field duty by m , who is in the midst of a power struggle with c , the head of the privately - backed joint intelligence service , consisting of the recently merged mi5 and mi6 . c campaigns for britain to form alongside 8 other countries " nine eyes " , a global surveillance and intelligence co - operation initiative between nine member states , and uses his influence to close down the ' 00 ' section , believing it to be outdated . [ sep ] m
following garreth mallory ' s promotion to m , on a mission in mexico city unofficially ordered by a posthumous message from the previous m , 007 james bond kills three men plotting a terrorist bombing during the day of the dead and gives chase to marco sciarra , an assassin who survived the attack . in the ensuing struggle , bond steals his ring , which is emblazoned with a stylised octopus , and then kills sciarra by kicking him out of a helicopter . upon returning to london , bond is indefinitely suspended from field duty by m , who is in the midst of a power struggle with c , the head of the privately - backed joint intelligence service , consisting of the recently merged mi5 and mi6 . c campaigns for britain to form alongside 8 other countries " nine eyes " , a global surveillance and intelligence co - operation initiative between nine member states , and uses his influence to close down the ' 00 ' section , believing it to be outdated . [ sep ] c
following garreth mallory ' s promotion to m , on a mission in mexico city unofficially ordered by a posthumous message from the previous m , 007 james bond kills three men plotting a terrorist bombing during the day of the dead and gives chase to marco sciarra , an assassin who survived the attack . in the ensuing struggle , bond steals his ring , which is emblazoned with a stylised octopus , and then kills sciarra by kicking him out of a helicopter . upon returning to london , bond is indefinitely suspended from field duty by m , who is in the midst of a power struggle with c , the head of the privately - backed joint intelligence service , consisting of the recently merged mi5 and mi6 . c campaigns for britain to form alongside 8 other countries " nine eyes " , a global surveillance and intelligence co - operation initiative between nine member states , and uses his influence to close down the ' 00 ' section , believing it to be outdated . [ sep ] nine eyes
bond disobeys m ' s order and travels to rome to attend sciarra ' s funeral . that evening he visits sciarra ' s widow lucia , who tells him about spectre , a criminal organisation to which her husband belonged . bond infiltrates a spectre meeting , where he identifies the leader , franz oberhauser . when oberhauser addresses bond by name , he escapes and is pursued by mr . hinx , a spectre assassin . moneypenny informs bond that the information he collected leads to mr . white , former member of quantum , a subsidiary of spectre . bond asks her to investigate oberhauser , who was presumed dead years earlier . [ sep ] rome
bond disobeys m ' s order and travels to rome to attend sciarra ' s funeral . that evening he visits sciarra ' s widow lucia , who tells him about spectre , a criminal organisation to which her husband belonged . bond infiltrates a spectre meeting , where he identifies the leader , franz oberhauser . when oberhauser addresses bond by name , he escapes and is pursued by mr . hinx , a spectre assassin . moneypenny informs bond that the information he collected leads to mr . white , former member of quantum , a subsidiary of spectre . bond asks her to investigate oberhauser , who was presumed dead years earlier . [ sep ] spectre
bond disobeys m ' s order and travels to rome to attend sciarra ' s funeral . that evening he visits sciarra ' s widow lucia , who tells him about spectre , a criminal organisation to which her husband belonged . bond infiltrates a spectre meeting , where he identifies the leader , franz oberhauser . when oberhauser addresses bond by name , he escapes and is pursued by mr . hinx , a spectre assassin . moneypenny informs bond that the information he collected leads to mr . white , former member of quantum , a subsidiary of spectre . bond asks her to investigate oberhauser , who was presumed dead years earlier . [ sep ] franz oberhauser
bond disobeys m ' s order and travels to rome to attend sciarra ' s funeral . that evening he visits sciarra ' s widow lucia , who tells him about spectre , a criminal organisation to which her husband belonged . bond infiltrates a spectre meeting , where he identifies the leader , franz oberhauser . when oberhauser addresses bond by name , he escapes and is pursued by mr . hinx , a spectre assassin . moneypenny informs bond that the information he collected leads to mr . white , former member of quantum , a subsidiary of spectre . bond asks her to investigate oberhauser , who was presumed dead years earlier . [ sep ] assassin
bond disobeys m ' s order and travels to rome to attend sciarra ' s funeral . that evening he visits sciarra ' s widow lucia , who tells him about spectre , a criminal organisation to which her husband belonged . bond infiltrates a spectre meeting , where he identifies the leader , franz oberhauser . when oberhauser addresses bond by name , he escapes and is pursued by mr . hinx , a spectre assassin . moneypenny informs bond that the information he collected leads to mr . white , former member of quantum , a subsidiary of spectre . bond asks her to investigate oberhauser , who was presumed dead years earlier . [ sep ] moneypenny
japanese seismologist yuji yagi at the university of tsukuba said that the earthquake occurred in two stages : " the 155 - mile longmenshan fault tore in two sections , the first one ripping about seven yards , followed by a second one that sheared four yards . " his data also showed that the earthquake lasted about two minutes and released 30 times the energy of the great hanshin earthquake of 1995 in japan , which killed over 6 , 000 people . he pointed out that the shallowness of the epicenter and the density of population greatly increased the severity of the earthquake . teruyuki kato , a seismologist at the university of tokyo , said that the seismic waves of the quake traveled a long distance without losing their power because of the firmness of the terrain in central china . according to reports from chengdu , the capital of sichuan province , the earthquake tremors lasted for " about two or three minutes " . [ sep ] 6 , 000 people
bond travels to austria to find white , who is dying of thallium poisoning . he admits to growing disenchanted with quantum and tells bond to find and protect his daughter , dr . madeline swann , who will take him to l ' americain ; this will in turn lead him to spectre . white then commits suicide . bond locates swann at the hoffler klinik , but she is abducted by hinx . bond rescues her and the two meet q , who discovers that sciarra ' s ring links oberhauser to bond ' s previous missions , identifying le chiffre , dominic greene and raoul silva as spectre agents . swann reveals that l ' americain is a hotel in tangier . [ sep ] thallium poisoning
bond travels to austria to find white , who is dying of thallium poisoning . he admits to growing disenchanted with quantum and tells bond to find and protect his daughter , dr . madeline swann , who will take him to l ' americain ; this will in turn lead him to spectre . white then commits suicide . bond locates swann at the hoffler klinik , but she is abducted by hinx . bond rescues her and the two meet q , who discovers that sciarra ' s ring links oberhauser to bond ' s previous missions , identifying le chiffre , dominic greene and raoul silva as spectre agents . swann reveals that l ' americain is a hotel in tangier . [ sep ] dr . madeline swann
bond travels to austria to find white , who is dying of thallium poisoning . he admits to growing disenchanted with quantum and tells bond to find and protect his daughter , dr . madeline swann , who will take him to l ' americain ; this will in turn lead him to spectre . white then commits suicide . bond locates swann at the hoffler klinik , but she is abducted by hinx . bond rescues her and the two meet q , who discovers that sciarra ' s ring links oberhauser to bond ' s previous missions , identifying le chiffre , dominic greene and raoul silva as spectre agents . swann reveals that l ' americain is a hotel in tangier . [ sep ] commits suicide
bond travels to austria to find white , who is dying of thallium poisoning . he admits to growing disenchanted with quantum and tells bond to find and protect his daughter , dr . madeline swann , who will take him to l ' americain ; this will in turn lead him to spectre . white then commits suicide . bond locates swann at the hoffler klinik , but she is abducted by hinx . bond rescues her and the two meet q , who discovers that sciarra ' s ring links oberhauser to bond ' s previous missions , identifying le chiffre , dominic greene and raoul silva as spectre agents . swann reveals that l ' americain is a hotel in tangier . [ sep ] hoffler klinik
bond travels to austria to find white , who is dying of thallium poisoning . he admits to growing disenchanted with quantum and tells bond to find and protect his daughter , dr . madeline swann , who will take him to l ' americain ; this will in turn lead him to spectre . white then commits suicide . bond locates swann at the hoffler klinik , but she is abducted by hinx . bond rescues her and the two meet q , who discovers that sciarra ' s ring links oberhauser to bond ' s previous missions , identifying le chiffre , dominic greene and raoul silva as spectre agents . swann reveals that l ' americain is a hotel in tangier . [ sep ] tangier
between 64 and 104 major aftershocks , ranging in magnitude from 4 . 0 to 6 . 1 , were recorded within 72 hours of the main quake . according to chinese official counts , " by 12 : 00 cst , november 6 , 2008 there had been 42 , 719 total aftershocks , of which 246 ranged from 4 . 0 ms to 4 . 9 ms , 34 from 5 . 0 ms to 5 . 9 ms , and 8 from 6 . 0 ms to 6 . 4 ms ; the strongest aftershock measured 6 . 4 ms . " the latest aftershock exceeding m6 occurred on august 5 , 2008 . [ sep ] between 64 and 104
between 64 and 104 major aftershocks , ranging in magnitude from 4 . 0 to 6 . 1 , were recorded within 72 hours of the main quake . according to chinese official counts , " by 12 : 00 cst , november 6 , 2008 there had been 42 , 719 total aftershocks , of which 246 ranged from 4 . 0 ms to 4 . 9 ms , 34 from 5 . 0 ms to 5 . 9 ms , and 8 from 6 . 0 ms to 6 . 4 ms ; the strongest aftershock measured 6 . 4 ms . " the latest aftershock exceeding m6 occurred on august 5 , 2008 . [ sep ] within 72 hours of the main quake .
between 64 and 104 major aftershocks , ranging in magnitude from 4 . 0 to 6 . 1 , were recorded within 72 hours of the main quake . according to chinese official counts , " by 12 : 00 cst , november 6 , 2008 there had been 42 , 719 total aftershocks , of which 246 ranged from 4 . 0 ms to 4 . 9 ms , 34 from 5 . 0 ms to 5 . 9 ms , and 8 from 6 . 0 ms to 6 . 4 ms ; the strongest aftershock measured 6 . 4 ms . " the latest aftershock exceeding m6 occurred on august 5 , 2008 . [ sep ] on august 5 , 2008
( the ms 6 . 1 earthquake on august 30 , 2008 in southern sichuan was not part of this series because it was caused by a different fault . see 2008 panzhihua earthquake for details . ) [ sep ] august 30 , 2008
( the ms 6 . 1 earthquake on august 30 , 2008 in southern sichuan was not part of this series because it was caused by a different fault . see 2008 panzhihua earthquake for details . ) [ sep ] southern sichuan
( the ms 6 . 1 earthquake on august 30 , 2008 in southern sichuan was not part of this series because it was caused by a different fault . see 2008 panzhihua earthquake for details . ) [ sep ] because it was caused by a different fault .
( the ms 6 . 1 earthquake on august 30 , 2008 in southern sichuan was not part of this series because it was caused by a different fault . see 2008 panzhihua earthquake for details . ) [ sep ] 2008 panzhihua earthquake
the two travel to the hotel and discover white ' s secret room where they find co - ordinates pointing to oberhauser ' s operations base in the desert . they travel by train to the nearest station , but are once again confronted by hinx ; they engage in a fight throughout the train in which mr hinx is eventually thrown off the train by bond with swann ' s assistance . after arriving at the station , bond and swann are escorted to oberhauser ' s base . there , he reveals that spectre has been staging terrorist attacks around the world , creating a need for the nine eyes programme . in return spectre will be given unlimited access to intelligence gathered by nine eyes . bond is tortured as oberhauser discusses their shared history : after the younger bond was orphaned , oberhauser ' s father , hannes , became his temporary guardian . believing that bond supplanted his role as son , oberhauser killed his father and staged his own death , subsequently adopting the name ernst stavro blofeld and going on to form spectre . bond and swann escape , destroying the base in the process , leaving blofeld to apparently die during the explosion . [ sep ] train
the two travel to the hotel and discover white ' s secret room where they find co - ordinates pointing to oberhauser ' s operations base in the desert . they travel by train to the nearest station , but are once again confronted by hinx ; they engage in a fight throughout the train in which mr hinx is eventually thrown off the train by bond with swann ' s assistance . after arriving at the station , bond and swann are escorted to oberhauser ' s base . there , he reveals that spectre has been staging terrorist attacks around the world , creating a need for the nine eyes programme . in return spectre will be given unlimited access to intelligence gathered by nine eyes . bond is tortured as oberhauser discusses their shared history : after the younger bond was orphaned , oberhauser ' s father , hannes , became his temporary guardian . believing that bond supplanted his role as son , oberhauser killed his father and staged his own death , subsequently adopting the name ernst stavro blofeld and going on to form spectre . bond and swann escape , destroying the base in the process , leaving blofeld to apparently die during the explosion . [ sep ] hannes
the two travel to the hotel and discover white ' s secret room where they find co - ordinates pointing to oberhauser ' s operations base in the desert . they travel by train to the nearest station , but are once again confronted by hinx ; they engage in a fight throughout the train in which mr hinx is eventually thrown off the train by bond with swann ' s assistance . after arriving at the station , bond and swann are escorted to oberhauser ' s base . there , he reveals that spectre has been staging terrorist attacks around the world , creating a need for the nine eyes programme . in return spectre will be given unlimited access to intelligence gathered by nine eyes . bond is tortured as oberhauser discusses their shared history : after the younger bond was orphaned , oberhauser ' s father , hannes , became his temporary guardian . believing that bond supplanted his role as son , oberhauser killed his father and staged his own death , subsequently adopting the name ernst stavro blofeld and going on to form spectre . bond and swann escape , destroying the base in the process , leaving blofeld to apparently die during the explosion . [ sep ] ernst stavro blofeld
the map of earthquake intensity published by cea after surveying 500 , 000 km2 of the affected area shows a maximum liedu of xi on the china seismic intensity scale ( csis ) , described as " very destructive " on the european macroseismic scale ( ems ) from which csis drew reference . ( usgs , using the modified mercalli intensity scale ( cc ) , also placed maximum intensity at xi , " very disastrous " . ) two south - west - north - east stripes of liedu xi are centered around yingxiu , wenchuan ( the town closest to the epicenter of the main quake ) and beichuan ( the town repeatedly struck by strong aftershocks including one registering ms 6 . 1 on aug 1 , 2008 ) , both in sichuan province , occupying a total of 2 , 419 km2 . the yingxiu liedu - xi zone is about 66 km long and 20 km wide along wenchuan – dujiangyan – pengzhou ; the beichuan liedu - xi zone is about 82 km long and 15 km wide along an county – beichuan – pingwu . the area with liedu x ( comparable to x on ems , " destructive " and x on mm , " disastrous " ) spans 3 , 144 km2 . the area affected by earthquakes exceeding liedu vi totals 440 , 442 km2 , occupying an oval 936 km long and 596 km wide , spanning three provinces and one autonomous region . [ sep ] cea
the map of earthquake intensity published by cea after surveying 500 , 000 km2 of the affected area shows a maximum liedu of xi on the china seismic intensity scale ( csis ) , described as " very destructive " on the european macroseismic scale ( ems ) from which csis drew reference . ( usgs , using the modified mercalli intensity scale ( cc ) , also placed maximum intensity at xi , " very disastrous " . ) two south - west - north - east stripes of liedu xi are centered around yingxiu , wenchuan ( the town closest to the epicenter of the main quake ) and beichuan ( the town repeatedly struck by strong aftershocks including one registering ms 6 . 1 on aug 1 , 2008 ) , both in sichuan province , occupying a total of 2 , 419 km2 . the yingxiu liedu - xi zone is about 66 km long and 20 km wide along wenchuan – dujiangyan – pengzhou ; the beichuan liedu - xi zone is about 82 km long and 15 km wide along an county – beichuan – pingwu . the area with liedu x ( comparable to x on ems , " destructive " and x on mm , " disastrous " ) spans 3 , 144 km2 . the area affected by earthquakes exceeding liedu vi totals 440 , 442 km2 , occupying an oval 936 km long and 596 km wide , spanning three provinces and one autonomous region . [ sep ] xi
bond and swann return to london where they meet m , bill tanner , q , and moneypenny ; they intend to arrest c and stop nine eyes from going online . swann leaves bond , telling him she cannot be part of a life involving espionage , and is subsequently kidnapped . on the way , the group is ambushed and bond is kidnapped , but the rest still proceed with the plan . after q succeeds in preventing the nine eyes from going online , a brief struggle between m and c ends with the latter falling to his death . meanwhile , bond is taken to the old mi6 building , which is scheduled for demolition , and frees himself . moving throughout the ruined labyrinth , he encounters a disfigured blofeld , who tells him that he has three minutes to escape the building before explosives are detonated or die trying to save swann . bond finds swann and the two escape by boat as the building collapses . bond shoots down blofeld ' s helicopter , which crashes onto westminster bridge . as blofeld crawls away from the wreckage , bond confronts him but ultimately leaves him to be arrested by m . bond leaves the bridge with swann . [ sep ] the old mi6 building
bond and swann return to london where they meet m , bill tanner , q , and moneypenny ; they intend to arrest c and stop nine eyes from going online . swann leaves bond , telling him she cannot be part of a life involving espionage , and is subsequently kidnapped . on the way , the group is ambushed and bond is kidnapped , but the rest still proceed with the plan . after q succeeds in preventing the nine eyes from going online , a brief struggle between m and c ends with the latter falling to his death . meanwhile , bond is taken to the old mi6 building , which is scheduled for demolition , and frees himself . moving throughout the ruined labyrinth , he encounters a disfigured blofeld , who tells him that he has three minutes to escape the building before explosives are detonated or die trying to save swann . bond finds swann and the two escape by boat as the building collapses . bond shoots down blofeld ' s helicopter , which crashes onto westminster bridge . as blofeld crawls away from the wreckage , bond confronts him but ultimately leaves him to be arrested by m . bond leaves the bridge with swann . [ sep ] blofeld
bond and swann return to london where they meet m , bill tanner , q , and moneypenny ; they intend to arrest c and stop nine eyes from going online . swann leaves bond , telling him she cannot be part of a life involving espionage , and is subsequently kidnapped . on the way , the group is ambushed and bond is kidnapped , but the rest still proceed with the plan . after q succeeds in preventing the nine eyes from going online , a brief struggle between m and c ends with the latter falling to his death . meanwhile , bond is taken to the old mi6 building , which is scheduled for demolition , and frees himself . moving throughout the ruined labyrinth , he encounters a disfigured blofeld , who tells him that he has three minutes to escape the building before explosives are detonated or die trying to save swann . bond finds swann and the two escape by boat as the building collapses . bond shoots down blofeld ' s helicopter , which crashes onto westminster bridge . as blofeld crawls away from the wreckage , bond confronts him but ultimately leaves him to be arrested by m . bond leaves the bridge with swann . [ sep ] westminster bridge
bond and swann return to london where they meet m , bill tanner , q , and moneypenny ; they intend to arrest c and stop nine eyes from going online . swann leaves bond , telling him she cannot be part of a life involving espionage , and is subsequently kidnapped . on the way , the group is ambushed and bond is kidnapped , but the rest still proceed with the plan . after q succeeds in preventing the nine eyes from going online , a brief struggle between m and c ends with the latter falling to his death . meanwhile , bond is taken to the old mi6 building , which is scheduled for demolition , and frees himself . moving throughout the ruined labyrinth , he encounters a disfigured blofeld , who tells him that he has three minutes to escape the building before explosives are detonated or die trying to save swann . bond finds swann and the two escape by boat as the building collapses . bond shoots down blofeld ' s helicopter , which crashes onto westminster bridge . as blofeld crawls away from the wreckage , bond confronts him but ultimately leaves him to be arrested by m . bond leaves the bridge with swann . [ sep ] c
the ownership of the spectre organisation — originally stylised " spectre " as an acronym of special executive for counter - intelligence , terrorism , revenge and extortion — and its characters , had been at the centre of long - standing litigation starting in 1961 between ian fleming and kevin mcclory over the film rights to the novel thunderball . the dispute began after fleming incorporated elements of an undeveloped film script written by mcclory and screenwriter jack whittingham — including characters and plot points — into thunderball , which mcclory contested in court , claiming ownership over elements of the novel . in 1963 , fleming settled out of court with mcclory , in an agreement which awarded mcclory the film rights . this enabled him to become a producer for the 1965 film thunderball — with albert r . broccoli and harry saltzman as executive producers — and the non - eon film never say never again , an updated remake of thunderball , in 1983 . [ n 3 ] a second remake , entitled warhead 2000 a . d . , was planned for production and release in the 1990s before being abandoned . under the terms of the 1963 settlement , the literary rights stayed with fleming , allowing the spectre organisation and associated characters to continue appearing in print . [ sep ] special executive for counter - intelligence , terrorism , revenge and extortion
the ownership of the spectre organisation — originally stylised " spectre " as an acronym of special executive for counter - intelligence , terrorism , revenge and extortion — and its characters , had been at the centre of long - standing litigation starting in 1961 between ian fleming and kevin mcclory over the film rights to the novel thunderball . the dispute began after fleming incorporated elements of an undeveloped film script written by mcclory and screenwriter jack whittingham — including characters and plot points — into thunderball , which mcclory contested in court , claiming ownership over elements of the novel . in 1963 , fleming settled out of court with mcclory , in an agreement which awarded mcclory the film rights . this enabled him to become a producer for the 1965 film thunderball — with albert r . broccoli and harry saltzman as executive producers — and the non - eon film never say never again , an updated remake of thunderball , in 1983 . [ n 3 ] a second remake , entitled warhead 2000 a . d . , was planned for production and release in the 1990s before being abandoned . under the terms of the 1963 settlement , the literary rights stayed with fleming , allowing the spectre organisation and associated characters to continue appearing in print . [ sep ] ian fleming and kevin mcclory
the ownership of the spectre organisation — originally stylised " spectre " as an acronym of special executive for counter - intelligence , terrorism , revenge and extortion — and its characters , had been at the centre of long - standing litigation starting in 1961 between ian fleming and kevin mcclory over the film rights to the novel thunderball . the dispute began after fleming incorporated elements of an undeveloped film script written by mcclory and screenwriter jack whittingham — including characters and plot points — into thunderball , which mcclory contested in court , claiming ownership over elements of the novel . in 1963 , fleming settled out of court with mcclory , in an agreement which awarded mcclory the film rights . this enabled him to become a producer for the 1965 film thunderball — with albert r . broccoli and harry saltzman as executive producers — and the non - eon film never say never again , an updated remake of thunderball , in 1983 . [ n 3 ] a second remake , entitled warhead 2000 a . d . , was planned for production and release in the 1990s before being abandoned . under the terms of the 1963 settlement , the literary rights stayed with fleming , allowing the spectre organisation and associated characters to continue appearing in print . [ sep ] 1963
the ownership of the spectre organisation — originally stylised " spectre " as an acronym of special executive for counter - intelligence , terrorism , revenge and extortion — and its characters , had been at the centre of long - standing litigation starting in 1961 between ian fleming and kevin mcclory over the film rights to the novel thunderball . the dispute began after fleming incorporated elements of an undeveloped film script written by mcclory and screenwriter jack whittingham — including characters and plot points — into thunderball , which mcclory contested in court , claiming ownership over elements of the novel . in 1963 , fleming settled out of court with mcclory , in an agreement which awarded mcclory the film rights . this enabled him to become a producer for the 1965 film thunderball — with albert r . broccoli and harry saltzman as executive producers — and the non - eon film never say never again , an updated remake of thunderball , in 1983 . [ n 3 ] a second remake , entitled warhead 2000 a . d . , was planned for production and release in the 1990s before being abandoned . under the terms of the 1963 settlement , the literary rights stayed with fleming , allowing the spectre organisation and associated characters to continue appearing in print . [ sep ] never say never again
the ownership of the spectre organisation — originally stylised " spectre " as an acronym of special executive for counter - intelligence , terrorism , revenge and extortion — and its characters , had been at the centre of long - standing litigation starting in 1961 between ian fleming and kevin mcclory over the film rights to the novel thunderball . the dispute began after fleming incorporated elements of an undeveloped film script written by mcclory and screenwriter jack whittingham — including characters and plot points — into thunderball , which mcclory contested in court , claiming ownership over elements of the novel . in 1963 , fleming settled out of court with mcclory , in an agreement which awarded mcclory the film rights . this enabled him to become a producer for the 1965 film thunderball — with albert r . broccoli and harry saltzman as executive producers — and the non - eon film never say never again , an updated remake of thunderball , in 1983 . [ n 3 ] a second remake , entitled warhead 2000 a . d . , was planned for production and release in the 1990s before being abandoned . under the terms of the 1963 settlement , the literary rights stayed with fleming , allowing the spectre organisation and associated characters to continue appearing in print . [ sep ] warhead 2000 a . d .
the longmen shan fault system is situated in the eastern border of the tibetan plateau and contains several faults . this earthquake ruptured at least two imbricate structures in longmen shan fault system , i . e . the beichuan fault and the guanxian – anxian fault . in the epicentral area , the average slip in beichuan fault was about 3 . 5 metres ( 11 ft ) vertical , 3 . 5 metres ( 11 ft ) horizontal - parallel to the fault , and 4 . 8 metres ( 16 ft ) horizontal - perpendicular to the fault . in the area about 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) northeast of the epicenter , the surface slip on beichuan fault was almost purely dextral strike - slip up to about 3 metres ( 9 . 8 ft ) , while the average slip in guanxian – anxian fault was about 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) vertical and 2 . 3 metres ( 7 ft 7 in ) horizontal . [ sep ] the eastern border of the tibetan plateau
the longmen shan fault system is situated in the eastern border of the tibetan plateau and contains several faults . this earthquake ruptured at least two imbricate structures in longmen shan fault system , i . e . the beichuan fault and the guanxian – anxian fault . in the epicentral area , the average slip in beichuan fault was about 3 . 5 metres ( 11 ft ) vertical , 3 . 5 metres ( 11 ft ) horizontal - parallel to the fault , and 4 . 8 metres ( 16 ft ) horizontal - perpendicular to the fault . in the area about 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) northeast of the epicenter , the surface slip on beichuan fault was almost purely dextral strike - slip up to about 3 metres ( 9 . 8 ft ) , while the average slip in guanxian – anxian fault was about 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) vertical and 2 . 3 metres ( 7 ft 7 in ) horizontal . [ sep ] 3 . 5 metres
the longmen shan fault system is situated in the eastern border of the tibetan plateau and contains several faults . this earthquake ruptured at least two imbricate structures in longmen shan fault system , i . e . the beichuan fault and the guanxian – anxian fault . in the epicentral area , the average slip in beichuan fault was about 3 . 5 metres ( 11 ft ) vertical , 3 . 5 metres ( 11 ft ) horizontal - parallel to the fault , and 4 . 8 metres ( 16 ft ) horizontal - perpendicular to the fault . in the area about 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) northeast of the epicenter , the surface slip on beichuan fault was almost purely dextral strike - slip up to about 3 metres ( 9 . 8 ft ) , while the average slip in guanxian – anxian fault was about 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) vertical and 2 . 3 metres ( 7 ft 7 in ) horizontal . [ sep ] 3 metres
the longmen shan fault system is situated in the eastern border of the tibetan plateau and contains several faults . this earthquake ruptured at least two imbricate structures in longmen shan fault system , i . e . the beichuan fault and the guanxian – anxian fault . in the epicentral area , the average slip in beichuan fault was about 3 . 5 metres ( 11 ft ) vertical , 3 . 5 metres ( 11 ft ) horizontal - parallel to the fault , and 4 . 8 metres ( 16 ft ) horizontal - perpendicular to the fault . in the area about 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) northeast of the epicenter , the surface slip on beichuan fault was almost purely dextral strike - slip up to about 3 metres ( 9 . 8 ft ) , while the average slip in guanxian – anxian fault was about 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) vertical and 2 . 3 metres ( 7 ft 7 in ) horizontal . [ sep ] 2 metres
the longmen shan fault system is situated in the eastern border of the tibetan plateau and contains several faults . this earthquake ruptured at least two imbricate structures in longmen shan fault system , i . e . the beichuan fault and the guanxian – anxian fault . in the epicentral area , the average slip in beichuan fault was about 3 . 5 metres ( 11 ft ) vertical , 3 . 5 metres ( 11 ft ) horizontal - parallel to the fault , and 4 . 8 metres ( 16 ft ) horizontal - perpendicular to the fault . in the area about 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) northeast of the epicenter , the surface slip on beichuan fault was almost purely dextral strike - slip up to about 3 metres ( 9 . 8 ft ) , while the average slip in guanxian – anxian fault was about 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) vertical and 2 . 3 metres ( 7 ft 7 in ) horizontal . [ sep ] 2 . 3 metres
office buildings in shanghai ' s financial district , including the jin mao tower and the hong kong new world tower , were evacuated . a receptionist at the tibet hotel in chengdu said things were " calm " after the hotel evacuated its guests . meanwhile , workers at a ford plant in sichuan were evacuated for about 10 minutes . chengdu shuangliu international airport was shut down , and the control tower and regional radar control evacuated . one silkair flight was diverted and landed in kunming as a result . cathay pacific delayed both legs of its quadruple daily hong kong to london route due to this disruption in air traffic services . chengdu shuangliu airport reopened later on the evening of may 12 , offering limited service as the airport began to be used as a staging area for relief operations . [ sep ] shanghai ' s financial district
office buildings in shanghai ' s financial district , including the jin mao tower and the hong kong new world tower , were evacuated . a receptionist at the tibet hotel in chengdu said things were " calm " after the hotel evacuated its guests . meanwhile , workers at a ford plant in sichuan were evacuated for about 10 minutes . chengdu shuangliu international airport was shut down , and the control tower and regional radar control evacuated . one silkair flight was diverted and landed in kunming as a result . cathay pacific delayed both legs of its quadruple daily hong kong to london route due to this disruption in air traffic services . chengdu shuangliu airport reopened later on the evening of may 12 , offering limited service as the airport began to be used as a staging area for relief operations . [ sep ] calm
office buildings in shanghai ' s financial district , including the jin mao tower and the hong kong new world tower , were evacuated . a receptionist at the tibet hotel in chengdu said things were " calm " after the hotel evacuated its guests . meanwhile , workers at a ford plant in sichuan were evacuated for about 10 minutes . chengdu shuangliu international airport was shut down , and the control tower and regional radar control evacuated . one silkair flight was diverted and landed in kunming as a result . cathay pacific delayed both legs of its quadruple daily hong kong to london route due to this disruption in air traffic services . chengdu shuangliu airport reopened later on the evening of may 12 , offering limited service as the airport began to be used as a staging area for relief operations . [ sep ] 10 minutes
office buildings in shanghai ' s financial district , including the jin mao tower and the hong kong new world tower , were evacuated . a receptionist at the tibet hotel in chengdu said things were " calm " after the hotel evacuated its guests . meanwhile , workers at a ford plant in sichuan were evacuated for about 10 minutes . chengdu shuangliu international airport was shut down , and the control tower and regional radar control evacuated . one silkair flight was diverted and landed in kunming as a result . cathay pacific delayed both legs of its quadruple daily hong kong to london route due to this disruption in air traffic services . chengdu shuangliu airport reopened later on the evening of may 12 , offering limited service as the airport began to be used as a staging area for relief operations . [ sep ] chengdu shuangliu international airport
office buildings in shanghai ' s financial district , including the jin mao tower and the hong kong new world tower , were evacuated . a receptionist at the tibet hotel in chengdu said things were " calm " after the hotel evacuated its guests . meanwhile , workers at a ford plant in sichuan were evacuated for about 10 minutes . chengdu shuangliu international airport was shut down , and the control tower and regional radar control evacuated . one silkair flight was diverted and landed in kunming as a result . cathay pacific delayed both legs of its quadruple daily hong kong to london route due to this disruption in air traffic services . chengdu shuangliu airport reopened later on the evening of may 12 , offering limited service as the airport began to be used as a staging area for relief operations . [ sep ] may 12
in november 2013 mgm and the mcclory estate formally settled the issue with danjaq , llc — sister company of eon productions — with mgm acquiring the full copyright film rights to the concept of spectre and all of the characters associated with it . with the acquisition of the film rights and the organisation ' s re - introduction to the series ' continuity , the spectre acronym was discarded and the organisation reimagined as " spectre " . [ sep ] mgm
in november 2013 mgm and the mcclory estate formally settled the issue with danjaq , llc — sister company of eon productions — with mgm acquiring the full copyright film rights to the concept of spectre and all of the characters associated with it . with the acquisition of the film rights and the organisation ' s re - introduction to the series ' continuity , the spectre acronym was discarded and the organisation reimagined as " spectre " . [ sep ] spectre
in november 2013 mgm and the mcclory estate formally settled the issue with danjaq , llc — sister company of eon productions — with mgm acquiring the full copyright film rights to the concept of spectre and all of the characters associated with it . with the acquisition of the film rights and the organisation ' s re - introduction to the series ' continuity , the spectre acronym was discarded and the organisation reimagined as " spectre " . [ sep ] eon productions
in november 2013 mgm and the mcclory estate formally settled the issue with danjaq , llc — sister company of eon productions — with mgm acquiring the full copyright film rights to the concept of spectre and all of the characters associated with it . with the acquisition of the film rights and the organisation ' s re - introduction to the series ' continuity , the spectre acronym was discarded and the organisation reimagined as " spectre " . [ sep ] 2013
in november 2014 , sony pictures entertainment was targeted by hackers who released details of confidential e - mails between sony executives regarding several high - profile film projects . included within these were several memos relating to the production of spectre , claiming that the film was over budget , detailing early drafts of the script written by john logan , and expressing sony ' s frustration with the project . eon productions later issued a statement confirming the leak of what they called " an early version of the screenplay " . [ sep ] sony pictures entertainment
in november 2014 , sony pictures entertainment was targeted by hackers who released details of confidential e - mails between sony executives regarding several high - profile film projects . included within these were several memos relating to the production of spectre , claiming that the film was over budget , detailing early drafts of the script written by john logan , and expressing sony ' s frustration with the project . eon productions later issued a statement confirming the leak of what they called " an early version of the screenplay " . [ sep ] hackers
in november 2014 , sony pictures entertainment was targeted by hackers who released details of confidential e - mails between sony executives regarding several high - profile film projects . included within these were several memos relating to the production of spectre , claiming that the film was over budget , detailing early drafts of the script written by john logan , and expressing sony ' s frustration with the project . eon productions later issued a statement confirming the leak of what they called " an early version of the screenplay " . [ sep ] john logan
in november 2014 , sony pictures entertainment was targeted by hackers who released details of confidential e - mails between sony executives regarding several high - profile film projects . included within these were several memos relating to the production of spectre , claiming that the film was over budget , detailing early drafts of the script written by john logan , and expressing sony ' s frustration with the project . eon productions later issued a statement confirming the leak of what they called " an early version of the screenplay " . [ sep ] eon productions
despite being an original story , spectre draws on ian fleming ' s source material , most notably in the character of franz oberhauser , played by christoph waltz . oberhauser shares his name with hannes oberhauser , a background character in the short story " octopussy " from the octopussy and the living daylights collection , and who is named in the film as having been a temporary legal guardian of a young bond in 1983 . similarly , charmian bond is shown to have been his full - time guardian , observing the back story established by fleming . with the acquisition of the rights to spectre and its associated characters , screenwriters neal purvis and robert wade revealed that the film would provide a minor retcon to the continuity of the previous films , with the quantum organisation alluded to in casino royale and introduced in quantum of solace reimagined as a division within spectre rather than an independent organisation . [ sep ] christoph waltz
despite being an original story , spectre draws on ian fleming ' s source material , most notably in the character of franz oberhauser , played by christoph waltz . oberhauser shares his name with hannes oberhauser , a background character in the short story " octopussy " from the octopussy and the living daylights collection , and who is named in the film as having been a temporary legal guardian of a young bond in 1983 . similarly , charmian bond is shown to have been his full - time guardian , observing the back story established by fleming . with the acquisition of the rights to spectre and its associated characters , screenwriters neal purvis and robert wade revealed that the film would provide a minor retcon to the continuity of the previous films , with the quantum organisation alluded to in casino royale and introduced in quantum of solace reimagined as a division within spectre rather than an independent organisation . [ sep ] 1983
despite being an original story , spectre draws on ian fleming ' s source material , most notably in the character of franz oberhauser , played by christoph waltz . oberhauser shares his name with hannes oberhauser , a background character in the short story " octopussy " from the octopussy and the living daylights collection , and who is named in the film as having been a temporary legal guardian of a young bond in 1983 . similarly , charmian bond is shown to have been his full - time guardian , observing the back story established by fleming . with the acquisition of the rights to spectre and its associated characters , screenwriters neal purvis and robert wade revealed that the film would provide a minor retcon to the continuity of the previous films , with the quantum organisation alluded to in casino royale and introduced in quantum of solace reimagined as a division within spectre rather than an independent organisation . [ sep ] neal purvis and robert wade
despite being an original story , spectre draws on ian fleming ' s source material , most notably in the character of franz oberhauser , played by christoph waltz . oberhauser shares his name with hannes oberhauser , a background character in the short story " octopussy " from the octopussy and the living daylights collection , and who is named in the film as having been a temporary legal guardian of a young bond in 1983 . similarly , charmian bond is shown to have been his full - time guardian , observing the back story established by fleming . with the acquisition of the rights to spectre and its associated characters , screenwriters neal purvis and robert wade revealed that the film would provide a minor retcon to the continuity of the previous films , with the quantum organisation alluded to in casino royale and introduced in quantum of solace reimagined as a division within spectre rather than an independent organisation . [ sep ] quantum
despite being an original story , spectre draws on ian fleming ' s source material , most notably in the character of franz oberhauser , played by christoph waltz . oberhauser shares his name with hannes oberhauser , a background character in the short story " octopussy " from the octopussy and the living daylights collection , and who is named in the film as having been a temporary legal guardian of a young bond in 1983 . similarly , charmian bond is shown to have been his full - time guardian , observing the back story established by fleming . with the acquisition of the rights to spectre and its associated characters , screenwriters neal purvis and robert wade revealed that the film would provide a minor retcon to the continuity of the previous films , with the quantum organisation alluded to in casino royale and introduced in quantum of solace reimagined as a division within spectre rather than an independent organisation . [ sep ] octopussy
further references to fleming ' s material can be found throughout the film ; an mi6 safehouse is called " hildebrand rarities and antiques " , a reference to the short story " the hildebrand rarity " from the for your eyes only short story collection . [ citation needed ] bond ' s torture by blofeld mirrors his torture by the title character of kingsley amis ' continuation novel colonel sun . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] hildebrand rarities and antiques
further references to fleming ' s material can be found throughout the film ; an mi6 safehouse is called " hildebrand rarities and antiques " , a reference to the short story " the hildebrand rarity " from the for your eyes only short story collection . [ citation needed ] bond ' s torture by blofeld mirrors his torture by the title character of kingsley amis ' continuation novel colonel sun . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] kingsley amis
further references to fleming ' s material can be found throughout the film ; an mi6 safehouse is called " hildebrand rarities and antiques " , a reference to the short story " the hildebrand rarity " from the for your eyes only short story collection . [ citation needed ] bond ' s torture by blofeld mirrors his torture by the title character of kingsley amis ' continuation novel colonel sun . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] the hildebrand rarity
the main cast was revealed in december 2014 at the 007 stage at pinewood studios . daniel craig returned for his fourth appearance as james bond , while ralph fiennes , naomie harris and ben whishaw reprised their roles as m , eve moneypenny and q respectively , having been established in skyfall . rory kinnear also reprised his role as bill tanner in his third appearance in the series . [ sep ] december 2014
the main cast was revealed in december 2014 at the 007 stage at pinewood studios . daniel craig returned for his fourth appearance as james bond , while ralph fiennes , naomie harris and ben whishaw reprised their roles as m , eve moneypenny and q respectively , having been established in skyfall . rory kinnear also reprised his role as bill tanner in his third appearance in the series . [ sep ] ralph fiennes
the main cast was revealed in december 2014 at the 007 stage at pinewood studios . daniel craig returned for his fourth appearance as james bond , while ralph fiennes , naomie harris and ben whishaw reprised their roles as m , eve moneypenny and q respectively , having been established in skyfall . rory kinnear also reprised his role as bill tanner in his third appearance in the series . [ sep ] naomie harris
the main cast was revealed in december 2014 at the 007 stage at pinewood studios . daniel craig returned for his fourth appearance as james bond , while ralph fiennes , naomie harris and ben whishaw reprised their roles as m , eve moneypenny and q respectively , having been established in skyfall . rory kinnear also reprised his role as bill tanner in his third appearance in the series . [ sep ] ben whishaw
the main cast was revealed in december 2014 at the 007 stage at pinewood studios . daniel craig returned for his fourth appearance as james bond , while ralph fiennes , naomie harris and ben whishaw reprised their roles as m , eve moneypenny and q respectively , having been established in skyfall . rory kinnear also reprised his role as bill tanner in his third appearance in the series . [ sep ] rory kinnear
christoph waltz was cast in the role of franz oberhauser , though he refused to comment on the nature of the part . it was later revealed with the film ' s release that he is ernst stavro blofeld . dave bautista was cast as mr . hinx after producers sought an actor with a background in contact sports . after casting berenice lim marlohe , a relative newcomer , as severine in skyfall , mendes consciously sought out a more experienced actor for the role of madeleine swann , ultimately casting lea seydoux in the role . monica bellucci joined the cast as lucia sciarra , becoming , at the age of fifty , the oldest actress to be cast as a bond girl . in a separate interview with danish website euroman , jesper christensen revealed he would be reprising his role as mr . white from casino royale and quantum of solace . christensen ' s character was reportedly killed off in a scene intended to be used as an epilogue to quantum of solace , before it was removed from the final cut of the film , enabling his return in spectre . [ sep ] franz oberhauser
christoph waltz was cast in the role of franz oberhauser , though he refused to comment on the nature of the part . it was later revealed with the film ' s release that he is ernst stavro blofeld . dave bautista was cast as mr . hinx after producers sought an actor with a background in contact sports . after casting berenice lim marlohe , a relative newcomer , as severine in skyfall , mendes consciously sought out a more experienced actor for the role of madeleine swann , ultimately casting lea seydoux in the role . monica bellucci joined the cast as lucia sciarra , becoming , at the age of fifty , the oldest actress to be cast as a bond girl . in a separate interview with danish website euroman , jesper christensen revealed he would be reprising his role as mr . white from casino royale and quantum of solace . christensen ' s character was reportedly killed off in a scene intended to be used as an epilogue to quantum of solace , before it was removed from the final cut of the film , enabling his return in spectre . [ sep ] ernst stavro blofeld
christoph waltz was cast in the role of franz oberhauser , though he refused to comment on the nature of the part . it was later revealed with the film ' s release that he is ernst stavro blofeld . dave bautista was cast as mr . hinx after producers sought an actor with a background in contact sports . after casting berenice lim marlohe , a relative newcomer , as severine in skyfall , mendes consciously sought out a more experienced actor for the role of madeleine swann , ultimately casting lea seydoux in the role . monica bellucci joined the cast as lucia sciarra , becoming , at the age of fifty , the oldest actress to be cast as a bond girl . in a separate interview with danish website euroman , jesper christensen revealed he would be reprising his role as mr . white from casino royale and quantum of solace . christensen ' s character was reportedly killed off in a scene intended to be used as an epilogue to quantum of solace , before it was removed from the final cut of the film , enabling his return in spectre . [ sep ] berenice lim marlohe
christoph waltz was cast in the role of franz oberhauser , though he refused to comment on the nature of the part . it was later revealed with the film ' s release that he is ernst stavro blofeld . dave bautista was cast as mr . hinx after producers sought an actor with a background in contact sports . after casting berenice lim marlohe , a relative newcomer , as severine in skyfall , mendes consciously sought out a more experienced actor for the role of madeleine swann , ultimately casting lea seydoux in the role . monica bellucci joined the cast as lucia sciarra , becoming , at the age of fifty , the oldest actress to be cast as a bond girl . in a separate interview with danish website euroman , jesper christensen revealed he would be reprising his role as mr . white from casino royale and quantum of solace . christensen ' s character was reportedly killed off in a scene intended to be used as an epilogue to quantum of solace , before it was removed from the final cut of the film , enabling his return in spectre . [ sep ] quantum of solace
christoph waltz was cast in the role of franz oberhauser , though he refused to comment on the nature of the part . it was later revealed with the film ' s release that he is ernst stavro blofeld . dave bautista was cast as mr . hinx after producers sought an actor with a background in contact sports . after casting berenice lim marlohe , a relative newcomer , as severine in skyfall , mendes consciously sought out a more experienced actor for the role of madeleine swann , ultimately casting lea seydoux in the role . monica bellucci joined the cast as lucia sciarra , becoming , at the age of fifty , the oldest actress to be cast as a bond girl . in a separate interview with danish website euroman , jesper christensen revealed he would be reprising his role as mr . white from casino royale and quantum of solace . christensen ' s character was reportedly killed off in a scene intended to be used as an epilogue to quantum of solace , before it was removed from the final cut of the film , enabling his return in spectre . [ sep ] fifty
in addition to the principal cast , alessandro cremona was cast as marco sciarra , stephanie sigman was cast as estrella , and detlef bothe was cast as a villain for scenes shot in austria . in february 2015 over fifteen hundred extras were hired for the pre - title sequence set in mexico , though they were duplicated in the film , giving the effect of around ten thousand extras . [ sep ] fifteen hundred
in addition to the principal cast , alessandro cremona was cast as marco sciarra , stephanie sigman was cast as estrella , and detlef bothe was cast as a villain for scenes shot in austria . in february 2015 over fifteen hundred extras were hired for the pre - title sequence set in mexico , though they were duplicated in the film , giving the effect of around ten thousand extras . [ sep ] alessandro cremona
in addition to the principal cast , alessandro cremona was cast as marco sciarra , stephanie sigman was cast as estrella , and detlef bothe was cast as a villain for scenes shot in austria . in february 2015 over fifteen hundred extras were hired for the pre - title sequence set in mexico , though they were duplicated in the film , giving the effect of around ten thousand extras . [ sep ] stephanie sigman
in addition to the principal cast , alessandro cremona was cast as marco sciarra , stephanie sigman was cast as estrella , and detlef bothe was cast as a villain for scenes shot in austria . in february 2015 over fifteen hundred extras were hired for the pre - title sequence set in mexico , though they were duplicated in the film , giving the effect of around ten thousand extras . [ sep ] february 2015
in march 2013 mendes said he would not return to direct the next film in the series , then known as bond 24 ; he later recanted and announced that he would return , as he found the script and the plans for the long - term future of the franchise appealing . in directing skyfall and spectre , mendes became the first director to oversee two consecutive bond films since john glen directed the living daylights and licence to kill in 1987 and 1989 . skyfall writer john logan resumed his role of scriptwriter , collaborating with neal purvis and robert wade , who returned for their sixth bond film . [ n 4 ] the writer jez butterworth also worked on the script , alongside mendes and craig . dennis gassner returned as the film ' s production designer , while cinematographer hoyte van hoytema took over from roger deakins . in july 2015 mendes noted that the combined crew of spectre numbered over one thousand , making it a larger production than skyfall . craig is listed as co - producer . [ sep ] john glen
in march 2013 mendes said he would not return to direct the next film in the series , then known as bond 24 ; he later recanted and announced that he would return , as he found the script and the plans for the long - term future of the franchise appealing . in directing skyfall and spectre , mendes became the first director to oversee two consecutive bond films since john glen directed the living daylights and licence to kill in 1987 and 1989 . skyfall writer john logan resumed his role of scriptwriter , collaborating with neal purvis and robert wade , who returned for their sixth bond film . [ n 4 ] the writer jez butterworth also worked on the script , alongside mendes and craig . dennis gassner returned as the film ' s production designer , while cinematographer hoyte van hoytema took over from roger deakins . in july 2015 mendes noted that the combined crew of spectre numbered over one thousand , making it a larger production than skyfall . craig is listed as co - producer . [ sep ] dennis gassner
in march 2013 mendes said he would not return to direct the next film in the series , then known as bond 24 ; he later recanted and announced that he would return , as he found the script and the plans for the long - term future of the franchise appealing . in directing skyfall and spectre , mendes became the first director to oversee two consecutive bond films since john glen directed the living daylights and licence to kill in 1987 and 1989 . skyfall writer john logan resumed his role of scriptwriter , collaborating with neal purvis and robert wade , who returned for their sixth bond film . [ n 4 ] the writer jez butterworth also worked on the script , alongside mendes and craig . dennis gassner returned as the film ' s production designer , while cinematographer hoyte van hoytema took over from roger deakins . in july 2015 mendes noted that the combined crew of spectre numbered over one thousand , making it a larger production than skyfall . craig is listed as co - producer . [ sep ] roger deakins
mendes revealed that production would begin on 8 december 2014 at pinewood studios , with filming taking seven months . mendes also confirmed several filming locations , including london , mexico city and rome . van hoytema shot the film on kodak 35 mm film stock . early filming took place at pinewood studios , and around london , with scenes variously featuring craig and harris at bond ' s flat , and craig and kinnear travelling down the river thames . [ sep ] london , mexico city and rome
mendes revealed that production would begin on 8 december 2014 at pinewood studios , with filming taking seven months . mendes also confirmed several filming locations , including london , mexico city and rome . van hoytema shot the film on kodak 35 mm film stock . early filming took place at pinewood studios , and around london , with scenes variously featuring craig and harris at bond ' s flat , and craig and kinnear travelling down the river thames . [ sep ] kodak 35 mm
mendes revealed that production would begin on 8 december 2014 at pinewood studios , with filming taking seven months . mendes also confirmed several filming locations , including london , mexico city and rome . van hoytema shot the film on kodak 35 mm film stock . early filming took place at pinewood studios , and around london , with scenes variously featuring craig and harris at bond ' s flat , and craig and kinnear travelling down the river thames . [ sep ] pinewood studios
reporters in chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas , but no buildings collapsed . many beijing office towers were evacuated , including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 summer olympics . none of the olympic venues were damaged . meanwhile , a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in hui county , gansu , and caught on fire after the rail was distorted . [ sep ] in chengdu
reporters in chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas , but no buildings collapsed . many beijing office towers were evacuated , including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 summer olympics . none of the olympic venues were damaged . meanwhile , a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in hui county , gansu , and caught on fire after the rail was distorted . [ sep ] beijing
reporters in chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas , but no buildings collapsed . many beijing office towers were evacuated , including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 summer olympics . none of the olympic venues were damaged . meanwhile , a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in hui county , gansu , and caught on fire after the rail was distorted . [ sep ] hui county , gansu
reporters in chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas , but no buildings collapsed . many beijing office towers were evacuated , including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 summer olympics . none of the olympic venues were damaged . meanwhile , a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in hui county , gansu , and caught on fire after the rail was distorted . [ sep ] caught on fire
all of the highways into wenchuan , and others throughout the province , were damaged , resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops . in beichuan county , 80 % of the buildings collapsed according to xinhua news . in the city of shifang , the collapse of two chemical plants led to leakage of some 80 tons of liquid ammonia , with hundreds of people reported buried . in the city of dujiangyan , south - east of the epicenter , a whole school collapsed with 900 students buried and fewer than 60 survived . the juyuan middle school , where many teenagers were buried , was excavated by civilians and cranes . dujiangyan is home of the dujiangyan irrigation system , an ancient water diversion project which is still in use and is a unesco world heritage site . the project ' s famous fish mouth was cracked but not severely damaged otherwise . [ sep ] all of the highways
all of the highways into wenchuan , and others throughout the province , were damaged , resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops . in beichuan county , 80 % of the buildings collapsed according to xinhua news . in the city of shifang , the collapse of two chemical plants led to leakage of some 80 tons of liquid ammonia , with hundreds of people reported buried . in the city of dujiangyan , south - east of the epicenter , a whole school collapsed with 900 students buried and fewer than 60 survived . the juyuan middle school , where many teenagers were buried , was excavated by civilians and cranes . dujiangyan is home of the dujiangyan irrigation system , an ancient water diversion project which is still in use and is a unesco world heritage site . the project ' s famous fish mouth was cracked but not severely damaged otherwise . [ sep ] 80 %
all of the highways into wenchuan , and others throughout the province , were damaged , resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops . in beichuan county , 80 % of the buildings collapsed according to xinhua news . in the city of shifang , the collapse of two chemical plants led to leakage of some 80 tons of liquid ammonia , with hundreds of people reported buried . in the city of dujiangyan , south - east of the epicenter , a whole school collapsed with 900 students buried and fewer than 60 survived . the juyuan middle school , where many teenagers were buried , was excavated by civilians and cranes . dujiangyan is home of the dujiangyan irrigation system , an ancient water diversion project which is still in use and is a unesco world heritage site . the project ' s famous fish mouth was cracked but not severely damaged otherwise . [ sep ] dujiangyan
all of the highways into wenchuan , and others throughout the province , were damaged , resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops . in beichuan county , 80 % of the buildings collapsed according to xinhua news . in the city of shifang , the collapse of two chemical plants led to leakage of some 80 tons of liquid ammonia , with hundreds of people reported buried . in the city of dujiangyan , south - east of the epicenter , a whole school collapsed with 900 students buried and fewer than 60 survived . the juyuan middle school , where many teenagers were buried , was excavated by civilians and cranes . dujiangyan is home of the dujiangyan irrigation system , an ancient water diversion project which is still in use and is a unesco world heritage site . the project ' s famous fish mouth was cracked but not severely damaged otherwise . [ sep ] 60
both the shanghai stock exchange and the shenzhen stock exchange suspended trading of companies based in southwestern china . copper rose over speculations that production in southwestern china may be affected , and oil prices dropped over speculations that demand from china would fall . [ sep ] southwestern china
both the shanghai stock exchange and the shenzhen stock exchange suspended trading of companies based in southwestern china . copper rose over speculations that production in southwestern china may be affected , and oil prices dropped over speculations that demand from china would fall . [ sep ] copper
both the shanghai stock exchange and the shenzhen stock exchange suspended trading of companies based in southwestern china . copper rose over speculations that production in southwestern china may be affected , and oil prices dropped over speculations that demand from china would fall . [ sep ] oil
immediately after the earthquake event , mobile and terrestrial telecommunications were cut to the affected and surrounding area , with all internet capabilities cut to the sichuan area too . elements of telecommunications were restored by the government piece by piece over the next number of months as the situation in the sichuan province gradually improved . eventually , a handful of major news and media websites were made accessible online in the region , albeit with dramatically pared back webpages . [ sep ] mobile and terrestrial
immediately after the earthquake event , mobile and terrestrial telecommunications were cut to the affected and surrounding area , with all internet capabilities cut to the sichuan area too . elements of telecommunications were restored by the government piece by piece over the next number of months as the situation in the sichuan province gradually improved . eventually , a handful of major news and media websites were made accessible online in the region , albeit with dramatically pared back webpages . [ sep ] internet
immediately after the earthquake event , mobile and terrestrial telecommunications were cut to the affected and surrounding area , with all internet capabilities cut to the sichuan area too . elements of telecommunications were restored by the government piece by piece over the next number of months as the situation in the sichuan province gradually improved . eventually , a handful of major news and media websites were made accessible online in the region , albeit with dramatically pared back webpages . [ sep ] months
china mobile had more than 2 , 300 base stations suspended due to power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion . half of the wireless communications were lost in the sichuan province . china unicom ' s service in wenchuan and four nearby counties was cut off , with more than 700 towers suspended . [ sep ] 2 , 300
china mobile had more than 2 , 300 base stations suspended due to power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion . half of the wireless communications were lost in the sichuan province . china unicom ' s service in wenchuan and four nearby counties was cut off , with more than 700 towers suspended . [ sep ] more than 700
filming started in austria in december 2014 , with production taking in the area around solden — including the otztal glacier road , rettenbach glacier and the adjacent ski resort and cable car station — and obertilliach and lake altaussee , before concluding in february 2015 . scenes filmed in austria centred on the ice q restaurant , standing in for the fictional hoffler klinik , a private medical clinic in the austrian alps . filming included an action scene featuring a land rover defender bigfoot and a range rover sport . production was temporarily halted first by an injury to craig , who sprained his knee whilst shooting a fight scene , and later by an accident involving a filming vehicle that saw three crew members injured , at least one of them seriously . [ sep ] december 2014
filming started in austria in december 2014 , with production taking in the area around solden — including the otztal glacier road , rettenbach glacier and the adjacent ski resort and cable car station — and obertilliach and lake altaussee , before concluding in february 2015 . scenes filmed in austria centred on the ice q restaurant , standing in for the fictional hoffler klinik , a private medical clinic in the austrian alps . filming included an action scene featuring a land rover defender bigfoot and a range rover sport . production was temporarily halted first by an injury to craig , who sprained his knee whilst shooting a fight scene , and later by an accident involving a filming vehicle that saw three crew members injured , at least one of them seriously . [ sep ] february 2015
filming started in austria in december 2014 , with production taking in the area around solden — including the otztal glacier road , rettenbach glacier and the adjacent ski resort and cable car station — and obertilliach and lake altaussee , before concluding in february 2015 . scenes filmed in austria centred on the ice q restaurant , standing in for the fictional hoffler klinik , a private medical clinic in the austrian alps . filming included an action scene featuring a land rover defender bigfoot and a range rover sport . production was temporarily halted first by an injury to craig , who sprained his knee whilst shooting a fight scene , and later by an accident involving a filming vehicle that saw three crew members injured , at least one of them seriously . [ sep ] ice q restaurant
filming started in austria in december 2014 , with production taking in the area around solden — including the otztal glacier road , rettenbach glacier and the adjacent ski resort and cable car station — and obertilliach and lake altaussee , before concluding in february 2015 . scenes filmed in austria centred on the ice q restaurant , standing in for the fictional hoffler klinik , a private medical clinic in the austrian alps . filming included an action scene featuring a land rover defender bigfoot and a range rover sport . production was temporarily halted first by an injury to craig , who sprained his knee whilst shooting a fight scene , and later by an accident involving a filming vehicle that saw three crew members injured , at least one of them seriously . [ sep ] knee
initially , officials were unable to contact the wolong national nature reserve , home to around 280 giant pandas . however , the foreign ministry later said that a group of 31 british tourists visiting the wolong panda reserve in the quake - hit area returned safe and uninjured to chengdu . nonetheless , the well - being of an even greater number of pandas in the neighbouring panda reserves remained unknown . five security guards at the reserve were killed by the earthquake . six pandas escaped after their enclosures were damaged . by may 20 , two pandas at the reserve were found to be injured , while the search continued for another two adult pandas that went missing after the quake . by may 28 , 2008 , one panda was still missing . the missing panda was later found dead under the rubble of an enclosure . nine - year - old mao mao , a mother of five at the breeding center , was discovered on monday , her body crushed by a wall in her enclosure . panda keepers and other workers placed her remains in a small wooden crate and buried her outside the breeding centre . [ sep ] the wolong national nature reserve
initially , officials were unable to contact the wolong national nature reserve , home to around 280 giant pandas . however , the foreign ministry later said that a group of 31 british tourists visiting the wolong panda reserve in the quake - hit area returned safe and uninjured to chengdu . nonetheless , the well - being of an even greater number of pandas in the neighbouring panda reserves remained unknown . five security guards at the reserve were killed by the earthquake . six pandas escaped after their enclosures were damaged . by may 20 , two pandas at the reserve were found to be injured , while the search continued for another two adult pandas that went missing after the quake . by may 28 , 2008 , one panda was still missing . the missing panda was later found dead under the rubble of an enclosure . nine - year - old mao mao , a mother of five at the breeding center , was discovered on monday , her body crushed by a wall in her enclosure . panda keepers and other workers placed her remains in a small wooden crate and buried her outside the breeding centre . [ sep ] around 280
initially , officials were unable to contact the wolong national nature reserve , home to around 280 giant pandas . however , the foreign ministry later said that a group of 31 british tourists visiting the wolong panda reserve in the quake - hit area returned safe and uninjured to chengdu . nonetheless , the well - being of an even greater number of pandas in the neighbouring panda reserves remained unknown . five security guards at the reserve were killed by the earthquake . six pandas escaped after their enclosures were damaged . by may 20 , two pandas at the reserve were found to be injured , while the search continued for another two adult pandas that went missing after the quake . by may 28 , 2008 , one panda was still missing . the missing panda was later found dead under the rubble of an enclosure . nine - year - old mao mao , a mother of five at the breeding center , was discovered on monday , her body crushed by a wall in her enclosure . panda keepers and other workers placed her remains in a small wooden crate and buried her outside the breeding centre . [ sep ] 31
initially , officials were unable to contact the wolong national nature reserve , home to around 280 giant pandas . however , the foreign ministry later said that a group of 31 british tourists visiting the wolong panda reserve in the quake - hit area returned safe and uninjured to chengdu . nonetheless , the well - being of an even greater number of pandas in the neighbouring panda reserves remained unknown . five security guards at the reserve were killed by the earthquake . six pandas escaped after their enclosures were damaged . by may 20 , two pandas at the reserve were found to be injured , while the search continued for another two adult pandas that went missing after the quake . by may 28 , 2008 , one panda was still missing . the missing panda was later found dead under the rubble of an enclosure . nine - year - old mao mao , a mother of five at the breeding center , was discovered on monday , her body crushed by a wall in her enclosure . panda keepers and other workers placed her remains in a small wooden crate and buried her outside the breeding centre . [ sep ] 2
the zipingpu hydropower plant ( simplified chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] 水 [unk] ; traditional chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] 水 [unk] ) located 20 km east of the epicenter was damaged . a recent inspection indicated that the damage was less severe than initially feared , and it remains structurally stable and safe . the tulong reservoir upstream is in danger of collapse . about 2 , 000 troops have been allocated to zipingpu , trying to release the pressure through spillway . in total , 391 dams , most of them small , were reported damaged by the quake . [ sep ] hydropower plant
the zipingpu hydropower plant ( simplified chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] 水 [unk] ; traditional chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] 水 [unk] ) located 20 km east of the epicenter was damaged . a recent inspection indicated that the damage was less severe than initially feared , and it remains structurally stable and safe . the tulong reservoir upstream is in danger of collapse . about 2 , 000 troops have been allocated to zipingpu , trying to release the pressure through spillway . in total , 391 dams , most of them small , were reported damaged by the quake . [ sep ] 20 km east
the zipingpu hydropower plant ( simplified chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] 水 [unk] ; traditional chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] 水 [unk] ) located 20 km east of the epicenter was damaged . a recent inspection indicated that the damage was less severe than initially feared , and it remains structurally stable and safe . the tulong reservoir upstream is in danger of collapse . about 2 , 000 troops have been allocated to zipingpu , trying to release the pressure through spillway . in total , 391 dams , most of them small , were reported damaged by the quake . [ sep ] 2 , 000
the zipingpu hydropower plant ( simplified chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] 水 [unk] ; traditional chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] 水 [unk] ) located 20 km east of the epicenter was damaged . a recent inspection indicated that the damage was less severe than initially feared , and it remains structurally stable and safe . the tulong reservoir upstream is in danger of collapse . about 2 , 000 troops have been allocated to zipingpu , trying to release the pressure through spillway . in total , 391 dams , most of them small , were reported damaged by the quake . [ sep ] 391
according to chinese state officials , the quake caused 69 , 180 known deaths including 68 , 636 in sichuan province ; 18 , 498 people are listed as missing , and 374 , 176 injured , but these figures may further increase as more reports come in . [ dated info ] this estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads . [ sep ] 69 , 180
according to chinese state officials , the quake caused 69 , 180 known deaths including 68 , 636 in sichuan province ; 18 , 498 people are listed as missing , and 374 , 176 injured , but these figures may further increase as more reports come in . [ dated info ] this estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads . [ sep ] 68 , 636
according to chinese state officials , the quake caused 69 , 180 known deaths including 68 , 636 in sichuan province ; 18 , 498 people are listed as missing , and 374 , 176 injured , but these figures may further increase as more reports come in . [ dated info ] this estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads . [ sep ] 18 , 498
according to chinese state officials , the quake caused 69 , 180 known deaths including 68 , 636 in sichuan province ; 18 , 498 people are listed as missing , and 374 , 176 injured , but these figures may further increase as more reports come in . [ dated info ] this estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads . [ sep ] 374 , 176
according to chinese state officials , the quake caused 69 , 180 known deaths including 68 , 636 in sichuan province ; 18 , 498 people are listed as missing , and 374 , 176 injured , but these figures may further increase as more reports come in . [ dated info ] this estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads . [ sep ] 158
filming temporarily returned to england to shoot scenes at blenheim palace in oxfordshire , which stood in for a location in rome , before moving on to the city itself for a five - week shoot across the city , with locations including the ponte sisto bridge and the roman forum . the production faced opposition from a variety of special interest groups and city authorities , who were concerned about the potential for damage to historical sites around the city , and problems with graffiti and rubbish appearing in the film . a car chase scene set along the banks of the tiber river and through the streets of rome featured an aston martin db10 and a jaguar c - x75 . the c - x75 was originally developed as a hybrid electric vehicle with four independent electric engines powered by two jet turbines , before the project was cancelled . the version used for filming was converted to use a conventional internal combustion engine , to minimise the potential for disruption from mechanical problems with the complex hybrid system . the c - x75s used for filming were developed by the engineering division of formula one racing team williams , who built the original c - x75 prototype for jaguar . [ sep ] ponte sisto bridge and the roman forum
filming temporarily returned to england to shoot scenes at blenheim palace in oxfordshire , which stood in for a location in rome , before moving on to the city itself for a five - week shoot across the city , with locations including the ponte sisto bridge and the roman forum . the production faced opposition from a variety of special interest groups and city authorities , who were concerned about the potential for damage to historical sites around the city , and problems with graffiti and rubbish appearing in the film . a car chase scene set along the banks of the tiber river and through the streets of rome featured an aston martin db10 and a jaguar c - x75 . the c - x75 was originally developed as a hybrid electric vehicle with four independent electric engines powered by two jet turbines , before the project was cancelled . the version used for filming was converted to use a conventional internal combustion engine , to minimise the potential for disruption from mechanical problems with the complex hybrid system . the c - x75s used for filming were developed by the engineering division of formula one racing team williams , who built the original c - x75 prototype for jaguar . [ sep ] williams
filming temporarily returned to england to shoot scenes at blenheim palace in oxfordshire , which stood in for a location in rome , before moving on to the city itself for a five - week shoot across the city , with locations including the ponte sisto bridge and the roman forum . the production faced opposition from a variety of special interest groups and city authorities , who were concerned about the potential for damage to historical sites around the city , and problems with graffiti and rubbish appearing in the film . a car chase scene set along the banks of the tiber river and through the streets of rome featured an aston martin db10 and a jaguar c - x75 . the c - x75 was originally developed as a hybrid electric vehicle with four independent electric engines powered by two jet turbines , before the project was cancelled . the version used for filming was converted to use a conventional internal combustion engine , to minimise the potential for disruption from mechanical problems with the complex hybrid system . the c - x75s used for filming were developed by the engineering division of formula one racing team williams , who built the original c - x75 prototype for jaguar . [ sep ] jaguar
filming temporarily returned to england to shoot scenes at blenheim palace in oxfordshire , which stood in for a location in rome , before moving on to the city itself for a five - week shoot across the city , with locations including the ponte sisto bridge and the roman forum . the production faced opposition from a variety of special interest groups and city authorities , who were concerned about the potential for damage to historical sites around the city , and problems with graffiti and rubbish appearing in the film . a car chase scene set along the banks of the tiber river and through the streets of rome featured an aston martin db10 and a jaguar c - x75 . the c - x75 was originally developed as a hybrid electric vehicle with four independent electric engines powered by two jet turbines , before the project was cancelled . the version used for filming was converted to use a conventional internal combustion engine , to minimise the potential for disruption from mechanical problems with the complex hybrid system . the c - x75s used for filming were developed by the engineering division of formula one racing team williams , who built the original c - x75 prototype for jaguar . [ sep ] four
with filming completed in rome , production moved to mexico city in late march to shoot the film ' s opening sequence , with scenes to include the day of the dead festival filmed in and around the zocalo and the centro historico district . the planned scenes required the city square to be closed for filming a sequence involving a fight aboard a messerschmitt - bolkow - blohm bo 105 helicopter flown by stunt pilot chuck aaron , which called for modifications to be made to several buildings to prevent damage . this particular scene in mexico required 1 , 500 extras , 10 giant skeletons and 250 , 000 paper flowers . reports in the mexican media added that the film ' s second unit would move to palenque in the state of chiapas , to film aerial manoeuvres considered too dangerous to shoot in an urban area . [ sep ] mexico city
with filming completed in rome , production moved to mexico city in late march to shoot the film ' s opening sequence , with scenes to include the day of the dead festival filmed in and around the zocalo and the centro historico district . the planned scenes required the city square to be closed for filming a sequence involving a fight aboard a messerschmitt - bolkow - blohm bo 105 helicopter flown by stunt pilot chuck aaron , which called for modifications to be made to several buildings to prevent damage . this particular scene in mexico required 1 , 500 extras , 10 giant skeletons and 250 , 000 paper flowers . reports in the mexican media added that the film ' s second unit would move to palenque in the state of chiapas , to film aerial manoeuvres considered too dangerous to shoot in an urban area . [ sep ] day of the dead
with filming completed in rome , production moved to mexico city in late march to shoot the film ' s opening sequence , with scenes to include the day of the dead festival filmed in and around the zocalo and the centro historico district . the planned scenes required the city square to be closed for filming a sequence involving a fight aboard a messerschmitt - bolkow - blohm bo 105 helicopter flown by stunt pilot chuck aaron , which called for modifications to be made to several buildings to prevent damage . this particular scene in mexico required 1 , 500 extras , 10 giant skeletons and 250 , 000 paper flowers . reports in the mexican media added that the film ' s second unit would move to palenque in the state of chiapas , to film aerial manoeuvres considered too dangerous to shoot in an urban area . [ sep ] the zocalo and the centro historico district
with filming completed in rome , production moved to mexico city in late march to shoot the film ' s opening sequence , with scenes to include the day of the dead festival filmed in and around the zocalo and the centro historico district . the planned scenes required the city square to be closed for filming a sequence involving a fight aboard a messerschmitt - bolkow - blohm bo 105 helicopter flown by stunt pilot chuck aaron , which called for modifications to be made to several buildings to prevent damage . this particular scene in mexico required 1 , 500 extras , 10 giant skeletons and 250 , 000 paper flowers . reports in the mexican media added that the film ' s second unit would move to palenque in the state of chiapas , to film aerial manoeuvres considered too dangerous to shoot in an urban area . [ sep ] 1 , 500
with filming completed in rome , production moved to mexico city in late march to shoot the film ' s opening sequence , with scenes to include the day of the dead festival filmed in and around the zocalo and the centro historico district . the planned scenes required the city square to be closed for filming a sequence involving a fight aboard a messerschmitt - bolkow - blohm bo 105 helicopter flown by stunt pilot chuck aaron , which called for modifications to be made to several buildings to prevent damage . this particular scene in mexico required 1 , 500 extras , 10 giant skeletons and 250 , 000 paper flowers . reports in the mexican media added that the film ' s second unit would move to palenque in the state of chiapas , to film aerial manoeuvres considered too dangerous to shoot in an urban area . [ sep ] palenque
following filming in mexico , and during a scheduled break , craig was flown to new york to undergo minor surgery to fix his knee injury . it was reported that filming was not affected and he had returned to filming at pinewood studios as planned on 22 april . [ sep ] new york
following filming in mexico , and during a scheduled break , craig was flown to new york to undergo minor surgery to fix his knee injury . it was reported that filming was not affected and he had returned to filming at pinewood studios as planned on 22 april . [ sep ] 22 april
frederic francois chopin ( / ˈʃoʊpæn / ; french pronunciation : [ fʁe . de . ʁik fʁɑ . swa ʃɔ . pɛ ] ; 22 february or 1 march 1810 – 17 october 1849 ) , born fryderyk franciszek chopin , [ n 1 ] was a polish and french ( by citizenship and birth of father ) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the romantic era , who wrote primarily for the solo piano . he gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era , whose " poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation . " chopin was born in what was then the duchy of warsaw , and grew up in warsaw , which after 1815 became part of congress poland . a child prodigy , he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in warsaw before leaving poland at the age of 20 , less than a month before the outbreak of the november 1830 uprising . [ sep ] 1810
frederic francois chopin ( / ˈʃoʊpæn / ; french pronunciation : [ fʁe . de . ʁik fʁɑ . swa ʃɔ . pɛ ] ; 22 february or 1 march 1810 – 17 october 1849 ) , born fryderyk franciszek chopin , [ n 1 ] was a polish and french ( by citizenship and birth of father ) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the romantic era , who wrote primarily for the solo piano . he gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era , whose " poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation . " chopin was born in what was then the duchy of warsaw , and grew up in warsaw , which after 1815 became part of congress poland . a child prodigy , he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in warsaw before leaving poland at the age of 20 , less than a month before the outbreak of the november 1830 uprising . [ sep ] romantic era
frederic francois chopin ( / ˈʃoʊpæn / ; french pronunciation : [ fʁe . de . ʁik fʁɑ . swa ʃɔ . pɛ ] ; 22 february or 1 march 1810 – 17 october 1849 ) , born fryderyk franciszek chopin , [ n 1 ] was a polish and french ( by citizenship and birth of father ) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the romantic era , who wrote primarily for the solo piano . he gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era , whose " poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation . " chopin was born in what was then the duchy of warsaw , and grew up in warsaw , which after 1815 became part of congress poland . a child prodigy , he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in warsaw before leaving poland at the age of 20 , less than a month before the outbreak of the november 1830 uprising . [ sep ] warsaw
frederic francois chopin ( / ˈʃoʊpæn / ; french pronunciation : [ fʁe . de . ʁik fʁɑ . swa ʃɔ . pɛ ] ; 22 february or 1 march 1810 – 17 october 1849 ) , born fryderyk franciszek chopin , [ n 1 ] was a polish and french ( by citizenship and birth of father ) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the romantic era , who wrote primarily for the solo piano . he gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era , whose " poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation . " chopin was born in what was then the duchy of warsaw , and grew up in warsaw , which after 1815 became part of congress poland . a child prodigy , he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in warsaw before leaving poland at the age of 20 , less than a month before the outbreak of the november 1830 uprising . [ sep ] solo piano
frederic francois chopin ( / ˈʃoʊpæn / ; french pronunciation : [ fʁe . de . ʁik fʁɑ . swa ʃɔ . pɛ ] ; 22 february or 1 march 1810 – 17 october 1849 ) , born fryderyk franciszek chopin , [ n 1 ] was a polish and french ( by citizenship and birth of father ) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the romantic era , who wrote primarily for the solo piano . he gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era , whose " poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation . " chopin was born in what was then the duchy of warsaw , and grew up in warsaw , which after 1815 became part of congress poland . a child prodigy , he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in warsaw before leaving poland at the age of 20 , less than a month before the outbreak of the november 1830 uprising . [ sep ] 20
at the age of 21 he settled in paris . thereafter , during the last 18 years of his life , he gave only some 30 public performances , preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon . he supported himself by selling his compositions and teaching piano , for which he was in high demand . chopin formed a friendship with franz liszt and was admired by many of his musical contemporaries , including robert schumann . in 1835 he obtained french citizenship . after a failed engagement to maria wodzinska , from 1837 to 1847 he maintained an often troubled relationship with the french writer george sand . a brief and unhappy visit to majorca with sand in 1838 – 39 was one of his most productive periods of composition . in his last years , he was financially supported by his admirer jane stirling , who also arranged for him to visit scotland in 1848 . through most of his life , chopin suffered from poor health . he died in paris in 1849 , probably of tuberculosis . [ sep ] paris
at the age of 21 he settled in paris . thereafter , during the last 18 years of his life , he gave only some 30 public performances , preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon . he supported himself by selling his compositions and teaching piano , for which he was in high demand . chopin formed a friendship with franz liszt and was admired by many of his musical contemporaries , including robert schumann . in 1835 he obtained french citizenship . after a failed engagement to maria wodzinska , from 1837 to 1847 he maintained an often troubled relationship with the french writer george sand . a brief and unhappy visit to majorca with sand in 1838 – 39 was one of his most productive periods of composition . in his last years , he was financially supported by his admirer jane stirling , who also arranged for him to visit scotland in 1848 . through most of his life , chopin suffered from poor health . he died in paris in 1849 , probably of tuberculosis . [ sep ] 30
at the age of 21 he settled in paris . thereafter , during the last 18 years of his life , he gave only some 30 public performances , preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon . he supported himself by selling his compositions and teaching piano , for which he was in high demand . chopin formed a friendship with franz liszt and was admired by many of his musical contemporaries , including robert schumann . in 1835 he obtained french citizenship . after a failed engagement to maria wodzinska , from 1837 to 1847 he maintained an often troubled relationship with the french writer george sand . a brief and unhappy visit to majorca with sand in 1838 – 39 was one of his most productive periods of composition . in his last years , he was financially supported by his admirer jane stirling , who also arranged for him to visit scotland in 1848 . through most of his life , chopin suffered from poor health . he died in paris in 1849 , probably of tuberculosis . [ sep ] franz liszt
at the age of 21 he settled in paris . thereafter , during the last 18 years of his life , he gave only some 30 public performances , preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon . he supported himself by selling his compositions and teaching piano , for which he was in high demand . chopin formed a friendship with franz liszt and was admired by many of his musical contemporaries , including robert schumann . in 1835 he obtained french citizenship . after a failed engagement to maria wodzinska , from 1837 to 1847 he maintained an often troubled relationship with the french writer george sand . a brief and unhappy visit to majorca with sand in 1838 – 39 was one of his most productive periods of composition . in his last years , he was financially supported by his admirer jane stirling , who also arranged for him to visit scotland in 1848 . through most of his life , chopin suffered from poor health . he died in paris in 1849 , probably of tuberculosis . [ sep ] 1835
at the age of 21 he settled in paris . thereafter , during the last 18 years of his life , he gave only some 30 public performances , preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon . he supported himself by selling his compositions and teaching piano , for which he was in high demand . chopin formed a friendship with franz liszt and was admired by many of his musical contemporaries , including robert schumann . in 1835 he obtained french citizenship . after a failed engagement to maria wodzinska , from 1837 to 1847 he maintained an often troubled relationship with the french writer george sand . a brief and unhappy visit to majorca with sand in 1838 – 39 was one of his most productive periods of composition . in his last years , he was financially supported by his admirer jane stirling , who also arranged for him to visit scotland in 1848 . through most of his life , chopin suffered from poor health . he died in paris in 1849 , probably of tuberculosis . [ sep ] maria wodzinska
all of chopin ' s compositions include the piano . most are for solo piano , though he also wrote two piano concertos , a few chamber pieces , and some songs to polish lyrics . his keyboard style is highly individual and often technically demanding ; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity . chopin invented the concept of instrumental ballade . his major piano works also include mazurkas , waltzes , nocturnes , polonaises , etudes , impromptus , scherzos , preludes and sonatas , some published only after his death . influences on his compositional style include polish folk music , the classical tradition of j . s . bach , mozart and schubert , the music of all of whom he admired , as well as the paris salons where he was a frequent guest . his innovations in style , musical form , and harmony , and his association of music with nationalism , were influential throughout and after the late romantic period . [ sep ] piano
all of chopin ' s compositions include the piano . most are for solo piano , though he also wrote two piano concertos , a few chamber pieces , and some songs to polish lyrics . his keyboard style is highly individual and often technically demanding ; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity . chopin invented the concept of instrumental ballade . his major piano works also include mazurkas , waltzes , nocturnes , polonaises , etudes , impromptus , scherzos , preludes and sonatas , some published only after his death . influences on his compositional style include polish folk music , the classical tradition of j . s . bach , mozart and schubert , the music of all of whom he admired , as well as the paris salons where he was a frequent guest . his innovations in style , musical form , and harmony , and his association of music with nationalism , were influential throughout and after the late romantic period . [ sep ] instrumental ballade
all of chopin ' s compositions include the piano . most are for solo piano , though he also wrote two piano concertos , a few chamber pieces , and some songs to polish lyrics . his keyboard style is highly individual and often technically demanding ; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity . chopin invented the concept of instrumental ballade . his major piano works also include mazurkas , waltzes , nocturnes , polonaises , etudes , impromptus , scherzos , preludes and sonatas , some published only after his death . influences on his compositional style include polish folk music , the classical tradition of j . s . bach , mozart and schubert , the music of all of whom he admired , as well as the paris salons where he was a frequent guest . his innovations in style , musical form , and harmony , and his association of music with nationalism , were influential throughout and after the late romantic period . [ sep ] nuance and sensitivity
all of chopin ' s compositions include the piano . most are for solo piano , though he also wrote two piano concertos , a few chamber pieces , and some songs to polish lyrics . his keyboard style is highly individual and often technically demanding ; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity . chopin invented the concept of instrumental ballade . his major piano works also include mazurkas , waltzes , nocturnes , polonaises , etudes , impromptus , scherzos , preludes and sonatas , some published only after his death . influences on his compositional style include polish folk music , the classical tradition of j . s . bach , mozart and schubert , the music of all of whom he admired , as well as the paris salons where he was a frequent guest . his innovations in style , musical form , and harmony , and his association of music with nationalism , were influential throughout and after the late romantic period . [ sep ] j . s . bach , mozart and schubert
all of chopin ' s compositions include the piano . most are for solo piano , though he also wrote two piano concertos , a few chamber pieces , and some songs to polish lyrics . his keyboard style is highly individual and often technically demanding ; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity . chopin invented the concept of instrumental ballade . his major piano works also include mazurkas , waltzes , nocturnes , polonaises , etudes , impromptus , scherzos , preludes and sonatas , some published only after his death . influences on his compositional style include polish folk music , the classical tradition of j . s . bach , mozart and schubert , the music of all of whom he admired , as well as the paris salons where he was a frequent guest . his innovations in style , musical form , and harmony , and his association of music with nationalism , were influential throughout and after the late romantic period . [ sep ] polish
in his native poland , in france , where he composed most of his works , and beyond , chopin ' s music , his status as one of music ' s earliest superstars , his association ( if only indirect ) with political insurrection , his love life and his early death have made him , in the public consciousness , a leading symbol of the romantic era . his works remain popular , and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy . [ sep ] france
in his native poland , in france , where he composed most of his works , and beyond , chopin ' s music , his status as one of music ' s earliest superstars , his association ( if only indirect ) with political insurrection , his love life and his early death have made him , in the public consciousness , a leading symbol of the romantic era . his works remain popular , and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy . [ sep ] poland
in his native poland , in france , where he composed most of his works , and beyond , chopin ' s music , his status as one of music ' s earliest superstars , his association ( if only indirect ) with political insurrection , his love life and his early death have made him , in the public consciousness , a leading symbol of the romantic era . his works remain popular , and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy . [ sep ] political insurrection
in his native poland , in france , where he composed most of his works , and beyond , chopin ' s music , his status as one of music ' s earliest superstars , his association ( if only indirect ) with political insurrection , his love life and his early death have made him , in the public consciousness , a leading symbol of the romantic era . his works remain popular , and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy . [ sep ] romantic era
fryderyk chopin was born in zelazowa wola , 46 kilometres ( 29 miles ) west of warsaw , in what was then the duchy of warsaw , a polish state established by napoleon . the parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 february 1810 , and cites his given names in the latin form fridericus franciscus ( in polish , he was fryderyk franciszek ) . however , the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 march , [ n 2 ] which is now generally accepted as the correct date . [ sep ] zelazowa wola
fryderyk chopin was born in zelazowa wola , 46 kilometres ( 29 miles ) west of warsaw , in what was then the duchy of warsaw , a polish state established by napoleon . the parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 february 1810 , and cites his given names in the latin form fridericus franciscus ( in polish , he was fryderyk franciszek ) . however , the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 march , [ n 2 ] which is now generally accepted as the correct date . [ sep ] napoleon
fryderyk chopin was born in zelazowa wola , 46 kilometres ( 29 miles ) west of warsaw , in what was then the duchy of warsaw , a polish state established by napoleon . the parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 february 1810 , and cites his given names in the latin form fridericus franciscus ( in polish , he was fryderyk franciszek ) . however , the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 march , [ n 2 ] which is now generally accepted as the correct date . [ sep ] 22 february 1810
fryderyk chopin was born in zelazowa wola , 46 kilometres ( 29 miles ) west of warsaw , in what was then the duchy of warsaw , a polish state established by napoleon . the parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 february 1810 , and cites his given names in the latin form fridericus franciscus ( in polish , he was fryderyk franciszek ) . however , the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 march , [ n 2 ] which is now generally accepted as the correct date . [ sep ] 1 march
fryderyk chopin was born in zelazowa wola , 46 kilometres ( 29 miles ) west of warsaw , in what was then the duchy of warsaw , a polish state established by napoleon . the parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 february 1810 , and cites his given names in the latin form fridericus franciscus ( in polish , he was fryderyk franciszek ) . however , the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 march , [ n 2 ] which is now generally accepted as the correct date . [ sep ] fridericus franciscus
elliot sperling , a specialist of indian studies and the director of the tibetan studies program at indiana university ’ s department of central eurasia studies , writes that " the idea that tibet became part of china in the 13th century is a very recent construction . " he writes that chinese writers of the early 20th century were of the view that tibet was not annexed by china until the manchu qing dynasty invasion during the 18th century . he also states that chinese writers of the early 20th century described tibet as a feudal dependency of china , not an integral part of it . sperling states that this is because " tibet was ruled as such , within the empires of the mongols and the manchus " and also that " china ' s intervening ming dynasty . . . had no control over tibet . " he writes that the ming relationship with tibet is problematic for china ’ s insistence of its unbroken sovereignty over tibet since the 13th century . as for the tibetan view that tibet was never subject to the rule of the yuan or qing emperors of china , sperling also discounts this by stating that tibet was " subject to rules , laws and decisions made by the yuan and qing rulers " and that even tibetans described themselves as subjects of these emperors . [ sep ] chinese writers of the early 20th century
elliot sperling , a specialist of indian studies and the director of the tibetan studies program at indiana university ’ s department of central eurasia studies , writes that " the idea that tibet became part of china in the 13th century is a very recent construction . " he writes that chinese writers of the early 20th century were of the view that tibet was not annexed by china until the manchu qing dynasty invasion during the 18th century . he also states that chinese writers of the early 20th century described tibet as a feudal dependency of china , not an integral part of it . sperling states that this is because " tibet was ruled as such , within the empires of the mongols and the manchus " and also that " china ' s intervening ming dynasty . . . had no control over tibet . " he writes that the ming relationship with tibet is problematic for china ’ s insistence of its unbroken sovereignty over tibet since the 13th century . as for the tibetan view that tibet was never subject to the rule of the yuan or qing emperors of china , sperling also discounts this by stating that tibet was " subject to rules , laws and decisions made by the yuan and qing rulers " and that even tibetans described themselves as subjects of these emperors . [ sep ] china ' s intervening ming dynasty
elliot sperling , a specialist of indian studies and the director of the tibetan studies program at indiana university ’ s department of central eurasia studies , writes that " the idea that tibet became part of china in the 13th century is a very recent construction . " he writes that chinese writers of the early 20th century were of the view that tibet was not annexed by china until the manchu qing dynasty invasion during the 18th century . he also states that chinese writers of the early 20th century described tibet as a feudal dependency of china , not an integral part of it . sperling states that this is because " tibet was ruled as such , within the empires of the mongols and the manchus " and also that " china ' s intervening ming dynasty . . . had no control over tibet . " he writes that the ming relationship with tibet is problematic for china ’ s insistence of its unbroken sovereignty over tibet since the 13th century . as for the tibetan view that tibet was never subject to the rule of the yuan or qing emperors of china , sperling also discounts this by stating that tibet was " subject to rules , laws and decisions made by the yuan and qing rulers " and that even tibetans described themselves as subjects of these emperors . [ sep ] the 13th century
elliot sperling , a specialist of indian studies and the director of the tibetan studies program at indiana university ’ s department of central eurasia studies , writes that " the idea that tibet became part of china in the 13th century is a very recent construction . " he writes that chinese writers of the early 20th century were of the view that tibet was not annexed by china until the manchu qing dynasty invasion during the 18th century . he also states that chinese writers of the early 20th century described tibet as a feudal dependency of china , not an integral part of it . sperling states that this is because " tibet was ruled as such , within the empires of the mongols and the manchus " and also that " china ' s intervening ming dynasty . . . had no control over tibet . " he writes that the ming relationship with tibet is problematic for china ’ s insistence of its unbroken sovereignty over tibet since the 13th century . as for the tibetan view that tibet was never subject to the rule of the yuan or qing emperors of china , sperling also discounts this by stating that tibet was " subject to rules , laws and decisions made by the yuan and qing rulers " and that even tibetans described themselves as subjects of these emperors . [ sep ] the 18th century
josef kolmas , a sinologist , tibetologist , and professor of oriental studies at the academy of sciences of the czech republic , writes that it was during the qing dynasty " that developments took place on the basis of which tibet came to be considered an organic part of china , both practically and theoretically subject to the chinese central government . " yet he states that this was a radical change in regards to all previous eras of sino - tibetan relations . [ sep ] the qing dynasty
josef kolmas , a sinologist , tibetologist , and professor of oriental studies at the academy of sciences of the czech republic , writes that it was during the qing dynasty " that developments took place on the basis of which tibet came to be considered an organic part of china , both practically and theoretically subject to the chinese central government . " yet he states that this was a radical change in regards to all previous eras of sino - tibetan relations . [ sep ] the chinese central government
p . christiaan klieger , an anthropologist and scholar of the california academy of sciences in san francisco , writes that the vice royalty of the sakya regime installed by the mongols established a patron and priest relationship between tibetans and mongol converts to tibetan buddhism . according to him , the tibetan lamas and mongol khans upheld a " mutual role of religious prelate and secular patron , " respectively . he adds that " although agreements were made between tibetan leaders and mongol khans , ming and qing emperors , it was the republic of china and its communist successors that assumed the former imperial tributaries and subject states as integral parts of the chinese nation - state . " [ sep ] the tibetan lamas and mongol khans
p . christiaan klieger , an anthropologist and scholar of the california academy of sciences in san francisco , writes that the vice royalty of the sakya regime installed by the mongols established a patron and priest relationship between tibetans and mongol converts to tibetan buddhism . according to him , the tibetan lamas and mongol khans upheld a " mutual role of religious prelate and secular patron , " respectively . he adds that " although agreements were made between tibetan leaders and mongol khans , ming and qing emperors , it was the republic of china and its communist successors that assumed the former imperial tributaries and subject states as integral parts of the chinese nation - state . " [ sep ] the republic of china and its communist successors
p . christiaan klieger , an anthropologist and scholar of the california academy of sciences in san francisco , writes that the vice royalty of the sakya regime installed by the mongols established a patron and priest relationship between tibetans and mongol converts to tibetan buddhism . according to him , the tibetan lamas and mongol khans upheld a " mutual role of religious prelate and secular patron , " respectively . he adds that " although agreements were made between tibetan leaders and mongol khans , ming and qing emperors , it was the republic of china and its communist successors that assumed the former imperial tributaries and subject states as integral parts of the chinese nation - state . " [ sep ] the california academy of sciences in san francisco
p . christiaan klieger , an anthropologist and scholar of the california academy of sciences in san francisco , writes that the vice royalty of the sakya regime installed by the mongols established a patron and priest relationship between tibetans and mongol converts to tibetan buddhism . according to him , the tibetan lamas and mongol khans upheld a " mutual role of religious prelate and secular patron , " respectively . he adds that " although agreements were made between tibetan leaders and mongol khans , ming and qing emperors , it was the republic of china and its communist successors that assumed the former imperial tributaries and subject states as integral parts of the chinese nation - state . " [ sep ] the mongols
p . christiaan klieger , an anthropologist and scholar of the california academy of sciences in san francisco , writes that the vice royalty of the sakya regime installed by the mongols established a patron and priest relationship between tibetans and mongol converts to tibetan buddhism . according to him , the tibetan lamas and mongol khans upheld a " mutual role of religious prelate and secular patron , " respectively . he adds that " although agreements were made between tibetan leaders and mongol khans , ming and qing emperors , it was the republic of china and its communist successors that assumed the former imperial tributaries and subject states as integral parts of the chinese nation - state . " [ sep ] patron and priest relationship
china daily , a ccp - controlled news organization since 1981 , states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after tibet was incorporated into the territory of yuan dynasty ' s china in the 13th century , " tibet has remained under the jurisdiction of the central government of china . " it also states that the ming dynasty " inherited the right to rule tibet " from the yuan dynasty , and repeats the claims in the mingshi about the ming establishing two itinerant high commands over tibet . china daily states that the ming handled tibet ' s civil administration , appointed all leading officials of these administrative organs , and punished tibetans who broke the law . the party - controlled people ' s daily , the state - controlled xinhua news agency , and the state - controlled national television network china central television posted the same article that china daily had , the only difference being their headlines and some additional text . [ sep ] the 13th century
china daily , a ccp - controlled news organization since 1981 , states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after tibet was incorporated into the territory of yuan dynasty ' s china in the 13th century , " tibet has remained under the jurisdiction of the central government of china . " it also states that the ming dynasty " inherited the right to rule tibet " from the yuan dynasty , and repeats the claims in the mingshi about the ming establishing two itinerant high commands over tibet . china daily states that the ming handled tibet ' s civil administration , appointed all leading officials of these administrative organs , and punished tibetans who broke the law . the party - controlled people ' s daily , the state - controlled xinhua news agency , and the state - controlled national television network china central television posted the same article that china daily had , the only difference being their headlines and some additional text . [ sep ] the ming dynasty
china daily , a ccp - controlled news organization since 1981 , states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after tibet was incorporated into the territory of yuan dynasty ' s china in the 13th century , " tibet has remained under the jurisdiction of the central government of china . " it also states that the ming dynasty " inherited the right to rule tibet " from the yuan dynasty , and repeats the claims in the mingshi about the ming establishing two itinerant high commands over tibet . china daily states that the ming handled tibet ' s civil administration , appointed all leading officials of these administrative organs , and punished tibetans who broke the law . the party - controlled people ' s daily , the state - controlled xinhua news agency , and the state - controlled national television network china central television posted the same article that china daily had , the only difference being their headlines and some additional text . [ sep ] 1981
china daily , a ccp - controlled news organization since 1981 , states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after tibet was incorporated into the territory of yuan dynasty ' s china in the 13th century , " tibet has remained under the jurisdiction of the central government of china . " it also states that the ming dynasty " inherited the right to rule tibet " from the yuan dynasty , and repeats the claims in the mingshi about the ming establishing two itinerant high commands over tibet . china daily states that the ming handled tibet ' s civil administration , appointed all leading officials of these administrative organs , and punished tibetans who broke the law . the party - controlled people ' s daily , the state - controlled xinhua news agency , and the state - controlled national television network china central television posted the same article that china daily had , the only difference being their headlines and some additional text . [ sep ] the ming
china daily , a ccp - controlled news organization since 1981 , states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after tibet was incorporated into the territory of yuan dynasty ' s china in the 13th century , " tibet has remained under the jurisdiction of the central government of china . " it also states that the ming dynasty " inherited the right to rule tibet " from the yuan dynasty , and repeats the claims in the mingshi about the ming establishing two itinerant high commands over tibet . china daily states that the ming handled tibet ' s civil administration , appointed all leading officials of these administrative organs , and punished tibetans who broke the law . the party - controlled people ' s daily , the state - controlled xinhua news agency , and the state - controlled national television network china central television posted the same article that china daily had , the only difference being their headlines and some additional text . [ sep ] the central government of china
new york — often called new york city or the city of new york to distinguish it from the state of new york , of which it is a part — is the most populous city in the united states and the center of the new york metropolitan area , the premier gateway for legal immigration to the united states and one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world . a global power city , new york exerts a significant impact upon commerce , finance , media , art , fashion , research , technology , education , and entertainment , its fast pace defining the term new york minute . home to the headquarters of the united nations , new york is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural and financial capital of the world . [ sep ] new york
new york — often called new york city or the city of new york to distinguish it from the state of new york , of which it is a part — is the most populous city in the united states and the center of the new york metropolitan area , the premier gateway for legal immigration to the united states and one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world . a global power city , new york exerts a significant impact upon commerce , finance , media , art , fashion , research , technology , education , and entertainment , its fast pace defining the term new york minute . home to the headquarters of the united nations , new york is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural and financial capital of the world . [ sep ] new york
new york — often called new york city or the city of new york to distinguish it from the state of new york , of which it is a part — is the most populous city in the united states and the center of the new york metropolitan area , the premier gateway for legal immigration to the united states and one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world . a global power city , new york exerts a significant impact upon commerce , finance , media , art , fashion , research , technology , education , and entertainment , its fast pace defining the term new york minute . home to the headquarters of the united nations , new york is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural and financial capital of the world . [ sep ] new york
new york — often called new york city or the city of new york to distinguish it from the state of new york , of which it is a part — is the most populous city in the united states and the center of the new york metropolitan area , the premier gateway for legal immigration to the united states and one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world . a global power city , new york exerts a significant impact upon commerce , finance , media , art , fashion , research , technology , education , and entertainment , its fast pace defining the term new york minute . home to the headquarters of the united nations , new york is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural and financial capital of the world . [ sep ] new york
to kill a mockingbird is a novel by harper lee published in 1960 . it was immediately successful , winning the pulitzer prize , and has become a classic of modern american literature . the plot and characters are loosely based on the author ' s observations of her family and neighbors , as well as on an event that occurred near her hometown in 1936 , when she was 10 years old . [ sep ] 1960
to kill a mockingbird is a novel by harper lee published in 1960 . it was immediately successful , winning the pulitzer prize , and has become a classic of modern american literature . the plot and characters are loosely based on the author ' s observations of her family and neighbors , as well as on an event that occurred near her hometown in 1936 , when she was 10 years old . [ sep ] pulitzer prize
to kill a mockingbird is a novel by harper lee published in 1960 . it was immediately successful , winning the pulitzer prize , and has become a classic of modern american literature . the plot and characters are loosely based on the author ' s observations of her family and neighbors , as well as on an event that occurred near her hometown in 1936 , when she was 10 years old . [ sep ] harper lee
situated on one of the world ' s largest natural harbors , new york city consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of new york state . the five boroughs – brooklyn , queens , manhattan , the bronx , and staten island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . with a census - estimated 2014 population of 8 , 491 , 079 distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles ( 790 km2 ) , new york is the most densely populated major city in the united states . as many as 800 languages are spoken in new york , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . by 2014 census estimates , the new york city metropolitan region remains by a significant margin the most populous in the united states , as defined by both the metropolitan statistical area ( 20 . 1 million residents ) and the combined statistical area ( 23 . 6 million residents ) . in 2013 , the msa produced a gross metropolitan product ( gmp ) of nearly us $ 1 . 39 trillion , while in 2012 , the csa generated a gmp of over us $ 1 . 55 trillion , both ranking first nationally by a wide margin and behind the gdp of only twelve and eleven countries , respectively . [ sep ] five
situated on one of the world ' s largest natural harbors , new york city consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of new york state . the five boroughs – brooklyn , queens , manhattan , the bronx , and staten island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . with a census - estimated 2014 population of 8 , 491 , 079 distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles ( 790 km2 ) , new york is the most densely populated major city in the united states . as many as 800 languages are spoken in new york , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . by 2014 census estimates , the new york city metropolitan region remains by a significant margin the most populous in the united states , as defined by both the metropolitan statistical area ( 20 . 1 million residents ) and the combined statistical area ( 23 . 6 million residents ) . in 2013 , the msa produced a gross metropolitan product ( gmp ) of nearly us $ 1 . 39 trillion , while in 2012 , the csa generated a gmp of over us $ 1 . 55 trillion , both ranking first nationally by a wide margin and behind the gdp of only twelve and eleven countries , respectively . [ sep ] 1898
situated on one of the world ' s largest natural harbors , new york city consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of new york state . the five boroughs – brooklyn , queens , manhattan , the bronx , and staten island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . with a census - estimated 2014 population of 8 , 491 , 079 distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles ( 790 km2 ) , new york is the most densely populated major city in the united states . as many as 800 languages are spoken in new york , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . by 2014 census estimates , the new york city metropolitan region remains by a significant margin the most populous in the united states , as defined by both the metropolitan statistical area ( 20 . 1 million residents ) and the combined statistical area ( 23 . 6 million residents ) . in 2013 , the msa produced a gross metropolitan product ( gmp ) of nearly us $ 1 . 39 trillion , while in 2012 , the csa generated a gmp of over us $ 1 . 55 trillion , both ranking first nationally by a wide margin and behind the gdp of only twelve and eleven countries , respectively . [ sep ] 8 , 491 , 079
situated on one of the world ' s largest natural harbors , new york city consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of new york state . the five boroughs – brooklyn , queens , manhattan , the bronx , and staten island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . with a census - estimated 2014 population of 8 , 491 , 079 distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles ( 790 km2 ) , new york is the most densely populated major city in the united states . as many as 800 languages are spoken in new york , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . by 2014 census estimates , the new york city metropolitan region remains by a significant margin the most populous in the united states , as defined by both the metropolitan statistical area ( 20 . 1 million residents ) and the combined statistical area ( 23 . 6 million residents ) . in 2013 , the msa produced a gross metropolitan product ( gmp ) of nearly us $ 1 . 39 trillion , while in 2012 , the csa generated a gmp of over us $ 1 . 55 trillion , both ranking first nationally by a wide margin and behind the gdp of only twelve and eleven countries , respectively . [ sep ] 305
situated on one of the world ' s largest natural harbors , new york city consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of new york state . the five boroughs – brooklyn , queens , manhattan , the bronx , and staten island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . with a census - estimated 2014 population of 8 , 491 , 079 distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles ( 790 km2 ) , new york is the most densely populated major city in the united states . as many as 800 languages are spoken in new york , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . by 2014 census estimates , the new york city metropolitan region remains by a significant margin the most populous in the united states , as defined by both the metropolitan statistical area ( 20 . 1 million residents ) and the combined statistical area ( 23 . 6 million residents ) . in 2013 , the msa produced a gross metropolitan product ( gmp ) of nearly us $ 1 . 39 trillion , while in 2012 , the csa generated a gmp of over us $ 1 . 55 trillion , both ranking first nationally by a wide margin and behind the gdp of only twelve and eleven countries , respectively . [ sep ] 23 . 6 million
new york city traces its roots to its 1624 founding as a trading post by colonists of the dutch republic and was named new amsterdam in 1626 . the city and its surroundings came under english control in 1664 . new york served as the capital of the united states from 1785 until 1790 . it has been the country ' s largest city since 1790 . the statue of liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a globally recognized symbol of the united states and its democracy . [ sep ] new amsterdam
new york city traces its roots to its 1624 founding as a trading post by colonists of the dutch republic and was named new amsterdam in 1626 . the city and its surroundings came under english control in 1664 . new york served as the capital of the united states from 1785 until 1790 . it has been the country ' s largest city since 1790 . the statue of liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a globally recognized symbol of the united states and its democracy . [ sep ] the dutch republic
new york city traces its roots to its 1624 founding as a trading post by colonists of the dutch republic and was named new amsterdam in 1626 . the city and its surroundings came under english control in 1664 . new york served as the capital of the united states from 1785 until 1790 . it has been the country ' s largest city since 1790 . the statue of liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a globally recognized symbol of the united states and its democracy . [ sep ] 1790
new york city traces its roots to its 1624 founding as a trading post by colonists of the dutch republic and was named new amsterdam in 1626 . the city and its surroundings came under english control in 1664 . new york served as the capital of the united states from 1785 until 1790 . it has been the country ' s largest city since 1790 . the statue of liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a globally recognized symbol of the united states and its democracy . [ sep ] 1664
new york city traces its roots to its 1624 founding as a trading post by colonists of the dutch republic and was named new amsterdam in 1626 . the city and its surroundings came under english control in 1664 . new york served as the capital of the united states from 1785 until 1790 . it has been the country ' s largest city since 1790 . the statue of liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a globally recognized symbol of the united states and its democracy . [ sep ] 1790
as a southern gothic novel and a bildungsroman , the primary themes of to kill a mockingbird involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence . scholars have noted that lee also addresses issues of class , courage , compassion , and gender roles in the american deep south . the book is widely taught in schools in the united states with lessons that emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice . despite its themes , to kill a mockingbird has been subject to campaigns for removal from public classrooms , often challenged for its use of racial epithets . [ sep ] united states
as a southern gothic novel and a bildungsroman , the primary themes of to kill a mockingbird involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence . scholars have noted that lee also addresses issues of class , courage , compassion , and gender roles in the american deep south . the book is widely taught in schools in the united states with lessons that emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice . despite its themes , to kill a mockingbird has been subject to campaigns for removal from public classrooms , often challenged for its use of racial epithets . [ sep ] southern gothic novel
as a southern gothic novel and a bildungsroman , the primary themes of to kill a mockingbird involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence . scholars have noted that lee also addresses issues of class , courage , compassion , and gender roles in the american deep south . the book is widely taught in schools in the united states with lessons that emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice . despite its themes , to kill a mockingbird has been subject to campaigns for removal from public classrooms , often challenged for its use of racial epithets . [ sep ] racial injustice and the destruction of innocence
many districts and landmarks in new york city have become well known , and the city received a record 56 million tourists in 2014 , hosting three of the world ' s ten most visited tourist attractions in 2013 . several sources have ranked new york the most photographed city in the world . times square , iconic as the world ' s " heart " and its " crossroads " , is the brightly illuminated hub of the broadway theater district , one of the world ' s busiest pedestrian intersections , and a major center of the world ' s entertainment industry . the names of many of the city ' s bridges , skyscrapers , and parks are known around the world . anchored by wall street in the financial district of lower manhattan , new york city has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world , and the city is home to the world ' s two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization , the new york stock exchange and nasdaq . manhattan ' s real estate market is among the most expensive in the world . manhattan ' s chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of chinese people in the western hemisphere , with multiple signature chinatowns developing across the city . providing continuous 24 / 7 service , the new york city subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide , with 469 stations in operation . new york city ' s higher education network comprises over 120 colleges and universities , including columbia university , new york university , and rockefeller university , which have been ranked among the top 35 in the world . [ sep ] 56 million
many districts and landmarks in new york city have become well known , and the city received a record 56 million tourists in 2014 , hosting three of the world ' s ten most visited tourist attractions in 2013 . several sources have ranked new york the most photographed city in the world . times square , iconic as the world ' s " heart " and its " crossroads " , is the brightly illuminated hub of the broadway theater district , one of the world ' s busiest pedestrian intersections , and a major center of the world ' s entertainment industry . the names of many of the city ' s bridges , skyscrapers , and parks are known around the world . anchored by wall street in the financial district of lower manhattan , new york city has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world , and the city is home to the world ' s two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization , the new york stock exchange and nasdaq . manhattan ' s real estate market is among the most expensive in the world . manhattan ' s chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of chinese people in the western hemisphere , with multiple signature chinatowns developing across the city . providing continuous 24 / 7 service , the new york city subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide , with 469 stations in operation . new york city ' s higher education network comprises over 120 colleges and universities , including columbia university , new york university , and rockefeller university , which have been ranked among the top 35 in the world . [ sep ] 469
many districts and landmarks in new york city have become well known , and the city received a record 56 million tourists in 2014 , hosting three of the world ' s ten most visited tourist attractions in 2013 . several sources have ranked new york the most photographed city in the world . times square , iconic as the world ' s " heart " and its " crossroads " , is the brightly illuminated hub of the broadway theater district , one of the world ' s busiest pedestrian intersections , and a major center of the world ' s entertainment industry . the names of many of the city ' s bridges , skyscrapers , and parks are known around the world . anchored by wall street in the financial district of lower manhattan , new york city has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world , and the city is home to the world ' s two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization , the new york stock exchange and nasdaq . manhattan ' s real estate market is among the most expensive in the world . manhattan ' s chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of chinese people in the western hemisphere , with multiple signature chinatowns developing across the city . providing continuous 24 / 7 service , the new york city subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide , with 469 stations in operation . new york city ' s higher education network comprises over 120 colleges and universities , including columbia university , new york university , and rockefeller university , which have been ranked among the top 35 in the world . [ sep ] manhattan
reaction to the novel varied widely upon publication . literary analysis of it is sparse , considering the number of copies sold and its widespread use in education . author mary mcdonough murphy , who collected individual impressions of to kill a mockingbird by several authors and public figures , calls the book , " an astonishing phenomenon " . in 2006 , british librarians ranked the book ahead of the bible as one " every adult should read before they die " . it was adapted into an oscar - winning film in 1962 by director robert mulligan , with a screenplay by horton foote . since 1990 , a play based on the novel has been performed annually in harper lee ' s hometown of monroeville , alabama . [ sep ] mary mcdonough murphy
reaction to the novel varied widely upon publication . literary analysis of it is sparse , considering the number of copies sold and its widespread use in education . author mary mcdonough murphy , who collected individual impressions of to kill a mockingbird by several authors and public figures , calls the book , " an astonishing phenomenon " . in 2006 , british librarians ranked the book ahead of the bible as one " every adult should read before they die " . it was adapted into an oscar - winning film in 1962 by director robert mulligan , with a screenplay by horton foote . since 1990 , a play based on the novel has been performed annually in harper lee ' s hometown of monroeville , alabama . [ sep ] 2006
reaction to the novel varied widely upon publication . literary analysis of it is sparse , considering the number of copies sold and its widespread use in education . author mary mcdonough murphy , who collected individual impressions of to kill a mockingbird by several authors and public figures , calls the book , " an astonishing phenomenon " . in 2006 , british librarians ranked the book ahead of the bible as one " every adult should read before they die " . it was adapted into an oscar - winning film in 1962 by director robert mulligan , with a screenplay by horton foote . since 1990 , a play based on the novel has been performed annually in harper lee ' s hometown of monroeville , alabama . [ sep ] 1962
reaction to the novel varied widely upon publication . literary analysis of it is sparse , considering the number of copies sold and its widespread use in education . author mary mcdonough murphy , who collected individual impressions of to kill a mockingbird by several authors and public figures , calls the book , " an astonishing phenomenon " . in 2006 , british librarians ranked the book ahead of the bible as one " every adult should read before they die " . it was adapted into an oscar - winning film in 1962 by director robert mulligan , with a screenplay by horton foote . since 1990 , a play based on the novel has been performed annually in harper lee ' s hometown of monroeville , alabama . [ sep ] 1990
reaction to the novel varied widely upon publication . literary analysis of it is sparse , considering the number of copies sold and its widespread use in education . author mary mcdonough murphy , who collected individual impressions of to kill a mockingbird by several authors and public figures , calls the book , " an astonishing phenomenon " . in 2006 , british librarians ranked the book ahead of the bible as one " every adult should read before they die " . it was adapted into an oscar - winning film in 1962 by director robert mulligan , with a screenplay by horton foote . since 1990 , a play based on the novel has been performed annually in harper lee ' s hometown of monroeville , alabama . [ sep ] robert mulligan
during the wisconsinan glaciation , the new york city region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1 , 000 feet in depth . the ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil , leaving the bedrock that serves as the geologic foundation for much of new york city today . later on , the ice sheet would help split apart what are now long island and staten island . [ sep ] staten island
during the wisconsinan glaciation , the new york city region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1 , 000 feet in depth . the ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil , leaving the bedrock that serves as the geologic foundation for much of new york city today . later on , the ice sheet would help split apart what are now long island and staten island . [ sep ] the wisconsinan glaciation
to kill a mockingbird was lee ' s only published book until go set a watchman , an earlier draft of to kill a mockingbird , was published on july 14 , 2015 . lee continued to respond to her work ' s impact until her death in february 2016 , although she had refused any personal publicity for herself or the novel since 1964 . [ sep ] february 2016
to kill a mockingbird was lee ' s only published book until go set a watchman , an earlier draft of to kill a mockingbird , was published on july 14 , 2015 . lee continued to respond to her work ' s impact until her death in february 2016 , although she had refused any personal publicity for herself or the novel since 1964 . [ sep ] go set a watchman
in the precolonial era , the area of present - day new york city was inhabited by various bands of algonquian tribes of native americans , including the lenape , whose homeland , known as lenapehoking , included staten island ; the western portion of long island , including the area that would become brooklyn and queens ; manhattan ; the bronx ; and the lower hudson valley . [ sep ] lenapehoking
during the reign of the jiajing emperor ( r . 1521 – 1567 ) , the native chinese ideology of daoism was fully sponsored at the ming court , while tibetan vajrayana and even chinese buddhism were ignored or suppressed . even the history of ming states that the tibetan lamas discontinued their trips to ming china and its court at this point . grand secretary yang tinghe under jiajing was determined to break the eunuch influence at court which typified the zhengde era , an example being the costly escort of the eunuch liu yun as described above in his failed mission to tibet . the court eunuchs were in favor of expanding and building new commercial ties with foreign countries such as portugal , which zhengde deemed permissible since he had an affinity for foreign and exotic people . [ sep ] 1521 – 1567
during the reign of the jiajing emperor ( r . 1521 – 1567 ) , the native chinese ideology of daoism was fully sponsored at the ming court , while tibetan vajrayana and even chinese buddhism were ignored or suppressed . even the history of ming states that the tibetan lamas discontinued their trips to ming china and its court at this point . grand secretary yang tinghe under jiajing was determined to break the eunuch influence at court which typified the zhengde era , an example being the costly escort of the eunuch liu yun as described above in his failed mission to tibet . the court eunuchs were in favor of expanding and building new commercial ties with foreign countries such as portugal , which zhengde deemed permissible since he had an affinity for foreign and exotic people . [ sep ] the native chinese ideology of daoism
during the reign of the jiajing emperor ( r . 1521 – 1567 ) , the native chinese ideology of daoism was fully sponsored at the ming court , while tibetan vajrayana and even chinese buddhism were ignored or suppressed . even the history of ming states that the tibetan lamas discontinued their trips to ming china and its court at this point . grand secretary yang tinghe under jiajing was determined to break the eunuch influence at court which typified the zhengde era , an example being the costly escort of the eunuch liu yun as described above in his failed mission to tibet . the court eunuchs were in favor of expanding and building new commercial ties with foreign countries such as portugal , which zhengde deemed permissible since he had an affinity for foreign and exotic people . [ sep ] the tibetan lamas
during the reign of the jiajing emperor ( r . 1521 – 1567 ) , the native chinese ideology of daoism was fully sponsored at the ming court , while tibetan vajrayana and even chinese buddhism were ignored or suppressed . even the history of ming states that the tibetan lamas discontinued their trips to ming china and its court at this point . grand secretary yang tinghe under jiajing was determined to break the eunuch influence at court which typified the zhengde era , an example being the costly escort of the eunuch liu yun as described above in his failed mission to tibet . the court eunuchs were in favor of expanding and building new commercial ties with foreign countries such as portugal , which zhengde deemed permissible since he had an affinity for foreign and exotic people . [ sep ] yang tinghe
during the reign of the jiajing emperor ( r . 1521 – 1567 ) , the native chinese ideology of daoism was fully sponsored at the ming court , while tibetan vajrayana and even chinese buddhism were ignored or suppressed . even the history of ming states that the tibetan lamas discontinued their trips to ming china and its court at this point . grand secretary yang tinghe under jiajing was determined to break the eunuch influence at court which typified the zhengde era , an example being the costly escort of the eunuch liu yun as described above in his failed mission to tibet . the court eunuchs were in favor of expanding and building new commercial ties with foreign countries such as portugal , which zhengde deemed permissible since he had an affinity for foreign and exotic people . [ sep ] yang tinghe
the first documented visit by a european was in 1524 by giovanni da verrazzano , a florentine explorer in the service of the french crown , who sailed his ship la dauphine into new york harbor . he claimed the area for france and named it " nouvelle angouleme " ( new angouleme ) . [ sep ] 1524
the first documented visit by a european was in 1524 by giovanni da verrazzano , a florentine explorer in the service of the french crown , who sailed his ship la dauphine into new york harbor . he claimed the area for france and named it " nouvelle angouleme " ( new angouleme ) . [ sep ] giovanni da verrazzano
the first documented visit by a european was in 1524 by giovanni da verrazzano , a florentine explorer in the service of the french crown , who sailed his ship la dauphine into new york harbor . he claimed the area for france and named it " nouvelle angouleme " ( new angouleme ) . [ sep ] la dauphine
the first documented visit by a european was in 1524 by giovanni da verrazzano , a florentine explorer in the service of the french crown , who sailed his ship la dauphine into new york harbor . he claimed the area for france and named it " nouvelle angouleme " ( new angouleme ) . [ sep ] france
the first documented visit by a european was in 1524 by giovanni da verrazzano , a florentine explorer in the service of the french crown , who sailed his ship la dauphine into new york harbor . he claimed the area for france and named it " nouvelle angouleme " ( new angouleme ) . [ sep ] nouvelle angouleme
born in 1926 , harper lee grew up in the southern town of monroeville , alabama , where she became close friends with soon - to - be famous writer truman capote . she attended huntingdon college in montgomery ( 1944 – 45 ) , and then studied law at the university of alabama ( 1945 – 49 ) . while attending college , she wrote for campus literary magazines : huntress at huntingdon and the humor magazine rammer jammer at the university of alabama . at both colleges , she wrote short stories and other works about racial injustice , a rarely mentioned topic on such campuses at the time . in 1950 , lee moved to new york city , where she worked as a reservation clerk for british overseas airways corporation ; there , she began writing a collection of essays and short stories about people in monroeville . hoping to be published , lee presented her writing in 1957 to a literary agent recommended by capote . an editor at j . b . lippincott , who bought the manuscript , advised her to quit the airline and concentrate on writing . donations from friends allowed her to write uninterrupted for a year . [ sep ] truman capote
born in 1926 , harper lee grew up in the southern town of monroeville , alabama , where she became close friends with soon - to - be famous writer truman capote . she attended huntingdon college in montgomery ( 1944 – 45 ) , and then studied law at the university of alabama ( 1945 – 49 ) . while attending college , she wrote for campus literary magazines : huntress at huntingdon and the humor magazine rammer jammer at the university of alabama . at both colleges , she wrote short stories and other works about racial injustice , a rarely mentioned topic on such campuses at the time . in 1950 , lee moved to new york city , where she worked as a reservation clerk for british overseas airways corporation ; there , she began writing a collection of essays and short stories about people in monroeville . hoping to be published , lee presented her writing in 1957 to a literary agent recommended by capote . an editor at j . b . lippincott , who bought the manuscript , advised her to quit the airline and concentrate on writing . donations from friends allowed her to write uninterrupted for a year . [ sep ] 1950
born in 1926 , harper lee grew up in the southern town of monroeville , alabama , where she became close friends with soon - to - be famous writer truman capote . she attended huntingdon college in montgomery ( 1944 – 45 ) , and then studied law at the university of alabama ( 1945 – 49 ) . while attending college , she wrote for campus literary magazines : huntress at huntingdon and the humor magazine rammer jammer at the university of alabama . at both colleges , she wrote short stories and other works about racial injustice , a rarely mentioned topic on such campuses at the time . in 1950 , lee moved to new york city , where she worked as a reservation clerk for british overseas airways corporation ; there , she began writing a collection of essays and short stories about people in monroeville . hoping to be published , lee presented her writing in 1957 to a literary agent recommended by capote . an editor at j . b . lippincott , who bought the manuscript , advised her to quit the airline and concentrate on writing . donations from friends allowed her to write uninterrupted for a year . [ sep ] reservation clerk
born in 1926 , harper lee grew up in the southern town of monroeville , alabama , where she became close friends with soon - to - be famous writer truman capote . she attended huntingdon college in montgomery ( 1944 – 45 ) , and then studied law at the university of alabama ( 1945 – 49 ) . while attending college , she wrote for campus literary magazines : huntress at huntingdon and the humor magazine rammer jammer at the university of alabama . at both colleges , she wrote short stories and other works about racial injustice , a rarely mentioned topic on such campuses at the time . in 1950 , lee moved to new york city , where she worked as a reservation clerk for british overseas airways corporation ; there , she began writing a collection of essays and short stories about people in monroeville . hoping to be published , lee presented her writing in 1957 to a literary agent recommended by capote . an editor at j . b . lippincott , who bought the manuscript , advised her to quit the airline and concentrate on writing . donations from friends allowed her to write uninterrupted for a year . [ sep ] alabama
a spanish expedition led by captain estevao gomes , a portuguese sailing for emperor charles v , arrived in new york harbor in january 1525 aboard the purpose - built caravel " la anunciada " and charted the mouth of the hudson river , which he named rio de san antonio . heavy ice kept him from further exploration , and he returned to spain in august . the first scientific map to show the north american east coast continuously , the 1527 world map known as the padron real , was informed by gomes ' expedition , and labeled the northeast as tierra de esteban gomez in his honor . [ sep ] 1525
a spanish expedition led by captain estevao gomes , a portuguese sailing for emperor charles v , arrived in new york harbor in january 1525 aboard the purpose - built caravel " la anunciada " and charted the mouth of the hudson river , which he named rio de san antonio . heavy ice kept him from further exploration , and he returned to spain in august . the first scientific map to show the north american east coast continuously , the 1527 world map known as the padron real , was informed by gomes ' expedition , and labeled the northeast as tierra de esteban gomez in his honor . [ sep ] estevao gomes
a spanish expedition led by captain estevao gomes , a portuguese sailing for emperor charles v , arrived in new york harbor in january 1525 aboard the purpose - built caravel " la anunciada " and charted the mouth of the hudson river , which he named rio de san antonio . heavy ice kept him from further exploration , and he returned to spain in august . the first scientific map to show the north american east coast continuously , the 1527 world map known as the padron real , was informed by gomes ' expedition , and labeled the northeast as tierra de esteban gomez in his honor . [ sep ] portuguese
a spanish expedition led by captain estevao gomes , a portuguese sailing for emperor charles v , arrived in new york harbor in january 1525 aboard the purpose - built caravel " la anunciada " and charted the mouth of the hudson river , which he named rio de san antonio . heavy ice kept him from further exploration , and he returned to spain in august . the first scientific map to show the north american east coast continuously , the 1527 world map known as the padron real , was informed by gomes ' expedition , and labeled the northeast as tierra de esteban gomez in his honor . [ sep ] charles v
a spanish expedition led by captain estevao gomes , a portuguese sailing for emperor charles v , arrived in new york harbor in january 1525 aboard the purpose - built caravel " la anunciada " and charted the mouth of the hudson river , which he named rio de san antonio . heavy ice kept him from further exploration , and he returned to spain in august . the first scientific map to show the north american east coast continuously , the 1527 world map known as the padron real , was informed by gomes ' expedition , and labeled the northeast as tierra de esteban gomez in his honor . [ sep ] la anunciada
after finishing the first draft and returning it to lippincott , the manuscript , at that point titled " go set a watchman " , fell into the hands of therese von hohoff torrey — known professionally as tay hohoff — a small , wiry veteran editor in her late 50s . hohoff was impressed . “ [ t ] he spark of the true writer flashed in every line , ” she would later recount in a corporate history of lippincott . but as hohoff saw it , the manuscript was by no means fit for publication . it was , as she described it , “ more a series of anecdotes than a fully conceived novel . ” during the next couple of years , she led lee from one draft to the next until the book finally achieved its finished form and was retitled to kill a mockingbird . [ sep ] go set a watchman
after finishing the first draft and returning it to lippincott , the manuscript , at that point titled " go set a watchman " , fell into the hands of therese von hohoff torrey — known professionally as tay hohoff — a small , wiry veteran editor in her late 50s . hohoff was impressed . “ [ t ] he spark of the true writer flashed in every line , ” she would later recount in a corporate history of lippincott . but as hohoff saw it , the manuscript was by no means fit for publication . it was , as she described it , “ more a series of anecdotes than a fully conceived novel . ” during the next couple of years , she led lee from one draft to the next until the book finally achieved its finished form and was retitled to kill a mockingbird . [ sep ] tay hohoff
in 1609 , english explorer henry hudson re - discovered the region when he sailed his ship the halve maen ( " half moon " in dutch ) into new york harbor while searching for the northwest passage to the orient for his employer , the dutch east india company . he proceeded to sail up what he named the north river , also called the mauritis river , and now known as the hudson river , to the site of the present - day new york state capital of albany in the belief that it might represent an oceanic tributary . when the river narrowed and was no longer saline , he realized it was not a maritime passage and sailed back downriver . he made a ten - day exploration of the area and claimed the region for his employer . in 1614 , the area between cape cod and delaware bay would be claimed by the netherlands and called nieuw - nederland ( new netherland ) . [ sep ] henry hudson
in 1609 , english explorer henry hudson re - discovered the region when he sailed his ship the halve maen ( " half moon " in dutch ) into new york harbor while searching for the northwest passage to the orient for his employer , the dutch east india company . he proceeded to sail up what he named the north river , also called the mauritis river , and now known as the hudson river , to the site of the present - day new york state capital of albany in the belief that it might represent an oceanic tributary . when the river narrowed and was no longer saline , he realized it was not a maritime passage and sailed back downriver . he made a ten - day exploration of the area and claimed the region for his employer . in 1614 , the area between cape cod and delaware bay would be claimed by the netherlands and called nieuw - nederland ( new netherland ) . [ sep ] dutch east india company
in 1609 , english explorer henry hudson re - discovered the region when he sailed his ship the halve maen ( " half moon " in dutch ) into new york harbor while searching for the northwest passage to the orient for his employer , the dutch east india company . he proceeded to sail up what he named the north river , also called the mauritis river , and now known as the hudson river , to the site of the present - day new york state capital of albany in the belief that it might represent an oceanic tributary . when the river narrowed and was no longer saline , he realized it was not a maritime passage and sailed back downriver . he made a ten - day exploration of the area and claimed the region for his employer . in 1614 , the area between cape cod and delaware bay would be claimed by the netherlands and called nieuw - nederland ( new netherland ) . [ sep ] 1614
in 1609 , english explorer henry hudson re - discovered the region when he sailed his ship the halve maen ( " half moon " in dutch ) into new york harbor while searching for the northwest passage to the orient for his employer , the dutch east india company . he proceeded to sail up what he named the north river , also called the mauritis river , and now known as the hudson river , to the site of the present - day new york state capital of albany in the belief that it might represent an oceanic tributary . when the river narrowed and was no longer saline , he realized it was not a maritime passage and sailed back downriver . he made a ten - day exploration of the area and claimed the region for his employer . in 1614 , the area between cape cod and delaware bay would be claimed by the netherlands and called nieuw - nederland ( new netherland ) . [ sep ] ten
in 1609 , english explorer henry hudson re - discovered the region when he sailed his ship the halve maen ( " half moon " in dutch ) into new york harbor while searching for the northwest passage to the orient for his employer , the dutch east india company . he proceeded to sail up what he named the north river , also called the mauritis river , and now known as the hudson river , to the site of the present - day new york state capital of albany in the belief that it might represent an oceanic tributary . when the river narrowed and was no longer saline , he realized it was not a maritime passage and sailed back downriver . he made a ten - day exploration of the area and claimed the region for his employer . in 1614 , the area between cape cod and delaware bay would be claimed by the netherlands and called nieuw - nederland ( new netherland ) . [ sep ] north river
lee had lost her mother , who suffered from mental illness , six years before she met hohoff at lippincott ’ s offices . her father , a lawyer on whom atticus was modeled , would die two years after the publication of to kill a mockingbird . [ sep ] mental illness
lee had lost her mother , who suffered from mental illness , six years before she met hohoff at lippincott ’ s offices . her father , a lawyer on whom atticus was modeled , would die two years after the publication of to kill a mockingbird . [ sep ] lawyer
the first non - native american inhabitant of what would eventually become new york city was dominican trader juan rodriguez ( transliterated to dutch as jan rodrigues ) . born in santo domingo of portuguese and african descent , he arrived in manhattan during the winter of 1613 – 1614 , trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the dutch . broadway , from 159th street to 218th street , is named juan rodriguez way in his honor . [ sep ] santo domingo
the first non - native american inhabitant of what would eventually become new york city was dominican trader juan rodriguez ( transliterated to dutch as jan rodrigues ) . born in santo domingo of portuguese and african descent , he arrived in manhattan during the winter of 1613 – 1614 , trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the dutch . broadway , from 159th street to 218th street , is named juan rodriguez way in his honor . [ sep ] jan rodrigues
the first non - native american inhabitant of what would eventually become new york city was dominican trader juan rodriguez ( transliterated to dutch as jan rodrigues ) . born in santo domingo of portuguese and african descent , he arrived in manhattan during the winter of 1613 – 1614 , trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the dutch . broadway , from 159th street to 218th street , is named juan rodriguez way in his honor . [ sep ] trader
the first non - native american inhabitant of what would eventually become new york city was dominican trader juan rodriguez ( transliterated to dutch as jan rodrigues ) . born in santo domingo of portuguese and african descent , he arrived in manhattan during the winter of 1613 – 1614 , trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the dutch . broadway , from 159th street to 218th street , is named juan rodriguez way in his honor . [ sep ] juan rodriguez way
the first non - native american inhabitant of what would eventually become new york city was dominican trader juan rodriguez ( transliterated to dutch as jan rodrigues ) . born in santo domingo of portuguese and african descent , he arrived in manhattan during the winter of 1613 – 1614 , trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the dutch . broadway , from 159th street to 218th street , is named juan rodriguez way in his honor . [ sep ] winter
with the death of zhengde and ascension of jiajing , the politics at court shifted in favor of the neo - confucian establishment which not only rejected the portuguese embassy of fernao pires de andrade ( d . 1523 ) , but had a predisposed animosity towards tibetan buddhism and lamas . evelyn s . rawski , a professor in the department of history of the university of pittsburgh , writes that the ming ' s unique relationship with tibetan prelates essentially ended with jiajing ' s reign while ming influence in the amdo region was supplanted by the mongols . [ sep ] jiajing
with the death of zhengde and ascension of jiajing , the politics at court shifted in favor of the neo - confucian establishment which not only rejected the portuguese embassy of fernao pires de andrade ( d . 1523 ) , but had a predisposed animosity towards tibetan buddhism and lamas . evelyn s . rawski , a professor in the department of history of the university of pittsburgh , writes that the ming ' s unique relationship with tibetan prelates essentially ended with jiajing ' s reign while ming influence in the amdo region was supplanted by the mongols . [ sep ] neo - confucian establishment
with the death of zhengde and ascension of jiajing , the politics at court shifted in favor of the neo - confucian establishment which not only rejected the portuguese embassy of fernao pires de andrade ( d . 1523 ) , but had a predisposed animosity towards tibetan buddhism and lamas . evelyn s . rawski , a professor in the department of history of the university of pittsburgh , writes that the ming ' s unique relationship with tibetan prelates essentially ended with jiajing ' s reign while ming influence in the amdo region was supplanted by the mongols . [ sep ] the portuguese embassy
with the death of zhengde and ascension of jiajing , the politics at court shifted in favor of the neo - confucian establishment which not only rejected the portuguese embassy of fernao pires de andrade ( d . 1523 ) , but had a predisposed animosity towards tibetan buddhism and lamas . evelyn s . rawski , a professor in the department of history of the university of pittsburgh , writes that the ming ' s unique relationship with tibetan prelates essentially ended with jiajing ' s reign while ming influence in the amdo region was supplanted by the mongols . [ sep ] tibetan buddhism and lamas
with the death of zhengde and ascension of jiajing , the politics at court shifted in favor of the neo - confucian establishment which not only rejected the portuguese embassy of fernao pires de andrade ( d . 1523 ) , but had a predisposed animosity towards tibetan buddhism and lamas . evelyn s . rawski , a professor in the department of history of the university of pittsburgh , writes that the ming ' s unique relationship with tibetan prelates essentially ended with jiajing ' s reign while ming influence in the amdo region was supplanted by the mongols . [ sep ] jiajing
ultimately , lee spent over two and a half years writing to kill a mockingbird . the book was published on july 11 , 1960 . after rejecting the " watchman " title , it was initially re - titled atticus , but lee renamed it " to kill a mockingbird " to reflect that the story went beyond just a character portrait . the editorial team at lippincott warned lee that she would probably sell only several thousand copies . in 1964 , lee recalled her hopes for the book when she said , " i never expected any sort of success with ' mockingbird . ' . . . i was hoping for a quick and merciful death at the hands of the reviewers but , at the same time , i sort of hoped someone would like it enough to give me encouragement . public encouragement . i hoped for a little , as i said , but i got rather a whole lot , and in some ways this was just about as frightening as the quick , merciful death i ' d expected . " instead of a " quick and merciful death " , reader ' s digest condensed books chose the book for reprinting in part , which gave it a wide readership immediately . since the original publication , the book has never been out of print . [ sep ] july 11 , 1960
meanwhile , the tumed mongols began moving into the kokonor region ( modern qinghai ) , raiding the ming chinese frontier and even as far as the suburbs of beijing under altan khan ( 1507 – 1582 ) . klieger writes that altan khan ' s presence in the west effectively reduced ming influence and contact with tibet . after altan khan made peace with the ming dynasty in 1571 , he invited the third hierarch of the gelug — sonam gyatso ( 1543 – 1588 ) — to meet him in amdo ( modern qinghai ) in 1578 , where he accidentally bestowed him and his two predecessors with the title of dalai lama — " ocean teacher " . the full title was " dalai lama vajradhara " , " vajradhara " meaning " holder of the thunderbolt " in sanskrit . victoria huckenpahler notes that vajradhara is considered by buddhists to be the primordial buddha of limitless and all - pervasive beneficial qualities , a being that " represents the ultimate aspect of enlightenment . " goldstein writes that sonam gyatso also enhanced altan khan ' s standing by granting him the title " king of religion , majestic purity " . rawski writes that the dalai lama officially recognized altan khan as the " protector of the faith " . [ sep ] the kokonor region
meanwhile , the tumed mongols began moving into the kokonor region ( modern qinghai ) , raiding the ming chinese frontier and even as far as the suburbs of beijing under altan khan ( 1507 – 1582 ) . klieger writes that altan khan ' s presence in the west effectively reduced ming influence and contact with tibet . after altan khan made peace with the ming dynasty in 1571 , he invited the third hierarch of the gelug — sonam gyatso ( 1543 – 1588 ) — to meet him in amdo ( modern qinghai ) in 1578 , where he accidentally bestowed him and his two predecessors with the title of dalai lama — " ocean teacher " . the full title was " dalai lama vajradhara " , " vajradhara " meaning " holder of the thunderbolt " in sanskrit . victoria huckenpahler notes that vajradhara is considered by buddhists to be the primordial buddha of limitless and all - pervasive beneficial qualities , a being that " represents the ultimate aspect of enlightenment . " goldstein writes that sonam gyatso also enhanced altan khan ' s standing by granting him the title " king of religion , majestic purity " . rawski writes that the dalai lama officially recognized altan khan as the " protector of the faith " . [ sep ] the ming chinese frontier
meanwhile , the tumed mongols began moving into the kokonor region ( modern qinghai ) , raiding the ming chinese frontier and even as far as the suburbs of beijing under altan khan ( 1507 – 1582 ) . klieger writes that altan khan ' s presence in the west effectively reduced ming influence and contact with tibet . after altan khan made peace with the ming dynasty in 1571 , he invited the third hierarch of the gelug — sonam gyatso ( 1543 – 1588 ) — to meet him in amdo ( modern qinghai ) in 1578 , where he accidentally bestowed him and his two predecessors with the title of dalai lama — " ocean teacher " . the full title was " dalai lama vajradhara " , " vajradhara " meaning " holder of the thunderbolt " in sanskrit . victoria huckenpahler notes that vajradhara is considered by buddhists to be the primordial buddha of limitless and all - pervasive beneficial qualities , a being that " represents the ultimate aspect of enlightenment . " goldstein writes that sonam gyatso also enhanced altan khan ' s standing by granting him the title " king of religion , majestic purity " . rawski writes that the dalai lama officially recognized altan khan as the " protector of the faith " . [ sep ] the ming
meanwhile , the tumed mongols began moving into the kokonor region ( modern qinghai ) , raiding the ming chinese frontier and even as far as the suburbs of beijing under altan khan ( 1507 – 1582 ) . klieger writes that altan khan ' s presence in the west effectively reduced ming influence and contact with tibet . after altan khan made peace with the ming dynasty in 1571 , he invited the third hierarch of the gelug — sonam gyatso ( 1543 – 1588 ) — to meet him in amdo ( modern qinghai ) in 1578 , where he accidentally bestowed him and his two predecessors with the title of dalai lama — " ocean teacher " . the full title was " dalai lama vajradhara " , " vajradhara " meaning " holder of the thunderbolt " in sanskrit . victoria huckenpahler notes that vajradhara is considered by buddhists to be the primordial buddha of limitless and all - pervasive beneficial qualities , a being that " represents the ultimate aspect of enlightenment . " goldstein writes that sonam gyatso also enhanced altan khan ' s standing by granting him the title " king of religion , majestic purity " . rawski writes that the dalai lama officially recognized altan khan as the " protector of the faith " . [ sep ] 1571
meanwhile , the tumed mongols began moving into the kokonor region ( modern qinghai ) , raiding the ming chinese frontier and even as far as the suburbs of beijing under altan khan ( 1507 – 1582 ) . klieger writes that altan khan ' s presence in the west effectively reduced ming influence and contact with tibet . after altan khan made peace with the ming dynasty in 1571 , he invited the third hierarch of the gelug — sonam gyatso ( 1543 – 1588 ) — to meet him in amdo ( modern qinghai ) in 1578 , where he accidentally bestowed him and his two predecessors with the title of dalai lama — " ocean teacher " . the full title was " dalai lama vajradhara " , " vajradhara " meaning " holder of the thunderbolt " in sanskrit . victoria huckenpahler notes that vajradhara is considered by buddhists to be the primordial buddha of limitless and all - pervasive beneficial qualities , a being that " represents the ultimate aspect of enlightenment . " goldstein writes that sonam gyatso also enhanced altan khan ' s standing by granting him the title " king of religion , majestic purity " . rawski writes that the dalai lama officially recognized altan khan as the " protector of the faith " . [ sep ] the third hierarch of the gelug — sonam gyatso
laird writes that altan khan abolished the native mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice , while the mongol princes and subjects were coerced by altan to convert to gelug buddhism — or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways . committed to their religious leader , mongol princes began requesting the dalai lama to bestow titles on them , which demonstrated " the unique fusion of religious and political power " wielded by the dalai lama , as laird writes . kolmas states that the spiritual and secular mongol - tibetan alliance of the 13th century was renewed by this alliance constructed by altan khan and sonam gyatso . van praag writes that this restored the original mongol patronage of a tibetan lama and " to this day , mongolians are among the most devout followers of the gelugpa and the dalai lama . " angela f . howard writes that this unique relationship not only provided the dalai lama and panchen lama with religious and political authority in tibet , but that altan khan gained " enormous power among the entire mongol population . " [ sep ] the native mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice
laird writes that altan khan abolished the native mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice , while the mongol princes and subjects were coerced by altan to convert to gelug buddhism — or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways . committed to their religious leader , mongol princes began requesting the dalai lama to bestow titles on them , which demonstrated " the unique fusion of religious and political power " wielded by the dalai lama , as laird writes . kolmas states that the spiritual and secular mongol - tibetan alliance of the 13th century was renewed by this alliance constructed by altan khan and sonam gyatso . van praag writes that this restored the original mongol patronage of a tibetan lama and " to this day , mongolians are among the most devout followers of the gelugpa and the dalai lama . " angela f . howard writes that this unique relationship not only provided the dalai lama and panchen lama with religious and political authority in tibet , but that altan khan gained " enormous power among the entire mongol population . " [ sep ] the mongol princes and subjects
laird writes that altan khan abolished the native mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice , while the mongol princes and subjects were coerced by altan to convert to gelug buddhism — or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways . committed to their religious leader , mongol princes began requesting the dalai lama to bestow titles on them , which demonstrated " the unique fusion of religious and political power " wielded by the dalai lama , as laird writes . kolmas states that the spiritual and secular mongol - tibetan alliance of the 13th century was renewed by this alliance constructed by altan khan and sonam gyatso . van praag writes that this restored the original mongol patronage of a tibetan lama and " to this day , mongolians are among the most devout followers of the gelugpa and the dalai lama . " angela f . howard writes that this unique relationship not only provided the dalai lama and panchen lama with religious and political authority in tibet , but that altan khan gained " enormous power among the entire mongol population . " [ sep ] execution
laird writes that altan khan abolished the native mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice , while the mongol princes and subjects were coerced by altan to convert to gelug buddhism — or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways . committed to their religious leader , mongol princes began requesting the dalai lama to bestow titles on them , which demonstrated " the unique fusion of religious and political power " wielded by the dalai lama , as laird writes . kolmas states that the spiritual and secular mongol - tibetan alliance of the 13th century was renewed by this alliance constructed by altan khan and sonam gyatso . van praag writes that this restored the original mongol patronage of a tibetan lama and " to this day , mongolians are among the most devout followers of the gelugpa and the dalai lama . " angela f . howard writes that this unique relationship not only provided the dalai lama and panchen lama with religious and political authority in tibet , but that altan khan gained " enormous power among the entire mongol population . " [ sep ] the dalai lama
laird writes that altan khan abolished the native mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice , while the mongol princes and subjects were coerced by altan to convert to gelug buddhism — or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways . committed to their religious leader , mongol princes began requesting the dalai lama to bestow titles on them , which demonstrated " the unique fusion of religious and political power " wielded by the dalai lama , as laird writes . kolmas states that the spiritual and secular mongol - tibetan alliance of the 13th century was renewed by this alliance constructed by altan khan and sonam gyatso . van praag writes that this restored the original mongol patronage of a tibetan lama and " to this day , mongolians are among the most devout followers of the gelugpa and the dalai lama . " angela f . howard writes that this unique relationship not only provided the dalai lama and panchen lama with religious and political authority in tibet , but that altan khan gained " enormous power among the entire mongol population . " [ sep ] committed to their religious leader
rawski writes that altan khan ' s conversion to the gelug " can be interpreted as an attempt to expand his authority in his conflict with his nominal superior , tumen khan . " to further cement the mongol - tibetan alliance , the great - grandson of altan khan — the 4th dalai lama ( 1589 – 1616 ) — was made the fourth dalai lama . in 1642 , the 5th dalai lama ( 1617 – 1682 ) became the first to wield effective political control over tibet . [ sep ] tumen khan
rawski writes that altan khan ' s conversion to the gelug " can be interpreted as an attempt to expand his authority in his conflict with his nominal superior , tumen khan . " to further cement the mongol - tibetan alliance , the great - grandson of altan khan — the 4th dalai lama ( 1589 – 1616 ) — was made the fourth dalai lama . in 1642 , the 5th dalai lama ( 1617 – 1682 ) became the first to wield effective political control over tibet . [ sep ] the great - grandson of altan khan
rawski writes that altan khan ' s conversion to the gelug " can be interpreted as an attempt to expand his authority in his conflict with his nominal superior , tumen khan . " to further cement the mongol - tibetan alliance , the great - grandson of altan khan — the 4th dalai lama ( 1589 – 1616 ) — was made the fourth dalai lama . in 1642 , the 5th dalai lama ( 1617 – 1682 ) became the first to wield effective political control over tibet . [ sep ] the 5th dalai lama
rawski writes that altan khan ' s conversion to the gelug " can be interpreted as an attempt to expand his authority in his conflict with his nominal superior , tumen khan . " to further cement the mongol - tibetan alliance , the great - grandson of altan khan — the 4th dalai lama ( 1589 – 1616 ) — was made the fourth dalai lama . in 1642 , the 5th dalai lama ( 1617 – 1682 ) became the first to wield effective political control over tibet . [ sep ] in 1642
sonam gyatso , after being granted the grandiose title by altan khan , departed for tibet . before he left , he sent a letter and gifts to the ming chinese official zhang juzheng ( 1525 – 1582 ) , which arrived on march 12 , 1579 . sometime in august or september of that year , sonam gyatso ' s representative stationed with altan khan received a return letter and gift from the wanli emperor ( r . 1572 – 1620 ) , who also conferred upon sonam gyatso a title ; this was the first official contact between a dalai lama and a government of china . however , laird states that when wanli invited him to beijing , the dalai lama declined the offer due to a prior commitment , even though he was only 400 km ( 250 mi ) from beijing . laird adds that " the power of the ming emperor did not reach very far at the time . " although not recorded in any official chinese records , sonam gyatso ' s biography states that wanli again conferred titles on sonam gyatso in 1588 , and invited him to beijing for a second time , but sonam gyatso was unable to visit china as he died the same year in mongolia working with altan khan ' s son to further the spread of buddhism . [ sep ] sonam gyatso
sonam gyatso , after being granted the grandiose title by altan khan , departed for tibet . before he left , he sent a letter and gifts to the ming chinese official zhang juzheng ( 1525 – 1582 ) , which arrived on march 12 , 1579 . sometime in august or september of that year , sonam gyatso ' s representative stationed with altan khan received a return letter and gift from the wanli emperor ( r . 1572 – 1620 ) , who also conferred upon sonam gyatso a title ; this was the first official contact between a dalai lama and a government of china . however , laird states that when wanli invited him to beijing , the dalai lama declined the offer due to a prior commitment , even though he was only 400 km ( 250 mi ) from beijing . laird adds that " the power of the ming emperor did not reach very far at the time . " although not recorded in any official chinese records , sonam gyatso ' s biography states that wanli again conferred titles on sonam gyatso in 1588 , and invited him to beijing for a second time , but sonam gyatso was unable to visit china as he died the same year in mongolia working with altan khan ' s son to further the spread of buddhism . [ sep ] altan khan
sonam gyatso , after being granted the grandiose title by altan khan , departed for tibet . before he left , he sent a letter and gifts to the ming chinese official zhang juzheng ( 1525 – 1582 ) , which arrived on march 12 , 1579 . sometime in august or september of that year , sonam gyatso ' s representative stationed with altan khan received a return letter and gift from the wanli emperor ( r . 1572 – 1620 ) , who also conferred upon sonam gyatso a title ; this was the first official contact between a dalai lama and a government of china . however , laird states that when wanli invited him to beijing , the dalai lama declined the offer due to a prior commitment , even though he was only 400 km ( 250 mi ) from beijing . laird adds that " the power of the ming emperor did not reach very far at the time . " although not recorded in any official chinese records , sonam gyatso ' s biography states that wanli again conferred titles on sonam gyatso in 1588 , and invited him to beijing for a second time , but sonam gyatso was unable to visit china as he died the same year in mongolia working with altan khan ' s son to further the spread of buddhism . [ sep ] zhang juzheng
sonam gyatso , after being granted the grandiose title by altan khan , departed for tibet . before he left , he sent a letter and gifts to the ming chinese official zhang juzheng ( 1525 – 1582 ) , which arrived on march 12 , 1579 . sometime in august or september of that year , sonam gyatso ' s representative stationed with altan khan received a return letter and gift from the wanli emperor ( r . 1572 – 1620 ) , who also conferred upon sonam gyatso a title ; this was the first official contact between a dalai lama and a government of china . however , laird states that when wanli invited him to beijing , the dalai lama declined the offer due to a prior commitment , even though he was only 400 km ( 250 mi ) from beijing . laird adds that " the power of the ming emperor did not reach very far at the time . " although not recorded in any official chinese records , sonam gyatso ' s biography states that wanli again conferred titles on sonam gyatso in 1588 , and invited him to beijing for a second time , but sonam gyatso was unable to visit china as he died the same year in mongolia working with altan khan ' s son to further the spread of buddhism . [ sep ] zhang juzheng
sonam gyatso , after being granted the grandiose title by altan khan , departed for tibet . before he left , he sent a letter and gifts to the ming chinese official zhang juzheng ( 1525 – 1582 ) , which arrived on march 12 , 1579 . sometime in august or september of that year , sonam gyatso ' s representative stationed with altan khan received a return letter and gift from the wanli emperor ( r . 1572 – 1620 ) , who also conferred upon sonam gyatso a title ; this was the first official contact between a dalai lama and a government of china . however , laird states that when wanli invited him to beijing , the dalai lama declined the offer due to a prior commitment , even though he was only 400 km ( 250 mi ) from beijing . laird adds that " the power of the ming emperor did not reach very far at the time . " although not recorded in any official chinese records , sonam gyatso ' s biography states that wanli again conferred titles on sonam gyatso in 1588 , and invited him to beijing for a second time , but sonam gyatso was unable to visit china as he died the same year in mongolia working with altan khan ' s son to further the spread of buddhism . [ sep ] mongolia
of the third dalai lama , china daily states that the " ming dynasty showed him special favor by allowing him to pay tribute . " china daily then says that sonam gyatso was granted the title dorjichang or vajradhara dalai lama in 1587 [ sic ! ] , but china daily does not mention who granted him the title . without mentioning the role of the mongols , china daily states that it was the successive qing dynasty which established the title of dalai lama and his power in tibet : " in 1653 , the qing emperor granted an honorific title to the fifth dalai lama and then did the same for the fifth panchen lama in 1713 , officially establishing the titles of the dalai lama and the panchen erdeni , and their political and religious status in tibet . " [ sep ] the third dalai lama
of the third dalai lama , china daily states that the " ming dynasty showed him special favor by allowing him to pay tribute . " china daily then says that sonam gyatso was granted the title dorjichang or vajradhara dalai lama in 1587 [ sic ! ] , but china daily does not mention who granted him the title . without mentioning the role of the mongols , china daily states that it was the successive qing dynasty which established the title of dalai lama and his power in tibet : " in 1653 , the qing emperor granted an honorific title to the fifth dalai lama and then did the same for the fifth panchen lama in 1713 , officially establishing the titles of the dalai lama and the panchen erdeni , and their political and religious status in tibet . " [ sep ] pay tribute
of the third dalai lama , china daily states that the " ming dynasty showed him special favor by allowing him to pay tribute . " china daily then says that sonam gyatso was granted the title dorjichang or vajradhara dalai lama in 1587 [ sic ! ] , but china daily does not mention who granted him the title . without mentioning the role of the mongols , china daily states that it was the successive qing dynasty which established the title of dalai lama and his power in tibet : " in 1653 , the qing emperor granted an honorific title to the fifth dalai lama and then did the same for the fifth panchen lama in 1713 , officially establishing the titles of the dalai lama and the panchen erdeni , and their political and religious status in tibet . " [ sep ] the title dorjichang or vajradhara dalai lama
of the third dalai lama , china daily states that the " ming dynasty showed him special favor by allowing him to pay tribute . " china daily then says that sonam gyatso was granted the title dorjichang or vajradhara dalai lama in 1587 [ sic ! ] , but china daily does not mention who granted him the title . without mentioning the role of the mongols , china daily states that it was the successive qing dynasty which established the title of dalai lama and his power in tibet : " in 1653 , the qing emperor granted an honorific title to the fifth dalai lama and then did the same for the fifth panchen lama in 1713 , officially establishing the titles of the dalai lama and the panchen erdeni , and their political and religious status in tibet . " [ sep ] the fifth dalai lama
of the third dalai lama , china daily states that the " ming dynasty showed him special favor by allowing him to pay tribute . " china daily then says that sonam gyatso was granted the title dorjichang or vajradhara dalai lama in 1587 [ sic ! ] , but china daily does not mention who granted him the title . without mentioning the role of the mongols , china daily states that it was the successive qing dynasty which established the title of dalai lama and his power in tibet : " in 1653 , the qing emperor granted an honorific title to the fifth dalai lama and then did the same for the fifth panchen lama in 1713 , officially establishing the titles of the dalai lama and the panchen erdeni , and their political and religious status in tibet . " [ sep ] the fifth panchen lama
chen states that the fourth dalai lama yonten gyatso was granted the title " master of vajradhara " and an official seal by the wanli emperor in 1616 . this was noted in the biography of the fourth dalai lama , which stated that one soinam lozui delivered the seal of the emperor to the dalai lama . the wanli emperor had invited yonten gyatso to beijing in 1616 , but just like his predecessor he died before being able to make the journey . [ sep ] master of vajradhara
chen states that the fourth dalai lama yonten gyatso was granted the title " master of vajradhara " and an official seal by the wanli emperor in 1616 . this was noted in the biography of the fourth dalai lama , which stated that one soinam lozui delivered the seal of the emperor to the dalai lama . the wanli emperor had invited yonten gyatso to beijing in 1616 , but just like his predecessor he died before being able to make the journey . [ sep ] yonten gyatso
chen states that the fourth dalai lama yonten gyatso was granted the title " master of vajradhara " and an official seal by the wanli emperor in 1616 . this was noted in the biography of the fourth dalai lama , which stated that one soinam lozui delivered the seal of the emperor to the dalai lama . the wanli emperor had invited yonten gyatso to beijing in 1616 , but just like his predecessor he died before being able to make the journey . [ sep ] 1616
chen states that the fourth dalai lama yonten gyatso was granted the title " master of vajradhara " and an official seal by the wanli emperor in 1616 . this was noted in the biography of the fourth dalai lama , which stated that one soinam lozui delivered the seal of the emperor to the dalai lama . the wanli emperor had invited yonten gyatso to beijing in 1616 , but just like his predecessor he died before being able to make the journey . [ sep ] yonten gyatso
chen states that the fourth dalai lama yonten gyatso was granted the title " master of vajradhara " and an official seal by the wanli emperor in 1616 . this was noted in the biography of the fourth dalai lama , which stated that one soinam lozui delivered the seal of the emperor to the dalai lama . the wanli emperor had invited yonten gyatso to beijing in 1616 , but just like his predecessor he died before being able to make the journey . [ sep ] he died
kolmas writes that , as the mongol presence in tibet increased , culminating in the conquest of tibet by a mongol leader in 1642 , the ming emperors " viewed with apparent unconcern these developments in tibet . " he adds that the ming court ' s lack of concern for tibet was one of the reasons why the mongols pounced on the chance to reclaim their old vassal of tibet and " fill once more the political vacuum in that country . " on the mass mongol conversion to tibetan buddhism under altan khan , laird writes that " the chinese watched these developments with interest , though few chinese ever became devout tibetan buddhists . " [ sep ] the mongols
kolmas writes that , as the mongol presence in tibet increased , culminating in the conquest of tibet by a mongol leader in 1642 , the ming emperors " viewed with apparent unconcern these developments in tibet . " he adds that the ming court ' s lack of concern for tibet was one of the reasons why the mongols pounced on the chance to reclaim their old vassal of tibet and " fill once more the political vacuum in that country . " on the mass mongol conversion to tibetan buddhism under altan khan , laird writes that " the chinese watched these developments with interest , though few chinese ever became devout tibetan buddhists . " [ sep ] their old vassal of tibet
kolmas writes that , as the mongol presence in tibet increased , culminating in the conquest of tibet by a mongol leader in 1642 , the ming emperors " viewed with apparent unconcern these developments in tibet . " he adds that the ming court ' s lack of concern for tibet was one of the reasons why the mongols pounced on the chance to reclaim their old vassal of tibet and " fill once more the political vacuum in that country . " on the mass mongol conversion to tibetan buddhism under altan khan , laird writes that " the chinese watched these developments with interest , though few chinese ever became devout tibetan buddhists . " [ sep ] 1642
kolmas writes that , as the mongol presence in tibet increased , culminating in the conquest of tibet by a mongol leader in 1642 , the ming emperors " viewed with apparent unconcern these developments in tibet . " he adds that the ming court ' s lack of concern for tibet was one of the reasons why the mongols pounced on the chance to reclaim their old vassal of tibet and " fill once more the political vacuum in that country . " on the mass mongol conversion to tibetan buddhism under altan khan , laird writes that " the chinese watched these developments with interest , though few chinese ever became devout tibetan buddhists . " [ sep ] the ming court
in 1565 , the powerful rinbung princes were overthrown by one of their own ministers , karma tseten who styled himself as the tsangpa , " the one of tsang " , and established his base of power at shigatse . the second successor of this first tsang king , karma phuntsok namgyal , took control of the whole of central tibet ( u - tsang ) , reigning from 1611 – 1621 . despite this , the leaders of lhasa still claimed their allegiance to the phagmodru as well as the gelug , while the u - tsang king allied with the karmapa . tensions rose between the nationalistic u - tsang ruler and the mongols who safeguarded their mongol dalai lama in lhasa . the fourth dalai lama refused to give an audience to the u - tsang king , which sparked a conflict as the latter began assaulting gelug monasteries . chen writes of the speculation over the fourth dalai lama ' s mysterious death and the plot of the u - tsang king to have him murdered for " cursing " him with illness , although chen writes that the murder was most likely the result of a feudal power struggle . in 1618 , only two years after yonten gyatso died , the gelug and the karma kargyu went to war , the karma kargyu supported by the secular u - tsang king . the u - tsang ruler had a large number of gelugpa lamas killed , occupied their monasteries at drepung and sera , and outlawed any attempts to find another dalai lama . in 1621 , the u - tsang king died and was succeeded by his young son karma tenkyong , an event which stymied the war effort as the latter accepted the six - year - old lozang gyatso as the new dalai lama . despite the new dalai lama ' s diplomatic efforts to maintain friendly relations with the new u - tsang ruler , sonam rapten ( 1595 – 1657 ) , the dalai lama ' s chief steward and treasurer at drepung , made efforts to overthrow the u - tsang king , which led to another conflict . in 1633 , the gelugpas and several thousand mongol adherents defeated the u - tsang king ' s troops near lhasa before a peaceful negotiation was settled . goldstein writes that in this the " mongols were again playing a significant role in tibetan affairs , this time as the military arm of the dalai lama . " [ sep ] 1565
in 1565 , the powerful rinbung princes were overthrown by one of their own ministers , karma tseten who styled himself as the tsangpa , " the one of tsang " , and established his base of power at shigatse . the second successor of this first tsang king , karma phuntsok namgyal , took control of the whole of central tibet ( u - tsang ) , reigning from 1611 – 1621 . despite this , the leaders of lhasa still claimed their allegiance to the phagmodru as well as the gelug , while the u - tsang king allied with the karmapa . tensions rose between the nationalistic u - tsang ruler and the mongols who safeguarded their mongol dalai lama in lhasa . the fourth dalai lama refused to give an audience to the u - tsang king , which sparked a conflict as the latter began assaulting gelug monasteries . chen writes of the speculation over the fourth dalai lama ' s mysterious death and the plot of the u - tsang king to have him murdered for " cursing " him with illness , although chen writes that the murder was most likely the result of a feudal power struggle . in 1618 , only two years after yonten gyatso died , the gelug and the karma kargyu went to war , the karma kargyu supported by the secular u - tsang king . the u - tsang ruler had a large number of gelugpa lamas killed , occupied their monasteries at drepung and sera , and outlawed any attempts to find another dalai lama . in 1621 , the u - tsang king died and was succeeded by his young son karma tenkyong , an event which stymied the war effort as the latter accepted the six - year - old lozang gyatso as the new dalai lama . despite the new dalai lama ' s diplomatic efforts to maintain friendly relations with the new u - tsang ruler , sonam rapten ( 1595 – 1657 ) , the dalai lama ' s chief steward and treasurer at drepung , made efforts to overthrow the u - tsang king , which led to another conflict . in 1633 , the gelugpas and several thousand mongol adherents defeated the u - tsang king ' s troops near lhasa before a peaceful negotiation was settled . goldstein writes that in this the " mongols were again playing a significant role in tibetan affairs , this time as the military arm of the dalai lama . " [ sep ] karma phuntsok namgyal
in 1565 , the powerful rinbung princes were overthrown by one of their own ministers , karma tseten who styled himself as the tsangpa , " the one of tsang " , and established his base of power at shigatse . the second successor of this first tsang king , karma phuntsok namgyal , took control of the whole of central tibet ( u - tsang ) , reigning from 1611 – 1621 . despite this , the leaders of lhasa still claimed their allegiance to the phagmodru as well as the gelug , while the u - tsang king allied with the karmapa . tensions rose between the nationalistic u - tsang ruler and the mongols who safeguarded their mongol dalai lama in lhasa . the fourth dalai lama refused to give an audience to the u - tsang king , which sparked a conflict as the latter began assaulting gelug monasteries . chen writes of the speculation over the fourth dalai lama ' s mysterious death and the plot of the u - tsang king to have him murdered for " cursing " him with illness , although chen writes that the murder was most likely the result of a feudal power struggle . in 1618 , only two years after yonten gyatso died , the gelug and the karma kargyu went to war , the karma kargyu supported by the secular u - tsang king . the u - tsang ruler had a large number of gelugpa lamas killed , occupied their monasteries at drepung and sera , and outlawed any attempts to find another dalai lama . in 1621 , the u - tsang king died and was succeeded by his young son karma tenkyong , an event which stymied the war effort as the latter accepted the six - year - old lozang gyatso as the new dalai lama . despite the new dalai lama ' s diplomatic efforts to maintain friendly relations with the new u - tsang ruler , sonam rapten ( 1595 – 1657 ) , the dalai lama ' s chief steward and treasurer at drepung , made efforts to overthrow the u - tsang king , which led to another conflict . in 1633 , the gelugpas and several thousand mongol adherents defeated the u - tsang king ' s troops near lhasa before a peaceful negotiation was settled . goldstein writes that in this the " mongols were again playing a significant role in tibetan affairs , this time as the military arm of the dalai lama . " [ sep ] 1611 – 1621
in 1565 , the powerful rinbung princes were overthrown by one of their own ministers , karma tseten who styled himself as the tsangpa , " the one of tsang " , and established his base of power at shigatse . the second successor of this first tsang king , karma phuntsok namgyal , took control of the whole of central tibet ( u - tsang ) , reigning from 1611 – 1621 . despite this , the leaders of lhasa still claimed their allegiance to the phagmodru as well as the gelug , while the u - tsang king allied with the karmapa . tensions rose between the nationalistic u - tsang ruler and the mongols who safeguarded their mongol dalai lama in lhasa . the fourth dalai lama refused to give an audience to the u - tsang king , which sparked a conflict as the latter began assaulting gelug monasteries . chen writes of the speculation over the fourth dalai lama ' s mysterious death and the plot of the u - tsang king to have him murdered for " cursing " him with illness , although chen writes that the murder was most likely the result of a feudal power struggle . in 1618 , only two years after yonten gyatso died , the gelug and the karma kargyu went to war , the karma kargyu supported by the secular u - tsang king . the u - tsang ruler had a large number of gelugpa lamas killed , occupied their monasteries at drepung and sera , and outlawed any attempts to find another dalai lama . in 1621 , the u - tsang king died and was succeeded by his young son karma tenkyong , an event which stymied the war effort as the latter accepted the six - year - old lozang gyatso as the new dalai lama . despite the new dalai lama ' s diplomatic efforts to maintain friendly relations with the new u - tsang ruler , sonam rapten ( 1595 – 1657 ) , the dalai lama ' s chief steward and treasurer at drepung , made efforts to overthrow the u - tsang king , which led to another conflict . in 1633 , the gelugpas and several thousand mongol adherents defeated the u - tsang king ' s troops near lhasa before a peaceful negotiation was settled . goldstein writes that in this the " mongols were again playing a significant role in tibetan affairs , this time as the military arm of the dalai lama . " [ sep ] the karmapa
in 1565 , the powerful rinbung princes were overthrown by one of their own ministers , karma tseten who styled himself as the tsangpa , " the one of tsang " , and established his base of power at shigatse . the second successor of this first tsang king , karma phuntsok namgyal , took control of the whole of central tibet ( u - tsang ) , reigning from 1611 – 1621 . despite this , the leaders of lhasa still claimed their allegiance to the phagmodru as well as the gelug , while the u - tsang king allied with the karmapa . tensions rose between the nationalistic u - tsang ruler and the mongols who safeguarded their mongol dalai lama in lhasa . the fourth dalai lama refused to give an audience to the u - tsang king , which sparked a conflict as the latter began assaulting gelug monasteries . chen writes of the speculation over the fourth dalai lama ' s mysterious death and the plot of the u - tsang king to have him murdered for " cursing " him with illness , although chen writes that the murder was most likely the result of a feudal power struggle . in 1618 , only two years after yonten gyatso died , the gelug and the karma kargyu went to war , the karma kargyu supported by the secular u - tsang king . the u - tsang ruler had a large number of gelugpa lamas killed , occupied their monasteries at drepung and sera , and outlawed any attempts to find another dalai lama . in 1621 , the u - tsang king died and was succeeded by his young son karma tenkyong , an event which stymied the war effort as the latter accepted the six - year - old lozang gyatso as the new dalai lama . despite the new dalai lama ' s diplomatic efforts to maintain friendly relations with the new u - tsang ruler , sonam rapten ( 1595 – 1657 ) , the dalai lama ' s chief steward and treasurer at drepung , made efforts to overthrow the u - tsang king , which led to another conflict . in 1633 , the gelugpas and several thousand mongol adherents defeated the u - tsang king ' s troops near lhasa before a peaceful negotiation was settled . goldstein writes that in this the " mongols were again playing a significant role in tibetan affairs , this time as the military arm of the dalai lama . " [ sep ] the fourth dalai lama
when an ally of the u - tsang ruler threatened destruction of the gelugpas again , the fifth dalai lama lozang gyatso pleaded for help from the mongol prince gushi khan ( 1582 – 1655 ) , leader of the khoshut ( qoshot ) tribe of the oirat mongols , who was then on a pilgrimage to lhasa . gushi khan accepted his role as protector , and from 1637 – 1640 he not only defeated the gelugpas ' enemies in the amdo and kham regions , but also resettled his entire tribe into amdo . sonam chopel urged gushi khan to assault the u - tsang king ' s homebase of shigatse , which gushi khan agreed upon , enlisting the aid of gelug monks and supporters . in 1642 , after a year ' s siege of shigatse , the u - tsang forces surrendered . gushi khan then captured and summarily executed karma tenkyong , the ruler of u - tsang , king of tibet . [ sep ] the mongol prince gushi khan
when an ally of the u - tsang ruler threatened destruction of the gelugpas again , the fifth dalai lama lozang gyatso pleaded for help from the mongol prince gushi khan ( 1582 – 1655 ) , leader of the khoshut ( qoshot ) tribe of the oirat mongols , who was then on a pilgrimage to lhasa . gushi khan accepted his role as protector , and from 1637 – 1640 he not only defeated the gelugpas ' enemies in the amdo and kham regions , but also resettled his entire tribe into amdo . sonam chopel urged gushi khan to assault the u - tsang king ' s homebase of shigatse , which gushi khan agreed upon , enlisting the aid of gelug monks and supporters . in 1642 , after a year ' s siege of shigatse , the u - tsang forces surrendered . gushi khan then captured and summarily executed karma tenkyong , the ruler of u - tsang , king of tibet . [ sep ] protector
when an ally of the u - tsang ruler threatened destruction of the gelugpas again , the fifth dalai lama lozang gyatso pleaded for help from the mongol prince gushi khan ( 1582 – 1655 ) , leader of the khoshut ( qoshot ) tribe of the oirat mongols , who was then on a pilgrimage to lhasa . gushi khan accepted his role as protector , and from 1637 – 1640 he not only defeated the gelugpas ' enemies in the amdo and kham regions , but also resettled his entire tribe into amdo . sonam chopel urged gushi khan to assault the u - tsang king ' s homebase of shigatse , which gushi khan agreed upon , enlisting the aid of gelug monks and supporters . in 1642 , after a year ' s siege of shigatse , the u - tsang forces surrendered . gushi khan then captured and summarily executed karma tenkyong , the ruler of u - tsang , king of tibet . [ sep ] the gelugpas
when an ally of the u - tsang ruler threatened destruction of the gelugpas again , the fifth dalai lama lozang gyatso pleaded for help from the mongol prince gushi khan ( 1582 – 1655 ) , leader of the khoshut ( qoshot ) tribe of the oirat mongols , who was then on a pilgrimage to lhasa . gushi khan accepted his role as protector , and from 1637 – 1640 he not only defeated the gelugpas ' enemies in the amdo and kham regions , but also resettled his entire tribe into amdo . sonam chopel urged gushi khan to assault the u - tsang king ' s homebase of shigatse , which gushi khan agreed upon , enlisting the aid of gelug monks and supporters . in 1642 , after a year ' s siege of shigatse , the u - tsang forces surrendered . gushi khan then captured and summarily executed karma tenkyong , the ruler of u - tsang , king of tibet . [ sep ] amdo
when an ally of the u - tsang ruler threatened destruction of the gelugpas again , the fifth dalai lama lozang gyatso pleaded for help from the mongol prince gushi khan ( 1582 – 1655 ) , leader of the khoshut ( qoshot ) tribe of the oirat mongols , who was then on a pilgrimage to lhasa . gushi khan accepted his role as protector , and from 1637 – 1640 he not only defeated the gelugpas ' enemies in the amdo and kham regions , but also resettled his entire tribe into amdo . sonam chopel urged gushi khan to assault the u - tsang king ' s homebase of shigatse , which gushi khan agreed upon , enlisting the aid of gelug monks and supporters . in 1642 , after a year ' s siege of shigatse , the u - tsang forces surrendered . gushi khan then captured and summarily executed karma tenkyong , the ruler of u - tsang , king of tibet . [ sep ] 1642
soon after the victory in u - tsang , gushi khan organized a welcoming ceremony for lozang gyatso once he arrived a day ' s ride from shigatse , presenting his conquest of tibet as a gift to the dalai lama . in a second ceremony held within the main hall of the shigatse fortress , gushi khan enthroned the dalai lama as the ruler of tibet , but conferred the actual governing authority to the regent sonam chopel . although gushi khan had granted the dalai lama " supreme authority " as goldstein writes , the title of ' king of tibet ' was conferred upon gushi khan , spending his summers in pastures north of lhasa and occupying lhasa each winter . van praag writes that at this point gushi khan maintained control over the armed forces , but accepted his inferior status towards the dalai lama . rawski writes that the dalai lama shared power with his regent and gushi khan during his early secular and religious reign . however , rawski states that he eventually " expanded his own authority by presenting himself as avalokitesvara through the performance of rituals , " by building the potala palace and other structures on traditional religious sites , and by emphasizing lineage reincarnation through written biographies . goldstein states that the government of gushi khan and the dalai lama persecuted the karma kagyu sect , confiscated their wealth and property , and even converted their monasteries into gelug monasteries . rawski writes that this mongol patronage allowed the gelugpas to dominate the rival religious sects in tibet . [ sep ] lozang gyatso
soon after the victory in u - tsang , gushi khan organized a welcoming ceremony for lozang gyatso once he arrived a day ' s ride from shigatse , presenting his conquest of tibet as a gift to the dalai lama . in a second ceremony held within the main hall of the shigatse fortress , gushi khan enthroned the dalai lama as the ruler of tibet , but conferred the actual governing authority to the regent sonam chopel . although gushi khan had granted the dalai lama " supreme authority " as goldstein writes , the title of ' king of tibet ' was conferred upon gushi khan , spending his summers in pastures north of lhasa and occupying lhasa each winter . van praag writes that at this point gushi khan maintained control over the armed forces , but accepted his inferior status towards the dalai lama . rawski writes that the dalai lama shared power with his regent and gushi khan during his early secular and religious reign . however , rawski states that he eventually " expanded his own authority by presenting himself as avalokitesvara through the performance of rituals , " by building the potala palace and other structures on traditional religious sites , and by emphasizing lineage reincarnation through written biographies . goldstein states that the government of gushi khan and the dalai lama persecuted the karma kagyu sect , confiscated their wealth and property , and even converted their monasteries into gelug monasteries . rawski writes that this mongol patronage allowed the gelugpas to dominate the rival religious sects in tibet . [ sep ] his conquest of tibet
soon after the victory in u - tsang , gushi khan organized a welcoming ceremony for lozang gyatso once he arrived a day ' s ride from shigatse , presenting his conquest of tibet as a gift to the dalai lama . in a second ceremony held within the main hall of the shigatse fortress , gushi khan enthroned the dalai lama as the ruler of tibet , but conferred the actual governing authority to the regent sonam chopel . although gushi khan had granted the dalai lama " supreme authority " as goldstein writes , the title of ' king of tibet ' was conferred upon gushi khan , spending his summers in pastures north of lhasa and occupying lhasa each winter . van praag writes that at this point gushi khan maintained control over the armed forces , but accepted his inferior status towards the dalai lama . rawski writes that the dalai lama shared power with his regent and gushi khan during his early secular and religious reign . however , rawski states that he eventually " expanded his own authority by presenting himself as avalokitesvara through the performance of rituals , " by building the potala palace and other structures on traditional religious sites , and by emphasizing lineage reincarnation through written biographies . goldstein states that the government of gushi khan and the dalai lama persecuted the karma kagyu sect , confiscated their wealth and property , and even converted their monasteries into gelug monasteries . rawski writes that this mongol patronage allowed the gelugpas to dominate the rival religious sects in tibet . [ sep ] the dalai lama
soon after the victory in u - tsang , gushi khan organized a welcoming ceremony for lozang gyatso once he arrived a day ' s ride from shigatse , presenting his conquest of tibet as a gift to the dalai lama . in a second ceremony held within the main hall of the shigatse fortress , gushi khan enthroned the dalai lama as the ruler of tibet , but conferred the actual governing authority to the regent sonam chopel . although gushi khan had granted the dalai lama " supreme authority " as goldstein writes , the title of ' king of tibet ' was conferred upon gushi khan , spending his summers in pastures north of lhasa and occupying lhasa each winter . van praag writes that at this point gushi khan maintained control over the armed forces , but accepted his inferior status towards the dalai lama . rawski writes that the dalai lama shared power with his regent and gushi khan during his early secular and religious reign . however , rawski states that he eventually " expanded his own authority by presenting himself as avalokitesvara through the performance of rituals , " by building the potala palace and other structures on traditional religious sites , and by emphasizing lineage reincarnation through written biographies . goldstein states that the government of gushi khan and the dalai lama persecuted the karma kagyu sect , confiscated their wealth and property , and even converted their monasteries into gelug monasteries . rawski writes that this mongol patronage allowed the gelugpas to dominate the rival religious sects in tibet . [ sep ] the regent sonam chopel
soon after the victory in u - tsang , gushi khan organized a welcoming ceremony for lozang gyatso once he arrived a day ' s ride from shigatse , presenting his conquest of tibet as a gift to the dalai lama . in a second ceremony held within the main hall of the shigatse fortress , gushi khan enthroned the dalai lama as the ruler of tibet , but conferred the actual governing authority to the regent sonam chopel . although gushi khan had granted the dalai lama " supreme authority " as goldstein writes , the title of ' king of tibet ' was conferred upon gushi khan , spending his summers in pastures north of lhasa and occupying lhasa each winter . van praag writes that at this point gushi khan maintained control over the armed forces , but accepted his inferior status towards the dalai lama . rawski writes that the dalai lama shared power with his regent and gushi khan during his early secular and religious reign . however , rawski states that he eventually " expanded his own authority by presenting himself as avalokitesvara through the performance of rituals , " by building the potala palace and other structures on traditional religious sites , and by emphasizing lineage reincarnation through written biographies . goldstein states that the government of gushi khan and the dalai lama persecuted the karma kagyu sect , confiscated their wealth and property , and even converted their monasteries into gelug monasteries . rawski writes that this mongol patronage allowed the gelugpas to dominate the rival religious sects in tibet . [ sep ] gushi khan
meanwhile , the chinese ming dynasty fell to the rebellion of li zicheng ( 1606 – 1645 ) in 1644 , yet his short - lived shun dynasty was crushed by the manchu invasion and the han chinese general wu sangui ( 1612 – 1678 ) . china daily states that when the following qing dynasty replaced the ming dynasty , it merely " strengthened administration of tibet . " however , kolmas states that the dalai lama was very observant of what was going on in china and accepted a manchu invitation in 1640 to send envoys to their capital at mukden in 1642 , before the ming collapsed . dawa norbu , william rockhill , and george n . patterson write that when the shunzhi emperor ( r . 1644 – 1661 ) of the subsequent qing dynasty invited the fifth dalai lama lozang gyatso to beijing in 1652 , shunzhi treated the dalai lama as an independent sovereign of tibet . patterson writes that this was an effort of shunzhi to secure an alliance with tibet that would ultimately lead to the establishment of manchu rule over mongolia . in this meeting with the qing emperor , goldstein asserts that the dalai lama was not someone to be trifled with due to his alliance with mongol tribes , some of which were declared enemies of the qing . van praag states that tibet and the dalai lama ' s power was recognized by the " manchu emperor , the mongolian khans and princes , and the rulers of ladakh , nepal , india , bhutan , and sikkim . " [ sep ] the rebellion of li zicheng
meanwhile , the chinese ming dynasty fell to the rebellion of li zicheng ( 1606 – 1645 ) in 1644 , yet his short - lived shun dynasty was crushed by the manchu invasion and the han chinese general wu sangui ( 1612 – 1678 ) . china daily states that when the following qing dynasty replaced the ming dynasty , it merely " strengthened administration of tibet . " however , kolmas states that the dalai lama was very observant of what was going on in china and accepted a manchu invitation in 1640 to send envoys to their capital at mukden in 1642 , before the ming collapsed . dawa norbu , william rockhill , and george n . patterson write that when the shunzhi emperor ( r . 1644 – 1661 ) of the subsequent qing dynasty invited the fifth dalai lama lozang gyatso to beijing in 1652 , shunzhi treated the dalai lama as an independent sovereign of tibet . patterson writes that this was an effort of shunzhi to secure an alliance with tibet that would ultimately lead to the establishment of manchu rule over mongolia . in this meeting with the qing emperor , goldstein asserts that the dalai lama was not someone to be trifled with due to his alliance with mongol tribes , some of which were declared enemies of the qing . van praag states that tibet and the dalai lama ' s power was recognized by the " manchu emperor , the mongolian khans and princes , and the rulers of ladakh , nepal , india , bhutan , and sikkim . " [ sep ] the dalai lama
meanwhile , the chinese ming dynasty fell to the rebellion of li zicheng ( 1606 – 1645 ) in 1644 , yet his short - lived shun dynasty was crushed by the manchu invasion and the han chinese general wu sangui ( 1612 – 1678 ) . china daily states that when the following qing dynasty replaced the ming dynasty , it merely " strengthened administration of tibet . " however , kolmas states that the dalai lama was very observant of what was going on in china and accepted a manchu invitation in 1640 to send envoys to their capital at mukden in 1642 , before the ming collapsed . dawa norbu , william rockhill , and george n . patterson write that when the shunzhi emperor ( r . 1644 – 1661 ) of the subsequent qing dynasty invited the fifth dalai lama lozang gyatso to beijing in 1652 , shunzhi treated the dalai lama as an independent sovereign of tibet . patterson writes that this was an effort of shunzhi to secure an alliance with tibet that would ultimately lead to the establishment of manchu rule over mongolia . in this meeting with the qing emperor , goldstein asserts that the dalai lama was not someone to be trifled with due to his alliance with mongol tribes , some of which were declared enemies of the qing . van praag states that tibet and the dalai lama ' s power was recognized by the " manchu emperor , the mongolian khans and princes , and the rulers of ladakh , nepal , india , bhutan , and sikkim . " [ sep ] shunzhi
when the dzungar mongols attempted to spread their territory from what is now xinjiang into tibet , the kangxi emperor ( r . 1661 – 1722 ) responded to tibetan pleas for aid with his own expedition to tibet , occupying lhasa in 1720 . by 1751 , during the reign of the qianlong emperor ( r . 1735 – 1796 ) , a protectorate and permanent qing dynasty garrison was established in tibet . as of 1751 , albert kolb writes that " chinese claims to suzerainty over tibet date from this time . " [ sep ] the dzungar mongols
when the dzungar mongols attempted to spread their territory from what is now xinjiang into tibet , the kangxi emperor ( r . 1661 – 1722 ) responded to tibetan pleas for aid with his own expedition to tibet , occupying lhasa in 1720 . by 1751 , during the reign of the qianlong emperor ( r . 1735 – 1796 ) , a protectorate and permanent qing dynasty garrison was established in tibet . as of 1751 , albert kolb writes that " chinese claims to suzerainty over tibet date from this time . " [ sep ] the kangxi emperor
when the dzungar mongols attempted to spread their territory from what is now xinjiang into tibet , the kangxi emperor ( r . 1661 – 1722 ) responded to tibetan pleas for aid with his own expedition to tibet , occupying lhasa in 1720 . by 1751 , during the reign of the qianlong emperor ( r . 1735 – 1796 ) , a protectorate and permanent qing dynasty garrison was established in tibet . as of 1751 , albert kolb writes that " chinese claims to suzerainty over tibet date from this time . " [ sep ] 1720
when the dzungar mongols attempted to spread their territory from what is now xinjiang into tibet , the kangxi emperor ( r . 1661 – 1722 ) responded to tibetan pleas for aid with his own expedition to tibet , occupying lhasa in 1720 . by 1751 , during the reign of the qianlong emperor ( r . 1735 – 1796 ) , a protectorate and permanent qing dynasty garrison was established in tibet . as of 1751 , albert kolb writes that " chinese claims to suzerainty over tibet date from this time . " [ sep ] 1751
when the dzungar mongols attempted to spread their territory from what is now xinjiang into tibet , the kangxi emperor ( r . 1661 – 1722 ) responded to tibetan pleas for aid with his own expedition to tibet , occupying lhasa in 1720 . by 1751 , during the reign of the qianlong emperor ( r . 1735 – 1796 ) , a protectorate and permanent qing dynasty garrison was established in tibet . as of 1751 , albert kolb writes that " chinese claims to suzerainty over tibet date from this time . " [ sep ] 1735 – 1796
solar energy is radiant light and heat from the sun harnessed using a range of ever - evolving technologies such as solar heating , photovoltaics , solar thermal energy , solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis . [ sep ] the sun
solar energy is radiant light and heat from the sun harnessed using a range of ever - evolving technologies such as solar heating , photovoltaics , solar thermal energy , solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis . [ sep ] solar energy
the earth receives 174 , 000 terawatts ( tw ) of incoming solar radiation ( insolation ) at the upper atmosphere . approximately 30 % is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds , oceans and land masses . the spectrum of solar light at the earth ' s surface is mostly spread across the visible and near - infrared ranges with a small part in the near - ultraviolet . most people around the world live in areas with insolation levels of 150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3 . 5 to 7 . 0 kwh / m2 per day . [ sep ] 174 , 000
the earth receives 174 , 000 terawatts ( tw ) of incoming solar radiation ( insolation ) at the upper atmosphere . approximately 30 % is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds , oceans and land masses . the spectrum of solar light at the earth ' s surface is mostly spread across the visible and near - infrared ranges with a small part in the near - ultraviolet . most people around the world live in areas with insolation levels of 150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3 . 5 to 7 . 0 kwh / m2 per day . [ sep ] 30 %
the earth receives 174 , 000 terawatts ( tw ) of incoming solar radiation ( insolation ) at the upper atmosphere . approximately 30 % is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds , oceans and land masses . the spectrum of solar light at the earth ' s surface is mostly spread across the visible and near - infrared ranges with a small part in the near - ultraviolet . most people around the world live in areas with insolation levels of 150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3 . 5 to 7 . 0 kwh / m2 per day . [ sep ] 3 . 5 to 7 . 0
solar radiation is absorbed by the earth ' s land surface , oceans – which cover about 71 % of the globe – and atmosphere . warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises , causing atmospheric circulation or convection . when the air reaches a high altitude , where the temperature is low , water vapor condenses into clouds , which rain onto the earth ' s surface , completing the water cycle . the latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection , producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind , cyclones and anti - cyclones . sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 °c . by photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemically stored energy , which produces food , wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived . [ sep ] 71
solar radiation is absorbed by the earth ' s land surface , oceans – which cover about 71 % of the globe – and atmosphere . warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises , causing atmospheric circulation or convection . when the air reaches a high altitude , where the temperature is low , water vapor condenses into clouds , which rain onto the earth ' s surface , completing the water cycle . the latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection , producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind , cyclones and anti - cyclones . sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 °c . by photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemically stored energy , which produces food , wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived . [ sep ] 14
solar radiation is absorbed by the earth ' s land surface , oceans – which cover about 71 % of the globe – and atmosphere . warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises , causing atmospheric circulation or convection . when the air reaches a high altitude , where the temperature is low , water vapor condenses into clouds , which rain onto the earth ' s surface , completing the water cycle . the latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection , producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind , cyclones and anti - cyclones . sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 °c . by photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemically stored energy , which produces food , wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived . [ sep ] photosynthesis
the total solar energy absorbed by earth ' s atmosphere , oceans and land masses is approximately 3 , 850 , 000 exajoules ( ej ) per year . in 2002 , this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year . photosynthesis captures approximately 3 , 000 ej per year in biomass . the amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the earth ' s non - renewable resources of coal , oil , natural gas , and mined uranium combined , [ sep ] 3 , 850 , 000
the total solar energy absorbed by earth ' s atmosphere , oceans and land masses is approximately 3 , 850 , 000 exajoules ( ej ) per year . in 2002 , this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year . photosynthesis captures approximately 3 , 000 ej per year in biomass . the amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the earth ' s non - renewable resources of coal , oil , natural gas , and mined uranium combined , [ sep ] one year
the total solar energy absorbed by earth ' s atmosphere , oceans and land masses is approximately 3 , 850 , 000 exajoules ( ej ) per year . in 2002 , this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year . photosynthesis captures approximately 3 , 000 ej per year in biomass . the amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the earth ' s non - renewable resources of coal , oil , natural gas , and mined uranium combined , [ sep ] 3 , 000
the total solar energy absorbed by earth ' s atmosphere , oceans and land masses is approximately 3 , 850 , 000 exajoules ( ej ) per year . in 2002 , this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year . photosynthesis captures approximately 3 , 000 ej per year in biomass . the amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the earth ' s non - renewable resources of coal , oil , natural gas , and mined uranium combined , [ sep ] one year
solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture , convert and distribute sunlight and enable solar energy to be harnessed at different levels around the world , mostly depending on distance from the equator . although solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends , all renewable energies , other than geothermal and tidal , derive their energy from the sun in a direct or indirect way . [ sep ] the sun
active solar techniques use photovoltaics , concentrated solar power , solar thermal collectors , pumps , and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs . passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal properties , designing spaces that naturally circulate air , and referencing the position of a building to the sun . active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies , while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies . [ sep ] active
active solar techniques use photovoltaics , concentrated solar power , solar thermal collectors , pumps , and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs . passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal properties , designing spaces that naturally circulate air , and referencing the position of a building to the sun . active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies , while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies . [ sep ] passive
in 1897 , frank shuman , a u . s . inventor , engineer and solar energy pioneer built a small demonstration solar engine that worked by reflecting solar energy onto square boxes filled with ether , which has a lower boiling point than water , and were fitted internally with black pipes which in turn powered a steam engine . in 1908 shuman formed the sun power company with the intent of building larger solar power plants . he , along with his technical advisor a . s . e . ackermann and british physicist sir charles vernon boys , developed an improved system using mirrors to reflect solar energy upon collector boxes , increasing heating capacity to the extent that water could now be used instead of ether . shuman then constructed a full - scale steam engine powered by low - pressure water , enabling him to patent the entire solar engine system by 1912 . [ sep ] frank shuman
in 1897 , frank shuman , a u . s . inventor , engineer and solar energy pioneer built a small demonstration solar engine that worked by reflecting solar energy onto square boxes filled with ether , which has a lower boiling point than water , and were fitted internally with black pipes which in turn powered a steam engine . in 1908 shuman formed the sun power company with the intent of building larger solar power plants . he , along with his technical advisor a . s . e . ackermann and british physicist sir charles vernon boys , developed an improved system using mirrors to reflect solar energy upon collector boxes , increasing heating capacity to the extent that water could now be used instead of ether . shuman then constructed a full - scale steam engine powered by low - pressure water , enabling him to patent the entire solar engine system by 1912 . [ sep ] 1908
in 1897 , frank shuman , a u . s . inventor , engineer and solar energy pioneer built a small demonstration solar engine that worked by reflecting solar energy onto square boxes filled with ether , which has a lower boiling point than water , and were fitted internally with black pipes which in turn powered a steam engine . in 1908 shuman formed the sun power company with the intent of building larger solar power plants . he , along with his technical advisor a . s . e . ackermann and british physicist sir charles vernon boys , developed an improved system using mirrors to reflect solar energy upon collector boxes , increasing heating capacity to the extent that water could now be used instead of ether . shuman then constructed a full - scale steam engine powered by low - pressure water , enabling him to patent the entire solar engine system by 1912 . [ sep ] 1912
shuman built the world ’ s first solar thermal power station in maadi , egypt , between 1912 and 1913 . shuman ’ s plant used parabolic troughs to power a 45 – 52 kilowatts ( 60 – 70 hp ) engine that pumped more than 22 , 000 litres ( 4 , 800 imp gal ; 5 , 800 us gal ) of water per minute from the nile river to adjacent cotton fields . although the outbreak of world war i and the discovery of cheap oil in the 1930s discouraged the advancement of solar energy , shuman ’ s vision and basic design were resurrected in the 1970s with a new wave of interest in solar thermal energy . in 1916 shuman was quoted in the media advocating solar energy ' s utilization , saying : [ sep ] maadi , egypt
shuman built the world ’ s first solar thermal power station in maadi , egypt , between 1912 and 1913 . shuman ’ s plant used parabolic troughs to power a 45 – 52 kilowatts ( 60 – 70 hp ) engine that pumped more than 22 , 000 litres ( 4 , 800 imp gal ; 5 , 800 us gal ) of water per minute from the nile river to adjacent cotton fields . although the outbreak of world war i and the discovery of cheap oil in the 1930s discouraged the advancement of solar energy , shuman ’ s vision and basic design were resurrected in the 1970s with a new wave of interest in solar thermal energy . in 1916 shuman was quoted in the media advocating solar energy ' s utilization , saying : [ sep ] 22 , 000
shuman built the world ’ s first solar thermal power station in maadi , egypt , between 1912 and 1913 . shuman ’ s plant used parabolic troughs to power a 45 – 52 kilowatts ( 60 – 70 hp ) engine that pumped more than 22 , 000 litres ( 4 , 800 imp gal ; 5 , 800 us gal ) of water per minute from the nile river to adjacent cotton fields . although the outbreak of world war i and the discovery of cheap oil in the 1930s discouraged the advancement of solar energy , shuman ’ s vision and basic design were resurrected in the 1970s with a new wave of interest in solar thermal energy . in 1916 shuman was quoted in the media advocating solar energy ' s utilization , saying : [ sep ] the 1970s
solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water . in low geographical latitudes ( below 40 degrees ) from 60 to 70 % of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 °c can be provided by solar heating systems . the most common types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube collectors ( 44 % ) and glazed flat plate collectors ( 34 % ) generally used for domestic hot water ; and unglazed plastic collectors ( 21 % ) used mainly to heat swimming pools . [ sep ] 70
as of 2007 , the total installed capacity of solar hot water systems is approximately 154 thermal gigawatt ( gwth ) . china is the world leader in their deployment with 70 gwth installed as of 2006 and a long - term goal of 210 gwth by 2020 . israel and cyprus are the per capita leaders in the use of solar hot water systems with over 90 % of homes using them . in the united states , canada and australia heating swimming pools is the dominant application of solar hot water with an installed capacity of 18 gwth as of 2005 . [ sep ] 154
as of 2007 , the total installed capacity of solar hot water systems is approximately 154 thermal gigawatt ( gwth ) . china is the world leader in their deployment with 70 gwth installed as of 2006 and a long - term goal of 210 gwth by 2020 . israel and cyprus are the per capita leaders in the use of solar hot water systems with over 90 % of homes using them . in the united states , canada and australia heating swimming pools is the dominant application of solar hot water with an installed capacity of 18 gwth as of 2005 . [ sep ] israel and cyprus
in the united states , heating , ventilation and air conditioning ( hvac ) systems account for 30 % ( 4 . 65 ej / yr ) of the energy used in commercial buildings and nearly 50 % ( 10 . 1 ej / yr ) of the energy used in residential buildings . solar heating , cooling and ventilation technologies can be used to offset a portion of this energy . [ sep ] 50
thermal mass is any material that can be used to store heat — heat from the sun in the case of solar energy . common thermal mass materials include stone , cement and water . historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night . however , they can be used in cold temperate areas to maintain warmth as well . the size and placement of thermal mass depend on several factors such as climate , daylighting and shading conditions . when properly incorporated , thermal mass maintains space temperatures in a comfortable range and reduces the need for auxiliary heating and cooling equipment . [ sep ] thermal
a solar chimney ( or thermal chimney , in this context ) is a passive solar ventilation system composed of a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building . as the chimney warms , the air inside is heated causing an updraft that pulls air through the building . performance can be improved by using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses . [ sep ] passive solar ventilation
deciduous trees and plants have been promoted as a means of controlling solar heating and cooling . when planted on the southern side of a building in the northern hemisphere or the northern side in the southern hemisphere , their leaves provide shade during the summer , while the bare limbs allow light to pass during the winter . since bare , leafless trees shade 1 / 3 to 1 / 2 of incident solar radiation , there is a balance between the benefits of summer shading and the corresponding loss of winter heating . in climates with significant heating loads , deciduous trees should not be planted on the equator facing side of a building because they will interfere with winter solar availability . they can , however , be used on the east and west sides to provide a degree of summer shading without appreciably affecting winter solar gain . [ sep ] winter
solar cookers use sunlight for cooking , drying and pasteurization . they can be grouped into three broad categories : box cookers , panel cookers and reflector cookers . the simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by horace de saussure in 1767 . a basic box cooker consists of an insulated container with a transparent lid . it can be used effectively with partially overcast skies and will typically reach temperatures of 90 – 150 °c ( 194 – 302 °f ) . panel cookers use a reflective panel to direct sunlight onto an insulated container and reach temperatures comparable to box cookers . reflector cookers use various concentrating geometries ( dish , trough , fresnel mirrors ) to focus light on a cooking container . these cookers reach temperatures of 315 °c ( 599 °f ) and above but require direct light to function properly and must be repositioned to track the sun . [ sep ] 1767
solar cookers use sunlight for cooking , drying and pasteurization . they can be grouped into three broad categories : box cookers , panel cookers and reflector cookers . the simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by horace de saussure in 1767 . a basic box cooker consists of an insulated container with a transparent lid . it can be used effectively with partially overcast skies and will typically reach temperatures of 90 – 150 °c ( 194 – 302 °f ) . panel cookers use a reflective panel to direct sunlight onto an insulated container and reach temperatures comparable to box cookers . reflector cookers use various concentrating geometries ( dish , trough , fresnel mirrors ) to focus light on a cooking container . these cookers reach temperatures of 315 °c ( 599 °f ) and above but require direct light to function properly and must be repositioned to track the sun . [ sep ] 315
solar concentrating technologies such as parabolic dish , trough and scheffler reflectors can provide process heat for commercial and industrial applications . the first commercial system was the solar total energy project ( step ) in shenandoah , georgia , usa where a field of 114 parabolic dishes provided 50 % of the process heating , air conditioning and electrical requirements for a clothing factory . this grid - connected cogeneration system provided 400 kw of electricity plus thermal energy in the form of 401 kw steam and 468 kw chilled water , and had a one - hour peak load thermal storage . evaporation ponds are shallow pools that concentrate dissolved solids through evaporation . the use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water is one of the oldest applications of solar energy . modern uses include concentrating brine solutions used in leach mining and removing dissolved solids from waste streams . clothes lines , clotheshorses , and clothes racks dry clothes through evaporation by wind and sunlight without consuming electricity or gas . in some states of the united states legislation protects the " right to dry " clothes . unglazed transpired collectors ( utc ) are perforated sun - facing walls used for preheating ventilation air . utcs can raise the incoming air temperature up to 22 °c ( 40 °f ) and deliver outlet temperatures of 45 – 60 °c ( 113 – 140 °f ) . the short payback period of transpired collectors ( 3 to 12 years ) makes them a more cost - effective alternative than glazed collection systems . as of 2003 , over 80 systems with a combined collector area of 35 , 000 square metres ( 380 , 000 sq ft ) had been installed worldwide , including an 860 m2 ( 9 , 300 sq ft ) collector in costa rica used for drying coffee beans and a 1 , 300 m2 ( 14 , 000 sq ft ) collector in coimbatore , india , used for drying marigolds . [ sep ] 114
solar concentrating technologies such as parabolic dish , trough and scheffler reflectors can provide process heat for commercial and industrial applications . the first commercial system was the solar total energy project ( step ) in shenandoah , georgia , usa where a field of 114 parabolic dishes provided 50 % of the process heating , air conditioning and electrical requirements for a clothing factory . this grid - connected cogeneration system provided 400 kw of electricity plus thermal energy in the form of 401 kw steam and 468 kw chilled water , and had a one - hour peak load thermal storage . evaporation ponds are shallow pools that concentrate dissolved solids through evaporation . the use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water is one of the oldest applications of solar energy . modern uses include concentrating brine solutions used in leach mining and removing dissolved solids from waste streams . clothes lines , clotheshorses , and clothes racks dry clothes through evaporation by wind and sunlight without consuming electricity or gas . in some states of the united states legislation protects the " right to dry " clothes . unglazed transpired collectors ( utc ) are perforated sun - facing walls used for preheating ventilation air . utcs can raise the incoming air temperature up to 22 °c ( 40 °f ) and deliver outlet temperatures of 45 – 60 °c ( 113 – 140 °f ) . the short payback period of transpired collectors ( 3 to 12 years ) makes them a more cost - effective alternative than glazed collection systems . as of 2003 , over 80 systems with a combined collector area of 35 , 000 square metres ( 380 , 000 sq ft ) had been installed worldwide , including an 860 m2 ( 9 , 300 sq ft ) collector in costa rica used for drying coffee beans and a 1 , 300 m2 ( 14 , 000 sq ft ) collector in coimbatore , india , used for drying marigolds . [ sep ] more
the story takes place during three years ( 1933 – 35 ) of the great depression in the fictional " tired old town " of maycomb , alabama , the seat of maycomb county . it focuses on six - year - old jean louise finch ( scout ) , who lives with her older brother , jem , and their widowed father , atticus , a middle - aged lawyer . jem and scout befriend a boy named dill , who visits maycomb to stay with his aunt each summer . the three children are terrified of , and fascinated by , their neighbor , the reclusive arthur " boo " radley . the adults of maycomb are hesitant to talk about boo , and , for many years few have seen him . the children feed one another ' s imagination with rumors about his appearance and reasons for remaining hidden , and they fantasize about how to get him out of his house . after two summers of friendship with dill , scout and jem find that someone leaves them small gifts in a tree outside the radley place . several times the mysterious boo makes gestures of affection to the children , but , to their disappointment , he never appears in person . [ sep ] maycomb , alabama
the story takes place during three years ( 1933 – 35 ) of the great depression in the fictional " tired old town " of maycomb , alabama , the seat of maycomb county . it focuses on six - year - old jean louise finch ( scout ) , who lives with her older brother , jem , and their widowed father , atticus , a middle - aged lawyer . jem and scout befriend a boy named dill , who visits maycomb to stay with his aunt each summer . the three children are terrified of , and fascinated by , their neighbor , the reclusive arthur " boo " radley . the adults of maycomb are hesitant to talk about boo , and , for many years few have seen him . the children feed one another ' s imagination with rumors about his appearance and reasons for remaining hidden , and they fantasize about how to get him out of his house . after two summers of friendship with dill , scout and jem find that someone leaves them small gifts in a tree outside the radley place . several times the mysterious boo makes gestures of affection to the children , but , to their disappointment , he never appears in person . [ sep ] three
the story takes place during three years ( 1933 – 35 ) of the great depression in the fictional " tired old town " of maycomb , alabama , the seat of maycomb county . it focuses on six - year - old jean louise finch ( scout ) , who lives with her older brother , jem , and their widowed father , atticus , a middle - aged lawyer . jem and scout befriend a boy named dill , who visits maycomb to stay with his aunt each summer . the three children are terrified of , and fascinated by , their neighbor , the reclusive arthur " boo " radley . the adults of maycomb are hesitant to talk about boo , and , for many years few have seen him . the children feed one another ' s imagination with rumors about his appearance and reasons for remaining hidden , and they fantasize about how to get him out of his house . after two summers of friendship with dill , scout and jem find that someone leaves them small gifts in a tree outside the radley place . several times the mysterious boo makes gestures of affection to the children , but , to their disappointment , he never appears in person . [ sep ] two
the story takes place during three years ( 1933 – 35 ) of the great depression in the fictional " tired old town " of maycomb , alabama , the seat of maycomb county . it focuses on six - year - old jean louise finch ( scout ) , who lives with her older brother , jem , and their widowed father , atticus , a middle - aged lawyer . jem and scout befriend a boy named dill , who visits maycomb to stay with his aunt each summer . the three children are terrified of , and fascinated by , their neighbor , the reclusive arthur " boo " radley . the adults of maycomb are hesitant to talk about boo , and , for many years few have seen him . the children feed one another ' s imagination with rumors about his appearance and reasons for remaining hidden , and they fantasize about how to get him out of his house . after two summers of friendship with dill , scout and jem find that someone leaves them small gifts in a tree outside the radley place . several times the mysterious boo makes gestures of affection to the children , but , to their disappointment , he never appears in person . [ sep ] dill
judge taylor appoints atticus to defend tom robinson , a black man who has been accused of raping a young white woman , mayella ewell . although many of maycomb ' s citizens disapprove , atticus agrees to defend tom to the best of his ability . other children taunt jem and scout for atticus ' s actions , calling him a " nigger - lover " . scout is tempted to stand up for her father ' s honor by fighting , even though he has told her not to . atticus faces a group of men intent on lynching tom . this danger is averted when scout , jem , and dill shame the mob into dispersing by forcing them to view the situation from atticus ' and tom ' s points of view . [ sep ] mayella ewell
solar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish water potable . the first recorded instance of this was by 16th - century arab alchemists . a large - scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the chilean mining town of las salinas . the plant , which had solar collection area of 4 , 700 m2 ( 51 , 000 sq ft ) , could produce up to 22 , 700 l ( 5 , 000 imp gal ; 6 , 000 us gal ) per day and operate for 40 years . individual still designs include single - slope , double - slope ( or greenhouse type ) , vertical , conical , inverted absorber , multi - wick , and multiple effect . these stills can operate in passive , active , or hybrid modes . double - slope stills are the most economical for decentralized domestic purposes , while active multiple effect units are more suitable for large - scale applications . [ sep ] 1872
atticus does not want jem and scout to be present at tom robinson ' s trial . no seat is available on the main floor , so by invitation of rev . sykes , jem , scout , and dill watch from the colored balcony . atticus establishes that the accusers — mayella and her father , bob ewell , the town drunk — are lying . it also becomes clear that the friendless mayella made sexual advances toward tom , and that her father caught her and beat her . despite significant evidence of tom ' s innocence , the jury convicts him . jem ' s faith in justice becomes badly shaken , as is atticus ' , when the hapless tom is shot and killed while trying to escape from prison . [ sep ] jem and scout
atticus does not want jem and scout to be present at tom robinson ' s trial . no seat is available on the main floor , so by invitation of rev . sykes , jem , scout , and dill watch from the colored balcony . atticus establishes that the accusers — mayella and her father , bob ewell , the town drunk — are lying . it also becomes clear that the friendless mayella made sexual advances toward tom , and that her father caught her and beat her . despite significant evidence of tom ' s innocence , the jury convicts him . jem ' s faith in justice becomes badly shaken , as is atticus ' , when the hapless tom is shot and killed while trying to escape from prison . [ sep ] balcony
despite tom ' s conviction , bob ewell is humiliated by the events of the trial , atticus explaining that he " destroyed [ ewell ' s ] last shred of credibility at that trial . " ewell vows revenge , spitting in atticus ' face , trying to break into the judge ' s house , and menacing tom robinson ' s widow . finally , he attacks the defenseless jem and scout while they walk home on a dark night after the school halloween pageant . one of jem ' s arms is broken in the struggle , but amid the confusion someone comes to the children ' s rescue . the mysterious man carries jem home , where scout realizes that he is boo radley . [ sep ] jem and scout
despite tom ' s conviction , bob ewell is humiliated by the events of the trial , atticus explaining that he " destroyed [ ewell ' s ] last shred of credibility at that trial . " ewell vows revenge , spitting in atticus ' face , trying to break into the judge ' s house , and menacing tom robinson ' s widow . finally , he attacks the defenseless jem and scout while they walk home on a dark night after the school halloween pageant . one of jem ' s arms is broken in the struggle , but amid the confusion someone comes to the children ' s rescue . the mysterious man carries jem home , where scout realizes that he is boo radley . [ sep ] halloween pageant
despite tom ' s conviction , bob ewell is humiliated by the events of the trial , atticus explaining that he " destroyed [ ewell ' s ] last shred of credibility at that trial . " ewell vows revenge , spitting in atticus ' face , trying to break into the judge ' s house , and menacing tom robinson ' s widow . finally , he attacks the defenseless jem and scout while they walk home on a dark night after the school halloween pageant . one of jem ' s arms is broken in the struggle , but amid the confusion someone comes to the children ' s rescue . the mysterious man carries jem home , where scout realizes that he is boo radley . [ sep ] boo radley
solar water disinfection ( sodis ) involves exposing water - filled plastic polyethylene terephthalate ( pet ) bottles to sunlight for several hours . exposure times vary depending on weather and climate from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions . it is recommended by the world health organization as a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage . over two million people in developing countries use this method for their daily drinking water . [ sep ] the world health organization
solar energy may be used in a water stabilisation pond to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity . a further environmental advantage is that algae grow in such ponds and consume carbon dioxide in photosynthesis , although algae may produce toxic chemicals that make the water unusable . [ sep ] toxic chemicals
solar power is anticipated to become the world ' s largest source of electricity by 2050 , with solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power contributing 16 and 11 percent to the global overall consumption , respectively . [ sep ] 2050
sheriff tate arrives and discovers that bob ewell has died during the fight . the sheriff argues with atticus about the prudence and ethics of charging jem ( whom atticus believes to be responsible ) or boo ( whom tate believes to be responsible ) . atticus eventually accepts the sheriff ' s story that ewell simply fell on his own knife . boo asks scout to walk him home , and after she says goodbye to him at his front door he disappears again . while standing on the radley porch , scout imagines life from boo ' s perspective , and regrets that they had never repaid him for the gifts he had given them . [ sep ] sheriff tate
commercial csp plants were first developed in the 1980s . since 1985 the eventually 354 mw segs csp installation , in the mojave desert of california , is the largest solar power plant in the world . other large csp plants include the 150 mw solnova solar power station and the 100 mw andasol solar power station , both in spain . the 250 mw agua caliente solar project , in the united states , and the 221 mw charanka solar park in india , are the world ’ s largest photovoltaic plants . solar projects exceeding 1 gw are being developed , but most of the deployed photovoltaics are in small rooftop arrays of less than 5 kw , which are grid connected using net metering and / or a feed - in tariff . in 2013 solar generated less than 1 % of the worlds total grid electricity . [ sep ] the mojave desert
commercial csp plants were first developed in the 1980s . since 1985 the eventually 354 mw segs csp installation , in the mojave desert of california , is the largest solar power plant in the world . other large csp plants include the 150 mw solnova solar power station and the 100 mw andasol solar power station , both in spain . the 250 mw agua caliente solar project , in the united states , and the 221 mw charanka solar park in india , are the world ’ s largest photovoltaic plants . solar projects exceeding 1 gw are being developed , but most of the deployed photovoltaics are in small rooftop arrays of less than 5 kw , which are grid connected using net metering and / or a feed - in tariff . in 2013 solar generated less than 1 % of the worlds total grid electricity . [ sep ] 2013
in the last two decades , photovoltaics ( pv ) , also known as solar pv , has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source . a solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect . the first solar cell was constructed by charles fritts in the 1880s . in 1931 a german engineer , dr bruno lange , developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide . although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1 % of incident light into electricity , both ernst werner von siemens and james clerk maxwell recognized the importance of this discovery . following the work of russell ohl in the 1940s , researchers gerald pearson , calvin fuller and daryl chapin created the crystalline silicon solar cell in 1954 . these early solar cells cost 286 usd / watt and reached efficiencies of 4 . 5 – 6 % . by 2012 available efficiencies exceed 20 % and the maximum efficiency of research photovoltaics is over 40 % . [ sep ] charles fritts
in the last two decades , photovoltaics ( pv ) , also known as solar pv , has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source . a solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect . the first solar cell was constructed by charles fritts in the 1880s . in 1931 a german engineer , dr bruno lange , developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide . although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1 % of incident light into electricity , both ernst werner von siemens and james clerk maxwell recognized the importance of this discovery . following the work of russell ohl in the 1940s , researchers gerald pearson , calvin fuller and daryl chapin created the crystalline silicon solar cell in 1954 . these early solar cells cost 286 usd / watt and reached efficiencies of 4 . 5 – 6 % . by 2012 available efficiencies exceed 20 % and the maximum efficiency of research photovoltaics is over 40 % . [ sep ] 1954
concentrating solar power ( csp ) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam . the concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant . a wide range of concentrating technologies exists ; the most developed are the parabolic trough , the concentrating linear fresnel reflector , the stirling dish and the solar power tower . various techniques are used to track the sun and focus light . in all of these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight , and is then used for power generation or energy storage . [ sep ] a working fluid
lee has said that to kill a mockingbird is not an autobiography , but rather an example of how an author " should write about what he knows and write truthfully " . nevertheless , several people and events from lee ' s childhood parallel those of the fictional scout . lee ' s father , amasa coleman lee , was an attorney , similar to atticus finch , and in 1919 , he defended two black men accused of murder . after they were convicted , hanged and mutilated , he never tried another criminal case . lee ' s father was also the editor and publisher of the monroeville newspaper . although more of a proponent of racial segregation than atticus , he gradually became more liberal in his later years . though scout ' s mother died when she was a baby , lee was 25 when her mother , frances cunningham finch , died . lee ' s mother was prone to a nervous condition that rendered her mentally and emotionally absent . lee had a brother named edwin , who — like the fictional jem — was four years older than his sister . as in the novel , a black housekeeper came daily to care for the lee house and family . [ sep ] autobiography
lee has said that to kill a mockingbird is not an autobiography , but rather an example of how an author " should write about what he knows and write truthfully " . nevertheless , several people and events from lee ' s childhood parallel those of the fictional scout . lee ' s father , amasa coleman lee , was an attorney , similar to atticus finch , and in 1919 , he defended two black men accused of murder . after they were convicted , hanged and mutilated , he never tried another criminal case . lee ' s father was also the editor and publisher of the monroeville newspaper . although more of a proponent of racial segregation than atticus , he gradually became more liberal in his later years . though scout ' s mother died when she was a baby , lee was 25 when her mother , frances cunningham finch , died . lee ' s mother was prone to a nervous condition that rendered her mentally and emotionally absent . lee had a brother named edwin , who — like the fictional jem — was four years older than his sister . as in the novel , a black housekeeper came daily to care for the lee house and family . [ sep ] 1919
lee has said that to kill a mockingbird is not an autobiography , but rather an example of how an author " should write about what he knows and write truthfully " . nevertheless , several people and events from lee ' s childhood parallel those of the fictional scout . lee ' s father , amasa coleman lee , was an attorney , similar to atticus finch , and in 1919 , he defended two black men accused of murder . after they were convicted , hanged and mutilated , he never tried another criminal case . lee ' s father was also the editor and publisher of the monroeville newspaper . although more of a proponent of racial segregation than atticus , he gradually became more liberal in his later years . though scout ' s mother died when she was a baby , lee was 25 when her mother , frances cunningham finch , died . lee ' s mother was prone to a nervous condition that rendered her mentally and emotionally absent . lee had a brother named edwin , who — like the fictional jem — was four years older than his sister . as in the novel , a black housekeeper came daily to care for the lee house and family . [ sep ] 25
lee modeled the character of dill on her childhood friend , truman capote , known then as truman persons . just as dill lived next door to scout during the summer , capote lived next door to lee with his aunts while his mother visited new york city . like dill , capote had an impressive imagination and a gift for fascinating stories . both lee and capote were atypical children : both loved to read . lee was a scrappy tomboy who was quick to fight , but capote was ridiculed for his advanced vocabulary and lisp . she and capote made up and acted out stories they wrote on an old underwood typewriter lee ' s father gave them . they became good friends when both felt alienated from their peers ; capote called the two of them " apart people " . in 1960 , capote and lee traveled to kansas together to investigate the multiple murders that were the basis for capote ' s nonfiction novel in cold blood . [ sep ] next door
lee modeled the character of dill on her childhood friend , truman capote , known then as truman persons . just as dill lived next door to scout during the summer , capote lived next door to lee with his aunts while his mother visited new york city . like dill , capote had an impressive imagination and a gift for fascinating stories . both lee and capote were atypical children : both loved to read . lee was a scrappy tomboy who was quick to fight , but capote was ridiculed for his advanced vocabulary and lisp . she and capote made up and acted out stories they wrote on an old underwood typewriter lee ' s father gave them . they became good friends when both felt alienated from their peers ; capote called the two of them " apart people " . in 1960 , capote and lee traveled to kansas together to investigate the multiple murders that were the basis for capote ' s nonfiction novel in cold blood . [ sep ] 1960
lee modeled the character of dill on her childhood friend , truman capote , known then as truman persons . just as dill lived next door to scout during the summer , capote lived next door to lee with his aunts while his mother visited new york city . like dill , capote had an impressive imagination and a gift for fascinating stories . both lee and capote were atypical children : both loved to read . lee was a scrappy tomboy who was quick to fight , but capote was ridiculed for his advanced vocabulary and lisp . she and capote made up and acted out stories they wrote on an old underwood typewriter lee ' s father gave them . they became good friends when both felt alienated from their peers ; capote called the two of them " apart people " . in 1960 , capote and lee traveled to kansas together to investigate the multiple murders that were the basis for capote ' s nonfiction novel in cold blood . [ sep ] in cold blood
the origin of tom robinson is less clear , although many have speculated that his character was inspired by several models . when lee was 10 years old , a white woman near monroeville accused a black man named walter lett of raping her . the story and the trial were covered by her father ' s newspaper which reported that lett was convicted and sentenced to death . after a series of letters appeared claiming lett had been falsely accused , his sentence was commuted to life in prison . he died there of tuberculosis in 1937 . scholars believe that robinson ' s difficulties reflect the notorious case of the scottsboro boys , in which nine black men were convicted of raping two white women on negligible evidence . however , in 2005 , lee stated that she had in mind something less sensational , although the scottsboro case served " the same purpose " to display southern prejudices . emmett till , a black teenager who was murdered for flirting with a white woman in mississippi in 1955 , and whose death is credited as a catalyst for the civil rights movement , is also considered a model for tom robinson . [ sep ] 10
the origin of tom robinson is less clear , although many have speculated that his character was inspired by several models . when lee was 10 years old , a white woman near monroeville accused a black man named walter lett of raping her . the story and the trial were covered by her father ' s newspaper which reported that lett was convicted and sentenced to death . after a series of letters appeared claiming lett had been falsely accused , his sentence was commuted to life in prison . he died there of tuberculosis in 1937 . scholars believe that robinson ' s difficulties reflect the notorious case of the scottsboro boys , in which nine black men were convicted of raping two white women on negligible evidence . however , in 2005 , lee stated that she had in mind something less sensational , although the scottsboro case served " the same purpose " to display southern prejudices . emmett till , a black teenager who was murdered for flirting with a white woman in mississippi in 1955 , and whose death is credited as a catalyst for the civil rights movement , is also considered a model for tom robinson . [ sep ] walter lett
the origin of tom robinson is less clear , although many have speculated that his character was inspired by several models . when lee was 10 years old , a white woman near monroeville accused a black man named walter lett of raping her . the story and the trial were covered by her father ' s newspaper which reported that lett was convicted and sentenced to death . after a series of letters appeared claiming lett had been falsely accused , his sentence was commuted to life in prison . he died there of tuberculosis in 1937 . scholars believe that robinson ' s difficulties reflect the notorious case of the scottsboro boys , in which nine black men were convicted of raping two white women on negligible evidence . however , in 2005 , lee stated that she had in mind something less sensational , although the scottsboro case served " the same purpose " to display southern prejudices . emmett till , a black teenager who was murdered for flirting with a white woman in mississippi in 1955 , and whose death is credited as a catalyst for the civil rights movement , is also considered a model for tom robinson . [ sep ] emmett till
the origin of tom robinson is less clear , although many have speculated that his character was inspired by several models . when lee was 10 years old , a white woman near monroeville accused a black man named walter lett of raping her . the story and the trial were covered by her father ' s newspaper which reported that lett was convicted and sentenced to death . after a series of letters appeared claiming lett had been falsely accused , his sentence was commuted to life in prison . he died there of tuberculosis in 1937 . scholars believe that robinson ' s difficulties reflect the notorious case of the scottsboro boys , in which nine black men were convicted of raping two white women on negligible evidence . however , in 2005 , lee stated that she had in mind something less sensational , although the scottsboro case served " the same purpose " to display southern prejudices . emmett till , a black teenager who was murdered for flirting with a white woman in mississippi in 1955 , and whose death is credited as a catalyst for the civil rights movement , is also considered a model for tom robinson . [ sep ] civil rights movement
writing about lee ' s style and use of humor in a tragic story , scholar jacqueline tavernier - courbin states : " laughter . . . [ exposes ] the gangrene under the beautiful surface but also by demeaning it ; one can hardly . . . be controlled by what one is able to laugh at . " scout ' s precocious observations about her neighbors and behavior inspire national endowment of the arts director david kipen to call her " hysterically funny " . to address complex issues , however , tavernier - courbin notes that lee uses parody , satire , and irony effectively by using a child ' s perspective . after dill promises to marry her , then spends too much time with jem , scout reasons the best way to get him to pay attention to her is to beat him up , which she does several times . scout ' s first day in school is a satirical treatment of education ; her teacher says she must undo the damage atticus has wrought in teaching her to read and write , and forbids atticus from teaching her further . lee treats the most unfunny situations with irony , however , as jem and scout try to understand how maycomb embraces racism and still tries sincerely to remain a decent society . satire and irony are used to such an extent that tavernier - courbin suggests one interpretation for the book ' s title : lee is doing the mocking — of education , the justice system , and her own society by using them as subjects of her humorous disapproval . [ sep ] satire and irony
critics also note the entertaining methods used to drive the plot . when atticus is out of town , jem locks a sunday school classmate in the church basement with the furnace during a game of shadrach . this prompts their black housekeeper calpurnia to escort scout and jem to her church , which allows the children a glimpse into her personal life , as well as tom robinson ' s . scout falls asleep during the halloween pageant and makes a tardy entrance onstage , causing the audience to laugh uproariously . she is so distracted and embarrassed that she prefers to go home in her ham costume , which saves her life . [ sep ] church basement
critics also note the entertaining methods used to drive the plot . when atticus is out of town , jem locks a sunday school classmate in the church basement with the furnace during a game of shadrach . this prompts their black housekeeper calpurnia to escort scout and jem to her church , which allows the children a glimpse into her personal life , as well as tom robinson ' s . scout falls asleep during the halloween pageant and makes a tardy entrance onstage , causing the audience to laugh uproariously . she is so distracted and embarrassed that she prefers to go home in her ham costume , which saves her life . [ sep ] calpurnia
the common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the sun , compact proportion ( a low surface area to volume ratio ) , selective shading ( overhangs ) and thermal mass . when these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well - lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range . socrates ' megaron house is a classic example of passive solar design . the most recent approaches to solar design use computer modeling tying together solar lighting , heating and ventilation systems in an integrated solar design package . active solar equipment such as pumps , fans and switchable windows can complement passive design and improve system performance . [ sep ] megaron house
urban heat islands ( uhi ) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment . the higher temperatures are a result of increased absorption of the solar light by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete , which have lower albedos and higher heat capacities than those in the natural environment . a straightforward method of counteracting the uhi effect is to paint buildings and roads white and plant trees . using these methods , a hypothetical " cool communities " program in los angeles has projected that urban temperatures could be reduced by approximately 3 °c at an estimated cost of us $ 1 billion , giving estimated total annual benefits of us $ 530 million from reduced air - conditioning costs and healthcare savings . [ sep ] urban heat islands
urban heat islands ( uhi ) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment . the higher temperatures are a result of increased absorption of the solar light by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete , which have lower albedos and higher heat capacities than those in the natural environment . a straightforward method of counteracting the uhi effect is to paint buildings and roads white and plant trees . using these methods , a hypothetical " cool communities " program in los angeles has projected that urban temperatures could be reduced by approximately 3 °c at an estimated cost of us $ 1 billion , giving estimated total annual benefits of us $ 530 million from reduced air - conditioning costs and healthcare savings . [ sep ] 3
scholars have characterized to kill a mockingbird as both a southern gothic and coming - of - age or bildungsroman novel . the grotesque and near - supernatural qualities of boo radley and his house , and the element of racial injustice involving tom robinson contribute to the aura of the gothic in the novel . lee used the term " gothic " to describe the architecture of maycomb ' s courthouse and in regard to dill ' s exaggeratedly morbid performances as boo radley . outsiders are also an important element of southern gothic texts and scout and jem ' s questions about the hierarchy in the town cause scholars to compare the novel to catcher in the rye and adventures of huckleberry finn . despite challenging the town ' s systems , scout reveres atticus as an authority above all others , because he believes that following one ' s conscience is the highest priority , even when the result is social ostracism . however , scholars debate about the southern gothic classification , noting that boo radley is in fact human , protective , and benevolent . furthermore , in addressing themes such as alcoholism , incest , rape , and racial violence , lee wrote about her small town realistically rather than melodramatically . she portrays the problems of individual characters as universal underlying issues in every society . [ sep ] southern gothic and coming - of - age or bildungsroman novel
as children coming of age , scout and jem face hard realities and learn from them . lee seems to examine jem ' s sense of loss about how his neighbors have disappointed him more than scout ' s . jem says to their neighbor miss maudie the day after the trial , " it ' s like bein ' a caterpillar wrapped in a cocoon . . . i always thought maycomb folks were the best folks in the world , least that ' s what they seemed like " . this leads him to struggle with understanding the separations of race and class . just as the novel is an illustration of the changes jem faces , it is also an exploration of the realities scout must face as an atypical girl on the verge of womanhood . as one scholar writes , " to kill a mockingbird can be read as a feminist bildungsroman , for scout emerges from her childhood experiences with a clear sense of her place in her community and an awareness of her potential power as the woman she will one day be . " [ sep ] miss maudie
the ipod is a line of portable media players and multi - purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by apple inc . the first line was released on october 23 , 2001 , about 8½ months after itunes ( macintosh version ) was released . the most recent ipod redesigns were announced on july 15 , 2015 . there are three current versions of the ipod : the ultra - compact ipod shuffle , the compact ipod nano and the touchscreen ipod touch . [ sep ] 2001
the ipod is a line of portable media players and multi - purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by apple inc . the first line was released on october 23 , 2001 , about 8½ months after itunes ( macintosh version ) was released . the most recent ipod redesigns were announced on july 15 , 2015 . there are three current versions of the ipod : the ultra - compact ipod shuffle , the compact ipod nano and the touchscreen ipod touch . [ sep ] apple
the ipod is a line of portable media players and multi - purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by apple inc . the first line was released on october 23 , 2001 , about 8½ months after itunes ( macintosh version ) was released . the most recent ipod redesigns were announced on july 15 , 2015 . there are three current versions of the ipod : the ultra - compact ipod shuffle , the compact ipod nano and the touchscreen ipod touch . [ sep ] 3
the ipod is a line of portable media players and multi - purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by apple inc . the first line was released on october 23 , 2001 , about 8½ months after itunes ( macintosh version ) was released . the most recent ipod redesigns were announced on july 15 , 2015 . there are three current versions of the ipod : the ultra - compact ipod shuffle , the compact ipod nano and the touchscreen ipod touch . [ sep ] shuffle
the ipod is a line of portable media players and multi - purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by apple inc . the first line was released on october 23 , 2001 , about 8½ months after itunes ( macintosh version ) was released . the most recent ipod redesigns were announced on july 15 , 2015 . there are three current versions of the ipod : the ultra - compact ipod shuffle , the compact ipod nano and the touchscreen ipod touch . [ sep ] 2015
like other digital music players , ipods can serve as external data storage devices . storage capacity varies by model , ranging from 2 gb for the ipod shuffle to 128 gb for the ipod touch ( previously 160 gb for the ipod classic , which is now discontinued ) . [ sep ] 2 gb
like other digital music players , ipods can serve as external data storage devices . storage capacity varies by model , ranging from 2 gb for the ipod shuffle to 128 gb for the ipod touch ( previously 160 gb for the ipod classic , which is now discontinued ) . [ sep ] 128 gb
apple ' s itunes software ( and other alternative software ) can be used to transfer music , photos , videos , games , contact information , e - mail settings , web bookmarks , and calendars , to the devices supporting these features from computers using certain versions of apple macintosh and microsoft windows operating systems . [ sep ] itunes
agriculture and horticulture seek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants . techniques such as timed planting cycles , tailored row orientation , staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields . while sunlight is generally considered a plentiful resource , the exceptions highlight the importance of solar energy to agriculture . during the short growing seasons of the little ice age , french and english farmers employed fruit walls to maximize the collection of solar energy . these walls acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm . early fruit walls were built perpendicular to the ground and facing south , but over time , sloping walls were developed to make better use of sunlight . in 1699 , nicolas fatio de duillier even suggested using a tracking mechanism which could pivot to follow the sun . applications of solar energy in agriculture aside from growing crops include pumping water , drying crops , brooding chicks and drying chicken manure . more recently the technology has been embraced by vinters , who use the energy generated by solar panels to power grape presses . [ sep ] fruit walls
agriculture and horticulture seek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants . techniques such as timed planting cycles , tailored row orientation , staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields . while sunlight is generally considered a plentiful resource , the exceptions highlight the importance of solar energy to agriculture . during the short growing seasons of the little ice age , french and english farmers employed fruit walls to maximize the collection of solar energy . these walls acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm . early fruit walls were built perpendicular to the ground and facing south , but over time , sloping walls were developed to make better use of sunlight . in 1699 , nicolas fatio de duillier even suggested using a tracking mechanism which could pivot to follow the sun . applications of solar energy in agriculture aside from growing crops include pumping water , drying crops , brooding chicks and drying chicken manure . more recently the technology has been embraced by vinters , who use the energy generated by solar panels to power grape presses . [ sep ] power grape presses
greenhouses convert solar light to heat , enabling year - round production and the growth ( in enclosed environments ) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate . primitive greenhouses were first used during roman times to produce cucumbers year - round for the roman emperor tiberius . the first modern greenhouses were built in europe in the 16th century to keep exotic plants brought back from explorations abroad . greenhouses remain an important part of horticulture today , and plastic transparent materials have also been used to similar effect in polytunnels and row covers . [ sep ] roman times
greenhouses convert solar light to heat , enabling year - round production and the growth ( in enclosed environments ) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate . primitive greenhouses were first used during roman times to produce cucumbers year - round for the roman emperor tiberius . the first modern greenhouses were built in europe in the 16th century to keep exotic plants brought back from explorations abroad . greenhouses remain an important part of horticulture today , and plastic transparent materials have also been used to similar effect in polytunnels and row covers . [ sep ] the 16th
before the release of ios 5 , the ipod branding was used for the media player included with the iphone and ipad , a combination of the music and videos apps on the ipod touch . as of ios 5 , separate apps named " music " and " videos " are standardized across all ios - powered products . while the iphone and ipad have essentially the same media player capabilities as the ipod line , they are generally treated as separate products . during the middle of 2010 , iphone sales overtook those of the ipod . [ sep ] ios 5
before the release of ios 5 , the ipod branding was used for the media player included with the iphone and ipad , a combination of the music and videos apps on the ipod touch . as of ios 5 , separate apps named " music " and " videos " are standardized across all ios - powered products . while the iphone and ipad have essentially the same media player capabilities as the ipod line , they are generally treated as separate products . during the middle of 2010 , iphone sales overtook those of the ipod . [ sep ] 2010
before the release of ios 5 , the ipod branding was used for the media player included with the iphone and ipad , a combination of the music and videos apps on the ipod touch . as of ios 5 , separate apps named " music " and " videos " are standardized across all ios - powered products . while the iphone and ipad have essentially the same media player capabilities as the ipod line , they are generally treated as separate products . during the middle of 2010 , iphone sales overtook those of the ipod . [ sep ] " music " and " videos "
in mid - 2015 , a new model of the ipod touch was announced by apple , and was officially released on the apple store on july 15 , 2015 . the sixth generation ipod touch includes a wide variety of spec improvements such as the upgraded a8 processor and higher - quality screen . the core is over 5 times faster than previous models and is built to be roughly on par with the iphone 5s . it is available in 5 different colors : space grey , pink , gold , silver and product ( red ) . [ sep ] sixth
in mid - 2015 , a new model of the ipod touch was announced by apple , and was officially released on the apple store on july 15 , 2015 . the sixth generation ipod touch includes a wide variety of spec improvements such as the upgraded a8 processor and higher - quality screen . the core is over 5 times faster than previous models and is built to be roughly on par with the iphone 5s . it is available in 5 different colors : space grey , pink , gold , silver and product ( red ) . [ sep ] 2015
in mid - 2015 , a new model of the ipod touch was announced by apple , and was officially released on the apple store on july 15 , 2015 . the sixth generation ipod touch includes a wide variety of spec improvements such as the upgraded a8 processor and higher - quality screen . the core is over 5 times faster than previous models and is built to be roughly on par with the iphone 5s . it is available in 5 different colors : space grey , pink , gold , silver and product ( red ) . [ sep ] a8
in mid - 2015 , a new model of the ipod touch was announced by apple , and was officially released on the apple store on july 15 , 2015 . the sixth generation ipod touch includes a wide variety of spec improvements such as the upgraded a8 processor and higher - quality screen . the core is over 5 times faster than previous models and is built to be roughly on par with the iphone 5s . it is available in 5 different colors : space grey , pink , gold , silver and product ( red ) . [ sep ] 5
development of a solar - powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s . the world solar challenge is a biannual solar - powered car race , where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3 , 021 kilometres ( 1 , 877 mi ) across central australia from darwin to adelaide . in 1987 , when it was founded , the winner ' s average speed was 67 kilometres per hour ( 42 mph ) and by 2007 the winner ' s average speed had improved to 90 . 87 kilometres per hour ( 56 . 46 mph ) . the north american solar challenge and the planned south african solar challenge are comparable competitions that reflect an international interest in the engineering and development of solar powered vehicles . [ sep ] the world solar challenge
development of a solar - powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s . the world solar challenge is a biannual solar - powered car race , where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3 , 021 kilometres ( 1 , 877 mi ) across central australia from darwin to adelaide . in 1987 , when it was founded , the winner ' s average speed was 67 kilometres per hour ( 42 mph ) and by 2007 the winner ' s average speed had improved to 90 . 87 kilometres per hour ( 56 . 46 mph ) . the north american solar challenge and the planned south african solar challenge are comparable competitions that reflect an international interest in the engineering and development of solar powered vehicles . [ sep ] 90 . 87
though the ipod was released in 2001 , its price and mac - only compatibility caused sales to be relatively slow until 2004 . the ipod line came from apple ' s " digital hub " category , when the company began creating software for the growing market of personal digital devices . digital cameras , camcorders and organizers had well - established mainstream markets , but the company found existing digital music players " big and clunky or small and useless " with user interfaces that were " unbelievably awful , " so apple decided to develop its own . as ordered by ceo steve jobs , apple ' s hardware engineering chief jon rubinstein assembled a team of engineers to design the ipod line , including hardware engineers tony fadell and michael dhuey , and design engineer sir jonathan ive . rubinstein had already discovered the toshiba disk drive when meeting with an apple supplier in japan , and purchased the rights to it for apple , and had also already worked out how the screen , battery , and other key elements would work . the aesthetic was inspired by the 1958 braun t3 transistor radio designed by dieter rams , while the wheel based user interface was prompted by bang & olufsen ' s beocom 6000 telephone . the product ( " the walkman of the twenty - first century " ) was developed in less than one year and unveiled on october 23 , 2001 . jobs announced it as a mac - compatible product with a 5 gb hard drive that put " 1 , 000 songs in your pocket . " [ sep ] 2001
though the ipod was released in 2001 , its price and mac - only compatibility caused sales to be relatively slow until 2004 . the ipod line came from apple ' s " digital hub " category , when the company began creating software for the growing market of personal digital devices . digital cameras , camcorders and organizers had well - established mainstream markets , but the company found existing digital music players " big and clunky or small and useless " with user interfaces that were " unbelievably awful , " so apple decided to develop its own . as ordered by ceo steve jobs , apple ' s hardware engineering chief jon rubinstein assembled a team of engineers to design the ipod line , including hardware engineers tony fadell and michael dhuey , and design engineer sir jonathan ive . rubinstein had already discovered the toshiba disk drive when meeting with an apple supplier in japan , and purchased the rights to it for apple , and had also already worked out how the screen , battery , and other key elements would work . the aesthetic was inspired by the 1958 braun t3 transistor radio designed by dieter rams , while the wheel based user interface was prompted by bang & olufsen ' s beocom 6000 telephone . the product ( " the walkman of the twenty - first century " ) was developed in less than one year and unveiled on october 23 , 2001 . jobs announced it as a mac - compatible product with a 5 gb hard drive that put " 1 , 000 songs in your pocket . " [ sep ] 5 gb
though the ipod was released in 2001 , its price and mac - only compatibility caused sales to be relatively slow until 2004 . the ipod line came from apple ' s " digital hub " category , when the company began creating software for the growing market of personal digital devices . digital cameras , camcorders and organizers had well - established mainstream markets , but the company found existing digital music players " big and clunky or small and useless " with user interfaces that were " unbelievably awful , " so apple decided to develop its own . as ordered by ceo steve jobs , apple ' s hardware engineering chief jon rubinstein assembled a team of engineers to design the ipod line , including hardware engineers tony fadell and michael dhuey , and design engineer sir jonathan ive . rubinstein had already discovered the toshiba disk drive when meeting with an apple supplier in japan , and purchased the rights to it for apple , and had also already worked out how the screen , battery , and other key elements would work . the aesthetic was inspired by the 1958 braun t3 transistor radio designed by dieter rams , while the wheel based user interface was prompted by bang & olufsen ' s beocom 6000 telephone . the product ( " the walkman of the twenty - first century " ) was developed in less than one year and unveiled on october 23 , 2001 . jobs announced it as a mac - compatible product with a 5 gb hard drive that put " 1 , 000 songs in your pocket . " [ sep ] the walkman
though the ipod was released in 2001 , its price and mac - only compatibility caused sales to be relatively slow until 2004 . the ipod line came from apple ' s " digital hub " category , when the company began creating software for the growing market of personal digital devices . digital cameras , camcorders and organizers had well - established mainstream markets , but the company found existing digital music players " big and clunky or small and useless " with user interfaces that were " unbelievably awful , " so apple decided to develop its own . as ordered by ceo steve jobs , apple ' s hardware engineering chief jon rubinstein assembled a team of engineers to design the ipod line , including hardware engineers tony fadell and michael dhuey , and design engineer sir jonathan ive . rubinstein had already discovered the toshiba disk drive when meeting with an apple supplier in japan , and purchased the rights to it for apple , and had also already worked out how the screen , battery , and other key elements would work . the aesthetic was inspired by the 1958 braun t3 transistor radio designed by dieter rams , while the wheel based user interface was prompted by bang & olufsen ' s beocom 6000 telephone . the product ( " the walkman of the twenty - first century " ) was developed in less than one year and unveiled on october 23 , 2001 . jobs announced it as a mac - compatible product with a 5 gb hard drive that put " 1 , 000 songs in your pocket . " [ sep ] jon rubinstein
though the ipod was released in 2001 , its price and mac - only compatibility caused sales to be relatively slow until 2004 . the ipod line came from apple ' s " digital hub " category , when the company began creating software for the growing market of personal digital devices . digital cameras , camcorders and organizers had well - established mainstream markets , but the company found existing digital music players " big and clunky or small and useless " with user interfaces that were " unbelievably awful , " so apple decided to develop its own . as ordered by ceo steve jobs , apple ' s hardware engineering chief jon rubinstein assembled a team of engineers to design the ipod line , including hardware engineers tony fadell and michael dhuey , and design engineer sir jonathan ive . rubinstein had already discovered the toshiba disk drive when meeting with an apple supplier in japan , and purchased the rights to it for apple , and had also already worked out how the screen , battery , and other key elements would work . the aesthetic was inspired by the 1958 braun t3 transistor radio designed by dieter rams , while the wheel based user interface was prompted by bang & olufsen ' s beocom 6000 telephone . the product ( " the walkman of the twenty - first century " ) was developed in less than one year and unveiled on october 23 , 2001 . jobs announced it as a mac - compatible product with a 5 gb hard drive that put " 1 , 000 songs in your pocket . " [ sep ] toshiba
in 1975 , the first practical solar boat was constructed in england . by 1995 , passenger boats incorporating pv panels began appearing and are now used extensively . in 1996 , kenichi horie made the first solar powered crossing of the pacific ocean , and the sun21 catamaran made the first solar powered crossing of the atlantic ocean in the winter of 2006 – 2007 . there were plans to circumnavigate the globe in 2010 . [ sep ] 1975
in 1974 , the unmanned astroflight sunrise plane made the first solar flight . on 29 april 1979 , the solar riser made the first flight in a solar - powered , fully controlled , man carrying flying machine , reaching an altitude of 40 feet ( 12 m ) . in 1980 , the gossamer penguin made the first piloted flights powered solely by photovoltaics . this was quickly followed by the solar challenger which crossed the english channel in july 1981 . in 1990 eric scott raymond in 21 hops flew from california to north carolina using solar power . developments then turned back to unmanned aerial vehicles ( uav ) with the pathfinder ( 1997 ) and subsequent designs , culminating in the helios which set the altitude record for a non - rocket - propelled aircraft at 29 , 524 metres ( 96 , 864 ft ) in 2001 . the zephyr , developed by bae systems , is the latest in a line of record - breaking solar aircraft , making a 54 - hour flight in 2007 , and month - long flights were envisioned by 2010 . as of 2015 , solar impulse , an electric aircraft , is currently circumnavigating the globe . it is a single - seat plane powered by solar cells and capable of taking off under its own power . the designed allows the aircraft to remain airborne for 36 hours . [ sep ] 40
in 1974 , the unmanned astroflight sunrise plane made the first solar flight . on 29 april 1979 , the solar riser made the first flight in a solar - powered , fully controlled , man carrying flying machine , reaching an altitude of 40 feet ( 12 m ) . in 1980 , the gossamer penguin made the first piloted flights powered solely by photovoltaics . this was quickly followed by the solar challenger which crossed the english channel in july 1981 . in 1990 eric scott raymond in 21 hops flew from california to north carolina using solar power . developments then turned back to unmanned aerial vehicles ( uav ) with the pathfinder ( 1997 ) and subsequent designs , culminating in the helios which set the altitude record for a non - rocket - propelled aircraft at 29 , 524 metres ( 96 , 864 ft ) in 2001 . the zephyr , developed by bae systems , is the latest in a line of record - breaking solar aircraft , making a 54 - hour flight in 2007 , and month - long flights were envisioned by 2010 . as of 2015 , solar impulse , an electric aircraft , is currently circumnavigating the globe . it is a single - seat plane powered by solar cells and capable of taking off under its own power . the designed allows the aircraft to remain airborne for 36 hours . [ sep ] solar impulse
solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions . these processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar energy into storable and transportable fuels . solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into thermochemical or photochemical . a variety of fuels can be produced by artificial photosynthesis . the multielectron catalytic chemistry involved in making carbon - based fuels ( such as methanol ) from reduction of carbon dioxide is challenging ; a feasible alternative is hydrogen production from protons , though use of water as the source of electrons ( as plants do ) requires mastering the multielectron oxidation of two water molecules to molecular oxygen . some have envisaged working solar fuel plants in coastal metropolitan areas by 2050 – the splitting of sea water providing hydrogen to be run through adjacent fuel - cell electric power plants and the pure water by - product going directly into the municipal water system . another vision involves all human structures covering the earth ' s surface ( i . e . , roads , vehicles and buildings ) doing photosynthesis more efficiently than plants . [ sep ] hydrogen production from protons
apple did not develop the ipod software entirely in - house , instead using portalplayer ' s reference platform based on two arm cores . the platform had rudimentary software running on a commercial microkernel embedded operating system . portalplayer had previously been working on an ibm - branded mp3 player with bluetooth headphones . apple contracted another company , pixo , to help design and implement the user interface under the direct supervision of steve jobs . as development progressed , apple continued to refine the software ' s look and feel . starting with the ipod mini , the chicago font was replaced with espy sans . later ipods switched fonts again to podium sans — a font similar to apple ' s corporate font , myriad . ipods with color displays then adopted some mac os x themes like aqua progress bars , and brushed metal meant to evoke a combination lock . in 2007 , apple modified the ipod interface again with the introduction of the sixth - generation ipod classic and third - generation ipod nano by changing the font to helvetica and , in most cases , splitting the screen in half by displaying the menus on the left and album artwork , photos , or videos on the right ( whichever was appropriate for the selected item ) . [ sep ] steve jobs
apple did not develop the ipod software entirely in - house , instead using portalplayer ' s reference platform based on two arm cores . the platform had rudimentary software running on a commercial microkernel embedded operating system . portalplayer had previously been working on an ibm - branded mp3 player with bluetooth headphones . apple contracted another company , pixo , to help design and implement the user interface under the direct supervision of steve jobs . as development progressed , apple continued to refine the software ' s look and feel . starting with the ipod mini , the chicago font was replaced with espy sans . later ipods switched fonts again to podium sans — a font similar to apple ' s corporate font , myriad . ipods with color displays then adopted some mac os x themes like aqua progress bars , and brushed metal meant to evoke a combination lock . in 2007 , apple modified the ipod interface again with the introduction of the sixth - generation ipod classic and third - generation ipod nano by changing the font to helvetica and , in most cases , splitting the screen in half by displaying the menus on the left and album artwork , photos , or videos on the right ( whichever was appropriate for the selected item ) . [ sep ] portalplayer
apple did not develop the ipod software entirely in - house , instead using portalplayer ' s reference platform based on two arm cores . the platform had rudimentary software running on a commercial microkernel embedded operating system . portalplayer had previously been working on an ibm - branded mp3 player with bluetooth headphones . apple contracted another company , pixo , to help design and implement the user interface under the direct supervision of steve jobs . as development progressed , apple continued to refine the software ' s look and feel . starting with the ipod mini , the chicago font was replaced with espy sans . later ipods switched fonts again to podium sans — a font similar to apple ' s corporate font , myriad . ipods with color displays then adopted some mac os x themes like aqua progress bars , and brushed metal meant to evoke a combination lock . in 2007 , apple modified the ipod interface again with the introduction of the sixth - generation ipod classic and third - generation ipod nano by changing the font to helvetica and , in most cases , splitting the screen in half by displaying the menus on the left and album artwork , photos , or videos on the right ( whichever was appropriate for the selected item ) . [ sep ] helvetica
in 2006 apple presented a special edition for ipod 5g of irish rock band u2 . like its predecessor , this ipod has engraved the signatures of the four members of the band on its back , but this one was the first time the company changed the colour of the metal ( not silver but black ) . this ipod was only available with 30gb of storage capacity . the special edition entitled purchasers to an exclusive video with 33 minutes of interviews and performance by u2 , downloadable from the itunes store . [ sep ] u2
in 2006 apple presented a special edition for ipod 5g of irish rock band u2 . like its predecessor , this ipod has engraved the signatures of the four members of the band on its back , but this one was the first time the company changed the colour of the metal ( not silver but black ) . this ipod was only available with 30gb of storage capacity . the special edition entitled purchasers to an exclusive video with 33 minutes of interviews and performance by u2 , downloadable from the itunes store . [ sep ] black
in 2006 apple presented a special edition for ipod 5g of irish rock band u2 . like its predecessor , this ipod has engraved the signatures of the four members of the band on its back , but this one was the first time the company changed the colour of the metal ( not silver but black ) . this ipod was only available with 30gb of storage capacity . the special edition entitled purchasers to an exclusive video with 33 minutes of interviews and performance by u2 , downloadable from the itunes store . [ sep ] 2006
hydrogen production technologies been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s . aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells , several thermochemical processes have also been explored . one such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures ( 2 , 300 – 2 , 600 °c or 4 , 200 – 4 , 700 °f ) . another approach uses the heat from solar concentrators to drive the steam reformation of natural gas thereby increasing the overall hydrogen yield compared to conventional reforming methods . thermochemical cycles characterized by the decomposition and regeneration of reactants present another avenue for hydrogen production . the solzinc process under development at the weizmann institute uses a 1 mw solar furnace to decompose zinc oxide ( zno ) at temperatures above 1 , 200 °c ( 2 , 200 °f ) . this initial reaction produces pure zinc , which can subsequently be reacted with water to produce hydrogen . [ sep ] the solzinc process
hydrogen production technologies been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s . aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells , several thermochemical processes have also been explored . one such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures ( 2 , 300 – 2 , 600 °c or 4 , 200 – 4 , 700 °f ) . another approach uses the heat from solar concentrators to drive the steam reformation of natural gas thereby increasing the overall hydrogen yield compared to conventional reforming methods . thermochemical cycles characterized by the decomposition and regeneration of reactants present another avenue for hydrogen production . the solzinc process under development at the weizmann institute uses a 1 mw solar furnace to decompose zinc oxide ( zno ) at temperatures above 1 , 200 °c ( 2 , 200 °f ) . this initial reaction produces pure zinc , which can subsequently be reacted with water to produce hydrogen . [ sep ] pure zinc
thermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations . thermal storage systems generally use readily available materials with high specific heat capacities such as water , earth and stone . well - designed systems can lower peak demand , shift time - of - use to off - peak hours and reduce overall heating and cooling requirements . [ sep ] heat
phase change materials such as paraffin wax and glauber ' s salt are another thermal storage media . these materials are inexpensive , readily available , and can deliver domestically useful temperatures ( approximately 64 °c or 147 °f ) . the " dover house " ( in dover , massachusetts ) was the first to use a glauber ' s salt heating system , in 1948 . solar energy can also be stored at high temperatures using molten salts . salts are an effective storage medium because they are low - cost , have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems . the solar two used this method of energy storage , allowing it to store 1 . 44 terajoules ( 400 , 000 kwh ) in its 68 cubic metres storage tank with an annual storage efficiency of about 99 % . [ sep ] thermal
phase change materials such as paraffin wax and glauber ' s salt are another thermal storage media . these materials are inexpensive , readily available , and can deliver domestically useful temperatures ( approximately 64 °c or 147 °f ) . the " dover house " ( in dover , massachusetts ) was the first to use a glauber ' s salt heating system , in 1948 . solar energy can also be stored at high temperatures using molten salts . salts are an effective storage medium because they are low - cost , have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems . the solar two used this method of energy storage , allowing it to store 1 . 44 terajoules ( 400 , 000 kwh ) in its 68 cubic metres storage tank with an annual storage efficiency of about 99 % . [ sep ] the " dover house "
in september 2007 , during a lawsuit with patent holding company burst . com , apple drew attention to a patent for a similar device that was developed in 1979 . kane kramer applied for a uk patent for his design of a " plastic music box " in 1981 , which he called the ixi . he was unable to secure funding to renew the us $ 120 , 000 worldwide patent , so it lapsed and kramer never profited from his idea . [ sep ] burst . com
in september 2007 , during a lawsuit with patent holding company burst . com , apple drew attention to a patent for a similar device that was developed in 1979 . kane kramer applied for a uk patent for his design of a " plastic music box " in 1981 , which he called the ixi . he was unable to secure funding to renew the us $ 120 , 000 worldwide patent , so it lapsed and kramer never profited from his idea . [ sep ] ixi
in september 2007 , during a lawsuit with patent holding company burst . com , apple drew attention to a patent for a similar device that was developed in 1979 . kane kramer applied for a uk patent for his design of a " plastic music box " in 1981 , which he called the ixi . he was unable to secure funding to renew the us $ 120 , 000 worldwide patent , so it lapsed and kramer never profited from his idea . [ sep ] kane kramer
off - grid pv systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store excess electricity . with grid - tied systems , excess electricity can be sent to the transmission grid , while standard grid electricity can be used to meet shortfalls . net metering programs give household systems a credit for any electricity they deliver to the grid . this is handled by ' rolling back ' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes . if the net electricity use is below zero , the utility then rolls over the kilowatt hour credit to the next month . other approaches involve the use of two meters , to measure electricity consumed vs . electricity produced . this is less common due to the increased installation cost of the second meter . most standard meters accurately measure in both directions , making a second meter unnecessary . [ sep ] rechargeable batteries
pumped - storage hydroelectricity stores energy in the form of water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one . the energy is recovered when demand is high by releasing the water , with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator . [ sep ] a hydroelectric power generator
the name ipod was proposed by vinnie chieco , a freelance copywriter , who ( with others ) was called by apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public . after chieco saw a prototype , he thought of the movie 2001 : a space odyssey and the phrase " open the pod bay door , hal ! " , which refers to the white eva pods of the discovery one spaceship . chieco saw an analogy to the relationship between the spaceship and the smaller independent pods in the relationship between a personal computer and the music player . apple researched the trademark and found that it was already in use . joseph n . grasso of new jersey had originally listed an " ipod " trademark with the u . s . patent and trademark office ( uspto ) in july 2000 for internet kiosks . the first ipod kiosks had been demonstrated to the public in new jersey in march 1998 , and commercial use began in january 2000 , but had apparently been discontinued by 2001 . the trademark was registered by the uspto in november 2003 , and grasso assigned it to apple computer , inc . in 2005 . [ sep ] 2001 : a space odyssey
the name ipod was proposed by vinnie chieco , a freelance copywriter , who ( with others ) was called by apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public . after chieco saw a prototype , he thought of the movie 2001 : a space odyssey and the phrase " open the pod bay door , hal ! " , which refers to the white eva pods of the discovery one spaceship . chieco saw an analogy to the relationship between the spaceship and the smaller independent pods in the relationship between a personal computer and the music player . apple researched the trademark and found that it was already in use . joseph n . grasso of new jersey had originally listed an " ipod " trademark with the u . s . patent and trademark office ( uspto ) in july 2000 for internet kiosks . the first ipod kiosks had been demonstrated to the public in new jersey in march 1998 , and commercial use began in january 2000 , but had apparently been discontinued by 2001 . the trademark was registered by the uspto in november 2003 , and grasso assigned it to apple computer , inc . in 2005 . [ sep ] vinnie chieco
the name ipod was proposed by vinnie chieco , a freelance copywriter , who ( with others ) was called by apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public . after chieco saw a prototype , he thought of the movie 2001 : a space odyssey and the phrase " open the pod bay door , hal ! " , which refers to the white eva pods of the discovery one spaceship . chieco saw an analogy to the relationship between the spaceship and the smaller independent pods in the relationship between a personal computer and the music player . apple researched the trademark and found that it was already in use . joseph n . grasso of new jersey had originally listed an " ipod " trademark with the u . s . patent and trademark office ( uspto ) in july 2000 for internet kiosks . the first ipod kiosks had been demonstrated to the public in new jersey in march 1998 , and commercial use began in january 2000 , but had apparently been discontinued by 2001 . the trademark was registered by the uspto in november 2003 , and grasso assigned it to apple computer , inc . in 2005 . [ sep ] joseph n . grasso
the 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies . deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the federal photovoltaic utilization program in the us and the sunshine program in japan . other efforts included the formation of research facilities in the us ( seri , now nrel ) , japan ( nedo ) , and germany ( fraunhofer institute for solar energy systems ise ) . [ sep ] 1973
in mid - 2015 , several new color schemes for all of the current ipod models were spotted in the latest version of itunes , 12 . 2 . belgian website belgium iphone originally found the images when plugging in an ipod for the first time , and subsequent leaked photos were found by pierre dandumont . [ sep ] 12 . 2
in mid - 2015 , several new color schemes for all of the current ipod models were spotted in the latest version of itunes , 12 . 2 . belgian website belgium iphone originally found the images when plugging in an ipod for the first time , and subsequent leaked photos were found by pierre dandumont . [ sep ] pierre dandumont
commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the united states in the 1890s . these systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels . as with photovoltaics , solar water heating attracted renewed attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but interest subsided in the 1980s due to falling petroleum prices . development in the solar water heating sector progressed steadily throughout the 1990s and growth rates have averaged 20 % per year since 1999 . although generally underestimated , solar water heating and cooling is by far the most widely deployed solar technology with an estimated capacity of 154 gw as of 2007 . [ sep ] the 1920s
commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the united states in the 1890s . these systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels . as with photovoltaics , solar water heating attracted renewed attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but interest subsided in the 1980s due to falling petroleum prices . development in the solar water heating sector progressed steadily throughout the 1990s and growth rates have averaged 20 % per year since 1999 . although generally underestimated , solar water heating and cooling is by far the most widely deployed solar technology with an estimated capacity of 154 gw as of 2007 . [ sep ] 20 % per year
the international energy agency has said that solar energy can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces : [ sep ] the international energy agency
the international organization for standardization has established a number of standards relating to solar energy equipment . for example , iso 9050 relates to glass in building while iso 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters . [ sep ] glass in building
the international organization for standardization has established a number of standards relating to solar energy equipment . for example , iso 9050 relates to glass in building while iso 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters . [ sep ] materials used in solar water heaters
the third - generation ipod had a weak bass response , as shown in audio tests . the combination of the undersized dc - blocking capacitors and the typical low - impedance of most consumer headphones form a high - pass filter , which attenuates the low - frequency bass output . similar capacitors were used in the fourth - generation ipods . the problem is reduced when using high - impedance headphones and is completely masked when driving high - impedance ( line level ) loads , such as an external headphone amplifier . the first - generation ipod shuffle uses a dual - transistor output stage , rather than a single capacitor - coupled output , and does not exhibit reduced bass response for any load . [ sep ] bass
the third - generation ipod had a weak bass response , as shown in audio tests . the combination of the undersized dc - blocking capacitors and the typical low - impedance of most consumer headphones form a high - pass filter , which attenuates the low - frequency bass output . similar capacitors were used in the fourth - generation ipods . the problem is reduced when using high - impedance headphones and is completely masked when driving high - impedance ( line level ) loads , such as an external headphone amplifier . the first - generation ipod shuffle uses a dual - transistor output stage , rather than a single capacitor - coupled output , and does not exhibit reduced bass response for any load . [ sep ] undersized dc - blocking capacitors
for all ipods released in 2006 and earlier , some equalizer ( eq ) sound settings would distort the bass sound far too easily , even on undemanding songs . this would happen for eq settings like r & b , rock , acoustic , and bass booster , because the equalizer amplified the digital audio level beyond the software ' s limit , causing distortion ( clipping ) on bass instruments . [ sep ] 2006
for all ipods released in 2006 and earlier , some equalizer ( eq ) sound settings would distort the bass sound far too easily , even on undemanding songs . this would happen for eq settings like r & b , rock , acoustic , and bass booster , because the equalizer amplified the digital audio level beyond the software ' s limit , causing distortion ( clipping ) on bass instruments . [ sep ] r & b , rock , acoustic , and bass booster
from the fifth - generation ipod on , apple introduced a user - configurable volume limit in response to concerns about hearing loss . users report that in the sixth - generation ipod , the maximum volume output level is limited to 100 db in eu markets . apple previously had to remove ipods from shelves in france for exceeding this legal limit . however , users that have bought a new sixth - generation ipod in late 2013 have reported a new option that allowed them to disable the eu volume limit . it has been said that these new ipods came with an updated software that allowed this change . older sixth - generation ipods , however , are unable to update to this software version . [ sep ] 100 db
from the fifth - generation ipod on , apple introduced a user - configurable volume limit in response to concerns about hearing loss . users report that in the sixth - generation ipod , the maximum volume output level is limited to 100 db in eu markets . apple previously had to remove ipods from shelves in france for exceeding this legal limit . however , users that have bought a new sixth - generation ipod in late 2013 have reported a new option that allowed them to disable the eu volume limit . it has been said that these new ipods came with an updated software that allowed this change . older sixth - generation ipods , however , are unable to update to this software version . [ sep ] france
originally , a firewire connection to the host computer was used to update songs or recharge the battery . the battery could also be charged with a power adapter that was included with the first four generations . [ sep ] firewire
the third generation began including a 30 - pin dock connector , allowing for firewire or usb connectivity . this provided better compatibility with non - apple machines , as most of them did not have firewire ports at the time . eventually apple began shipping ipods with usb cables instead of firewire , although the latter was available separately . as of the first - generation ipod nano and the fifth - generation ipod classic , apple discontinued using firewire for data transfer ( while still allowing for use of firewire to charge the device ) in an attempt to reduce cost and form factor . as of the second - generation ipod touch and the fourth - generation ipod nano , firewire charging ability has been removed . the second - , third - , and fourth - generation ipod shuffle uses a single 3 . 5 mm minijack phone connector which acts as both a headphone jack and a data port for the dock . [ sep ] third generation
the third generation began including a 30 - pin dock connector , allowing for firewire or usb connectivity . this provided better compatibility with non - apple machines , as most of them did not have firewire ports at the time . eventually apple began shipping ipods with usb cables instead of firewire , although the latter was available separately . as of the first - generation ipod nano and the fifth - generation ipod classic , apple discontinued using firewire for data transfer ( while still allowing for use of firewire to charge the device ) in an attempt to reduce cost and form factor . as of the second - generation ipod touch and the fourth - generation ipod nano , firewire charging ability has been removed . the second - , third - , and fourth - generation ipod shuffle uses a single 3 . 5 mm minijack phone connector which acts as both a headphone jack and a data port for the dock . [ sep ] shuffle
the third generation began including a 30 - pin dock connector , allowing for firewire or usb connectivity . this provided better compatibility with non - apple machines , as most of them did not have firewire ports at the time . eventually apple began shipping ipods with usb cables instead of firewire , although the latter was available separately . as of the first - generation ipod nano and the fifth - generation ipod classic , apple discontinued using firewire for data transfer ( while still allowing for use of firewire to charge the device ) in an attempt to reduce cost and form factor . as of the second - generation ipod touch and the fourth - generation ipod nano , firewire charging ability has been removed . the second - , third - , and fourth - generation ipod shuffle uses a single 3 . 5 mm minijack phone connector which acts as both a headphone jack and a data port for the dock . [ sep ] firewire
the third generation began including a 30 - pin dock connector , allowing for firewire or usb connectivity . this provided better compatibility with non - apple machines , as most of them did not have firewire ports at the time . eventually apple began shipping ipods with usb cables instead of firewire , although the latter was available separately . as of the first - generation ipod nano and the fifth - generation ipod classic , apple discontinued using firewire for data transfer ( while still allowing for use of firewire to charge the device ) in an attempt to reduce cost and form factor . as of the second - generation ipod touch and the fourth - generation ipod nano , firewire charging ability has been removed . the second - , third - , and fourth - generation ipod shuffle uses a single 3 . 5 mm minijack phone connector which acts as both a headphone jack and a data port for the dock . [ sep ] usb
the dock connector also allowed the ipod to connect to accessories , which often supplement the ipod ' s music , video , and photo playback . apple sells a few accessories , such as the now - discontinued ipod hi - fi , but most are manufactured by third parties such as belkin and griffin . some peripherals use their own interface , while others use the ipod ' s own screen . because the dock connector is a proprietary interface , the implementation of the interface requires paying royalties to apple . [ sep ] ipod hi - fi
apple introduced a new 8 - pin dock connector , named lightning , on september 12 , 2012 with their announcement of the iphone 5 , the fifth generation ipod touch , and the seventh generation ipod nano , which all feature it . the new connector replaces the older 30 - pin dock connector used by older ipods , iphones , and ipads . apple lightning cables have pins on both sides of the plug so it can be inserted with either side facing up . [ sep ] lightning
apple introduced a new 8 - pin dock connector , named lightning , on september 12 , 2012 with their announcement of the iphone 5 , the fifth generation ipod touch , and the seventh generation ipod nano , which all feature it . the new connector replaces the older 30 - pin dock connector used by older ipods , iphones , and ipads . apple lightning cables have pins on both sides of the plug so it can be inserted with either side facing up . [ sep ] fifth generation
many accessories have been made for the ipod line . a large number are made by third party companies , although many , such as the ipod hi - fi , are made by apple . some accessories add extra features that other music players have , such as sound recorders , fm radio tuners , wired remote controls , and audio / visual cables for tv connections . other accessories offer unique features like the nike + ipod pedometer and the ipod camera connector . other notable accessories include external speakers , wireless remote controls , protective case , screen films , and wireless earphones . among the first accessory manufacturers were griffin technology , belkin , jbl , bose , monster cable , and sendstation . [ sep ] nike
many accessories have been made for the ipod line . a large number are made by third party companies , although many , such as the ipod hi - fi , are made by apple . some accessories add extra features that other music players have , such as sound recorders , fm radio tuners , wired remote controls , and audio / visual cables for tv connections . other accessories offer unique features like the nike + ipod pedometer and the ipod camera connector . other notable accessories include external speakers , wireless remote controls , protective case , screen films , and wireless earphones . among the first accessory manufacturers were griffin technology , belkin , jbl , bose , monster cable , and sendstation . [ sep ] apple
bmw released the first ipod automobile interface , allowing drivers of newer bmw vehicles to control an ipod using either the built - in steering wheel controls or the radio head - unit buttons . apple announced in 2005 that similar systems would be available for other vehicle brands , including mercedes - benz , volvo , nissan , toyota , alfa romeo , ferrari , acura , audi , honda , renault , infiniti and volkswagen . scion offers standard ipod connectivity on all their cars . [ sep ] bmw
bmw released the first ipod automobile interface , allowing drivers of newer bmw vehicles to control an ipod using either the built - in steering wheel controls or the radio head - unit buttons . apple announced in 2005 that similar systems would be available for other vehicle brands , including mercedes - benz , volvo , nissan , toyota , alfa romeo , ferrari , acura , audi , honda , renault , infiniti and volkswagen . scion offers standard ipod connectivity on all their cars . [ sep ] scion
solar energy is radiant light and heat from the sun harnessed using a range of ever - evolving technologies such as solar heating , photovoltaics , solar thermal energy , solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis . [ sep ] solar heating , photovoltaics , solar thermal energy , solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis
solar energy is radiant light and heat from the sun harnessed using a range of ever - evolving technologies such as solar heating , photovoltaics , solar thermal energy , solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis . [ sep ] radiant light and heat from the sun
it is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power . active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems , concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy . passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the sun , selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties , and designing spaces that naturally circulate air . [ sep ] passive solar or active solar
it is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power . active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems , concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy . passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the sun , selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties , and designing spaces that naturally circulate air . [ sep ] photovoltaic systems , concentrated solar power and solar water heating
it is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power . active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems , concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy . passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the sun , selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties , and designing spaces that naturally circulate air . [ sep ] orienting a building to the sun
the large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing source of electricity . the united nations development programme in its 2000 world energy assessment found that the annual potential of solar energy was 1 , 575 – 49 , 837 exajoules ( ej ) . this is several times larger than the total world energy consumption , which was 559 . 8 ej in 2012 . [ sep ] 559 . 8 ej
the large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing source of electricity . the united nations development programme in its 2000 world energy assessment found that the annual potential of solar energy was 1 , 575 – 49 , 837 exajoules ( ej ) . this is several times larger than the total world energy consumption , which was 559 . 8 ej in 2012 . [ sep ] 1 , 575 – 49 , 837 exajoules ( ej )
the large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing source of electricity . the united nations development programme in its 2000 world energy assessment found that the annual potential of solar energy was 1 , 575 – 49 , 837 exajoules ( ej ) . this is several times larger than the total world energy consumption , which was 559 . 8 ej in 2012 . [ sep ] the large magnitude of solar energy available
the large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing source of electricity . the united nations development programme in its 2000 world energy assessment found that the annual potential of solar energy was 1 , 575 – 49 , 837 exajoules ( ej ) . this is several times larger than the total world energy consumption , which was 559 . 8 ej in 2012 . [ sep ] the united nations development programme
the second part of the novel deals with what book reviewer harding lemay termed " the spirit - corroding shame of the civilized white southerner in the treatment of the negro " . in the years following its release , many reviewers considered to kill a mockingbird a novel primarily concerned with race relations . claudia durst johnson considers it " reasonable to believe " that the novel was shaped by two events involving racial issues in alabama : rosa parks ' refusal to yield her seat on a city bus to a white person , which sparked the 1955 montgomery bus boycott , and the 1956 riots at the university of alabama after autherine lucy and polly myers were admitted ( myers eventually withdrew her application and lucy was expelled , but reinstated in 1980 ) . in writing about the historical context of the novel ' s construction , two other literary scholars remark : " to kill a mockingbird was written and published amidst the most significant and conflict - ridden social change in the south since the civil war and reconstruction . inevitably , despite its mid - 1930s setting , the story told from the perspective of the 1950s voices the conflicts , tensions , and fears induced by this transition . " [ sep ] 1955
scholar patrick chura , who suggests emmett till was a model for tom robinson , enumerates the injustices endured by the fictional tom that till also faced . chura notes the icon of the black rapist causing harm to the representation of the " mythologized vulnerable and sacred southern womanhood " . any transgressions by black males that merely hinted at sexual contact with white females during the time the novel was set often resulted in a punishment of death for the accused . tom robinson ' s trial was juried by poor white farmers who convicted him despite overwhelming evidence of his innocence , as more educated and moderate white townspeople supported the jury ' s decision . furthermore , the victim of racial injustice in to kill a mockingbird was physically impaired , which made him unable to commit the act he was accused of , but also crippled him in other ways . roslyn siegel includes tom robinson as an example of the recurring motif among white southern writers of the black man as " stupid , pathetic , defenseless , and dependent upon the fair dealing of the whites , rather than his own intelligence to save him " . although tom is spared from being lynched , he is killed with excessive violence during an attempted escape from prison , shot seventeen times . [ sep ] white
scholar patrick chura , who suggests emmett till was a model for tom robinson , enumerates the injustices endured by the fictional tom that till also faced . chura notes the icon of the black rapist causing harm to the representation of the " mythologized vulnerable and sacred southern womanhood " . any transgressions by black males that merely hinted at sexual contact with white females during the time the novel was set often resulted in a punishment of death for the accused . tom robinson ' s trial was juried by poor white farmers who convicted him despite overwhelming evidence of his innocence , as more educated and moderate white townspeople supported the jury ' s decision . furthermore , the victim of racial injustice in to kill a mockingbird was physically impaired , which made him unable to commit the act he was accused of , but also crippled him in other ways . roslyn siegel includes tom robinson as an example of the recurring motif among white southern writers of the black man as " stupid , pathetic , defenseless , and dependent upon the fair dealing of the whites , rather than his own intelligence to save him " . although tom is spared from being lynched , he is killed with excessive violence during an attempted escape from prison , shot seventeen times . [ sep ] shot seventeen times
the theme of racial injustice appears symbolically in the novel as well . for example , atticus must shoot a rabid dog , even though it is not his job to do so . carolyn jones argues that the dog represents prejudice within the town of maycomb , and atticus , who waits on a deserted street to shoot the dog , must fight against the town ' s racism without help from other white citizens . he is also alone when he faces a group intending to lynch tom robinson and once more in the courthouse during tom ' s trial . lee even uses dreamlike imagery from the mad dog incident to describe some of the courtroom scenes . jones writes , " [ t ] he real mad dog in maycomb is the racism that denies the humanity of tom robinson . . . . when atticus makes his summation to the jury , he literally bares himself to the jury ' s and the town ' s anger . " [ sep ] a rabid dog
chopin ' s life was covered in a bbc tv documentary chopin – the women behind the music ( 2010 ) , and in a 2010 documentary realised by angelo bozzolini and roberto prosseda for italian television . [ sep ] bbc
chopin ' s life was covered in a bbc tv documentary chopin – the women behind the music ( 2010 ) , and in a 2010 documentary realised by angelo bozzolini and roberto prosseda for italian television . [ sep ] angelo bozzolini and roberto prosseda
chopin ' s life was covered in a bbc tv documentary chopin – the women behind the music ( 2010 ) , and in a 2010 documentary realised by angelo bozzolini and roberto prosseda for italian television . [ sep ] the women behind the music
one rescue team reported only 2 , 300 survivors from the town of yingxiu in wenchuan county , out of a total population of about 9 , 000 . 3 , 000 to 5 , 000 people were killed in beichuan county , sichuan alone ; in the same location , 10 , 000 people were injured and 80 % of the buildings were destroyed . the old county seat of beichuan was abandoned and preserved as part of the beichuan earthquake museum . eight schools were toppled in dujiangyan . a 56 - year - old was killed in dujiangyan during a rescue attempt on the lingyanshan ropeway , where due to the earthquake 11 tourists from taiwan had been trapped inside cable cars since may 13 . a 4 - year - old boy named zhu shaowei ( traditional chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] ; simplified chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] ; pinyin : zhu shaowei ) was also killed in mianzhu city when a house collapsed on him and another was reported missing . [ sep ] 2 , 300
one rescue team reported only 2 , 300 survivors from the town of yingxiu in wenchuan county , out of a total population of about 9 , 000 . 3 , 000 to 5 , 000 people were killed in beichuan county , sichuan alone ; in the same location , 10 , 000 people were injured and 80 % of the buildings were destroyed . the old county seat of beichuan was abandoned and preserved as part of the beichuan earthquake museum . eight schools were toppled in dujiangyan . a 56 - year - old was killed in dujiangyan during a rescue attempt on the lingyanshan ropeway , where due to the earthquake 11 tourists from taiwan had been trapped inside cable cars since may 13 . a 4 - year - old boy named zhu shaowei ( traditional chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] ; simplified chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] ; pinyin : zhu shaowei ) was also killed in mianzhu city when a house collapsed on him and another was reported missing . [ sep ] in wenchuan
one rescue team reported only 2 , 300 survivors from the town of yingxiu in wenchuan county , out of a total population of about 9 , 000 . 3 , 000 to 5 , 000 people were killed in beichuan county , sichuan alone ; in the same location , 10 , 000 people were injured and 80 % of the buildings were destroyed . the old county seat of beichuan was abandoned and preserved as part of the beichuan earthquake museum . eight schools were toppled in dujiangyan . a 56 - year - old was killed in dujiangyan during a rescue attempt on the lingyanshan ropeway , where due to the earthquake 11 tourists from taiwan had been trapped inside cable cars since may 13 . a 4 - year - old boy named zhu shaowei ( traditional chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] ; simplified chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] ; pinyin : zhu shaowei ) was also killed in mianzhu city when a house collapsed on him and another was reported missing . [ sep ] 9 , 000
one rescue team reported only 2 , 300 survivors from the town of yingxiu in wenchuan county , out of a total population of about 9 , 000 . 3 , 000 to 5 , 000 people were killed in beichuan county , sichuan alone ; in the same location , 10 , 000 people were injured and 80 % of the buildings were destroyed . the old county seat of beichuan was abandoned and preserved as part of the beichuan earthquake museum . eight schools were toppled in dujiangyan . a 56 - year - old was killed in dujiangyan during a rescue attempt on the lingyanshan ropeway , where due to the earthquake 11 tourists from taiwan had been trapped inside cable cars since may 13 . a 4 - year - old boy named zhu shaowei ( traditional chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] ; simplified chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] ; pinyin : zhu shaowei ) was also killed in mianzhu city when a house collapsed on him and another was reported missing . [ sep ] 3 , 000 to 5 , 000
one rescue team reported only 2 , 300 survivors from the town of yingxiu in wenchuan county , out of a total population of about 9 , 000 . 3 , 000 to 5 , 000 people were killed in beichuan county , sichuan alone ; in the same location , 10 , 000 people were injured and 80 % of the buildings were destroyed . the old county seat of beichuan was abandoned and preserved as part of the beichuan earthquake museum . eight schools were toppled in dujiangyan . a 56 - year - old was killed in dujiangyan during a rescue attempt on the lingyanshan ropeway , where due to the earthquake 11 tourists from taiwan had been trapped inside cable cars since may 13 . a 4 - year - old boy named zhu shaowei ( traditional chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] ; simplified chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] ; pinyin : zhu shaowei ) was also killed in mianzhu city when a house collapsed on him and another was reported missing . [ sep ] 10 , 000
experts point out that the earthquake hit an area that has been largely neglected and untouched by china ' s economic rise . health care is poor in inland areas such as sichuan , highlighting the widening gap between prosperous urban dwellers and struggling rural people . vice minister of health gao qiang told reporters in beijing that the " public health care system in china is insufficient . " the vice minister of health also suggested that the government would pick up the costs of care to earthquake victims , many of whom have little or no insurance : " the government should be responsible for providing medical treatment to them , " he said . [ sep ] health care
experts point out that the earthquake hit an area that has been largely neglected and untouched by china ' s economic rise . health care is poor in inland areas such as sichuan , highlighting the widening gap between prosperous urban dwellers and struggling rural people . vice minister of health gao qiang told reporters in beijing that the " public health care system in china is insufficient . " the vice minister of health also suggested that the government would pick up the costs of care to earthquake victims , many of whom have little or no insurance : " the government should be responsible for providing medical treatment to them , " he said . [ sep ] gao qiang
experts point out that the earthquake hit an area that has been largely neglected and untouched by china ' s economic rise . health care is poor in inland areas such as sichuan , highlighting the widening gap between prosperous urban dwellers and struggling rural people . vice minister of health gao qiang told reporters in beijing that the " public health care system in china is insufficient . " the vice minister of health also suggested that the government would pick up the costs of care to earthquake victims , many of whom have little or no insurance : " the government should be responsible for providing medical treatment to them , " he said . [ sep ] public health care system in china is insufficient
in terms of school casualties , thousands of school children died due to shoddy construction . in mianyang city , seven schools collapsed , burying at least 1 , 700 people . at least 7 , 000 school buildings throughout the province collapsed . another 700 students were buried in a school in hanwang . at least 600 students and staff died at juyuan elementary school . up to 1 , 300 children and teachers died at beichuan middle school . [ sep ] thousands
in terms of school casualties , thousands of school children died due to shoddy construction . in mianyang city , seven schools collapsed , burying at least 1 , 700 people . at least 7 , 000 school buildings throughout the province collapsed . another 700 students were buried in a school in hanwang . at least 600 students and staff died at juyuan elementary school . up to 1 , 300 children and teachers died at beichuan middle school . [ sep ] seven
in terms of school casualties , thousands of school children died due to shoddy construction . in mianyang city , seven schools collapsed , burying at least 1 , 700 people . at least 7 , 000 school buildings throughout the province collapsed . another 700 students were buried in a school in hanwang . at least 600 students and staff died at juyuan elementary school . up to 1 , 300 children and teachers died at beichuan middle school . [ sep ] 1 , 700
in terms of school casualties , thousands of school children died due to shoddy construction . in mianyang city , seven schools collapsed , burying at least 1 , 700 people . at least 7 , 000 school buildings throughout the province collapsed . another 700 students were buried in a school in hanwang . at least 600 students and staff died at juyuan elementary school . up to 1 , 300 children and teachers died at beichuan middle school . [ sep ] 7 , 000
in terms of school casualties , thousands of school children died due to shoddy construction . in mianyang city , seven schools collapsed , burying at least 1 , 700 people . at least 7 , 000 school buildings throughout the province collapsed . another 700 students were buried in a school in hanwang . at least 600 students and staff died at juyuan elementary school . up to 1 , 300 children and teachers died at beichuan middle school . [ sep ] 700
details of school casualties had been under non - governmental investigation since december 2008 by volunteers including artist and architect ai weiwei , who had been constantly posting updates on his blog since march 2009 . the official tally of students killed in the earthquake was not released until may 7 , 2009 , almost a year after the earthquake . according to the state - run xinhua news agency , the earthquake killed 5 , 335 students and left another 546 children disabled . in the aftermath of the earthquake , the chinese government declared that parents who had lost their only children would get free treatment from fertility clinics to reverse vasectomies and tubal ligations conducted by family planning authorities . [ sep ] december 2008
details of school casualties had been under non - governmental investigation since december 2008 by volunteers including artist and architect ai weiwei , who had been constantly posting updates on his blog since march 2009 . the official tally of students killed in the earthquake was not released until may 7 , 2009 , almost a year after the earthquake . according to the state - run xinhua news agency , the earthquake killed 5 , 335 students and left another 546 children disabled . in the aftermath of the earthquake , the chinese government declared that parents who had lost their only children would get free treatment from fertility clinics to reverse vasectomies and tubal ligations conducted by family planning authorities . [ sep ] may 7 , 2009
details of school casualties had been under non - governmental investigation since december 2008 by volunteers including artist and architect ai weiwei , who had been constantly posting updates on his blog since march 2009 . the official tally of students killed in the earthquake was not released until may 7 , 2009 , almost a year after the earthquake . according to the state - run xinhua news agency , the earthquake killed 5 , 335 students and left another 546 children disabled . in the aftermath of the earthquake , the chinese government declared that parents who had lost their only children would get free treatment from fertility clinics to reverse vasectomies and tubal ligations conducted by family planning authorities . [ sep ] 5 , 335
details of school casualties had been under non - governmental investigation since december 2008 by volunteers including artist and architect ai weiwei , who had been constantly posting updates on his blog since march 2009 . the official tally of students killed in the earthquake was not released until may 7 , 2009 , almost a year after the earthquake . according to the state - run xinhua news agency , the earthquake killed 5 , 335 students and left another 546 children disabled . in the aftermath of the earthquake , the chinese government declared that parents who had lost their only children would get free treatment from fertility clinics to reverse vasectomies and tubal ligations conducted by family planning authorities . [ sep ] 546
the earthquake left at least 5 million people without housing , although the number could be as high as 11 million . millions of livestock and a significant amount of agriculture were also destroyed , including 12 . 5 million animals , mainly birds . in the sichuan province a million pigs died out of 60 million total . catastrophe modeling firm air worldwide reported official estimates of insurers ' losses at us $ 1 billion from the earthquake ; estimated total damages exceed us $ 20 billion . it values chengdu , at the time having an urban population of 4 . 5 million people , at around us $ 115 billion , with only a small portion covered by insurance . [ sep ] 5 million
the earthquake left at least 5 million people without housing , although the number could be as high as 11 million . millions of livestock and a significant amount of agriculture were also destroyed , including 12 . 5 million animals , mainly birds . in the sichuan province a million pigs died out of 60 million total . catastrophe modeling firm air worldwide reported official estimates of insurers ' losses at us $ 1 billion from the earthquake ; estimated total damages exceed us $ 20 billion . it values chengdu , at the time having an urban population of 4 . 5 million people , at around us $ 115 billion , with only a small portion covered by insurance . [ sep ] 11 million
the earthquake left at least 5 million people without housing , although the number could be as high as 11 million . millions of livestock and a significant amount of agriculture were also destroyed , including 12 . 5 million animals , mainly birds . in the sichuan province a million pigs died out of 60 million total . catastrophe modeling firm air worldwide reported official estimates of insurers ' losses at us $ 1 billion from the earthquake ; estimated total damages exceed us $ 20 billion . it values chengdu , at the time having an urban population of 4 . 5 million people , at around us $ 115 billion , with only a small portion covered by insurance . [ sep ] 12 . 5 million
the earthquake left at least 5 million people without housing , although the number could be as high as 11 million . millions of livestock and a significant amount of agriculture were also destroyed , including 12 . 5 million animals , mainly birds . in the sichuan province a million pigs died out of 60 million total . catastrophe modeling firm air worldwide reported official estimates of insurers ' losses at us $ 1 billion from the earthquake ; estimated total damages exceed us $ 20 billion . it values chengdu , at the time having an urban population of 4 . 5 million people , at around us $ 115 billion , with only a small portion covered by insurance . [ sep ] 1 million
reginald desroches , a professor of civil and environmental engineering at georgia tech , pointed out that the massive damage of properties and houses in the earthquake area was because china did not create an adequate seismic design code until after the devastating 1976 tangshan earthquake . desroches said : " if the buildings were older and built prior to that 1976 earthquake , chances are they weren ' t built for adequate earthquake forces . " [ sep ] reginald desroches
in the days following the disaster , an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings . their findings show a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake . [ sep ] an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region
in the days following the disaster , an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings . their findings show a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake . [ sep ] make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings
in the days following the disaster , an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings . their findings show a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake . [ sep ] a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake .
news reports indicate that the poorer , rural villages were hardest hit . swaminathan krishnan , assistant professor of civil engineering and geophysics at the california institute of technology said : " the earthquake occurred in the rural part of china . presumably , many of the buildings were just built ; they were not designed , so to speak . " swaminathan krishnan further added : " there are very strong building codes in china , which take care of earthquake issues and seismic design issues . but many of these buildings presumably were quite old and probably were not built with any regulations overseeing them . " [ sep ] the poorer , rural villages
news reports indicate that the poorer , rural villages were hardest hit . swaminathan krishnan , assistant professor of civil engineering and geophysics at the california institute of technology said : " the earthquake occurred in the rural part of china . presumably , many of the buildings were just built ; they were not designed , so to speak . " swaminathan krishnan further added : " there are very strong building codes in china , which take care of earthquake issues and seismic design issues . but many of these buildings presumably were quite old and probably were not built with any regulations overseeing them . " [ sep ] swaminathan krishnan
even with the five largest cities in sichuan suffering only minor damage from the quake , some estimates of the economic loss run higher than us $ 75 billion , making the earthquake one of the costliest natural disasters in chinese history . [ sep ] $ 75 billion
strong aftershocks continued to strike even months after the main quake . on may 25 , an aftershock of 6 . 0 mw ( 6 . 4 ms according to cea ) hit northeast of the original earthquake ' s epicenter , in qingchuan county , sichuan , causing eight deaths , 1000 injuries , and destroying thousands of buildings . on may 27 , two aftershocks , one 5 . 2 mw in qingchuan county and one 5 . 7 mw in ningqiang county , shaanxi , led to the collapse of more than 420 , 000 homes and injured 63 people . the same area suffered two more aftershocks of 5 . 6 and 6 . 0 ms ( 5 . 8 and 5 . 5 mw , respectively , according to usgs ) on july 23 , resulting in 1 death , 6 serious injuries , collapse of hundreds of homes and damaging kilometers of highways . pingwu county and beichuan county , sichuan , also northeast of wenchuan and close to the epicenter of a 7 . 2 ms earthquake in 1976 , suffered a 6 . 1 ms aftershock ( 5 . 7 mw according to usgs ) on august 1 ; it caused 2 deaths , 345 injuries , collapse of 707 homes , damages to over 1 , 000 homes , and blocked 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) of country roads . as late as august 5 , yet another aftershock of 6 . 1 ms ( 6 . 2 mw according to usgs ) hit qingchuan , sichuan , causing 1 death , 32 injuries , telecommunication interruptions , and widespread hill slides blocking roads in the area including a national highway . [ sep ] 420 , 000
executive vice governor wei hong confirmed on november 21 , 2008 that more than 90 , 000 people in total were dead or missing in the earthquake . he stated that 200 , 000 homes had been rebuilt , and 685 , 000 were under reconstruction , but 1 . 94 million households were still without permanent shelter . 1 , 300 schools had been reconstructed , with initial relocation of 25 townships , including beichuan and wenchuan , two of the most devastated areas . the government spent $ 441 billion on relief and reconstruction efforts . [ sep ] wei hong
executive vice governor wei hong confirmed on november 21 , 2008 that more than 90 , 000 people in total were dead or missing in the earthquake . he stated that 200 , 000 homes had been rebuilt , and 685 , 000 were under reconstruction , but 1 . 94 million households were still without permanent shelter . 1 , 300 schools had been reconstructed , with initial relocation of 25 townships , including beichuan and wenchuan , two of the most devastated areas . the government spent $ 441 billion on relief and reconstruction efforts . [ sep ] 200 , 000
executive vice governor wei hong confirmed on november 21 , 2008 that more than 90 , 000 people in total were dead or missing in the earthquake . he stated that 200 , 000 homes had been rebuilt , and 685 , 000 were under reconstruction , but 1 . 94 million households were still without permanent shelter . 1 , 300 schools had been reconstructed , with initial relocation of 25 townships , including beichuan and wenchuan , two of the most devastated areas . the government spent $ 441 billion on relief and reconstruction efforts . [ sep ] 1 . 94 million
executive vice governor wei hong confirmed on november 21 , 2008 that more than 90 , 000 people in total were dead or missing in the earthquake . he stated that 200 , 000 homes had been rebuilt , and 685 , 000 were under reconstruction , but 1 . 94 million households were still without permanent shelter . 1 , 300 schools had been reconstructed , with initial relocation of 25 townships , including beichuan and wenchuan , two of the most devastated areas . the government spent $ 441 billion on relief and reconstruction efforts . [ sep ] 1 , 300
general secretary and president hu jintao announced that the disaster response would be rapid . just 90 minutes after the earthquake , premier wen jiabao , who has an academic background in geomechanics , flew to the earthquake area to oversee the rescue work . soon afterward , the ministry of health said that it had sent ten emergency medical teams to wenchuan county . on the same day , the chengdu military region command dispatched 50 , 000 troops and armed police to help with disaster relief work in wenchuan county . however , due to the rough terrain and close proximity of the quake ' s epicenter , the soldiers found it very difficult to get help to the rural regions of the province . [ sep ] premier wen jiabao
general secretary and president hu jintao announced that the disaster response would be rapid . just 90 minutes after the earthquake , premier wen jiabao , who has an academic background in geomechanics , flew to the earthquake area to oversee the rescue work . soon afterward , the ministry of health said that it had sent ten emergency medical teams to wenchuan county . on the same day , the chengdu military region command dispatched 50 , 000 troops and armed police to help with disaster relief work in wenchuan county . however , due to the rough terrain and close proximity of the quake ' s epicenter , the soldiers found it very difficult to get help to the rural regions of the province . [ sep ] geomechanics
general secretary and president hu jintao announced that the disaster response would be rapid . just 90 minutes after the earthquake , premier wen jiabao , who has an academic background in geomechanics , flew to the earthquake area to oversee the rescue work . soon afterward , the ministry of health said that it had sent ten emergency medical teams to wenchuan county . on the same day , the chengdu military region command dispatched 50 , 000 troops and armed police to help with disaster relief work in wenchuan county . however , due to the rough terrain and close proximity of the quake ' s epicenter , the soldiers found it very difficult to get help to the rural regions of the province . [ sep ] the rescue work
general secretary and president hu jintao announced that the disaster response would be rapid . just 90 minutes after the earthquake , premier wen jiabao , who has an academic background in geomechanics , flew to the earthquake area to oversee the rescue work . soon afterward , the ministry of health said that it had sent ten emergency medical teams to wenchuan county . on the same day , the chengdu military region command dispatched 50 , 000 troops and armed police to help with disaster relief work in wenchuan county . however , due to the rough terrain and close proximity of the quake ' s epicenter , the soldiers found it very difficult to get help to the rural regions of the province . [ sep ] 50 , 000
the national disaster relief commission initiated a " level ii emergency contingency plan " , which covers the most serious class of natural disasters . the plan rose to level i at 22 : 15 cst , may 12 . [ sep ] level ii emergency contingency plan
the national disaster relief commission initiated a " level ii emergency contingency plan " , which covers the most serious class of natural disasters . the plan rose to level i at 22 : 15 cst , may 12 . [ sep ] the most serious class of natural disasters
the national disaster relief commission initiated a " level ii emergency contingency plan " , which covers the most serious class of natural disasters . the plan rose to level i at 22 : 15 cst , may 12 . [ sep ] at 22 : 15 cst , may 12
an earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people ( consisting of 12 people from the state seismological bureau , 150 from the beijing military area command , and 22 from the armed police general hospital ) left beijing from nanyuan airport late may 12 in two military transport planes to travel to wenchuan county . [ sep ] 184
an earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people ( consisting of 12 people from the state seismological bureau , 150 from the beijing military area command , and 22 from the armed police general hospital ) left beijing from nanyuan airport late may 12 in two military transport planes to travel to wenchuan county . [ sep ] 12
an earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people ( consisting of 12 people from the state seismological bureau , 150 from the beijing military area command , and 22 from the armed police general hospital ) left beijing from nanyuan airport late may 12 in two military transport planes to travel to wenchuan county . [ sep ] 150
an earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people ( consisting of 12 people from the state seismological bureau , 150 from the beijing military area command , and 22 from the armed police general hospital ) left beijing from nanyuan airport late may 12 in two military transport planes to travel to wenchuan county . [ sep ] 22
in the china digital times an article reports a close analysis by an alleged chinese construction engineer known online as “ book blade ” ( [unk] [unk] 子 ) , who stated : [ sep ] a close analysis by an alleged chinese construction engineer
in the china digital times an article reports a close analysis by an alleged chinese construction engineer known online as “ book blade ” ( [unk] [unk] 子 ) , who stated : [ sep ] book blade
on children ' s day , june 1 , 2008 , many parents went to the rubble of schools to mourn for their children . the surviving children , who were mostly living in relief centres , performed ceremonies marking the special day , but also acknowledging the earthquake . [ sep ] children ' s day
on children ' s day , june 1 , 2008 , many parents went to the rubble of schools to mourn for their children . the surviving children , who were mostly living in relief centres , performed ceremonies marking the special day , but also acknowledging the earthquake . [ sep ] living in relief centres
on children ' s day , june 1 , 2008 , many parents went to the rubble of schools to mourn for their children . the surviving children , who were mostly living in relief centres , performed ceremonies marking the special day , but also acknowledging the earthquake . [ sep ] performed ceremonies
central state - owned enterprises have accumulatively donated more than $ 48 . 6 million . china national petroleum corp and sinopec donated 10 million yuan each to the disaster area . [ sep ] more than $ 48 . 6 million
central state - owned enterprises have accumulatively donated more than $ 48 . 6 million . china national petroleum corp and sinopec donated 10 million yuan each to the disaster area . [ sep ] 10 million yuan
on may 16 china stated it had also received $ 457 million in donated money and goods for rescue efforts so far , including $ 83 million from 19 countries and four international organizations . saudi arabia was the largest aid donor to china , providing close to €40 , 000 , 000 in financial assistance , and an additional €8 , 000 , 000 worth of relief materials . [ sep ] $ 457 million
on may 16 china stated it had also received $ 457 million in donated money and goods for rescue efforts so far , including $ 83 million from 19 countries and four international organizations . saudi arabia was the largest aid donor to china , providing close to €40 , 000 , 000 in financial assistance , and an additional €8 , 000 , 000 worth of relief materials . [ sep ] 19 countries
on may 16 china stated it had also received $ 457 million in donated money and goods for rescue efforts so far , including $ 83 million from 19 countries and four international organizations . saudi arabia was the largest aid donor to china , providing close to €40 , 000 , 000 in financial assistance , and an additional €8 , 000 , 000 worth of relief materials . [ sep ] four
on may 16 china stated it had also received $ 457 million in donated money and goods for rescue efforts so far , including $ 83 million from 19 countries and four international organizations . saudi arabia was the largest aid donor to china , providing close to €40 , 000 , 000 in financial assistance , and an additional €8 , 000 , 000 worth of relief materials . [ sep ] saudi arabia
on may 16 china stated it had also received $ 457 million in donated money and goods for rescue efforts so far , including $ 83 million from 19 countries and four international organizations . saudi arabia was the largest aid donor to china , providing close to €40 , 000 , 000 in financial assistance , and an additional €8 , 000 , 000 worth of relief materials . [ sep ] €40 , 000 , 000
in 2008 , state council established a counterpart support plan ( 《 [unk] 川 [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] 口 [unk] [unk] 方 [unk] 》 ) . the plan is to arrange 19 eastern and central province and municipalitie to help 18 counties , on " one province to one affected county " basis . the plan spanned 3 years , and cost no less than one percent of the province or municipality ' s budget . [ sep ] a counterpart support plan
in 2008 , state council established a counterpart support plan ( 《 [unk] 川 [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] 口 [unk] [unk] 方 [unk] 》 ) . the plan is to arrange 19 eastern and central province and municipalitie to help 18 counties , on " one province to one affected county " basis . the plan spanned 3 years , and cost no less than one percent of the province or municipality ' s budget . [ sep ] 3 years
an article in science suggested that the construction and filling of the zipingpu dam may have triggered the earthquake . the chief engineer of the sichuan geology and mineral bureau said that the sudden shift of a huge quantity of water into the region could have relaxed the tension between the two sides of the fault , allowing them to move apart , and could have increased the direct pressure on it , causing a violent rupture . the effect was " 25 times more " than a year ' s worth of natural stress from tectonic movement . the government had disregarded warnings about so many large - scale dam projects in a seismically active area . researchers have been denied access to seismological and geological data to examine the cause of the quake further . [ sep ] that the sudden shift of a huge quantity of water into the region could have relaxed the tension between the two sides of the fault , allowing them to move apart , and could have increased the direct pressure on it , causing a violent rupture
the earthquake also provided opportunities for researchers to retrofit data in order to model future earthquake predictions . using data from the intermagnet lanzhou geomagnetic observatory , geologists lazo pekevski from the ss . cyril and methodius university of skopje in macedonia and strachimir mavrodiev from the bulgarian academy of sciences attempted to establish a " time prediction method " through collecting statistics on geomagnetism with tidal gravitational potential . using this method , they were said to have predicted the time of the 2008 sichuan earthquake with an accuracy of ±1 day . the same study , however , acknowledges the limitation of earthquake prediction models , and does not mention that the location of the quake could be accurately predicted . [ sep ] opportunities for researchers to retrofit data in order to model future earthquake predictions
the earthquake also provided opportunities for researchers to retrofit data in order to model future earthquake predictions . using data from the intermagnet lanzhou geomagnetic observatory , geologists lazo pekevski from the ss . cyril and methodius university of skopje in macedonia and strachimir mavrodiev from the bulgarian academy of sciences attempted to establish a " time prediction method " through collecting statistics on geomagnetism with tidal gravitational potential . using this method , they were said to have predicted the time of the 2008 sichuan earthquake with an accuracy of ±1 day . the same study , however , acknowledges the limitation of earthquake prediction models , and does not mention that the location of the quake could be accurately predicted . [ sep ] the time of the 2008 sichuan earthquake
in a press conference held by the state council information office the day after the earthquake , geologist zhang xiaodong , deputy director of cea ' s seismic monitoring network center , restated that earthquake prediction was a global issue , in the sense that no proven methods exist , and that no prediction notification was received before the earthquake . seismologist gary gibson of monash university in australia told deutsche presse - agentur that he also did not see anything that could be regarded as having ' predicted ' the earthquake ' s occurrence . [ sep ] that earthquake prediction was a global issue
in 2002 , chinese geologist chen xuezhong published a seismic risk analysis study in which he came to the conclusion that beginning with 2003 , attention should be paid to the possibility of an earthquake with a magnitude of over 7 . 0 occurring in sichuan region . he based his study on statistical correlation . that sichuan is a seismically active area has been discussed for years prior to the quake , though few studies point to a specific date and time . [ sep ] in 2002
in 2002 , chinese geologist chen xuezhong published a seismic risk analysis study in which he came to the conclusion that beginning with 2003 , attention should be paid to the possibility of an earthquake with a magnitude of over 7 . 0 occurring in sichuan region . he based his study on statistical correlation . that sichuan is a seismically active area has been discussed for years prior to the quake , though few studies point to a specific date and time . [ sep ] chen xuezhong
the earthquake was the worst to strike the sichuan area in over 30 years . following the quake , experts and the general public sought information on whether or not the earthquake could have been predicted in advance , and whether or not studying statistics related to the quake could result in better prediction of earthquakes in the future . earthquake prediction is not yet established science ; there was no consensus within the scientific community that earthquake " prediction " is possible . [ sep ] over 30 years
many rescue teams , including that of the taipei fire department from taiwan , were reported ready to join the rescue effort in sichuan as early as wednesday . however , the red cross society of china said that ( on may 13 ) " it was inconvenient currently due to the traffic problem to the hardest hit areas closest to the epicenter . " the red cross society of china also stated that the disaster areas need tents , medical supplies , drinking water and food ; however it recommended donating cash instead of other items , as it had not been possible to reach roads that were completely damaged or places that were blocked off by landslides . landslides continuously threatened the progress of a search and rescue group of 80 men , each carrying about 40 kg of relief supplies , from a motorized infantry brigade under commander yang wenyao , as they tried to reach the ethnically tibetan village of sier at a height of 4000 m above sea level in pingwu county . the extreme terrain conditions precluded the use of helicopter evacuation , and over 300 of the tibetan villagers were stranded in their demolished village for five days without food and water before the rescue group finally arrived to help the injured and stranded villagers down the mountain . [ sep ] the taipei fire department
many rescue teams , including that of the taipei fire department from taiwan , were reported ready to join the rescue effort in sichuan as early as wednesday . however , the red cross society of china said that ( on may 13 ) " it was inconvenient currently due to the traffic problem to the hardest hit areas closest to the epicenter . " the red cross society of china also stated that the disaster areas need tents , medical supplies , drinking water and food ; however it recommended donating cash instead of other items , as it had not been possible to reach roads that were completely damaged or places that were blocked off by landslides . landslides continuously threatened the progress of a search and rescue group of 80 men , each carrying about 40 kg of relief supplies , from a motorized infantry brigade under commander yang wenyao , as they tried to reach the ethnically tibetan village of sier at a height of 4000 m above sea level in pingwu county . the extreme terrain conditions precluded the use of helicopter evacuation , and over 300 of the tibetan villagers were stranded in their demolished village for five days without food and water before the rescue group finally arrived to help the injured and stranded villagers down the mountain . [ sep ] over 300
persistent heavy rain and landslides in wenchuan county and the nearby area badly affected rescue efforts . at the start of rescue operations on may 12 , 20 helicopters were deployed for the delivery of food , water , and emergency aid , and also the evacuation of the injured and reconnaissance of quake - stricken areas . by 17 : 37 cst on may 13 , a total of over 15 , 600 troops and militia reservists from the chengdu military region had joined the rescue force in the heavily affected areas . a commander reported from yingxiu town , wenchuan , that around 3 , 000 survivors were found , while the status of the other inhabitants ( around 9 , 000 ) remained unclear . the 1 , 300 rescuers reached the epicenter , and 300 pioneer troops reached the seat of wenchuan at about 23 : 30 cst . by 12 : 17 cst , may 14 , 2008 , communication in the seat of wenchuan was partly revived . on the afternoon of may 14 , 15 special operations troops , along with relief supplies and communications gear , parachuted into inaccessible mao county , northeast of wenchuan . [ sep ] landslides
persistent heavy rain and landslides in wenchuan county and the nearby area badly affected rescue efforts . at the start of rescue operations on may 12 , 20 helicopters were deployed for the delivery of food , water , and emergency aid , and also the evacuation of the injured and reconnaissance of quake - stricken areas . by 17 : 37 cst on may 13 , a total of over 15 , 600 troops and militia reservists from the chengdu military region had joined the rescue force in the heavily affected areas . a commander reported from yingxiu town , wenchuan , that around 3 , 000 survivors were found , while the status of the other inhabitants ( around 9 , 000 ) remained unclear . the 1 , 300 rescuers reached the epicenter , and 300 pioneer troops reached the seat of wenchuan at about 23 : 30 cst . by 12 : 17 cst , may 14 , 2008 , communication in the seat of wenchuan was partly revived . on the afternoon of may 14 , 15 special operations troops , along with relief supplies and communications gear , parachuted into inaccessible mao county , northeast of wenchuan . [ sep ] 20
persistent heavy rain and landslides in wenchuan county and the nearby area badly affected rescue efforts . at the start of rescue operations on may 12 , 20 helicopters were deployed for the delivery of food , water , and emergency aid , and also the evacuation of the injured and reconnaissance of quake - stricken areas . by 17 : 37 cst on may 13 , a total of over 15 , 600 troops and militia reservists from the chengdu military region had joined the rescue force in the heavily affected areas . a commander reported from yingxiu town , wenchuan , that around 3 , 000 survivors were found , while the status of the other inhabitants ( around 9 , 000 ) remained unclear . the 1 , 300 rescuers reached the epicenter , and 300 pioneer troops reached the seat of wenchuan at about 23 : 30 cst . by 12 : 17 cst , may 14 , 2008 , communication in the seat of wenchuan was partly revived . on the afternoon of may 14 , 15 special operations troops , along with relief supplies and communications gear , parachuted into inaccessible mao county , northeast of wenchuan . [ sep ] 15 , 600
persistent heavy rain and landslides in wenchuan county and the nearby area badly affected rescue efforts . at the start of rescue operations on may 12 , 20 helicopters were deployed for the delivery of food , water , and emergency aid , and also the evacuation of the injured and reconnaissance of quake - stricken areas . by 17 : 37 cst on may 13 , a total of over 15 , 600 troops and militia reservists from the chengdu military region had joined the rescue force in the heavily affected areas . a commander reported from yingxiu town , wenchuan , that around 3 , 000 survivors were found , while the status of the other inhabitants ( around 9 , 000 ) remained unclear . the 1 , 300 rescuers reached the epicenter , and 300 pioneer troops reached the seat of wenchuan at about 23 : 30 cst . by 12 : 17 cst , may 14 , 2008 , communication in the seat of wenchuan was partly revived . on the afternoon of may 14 , 15 special operations troops , along with relief supplies and communications gear , parachuted into inaccessible mao county , northeast of wenchuan . [ sep ] around 3 , 000
persistent heavy rain and landslides in wenchuan county and the nearby area badly affected rescue efforts . at the start of rescue operations on may 12 , 20 helicopters were deployed for the delivery of food , water , and emergency aid , and also the evacuation of the injured and reconnaissance of quake - stricken areas . by 17 : 37 cst on may 13 , a total of over 15 , 600 troops and militia reservists from the chengdu military region had joined the rescue force in the heavily affected areas . a commander reported from yingxiu town , wenchuan , that around 3 , 000 survivors were found , while the status of the other inhabitants ( around 9 , 000 ) remained unclear . the 1 , 300 rescuers reached the epicenter , and 300 pioneer troops reached the seat of wenchuan at about 23 : 30 cst . by 12 : 17 cst , may 14 , 2008 , communication in the seat of wenchuan was partly revived . on the afternoon of may 14 , 15 special operations troops , along with relief supplies and communications gear , parachuted into inaccessible mao county , northeast of wenchuan . [ sep ] 15
by may 15 , premier wen jiabao ordered the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters , of which 60 were to be provided by the plaaf , and 30 were to be provided by the civil aviation industry , bringing the total of number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force , army , and civil aviation to over 150 , resulting in the largest non - combat airlifting operation in people ' s liberation army history . [ sep ] the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters
by may 15 , premier wen jiabao ordered the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters , of which 60 were to be provided by the plaaf , and 30 were to be provided by the civil aviation industry , bringing the total of number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force , army , and civil aviation to over 150 , resulting in the largest non - combat airlifting operation in people ' s liberation army history . [ sep ] 60
by may 15 , premier wen jiabao ordered the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters , of which 60 were to be provided by the plaaf , and 30 were to be provided by the civil aviation industry , bringing the total of number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force , army , and civil aviation to over 150 , resulting in the largest non - combat airlifting operation in people ' s liberation army history . [ sep ] 30
by may 15 , premier wen jiabao ordered the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters , of which 60 were to be provided by the plaaf , and 30 were to be provided by the civil aviation industry , bringing the total of number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force , army , and civil aviation to over 150 , resulting in the largest non - combat airlifting operation in people ' s liberation army history . [ sep ] over 150
beijing accepted the aid of the tzu chi foundation from taiwan late on may 13 . tzu chi was the first force from outside the people ' s republic of china to join the rescue effort . china stated it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake . [ sep ] the tzu chi foundation
beijing accepted the aid of the tzu chi foundation from taiwan late on may 13 . tzu chi was the first force from outside the people ' s republic of china to join the rescue effort . china stated it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake . [ sep ] taiwan
a direct chartered cargo flight was made by china airlines from taiwan taoyuan international airport to chengdu shuangliu international airport sending some 100 tons of relief supplies donated by the tzu chi foundation and the red cross society of taiwan to the affected areas . approval from mainland chinese authorities was sought , and the chartered flight departed taipei at 17 : 00 cst , may 15 and arrived in chengdu by 20 : 30 cst . a rescue team from the red cross in taiwan was also scheduled to depart taipei on a mandarin airlines direct chartered flight to chengdu at 15 : 00 cst on may 16 . [ sep ] china airlines
a direct chartered cargo flight was made by china airlines from taiwan taoyuan international airport to chengdu shuangliu international airport sending some 100 tons of relief supplies donated by the tzu chi foundation and the red cross society of taiwan to the affected areas . approval from mainland chinese authorities was sought , and the chartered flight departed taipei at 17 : 00 cst , may 15 and arrived in chengdu by 20 : 30 cst . a rescue team from the red cross in taiwan was also scheduled to depart taipei on a mandarin airlines direct chartered flight to chengdu at 15 : 00 cst on may 16 . [ sep ] may 15
a direct chartered cargo flight was made by china airlines from taiwan taoyuan international airport to chengdu shuangliu international airport sending some 100 tons of relief supplies donated by the tzu chi foundation and the red cross society of taiwan to the affected areas . approval from mainland chinese authorities was sought , and the chartered flight departed taipei at 17 : 00 cst , may 15 and arrived in chengdu by 20 : 30 cst . a rescue team from the red cross in taiwan was also scheduled to depart taipei on a mandarin airlines direct chartered flight to chengdu at 15 : 00 cst on may 16 . [ sep ] may 16
on may 16 , rescue groups from south korea , japan , singapore , russia and taiwan arrived to join the rescue effort . the united states shared some of its satellite images of the quake - stricken areas with chinese authorities . during the weekend , the us sent into china two u . s . air force c - 17 ' s carrying supplies , which included tents and generators . xinhua reported 135 , 000 chinese troops and medics were involved in the rescue effort across 58 counties and cities . [ sep ] satellite images of the quake - stricken areas
on may 16 , rescue groups from south korea , japan , singapore , russia and taiwan arrived to join the rescue effort . the united states shared some of its satellite images of the quake - stricken areas with chinese authorities . during the weekend , the us sent into china two u . s . air force c - 17 ' s carrying supplies , which included tents and generators . xinhua reported 135 , 000 chinese troops and medics were involved in the rescue effort across 58 counties and cities . [ sep ] chinese authorities
on may 16 , rescue groups from south korea , japan , singapore , russia and taiwan arrived to join the rescue effort . the united states shared some of its satellite images of the quake - stricken areas with chinese authorities . during the weekend , the us sent into china two u . s . air force c - 17 ' s carrying supplies , which included tents and generators . xinhua reported 135 , 000 chinese troops and medics were involved in the rescue effort across 58 counties and cities . [ sep ] 135 , 000
the internet was extensively used for passing information to aid rescue and recovery efforts . for example , the official news agency xinhua set up an online rescue request center in order to find the blind spots of disaster recovery . after knowing that rescue helicopters had trouble landing into the epicenter area in wenchuan , a student proposed a landing spot online and it was chosen as the first touchdown place for the helicopters [ not in citation given ] . volunteers also set up several websites to help store contact information for victims and evacuees . on may 31 , a rescue helicopter carrying earthquake survivors and crew members crashed in fog and turbulence in wenchuan county . no - one survived . [ sep ] the internet
the internet was extensively used for passing information to aid rescue and recovery efforts . for example , the official news agency xinhua set up an online rescue request center in order to find the blind spots of disaster recovery . after knowing that rescue helicopters had trouble landing into the epicenter area in wenchuan , a student proposed a landing spot online and it was chosen as the first touchdown place for the helicopters [ not in citation given ] . volunteers also set up several websites to help store contact information for victims and evacuees . on may 31 , a rescue helicopter carrying earthquake survivors and crew members crashed in fog and turbulence in wenchuan county . no - one survived . [ sep ] an online rescue request center
the internet was extensively used for passing information to aid rescue and recovery efforts . for example , the official news agency xinhua set up an online rescue request center in order to find the blind spots of disaster recovery . after knowing that rescue helicopters had trouble landing into the epicenter area in wenchuan , a student proposed a landing spot online and it was chosen as the first touchdown place for the helicopters [ not in citation given ] . volunteers also set up several websites to help store contact information for victims and evacuees . on may 31 , a rescue helicopter carrying earthquake survivors and crew members crashed in fog and turbulence in wenchuan county . no - one survived . [ sep ] to find the blind spots of disaster recovery
the internet was extensively used for passing information to aid rescue and recovery efforts . for example , the official news agency xinhua set up an online rescue request center in order to find the blind spots of disaster recovery . after knowing that rescue helicopters had trouble landing into the epicenter area in wenchuan , a student proposed a landing spot online and it was chosen as the first touchdown place for the helicopters [ not in citation given ] . volunteers also set up several websites to help store contact information for victims and evacuees . on may 31 , a rescue helicopter carrying earthquake survivors and crew members crashed in fog and turbulence in wenchuan county . no - one survived . [ sep ] wenchuan
on may 12 , 2009 , china marked the first anniversary of the quake with a moment of silence as people across the nation remembered the dead . the government also opened access to the sealed ruins of the beichuan county seat for three days , after which it will be frozen in time as a state earthquake relic museum , to remind people of the terrible disaster . there were also several concerts across the country to raise money for the survivors of the quake . [ sep ] a moment of silence
on may 12 , 2009 , china marked the first anniversary of the quake with a moment of silence as people across the nation remembered the dead . the government also opened access to the sealed ruins of the beichuan county seat for three days , after which it will be frozen in time as a state earthquake relic museum , to remind people of the terrible disaster . there were also several concerts across the country to raise money for the survivors of the quake . [ sep ] the sealed ruins of the beichuan county seat
on may 12 , 2009 , china marked the first anniversary of the quake with a moment of silence as people across the nation remembered the dead . the government also opened access to the sealed ruins of the beichuan county seat for three days , after which it will be frozen in time as a state earthquake relic museum , to remind people of the terrible disaster . there were also several concerts across the country to raise money for the survivors of the quake . [ sep ] three days
following the earthquake , donations were made by people from all over mainland china , with booths set up in schools , at banks , and around gas stations . people also donated blood , resulting in according to xinhua long line - ups in most major chinese cities . many donated through text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by china unicom and china mobile by may 16 , the chinese government had allocated a total of $ 772 million for earthquake relief so far , up sharply from $ 159 million from may 14 . [ sep ] blood
following the earthquake , donations were made by people from all over mainland china , with booths set up in schools , at banks , and around gas stations . people also donated blood , resulting in according to xinhua long line - ups in most major chinese cities . many donated through text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by china unicom and china mobile by may 16 , the chinese government had allocated a total of $ 772 million for earthquake relief so far , up sharply from $ 159 million from may 14 . [ sep ] china unicom and china mobile
the red cross society of china flew 557 tents and 2 , 500 quilts valued at 788 , 000 yuan ( us $ 113 , 000 ) to wenchuan county . the amity foundation already began relief work in the region and has earmarked us $ 143 , 000 for disaster relief . the sichuan ministry of civil affairs said that they have provided 30 , 000 tents for those left homeless . [ sep ] 557
the red cross society of china flew 557 tents and 2 , 500 quilts valued at 788 , 000 yuan ( us $ 113 , 000 ) to wenchuan county . the amity foundation already began relief work in the region and has earmarked us $ 143 , 000 for disaster relief . the sichuan ministry of civil affairs said that they have provided 30 , 000 tents for those left homeless . [ sep ] 2 , 500
the red cross society of china flew 557 tents and 2 , 500 quilts valued at 788 , 000 yuan ( us $ 113 , 000 ) to wenchuan county . the amity foundation already began relief work in the region and has earmarked us $ 143 , 000 for disaster relief . the sichuan ministry of civil affairs said that they have provided 30 , 000 tents for those left homeless . [ sep ] 788 , 000 yuan
the red cross society of china flew 557 tents and 2 , 500 quilts valued at 788 , 000 yuan ( us $ 113 , 000 ) to wenchuan county . the amity foundation already began relief work in the region and has earmarked us $ 143 , 000 for disaster relief . the sichuan ministry of civil affairs said that they have provided 30 , 000 tents for those left homeless . [ sep ] wenchuan county
the red cross society of china flew 557 tents and 2 , 500 quilts valued at 788 , 000 yuan ( us $ 113 , 000 ) to wenchuan county . the amity foundation already began relief work in the region and has earmarked us $ 143 , 000 for disaster relief . the sichuan ministry of civil affairs said that they have provided 30 , 000 tents for those left homeless . [ sep ] 30 , 000
the central government estimates that over 7 , 000 inadequately engineered schoolrooms collapsed in the earthquake . chinese citizens have since invented a catch phrase : " tofu - dregs schoolhouses " ( chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , to mock both the quality and the quantity of these inferior constructions that killed so many school children . due to the one - child policy , many families lost their only child when schools in the region collapsed during the earthquake . consequently , sichuan provincial and local officials have lifted the restriction for families whose only child was either killed or severely injured in the disaster . so - called " illegal children " under 18 years of age may be registered as legal replacements for their dead siblings ; if the dead child was illegal , no further outstanding fines would apply . reimbursement would not , however , be offered for fines that were already levied . [ sep ] 7 , 000
the central government estimates that over 7 , 000 inadequately engineered schoolrooms collapsed in the earthquake . chinese citizens have since invented a catch phrase : " tofu - dregs schoolhouses " ( chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , to mock both the quality and the quantity of these inferior constructions that killed so many school children . due to the one - child policy , many families lost their only child when schools in the region collapsed during the earthquake . consequently , sichuan provincial and local officials have lifted the restriction for families whose only child was either killed or severely injured in the disaster . so - called " illegal children " under 18 years of age may be registered as legal replacements for their dead siblings ; if the dead child was illegal , no further outstanding fines would apply . reimbursement would not , however , be offered for fines that were already levied . [ sep ] tofu - dregs schoolhouses
on the evening of may 18 , cctv - 1 hosted a special four - hour program called the giving of love ( simplified chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ; traditional chinese : 愛 [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , hosted by regulars from the cctv new year ' s gala and round - the - clock coverage anchor bai yansong . it was attended by a wide range of entertainment , literary , business and political figures from mainland china , hong kong , singapore and taiwan . donations of the evening totalled 1 . 5 billion chinese yuan ( ~ us $ 208 million ) . of the donations , cctv gave the biggest corporate contribution at ¥50 million . almost at the same time in taiwan , a similarly themed programme was on air hosted by the sitting president ma ying - jeou . in june , hong kong actor jackie chan , who donated $ 1 . 57 million to the victims , made a music video alongside other artists entitled " promise " ; the song was composed by andy lau . the artistes 512 fund raising campaign , an 8 - hour fundraising marathon , was held on june 1 in hong kong ; it was attended by some 200 sinosphere musicians and celebrities . in singapore , mediacorp channel 8 hosted a ' live ' programme [unk] [unk] 川 [unk] [unk] [unk] to raise funds for the victims . [ sep ] four - hour program called the giving of love
on the evening of may 18 , cctv - 1 hosted a special four - hour program called the giving of love ( simplified chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ; traditional chinese : 愛 [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , hosted by regulars from the cctv new year ' s gala and round - the - clock coverage anchor bai yansong . it was attended by a wide range of entertainment , literary , business and political figures from mainland china , hong kong , singapore and taiwan . donations of the evening totalled 1 . 5 billion chinese yuan ( ~ us $ 208 million ) . of the donations , cctv gave the biggest corporate contribution at ¥50 million . almost at the same time in taiwan , a similarly themed programme was on air hosted by the sitting president ma ying - jeou . in june , hong kong actor jackie chan , who donated $ 1 . 57 million to the victims , made a music video alongside other artists entitled " promise " ; the song was composed by andy lau . the artistes 512 fund raising campaign , an 8 - hour fundraising marathon , was held on june 1 in hong kong ; it was attended by some 200 sinosphere musicians and celebrities . in singapore , mediacorp channel 8 hosted a ' live ' programme [unk] [unk] 川 [unk] [unk] [unk] to raise funds for the victims . [ sep ] bai yansong
on the evening of may 18 , cctv - 1 hosted a special four - hour program called the giving of love ( simplified chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ; traditional chinese : 愛 [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , hosted by regulars from the cctv new year ' s gala and round - the - clock coverage anchor bai yansong . it was attended by a wide range of entertainment , literary , business and political figures from mainland china , hong kong , singapore and taiwan . donations of the evening totalled 1 . 5 billion chinese yuan ( ~ us $ 208 million ) . of the donations , cctv gave the biggest corporate contribution at ¥50 million . almost at the same time in taiwan , a similarly themed programme was on air hosted by the sitting president ma ying - jeou . in june , hong kong actor jackie chan , who donated $ 1 . 57 million to the victims , made a music video alongside other artists entitled " promise " ; the song was composed by andy lau . the artistes 512 fund raising campaign , an 8 - hour fundraising marathon , was held on june 1 in hong kong ; it was attended by some 200 sinosphere musicians and celebrities . in singapore , mediacorp channel 8 hosted a ' live ' programme [unk] [unk] 川 [unk] [unk] [unk] to raise funds for the victims . [ sep ] donations of the evening totalled 1 . 5 billion chinese yuan
on the evening of may 18 , cctv - 1 hosted a special four - hour program called the giving of love ( simplified chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ; traditional chinese : 愛 [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , hosted by regulars from the cctv new year ' s gala and round - the - clock coverage anchor bai yansong . it was attended by a wide range of entertainment , literary , business and political figures from mainland china , hong kong , singapore and taiwan . donations of the evening totalled 1 . 5 billion chinese yuan ( ~ us $ 208 million ) . of the donations , cctv gave the biggest corporate contribution at ¥50 million . almost at the same time in taiwan , a similarly themed programme was on air hosted by the sitting president ma ying - jeou . in june , hong kong actor jackie chan , who donated $ 1 . 57 million to the victims , made a music video alongside other artists entitled " promise " ; the song was composed by andy lau . the artistes 512 fund raising campaign , an 8 - hour fundraising marathon , was held on june 1 in hong kong ; it was attended by some 200 sinosphere musicians and celebrities . in singapore , mediacorp channel 8 hosted a ' live ' programme [unk] [unk] 川 [unk] [unk] [unk] to raise funds for the victims . [ sep ] $ 1 . 57 million
on the evening of may 18 , cctv - 1 hosted a special four - hour program called the giving of love ( simplified chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ; traditional chinese : 愛 [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , hosted by regulars from the cctv new year ' s gala and round - the - clock coverage anchor bai yansong . it was attended by a wide range of entertainment , literary , business and political figures from mainland china , hong kong , singapore and taiwan . donations of the evening totalled 1 . 5 billion chinese yuan ( ~ us $ 208 million ) . of the donations , cctv gave the biggest corporate contribution at ¥50 million . almost at the same time in taiwan , a similarly themed programme was on air hosted by the sitting president ma ying - jeou . in june , hong kong actor jackie chan , who donated $ 1 . 57 million to the victims , made a music video alongside other artists entitled " promise " ; the song was composed by andy lau . the artistes 512 fund raising campaign , an 8 - hour fundraising marathon , was held on june 1 in hong kong ; it was attended by some 200 sinosphere musicians and celebrities . in singapore , mediacorp channel 8 hosted a ' live ' programme [unk] [unk] 川 [unk] [unk] [unk] to raise funds for the victims . [ sep ] promise
a brief shoot at london ' s city hall was filmed on 18 april 2015 , while mendes was on location . on 17 may 2015 filming took place on the thames in london . stunt scenes involving craig and seydoux on a speedboat as well as a low flying helicopter near westminster bridge were shot at night , with filming temporarily closing both westminster and lambeth bridges . scenes were also shot on the river near mi6 ' s headquarters at vauxhall cross . the crew returned to the river less than a week later to film scenes solely set on westminster bridge . the london fire brigade was on set to simulate rain as well as monitor smoke used for filming . craig , seydoux , and waltz , as well as harris and fiennes , were seen being filmed . prior to this , scenes involving fiennes were shot at a restaurant in covent garden . filming then took place in trafalgar square . in early june , the crew , as well as craig , seydoux , and waltz , returned to the thames for a final time to continue filming scenes previously shot on the river . [ sep ] westminster and lambeth bridges
a brief shoot at london ' s city hall was filmed on 18 april 2015 , while mendes was on location . on 17 may 2015 filming took place on the thames in london . stunt scenes involving craig and seydoux on a speedboat as well as a low flying helicopter near westminster bridge were shot at night , with filming temporarily closing both westminster and lambeth bridges . scenes were also shot on the river near mi6 ' s headquarters at vauxhall cross . the crew returned to the river less than a week later to film scenes solely set on westminster bridge . the london fire brigade was on set to simulate rain as well as monitor smoke used for filming . craig , seydoux , and waltz , as well as harris and fiennes , were seen being filmed . prior to this , scenes involving fiennes were shot at a restaurant in covent garden . filming then took place in trafalgar square . in early june , the crew , as well as craig , seydoux , and waltz , returned to the thames for a final time to continue filming scenes previously shot on the river . [ sep ] london fire brigade
a brief shoot at london ' s city hall was filmed on 18 april 2015 , while mendes was on location . on 17 may 2015 filming took place on the thames in london . stunt scenes involving craig and seydoux on a speedboat as well as a low flying helicopter near westminster bridge were shot at night , with filming temporarily closing both westminster and lambeth bridges . scenes were also shot on the river near mi6 ' s headquarters at vauxhall cross . the crew returned to the river less than a week later to film scenes solely set on westminster bridge . the london fire brigade was on set to simulate rain as well as monitor smoke used for filming . craig , seydoux , and waltz , as well as harris and fiennes , were seen being filmed . prior to this , scenes involving fiennes were shot at a restaurant in covent garden . filming then took place in trafalgar square . in early june , the crew , as well as craig , seydoux , and waltz , returned to the thames for a final time to continue filming scenes previously shot on the river . [ sep ] thames
a brief shoot at london ' s city hall was filmed on 18 april 2015 , while mendes was on location . on 17 may 2015 filming took place on the thames in london . stunt scenes involving craig and seydoux on a speedboat as well as a low flying helicopter near westminster bridge were shot at night , with filming temporarily closing both westminster and lambeth bridges . scenes were also shot on the river near mi6 ' s headquarters at vauxhall cross . the crew returned to the river less than a week later to film scenes solely set on westminster bridge . the london fire brigade was on set to simulate rain as well as monitor smoke used for filming . craig , seydoux , and waltz , as well as harris and fiennes , were seen being filmed . prior to this , scenes involving fiennes were shot at a restaurant in covent garden . filming then took place in trafalgar square . in early june , the crew , as well as craig , seydoux , and waltz , returned to the thames for a final time to continue filming scenes previously shot on the river . [ sep ] vauxhall cross
after wrapping up in england , production travelled to morocco in june , with filming taking place in oujda , tangier and erfoud , after preliminary work was completed by the production ' s second unit . an explosion filmed in morocco holds a guinness world record for the " largest film stunt explosion " in cinematic history , with the record credited to production designer chris corbould . principal photography concluded on 5 july 2015 . a wrap - up party for spectre was held in commemoration before entering post - production . filming took 128 days . [ sep ] oujda , tangier and erfoud
after wrapping up in england , production travelled to morocco in june , with filming taking place in oujda , tangier and erfoud , after preliminary work was completed by the production ' s second unit . an explosion filmed in morocco holds a guinness world record for the " largest film stunt explosion " in cinematic history , with the record credited to production designer chris corbould . principal photography concluded on 5 july 2015 . a wrap - up party for spectre was held in commemoration before entering post - production . filming took 128 days . [ sep ] largest film stunt explosion
after wrapping up in england , production travelled to morocco in june , with filming taking place in oujda , tangier and erfoud , after preliminary work was completed by the production ' s second unit . an explosion filmed in morocco holds a guinness world record for the " largest film stunt explosion " in cinematic history , with the record credited to production designer chris corbould . principal photography concluded on 5 july 2015 . a wrap - up party for spectre was held in commemoration before entering post - production . filming took 128 days . [ sep ] chris corbould
after wrapping up in england , production travelled to morocco in june , with filming taking place in oujda , tangier and erfoud , after preliminary work was completed by the production ' s second unit . an explosion filmed in morocco holds a guinness world record for the " largest film stunt explosion " in cinematic history , with the record credited to production designer chris corbould . principal photography concluded on 5 july 2015 . a wrap - up party for spectre was held in commemoration before entering post - production . filming took 128 days . [ sep ] 128 days
a permanent european presence in new netherland began in 1624 – making new york the 12th oldest continuously occupied european - established settlement in the continental united states – with the founding of a dutch fur trading settlement on governors island . in 1625 , construction was started on a citadel and a fort amsterdam on manhattan island , later called new amsterdam ( nieuw amsterdam ) . the colony of new amsterdam was centered at the site which would eventually become lower manhattan . the dutch colonial director - general peter minuit purchased the island of manhattan from the canarsie , a small band of the lenape , in 1626 for a value of 60 guilders ( about $ 1000 in 2006 ) ; a disproved legend says that manhattan was purchased for $ 24 worth of glass beads . [ sep ] governors island
a permanent european presence in new netherland began in 1624 – making new york the 12th oldest continuously occupied european - established settlement in the continental united states – with the founding of a dutch fur trading settlement on governors island . in 1625 , construction was started on a citadel and a fort amsterdam on manhattan island , later called new amsterdam ( nieuw amsterdam ) . the colony of new amsterdam was centered at the site which would eventually become lower manhattan . the dutch colonial director - general peter minuit purchased the island of manhattan from the canarsie , a small band of the lenape , in 1626 for a value of 60 guilders ( about $ 1000 in 2006 ) ; a disproved legend says that manhattan was purchased for $ 24 worth of glass beads . [ sep ] manhattan island
a permanent european presence in new netherland began in 1624 – making new york the 12th oldest continuously occupied european - established settlement in the continental united states – with the founding of a dutch fur trading settlement on governors island . in 1625 , construction was started on a citadel and a fort amsterdam on manhattan island , later called new amsterdam ( nieuw amsterdam ) . the colony of new amsterdam was centered at the site which would eventually become lower manhattan . the dutch colonial director - general peter minuit purchased the island of manhattan from the canarsie , a small band of the lenape , in 1626 for a value of 60 guilders ( about $ 1000 in 2006 ) ; a disproved legend says that manhattan was purchased for $ 24 worth of glass beads . [ sep ] 1625
a permanent european presence in new netherland began in 1624 – making new york the 12th oldest continuously occupied european - established settlement in the continental united states – with the founding of a dutch fur trading settlement on governors island . in 1625 , construction was started on a citadel and a fort amsterdam on manhattan island , later called new amsterdam ( nieuw amsterdam ) . the colony of new amsterdam was centered at the site which would eventually become lower manhattan . the dutch colonial director - general peter minuit purchased the island of manhattan from the canarsie , a small band of the lenape , in 1626 for a value of 60 guilders ( about $ 1000 in 2006 ) ; a disproved legend says that manhattan was purchased for $ 24 worth of glass beads . [ sep ] peter minuit
a permanent european presence in new netherland began in 1624 – making new york the 12th oldest continuously occupied european - established settlement in the continental united states – with the founding of a dutch fur trading settlement on governors island . in 1625 , construction was started on a citadel and a fort amsterdam on manhattan island , later called new amsterdam ( nieuw amsterdam ) . the colony of new amsterdam was centered at the site which would eventually become lower manhattan . the dutch colonial director - general peter minuit purchased the island of manhattan from the canarsie , a small band of the lenape , in 1626 for a value of 60 guilders ( about $ 1000 in 2006 ) ; a disproved legend says that manhattan was purchased for $ 24 worth of glass beads . [ sep ] 1626
in 1664 , peter stuyvesant , the director - general of the colony of new netherland , surrendered new amsterdam to the english without bloodshed . the english promptly renamed the fledgling city " new york " after the duke of york ( later king james ii ) . [ sep ] new york
in 1664 , peter stuyvesant , the director - general of the colony of new netherland , surrendered new amsterdam to the english without bloodshed . the english promptly renamed the fledgling city " new york " after the duke of york ( later king james ii ) . [ sep ] james ii
in 1664 , peter stuyvesant , the director - general of the colony of new netherland , surrendered new amsterdam to the english without bloodshed . the english promptly renamed the fledgling city " new york " after the duke of york ( later king james ii ) . [ sep ] peter stuyvesant
in 1664 , peter stuyvesant , the director - general of the colony of new netherland , surrendered new amsterdam to the english without bloodshed . the english promptly renamed the fledgling city " new york " after the duke of york ( later king james ii ) . [ sep ] director - general
in 1664 , peter stuyvesant , the director - general of the colony of new netherland , surrendered new amsterdam to the english without bloodshed . the english promptly renamed the fledgling city " new york " after the duke of york ( later king james ii ) . [ sep ] 1664
on august 24 , 1673 , dutch captain anthonio colve took over the colony of new york from england and rechristened it " new orange " to honor the prince of orange , king william iii . however , facing defeat from the british and french , who had teamed up to destroy dutch trading routes , the dutch returned the island to england in 1674 . [ sep ] william iii
on august 24 , 1673 , dutch captain anthonio colve took over the colony of new york from england and rechristened it " new orange " to honor the prince of orange , king william iii . however , facing defeat from the british and french , who had teamed up to destroy dutch trading routes , the dutch returned the island to england in 1674 . [ sep ] august 24 , 1673
on august 24 , 1673 , dutch captain anthonio colve took over the colony of new york from england and rechristened it " new orange " to honor the prince of orange , king william iii . however , facing defeat from the british and french , who had teamed up to destroy dutch trading routes , the dutch returned the island to england in 1674 . [ sep ] new orange
on august 24 , 1673 , dutch captain anthonio colve took over the colony of new york from england and rechristened it " new orange " to honor the prince of orange , king william iii . however , facing defeat from the british and french , who had teamed up to destroy dutch trading routes , the dutch returned the island to england in 1674 . [ sep ] 1674
whilst filming in mexico city , speculation in the media claimed that the script had been altered to accommodate the demands of mexican authorities — reportedly influencing details of the scene and characters , casting choices , and modifying the script in order to portray the country in a " positive light " — in order to secure tax concessions and financial support worth up to $ 20 million for the film . this was denied by producer michael g . wilson , who stated that the scene had always been intended to be shot in mexico as production had been attracted to the imagery of the day of the dead , and that the script had been developed from there . production of skyfall had previously faced similar problems while attempting to secure permits to shoot the film ' s pre - title sequence in india before moving to istanbul . [ sep ] $ 20 million
whilst filming in mexico city , speculation in the media claimed that the script had been altered to accommodate the demands of mexican authorities — reportedly influencing details of the scene and characters , casting choices , and modifying the script in order to portray the country in a " positive light " — in order to secure tax concessions and financial support worth up to $ 20 million for the film . this was denied by producer michael g . wilson , who stated that the scene had always been intended to be shot in mexico as production had been attracted to the imagery of the day of the dead , and that the script had been developed from there . production of skyfall had previously faced similar problems while attempting to secure permits to shoot the film ' s pre - title sequence in india before moving to istanbul . [ sep ] michael g . wilson
whilst filming in mexico city , speculation in the media claimed that the script had been altered to accommodate the demands of mexican authorities — reportedly influencing details of the scene and characters , casting choices , and modifying the script in order to portray the country in a " positive light " — in order to secure tax concessions and financial support worth up to $ 20 million for the film . this was denied by producer michael g . wilson , who stated that the scene had always been intended to be shot in mexico as production had been attracted to the imagery of the day of the dead , and that the script had been developed from there . production of skyfall had previously faced similar problems while attempting to secure permits to shoot the film ' s pre - title sequence in india before moving to istanbul . [ sep ] india
rescue efforts performed by the chinese government were praised by western media , especially in comparison with myanmar ' s blockage of foreign aid during cyclone nargis , as well as china ' s previous performance during the 1976 tangshan earthquake . china ' s openness during the media coverage of the sichuan earthquake led a professor at the peking university to say , “ this is the first time [ that ] the chinese media has lived up to international standards ” . los angeles times praised china ' s media coverage of the quake of being " democratic " . [ sep ] this is the first time [ that ] the chinese media has lived up to international standards
at the end of the second anglo - dutch war , the english gained new amsterdam ( new york ) in north america in exchange for dutch control of run , an indonesian island . several intertribal wars among the native americans and some epidemics brought on by contact with the europeans caused sizable population losses for the lenape between the years 1660 and 1670 . by 1700 , the lenape population had diminished to 200 . [ sep ] second anglo - dutch war
at the end of the second anglo - dutch war , the english gained new amsterdam ( new york ) in north america in exchange for dutch control of run , an indonesian island . several intertribal wars among the native americans and some epidemics brought on by contact with the europeans caused sizable population losses for the lenape between the years 1660 and 1670 . by 1700 , the lenape population had diminished to 200 . [ sep ] 200
at the end of the second anglo - dutch war , the english gained new amsterdam ( new york ) in north america in exchange for dutch control of run , an indonesian island . several intertribal wars among the native americans and some epidemics brought on by contact with the europeans caused sizable population losses for the lenape between the years 1660 and 1670 . by 1700 , the lenape population had diminished to 200 . [ sep ] run
thomas newman returned as spectre ' s composer . rather than composing the score once the film had moved into post - production , newman worked during filming . the theatrical trailer released in july 2015 contained a rendition of john barry ' s on her majesty ' s secret service theme . mendes revealed that the final film would have more than one hundred minutes of music . the soundtrack album was released on 23 october 2015 in the uk and 6 november 2015 in the usa on the decca records label . [ sep ] thomas newman
thomas newman returned as spectre ' s composer . rather than composing the score once the film had moved into post - production , newman worked during filming . the theatrical trailer released in july 2015 contained a rendition of john barry ' s on her majesty ' s secret service theme . mendes revealed that the final film would have more than one hundred minutes of music . the soundtrack album was released on 23 october 2015 in the uk and 6 november 2015 in the usa on the decca records label . [ sep ] 23 october 2015
thomas newman returned as spectre ' s composer . rather than composing the score once the film had moved into post - production , newman worked during filming . the theatrical trailer released in july 2015 contained a rendition of john barry ' s on her majesty ' s secret service theme . mendes revealed that the final film would have more than one hundred minutes of music . the soundtrack album was released on 23 october 2015 in the uk and 6 november 2015 in the usa on the decca records label . [ sep ] decca records
as a result of the magnitude 7 . 9 earthquake and the many strong aftershocks , many rivers became blocked by large landslides , which resulted in the formation of " quake lakes " behind the blockages ; these massive amounts of water were pooling up at a very high rate behind the natural landslide dams and it was feared that the blockages would eventually crumble under the weight of the ever - increasing water mass , potentially endangering the lives of millions of people living downstream . as of may 27 , 2008 , 34 lakes had formed due to earthquake debris blocking and damming rivers , and it was estimated that 28 of them were still of potential danger to the local people . entire villages had to be evacuated because of the resultant flooding . [ sep ] quake lakes
as a result of the magnitude 7 . 9 earthquake and the many strong aftershocks , many rivers became blocked by large landslides , which resulted in the formation of " quake lakes " behind the blockages ; these massive amounts of water were pooling up at a very high rate behind the natural landslide dams and it was feared that the blockages would eventually crumble under the weight of the ever - increasing water mass , potentially endangering the lives of millions of people living downstream . as of may 27 , 2008 , 34 lakes had formed due to earthquake debris blocking and damming rivers , and it was estimated that 28 of them were still of potential danger to the local people . entire villages had to be evacuated because of the resultant flooding . [ sep ] 34
as a result of the magnitude 7 . 9 earthquake and the many strong aftershocks , many rivers became blocked by large landslides , which resulted in the formation of " quake lakes " behind the blockages ; these massive amounts of water were pooling up at a very high rate behind the natural landslide dams and it was feared that the blockages would eventually crumble under the weight of the ever - increasing water mass , potentially endangering the lives of millions of people living downstream . as of may 27 , 2008 , 34 lakes had formed due to earthquake debris blocking and damming rivers , and it was estimated that 28 of them were still of potential danger to the local people . entire villages had to be evacuated because of the resultant flooding . [ sep ] 28
in september 2015 it was announced that sam smith and regular collaborator jimmy napes had written the film ' s title theme , " writing ' s on the wall " , with smith performing it for the film . smith said the song came together in one session and that he and napes wrote it in under half an hour before recording a demo . satisfied with the quality , the demo was used in the final release . [ sep ] writing ' s on the wall
in september 2015 it was announced that sam smith and regular collaborator jimmy napes had written the film ' s title theme , " writing ' s on the wall " , with smith performing it for the film . smith said the song came together in one session and that he and napes wrote it in under half an hour before recording a demo . satisfied with the quality , the demo was used in the final release . [ sep ] one
in september 2015 it was announced that sam smith and regular collaborator jimmy napes had written the film ' s title theme , " writing ' s on the wall " , with smith performing it for the film . smith said the song came together in one session and that he and napes wrote it in under half an hour before recording a demo . satisfied with the quality , the demo was used in the final release . [ sep ] demo
new york grew in importance as a trading port while under british rule in the early 1700s . it also became a center of slavery , with 42 % of households holding slaves by 1730 , more than any other city other than charleston , south carolina . most slaveholders held a few or several domestic slaves , but others hired them out to work at labor . slavery became integrally tied to new york ' s economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port , and the banks and shipping tied to the south . discovery of the african burying ground in the 1990s , during construction of a new federal courthouse near foley square , revealed that tens of thousands of africans had been buried in the area in the colonial years . [ sep ] 42 %
new york grew in importance as a trading port while under british rule in the early 1700s . it also became a center of slavery , with 42 % of households holding slaves by 1730 , more than any other city other than charleston , south carolina . most slaveholders held a few or several domestic slaves , but others hired them out to work at labor . slavery became integrally tied to new york ' s economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port , and the banks and shipping tied to the south . discovery of the african burying ground in the 1990s , during construction of a new federal courthouse near foley square , revealed that tens of thousands of africans had been buried in the area in the colonial years . [ sep ] charleston , south carolina
new york grew in importance as a trading port while under british rule in the early 1700s . it also became a center of slavery , with 42 % of households holding slaves by 1730 , more than any other city other than charleston , south carolina . most slaveholders held a few or several domestic slaves , but others hired them out to work at labor . slavery became integrally tied to new york ' s economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port , and the banks and shipping tied to the south . discovery of the african burying ground in the 1990s , during construction of a new federal courthouse near foley square , revealed that tens of thousands of africans had been buried in the area in the colonial years . [ sep ] foley square
new york grew in importance as a trading port while under british rule in the early 1700s . it also became a center of slavery , with 42 % of households holding slaves by 1730 , more than any other city other than charleston , south carolina . most slaveholders held a few or several domestic slaves , but others hired them out to work at labor . slavery became integrally tied to new york ' s economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port , and the banks and shipping tied to the south . discovery of the african burying ground in the 1990s , during construction of a new federal courthouse near foley square , revealed that tens of thousands of africans had been buried in the area in the colonial years . [ sep ] courthouse
the most precarious of these quake - lakes was the one located in the extremely difficult terrain at mount tangjia in beichuan county , sichuan , accessible only by foot or air ; an mi - 26t heavy lift helicopter belonging to the china flying dragon special aviation company was used to bring heavy earthmoving tractors to the affected location . this operation was coupled with the work done by plaaf mi - 17 helicopters bringing in pla engineering corps , explosive specialists and other personnel to join 1 , 200 soldiers who arrived on site by foot . five tons of fuel to operate the machinery was airlifted to the site , where a sluice was constructed to allow the safe discharge of the bottlenecked water . downstream , more than 200 , 000 people were evacuated from mianyang by june 1 in anticipation of the dam bursting . [ sep ] mount tangjia in beichuan county , sichuan
the most precarious of these quake - lakes was the one located in the extremely difficult terrain at mount tangjia in beichuan county , sichuan , accessible only by foot or air ; an mi - 26t heavy lift helicopter belonging to the china flying dragon special aviation company was used to bring heavy earthmoving tractors to the affected location . this operation was coupled with the work done by plaaf mi - 17 helicopters bringing in pla engineering corps , explosive specialists and other personnel to join 1 , 200 soldiers who arrived on site by foot . five tons of fuel to operate the machinery was airlifted to the site , where a sluice was constructed to allow the safe discharge of the bottlenecked water . downstream , more than 200 , 000 people were evacuated from mianyang by june 1 in anticipation of the dam bursting . [ sep ] by foot or air
the most precarious of these quake - lakes was the one located in the extremely difficult terrain at mount tangjia in beichuan county , sichuan , accessible only by foot or air ; an mi - 26t heavy lift helicopter belonging to the china flying dragon special aviation company was used to bring heavy earthmoving tractors to the affected location . this operation was coupled with the work done by plaaf mi - 17 helicopters bringing in pla engineering corps , explosive specialists and other personnel to join 1 , 200 soldiers who arrived on site by foot . five tons of fuel to operate the machinery was airlifted to the site , where a sluice was constructed to allow the safe discharge of the bottlenecked water . downstream , more than 200 , 000 people were evacuated from mianyang by june 1 in anticipation of the dam bursting . [ sep ] tractors
the most precarious of these quake - lakes was the one located in the extremely difficult terrain at mount tangjia in beichuan county , sichuan , accessible only by foot or air ; an mi - 26t heavy lift helicopter belonging to the china flying dragon special aviation company was used to bring heavy earthmoving tractors to the affected location . this operation was coupled with the work done by plaaf mi - 17 helicopters bringing in pla engineering corps , explosive specialists and other personnel to join 1 , 200 soldiers who arrived on site by foot . five tons of fuel to operate the machinery was airlifted to the site , where a sluice was constructed to allow the safe discharge of the bottlenecked water . downstream , more than 200 , 000 people were evacuated from mianyang by june 1 in anticipation of the dam bursting . [ sep ] 200 , 000
the trial in manhattan of john peter zenger in 1735 helped to establish the freedom of the press in north america . in 1754 , columbia university was founded under charter by king george ii as king ' s college in lower manhattan . the stamp act congress met in new york in october 1765 as the sons of liberty organized in the city , skirmishing over the next ten years with british troops stationed there . [ sep ] 1735
the trial in manhattan of john peter zenger in 1735 helped to establish the freedom of the press in north america . in 1754 , columbia university was founded under charter by king george ii as king ' s college in lower manhattan . the stamp act congress met in new york in october 1765 as the sons of liberty organized in the city , skirmishing over the next ten years with british troops stationed there . [ sep ] manhattan
the trial in manhattan of john peter zenger in 1735 helped to establish the freedom of the press in north america . in 1754 , columbia university was founded under charter by king george ii as king ' s college in lower manhattan . the stamp act congress met in new york in october 1765 as the sons of liberty organized in the city , skirmishing over the next ten years with british troops stationed there . [ sep ] 1754
the trial in manhattan of john peter zenger in 1735 helped to establish the freedom of the press in north america . in 1754 , columbia university was founded under charter by king george ii as king ' s college in lower manhattan . the stamp act congress met in new york in october 1765 as the sons of liberty organized in the city , skirmishing over the next ten years with british troops stationed there . [ sep ] george ii
the trial in manhattan of john peter zenger in 1735 helped to establish the freedom of the press in north america . in 1754 , columbia university was founded under charter by king george ii as king ' s college in lower manhattan . the stamp act congress met in new york in october 1765 as the sons of liberty organized in the city , skirmishing over the next ten years with british troops stationed there . [ sep ] king ' s college
the state council declared a three - day period of national mourning for the quake victims starting from may 19 , 2008 ; the prc ' s national flag and regional flags of hong kong and macau special administrative regions flown at half mast . it was the first time that a national mourning period had been declared for something other than the death of a state leader , and many have called it the biggest display of mourning since the death of mao zedong . at 14 : 28 cst on may 19 , 2008 , a week after the earthquake , the chinese public held a moment of silence . people stood silent for three minutes while air defense , police and fire sirens , and the horns of vehicles , vessels and trains sounded . cars and trucks on beijing ' s roads also came to a halt . people spontaneously burst into cheering " zhongguo jiayou ! " ( let ' s go , china ! ) and " sichuan jiayou " ( let ' s go , sichuan ! ) afterwards . [ sep ] the state council
the ningbo organizing committee of the beijing olympic torch relay announced that the relay , scheduled to take place in ningbo during national morning , would be suspended for the duration of the mourning period . the route of the torch through the country was scaled down , and there was a minute of silence when the next leg started in city of ruijin , jiangxi on the wednesday after the quake . [ sep ] olympic torch relay
the ningbo organizing committee of the beijing olympic torch relay announced that the relay , scheduled to take place in ningbo during national morning , would be suspended for the duration of the mourning period . the route of the torch through the country was scaled down , and there was a minute of silence when the next leg started in city of ruijin , jiangxi on the wednesday after the quake . [ sep ] ningbo
the battle of long island , the largest battle of the american revolutionary war , was fought in august 1776 entirely within the modern - day borough of brooklyn . after the battle , in which the americans were defeated , leaving subsequent smaller armed engagements following in its wake , the city became the british military and political base of operations in north america . the city was a haven for loyalist refugees , as well as escaped slaves who joined the british lines for freedom newly promised by the crown for all fighters . as many as 10 , 000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the british occupation . when the british forces evacuated at the close of the war in 1783 , they transported 3 , 000 freedmen for resettlement in nova scotia . they resettled other freedmen in england and the caribbean . [ sep ] battle of long island
the battle of long island , the largest battle of the american revolutionary war , was fought in august 1776 entirely within the modern - day borough of brooklyn . after the battle , in which the americans were defeated , leaving subsequent smaller armed engagements following in its wake , the city became the british military and political base of operations in north america . the city was a haven for loyalist refugees , as well as escaped slaves who joined the british lines for freedom newly promised by the crown for all fighters . as many as 10 , 000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the british occupation . when the british forces evacuated at the close of the war in 1783 , they transported 3 , 000 freedmen for resettlement in nova scotia . they resettled other freedmen in england and the caribbean . [ sep ] brooklyn
the battle of long island , the largest battle of the american revolutionary war , was fought in august 1776 entirely within the modern - day borough of brooklyn . after the battle , in which the americans were defeated , leaving subsequent smaller armed engagements following in its wake , the city became the british military and political base of operations in north america . the city was a haven for loyalist refugees , as well as escaped slaves who joined the british lines for freedom newly promised by the crown for all fighters . as many as 10 , 000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the british occupation . when the british forces evacuated at the close of the war in 1783 , they transported 3 , 000 freedmen for resettlement in nova scotia . they resettled other freedmen in england and the caribbean . [ sep ] august 1776
the battle of long island , the largest battle of the american revolutionary war , was fought in august 1776 entirely within the modern - day borough of brooklyn . after the battle , in which the americans were defeated , leaving subsequent smaller armed engagements following in its wake , the city became the british military and political base of operations in north america . the city was a haven for loyalist refugees , as well as escaped slaves who joined the british lines for freedom newly promised by the crown for all fighters . as many as 10 , 000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the british occupation . when the british forces evacuated at the close of the war in 1783 , they transported 3 , 000 freedmen for resettlement in nova scotia . they resettled other freedmen in england and the caribbean . [ sep ] 10 , 000
the battle of long island , the largest battle of the american revolutionary war , was fought in august 1776 entirely within the modern - day borough of brooklyn . after the battle , in which the americans were defeated , leaving subsequent smaller armed engagements following in its wake , the city became the british military and political base of operations in north america . the city was a haven for loyalist refugees , as well as escaped slaves who joined the british lines for freedom newly promised by the crown for all fighters . as many as 10 , 000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the british occupation . when the british forces evacuated at the close of the war in 1783 , they transported 3 , 000 freedmen for resettlement in nova scotia . they resettled other freedmen in england and the caribbean . [ sep ] 1783
many websites converted their home page to black and white ; sina . com and sohu , major internet portals , limited their homepages to news items and removed all advertisements . chinese video sharing websites youku and tudou displayed a black background and placed multiple videos showing earthquake footage and news reports . the chinese version of msn , cn . msn . com , also displayed banner ads about the earthquake and the relief efforts . other entertainment websites , including various gaming sites , such as the chinese servers for world of warcraft , had shut down altogether , or had corresponding links to earthquake donations . after the moments of silence , in tiananmen square , crowds spontaneously burst out cheering various slogans , including " long live china " . casinos in macau closed down . [ sep ] black and white
the song was released as a digital download on 25 september 2015 . it received mixed reviews from critics and fans , particularly in comparison to adele ' s " skyfall " . the mixed reception to the song led to shirley bassey trending on twitter on the day it was released . it became the first bond theme to reach number one in the uk singles chart . the english band radiohead also composed a song for the film , which went unused . [ sep ] 25 september 2015
the song was released as a digital download on 25 september 2015 . it received mixed reviews from critics and fans , particularly in comparison to adele ' s " skyfall " . the mixed reception to the song led to shirley bassey trending on twitter on the day it was released . it became the first bond theme to reach number one in the uk singles chart . the english band radiohead also composed a song for the film , which went unused . [ sep ] skyfall
the song was released as a digital download on 25 september 2015 . it received mixed reviews from critics and fans , particularly in comparison to adele ' s " skyfall " . the mixed reception to the song led to shirley bassey trending on twitter on the day it was released . it became the first bond theme to reach number one in the uk singles chart . the english band radiohead also composed a song for the film , which went unused . [ sep ] shirley bassey
the song was released as a digital download on 25 september 2015 . it received mixed reviews from critics and fans , particularly in comparison to adele ' s " skyfall " . the mixed reception to the song led to shirley bassey trending on twitter on the day it was released . it became the first bond theme to reach number one in the uk singles chart . the english band radiohead also composed a song for the film , which went unused . [ sep ] radiohead
ye zhiping , the principal of sangzao middle school in sangzao , one of the largest in an county , has been credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2 , 323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened . during a three - year period that ended in 2007 , he oversaw a major overhaul of his school . during that time he obtained more than 400 , 000 yuan ( us $ 60 , 000 ) from the county education department , money used to widen and strengthen concrete pillars and the balcony railing of all four storeys of his school , as well as secure its concrete floors . [ sep ] ye zhiping
ye zhiping , the principal of sangzao middle school in sangzao , one of the largest in an county , has been credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2 , 323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened . during a three - year period that ended in 2007 , he oversaw a major overhaul of his school . during that time he obtained more than 400 , 000 yuan ( us $ 60 , 000 ) from the county education department , money used to widen and strengthen concrete pillars and the balcony railing of all four storeys of his school , as well as secure its concrete floors . [ sep ] proactive action that spared the lives of all 2 , 323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened
ye zhiping , the principal of sangzao middle school in sangzao , one of the largest in an county , has been credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2 , 323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened . during a three - year period that ended in 2007 , he oversaw a major overhaul of his school . during that time he obtained more than 400 , 000 yuan ( us $ 60 , 000 ) from the county education department , money used to widen and strengthen concrete pillars and the balcony railing of all four storeys of his school , as well as secure its concrete floors . [ sep ] 2 , 323
ye zhiping , the principal of sangzao middle school in sangzao , one of the largest in an county , has been credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2 , 323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened . during a three - year period that ended in 2007 , he oversaw a major overhaul of his school . during that time he obtained more than 400 , 000 yuan ( us $ 60 , 000 ) from the county education department , money used to widen and strengthen concrete pillars and the balcony railing of all four storeys of his school , as well as secure its concrete floors . [ sep ] 400 , 000 yuan
however , reuters reported in june that , to date , chinese prosecutors have joined an official inquiry into ten collapsed schools during may ' s devastating earthquake to gain first - hand material of construction quality at the collapsed schools , launch preliminary inquiries and prepare for possible investigations into professional crime . it was also reported that safety checks were to be carried out at schools across china after last month ' s earthquake . [ sep ] to gain first - hand material of construction quality
however , reuters reported in june that , to date , chinese prosecutors have joined an official inquiry into ten collapsed schools during may ' s devastating earthquake to gain first - hand material of construction quality at the collapsed schools , launch preliminary inquiries and prepare for possible investigations into professional crime . it was also reported that safety checks were to be carried out at schools across china after last month ' s earthquake . [ sep ] safety checks
the new york times reported that " government officials in beijing and sichuan have said they are investigating the collapses . in an acknowledgment of the weakness of building codes in the countryside , the national development and reform commission said on may 27 that it had drafted an amendment to improve construction standards for primary and middle schools in rural areas . experts are reviewing the draft , the commission said . " to limit protests , officials pushed parents to sign a document , which forbade them from holding protests , in exchange of money , but some who refused to sign were threatened . the payment amounts varied from school to school but were approximately the same . in hanwang , parents were offered a package valued at 8 , 800 usd in cash and a per - parent pension of nearly 5 , 600 usd . furthermore , officials used other methods of silencing : riot police officers broke up protests by parents ; the authorities set up cordons around the schools ; and officials ordered the chinese news media to stop reporting on school collapses . [ sep ] money
the new york times reported that " government officials in beijing and sichuan have said they are investigating the collapses . in an acknowledgment of the weakness of building codes in the countryside , the national development and reform commission said on may 27 that it had drafted an amendment to improve construction standards for primary and middle schools in rural areas . experts are reviewing the draft , the commission said . " to limit protests , officials pushed parents to sign a document , which forbade them from holding protests , in exchange of money , but some who refused to sign were threatened . the payment amounts varied from school to school but were approximately the same . in hanwang , parents were offered a package valued at 8 , 800 usd in cash and a per - parent pension of nearly 5 , 600 usd . furthermore , officials used other methods of silencing : riot police officers broke up protests by parents ; the authorities set up cordons around the schools ; and officials ordered the chinese news media to stop reporting on school collapses . [ sep ] riot police
besides parents , liu shaokun ( [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , a sichuan school teacher , was detained on june 25 , 2008 for " disseminating rumors and destroying social order " about the sichuan earthquake . liu ’ s family was later told that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion . liu had travelled to the shifang , taken photos of collapsed school buildings , and put them online . he had also expressed his anger at “ the shoddy tofu - dregs buildings ” ( [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ) in a media interview . he was ordered to serve one year of re - education through labor ( rtl ) . according to the organization human rights in china , liu has been released to serve his rtl sentence outside of the labor camp . [ sep ] liu shaokun
besides parents , liu shaokun ( [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , a sichuan school teacher , was detained on june 25 , 2008 for " disseminating rumors and destroying social order " about the sichuan earthquake . liu ’ s family was later told that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion . liu had travelled to the shifang , taken photos of collapsed school buildings , and put them online . he had also expressed his anger at “ the shoddy tofu - dregs buildings ” ( [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ) in a media interview . he was ordered to serve one year of re - education through labor ( rtl ) . according to the organization human rights in china , liu has been released to serve his rtl sentence outside of the labor camp . [ sep ] that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion
in january 2010 , hong kong - based english newspaper the standard reported that writer tan zuoren attempted to document shoddy construction that may have led to massive casualties in schools , was sentenced to in prison ostensibly for his writing an article in 2007 in support of the pro - democracy movement in 1989 . [ sep ] in 2007
in january 2010 , hong kong - based english newspaper the standard reported that writer tan zuoren attempted to document shoddy construction that may have led to massive casualties in schools , was sentenced to in prison ostensibly for his writing an article in 2007 in support of the pro - democracy movement in 1989 . [ sep ] january 2010
because of the magnitude of the quake , and the media attention on china , foreign nations and organizations immediately responded to the disaster by offering condolences and assistance . on may 14 , unicef reported that china formally requested the support of the international community to respond to the needs of affected families . [ sep ] that china formally requested the support of the international community
by may 14 , the ministry of civil affairs stated that 10 . 7 billion yuan ( approximately us $ 1 . 5 billion ) had been donated by the chinese public . houston rockets center yao ming , one of the country ' s most popular sports icons , gave $ 214 , 000 and $ 71 , 000 to the red cross society of china . the association has also collected a total of $ 26 million in donations so far . other multinational firms located in china have also announced large amounts of donations . [ sep ] $ 214 , 000 and $ 71 , 000
by may 14 , the ministry of civil affairs stated that 10 . 7 billion yuan ( approximately us $ 1 . 5 billion ) had been donated by the chinese public . houston rockets center yao ming , one of the country ' s most popular sports icons , gave $ 214 , 000 and $ 71 , 000 to the red cross society of china . the association has also collected a total of $ 26 million in donations so far . other multinational firms located in china have also announced large amounts of donations . [ sep ] $ 26 million
the only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the conference house on staten island between american delegates , including benjamin franklin , and british general lord howe on september 11 , 1776 . shortly after the british occupation began , the great fire of new york occurred , a large conflagration on the west side of lower manhattan , which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city , including trinity church . [ sep ] september 11 , 1776
the only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the conference house on staten island between american delegates , including benjamin franklin , and british general lord howe on september 11 , 1776 . shortly after the british occupation began , the great fire of new york occurred , a large conflagration on the west side of lower manhattan , which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city , including trinity church . [ sep ] lord howe
the only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the conference house on staten island between american delegates , including benjamin franklin , and british general lord howe on september 11 , 1776 . shortly after the british occupation began , the great fire of new york occurred , a large conflagration on the west side of lower manhattan , which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city , including trinity church . [ sep ] great fire of new york
the only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the conference house on staten island between american delegates , including benjamin franklin , and british general lord howe on september 11 , 1776 . shortly after the british occupation began , the great fire of new york occurred , a large conflagration on the west side of lower manhattan , which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city , including trinity church . [ sep ] manhattan
the only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the conference house on staten island between american delegates , including benjamin franklin , and british general lord howe on september 11 , 1776 . shortly after the british occupation began , the great fire of new york occurred , a large conflagration on the west side of lower manhattan , which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city , including trinity church . [ sep ] trinity church
in 1785 , the assembly of the congress of the confederation made new york the national capital shortly after the war . new york was the last capital of the u . s . under the articles of confederation and the first capital under the constitution of the united states . in 1789 , the first president of the united states , george washington , was inaugurated ; the first united states congress and the supreme court of the united states each assembled for the first time , and the united states bill of rights was drafted , all at federal hall on wall street . by 1790 , new york had surpassed philadelphia as the largest city in the united states . [ sep ] 1785
in 1785 , the assembly of the congress of the confederation made new york the national capital shortly after the war . new york was the last capital of the u . s . under the articles of confederation and the first capital under the constitution of the united states . in 1789 , the first president of the united states , george washington , was inaugurated ; the first united states congress and the supreme court of the united states each assembled for the first time , and the united states bill of rights was drafted , all at federal hall on wall street . by 1790 , new york had surpassed philadelphia as the largest city in the united states . [ sep ] george washington
in 1785 , the assembly of the congress of the confederation made new york the national capital shortly after the war . new york was the last capital of the u . s . under the articles of confederation and the first capital under the constitution of the united states . in 1789 , the first president of the united states , george washington , was inaugurated ; the first united states congress and the supreme court of the united states each assembled for the first time , and the united states bill of rights was drafted , all at federal hall on wall street . by 1790 , new york had surpassed philadelphia as the largest city in the united states . [ sep ] federal hall
in 1785 , the assembly of the congress of the confederation made new york the national capital shortly after the war . new york was the last capital of the u . s . under the articles of confederation and the first capital under the constitution of the united states . in 1789 , the first president of the united states , george washington , was inaugurated ; the first united states congress and the supreme court of the united states each assembled for the first time , and the united states bill of rights was drafted , all at federal hall on wall street . by 1790 , new york had surpassed philadelphia as the largest city in the united states . [ sep ] wall street
in 1785 , the assembly of the congress of the confederation made new york the national capital shortly after the war . new york was the last capital of the u . s . under the articles of confederation and the first capital under the constitution of the united states . in 1789 , the first president of the united states , george washington , was inaugurated ; the first united states congress and the supreme court of the united states each assembled for the first time , and the united states bill of rights was drafted , all at federal hall on wall street . by 1790 , new york had surpassed philadelphia as the largest city in the united states . [ sep ] philadelphia
under new york state ' s gradual abolition act of 1799 , children of slave mothers were born to be eventually liberated but were held in indentured servitude until their mid - to - late twenties . together with slaves freed by their masters after the revolutionary war and escaped slaves , a significant free - black population gradually developed in manhattan . under such influential united states founders as alexander hamilton and john jay , the new york manumission society worked for abolition and established the african free school to educate black children . it was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state , and free blacks struggled afterward with discrimination . new york interracial abolitionist activism continued ; among its leaders were graduates of the african free school . the city ' s black population reached more than 16 , 000 in 1840 . [ sep ] 1799
under new york state ' s gradual abolition act of 1799 , children of slave mothers were born to be eventually liberated but were held in indentured servitude until their mid - to - late twenties . together with slaves freed by their masters after the revolutionary war and escaped slaves , a significant free - black population gradually developed in manhattan . under such influential united states founders as alexander hamilton and john jay , the new york manumission society worked for abolition and established the african free school to educate black children . it was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state , and free blacks struggled afterward with discrimination . new york interracial abolitionist activism continued ; among its leaders were graduates of the african free school . the city ' s black population reached more than 16 , 000 in 1840 . [ sep ] manhattan
under new york state ' s gradual abolition act of 1799 , children of slave mothers were born to be eventually liberated but were held in indentured servitude until their mid - to - late twenties . together with slaves freed by their masters after the revolutionary war and escaped slaves , a significant free - black population gradually developed in manhattan . under such influential united states founders as alexander hamilton and john jay , the new york manumission society worked for abolition and established the african free school to educate black children . it was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state , and free blacks struggled afterward with discrimination . new york interracial abolitionist activism continued ; among its leaders were graduates of the african free school . the city ' s black population reached more than 16 , 000 in 1840 . [ sep ] alexander hamilton
under new york state ' s gradual abolition act of 1799 , children of slave mothers were born to be eventually liberated but were held in indentured servitude until their mid - to - late twenties . together with slaves freed by their masters after the revolutionary war and escaped slaves , a significant free - black population gradually developed in manhattan . under such influential united states founders as alexander hamilton and john jay , the new york manumission society worked for abolition and established the african free school to educate black children . it was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state , and free blacks struggled afterward with discrimination . new york interracial abolitionist activism continued ; among its leaders were graduates of the african free school . the city ' s black population reached more than 16 , 000 in 1840 . [ sep ] 1827
under new york state ' s gradual abolition act of 1799 , children of slave mothers were born to be eventually liberated but were held in indentured servitude until their mid - to - late twenties . together with slaves freed by their masters after the revolutionary war and escaped slaves , a significant free - black population gradually developed in manhattan . under such influential united states founders as alexander hamilton and john jay , the new york manumission society worked for abolition and established the african free school to educate black children . it was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state , and free blacks struggled afterward with discrimination . new york interracial abolitionist activism continued ; among its leaders were graduates of the african free school . the city ' s black population reached more than 16 , 000 in 1840 . [ sep ] 16 , 000
in the 19th century , the city was transformed by development relating to its status as a trading center , as well as by european immigration . the city adopted the commissioners ' plan of 1811 , which expanded the city street grid to encompass all of manhattan . the 1825 completion of the erie canal through central new york connected the atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the north american interior via the hudson river and the great lakes . local politics became dominated by tammany hall , a political machine supported by irish and german immigrants . [ sep ] commissioners ' plan
in the 19th century , the city was transformed by development relating to its status as a trading center , as well as by european immigration . the city adopted the commissioners ' plan of 1811 , which expanded the city street grid to encompass all of manhattan . the 1825 completion of the erie canal through central new york connected the atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the north american interior via the hudson river and the great lakes . local politics became dominated by tammany hall , a political machine supported by irish and german immigrants . [ sep ] 1825
in the 19th century , the city was transformed by development relating to its status as a trading center , as well as by european immigration . the city adopted the commissioners ' plan of 1811 , which expanded the city street grid to encompass all of manhattan . the 1825 completion of the erie canal through central new york connected the atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the north american interior via the hudson river and the great lakes . local politics became dominated by tammany hall , a political machine supported by irish and german immigrants . [ sep ] tammany hall
in the 19th century , the city was transformed by development relating to its status as a trading center , as well as by european immigration . the city adopted the commissioners ' plan of 1811 , which expanded the city street grid to encompass all of manhattan . the 1825 completion of the erie canal through central new york connected the atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the north american interior via the hudson river and the great lakes . local politics became dominated by tammany hall , a political machine supported by irish and german immigrants . [ sep ] irish
several prominent american literary figures lived in new york during the 1830s and 1840s , including william cullen bryant , washington irving , herman melville , rufus wilmot griswold , john keese , nathaniel parker willis , and edgar allan poe . public - minded members of the contemporaneous business elite lobbied for the establishment of central park , which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an american city . [ sep ] central park
several prominent american literary figures lived in new york during the 1830s and 1840s , including william cullen bryant , washington irving , herman melville , rufus wilmot griswold , john keese , nathaniel parker willis , and edgar allan poe . public - minded members of the contemporaneous business elite lobbied for the establishment of central park , which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an american city . [ sep ] 1857
during the december 2014 press conference announcing the start of filming , aston martin and eon unveiled the new db10 as the official car for the film . the db10 was designed in collaboration between aston martin and the filmmakers , with only 10 being produced especially for spectre as a celebration of the 50th anniversary of the company ' s association with the franchise . only eight of those 10 were used for the film , however ; the remaining two were used for promotional work . after modifying the jaguar c - x75 for the film , williams f1 carried the 007 logo on their cars at the 2015 mexican grand prix , with the team playing host to the cast and crew ahead of the mexican premiere of the film . [ sep ] aston martin and eon
during the december 2014 press conference announcing the start of filming , aston martin and eon unveiled the new db10 as the official car for the film . the db10 was designed in collaboration between aston martin and the filmmakers , with only 10 being produced especially for spectre as a celebration of the 50th anniversary of the company ' s association with the franchise . only eight of those 10 were used for the film , however ; the remaining two were used for promotional work . after modifying the jaguar c - x75 for the film , williams f1 carried the 007 logo on their cars at the 2015 mexican grand prix , with the team playing host to the cast and crew ahead of the mexican premiere of the film . [ sep ] 10
during the december 2014 press conference announcing the start of filming , aston martin and eon unveiled the new db10 as the official car for the film . the db10 was designed in collaboration between aston martin and the filmmakers , with only 10 being produced especially for spectre as a celebration of the 50th anniversary of the company ' s association with the franchise . only eight of those 10 were used for the film , however ; the remaining two were used for promotional work . after modifying the jaguar c - x75 for the film , williams f1 carried the 007 logo on their cars at the 2015 mexican grand prix , with the team playing host to the cast and crew ahead of the mexican premiere of the film . [ sep ] williams f1
during the december 2014 press conference announcing the start of filming , aston martin and eon unveiled the new db10 as the official car for the film . the db10 was designed in collaboration between aston martin and the filmmakers , with only 10 being produced especially for spectre as a celebration of the 50th anniversary of the company ' s association with the franchise . only eight of those 10 were used for the film , however ; the remaining two were used for promotional work . after modifying the jaguar c - x75 for the film , williams f1 carried the 007 logo on their cars at the 2015 mexican grand prix , with the team playing host to the cast and crew ahead of the mexican premiere of the film . [ sep ] promotional work
the great irish famine brought a large influx of irish immigrants . over 200 , 000 were living in new york by 1860 , upwards of a quarter of the city ' s population . there was also extensive immigration from the german provinces , where revolutions had disrupted societies , and germans comprised another 25 % of new york ' s population by 1860 . [ sep ] great irish famine
the great irish famine brought a large influx of irish immigrants . over 200 , 000 were living in new york by 1860 , upwards of a quarter of the city ' s population . there was also extensive immigration from the german provinces , where revolutions had disrupted societies , and germans comprised another 25 % of new york ' s population by 1860 . [ sep ] 200 , 000
the great irish famine brought a large influx of irish immigrants . over 200 , 000 were living in new york by 1860 , upwards of a quarter of the city ' s population . there was also extensive immigration from the german provinces , where revolutions had disrupted societies , and germans comprised another 25 % of new york ' s population by 1860 . [ sep ] a quarter
the great irish famine brought a large influx of irish immigrants . over 200 , 000 were living in new york by 1860 , upwards of a quarter of the city ' s population . there was also extensive immigration from the german provinces , where revolutions had disrupted societies , and germans comprised another 25 % of new york ' s population by 1860 . [ sep ] 25 %
the great irish famine brought a large influx of irish immigrants . over 200 , 000 were living in new york by 1860 , upwards of a quarter of the city ' s population . there was also extensive immigration from the german provinces , where revolutions had disrupted societies , and germans comprised another 25 % of new york ' s population by 1860 . [ sep ] revolutions
to promote the film , production continued the trend established during skyfall ' s production of releasing still images of clapperboards and video blogs on eon ' s official social media accounts . [ sep ] clapperboards
to promote the film , production continued the trend established during skyfall ' s production of releasing still images of clapperboards and video blogs on eon ' s official social media accounts . [ sep ] skyfall
democratic party candidates were consistently elected to local office , increasing the city ' s ties to the south and its dominant party . in 1861 , mayor fernando wood called on the aldermen to declare independence from albany and the united states after the south seceded , but his proposal was not acted on . anger at new military conscription laws during the american civil war ( 1861 – 1865 ) , which spared wealthier men who could afford to pay a $ 300 ( equivalent to $ 5 , 766 in 2016 ) commutation fee to hire a substitute , led to the draft riots of 1863 , whose most visible participants were ethnic irish working class . the situation deteriorated into attacks on new york ' s elite , followed by attacks on black new yorkers and their property after fierce competition for a decade between irish immigrants and blacks for work . rioters burned the colored orphan asylum to the ground , but more than 200 children escaped harm due to efforts of the new york city police department , which was mainly made up of irish immigrants . according to historian james m . mcpherson ( 2001 ) , at least 120 people were killed . in all , eleven black men were lynched over five days , and the riots forced hundreds of blacks to flee the city for williamsburg , brooklyn , as well as new jersey ; the black population in manhattan fell below 10 , 000 by 1865 , which it had last been in 1820 . the white working class had established dominance . violence by longshoremen against black men was especially fierce in the docks area . it was one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in american history . [ sep ] fernando wood
democratic party candidates were consistently elected to local office , increasing the city ' s ties to the south and its dominant party . in 1861 , mayor fernando wood called on the aldermen to declare independence from albany and the united states after the south seceded , but his proposal was not acted on . anger at new military conscription laws during the american civil war ( 1861 – 1865 ) , which spared wealthier men who could afford to pay a $ 300 ( equivalent to $ 5 , 766 in 2016 ) commutation fee to hire a substitute , led to the draft riots of 1863 , whose most visible participants were ethnic irish working class . the situation deteriorated into attacks on new york ' s elite , followed by attacks on black new yorkers and their property after fierce competition for a decade between irish immigrants and blacks for work . rioters burned the colored orphan asylum to the ground , but more than 200 children escaped harm due to efforts of the new york city police department , which was mainly made up of irish immigrants . according to historian james m . mcpherson ( 2001 ) , at least 120 people were killed . in all , eleven black men were lynched over five days , and the riots forced hundreds of blacks to flee the city for williamsburg , brooklyn , as well as new jersey ; the black population in manhattan fell below 10 , 000 by 1865 , which it had last been in 1820 . the white working class had established dominance . violence by longshoremen against black men was especially fierce in the docks area . it was one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in american history . [ sep ] $ 300
democratic party candidates were consistently elected to local office , increasing the city ' s ties to the south and its dominant party . in 1861 , mayor fernando wood called on the aldermen to declare independence from albany and the united states after the south seceded , but his proposal was not acted on . anger at new military conscription laws during the american civil war ( 1861 – 1865 ) , which spared wealthier men who could afford to pay a $ 300 ( equivalent to $ 5 , 766 in 2016 ) commutation fee to hire a substitute , led to the draft riots of 1863 , whose most visible participants were ethnic irish working class . the situation deteriorated into attacks on new york ' s elite , followed by attacks on black new yorkers and their property after fierce competition for a decade between irish immigrants and blacks for work . rioters burned the colored orphan asylum to the ground , but more than 200 children escaped harm due to efforts of the new york city police department , which was mainly made up of irish immigrants . according to historian james m . mcpherson ( 2001 ) , at least 120 people were killed . in all , eleven black men were lynched over five days , and the riots forced hundreds of blacks to flee the city for williamsburg , brooklyn , as well as new jersey ; the black population in manhattan fell below 10 , 000 by 1865 , which it had last been in 1820 . the white working class had established dominance . violence by longshoremen against black men was especially fierce in the docks area . it was one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in american history . [ sep ] irish
democratic party candidates were consistently elected to local office , increasing the city ' s ties to the south and its dominant party . in 1861 , mayor fernando wood called on the aldermen to declare independence from albany and the united states after the south seceded , but his proposal was not acted on . anger at new military conscription laws during the american civil war ( 1861 – 1865 ) , which spared wealthier men who could afford to pay a $ 300 ( equivalent to $ 5 , 766 in 2016 ) commutation fee to hire a substitute , led to the draft riots of 1863 , whose most visible participants were ethnic irish working class . the situation deteriorated into attacks on new york ' s elite , followed by attacks on black new yorkers and their property after fierce competition for a decade between irish immigrants and blacks for work . rioters burned the colored orphan asylum to the ground , but more than 200 children escaped harm due to efforts of the new york city police department , which was mainly made up of irish immigrants . according to historian james m . mcpherson ( 2001 ) , at least 120 people were killed . in all , eleven black men were lynched over five days , and the riots forced hundreds of blacks to flee the city for williamsburg , brooklyn , as well as new jersey ; the black population in manhattan fell below 10 , 000 by 1865 , which it had last been in 1820 . the white working class had established dominance . violence by longshoremen against black men was especially fierce in the docks area . it was one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in american history . [ sep ] 120
democratic party candidates were consistently elected to local office , increasing the city ' s ties to the south and its dominant party . in 1861 , mayor fernando wood called on the aldermen to declare independence from albany and the united states after the south seceded , but his proposal was not acted on . anger at new military conscription laws during the american civil war ( 1861 – 1865 ) , which spared wealthier men who could afford to pay a $ 300 ( equivalent to $ 5 , 766 in 2016 ) commutation fee to hire a substitute , led to the draft riots of 1863 , whose most visible participants were ethnic irish working class . the situation deteriorated into attacks on new york ' s elite , followed by attacks on black new yorkers and their property after fierce competition for a decade between irish immigrants and blacks for work . rioters burned the colored orphan asylum to the ground , but more than 200 children escaped harm due to efforts of the new york city police department , which was mainly made up of irish immigrants . according to historian james m . mcpherson ( 2001 ) , at least 120 people were killed . in all , eleven black men were lynched over five days , and the riots forced hundreds of blacks to flee the city for williamsburg , brooklyn , as well as new jersey ; the black population in manhattan fell below 10 , 000 by 1865 , which it had last been in 1820 . the white working class had established dominance . violence by longshoremen against black men was especially fierce in the docks area . it was one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in american history . [ sep ] 10 , 000
in 1898 , the modern city of new york was formed with the consolidation of brooklyn ( until then a separate city ) , the county of new york ( which then included parts of the bronx ) , the county of richmond , and the western portion of the county of queens . the opening of the subway in 1904 , first built as separate private systems , helped bind the new city together . throughout the first half of the 20th century , the city became a world center for industry , commerce , and communication . [ sep ] 1898
in 1898 , the modern city of new york was formed with the consolidation of brooklyn ( until then a separate city ) , the county of new york ( which then included parts of the bronx ) , the county of richmond , and the western portion of the county of queens . the opening of the subway in 1904 , first built as separate private systems , helped bind the new city together . throughout the first half of the 20th century , the city became a world center for industry , commerce , and communication . [ sep ] 1904
in 1898 , the modern city of new york was formed with the consolidation of brooklyn ( until then a separate city ) , the county of new york ( which then included parts of the bronx ) , the county of richmond , and the western portion of the county of queens . the opening of the subway in 1904 , first built as separate private systems , helped bind the new city together . throughout the first half of the 20th century , the city became a world center for industry , commerce , and communication . [ sep ] the bronx
on 13 march 2015 , several members of the cast and crew , including craig , whishaw , wilson and mendes , as well as previous james bond actor , sir roger moore , appeared in a sketch written by david walliams and the dawson brothers for comic relief ' s red nose day on bbc one . in the sketch , they film a behind - the - scenes mockumentary on the filming of spectre . the first teaser trailer for spectre was released worldwide in march 2015 , followed by the theatrical trailer in july and the final trailer in october . [ sep ] comic relief ' s red nose day
on 13 march 2015 , several members of the cast and crew , including craig , whishaw , wilson and mendes , as well as previous james bond actor , sir roger moore , appeared in a sketch written by david walliams and the dawson brothers for comic relief ' s red nose day on bbc one . in the sketch , they film a behind - the - scenes mockumentary on the filming of spectre . the first teaser trailer for spectre was released worldwide in march 2015 , followed by the theatrical trailer in july and the final trailer in october . [ sep ] bbc one
on 13 march 2015 , several members of the cast and crew , including craig , whishaw , wilson and mendes , as well as previous james bond actor , sir roger moore , appeared in a sketch written by david walliams and the dawson brothers for comic relief ' s red nose day on bbc one . in the sketch , they film a behind - the - scenes mockumentary on the filming of spectre . the first teaser trailer for spectre was released worldwide in march 2015 , followed by the theatrical trailer in july and the final trailer in october . [ sep ] july
in 1904 , the steamship general slocum caught fire in the east river , killing 1 , 021 people on board . in 1911 , the triangle shirtwaist factory fire , the city ' s worst industrial disaster , took the lives of 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the international ladies ' garment workers ' union and major improvements in factory safety standards . [ sep ] 1904
in 1904 , the steamship general slocum caught fire in the east river , killing 1 , 021 people on board . in 1911 , the triangle shirtwaist factory fire , the city ' s worst industrial disaster , took the lives of 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the international ladies ' garment workers ' union and major improvements in factory safety standards . [ sep ] 1 , 021
in 1904 , the steamship general slocum caught fire in the east river , killing 1 , 021 people on board . in 1911 , the triangle shirtwaist factory fire , the city ' s worst industrial disaster , took the lives of 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the international ladies ' garment workers ' union and major improvements in factory safety standards . [ sep ] triangle shirtwaist factory
in 1904 , the steamship general slocum caught fire in the east river , killing 1 , 021 people on board . in 1911 , the triangle shirtwaist factory fire , the city ' s worst industrial disaster , took the lives of 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the international ladies ' garment workers ' union and major improvements in factory safety standards . [ sep ] 146
in 1904 , the steamship general slocum caught fire in the east river , killing 1 , 021 people on board . in 1911 , the triangle shirtwaist factory fire , the city ' s worst industrial disaster , took the lives of 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the international ladies ' garment workers ' union and major improvements in factory safety standards . [ sep ] international ladies ' garment workers ' union
new york ' s non - white population was 36 , 620 in 1890 . new york city was a prime destination in the early twentieth century for african americans during the great migration from the american south , and by 1916 , new york city was home to the largest urban african diaspora in north america . the harlem renaissance of literary and cultural life flourished during the era of prohibition . the larger economic boom generated construction of skyscrapers competing in height and creating an identifiable skyline . [ sep ] 36 , 620
new york ' s non - white population was 36 , 620 in 1890 . new york city was a prime destination in the early twentieth century for african americans during the great migration from the american south , and by 1916 , new york city was home to the largest urban african diaspora in north america . the harlem renaissance of literary and cultural life flourished during the era of prohibition . the larger economic boom generated construction of skyscrapers competing in height and creating an identifiable skyline . [ sep ] harlem renaissance
spectre had its world premiere in london on 26 october 2015 at the royal albert hall , the same day as its general release in the united kingdom and republic of ireland . following the announcement of the start of filming , paramount pictures brought forward the release of mission : impossible – rogue nation to avoid competing with spectre . in march 2015 imax corporation announced that spectre would be screened in its cinemas , following skyfall ' s success with the company . in the uk it received a wider release than skyfall , with a minimum of 647 cinemas including 40 imax screens , compared to skyfall ' s 587 locations and 21 imax screens . [ sep ] royal albert hall
spectre had its world premiere in london on 26 october 2015 at the royal albert hall , the same day as its general release in the united kingdom and republic of ireland . following the announcement of the start of filming , paramount pictures brought forward the release of mission : impossible – rogue nation to avoid competing with spectre . in march 2015 imax corporation announced that spectre would be screened in its cinemas , following skyfall ' s success with the company . in the uk it received a wider release than skyfall , with a minimum of 647 cinemas including 40 imax screens , compared to skyfall ' s 587 locations and 21 imax screens . [ sep ] 26 october 2015
spectre had its world premiere in london on 26 october 2015 at the royal albert hall , the same day as its general release in the united kingdom and republic of ireland . following the announcement of the start of filming , paramount pictures brought forward the release of mission : impossible – rogue nation to avoid competing with spectre . in march 2015 imax corporation announced that spectre would be screened in its cinemas , following skyfall ' s success with the company . in the uk it received a wider release than skyfall , with a minimum of 647 cinemas including 40 imax screens , compared to skyfall ' s 587 locations and 21 imax screens . [ sep ] skyfall
new york became the most populous urbanized area in the world in the early 1920s , overtaking london . the metropolitan area surpassed the 10 million mark in the early 1930s , becoming the first megacity in human history . the difficult years of the great depression saw the election of reformer fiorello la guardia as mayor and the fall of tammany hall after eighty years of political dominance . [ sep ] london
new york became the most populous urbanized area in the world in the early 1920s , overtaking london . the metropolitan area surpassed the 10 million mark in the early 1930s , becoming the first megacity in human history . the difficult years of the great depression saw the election of reformer fiorello la guardia as mayor and the fall of tammany hall after eighty years of political dominance . [ sep ] megacity
new york became the most populous urbanized area in the world in the early 1920s , overtaking london . the metropolitan area surpassed the 10 million mark in the early 1930s , becoming the first megacity in human history . the difficult years of the great depression saw the election of reformer fiorello la guardia as mayor and the fall of tammany hall after eighty years of political dominance . [ sep ] fiorello la guardia
new york became the most populous urbanized area in the world in the early 1920s , overtaking london . the metropolitan area surpassed the 10 million mark in the early 1930s , becoming the first megacity in human history . the difficult years of the great depression saw the election of reformer fiorello la guardia as mayor and the fall of tammany hall after eighty years of political dominance . [ sep ] eighty
as of 21 february 2016 [ update ] spectre has grossed $ 879 . 3 million worldwide ; $ 138 . 1 million of the takings have been generated from the uk market and $ 199 . 8 million from north america . [ sep ] $ 879 . 3 million
as of 21 february 2016 [ update ] spectre has grossed $ 879 . 3 million worldwide ; $ 138 . 1 million of the takings have been generated from the uk market and $ 199 . 8 million from north america . [ sep ] $ 199 . 8 million
as of 21 february 2016 [ update ] spectre has grossed $ 879 . 3 million worldwide ; $ 138 . 1 million of the takings have been generated from the uk market and $ 199 . 8 million from north america . [ sep ] $ 138 . 1 million
returning world war ii veterans created a post - war economic boom and the development of large housing tracts in eastern queens . new york emerged from the war unscathed as the leading city of the world , with wall street leading america ' s place as the world ' s dominant economic power . the united nations headquarters was completed in 1952 , solidifying new york ' s global geopolitical influence , and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated new york ' s displacement of paris as the center of the art world . [ sep ] 1952
returning world war ii veterans created a post - war economic boom and the development of large housing tracts in eastern queens . new york emerged from the war unscathed as the leading city of the world , with wall street leading america ' s place as the world ' s dominant economic power . the united nations headquarters was completed in 1952 , solidifying new york ' s global geopolitical influence , and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated new york ' s displacement of paris as the center of the art world . [ sep ] paris
returning world war ii veterans created a post - war economic boom and the development of large housing tracts in eastern queens . new york emerged from the war unscathed as the leading city of the world , with wall street leading america ' s place as the world ' s dominant economic power . the united nations headquarters was completed in 1952 , solidifying new york ' s global geopolitical influence , and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated new york ' s displacement of paris as the center of the art world . [ sep ] abstract expressionism
the stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous , violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of june 28 , 1969 , at the stonewall inn in the greenwich village neighborhood of lower manhattan . they are widely considered to constitute the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for lgbt rights in the united states . [ sep ] the stonewall inn
the stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous , violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of june 28 , 1969 , at the stonewall inn in the greenwich village neighborhood of lower manhattan . they are widely considered to constitute the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for lgbt rights in the united states . [ sep ] greenwich village
the stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous , violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of june 28 , 1969 , at the stonewall inn in the greenwich village neighborhood of lower manhattan . they are widely considered to constitute the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for lgbt rights in the united states . [ sep ] june 28 , 1969
the stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous , violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of june 28 , 1969 , at the stonewall inn in the greenwich village neighborhood of lower manhattan . they are widely considered to constitute the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for lgbt rights in the united states . [ sep ] manhattan
the stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous , violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of june 28 , 1969 , at the stonewall inn in the greenwich village neighborhood of lower manhattan . they are widely considered to constitute the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for lgbt rights in the united states . [ sep ] a police raid
in the united kingdom , the film grossed £4 . 1 million ( $ 6 . 4 million ) from its monday preview screenings . it grossed £6 . 3 million ( $ 9 . 2 million ) on its opening day and then £5 . 7 million ( $ 8 . 8 million ) on wednesday , setting uk records for both days . in the film ' s first seven days it grossed £41 . 7 million ( $ 63 . 8 million ) , breaking the uk record for highest first - week opening , set by harry potter and the prisoner of azkaban ' s £23 . 88 million ( $ 36 . 9 million ) in 2004 . its friday – saturday gross was £20 . 4 million ( $ 31 . 2 million ) compared to skyfall ' s £20 . 1 million ( $ 31 million ) . the film also broke the record for the best per - screen opening average with $ 110 , 000 , a record previously held by the dark knight with $ 100 , 200 . it has grossed a total of $ 136 . 3 million there . in the u . k . , it surpassed avatar to become the country ' s highest - grossing imax release ever with $ 10 . 09 million . [ sep ] £41 . 7 million ( $ 63 . 8 million )
in the united kingdom , the film grossed £4 . 1 million ( $ 6 . 4 million ) from its monday preview screenings . it grossed £6 . 3 million ( $ 9 . 2 million ) on its opening day and then £5 . 7 million ( $ 8 . 8 million ) on wednesday , setting uk records for both days . in the film ' s first seven days it grossed £41 . 7 million ( $ 63 . 8 million ) , breaking the uk record for highest first - week opening , set by harry potter and the prisoner of azkaban ' s £23 . 88 million ( $ 36 . 9 million ) in 2004 . its friday – saturday gross was £20 . 4 million ( $ 31 . 2 million ) compared to skyfall ' s £20 . 1 million ( $ 31 million ) . the film also broke the record for the best per - screen opening average with $ 110 , 000 , a record previously held by the dark knight with $ 100 , 200 . it has grossed a total of $ 136 . 3 million there . in the u . k . , it surpassed avatar to become the country ' s highest - grossing imax release ever with $ 10 . 09 million . [ sep ] harry potter and the prisoner of azkaban
in the united kingdom , the film grossed £4 . 1 million ( $ 6 . 4 million ) from its monday preview screenings . it grossed £6 . 3 million ( $ 9 . 2 million ) on its opening day and then £5 . 7 million ( $ 8 . 8 million ) on wednesday , setting uk records for both days . in the film ' s first seven days it grossed £41 . 7 million ( $ 63 . 8 million ) , breaking the uk record for highest first - week opening , set by harry potter and the prisoner of azkaban ' s £23 . 88 million ( $ 36 . 9 million ) in 2004 . its friday – saturday gross was £20 . 4 million ( $ 31 . 2 million ) compared to skyfall ' s £20 . 1 million ( $ 31 million ) . the film also broke the record for the best per - screen opening average with $ 110 , 000 , a record previously held by the dark knight with $ 100 , 200 . it has grossed a total of $ 136 . 3 million there . in the u . k . , it surpassed avatar to become the country ' s highest - grossing imax release ever with $ 10 . 09 million . [ sep ] avatar
in the 1970s , job losses due to industrial restructuring caused new york city to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates . while a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city ' s economic health in the 1980s , new york ' s crime rate continued to increase through that decade and into the beginning of the 1990s . by the mid 1990s , crime rates started to drop dramatically due to revised police strategies , improving economic opportunities , gentrification , and new residents , both american transplants and new immigrants from asia and latin america . important new sectors , such as silicon alley , emerged in the city ' s economy . new york ' s population reached all - time highs in the 2000 census and then again in the 2010 census . [ sep ] 2000
in the 1970s , job losses due to industrial restructuring caused new york city to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates . while a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city ' s economic health in the 1980s , new york ' s crime rate continued to increase through that decade and into the beginning of the 1990s . by the mid 1990s , crime rates started to drop dramatically due to revised police strategies , improving economic opportunities , gentrification , and new residents , both american transplants and new immigrants from asia and latin america . important new sectors , such as silicon alley , emerged in the city ' s economy . new york ' s population reached all - time highs in the 2000 census and then again in the 2010 census . [ sep ] 2010
in the 1970s , job losses due to industrial restructuring caused new york city to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates . while a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city ' s economic health in the 1980s , new york ' s crime rate continued to increase through that decade and into the beginning of the 1990s . by the mid 1990s , crime rates started to drop dramatically due to revised police strategies , improving economic opportunities , gentrification , and new residents , both american transplants and new immigrants from asia and latin america . important new sectors , such as silicon alley , emerged in the city ' s economy . new york ' s population reached all - time highs in the 2000 census and then again in the 2010 census . [ sep ] silicon alley
in the 1970s , job losses due to industrial restructuring caused new york city to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates . while a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city ' s economic health in the 1980s , new york ' s crime rate continued to increase through that decade and into the beginning of the 1990s . by the mid 1990s , crime rates started to drop dramatically due to revised police strategies , improving economic opportunities , gentrification , and new residents , both american transplants and new immigrants from asia and latin america . important new sectors , such as silicon alley , emerged in the city ' s economy . new york ' s population reached all - time highs in the 2000 census and then again in the 2010 census . [ sep ] 1990s
in the 1970s , job losses due to industrial restructuring caused new york city to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates . while a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city ' s economic health in the 1980s , new york ' s crime rate continued to increase through that decade and into the beginning of the 1990s . by the mid 1990s , crime rates started to drop dramatically due to revised police strategies , improving economic opportunities , gentrification , and new residents , both american transplants and new immigrants from asia and latin america . important new sectors , such as silicon alley , emerged in the city ' s economy . new york ' s population reached all - time highs in the 2000 census and then again in the 2010 census . [ sep ] 1970s
spectre opened in germany with $ 22 . 45 million ( including previews ) , which included a new record for the biggest saturday of all time , australia with $ 8 . 7 million ( including previews ) and south korea opened to $ 8 . 2 million ( including previews ) . despite the 13 november paris attacks , which led to numerous theaters being closed down , the film opened with $ 14 . 6 million ( including $ 2 million in previews ) in france . in mexico , where part of the film was shot , it debuted with more than double that of skyfall with $ 4 . 5 million . it also bested its predecessor ' s opening in various nordic regions where mgm is distributing , such as in finland ( $ 2 . 66 million ) and norway ( $ 2 . 91 million ) , and in other markets like denmark ( $ 4 . 2 million ) , the netherlands ( $ 3 . 38 million ) , and sweden ( $ 3 . 1 million ) . in india , it opened at no . 1 with $ 4 . 8 million which is 4 % above the opening of skyfall . it topped the german - speaking switzerland box office for four weeks and in the netherlands , it has held the no . 1 spot for seven weeks straight where it has topped minions to become the top movie of the year . the top earning markets are germany ( $ 70 . 3 million ) and france ( $ 38 . 8 million ) . in paris , it has the second highest ticket sales of all time with $ 4 . 1 million tickets sold only behind spider - man 3 which sold over $ 6 . 32 million tickets in 2007 . [ sep ] paris
spectre opened in germany with $ 22 . 45 million ( including previews ) , which included a new record for the biggest saturday of all time , australia with $ 8 . 7 million ( including previews ) and south korea opened to $ 8 . 2 million ( including previews ) . despite the 13 november paris attacks , which led to numerous theaters being closed down , the film opened with $ 14 . 6 million ( including $ 2 million in previews ) in france . in mexico , where part of the film was shot , it debuted with more than double that of skyfall with $ 4 . 5 million . it also bested its predecessor ' s opening in various nordic regions where mgm is distributing , such as in finland ( $ 2 . 66 million ) and norway ( $ 2 . 91 million ) , and in other markets like denmark ( $ 4 . 2 million ) , the netherlands ( $ 3 . 38 million ) , and sweden ( $ 3 . 1 million ) . in india , it opened at no . 1 with $ 4 . 8 million which is 4 % above the opening of skyfall . it topped the german - speaking switzerland box office for four weeks and in the netherlands , it has held the no . 1 spot for seven weeks straight where it has topped minions to become the top movie of the year . the top earning markets are germany ( $ 70 . 3 million ) and france ( $ 38 . 8 million ) . in paris , it has the second highest ticket sales of all time with $ 4 . 1 million tickets sold only behind spider - man 3 which sold over $ 6 . 32 million tickets in 2007 . [ sep ] 4 %
spectre opened in germany with $ 22 . 45 million ( including previews ) , which included a new record for the biggest saturday of all time , australia with $ 8 . 7 million ( including previews ) and south korea opened to $ 8 . 2 million ( including previews ) . despite the 13 november paris attacks , which led to numerous theaters being closed down , the film opened with $ 14 . 6 million ( including $ 2 million in previews ) in france . in mexico , where part of the film was shot , it debuted with more than double that of skyfall with $ 4 . 5 million . it also bested its predecessor ' s opening in various nordic regions where mgm is distributing , such as in finland ( $ 2 . 66 million ) and norway ( $ 2 . 91 million ) , and in other markets like denmark ( $ 4 . 2 million ) , the netherlands ( $ 3 . 38 million ) , and sweden ( $ 3 . 1 million ) . in india , it opened at no . 1 with $ 4 . 8 million which is 4 % above the opening of skyfall . it topped the german - speaking switzerland box office for four weeks and in the netherlands , it has held the no . 1 spot for seven weeks straight where it has topped minions to become the top movie of the year . the top earning markets are germany ( $ 70 . 3 million ) and france ( $ 38 . 8 million ) . in paris , it has the second highest ticket sales of all time with $ 4 . 1 million tickets sold only behind spider - man 3 which sold over $ 6 . 32 million tickets in 2007 . [ sep ] spider - man 3
spectre opened in germany with $ 22 . 45 million ( including previews ) , which included a new record for the biggest saturday of all time , australia with $ 8 . 7 million ( including previews ) and south korea opened to $ 8 . 2 million ( including previews ) . despite the 13 november paris attacks , which led to numerous theaters being closed down , the film opened with $ 14 . 6 million ( including $ 2 million in previews ) in france . in mexico , where part of the film was shot , it debuted with more than double that of skyfall with $ 4 . 5 million . it also bested its predecessor ' s opening in various nordic regions where mgm is distributing , such as in finland ( $ 2 . 66 million ) and norway ( $ 2 . 91 million ) , and in other markets like denmark ( $ 4 . 2 million ) , the netherlands ( $ 3 . 38 million ) , and sweden ( $ 3 . 1 million ) . in india , it opened at no . 1 with $ 4 . 8 million which is 4 % above the opening of skyfall . it topped the german - speaking switzerland box office for four weeks and in the netherlands , it has held the no . 1 spot for seven weeks straight where it has topped minions to become the top movie of the year . the top earning markets are germany ( $ 70 . 3 million ) and france ( $ 38 . 8 million ) . in paris , it has the second highest ticket sales of all time with $ 4 . 1 million tickets sold only behind spider - man 3 which sold over $ 6 . 32 million tickets in 2007 . [ sep ] $ 8 . 2 million
the city and surrounding area suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the september 11 , 2001 attacks when 10 of the 19 terrorists associated with al - qaeda piloted american airlines flight 11 into the north tower of the world trade center and united airlines flight 175 into the south tower of the world trade center , and later destroyed them , killing 2 , 192 civilians , 343 firefighters , and 71 law enforcement officers who were in the towers and in the surrounding area . the rebuilding of the area , has created a new one world trade center , and a 9 / 11 memorial and museum along with other new buildings and infrastructure . the world trade center path station , which opened on july 19 , 1909 as the hudson terminal , was also destroyed in the attack . a temporary station was built and opened on november 23 , 2003 . a permanent station , the world trade center transportation hub , is currently under construction . the new one world trade center is the tallest skyscraper in the western hemisphere and the fourth - tallest building in the world by pinnacle height , with its spire reaching a symbolic 1 , 776 feet ( 541 . 3 m ) in reference to the year of american independence . [ sep ] american airlines flight 11
the city and surrounding area suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the september 11 , 2001 attacks when 10 of the 19 terrorists associated with al - qaeda piloted american airlines flight 11 into the north tower of the world trade center and united airlines flight 175 into the south tower of the world trade center , and later destroyed them , killing 2 , 192 civilians , 343 firefighters , and 71 law enforcement officers who were in the towers and in the surrounding area . the rebuilding of the area , has created a new one world trade center , and a 9 / 11 memorial and museum along with other new buildings and infrastructure . the world trade center path station , which opened on july 19 , 1909 as the hudson terminal , was also destroyed in the attack . a temporary station was built and opened on november 23 , 2003 . a permanent station , the world trade center transportation hub , is currently under construction . the new one world trade center is the tallest skyscraper in the western hemisphere and the fourth - tallest building in the world by pinnacle height , with its spire reaching a symbolic 1 , 776 feet ( 541 . 3 m ) in reference to the year of american independence . [ sep ] united airlines flight 175
the city and surrounding area suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the september 11 , 2001 attacks when 10 of the 19 terrorists associated with al - qaeda piloted american airlines flight 11 into the north tower of the world trade center and united airlines flight 175 into the south tower of the world trade center , and later destroyed them , killing 2 , 192 civilians , 343 firefighters , and 71 law enforcement officers who were in the towers and in the surrounding area . the rebuilding of the area , has created a new one world trade center , and a 9 / 11 memorial and museum along with other new buildings and infrastructure . the world trade center path station , which opened on july 19 , 1909 as the hudson terminal , was also destroyed in the attack . a temporary station was built and opened on november 23 , 2003 . a permanent station , the world trade center transportation hub , is currently under construction . the new one world trade center is the tallest skyscraper in the western hemisphere and the fourth - tallest building in the world by pinnacle height , with its spire reaching a symbolic 1 , 776 feet ( 541 . 3 m ) in reference to the year of american independence . [ sep ] 343
the city and surrounding area suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the september 11 , 2001 attacks when 10 of the 19 terrorists associated with al - qaeda piloted american airlines flight 11 into the north tower of the world trade center and united airlines flight 175 into the south tower of the world trade center , and later destroyed them , killing 2 , 192 civilians , 343 firefighters , and 71 law enforcement officers who were in the towers and in the surrounding area . the rebuilding of the area , has created a new one world trade center , and a 9 / 11 memorial and museum along with other new buildings and infrastructure . the world trade center path station , which opened on july 19 , 1909 as the hudson terminal , was also destroyed in the attack . a temporary station was built and opened on november 23 , 2003 . a permanent station , the world trade center transportation hub , is currently under construction . the new one world trade center is the tallest skyscraper in the western hemisphere and the fourth - tallest building in the world by pinnacle height , with its spire reaching a symbolic 1 , 776 feet ( 541 . 3 m ) in reference to the year of american independence . [ sep ] july 19 , 1909
the city and surrounding area suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the september 11 , 2001 attacks when 10 of the 19 terrorists associated with al - qaeda piloted american airlines flight 11 into the north tower of the world trade center and united airlines flight 175 into the south tower of the world trade center , and later destroyed them , killing 2 , 192 civilians , 343 firefighters , and 71 law enforcement officers who were in the towers and in the surrounding area . the rebuilding of the area , has created a new one world trade center , and a 9 / 11 memorial and museum along with other new buildings and infrastructure . the world trade center path station , which opened on july 19 , 1909 as the hudson terminal , was also destroyed in the attack . a temporary station was built and opened on november 23 , 2003 . a permanent station , the world trade center transportation hub , is currently under construction . the new one world trade center is the tallest skyscraper in the western hemisphere and the fourth - tallest building in the world by pinnacle height , with its spire reaching a symbolic 1 , 776 feet ( 541 . 3 m ) in reference to the year of american independence . [ sep ] 541 . 3
in the united states and canada , the film opened on 6 november 2015 , and in its opening weekend , was originally projected to gross $ 70 – 75 million from 3 , 927 screens , the widest release for a bond film . however , after grossing $ 5 . 25 million from its early thursday night showings and $ 28 million on its opening day , weekend projections were increased to $ 75 – 80 million . the film ended up grossing $ 70 . 4 million in its opening weekend ( about $ 20 million less than skyfall ' s $ 90 . 6 million debut , including imax previews ) , but nevertheless finished first at the box office . imax generated $ 9 . 1 million for spectre at 374 screens , premium large format made $ 8 million from 429 cinemas , reaping 11 % of the film ' s opening , which means that spectre earned $ 17 . 1 million ( 23 % ) of its opening weekend total in large - format venues . cinemark xd generated $ 1 . 85 million in 112 xd locations . [ sep ] 374
in the united states and canada , the film opened on 6 november 2015 , and in its opening weekend , was originally projected to gross $ 70 – 75 million from 3 , 927 screens , the widest release for a bond film . however , after grossing $ 5 . 25 million from its early thursday night showings and $ 28 million on its opening day , weekend projections were increased to $ 75 – 80 million . the film ended up grossing $ 70 . 4 million in its opening weekend ( about $ 20 million less than skyfall ' s $ 90 . 6 million debut , including imax previews ) , but nevertheless finished first at the box office . imax generated $ 9 . 1 million for spectre at 374 screens , premium large format made $ 8 million from 429 cinemas , reaping 11 % of the film ' s opening , which means that spectre earned $ 17 . 1 million ( 23 % ) of its opening weekend total in large - format venues . cinemark xd generated $ 1 . 85 million in 112 xd locations . [ sep ] $ 70 . 4 million
in the united states and canada , the film opened on 6 november 2015 , and in its opening weekend , was originally projected to gross $ 70 – 75 million from 3 , 927 screens , the widest release for a bond film . however , after grossing $ 5 . 25 million from its early thursday night showings and $ 28 million on its opening day , weekend projections were increased to $ 75 – 80 million . the film ended up grossing $ 70 . 4 million in its opening weekend ( about $ 20 million less than skyfall ' s $ 90 . 6 million debut , including imax previews ) , but nevertheless finished first at the box office . imax generated $ 9 . 1 million for spectre at 374 screens , premium large format made $ 8 million from 429 cinemas , reaping 11 % of the film ' s opening , which means that spectre earned $ 17 . 1 million ( 23 % ) of its opening weekend total in large - format venues . cinemark xd generated $ 1 . 85 million in 112 xd locations . [ sep ] $ 5 . 25
in china , it opened on 12 november and earned $ 15 million on its opening day , which is the second biggest 2d single day gross for a hollywood film behind the $ 18 . 5 million opening day of mission : impossible – rogue nation and occupying 43 % of all available screens which included $ 790 , 000 in advance night screenings . through its opening weekend , it earned $ 48 . 1 million from 14 , 700 screens which is 198 % ahead of skyfall , a new record for a hollywood 2d opening . imax contributed $ 4 . 6 million on 246 screens , also a new record for a three - day opening for a november release ( breaking interstellar ' s record ) . in its second weekend , it added $ 12 . 1 million falling precipitously by 75 % which is the second worst second weekend drop for any major hollywood release in china of 2015 . it grossed a total of $ 84 . 7 million there after four weekends . albeit a strong opening it failed to attain the $ 100 million mark as projected . [ sep ] 12 november
in china , it opened on 12 november and earned $ 15 million on its opening day , which is the second biggest 2d single day gross for a hollywood film behind the $ 18 . 5 million opening day of mission : impossible – rogue nation and occupying 43 % of all available screens which included $ 790 , 000 in advance night screenings . through its opening weekend , it earned $ 48 . 1 million from 14 , 700 screens which is 198 % ahead of skyfall , a new record for a hollywood 2d opening . imax contributed $ 4 . 6 million on 246 screens , also a new record for a three - day opening for a november release ( breaking interstellar ' s record ) . in its second weekend , it added $ 12 . 1 million falling precipitously by 75 % which is the second worst second weekend drop for any major hollywood release in china of 2015 . it grossed a total of $ 84 . 7 million there after four weekends . albeit a strong opening it failed to attain the $ 100 million mark as projected . [ sep ] 198 %
in china , it opened on 12 november and earned $ 15 million on its opening day , which is the second biggest 2d single day gross for a hollywood film behind the $ 18 . 5 million opening day of mission : impossible – rogue nation and occupying 43 % of all available screens which included $ 790 , 000 in advance night screenings . through its opening weekend , it earned $ 48 . 1 million from 14 , 700 screens which is 198 % ahead of skyfall , a new record for a hollywood 2d opening . imax contributed $ 4 . 6 million on 246 screens , also a new record for a three - day opening for a november release ( breaking interstellar ' s record ) . in its second weekend , it added $ 12 . 1 million falling precipitously by 75 % which is the second worst second weekend drop for any major hollywood release in china of 2015 . it grossed a total of $ 84 . 7 million there after four weekends . albeit a strong opening it failed to attain the $ 100 million mark as projected . [ sep ] 75 %
in china , it opened on 12 november and earned $ 15 million on its opening day , which is the second biggest 2d single day gross for a hollywood film behind the $ 18 . 5 million opening day of mission : impossible – rogue nation and occupying 43 % of all available screens which included $ 790 , 000 in advance night screenings . through its opening weekend , it earned $ 48 . 1 million from 14 , 700 screens which is 198 % ahead of skyfall , a new record for a hollywood 2d opening . imax contributed $ 4 . 6 million on 246 screens , also a new record for a three - day opening for a november release ( breaking interstellar ' s record ) . in its second weekend , it added $ 12 . 1 million falling precipitously by 75 % which is the second worst second weekend drop for any major hollywood release in china of 2015 . it grossed a total of $ 84 . 7 million there after four weekends . albeit a strong opening it failed to attain the $ 100 million mark as projected . [ sep ] $ 84 . 7 million
spectre has received mixed reviews , with many reviewers either giving the film highly positive or highly negative feedback . many critics praised the film ' s opening scene , action sequences , stuntwork , cinematography and performances from the cast . in some early reviews , the film received favourable comparisons with its predecessor , skyfall . rotten tomatoes sampled 274 reviews and judged 64 % of the critiques to be positive , saying that the film " nudges daniel craig ' s rebooted bond closer to the glorious , action - driven spectacle of earlier entries , although it ' s admittedly reliant on established 007 formula . " on metacritic , the film has a rating of 60 out of 100 , based on 48 critics , indicating " mixed or average reviews " . audiences polled by cinemascore gave the film an average grade of " a− " on an a + to f scale . [ sep ] 60 out of 100
spectre has received mixed reviews , with many reviewers either giving the film highly positive or highly negative feedback . many critics praised the film ' s opening scene , action sequences , stuntwork , cinematography and performances from the cast . in some early reviews , the film received favourable comparisons with its predecessor , skyfall . rotten tomatoes sampled 274 reviews and judged 64 % of the critiques to be positive , saying that the film " nudges daniel craig ' s rebooted bond closer to the glorious , action - driven spectacle of earlier entries , although it ' s admittedly reliant on established 007 formula . " on metacritic , the film has a rating of 60 out of 100 , based on 48 critics , indicating " mixed or average reviews " . audiences polled by cinemascore gave the film an average grade of " a− " on an a + to f scale . [ sep ] 48
spectre has received mixed reviews , with many reviewers either giving the film highly positive or highly negative feedback . many critics praised the film ' s opening scene , action sequences , stuntwork , cinematography and performances from the cast . in some early reviews , the film received favourable comparisons with its predecessor , skyfall . rotten tomatoes sampled 274 reviews and judged 64 % of the critiques to be positive , saying that the film " nudges daniel craig ' s rebooted bond closer to the glorious , action - driven spectacle of earlier entries , although it ' s admittedly reliant on established 007 formula . " on metacritic , the film has a rating of 60 out of 100 , based on 48 critics , indicating " mixed or average reviews " . audiences polled by cinemascore gave the film an average grade of " a− " on an a + to f scale . [ sep ] 64 %
spectre has received mixed reviews , with many reviewers either giving the film highly positive or highly negative feedback . many critics praised the film ' s opening scene , action sequences , stuntwork , cinematography and performances from the cast . in some early reviews , the film received favourable comparisons with its predecessor , skyfall . rotten tomatoes sampled 274 reviews and judged 64 % of the critiques to be positive , saying that the film " nudges daniel craig ' s rebooted bond closer to the glorious , action - driven spectacle of earlier entries , although it ' s admittedly reliant on established 007 formula . " on metacritic , the film has a rating of 60 out of 100 , based on 48 critics , indicating " mixed or average reviews " . audiences polled by cinemascore gave the film an average grade of " a− " on an a + to f scale . [ sep ] audiences
prior to its uk release , spectre mostly received positive reviews . mark kermode , writing in the guardian , gave the film four out of five stars , observing that the film did not live up to the standard set by skyfall , but was able to tap into audience expectations . writing in the same publication , peter bradshaw gave the film a full five stars , calling it " inventive , intelligent and complex " , and singling out craig ' s performance as the film ' s highlight . in another five star review , the daily telegraph ' s robbie collin described spectre as " a swaggering show of confidence ' " , lauding it as " a feat of pure cinematic necromancy . " in an otherwise positive , but overall less enthusiastic review , ign ' s chris tilly considered spectre " solid if unspectacular " , and gave the film a 7 . 2 score ( out of a possible 10 ) , saying that " the film falls frustratingly short of greatness . " [ sep ] robbie collin
prior to its uk release , spectre mostly received positive reviews . mark kermode , writing in the guardian , gave the film four out of five stars , observing that the film did not live up to the standard set by skyfall , but was able to tap into audience expectations . writing in the same publication , peter bradshaw gave the film a full five stars , calling it " inventive , intelligent and complex " , and singling out craig ' s performance as the film ' s highlight . in another five star review , the daily telegraph ' s robbie collin described spectre as " a swaggering show of confidence ' " , lauding it as " a feat of pure cinematic necromancy . " in an otherwise positive , but overall less enthusiastic review , ign ' s chris tilly considered spectre " solid if unspectacular " , and gave the film a 7 . 2 score ( out of a possible 10 ) , saying that " the film falls frustratingly short of greatness . " [ sep ] ign
prior to its uk release , spectre mostly received positive reviews . mark kermode , writing in the guardian , gave the film four out of five stars , observing that the film did not live up to the standard set by skyfall , but was able to tap into audience expectations . writing in the same publication , peter bradshaw gave the film a full five stars , calling it " inventive , intelligent and complex " , and singling out craig ' s performance as the film ' s highlight . in another five star review , the daily telegraph ' s robbie collin described spectre as " a swaggering show of confidence ' " , lauding it as " a feat of pure cinematic necromancy . " in an otherwise positive , but overall less enthusiastic review , ign ' s chris tilly considered spectre " solid if unspectacular " , and gave the film a 7 . 2 score ( out of a possible 10 ) , saying that " the film falls frustratingly short of greatness . " [ sep ] four out of five stars
the occupy wall street protests in zuccotti park in the financial district of lower manhattan began on september 17 , 2011 , receiving global attention and spawning the occupy movement against social and economic inequality worldwide . [ sep ] september 17 , 2011
the occupy wall street protests in zuccotti park in the financial district of lower manhattan began on september 17 , 2011 , receiving global attention and spawning the occupy movement against social and economic inequality worldwide . [ sep ] zuccotti park
the occupy wall street protests in zuccotti park in the financial district of lower manhattan began on september 17 , 2011 , receiving global attention and spawning the occupy movement against social and economic inequality worldwide . [ sep ] manhattan
the occupy wall street protests in zuccotti park in the financial district of lower manhattan began on september 17 , 2011 , receiving global attention and spawning the occupy movement against social and economic inequality worldwide . [ sep ] financial district
critical appraisal of the film was mixed in the united states . in a lukewarm review for rogerebert . com , matt zoller seitz gave the film 2 . 5 stars out of 4 , describing spectre as inconsistent and unable to capitalise on its potential . kenneth turan , reviewing the film for los angeles times , concluded that spectre " comes off as exhausted and uninspired " . manohla dargis of the new york times panned the film as having " nothing surprising " and sacrificing its originality for the sake of box office returns . forbes ' scott mendelson also heavily criticised the film , denouncing spectre as " the worst 007 movie in 30 years " . darren franich of entertainment weekly viewed spectre as " an overreaction to our current blockbuster moment " , aspiring " to be a serialized sequel " and proving " itself as a saga " . while noting that " [ n ] othing that happens in spectre holds up to even minor logical scrutiny " , he had " come not to bury spectre , but to weirdly praise it . because the final act of the movie is so strange , so willfully obtuse , that it deserves extra attention . " in a positive review rolling stone , peter travers gave the film 3 . 5 stars out of 4 , describing " the 24th movie about the british mi6 agent with a license to kill is party time for bond fans , a fierce , funny , gorgeously produced valentine to the longest - running franchise in movies " . other positive reviews from mick lasalle from the san francisco chronicle , gave it a perfect 100 score , stating : “ one of the great satisfactions of spectre is that , in addition to all the stirring action , and all the timely references to a secret organization out to steal everyone ’ s personal information , we get to believe in bond as a person . ” stephen whitty from the new york daily news , gave it an 80 grade , saying : “ craig is cruelly efficient . dave bautista makes a good , oddjob - like assassin . and while lea seydoux doesn ’ t leave a huge impression as this film ’ s “ bond girl , ” perhaps it ’ s because we ’ ve already met — far too briefly — the hypnotic monica bellucci , as the first real “ bond woman ” since diana rigg . ” richard roeper from the chicago sun - times , gave it a 75 grade . he stated : “ this is the 24th bond film and it ranks solidly in the middle of the all - time rankings , which means it ’ s still a slick , beautifully photographed , action - packed , international thriller with a number of wonderfully , ludicrously entertaining set pieces , a sprinkling of dry wit , myriad gorgeous women and a classic psycho - villain who is clearly out of his mind but seems to like it that way . ” michael phillips over at the chicago tribune , gave it a 75 grade . he stated : “ for all its workmanlike devotion to out - of - control helicopters , “ spectre ” works best when everyone ’ s on the ground , doing his or her job , driving expensive fast cars heedlessly , detonating the occasional wisecrack , enjoying themselves and their beautiful clothes . ” guy lodge from variety , gave it a 70 score , stating : “ what ’ s missing is the unexpected emotional urgency of “ skyfall , ” as the film sustains its predecessor ’ s nostalgia kick with a less sentimental bent . ” [ sep ] scott mendelson
critical appraisal of the film was mixed in the united states . in a lukewarm review for rogerebert . com , matt zoller seitz gave the film 2 . 5 stars out of 4 , describing spectre as inconsistent and unable to capitalise on its potential . kenneth turan , reviewing the film for los angeles times , concluded that spectre " comes off as exhausted and uninspired " . manohla dargis of the new york times panned the film as having " nothing surprising " and sacrificing its originality for the sake of box office returns . forbes ' scott mendelson also heavily criticised the film , denouncing spectre as " the worst 007 movie in 30 years " . darren franich of entertainment weekly viewed spectre as " an overreaction to our current blockbuster moment " , aspiring " to be a serialized sequel " and proving " itself as a saga " . while noting that " [ n ] othing that happens in spectre holds up to even minor logical scrutiny " , he had " come not to bury spectre , but to weirdly praise it . because the final act of the movie is so strange , so willfully obtuse , that it deserves extra attention . " in a positive review rolling stone , peter travers gave the film 3 . 5 stars out of 4 , describing " the 24th movie about the british mi6 agent with a license to kill is party time for bond fans , a fierce , funny , gorgeously produced valentine to the longest - running franchise in movies " . other positive reviews from mick lasalle from the san francisco chronicle , gave it a perfect 100 score , stating : “ one of the great satisfactions of spectre is that , in addition to all the stirring action , and all the timely references to a secret organization out to steal everyone ’ s personal information , we get to believe in bond as a person . ” stephen whitty from the new york daily news , gave it an 80 grade , saying : “ craig is cruelly efficient . dave bautista makes a good , oddjob - like assassin . and while lea seydoux doesn ’ t leave a huge impression as this film ’ s “ bond girl , ” perhaps it ’ s because we ’ ve already met — far too briefly — the hypnotic monica bellucci , as the first real “ bond woman ” since diana rigg . ” richard roeper from the chicago sun - times , gave it a 75 grade . he stated : “ this is the 24th bond film and it ranks solidly in the middle of the all - time rankings , which means it ’ s still a slick , beautifully photographed , action - packed , international thriller with a number of wonderfully , ludicrously entertaining set pieces , a sprinkling of dry wit , myriad gorgeous women and a classic psycho - villain who is clearly out of his mind but seems to like it that way . ” michael phillips over at the chicago tribune , gave it a 75 grade . he stated : “ for all its workmanlike devotion to out - of - control helicopters , “ spectre ” works best when everyone ’ s on the ground , doing his or her job , driving expensive fast cars heedlessly , detonating the occasional wisecrack , enjoying themselves and their beautiful clothes . ” guy lodge from variety , gave it a 70 score , stating : “ what ’ s missing is the unexpected emotional urgency of “ skyfall , ” as the film sustains its predecessor ’ s nostalgia kick with a less sentimental bent . ” [ sep ] mick lasalle
critical appraisal of the film was mixed in the united states . in a lukewarm review for rogerebert . com , matt zoller seitz gave the film 2 . 5 stars out of 4 , describing spectre as inconsistent and unable to capitalise on its potential . kenneth turan , reviewing the film for los angeles times , concluded that spectre " comes off as exhausted and uninspired " . manohla dargis of the new york times panned the film as having " nothing surprising " and sacrificing its originality for the sake of box office returns . forbes ' scott mendelson also heavily criticised the film , denouncing spectre as " the worst 007 movie in 30 years " . darren franich of entertainment weekly viewed spectre as " an overreaction to our current blockbuster moment " , aspiring " to be a serialized sequel " and proving " itself as a saga " . while noting that " [ n ] othing that happens in spectre holds up to even minor logical scrutiny " , he had " come not to bury spectre , but to weirdly praise it . because the final act of the movie is so strange , so willfully obtuse , that it deserves extra attention . " in a positive review rolling stone , peter travers gave the film 3 . 5 stars out of 4 , describing " the 24th movie about the british mi6 agent with a license to kill is party time for bond fans , a fierce , funny , gorgeously produced valentine to the longest - running franchise in movies " . other positive reviews from mick lasalle from the san francisco chronicle , gave it a perfect 100 score , stating : “ one of the great satisfactions of spectre is that , in addition to all the stirring action , and all the timely references to a secret organization out to steal everyone ’ s personal information , we get to believe in bond as a person . ” stephen whitty from the new york daily news , gave it an 80 grade , saying : “ craig is cruelly efficient . dave bautista makes a good , oddjob - like assassin . and while lea seydoux doesn ’ t leave a huge impression as this film ’ s “ bond girl , ” perhaps it ’ s because we ’ ve already met — far too briefly — the hypnotic monica bellucci , as the first real “ bond woman ” since diana rigg . ” richard roeper from the chicago sun - times , gave it a 75 grade . he stated : “ this is the 24th bond film and it ranks solidly in the middle of the all - time rankings , which means it ’ s still a slick , beautifully photographed , action - packed , international thriller with a number of wonderfully , ludicrously entertaining set pieces , a sprinkling of dry wit , myriad gorgeous women and a classic psycho - villain who is clearly out of his mind but seems to like it that way . ” michael phillips over at the chicago tribune , gave it a 75 grade . he stated : “ for all its workmanlike devotion to out - of - control helicopters , “ spectre ” works best when everyone ’ s on the ground , doing his or her job , driving expensive fast cars heedlessly , detonating the occasional wisecrack , enjoying themselves and their beautiful clothes . ” guy lodge from variety , gave it a 70 score , stating : “ what ’ s missing is the unexpected emotional urgency of “ skyfall , ” as the film sustains its predecessor ’ s nostalgia kick with a less sentimental bent . ” [ sep ] 75
critical appraisal of the film was mixed in the united states . in a lukewarm review for rogerebert . com , matt zoller seitz gave the film 2 . 5 stars out of 4 , describing spectre as inconsistent and unable to capitalise on its potential . kenneth turan , reviewing the film for los angeles times , concluded that spectre " comes off as exhausted and uninspired " . manohla dargis of the new york times panned the film as having " nothing surprising " and sacrificing its originality for the sake of box office returns . forbes ' scott mendelson also heavily criticised the film , denouncing spectre as " the worst 007 movie in 30 years " . darren franich of entertainment weekly viewed spectre as " an overreaction to our current blockbuster moment " , aspiring " to be a serialized sequel " and proving " itself as a saga " . while noting that " [ n ] othing that happens in spectre holds up to even minor logical scrutiny " , he had " come not to bury spectre , but to weirdly praise it . because the final act of the movie is so strange , so willfully obtuse , that it deserves extra attention . " in a positive review rolling stone , peter travers gave the film 3 . 5 stars out of 4 , describing " the 24th movie about the british mi6 agent with a license to kill is party time for bond fans , a fierce , funny , gorgeously produced valentine to the longest - running franchise in movies " . other positive reviews from mick lasalle from the san francisco chronicle , gave it a perfect 100 score , stating : “ one of the great satisfactions of spectre is that , in addition to all the stirring action , and all the timely references to a secret organization out to steal everyone ’ s personal information , we get to believe in bond as a person . ” stephen whitty from the new york daily news , gave it an 80 grade , saying : “ craig is cruelly efficient . dave bautista makes a good , oddjob - like assassin . and while lea seydoux doesn ’ t leave a huge impression as this film ’ s “ bond girl , ” perhaps it ’ s because we ’ ve already met — far too briefly — the hypnotic monica bellucci , as the first real “ bond woman ” since diana rigg . ” richard roeper from the chicago sun - times , gave it a 75 grade . he stated : “ this is the 24th bond film and it ranks solidly in the middle of the all - time rankings , which means it ’ s still a slick , beautifully photographed , action - packed , international thriller with a number of wonderfully , ludicrously entertaining set pieces , a sprinkling of dry wit , myriad gorgeous women and a classic psycho - villain who is clearly out of his mind but seems to like it that way . ” michael phillips over at the chicago tribune , gave it a 75 grade . he stated : “ for all its workmanlike devotion to out - of - control helicopters , “ spectre ” works best when everyone ’ s on the ground , doing his or her job , driving expensive fast cars heedlessly , detonating the occasional wisecrack , enjoying themselves and their beautiful clothes . ” guy lodge from variety , gave it a 70 score , stating : “ what ’ s missing is the unexpected emotional urgency of “ skyfall , ” as the film sustains its predecessor ’ s nostalgia kick with a less sentimental bent . ” [ sep ] skyfall
when one republican presidential candidate for the 2016 election ridiculed the liberalism of " new york values " in january 2016 , donald trump , leading in the polls , vigorously defended his city . the national review , a conservative magazine published in the city since its founding by william f . buckley , jr . in 1955 , commented , " by hearkening back to new york ' s heart after 9 / 11 , for a moment trump transcended politics . how easily we forget , but for weeks after the terror attacks , new york was america . " [ sep ] william f . buckley , jr .
when one republican presidential candidate for the 2016 election ridiculed the liberalism of " new york values " in january 2016 , donald trump , leading in the polls , vigorously defended his city . the national review , a conservative magazine published in the city since its founding by william f . buckley , jr . in 1955 , commented , " by hearkening back to new york ' s heart after 9 / 11 , for a moment trump transcended politics . how easily we forget , but for weeks after the terror attacks , new york was america . " [ sep ] 1955
when one republican presidential candidate for the 2016 election ridiculed the liberalism of " new york values " in january 2016 , donald trump , leading in the polls , vigorously defended his city . the national review , a conservative magazine published in the city since its founding by william f . buckley , jr . in 1955 , commented , " by hearkening back to new york ' s heart after 9 / 11 , for a moment trump transcended politics . how easily we forget , but for weeks after the terror attacks , new york was america . " [ sep ] donald trump
when one republican presidential candidate for the 2016 election ridiculed the liberalism of " new york values " in january 2016 , donald trump , leading in the polls , vigorously defended his city . the national review , a conservative magazine published in the city since its founding by william f . buckley , jr . in 1955 , commented , " by hearkening back to new york ' s heart after 9 / 11 , for a moment trump transcended politics . how easily we forget , but for weeks after the terror attacks , new york was america . " [ sep ] republican
new york city is situated in the northeastern united states , in southeastern new york state , approximately halfway between washington , d . c . and boston . the location at the mouth of the hudson river , which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the atlantic ocean , has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port . most of new york city is built on the three islands of long island , manhattan , and staten island . [ sep ] northeastern
new york city is situated in the northeastern united states , in southeastern new york state , approximately halfway between washington , d . c . and boston . the location at the mouth of the hudson river , which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the atlantic ocean , has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port . most of new york city is built on the three islands of long island , manhattan , and staten island . [ sep ] southeastern
new york city is situated in the northeastern united states , in southeastern new york state , approximately halfway between washington , d . c . and boston . the location at the mouth of the hudson river , which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the atlantic ocean , has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port . most of new york city is built on the three islands of long island , manhattan , and staten island . [ sep ] boston
new york city is situated in the northeastern united states , in southeastern new york state , approximately halfway between washington , d . c . and boston . the location at the mouth of the hudson river , which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the atlantic ocean , has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port . most of new york city is built on the three islands of long island , manhattan , and staten island . [ sep ] atlantic
new york city is situated in the northeastern united states , in southeastern new york state , approximately halfway between washington , d . c . and boston . the location at the mouth of the hudson river , which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the atlantic ocean , has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port . most of new york city is built on the three islands of long island , manhattan , and staten island . [ sep ] hudson river
the hudson river flows through the hudson valley into new york bay . between new york city and troy , new york , the river is an estuary . the hudson river separates the city from the u . s . state of new jersey . the east river — a tidal strait — flows from long island sound and separates the bronx and manhattan from long island . the harlem river , another tidal strait between the east and hudson rivers , separates most of manhattan from the bronx . the bronx river , which flows through the bronx and westchester county , is the only entirely fresh water river in the city . [ sep ] new jersey
the hudson river flows through the hudson valley into new york bay . between new york city and troy , new york , the river is an estuary . the hudson river separates the city from the u . s . state of new jersey . the east river — a tidal strait — flows from long island sound and separates the bronx and manhattan from long island . the harlem river , another tidal strait between the east and hudson rivers , separates most of manhattan from the bronx . the bronx river , which flows through the bronx and westchester county , is the only entirely fresh water river in the city . [ sep ] harlem river
the hudson river flows through the hudson valley into new york bay . between new york city and troy , new york , the river is an estuary . the hudson river separates the city from the u . s . state of new jersey . the east river — a tidal strait — flows from long island sound and separates the bronx and manhattan from long island . the harlem river , another tidal strait between the east and hudson rivers , separates most of manhattan from the bronx . the bronx river , which flows through the bronx and westchester county , is the only entirely fresh water river in the city . [ sep ] bronx river
the hudson river flows through the hudson valley into new york bay . between new york city and troy , new york , the river is an estuary . the hudson river separates the city from the u . s . state of new jersey . the east river — a tidal strait — flows from long island sound and separates the bronx and manhattan from long island . the harlem river , another tidal strait between the east and hudson rivers , separates most of manhattan from the bronx . the bronx river , which flows through the bronx and westchester county , is the only entirely fresh water river in the city . [ sep ] new york bay
the hudson river flows through the hudson valley into new york bay . between new york city and troy , new york , the river is an estuary . the hudson river separates the city from the u . s . state of new jersey . the east river — a tidal strait — flows from long island sound and separates the bronx and manhattan from long island . the harlem river , another tidal strait between the east and hudson rivers , separates most of manhattan from the bronx . the bronx river , which flows through the bronx and westchester county , is the only entirely fresh water river in the city . [ sep ] troy , new york
christopher orr , writing in the atlantic , also criticised the film , saying that spectre " backslides on virtually every [ aspect ] " . lawrence toppman of the charlotte observer called craig ' s performance " bored , james bored . " alyssa rosenberg , writing for the washington post , stated that the film turned into " a disappointingly conventional bond film . " [ sep ] christopher orr
christopher orr , writing in the atlantic , also criticised the film , saying that spectre " backslides on virtually every [ aspect ] " . lawrence toppman of the charlotte observer called craig ' s performance " bored , james bored . " alyssa rosenberg , writing for the washington post , stated that the film turned into " a disappointingly conventional bond film . " [ sep ] bored
christopher orr , writing in the atlantic , also criticised the film , saying that spectre " backslides on virtually every [ aspect ] " . lawrence toppman of the charlotte observer called craig ' s performance " bored , james bored . " alyssa rosenberg , writing for the washington post , stated that the film turned into " a disappointingly conventional bond film . " [ sep ] the washington post
the city ' s land has been altered substantially by human intervention , with considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since dutch colonial times ; reclamation is most prominent in lower manhattan , with developments such as battery park city in the 1970s and 1980s . some of the natural relief in topography has been evened out , especially in manhattan . [ sep ] battery park city
in india , it was reported that the indian central board of film certification ( cbfc ) censored kissing scenes featuring monica bellucci , daniel craig , and lea seydoux . they also muted all profanity . this prompted criticism of the board online , especially on twitter . [ sep ] indian central board of film certification
a sequel to spectre will begin development in spring 2016 . sam mendes has stated he will not return to direct the next 007 film . christoph waltz has signed on for two more films in the series , but his return depends on whether or not craig will again portray bond . [ sep ] craig
a sequel to spectre will begin development in spring 2016 . sam mendes has stated he will not return to direct the next 007 film . christoph waltz has signed on for two more films in the series , but his return depends on whether or not craig will again portray bond . [ sep ] spring 2016
the city ' s total area is 468 . 9 square miles ( 1 , 214 km2 ) . 164 . 1 sq mi ( 425 km2 ) of this is water and 304 . 8 sq mi ( 789 km2 ) is land . the highest point in the city is todt hill on staten island , which , at 409 . 8 feet ( 124 . 9 m ) above sea level , is the highest point on the eastern seaboard south of maine . the summit of the ridge is mostly covered in woodlands as part of the staten island greenbelt . [ sep ] 468 . 9
the city ' s total area is 468 . 9 square miles ( 1 , 214 km2 ) . 164 . 1 sq mi ( 425 km2 ) of this is water and 304 . 8 sq mi ( 789 km2 ) is land . the highest point in the city is todt hill on staten island , which , at 409 . 8 feet ( 124 . 9 m ) above sea level , is the highest point on the eastern seaboard south of maine . the summit of the ridge is mostly covered in woodlands as part of the staten island greenbelt . [ sep ] 164 . 1
the city ' s total area is 468 . 9 square miles ( 1 , 214 km2 ) . 164 . 1 sq mi ( 425 km2 ) of this is water and 304 . 8 sq mi ( 789 km2 ) is land . the highest point in the city is todt hill on staten island , which , at 409 . 8 feet ( 124 . 9 m ) above sea level , is the highest point on the eastern seaboard south of maine . the summit of the ridge is mostly covered in woodlands as part of the staten island greenbelt . [ sep ] 304 . 8
the city ' s total area is 468 . 9 square miles ( 1 , 214 km2 ) . 164 . 1 sq mi ( 425 km2 ) of this is water and 304 . 8 sq mi ( 789 km2 ) is land . the highest point in the city is todt hill on staten island , which , at 409 . 8 feet ( 124 . 9 m ) above sea level , is the highest point on the eastern seaboard south of maine . the summit of the ridge is mostly covered in woodlands as part of the staten island greenbelt . [ sep ] todt hill
the city ' s total area is 468 . 9 square miles ( 1 , 214 km2 ) . 164 . 1 sq mi ( 425 km2 ) of this is water and 304 . 8 sq mi ( 789 km2 ) is land . the highest point in the city is todt hill on staten island , which , at 409 . 8 feet ( 124 . 9 m ) above sea level , is the highest point on the eastern seaboard south of maine . the summit of the ridge is mostly covered in woodlands as part of the staten island greenbelt . [ sep ] staten island
beyonce giselle knowles - carter ( / [unk] / bee - yon - say ) ( born september 4 , 1981 ) is an american singer , songwriter , record producer and actress . born and raised in houston , texas , she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child , and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of r & b girl - group destiny ' s child . managed by her father , mathew knowles , the group became one of the world ' s best - selling girl groups of all time . their hiatus saw the release of beyonce ' s debut album , dangerously in love ( 2003 ) , which established her as a solo artist worldwide , earned five grammy awards and featured the billboard hot 100 number - one singles " crazy in love " and " baby boy " . [ sep ] houston
beyonce giselle knowles - carter ( / [unk] / bee - yon - say ) ( born september 4 , 1981 ) is an american singer , songwriter , record producer and actress . born and raised in houston , texas , she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child , and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of r & b girl - group destiny ' s child . managed by her father , mathew knowles , the group became one of the world ' s best - selling girl groups of all time . their hiatus saw the release of beyonce ' s debut album , dangerously in love ( 2003 ) , which established her as a solo artist worldwide , earned five grammy awards and featured the billboard hot 100 number - one singles " crazy in love " and " baby boy " . [ sep ] dangerously in love
beyonce giselle knowles - carter ( / [unk] / bee - yon - say ) ( born september 4 , 1981 ) is an american singer , songwriter , record producer and actress . born and raised in houston , texas , she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child , and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of r & b girl - group destiny ' s child . managed by her father , mathew knowles , the group became one of the world ' s best - selling girl groups of all time . their hiatus saw the release of beyonce ' s debut album , dangerously in love ( 2003 ) , which established her as a solo artist worldwide , earned five grammy awards and featured the billboard hot 100 number - one singles " crazy in love " and " baby boy " . [ sep ] september 4 , 1981
beyonce giselle knowles - carter ( / [unk] / bee - yon - say ) ( born september 4 , 1981 ) is an american singer , songwriter , record producer and actress . born and raised in houston , texas , she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child , and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of r & b girl - group destiny ' s child . managed by her father , mathew knowles , the group became one of the world ' s best - selling girl groups of all time . their hiatus saw the release of beyonce ' s debut album , dangerously in love ( 2003 ) , which established her as a solo artist worldwide , earned five grammy awards and featured the billboard hot 100 number - one singles " crazy in love " and " baby boy " . [ sep ] beyonce giselle knowles - carter
new york has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods , from the saltbox style pieter claesen wyckoff house in brooklyn , the oldest section of which dates to 1656 , to the modern one world trade center , the skyscraper at ground zero in lower manhattan and currently the most expensive new office tower in the world . [ sep ] pieter claesen wyckoff house
new york has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods , from the saltbox style pieter claesen wyckoff house in brooklyn , the oldest section of which dates to 1656 , to the modern one world trade center , the skyscraper at ground zero in lower manhattan and currently the most expensive new office tower in the world . [ sep ] brooklyn
new york has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods , from the saltbox style pieter claesen wyckoff house in brooklyn , the oldest section of which dates to 1656 , to the modern one world trade center , the skyscraper at ground zero in lower manhattan and currently the most expensive new office tower in the world . [ sep ] one world trade center
new york has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods , from the saltbox style pieter claesen wyckoff house in brooklyn , the oldest section of which dates to 1656 , to the modern one world trade center , the skyscraper at ground zero in lower manhattan and currently the most expensive new office tower in the world . [ sep ] manhattan
new york has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods , from the saltbox style pieter claesen wyckoff house in brooklyn , the oldest section of which dates to 1656 , to the modern one world trade center , the skyscraper at ground zero in lower manhattan and currently the most expensive new office tower in the world . [ sep ] 1656
manhattan ' s skyline , with its many skyscrapers , is universally recognized , and the city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world . as of 2011 , new york city had 5 , 937 high - rise buildings , of which 550 completed structures were at least 330 feet ( 100 m ) high , both second in the world after hong kong , with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller than 656 feet ( 200 m ) . these include the woolworth building ( 1913 ) , an early gothic revival skyscraper built with massively scaled gothic detailing . [ sep ] 5 , 937
manhattan ' s skyline , with its many skyscrapers , is universally recognized , and the city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world . as of 2011 , new york city had 5 , 937 high - rise buildings , of which 550 completed structures were at least 330 feet ( 100 m ) high , both second in the world after hong kong , with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller than 656 feet ( 200 m ) . these include the woolworth building ( 1913 ) , an early gothic revival skyscraper built with massively scaled gothic detailing . [ sep ] hong kong
manhattan ' s skyline , with its many skyscrapers , is universally recognized , and the city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world . as of 2011 , new york city had 5 , 937 high - rise buildings , of which 550 completed structures were at least 330 feet ( 100 m ) high , both second in the world after hong kong , with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller than 656 feet ( 200 m ) . these include the woolworth building ( 1913 ) , an early gothic revival skyscraper built with massively scaled gothic detailing . [ sep ] 550
manhattan ' s skyline , with its many skyscrapers , is universally recognized , and the city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world . as of 2011 , new york city had 5 , 937 high - rise buildings , of which 550 completed structures were at least 330 feet ( 100 m ) high , both second in the world after hong kong , with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller than 656 feet ( 200 m ) . these include the woolworth building ( 1913 ) , an early gothic revival skyscraper built with massively scaled gothic detailing . [ sep ] 1913
manhattan ' s skyline , with its many skyscrapers , is universally recognized , and the city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world . as of 2011 , new york city had 5 , 937 high - rise buildings , of which 550 completed structures were at least 330 feet ( 100 m ) high , both second in the world after hong kong , with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller than 656 feet ( 200 m ) . these include the woolworth building ( 1913 ) , an early gothic revival skyscraper built with massively scaled gothic detailing . [ sep ] 50
the 1916 zoning resolution required setbacks in new buildings , and restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size , to allow sunlight to reach the streets below . the art deco style of the chrysler building ( 1930 ) and empire state building ( 1931 ) , with their tapered tops and steel spires , reflected the zoning requirements . the buildings have distinctive ornamentation , such as the eagles at the corners of the 61st floor on the chrysler building , and are considered some of the finest examples of the art deco style . a highly influential example of the international style in the united states is the seagram building ( 1957 ) , distinctive for its facade using visible bronze - toned i - beams to evoke the building ' s structure . the conde nast building ( 2000 ) is a prominent example of green design in american skyscrapers and has received an award from the american institute of architects as well as aia new york state for its design . [ sep ] 1931
the 1916 zoning resolution required setbacks in new buildings , and restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size , to allow sunlight to reach the streets below . the art deco style of the chrysler building ( 1930 ) and empire state building ( 1931 ) , with their tapered tops and steel spires , reflected the zoning requirements . the buildings have distinctive ornamentation , such as the eagles at the corners of the 61st floor on the chrysler building , and are considered some of the finest examples of the art deco style . a highly influential example of the international style in the united states is the seagram building ( 1957 ) , distinctive for its facade using visible bronze - toned i - beams to evoke the building ' s structure . the conde nast building ( 2000 ) is a prominent example of green design in american skyscrapers and has received an award from the american institute of architects as well as aia new york state for its design . [ sep ] art deco
the 1916 zoning resolution required setbacks in new buildings , and restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size , to allow sunlight to reach the streets below . the art deco style of the chrysler building ( 1930 ) and empire state building ( 1931 ) , with their tapered tops and steel spires , reflected the zoning requirements . the buildings have distinctive ornamentation , such as the eagles at the corners of the 61st floor on the chrysler building , and are considered some of the finest examples of the art deco style . a highly influential example of the international style in the united states is the seagram building ( 1957 ) , distinctive for its facade using visible bronze - toned i - beams to evoke the building ' s structure . the conde nast building ( 2000 ) is a prominent example of green design in american skyscrapers and has received an award from the american institute of architects as well as aia new york state for its design . [ sep ] 61st
the 1916 zoning resolution required setbacks in new buildings , and restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size , to allow sunlight to reach the streets below . the art deco style of the chrysler building ( 1930 ) and empire state building ( 1931 ) , with their tapered tops and steel spires , reflected the zoning requirements . the buildings have distinctive ornamentation , such as the eagles at the corners of the 61st floor on the chrysler building , and are considered some of the finest examples of the art deco style . a highly influential example of the international style in the united states is the seagram building ( 1957 ) , distinctive for its facade using visible bronze - toned i - beams to evoke the building ' s structure . the conde nast building ( 2000 ) is a prominent example of green design in american skyscrapers and has received an award from the american institute of architects as well as aia new york state for its design . [ sep ] seagram building
the 1916 zoning resolution required setbacks in new buildings , and restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size , to allow sunlight to reach the streets below . the art deco style of the chrysler building ( 1930 ) and empire state building ( 1931 ) , with their tapered tops and steel spires , reflected the zoning requirements . the buildings have distinctive ornamentation , such as the eagles at the corners of the 61st floor on the chrysler building , and are considered some of the finest examples of the art deco style . a highly influential example of the international style in the united states is the seagram building ( 1957 ) , distinctive for its facade using visible bronze - toned i - beams to evoke the building ' s structure . the conde nast building ( 2000 ) is a prominent example of green design in american skyscrapers and has received an award from the american institute of architects as well as aia new york state for its design . [ sep ] american institute of architects
the character of new york ' s large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses and townhouses and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930 . in contrast , new york city also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free - standing dwellings . in neighborhoods such as riverdale ( in the bronx ) , ditmas park ( in brooklyn ) , and douglaston ( in queens ) , large single - family homes are common in various architectural styles such as tudor revival and victorian . [ sep ] the bronx
the character of new york ' s large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses and townhouses and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930 . in contrast , new york city also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free - standing dwellings . in neighborhoods such as riverdale ( in the bronx ) , ditmas park ( in brooklyn ) , and douglaston ( in queens ) , large single - family homes are common in various architectural styles such as tudor revival and victorian . [ sep ] brooklyn
the character of new york ' s large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses and townhouses and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930 . in contrast , new york city also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free - standing dwellings . in neighborhoods such as riverdale ( in the bronx ) , ditmas park ( in brooklyn ) , and douglaston ( in queens ) , large single - family homes are common in various architectural styles such as tudor revival and victorian . [ sep ] queens
the character of new york ' s large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses and townhouses and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930 . in contrast , new york city also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free - standing dwellings . in neighborhoods such as riverdale ( in the bronx ) , ditmas park ( in brooklyn ) , and douglaston ( in queens ) , large single - family homes are common in various architectural styles such as tudor revival and victorian . [ sep ] 1930
the character of new york ' s large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses and townhouses and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930 . in contrast , new york city also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free - standing dwellings . in neighborhoods such as riverdale ( in the bronx ) , ditmas park ( in brooklyn ) , and douglaston ( in queens ) , large single - family homes are common in various architectural styles such as tudor revival and victorian . [ sep ] victorian
stone and brick became the city ' s building materials of choice after the construction of wood - frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the great fire of 1835 . a distinctive feature of many of the city ' s buildings is the wooden roof - mounted water towers . in the 1800s , the city required their installation on buildings higher than six stories to prevent the need for excessively high water pressures at lower elevations , which could break municipal water pipes . garden apartments became popular during the 1920s in outlying areas , such as jackson heights . [ sep ] the great fire of 1835
stone and brick became the city ' s building materials of choice after the construction of wood - frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the great fire of 1835 . a distinctive feature of many of the city ' s buildings is the wooden roof - mounted water towers . in the 1800s , the city required their installation on buildings higher than six stories to prevent the need for excessively high water pressures at lower elevations , which could break municipal water pipes . garden apartments became popular during the 1920s in outlying areas , such as jackson heights . [ sep ] six
stone and brick became the city ' s building materials of choice after the construction of wood - frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the great fire of 1835 . a distinctive feature of many of the city ' s buildings is the wooden roof - mounted water towers . in the 1800s , the city required their installation on buildings higher than six stories to prevent the need for excessively high water pressures at lower elevations , which could break municipal water pipes . garden apartments became popular during the 1920s in outlying areas , such as jackson heights . [ sep ] jackson heights
according to the united states geological survey , an updated analysis of seismic hazard in july 2014 revealed a " slightly lower hazard for tall buildings " in new york city than previously assessed . scientists estimated this lessened risk based upon a lower likelihood than previously thought of slow shaking near the city , which would be more likely to cause damage to taller structures from an earthquake in the vicinity of the city . [ sep ] july 2014
there are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout the five boroughs of new york city , many with a definable history and character to call their own . if the boroughs were each independent cities , four of the boroughs ( brooklyn , queens , manhattan , and the bronx ) would be among the ten most populous cities in the united states . [ sep ] four
there are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout the five boroughs of new york city , many with a definable history and character to call their own . if the boroughs were each independent cities , four of the boroughs ( brooklyn , queens , manhattan , and the bronx ) would be among the ten most populous cities in the united states . [ sep ] five
under the koppen climate classification , using the 0 °c ( 32 °f ) coldest month ( january ) isotherm , new york city itself experiences a humid subtropical climate ( cfa ) and is thus the northernmost major city on the north american continent with this categorization . the suburbs to the immediate north and west lie in the transition zone from a humid subtropical ( cfa ) to a humid continental climate ( dfa ) . the area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually , and averages 57 % of possible sunshine annually , accumulating 2 , 535 hours of sunshine per annum . the city falls under usda 7b plant hardiness zone . [ sep ] humid subtropical
under the koppen climate classification , using the 0 °c ( 32 °f ) coldest month ( january ) isotherm , new york city itself experiences a humid subtropical climate ( cfa ) and is thus the northernmost major city on the north american continent with this categorization . the suburbs to the immediate north and west lie in the transition zone from a humid subtropical ( cfa ) to a humid continental climate ( dfa ) . the area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually , and averages 57 % of possible sunshine annually , accumulating 2 , 535 hours of sunshine per annum . the city falls under usda 7b plant hardiness zone . [ sep ] 234
under the koppen climate classification , using the 0 °c ( 32 °f ) coldest month ( january ) isotherm , new york city itself experiences a humid subtropical climate ( cfa ) and is thus the northernmost major city on the north american continent with this categorization . the suburbs to the immediate north and west lie in the transition zone from a humid subtropical ( cfa ) to a humid continental climate ( dfa ) . the area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually , and averages 57 % of possible sunshine annually , accumulating 2 , 535 hours of sunshine per annum . the city falls under usda 7b plant hardiness zone . [ sep ] 2 , 535
under the koppen climate classification , using the 0 °c ( 32 °f ) coldest month ( january ) isotherm , new york city itself experiences a humid subtropical climate ( cfa ) and is thus the northernmost major city on the north american continent with this categorization . the suburbs to the immediate north and west lie in the transition zone from a humid subtropical ( cfa ) to a humid continental climate ( dfa ) . the area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually , and averages 57 % of possible sunshine annually , accumulating 2 , 535 hours of sunshine per annum . the city falls under usda 7b plant hardiness zone . [ sep ] humid continental
under the koppen climate classification , using the 0 °c ( 32 °f ) coldest month ( january ) isotherm , new york city itself experiences a humid subtropical climate ( cfa ) and is thus the northernmost major city on the north american continent with this categorization . the suburbs to the immediate north and west lie in the transition zone from a humid subtropical ( cfa ) to a humid continental climate ( dfa ) . the area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually , and averages 57 % of possible sunshine annually , accumulating 2 , 535 hours of sunshine per annum . the city falls under usda 7b plant hardiness zone . [ sep ] january
winters are cold and damp , and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the moderating effects of the atlantic ocean ; yet the atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the appalachians keep the city warmer in the winter than inland north american cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as pittsburgh , cincinnati , and indianapolis . the daily mean temperature in january , the area ' s coldest month , is 32 . 6 °f ( 0 . 3 °c ) ; however , temperatures usually drop to 10 °f ( −12 °c ) several times per winter , and reach 50 °f ( 10 °c ) several days each winter month . spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from chilly to warm , although they are usually mild with low humidity . summers are typically warm to hot and humid , with a daily mean temperature of 76 . 5 °f ( 24 . 7 °c ) in july and an average humidity level of 72 % . nighttime conditions are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon , while daytime temperatures exceed 90 °f ( 32 °c ) on average of 17 days each summer and in some years exceed 100 °f ( 38 °c ) . in the warmer months , the dew point , a measure of atmospheric moisture , ranges from 57 . 3 °f ( 14 . 1 °c ) in june to 62 . 0 °f ( 16 . 7 °c ) in august . extreme temperatures have ranged from −15 °f ( −26 °c ) , recorded on february 9 , 1934 , up to 106 °f ( 41 °c ) on july 9 , 1936 . [ sep ] appalachians
winters are cold and damp , and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the moderating effects of the atlantic ocean ; yet the atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the appalachians keep the city warmer in the winter than inland north american cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as pittsburgh , cincinnati , and indianapolis . the daily mean temperature in january , the area ' s coldest month , is 32 . 6 °f ( 0 . 3 °c ) ; however , temperatures usually drop to 10 °f ( −12 °c ) several times per winter , and reach 50 °f ( 10 °c ) several days each winter month . spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from chilly to warm , although they are usually mild with low humidity . summers are typically warm to hot and humid , with a daily mean temperature of 76 . 5 °f ( 24 . 7 °c ) in july and an average humidity level of 72 % . nighttime conditions are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon , while daytime temperatures exceed 90 °f ( 32 °c ) on average of 17 days each summer and in some years exceed 100 °f ( 38 °c ) . in the warmer months , the dew point , a measure of atmospheric moisture , ranges from 57 . 3 °f ( 14 . 1 °c ) in june to 62 . 0 °f ( 16 . 7 °c ) in august . extreme temperatures have ranged from −15 °f ( −26 °c ) , recorded on february 9 , 1934 , up to 106 °f ( 41 °c ) on july 9 , 1936 . [ sep ] 0 . 3
winters are cold and damp , and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the moderating effects of the atlantic ocean ; yet the atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the appalachians keep the city warmer in the winter than inland north american cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as pittsburgh , cincinnati , and indianapolis . the daily mean temperature in january , the area ' s coldest month , is 32 . 6 °f ( 0 . 3 °c ) ; however , temperatures usually drop to 10 °f ( −12 °c ) several times per winter , and reach 50 °f ( 10 °c ) several days each winter month . spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from chilly to warm , although they are usually mild with low humidity . summers are typically warm to hot and humid , with a daily mean temperature of 76 . 5 °f ( 24 . 7 °c ) in july and an average humidity level of 72 % . nighttime conditions are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon , while daytime temperatures exceed 90 °f ( 32 °c ) on average of 17 days each summer and in some years exceed 100 °f ( 38 °c ) . in the warmer months , the dew point , a measure of atmospheric moisture , ranges from 57 . 3 °f ( 14 . 1 °c ) in june to 62 . 0 °f ( 16 . 7 °c ) in august . extreme temperatures have ranged from −15 °f ( −26 °c ) , recorded on february 9 , 1934 , up to 106 °f ( 41 °c ) on july 9 , 1936 . [ sep ] 72 %
winters are cold and damp , and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the moderating effects of the atlantic ocean ; yet the atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the appalachians keep the city warmer in the winter than inland north american cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as pittsburgh , cincinnati , and indianapolis . the daily mean temperature in january , the area ' s coldest month , is 32 . 6 °f ( 0 . 3 °c ) ; however , temperatures usually drop to 10 °f ( −12 °c ) several times per winter , and reach 50 °f ( 10 °c ) several days each winter month . spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from chilly to warm , although they are usually mild with low humidity . summers are typically warm to hot and humid , with a daily mean temperature of 76 . 5 °f ( 24 . 7 °c ) in july and an average humidity level of 72 % . nighttime conditions are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon , while daytime temperatures exceed 90 °f ( 32 °c ) on average of 17 days each summer and in some years exceed 100 °f ( 38 °c ) . in the warmer months , the dew point , a measure of atmospheric moisture , ranges from 57 . 3 °f ( 14 . 1 °c ) in june to 62 . 0 °f ( 16 . 7 °c ) in august . extreme temperatures have ranged from −15 °f ( −26 °c ) , recorded on february 9 , 1934 , up to 106 °f ( 41 °c ) on july 9 , 1936 . [ sep ] 17
winters are cold and damp , and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the moderating effects of the atlantic ocean ; yet the atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the appalachians keep the city warmer in the winter than inland north american cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as pittsburgh , cincinnati , and indianapolis . the daily mean temperature in january , the area ' s coldest month , is 32 . 6 °f ( 0 . 3 °c ) ; however , temperatures usually drop to 10 °f ( −12 °c ) several times per winter , and reach 50 °f ( 10 °c ) several days each winter month . spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from chilly to warm , although they are usually mild with low humidity . summers are typically warm to hot and humid , with a daily mean temperature of 76 . 5 °f ( 24 . 7 °c ) in july and an average humidity level of 72 % . nighttime conditions are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon , while daytime temperatures exceed 90 °f ( 32 °c ) on average of 17 days each summer and in some years exceed 100 °f ( 38 °c ) . in the warmer months , the dew point , a measure of atmospheric moisture , ranges from 57 . 3 °f ( 14 . 1 °c ) in june to 62 . 0 °f ( 16 . 7 °c ) in august . extreme temperatures have ranged from −15 °f ( −26 °c ) , recorded on february 9 , 1934 , up to 106 °f ( 41 °c ) on july 9 , 1936 . [ sep ] july 9 , 1936
the city receives 49 . 9 inches ( 1 , 270 mm ) of precipitation annually , which is fairly spread throughout the year . average winter snowfall between 1981 and 2010 has been 25 . 8 inches ( 66 cm ) , but this varies considerably from year to year . hurricanes and tropical storms are rare in the new york area , but are not unheard of and always have the potential to strike the area . hurricane sandy brought a destructive storm surge to new york city on the evening of october 29 , 2012 , flooding numerous streets , tunnels , and subway lines in lower manhattan and other areas of the city and cutting off electricity in many parts of the city and its suburbs . the storm and its profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of the city and the metropolitan area to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future . [ sep ] 1 , 270
the city receives 49 . 9 inches ( 1 , 270 mm ) of precipitation annually , which is fairly spread throughout the year . average winter snowfall between 1981 and 2010 has been 25 . 8 inches ( 66 cm ) , but this varies considerably from year to year . hurricanes and tropical storms are rare in the new york area , but are not unheard of and always have the potential to strike the area . hurricane sandy brought a destructive storm surge to new york city on the evening of october 29 , 2012 , flooding numerous streets , tunnels , and subway lines in lower manhattan and other areas of the city and cutting off electricity in many parts of the city and its suburbs . the storm and its profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of the city and the metropolitan area to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future . [ sep ] 66
the city receives 49 . 9 inches ( 1 , 270 mm ) of precipitation annually , which is fairly spread throughout the year . average winter snowfall between 1981 and 2010 has been 25 . 8 inches ( 66 cm ) , but this varies considerably from year to year . hurricanes and tropical storms are rare in the new york area , but are not unheard of and always have the potential to strike the area . hurricane sandy brought a destructive storm surge to new york city on the evening of october 29 , 2012 , flooding numerous streets , tunnels , and subway lines in lower manhattan and other areas of the city and cutting off electricity in many parts of the city and its suburbs . the storm and its profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of the city and the metropolitan area to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future . [ sep ] october 29 , 2012
the city of new york has a complex park system , with various lands operated by the national park service , the new york state office of parks , recreation and historic preservation , and the new york city department of parks and recreation . [ sep ] new york city department of parks and recreation
the city of new york has a complex park system , with various lands operated by the national park service , the new york state office of parks , recreation and historic preservation , and the new york city department of parks and recreation . [ sep ] new york state office of parks , recreation and historic preservation
the city of new york has a complex park system , with various lands operated by the national park service , the new york state office of parks , recreation and historic preservation , and the new york city department of parks and recreation . [ sep ] national park service
in its 2013 parkscore ranking , the trust for public land reported that the park system in new york city was the second best park system among the 50 most populous u . s . cities , behind the park system of minneapolis . parkscore ranks urban park systems by a formula that analyzes median park size , park acres as percent of city area , the percent of city residents within a half - mile of a park , spending of park services per resident , and the number of playgrounds per 10 , 000 residents . [ sep ] minneapolis
in its 2013 parkscore ranking , the trust for public land reported that the park system in new york city was the second best park system among the 50 most populous u . s . cities , behind the park system of minneapolis . parkscore ranks urban park systems by a formula that analyzes median park size , park acres as percent of city area , the percent of city residents within a half - mile of a park , spending of park services per resident , and the number of playgrounds per 10 , 000 residents . [ sep ] new york city
spectre ( 2015 ) is the twenty - fourth james bond film produced by eon productions . it features daniel craig in his fourth performance as james bond , and christoph waltz as ernst stavro blofeld , with the film marking the character ' s re - introduction into the series . it was directed by sam mendes as his second james bond film following skyfall , and was written by john logan , neal purvis , robert wade and jez butterworth . it is distributed by metro - goldwyn - mayer and columbia pictures . with a budget around $ 245 million , it is the most expensive bond film and one of the most expensive films ever made . [ sep ] twenty - four
spectre ( 2015 ) is the twenty - fourth james bond film produced by eon productions . it features daniel craig in his fourth performance as james bond , and christoph waltz as ernst stavro blofeld , with the film marking the character ' s re - introduction into the series . it was directed by sam mendes as his second james bond film following skyfall , and was written by john logan , neal purvis , robert wade and jez butterworth . it is distributed by metro - goldwyn - mayer and columbia pictures . with a budget around $ 245 million , it is the most expensive bond film and one of the most expensive films ever made . [ sep ] spectre
spectre ( 2015 ) is the twenty - fourth james bond film produced by eon productions . it features daniel craig in his fourth performance as james bond , and christoph waltz as ernst stavro blofeld , with the film marking the character ' s re - introduction into the series . it was directed by sam mendes as his second james bond film following skyfall , and was written by john logan , neal purvis , robert wade and jez butterworth . it is distributed by metro - goldwyn - mayer and columbia pictures . with a budget around $ 245 million , it is the most expensive bond film and one of the most expensive films ever made . [ sep ] four
spectre ( 2015 ) is the twenty - fourth james bond film produced by eon productions . it features daniel craig in his fourth performance as james bond , and christoph waltz as ernst stavro blofeld , with the film marking the character ' s re - introduction into the series . it was directed by sam mendes as his second james bond film following skyfall , and was written by john logan , neal purvis , robert wade and jez butterworth . it is distributed by metro - goldwyn - mayer and columbia pictures . with a budget around $ 245 million , it is the most expensive bond film and one of the most expensive films ever made . [ sep ] metro - goldwyn - mayer and columbia pictures
spectre ( 2015 ) is the twenty - fourth james bond film produced by eon productions . it features daniel craig in his fourth performance as james bond , and christoph waltz as ernst stavro blofeld , with the film marking the character ' s re - introduction into the series . it was directed by sam mendes as his second james bond film following skyfall , and was written by john logan , neal purvis , robert wade and jez butterworth . it is distributed by metro - goldwyn - mayer and columbia pictures . with a budget around $ 245 million , it is the most expensive bond film and one of the most expensive films ever made . [ sep ] sam mendes
the story sees bond pitted against the global criminal organisation spectre , marking the group ' s first appearance in an eon productions film since 1971 ' s diamonds are forever , [ n 2 ] and tying craig ' s series of films together with an overarching storyline . several recurring james bond characters , including m , q and eve moneypenny return , with the new additions of lea seydoux as dr . madeleine swann , dave bautista as mr . hinx , andrew scott as max denbigh and monica bellucci as lucia sciarra . [ sep ] m , q and eve moneypenny
the story sees bond pitted against the global criminal organisation spectre , marking the group ' s first appearance in an eon productions film since 1971 ' s diamonds are forever , [ n 2 ] and tying craig ' s series of films together with an overarching storyline . several recurring james bond characters , including m , q and eve moneypenny return , with the new additions of lea seydoux as dr . madeleine swann , dave bautista as mr . hinx , andrew scott as max denbigh and monica bellucci as lucia sciarra . [ sep ] lea seydoux
the story sees bond pitted against the global criminal organisation spectre , marking the group ' s first appearance in an eon productions film since 1971 ' s diamonds are forever , [ n 2 ] and tying craig ' s series of films together with an overarching storyline . several recurring james bond characters , including m , q and eve moneypenny return , with the new additions of lea seydoux as dr . madeleine swann , dave bautista as mr . hinx , andrew scott as max denbigh and monica bellucci as lucia sciarra . [ sep ] dave bautista
the story sees bond pitted against the global criminal organisation spectre , marking the group ' s first appearance in an eon productions film since 1971 ' s diamonds are forever , [ n 2 ] and tying craig ' s series of films together with an overarching storyline . several recurring james bond characters , including m , q and eve moneypenny return , with the new additions of lea seydoux as dr . madeleine swann , dave bautista as mr . hinx , andrew scott as max denbigh and monica bellucci as lucia sciarra . [ sep ] 1971
gateway national recreation area contains over 26 , 000 acres ( 10 , 521 . 83 ha ) in total , most of it surrounded by new york city , including the jamaica bay wildlife refuge in brooklyn and queens , over 9 , 000 acres ( 36 km2 ) of salt marsh , islands , and water , including most of jamaica bay . also in queens , the park includes a significant portion of the western rockaway peninsula , most notably jacob riis park and fort tilden . in staten island , the park includes fort wadsworth , with historic pre - civil war era battery weed and fort tompkins , and great kills park , with beaches , trails , and a marina . [ sep ] 10 , 521 . 83
gateway national recreation area contains over 26 , 000 acres ( 10 , 521 . 83 ha ) in total , most of it surrounded by new york city , including the jamaica bay wildlife refuge in brooklyn and queens , over 9 , 000 acres ( 36 km2 ) of salt marsh , islands , and water , including most of jamaica bay . also in queens , the park includes a significant portion of the western rockaway peninsula , most notably jacob riis park and fort tilden . in staten island , the park includes fort wadsworth , with historic pre - civil war era battery weed and fort tompkins , and great kills park , with beaches , trails , and a marina . [ sep ] 9 , 000
gateway national recreation area contains over 26 , 000 acres ( 10 , 521 . 83 ha ) in total , most of it surrounded by new york city , including the jamaica bay wildlife refuge in brooklyn and queens , over 9 , 000 acres ( 36 km2 ) of salt marsh , islands , and water , including most of jamaica bay . also in queens , the park includes a significant portion of the western rockaway peninsula , most notably jacob riis park and fort tilden . in staten island , the park includes fort wadsworth , with historic pre - civil war era battery weed and fort tompkins , and great kills park , with beaches , trails , and a marina . [ sep ] fort tilden
gateway national recreation area contains over 26 , 000 acres ( 10 , 521 . 83 ha ) in total , most of it surrounded by new york city , including the jamaica bay wildlife refuge in brooklyn and queens , over 9 , 000 acres ( 36 km2 ) of salt marsh , islands , and water , including most of jamaica bay . also in queens , the park includes a significant portion of the western rockaway peninsula , most notably jacob riis park and fort tilden . in staten island , the park includes fort wadsworth , with historic pre - civil war era battery weed and fort tompkins , and great kills park , with beaches , trails , and a marina . [ sep ] jacob riis park
gateway national recreation area contains over 26 , 000 acres ( 10 , 521 . 83 ha ) in total , most of it surrounded by new york city , including the jamaica bay wildlife refuge in brooklyn and queens , over 9 , 000 acres ( 36 km2 ) of salt marsh , islands , and water , including most of jamaica bay . also in queens , the park includes a significant portion of the western rockaway peninsula , most notably jacob riis park and fort tilden . in staten island , the park includes fort wadsworth , with historic pre - civil war era battery weed and fort tompkins , and great kills park , with beaches , trails , and a marina . [ sep ] jamaica bay
the statue of liberty national monument and ellis island immigration museum are managed by the national park service and are in both the states of new york and new jersey . they are joined in the harbor by governors island national monument , in new york . historic sites under federal management on manhattan island include castle clinton national monument ; federal hall national memorial ; theodore roosevelt birthplace national historic site ; general grant national memorial ( " grant ' s tomb " ) ; african burial ground national monument ; and hamilton grange national memorial . hundreds of private properties are listed on the national register of historic places or as a national historic landmark such as , for example , the stonewall inn in greenwich village as the catalyst of the modern gay rights movement . [ sep ] national park service
the statue of liberty national monument and ellis island immigration museum are managed by the national park service and are in both the states of new york and new jersey . they are joined in the harbor by governors island national monument , in new york . historic sites under federal management on manhattan island include castle clinton national monument ; federal hall national memorial ; theodore roosevelt birthplace national historic site ; general grant national memorial ( " grant ' s tomb " ) ; african burial ground national monument ; and hamilton grange national memorial . hundreds of private properties are listed on the national register of historic places or as a national historic landmark such as , for example , the stonewall inn in greenwich village as the catalyst of the modern gay rights movement . [ sep ] grant ' s tomb
the statue of liberty national monument and ellis island immigration museum are managed by the national park service and are in both the states of new york and new jersey . they are joined in the harbor by governors island national monument , in new york . historic sites under federal management on manhattan island include castle clinton national monument ; federal hall national memorial ; theodore roosevelt birthplace national historic site ; general grant national memorial ( " grant ' s tomb " ) ; african burial ground national monument ; and hamilton grange national memorial . hundreds of private properties are listed on the national register of historic places or as a national historic landmark such as , for example , the stonewall inn in greenwich village as the catalyst of the modern gay rights movement . [ sep ] greenwich village
the statue of liberty national monument and ellis island immigration museum are managed by the national park service and are in both the states of new york and new jersey . they are joined in the harbor by governors island national monument , in new york . historic sites under federal management on manhattan island include castle clinton national monument ; federal hall national memorial ; theodore roosevelt birthplace national historic site ; general grant national memorial ( " grant ' s tomb " ) ; african burial ground national monument ; and hamilton grange national memorial . hundreds of private properties are listed on the national register of historic places or as a national historic landmark such as , for example , the stonewall inn in greenwich village as the catalyst of the modern gay rights movement . [ sep ] gay rights movement
spectre was released on 26 october 2015 in the united kingdom on the same night as the world premiere at the royal albert hall in london , followed by a worldwide release . it was released in the united states on 6 november 2015 . it became the second james bond film to be screened in imax venues after skyfall , although it was not filmed with imax cameras . spectre received mixed reviews upon its release ; although criticised for its length , lack of screen time for new characters , and writing , it received praise for its action sequences and cinematography . the theme song , " writing ' s on the wall " , received mixed reviews , particularly compared to the previous theme ; nevertheless , it won the golden globe for best original song and was nominated for the academy award in the same category . as of 20 february 2016 [ update ] , spectre has grossed over $ 879 million worldwide . [ sep ] skyfall
spectre was released on 26 october 2015 in the united kingdom on the same night as the world premiere at the royal albert hall in london , followed by a worldwide release . it was released in the united states on 6 november 2015 . it became the second james bond film to be screened in imax venues after skyfall , although it was not filmed with imax cameras . spectre received mixed reviews upon its release ; although criticised for its length , lack of screen time for new characters , and writing , it received praise for its action sequences and cinematography . the theme song , " writing ' s on the wall " , received mixed reviews , particularly compared to the previous theme ; nevertheless , it won the golden globe for best original song and was nominated for the academy award in the same category . as of 20 february 2016 [ update ] , spectre has grossed over $ 879 million worldwide . [ sep ] writing ' s on the wall
there are seven state parks within the confines of new york city , including clay pit ponds state park preserve , a natural area which includes extensive riding trails , and riverbank state park , a 28 - acre ( 110 , 000 m2 ) facility that rises 69 feet ( 21 m ) over the hudson river . [ sep ] seven
there are seven state parks within the confines of new york city , including clay pit ponds state park preserve , a natural area which includes extensive riding trails , and riverbank state park , a 28 - acre ( 110 , 000 m2 ) facility that rises 69 feet ( 21 m ) over the hudson river . [ sep ] 28
there are seven state parks within the confines of new york city , including clay pit ponds state park preserve , a natural area which includes extensive riding trails , and riverbank state park , a 28 - acre ( 110 , 000 m2 ) facility that rises 69 feet ( 21 m ) over the hudson river . [ sep ] 21
following garreth mallory ' s promotion to m , on a mission in mexico city unofficially ordered by a posthumous message from the previous m , 007 james bond kills three men plotting a terrorist bombing during the day of the dead and gives chase to marco sciarra , an assassin who survived the attack . in the ensuing struggle , bond steals his ring , which is emblazoned with a stylised octopus , and then kills sciarra by kicking him out of a helicopter . upon returning to london , bond is indefinitely suspended from field duty by m , who is in the midst of a power struggle with c , the head of the privately - backed joint intelligence service , consisting of the recently merged mi5 and mi6 . c campaigns for britain to form alongside 8 other countries " nine eyes " , a global surveillance and intelligence co - operation initiative between nine member states , and uses his influence to close down the ' 00 ' section , believing it to be outdated . [ sep ] garreth mallory
following garreth mallory ' s promotion to m , on a mission in mexico city unofficially ordered by a posthumous message from the previous m , 007 james bond kills three men plotting a terrorist bombing during the day of the dead and gives chase to marco sciarra , an assassin who survived the attack . in the ensuing struggle , bond steals his ring , which is emblazoned with a stylised octopus , and then kills sciarra by kicking him out of a helicopter . upon returning to london , bond is indefinitely suspended from field duty by m , who is in the midst of a power struggle with c , the head of the privately - backed joint intelligence service , consisting of the recently merged mi5 and mi6 . c campaigns for britain to form alongside 8 other countries " nine eyes " , a global surveillance and intelligence co - operation initiative between nine member states , and uses his influence to close down the ' 00 ' section , believing it to be outdated . [ sep ] day of the dead
following garreth mallory ' s promotion to m , on a mission in mexico city unofficially ordered by a posthumous message from the previous m , 007 james bond kills three men plotting a terrorist bombing during the day of the dead and gives chase to marco sciarra , an assassin who survived the attack . in the ensuing struggle , bond steals his ring , which is emblazoned with a stylised octopus , and then kills sciarra by kicking him out of a helicopter . upon returning to london , bond is indefinitely suspended from field duty by m , who is in the midst of a power struggle with c , the head of the privately - backed joint intelligence service , consisting of the recently merged mi5 and mi6 . c campaigns for britain to form alongside 8 other countries " nine eyes " , a global surveillance and intelligence co - operation initiative between nine member states , and uses his influence to close down the ' 00 ' section , believing it to be outdated . [ sep ] mi5 and mi6
following garreth mallory ' s promotion to m , on a mission in mexico city unofficially ordered by a posthumous message from the previous m , 007 james bond kills three men plotting a terrorist bombing during the day of the dead and gives chase to marco sciarra , an assassin who survived the attack . in the ensuing struggle , bond steals his ring , which is emblazoned with a stylised octopus , and then kills sciarra by kicking him out of a helicopter . upon returning to london , bond is indefinitely suspended from field duty by m , who is in the midst of a power struggle with c , the head of the privately - backed joint intelligence service , consisting of the recently merged mi5 and mi6 . c campaigns for britain to form alongside 8 other countries " nine eyes " , a global surveillance and intelligence co - operation initiative between nine member states , and uses his influence to close down the ' 00 ' section , believing it to be outdated . [ sep ] his ring
new york city has over 28 , 000 acres ( 110 km2 ) of municipal parkland and 14 miles ( 23 km ) of public beaches . parks in new york city include central park , prospect park , flushing meadows – corona park , forest park , and washington square park . the largest municipal park in the city is pelham bay park with 2 , 700 acres ( 1 , 093 ha ) . [ sep ] 28 , 000
new york city has over 28 , 000 acres ( 110 km2 ) of municipal parkland and 14 miles ( 23 km ) of public beaches . parks in new york city include central park , prospect park , flushing meadows – corona park , forest park , and washington square park . the largest municipal park in the city is pelham bay park with 2 , 700 acres ( 1 , 093 ha ) . [ sep ] 14
new york city has over 28 , 000 acres ( 110 km2 ) of municipal parkland and 14 miles ( 23 km ) of public beaches . parks in new york city include central park , prospect park , flushing meadows – corona park , forest park , and washington square park . the largest municipal park in the city is pelham bay park with 2 , 700 acres ( 1 , 093 ha ) . [ sep ] pelham bay park
new york city has over 28 , 000 acres ( 110 km2 ) of municipal parkland and 14 miles ( 23 km ) of public beaches . parks in new york city include central park , prospect park , flushing meadows – corona park , forest park , and washington square park . the largest municipal park in the city is pelham bay park with 2 , 700 acres ( 1 , 093 ha ) . [ sep ] 1 , 093
new york city is home to fort hamilton , the u . s . military ' s only active duty installation within the city . established in 1825 in brooklyn on the site of a small battery utilized during the american revolution , it is one of america ' s longest serving military forts . today fort hamilton serves as the headquarters of the north atlantic division of the united states army corps of engineers as well as for the new york city recruiting battalion . it also houses the 1179th transportation brigade , the 722nd aeromedical staging squadron , and a military entrance processing station . other formerly active military reservations still utilized for national guard and military training or reserve operations in the city include fort wadsworth in staten island and fort totten in queens . [ sep ] fort hamilton
new york city is home to fort hamilton , the u . s . military ' s only active duty installation within the city . established in 1825 in brooklyn on the site of a small battery utilized during the american revolution , it is one of america ' s longest serving military forts . today fort hamilton serves as the headquarters of the north atlantic division of the united states army corps of engineers as well as for the new york city recruiting battalion . it also houses the 1179th transportation brigade , the 722nd aeromedical staging squadron , and a military entrance processing station . other formerly active military reservations still utilized for national guard and military training or reserve operations in the city include fort wadsworth in staten island and fort totten in queens . [ sep ] 1825
new york city is home to fort hamilton , the u . s . military ' s only active duty installation within the city . established in 1825 in brooklyn on the site of a small battery utilized during the american revolution , it is one of america ' s longest serving military forts . today fort hamilton serves as the headquarters of the north atlantic division of the united states army corps of engineers as well as for the new york city recruiting battalion . it also houses the 1179th transportation brigade , the 722nd aeromedical staging squadron , and a military entrance processing station . other formerly active military reservations still utilized for national guard and military training or reserve operations in the city include fort wadsworth in staten island and fort totten in queens . [ sep ] brooklyn
new york city is home to fort hamilton , the u . s . military ' s only active duty installation within the city . established in 1825 in brooklyn on the site of a small battery utilized during the american revolution , it is one of america ' s longest serving military forts . today fort hamilton serves as the headquarters of the north atlantic division of the united states army corps of engineers as well as for the new york city recruiting battalion . it also houses the 1179th transportation brigade , the 722nd aeromedical staging squadron , and a military entrance processing station . other formerly active military reservations still utilized for national guard and military training or reserve operations in the city include fort wadsworth in staten island and fort totten in queens . [ sep ] north atlantic division
new york city is home to fort hamilton , the u . s . military ' s only active duty installation within the city . established in 1825 in brooklyn on the site of a small battery utilized during the american revolution , it is one of america ' s longest serving military forts . today fort hamilton serves as the headquarters of the north atlantic division of the united states army corps of engineers as well as for the new york city recruiting battalion . it also houses the 1179th transportation brigade , the 722nd aeromedical staging squadron , and a military entrance processing station . other formerly active military reservations still utilized for national guard and military training or reserve operations in the city include fort wadsworth in staten island and fort totten in queens . [ sep ] 1179th transportation brigade
new york city is the most - populous city in the united states , with an estimated record high of 8 , 491 , 079 residents as of 2014 , incorporating more immigration into the city than outmigration since the 2010 united states census . more than twice as many people live in new york city as in the second - most populous u . s . city ( los angeles ) , and within a smaller area . new york city gained more residents between april 2010 and july 2014 ( 316 , 000 ) than any other u . s . city . new york city ' s population amounts to about 40 % of new york state ' s population and a similar percentage of the new york metropolitan area population . [ sep ] 8 , 491 , 079
new york city is the most - populous city in the united states , with an estimated record high of 8 , 491 , 079 residents as of 2014 , incorporating more immigration into the city than outmigration since the 2010 united states census . more than twice as many people live in new york city as in the second - most populous u . s . city ( los angeles ) , and within a smaller area . new york city gained more residents between april 2010 and july 2014 ( 316 , 000 ) than any other u . s . city . new york city ' s population amounts to about 40 % of new york state ' s population and a similar percentage of the new york metropolitan area population . [ sep ] los angeles
new york city is the most - populous city in the united states , with an estimated record high of 8 , 491 , 079 residents as of 2014 , incorporating more immigration into the city than outmigration since the 2010 united states census . more than twice as many people live in new york city as in the second - most populous u . s . city ( los angeles ) , and within a smaller area . new york city gained more residents between april 2010 and july 2014 ( 316 , 000 ) than any other u . s . city . new york city ' s population amounts to about 40 % of new york state ' s population and a similar percentage of the new york metropolitan area population . [ sep ] 316 , 000
new york city is the most - populous city in the united states , with an estimated record high of 8 , 491 , 079 residents as of 2014 , incorporating more immigration into the city than outmigration since the 2010 united states census . more than twice as many people live in new york city as in the second - most populous u . s . city ( los angeles ) , and within a smaller area . new york city gained more residents between april 2010 and july 2014 ( 316 , 000 ) than any other u . s . city . new york city ' s population amounts to about 40 % of new york state ' s population and a similar percentage of the new york metropolitan area population . [ sep ] 40 %
new york city is the most - populous city in the united states , with an estimated record high of 8 , 491 , 079 residents as of 2014 , incorporating more immigration into the city than outmigration since the 2010 united states census . more than twice as many people live in new york city as in the second - most populous u . s . city ( los angeles ) , and within a smaller area . new york city gained more residents between april 2010 and july 2014 ( 316 , 000 ) than any other u . s . city . new york city ' s population amounts to about 40 % of new york state ' s population and a similar percentage of the new york metropolitan area population . [ sep ] 40 %
bond disobeys m ' s order and travels to rome to attend sciarra ' s funeral . that evening he visits sciarra ' s widow lucia , who tells him about spectre , a criminal organisation to which her husband belonged . bond infiltrates a spectre meeting , where he identifies the leader , franz oberhauser . when oberhauser addresses bond by name , he escapes and is pursued by mr . hinx , a spectre assassin . moneypenny informs bond that the information he collected leads to mr . white , former member of quantum , a subsidiary of spectre . bond asks her to investigate oberhauser , who was presumed dead years earlier . [ sep ] rome
bond disobeys m ' s order and travels to rome to attend sciarra ' s funeral . that evening he visits sciarra ' s widow lucia , who tells him about spectre , a criminal organisation to which her husband belonged . bond infiltrates a spectre meeting , where he identifies the leader , franz oberhauser . when oberhauser addresses bond by name , he escapes and is pursued by mr . hinx , a spectre assassin . moneypenny informs bond that the information he collected leads to mr . white , former member of quantum , a subsidiary of spectre . bond asks her to investigate oberhauser , who was presumed dead years earlier . [ sep ] franz oberhauser
bond disobeys m ' s order and travels to rome to attend sciarra ' s funeral . that evening he visits sciarra ' s widow lucia , who tells him about spectre , a criminal organisation to which her husband belonged . bond infiltrates a spectre meeting , where he identifies the leader , franz oberhauser . when oberhauser addresses bond by name , he escapes and is pursued by mr . hinx , a spectre assassin . moneypenny informs bond that the information he collected leads to mr . white , former member of quantum , a subsidiary of spectre . bond asks her to investigate oberhauser , who was presumed dead years earlier . [ sep ] mr . hinx
bond disobeys m ' s order and travels to rome to attend sciarra ' s funeral . that evening he visits sciarra ' s widow lucia , who tells him about spectre , a criminal organisation to which her husband belonged . bond infiltrates a spectre meeting , where he identifies the leader , franz oberhauser . when oberhauser addresses bond by name , he escapes and is pursued by mr . hinx , a spectre assassin . moneypenny informs bond that the information he collected leads to mr . white , former member of quantum , a subsidiary of spectre . bond asks her to investigate oberhauser , who was presumed dead years earlier . [ sep ] franz oberhauser
in 2014 , the city had an estimated population density of 27 , 858 people per square mile ( 10 , 756 / km² ) , rendering it the most densely populated of all municipalities housing over 100 , 000 residents in the united states ; however , several small cities ( of fewer than 100 , 000 ) in adjacent hudson county , new jersey are more dense overall , as per the 2000 census . geographically co - extensive with new york county , the borough of manhattan ' s population density of 71 , 672 people per square mile ( 27 , 673 / km² ) makes it the highest of any county in the united states and higher than the density of any individual american city . [ sep ] 27 , 858
in 2014 , the city had an estimated population density of 27 , 858 people per square mile ( 10 , 756 / km² ) , rendering it the most densely populated of all municipalities housing over 100 , 000 residents in the united states ; however , several small cities ( of fewer than 100 , 000 ) in adjacent hudson county , new jersey are more dense overall , as per the 2000 census . geographically co - extensive with new york county , the borough of manhattan ' s population density of 71 , 672 people per square mile ( 27 , 673 / km² ) makes it the highest of any county in the united states and higher than the density of any individual american city . [ sep ] 27 , 673
in 2014 , the city had an estimated population density of 27 , 858 people per square mile ( 10 , 756 / km² ) , rendering it the most densely populated of all municipalities housing over 100 , 000 residents in the united states ; however , several small cities ( of fewer than 100 , 000 ) in adjacent hudson county , new jersey are more dense overall , as per the 2000 census . geographically co - extensive with new york county , the borough of manhattan ' s population density of 71 , 672 people per square mile ( 27 , 673 / km² ) makes it the highest of any county in the united states and higher than the density of any individual american city . [ sep ] hudson county
the city ' s population in 2010 was 44 % white ( 33 . 3 % non - hispanic white ) , 25 . 5 % black ( 23 % non - hispanic black ) , 0 . 7 % native american , and 12 . 7 % asian . hispanics of any race represented 28 . 6 % of the population , while asians constituted the fastest - growing segment of the city ' s population between 2000 and 2010 ; the non - hispanic white population declined 3 percent , the smallest recorded decline in decades ; and for the first time since the civil war , the number of blacks declined over a decade . [ sep ] 44 %
the city ' s population in 2010 was 44 % white ( 33 . 3 % non - hispanic white ) , 25 . 5 % black ( 23 % non - hispanic black ) , 0 . 7 % native american , and 12 . 7 % asian . hispanics of any race represented 28 . 6 % of the population , while asians constituted the fastest - growing segment of the city ' s population between 2000 and 2010 ; the non - hispanic white population declined 3 percent , the smallest recorded decline in decades ; and for the first time since the civil war , the number of blacks declined over a decade . [ sep ] 25 . 5 %
the city ' s population in 2010 was 44 % white ( 33 . 3 % non - hispanic white ) , 25 . 5 % black ( 23 % non - hispanic black ) , 0 . 7 % native american , and 12 . 7 % asian . hispanics of any race represented 28 . 6 % of the population , while asians constituted the fastest - growing segment of the city ' s population between 2000 and 2010 ; the non - hispanic white population declined 3 percent , the smallest recorded decline in decades ; and for the first time since the civil war , the number of blacks declined over a decade . [ sep ] asians
the city ' s population in 2010 was 44 % white ( 33 . 3 % non - hispanic white ) , 25 . 5 % black ( 23 % non - hispanic black ) , 0 . 7 % native american , and 12 . 7 % asian . hispanics of any race represented 28 . 6 % of the population , while asians constituted the fastest - growing segment of the city ' s population between 2000 and 2010 ; the non - hispanic white population declined 3 percent , the smallest recorded decline in decades ; and for the first time since the civil war , the number of blacks declined over a decade . [ sep ] 28 . 6 %
the city ' s population in 2010 was 44 % white ( 33 . 3 % non - hispanic white ) , 25 . 5 % black ( 23 % non - hispanic black ) , 0 . 7 % native american , and 12 . 7 % asian . hispanics of any race represented 28 . 6 % of the population , while asians constituted the fastest - growing segment of the city ' s population between 2000 and 2010 ; the non - hispanic white population declined 3 percent , the smallest recorded decline in decades ; and for the first time since the civil war , the number of blacks declined over a decade . [ sep ] 3
bond travels to austria to find white , who is dying of thallium poisoning . he admits to growing disenchanted with quantum and tells bond to find and protect his daughter , dr . madeline swann , who will take him to l ' americain ; this will in turn lead him to spectre . white then commits suicide . bond locates swann at the hoffler klinik , but she is abducted by hinx . bond rescues her and the two meet q , who discovers that sciarra ' s ring links oberhauser to bond ' s previous missions , identifying le chiffre , dominic greene and raoul silva as spectre agents . swann reveals that l ' americain is a hotel in tangier . [ sep ] thallium poisoning .
bond travels to austria to find white , who is dying of thallium poisoning . he admits to growing disenchanted with quantum and tells bond to find and protect his daughter , dr . madeline swann , who will take him to l ' americain ; this will in turn lead him to spectre . white then commits suicide . bond locates swann at the hoffler klinik , but she is abducted by hinx . bond rescues her and the two meet q , who discovers that sciarra ' s ring links oberhauser to bond ' s previous missions , identifying le chiffre , dominic greene and raoul silva as spectre agents . swann reveals that l ' americain is a hotel in tangier . [ sep ] his daughter , dr . madeline swann
bond travels to austria to find white , who is dying of thallium poisoning . he admits to growing disenchanted with quantum and tells bond to find and protect his daughter , dr . madeline swann , who will take him to l ' americain ; this will in turn lead him to spectre . white then commits suicide . bond locates swann at the hoffler klinik , but she is abducted by hinx . bond rescues her and the two meet q , who discovers that sciarra ' s ring links oberhauser to bond ' s previous missions , identifying le chiffre , dominic greene and raoul silva as spectre agents . swann reveals that l ' americain is a hotel in tangier . [ sep ] tangier .
bond travels to austria to find white , who is dying of thallium poisoning . he admits to growing disenchanted with quantum and tells bond to find and protect his daughter , dr . madeline swann , who will take him to l ' americain ; this will in turn lead him to spectre . white then commits suicide . bond locates swann at the hoffler klinik , but she is abducted by hinx . bond rescues her and the two meet q , who discovers that sciarra ' s ring links oberhauser to bond ' s previous missions , identifying le chiffre , dominic greene and raoul silva as spectre agents . swann reveals that l ' americain is a hotel in tangier . [ sep ] hinx .
throughout its history , the city has been a major port of entry for immigrants into the united states ; more than 12 million european immigrants were received at ellis island between 1892 and 1924 . the term " melting pot " was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the lower east side . by 1900 , germans constituted the largest immigrant group , followed by the irish , jews , and italians . in 1940 , whites represented 92 % of the city ' s population . [ sep ] 12 million
throughout its history , the city has been a major port of entry for immigrants into the united states ; more than 12 million european immigrants were received at ellis island between 1892 and 1924 . the term " melting pot " was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the lower east side . by 1900 , germans constituted the largest immigrant group , followed by the irish , jews , and italians . in 1940 , whites represented 92 % of the city ' s population . [ sep ] lower east side
throughout its history , the city has been a major port of entry for immigrants into the united states ; more than 12 million european immigrants were received at ellis island between 1892 and 1924 . the term " melting pot " was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the lower east side . by 1900 , germans constituted the largest immigrant group , followed by the irish , jews , and italians . in 1940 , whites represented 92 % of the city ' s population . [ sep ] germans
throughout its history , the city has been a major port of entry for immigrants into the united states ; more than 12 million european immigrants were received at ellis island between 1892 and 1924 . the term " melting pot " was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the lower east side . by 1900 , germans constituted the largest immigrant group , followed by the irish , jews , and italians . in 1940 , whites represented 92 % of the city ' s population . [ sep ] 92 %
throughout its history , the city has been a major port of entry for immigrants into the united states ; more than 12 million european immigrants were received at ellis island between 1892 and 1924 . the term " melting pot " was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the lower east side . by 1900 , germans constituted the largest immigrant group , followed by the irish , jews , and italians . in 1940 , whites represented 92 % of the city ' s population . [ sep ] irish
approximately 37 % of the city ' s population is foreign born . in new york , no single country or region of origin dominates . the ten largest sources of foreign - born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the dominican republic , china , mexico , guyana , jamaica , ecuador , haiti , india , russia , and trinidad and tobago , while the bangladeshi immigrant population has since become one of the fastest growing in the city , counting over 74 , 000 by 2013 . [ sep ] 37 %
approximately 37 % of the city ' s population is foreign born . in new york , no single country or region of origin dominates . the ten largest sources of foreign - born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the dominican republic , china , mexico , guyana , jamaica , ecuador , haiti , india , russia , and trinidad and tobago , while the bangladeshi immigrant population has since become one of the fastest growing in the city , counting over 74 , 000 by 2013 . [ sep ] dominican republic
approximately 37 % of the city ' s population is foreign born . in new york , no single country or region of origin dominates . the ten largest sources of foreign - born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the dominican republic , china , mexico , guyana , jamaica , ecuador , haiti , india , russia , and trinidad and tobago , while the bangladeshi immigrant population has since become one of the fastest growing in the city , counting over 74 , 000 by 2013 . [ sep ] 74 , 000
approximately 37 % of the city ' s population is foreign born . in new york , no single country or region of origin dominates . the ten largest sources of foreign - born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the dominican republic , china , mexico , guyana , jamaica , ecuador , haiti , india , russia , and trinidad and tobago , while the bangladeshi immigrant population has since become one of the fastest growing in the city , counting over 74 , 000 by 2013 . [ sep ] china
the two travel to the hotel and discover white ' s secret room where they find co - ordinates pointing to oberhauser ' s operations base in the desert . they travel by train to the nearest station , but are once again confronted by hinx ; they engage in a fight throughout the train in which mr hinx is eventually thrown off the train by bond with swann ' s assistance . after arriving at the station , bond and swann are escorted to oberhauser ' s base . there , he reveals that spectre has been staging terrorist attacks around the world , creating a need for the nine eyes programme . in return spectre will be given unlimited access to intelligence gathered by nine eyes . bond is tortured as oberhauser discusses their shared history : after the younger bond was orphaned , oberhauser ' s father , hannes , became his temporary guardian . believing that bond supplanted his role as son , oberhauser killed his father and staged his own death , subsequently adopting the name ernst stavro blofeld and going on to form spectre . bond and swann escape , destroying the base in the process , leaving blofeld to apparently die during the explosion . [ sep ] ernst stavro blofeld
asian americans in new york city , according to the 2010 census , number more than one million , greater than the combined totals of san francisco and los angeles . new york contains the highest total asian population of any u . s . city proper . the new york city borough of queens is home to the state ' s largest asian american population and the largest andean ( colombian , ecuadorian , peruvian , and bolivian ) populations in the united states , and is also the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world . the chinese population constitutes the fastest - growing nationality in new york state ; multiple satellites of the original manhattan chinatown ( [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , in brooklyn ( [unk] [unk] [unk] 林 [unk] [unk] ) , and around flushing , queens ( [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , are thriving as traditionally urban enclaves , while also expanding rapidly eastward into suburban nassau county ( [unk] [unk] [unk] ) on long island ( 長 島 ) , as the new york metropolitan region and new york state have become the top destinations for new chinese immigrants , respectively , and large - scale chinese immigration continues into new york city and surrounding areas . in 2012 , 6 . 3 % of new york city was of chinese ethnicity , with nearly three - fourths living in either queens or brooklyn , geographically on long island . a community numbering 20 , 000 korean - chinese ( chaoxianzu ( chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] ) or joseonjok ( hangul : [unk] ) ) is centered in flushing , queens , while new york city is also home to the largest tibetan population outside china , india , and nepal , also centered in queens . koreans made up 1 . 2 % of the city ' s population , and japanese 0 . 3 % . filipinos were the largest southeast asian ethnic group at 0 . 8 % , followed by vietnamese , who made up 0 . 2 % of new york city ' s population in 2010 . indians are the largest south asian group , comprising 2 . 4 % of the city ' s population , with bangladeshis and pakistanis at 0 . 7 % and 0 . 5 % , respectively . queens is the preferred borough of settlement for asian indians , koreans , and filipinos , as well as malaysians and other southeast asians ; while brooklyn is receiving large numbers of both west indian as well as asian indian immigrants . [ sep ] queens
asian americans in new york city , according to the 2010 census , number more than one million , greater than the combined totals of san francisco and los angeles . new york contains the highest total asian population of any u . s . city proper . the new york city borough of queens is home to the state ' s largest asian american population and the largest andean ( colombian , ecuadorian , peruvian , and bolivian ) populations in the united states , and is also the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world . the chinese population constitutes the fastest - growing nationality in new york state ; multiple satellites of the original manhattan chinatown ( [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , in brooklyn ( [unk] [unk] [unk] 林 [unk] [unk] ) , and around flushing , queens ( [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , are thriving as traditionally urban enclaves , while also expanding rapidly eastward into suburban nassau county ( [unk] [unk] [unk] ) on long island ( 長 島 ) , as the new york metropolitan region and new york state have become the top destinations for new chinese immigrants , respectively , and large - scale chinese immigration continues into new york city and surrounding areas . in 2012 , 6 . 3 % of new york city was of chinese ethnicity , with nearly three - fourths living in either queens or brooklyn , geographically on long island . a community numbering 20 , 000 korean - chinese ( chaoxianzu ( chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] ) or joseonjok ( hangul : [unk] ) ) is centered in flushing , queens , while new york city is also home to the largest tibetan population outside china , india , and nepal , also centered in queens . koreans made up 1 . 2 % of the city ' s population , and japanese 0 . 3 % . filipinos were the largest southeast asian ethnic group at 0 . 8 % , followed by vietnamese , who made up 0 . 2 % of new york city ' s population in 2010 . indians are the largest south asian group , comprising 2 . 4 % of the city ' s population , with bangladeshis and pakistanis at 0 . 7 % and 0 . 5 % , respectively . queens is the preferred borough of settlement for asian indians , koreans , and filipinos , as well as malaysians and other southeast asians ; while brooklyn is receiving large numbers of both west indian as well as asian indian immigrants . [ sep ] manhattan
asian americans in new york city , according to the 2010 census , number more than one million , greater than the combined totals of san francisco and los angeles . new york contains the highest total asian population of any u . s . city proper . the new york city borough of queens is home to the state ' s largest asian american population and the largest andean ( colombian , ecuadorian , peruvian , and bolivian ) populations in the united states , and is also the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world . the chinese population constitutes the fastest - growing nationality in new york state ; multiple satellites of the original manhattan chinatown ( [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , in brooklyn ( [unk] [unk] [unk] 林 [unk] [unk] ) , and around flushing , queens ( [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , are thriving as traditionally urban enclaves , while also expanding rapidly eastward into suburban nassau county ( [unk] [unk] [unk] ) on long island ( 長 島 ) , as the new york metropolitan region and new york state have become the top destinations for new chinese immigrants , respectively , and large - scale chinese immigration continues into new york city and surrounding areas . in 2012 , 6 . 3 % of new york city was of chinese ethnicity , with nearly three - fourths living in either queens or brooklyn , geographically on long island . a community numbering 20 , 000 korean - chinese ( chaoxianzu ( chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] ) or joseonjok ( hangul : [unk] ) ) is centered in flushing , queens , while new york city is also home to the largest tibetan population outside china , india , and nepal , also centered in queens . koreans made up 1 . 2 % of the city ' s population , and japanese 0 . 3 % . filipinos were the largest southeast asian ethnic group at 0 . 8 % , followed by vietnamese , who made up 0 . 2 % of new york city ' s population in 2010 . indians are the largest south asian group , comprising 2 . 4 % of the city ' s population , with bangladeshis and pakistanis at 0 . 7 % and 0 . 5 % , respectively . queens is the preferred borough of settlement for asian indians , koreans , and filipinos , as well as malaysians and other southeast asians ; while brooklyn is receiving large numbers of both west indian as well as asian indian immigrants . [ sep ] 6 . 3 %
asian americans in new york city , according to the 2010 census , number more than one million , greater than the combined totals of san francisco and los angeles . new york contains the highest total asian population of any u . s . city proper . the new york city borough of queens is home to the state ' s largest asian american population and the largest andean ( colombian , ecuadorian , peruvian , and bolivian ) populations in the united states , and is also the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world . the chinese population constitutes the fastest - growing nationality in new york state ; multiple satellites of the original manhattan chinatown ( [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , in brooklyn ( [unk] [unk] [unk] 林 [unk] [unk] ) , and around flushing , queens ( [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , are thriving as traditionally urban enclaves , while also expanding rapidly eastward into suburban nassau county ( [unk] [unk] [unk] ) on long island ( 長 島 ) , as the new york metropolitan region and new york state have become the top destinations for new chinese immigrants , respectively , and large - scale chinese immigration continues into new york city and surrounding areas . in 2012 , 6 . 3 % of new york city was of chinese ethnicity , with nearly three - fourths living in either queens or brooklyn , geographically on long island . a community numbering 20 , 000 korean - chinese ( chaoxianzu ( chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] ) or joseonjok ( hangul : [unk] ) ) is centered in flushing , queens , while new york city is also home to the largest tibetan population outside china , india , and nepal , also centered in queens . koreans made up 1 . 2 % of the city ' s population , and japanese 0 . 3 % . filipinos were the largest southeast asian ethnic group at 0 . 8 % , followed by vietnamese , who made up 0 . 2 % of new york city ' s population in 2010 . indians are the largest south asian group , comprising 2 . 4 % of the city ' s population , with bangladeshis and pakistanis at 0 . 7 % and 0 . 5 % , respectively . queens is the preferred borough of settlement for asian indians , koreans , and filipinos , as well as malaysians and other southeast asians ; while brooklyn is receiving large numbers of both west indian as well as asian indian immigrants . [ sep ] queens
asian americans in new york city , according to the 2010 census , number more than one million , greater than the combined totals of san francisco and los angeles . new york contains the highest total asian population of any u . s . city proper . the new york city borough of queens is home to the state ' s largest asian american population and the largest andean ( colombian , ecuadorian , peruvian , and bolivian ) populations in the united states , and is also the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world . the chinese population constitutes the fastest - growing nationality in new york state ; multiple satellites of the original manhattan chinatown ( [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , in brooklyn ( [unk] [unk] [unk] 林 [unk] [unk] ) , and around flushing , queens ( [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , are thriving as traditionally urban enclaves , while also expanding rapidly eastward into suburban nassau county ( [unk] [unk] [unk] ) on long island ( 長 島 ) , as the new york metropolitan region and new york state have become the top destinations for new chinese immigrants , respectively , and large - scale chinese immigration continues into new york city and surrounding areas . in 2012 , 6 . 3 % of new york city was of chinese ethnicity , with nearly three - fourths living in either queens or brooklyn , geographically on long island . a community numbering 20 , 000 korean - chinese ( chaoxianzu ( chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] ) or joseonjok ( hangul : [unk] ) ) is centered in flushing , queens , while new york city is also home to the largest tibetan population outside china , india , and nepal , also centered in queens . koreans made up 1 . 2 % of the city ' s population , and japanese 0 . 3 % . filipinos were the largest southeast asian ethnic group at 0 . 8 % , followed by vietnamese , who made up 0 . 2 % of new york city ' s population in 2010 . indians are the largest south asian group , comprising 2 . 4 % of the city ' s population , with bangladeshis and pakistanis at 0 . 7 % and 0 . 5 % , respectively . queens is the preferred borough of settlement for asian indians , koreans , and filipinos , as well as malaysians and other southeast asians ; while brooklyn is receiving large numbers of both west indian as well as asian indian immigrants . [ sep ] 0 . 3 %
new york city has the largest european and non - hispanic white population of any american city . at 2 . 7 million in 2012 , new york ' s non - hispanic white population is larger than the non - hispanic white populations of los angeles ( 1 . 1 million ) , chicago ( 865 , 000 ) , and houston ( 550 , 000 ) combined . the european diaspora residing in the city is very diverse . according to 2012 census estimates , there were roughly 560 , 000 italian americans , 385 , 000 irish americans , 253 , 000 german americans , 223 , 000 russian americans , 201 , 000 polish americans , and 137 , 000 english americans . additionally , greek and french americans numbered 65 , 000 each , with those of hungarian descent estimated at 60 , 000 people . ukrainian and scottish americans numbered 55 , 000 and 35 , 000 , respectively . people identifying ancestry from spain numbered 30 , 838 total in 2010 . people of norwegian and swedish descent both stood at about 20 , 000 each , while people of czech , lithuanian , portuguese , scotch - irish , and welsh descent all numbered between 12 , 000 – 14 , 000 people . arab americans number over 160 , 000 in new york city , with the highest concentration in brooklyn . central asians , primarily uzbek americans , are a rapidly growing segment of the city ' s non - hispanic white population , enumerating over 30 , 000 , and including over half of all central asian immigrants to the united states , most settling in queens or brooklyn . albanian americans are most highly concentrated in the bronx . [ sep ] 2 . 7 million
new york city has the largest european and non - hispanic white population of any american city . at 2 . 7 million in 2012 , new york ' s non - hispanic white population is larger than the non - hispanic white populations of los angeles ( 1 . 1 million ) , chicago ( 865 , 000 ) , and houston ( 550 , 000 ) combined . the european diaspora residing in the city is very diverse . according to 2012 census estimates , there were roughly 560 , 000 italian americans , 385 , 000 irish americans , 253 , 000 german americans , 223 , 000 russian americans , 201 , 000 polish americans , and 137 , 000 english americans . additionally , greek and french americans numbered 65 , 000 each , with those of hungarian descent estimated at 60 , 000 people . ukrainian and scottish americans numbered 55 , 000 and 35 , 000 , respectively . people identifying ancestry from spain numbered 30 , 838 total in 2010 . people of norwegian and swedish descent both stood at about 20 , 000 each , while people of czech , lithuanian , portuguese , scotch - irish , and welsh descent all numbered between 12 , 000 – 14 , 000 people . arab americans number over 160 , 000 in new york city , with the highest concentration in brooklyn . central asians , primarily uzbek americans , are a rapidly growing segment of the city ' s non - hispanic white population , enumerating over 30 , 000 , and including over half of all central asian immigrants to the united states , most settling in queens or brooklyn . albanian americans are most highly concentrated in the bronx . [ sep ] 550 , 000
new york city has the largest european and non - hispanic white population of any american city . at 2 . 7 million in 2012 , new york ' s non - hispanic white population is larger than the non - hispanic white populations of los angeles ( 1 . 1 million ) , chicago ( 865 , 000 ) , and houston ( 550 , 000 ) combined . the european diaspora residing in the city is very diverse . according to 2012 census estimates , there were roughly 560 , 000 italian americans , 385 , 000 irish americans , 253 , 000 german americans , 223 , 000 russian americans , 201 , 000 polish americans , and 137 , 000 english americans . additionally , greek and french americans numbered 65 , 000 each , with those of hungarian descent estimated at 60 , 000 people . ukrainian and scottish americans numbered 55 , 000 and 35 , 000 , respectively . people identifying ancestry from spain numbered 30 , 838 total in 2010 . people of norwegian and swedish descent both stood at about 20 , 000 each , while people of czech , lithuanian , portuguese , scotch - irish , and welsh descent all numbered between 12 , 000 – 14 , 000 people . arab americans number over 160 , 000 in new york city , with the highest concentration in brooklyn . central asians , primarily uzbek americans , are a rapidly growing segment of the city ' s non - hispanic white population , enumerating over 30 , 000 , and including over half of all central asian immigrants to the united states , most settling in queens or brooklyn . albanian americans are most highly concentrated in the bronx . [ sep ] 201 , 000
new york city has the largest european and non - hispanic white population of any american city . at 2 . 7 million in 2012 , new york ' s non - hispanic white population is larger than the non - hispanic white populations of los angeles ( 1 . 1 million ) , chicago ( 865 , 000 ) , and houston ( 550 , 000 ) combined . the european diaspora residing in the city is very diverse . according to 2012 census estimates , there were roughly 560 , 000 italian americans , 385 , 000 irish americans , 253 , 000 german americans , 223 , 000 russian americans , 201 , 000 polish americans , and 137 , 000 english americans . additionally , greek and french americans numbered 65 , 000 each , with those of hungarian descent estimated at 60 , 000 people . ukrainian and scottish americans numbered 55 , 000 and 35 , 000 , respectively . people identifying ancestry from spain numbered 30 , 838 total in 2010 . people of norwegian and swedish descent both stood at about 20 , 000 each , while people of czech , lithuanian , portuguese , scotch - irish , and welsh descent all numbered between 12 , 000 – 14 , 000 people . arab americans number over 160 , 000 in new york city , with the highest concentration in brooklyn . central asians , primarily uzbek americans , are a rapidly growing segment of the city ' s non - hispanic white population , enumerating over 30 , 000 , and including over half of all central asian immigrants to the united states , most settling in queens or brooklyn . albanian americans are most highly concentrated in the bronx . [ sep ] 65 , 000
new york city has the largest european and non - hispanic white population of any american city . at 2 . 7 million in 2012 , new york ' s non - hispanic white population is larger than the non - hispanic white populations of los angeles ( 1 . 1 million ) , chicago ( 865 , 000 ) , and houston ( 550 , 000 ) combined . the european diaspora residing in the city is very diverse . according to 2012 census estimates , there were roughly 560 , 000 italian americans , 385 , 000 irish americans , 253 , 000 german americans , 223 , 000 russian americans , 201 , 000 polish americans , and 137 , 000 english americans . additionally , greek and french americans numbered 65 , 000 each , with those of hungarian descent estimated at 60 , 000 people . ukrainian and scottish americans numbered 55 , 000 and 35 , 000 , respectively . people identifying ancestry from spain numbered 30 , 838 total in 2010 . people of norwegian and swedish descent both stood at about 20 , 000 each , while people of czech , lithuanian , portuguese , scotch - irish , and welsh descent all numbered between 12 , 000 – 14 , 000 people . arab americans number over 160 , 000 in new york city , with the highest concentration in brooklyn . central asians , primarily uzbek americans , are a rapidly growing segment of the city ' s non - hispanic white population , enumerating over 30 , 000 , and including over half of all central asian immigrants to the united states , most settling in queens or brooklyn . albanian americans are most highly concentrated in the bronx . [ sep ] the bronx
bond and swann return to london where they meet m , bill tanner , q , and moneypenny ; they intend to arrest c and stop nine eyes from going online . swann leaves bond , telling him she cannot be part of a life involving espionage , and is subsequently kidnapped . on the way , the group is ambushed and bond is kidnapped , but the rest still proceed with the plan . after q succeeds in preventing the nine eyes from going online , a brief struggle between m and c ends with the latter falling to his death . meanwhile , bond is taken to the old mi6 building , which is scheduled for demolition , and frees himself . moving throughout the ruined labyrinth , he encounters a disfigured blofeld , who tells him that he has three minutes to escape the building before explosives are detonated or die trying to save swann . bond finds swann and the two escape by boat as the building collapses . bond shoots down blofeld ' s helicopter , which crashes onto westminster bridge . as blofeld crawls away from the wreckage , bond confronts him but ultimately leaves him to be arrested by m . bond leaves the bridge with swann . [ sep ] q
bond and swann return to london where they meet m , bill tanner , q , and moneypenny ; they intend to arrest c and stop nine eyes from going online . swann leaves bond , telling him she cannot be part of a life involving espionage , and is subsequently kidnapped . on the way , the group is ambushed and bond is kidnapped , but the rest still proceed with the plan . after q succeeds in preventing the nine eyes from going online , a brief struggle between m and c ends with the latter falling to his death . meanwhile , bond is taken to the old mi6 building , which is scheduled for demolition , and frees himself . moving throughout the ruined labyrinth , he encounters a disfigured blofeld , who tells him that he has three minutes to escape the building before explosives are detonated or die trying to save swann . bond finds swann and the two escape by boat as the building collapses . bond shoots down blofeld ' s helicopter , which crashes onto westminster bridge . as blofeld crawls away from the wreckage , bond confronts him but ultimately leaves him to be arrested by m . bond leaves the bridge with swann . [ sep ] c
the wider new york city metropolitan area , with over 20 million people , about 50 % greater than the second - place los angeles metropolitan area in the united states , is also ethnically diverse . the new york region continues to be by far the leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the united states , substantially exceeding the combined totals of los angeles and miami , the next most popular gateway regions . it is home to the largest jewish as well as israeli communities outside israel , with the jewish population in the region numbering over 1 . 5 million in 2012 and including many diverse jewish sects from around the middle east and eastern europe . the metropolitan area is also home to 20 % of the nation ' s indian americans and at least 20 little india enclaves , as well as 15 % of all korean americans and four koreatowns ; the largest asian indian population in the western hemisphere ; the largest russian american , italian american , and african american populations ; the largest dominican american , puerto rican american , and south american and second - largest overall hispanic population in the united states , numbering 4 . 8 million ; and includes at least 6 established chinatowns within new york city alone , with the urban agglomeration comprising a population of 779 , 269 overseas chinese as of 2013 census estimates , the largest outside of asia . [ sep ] 20 million
the wider new york city metropolitan area , with over 20 million people , about 50 % greater than the second - place los angeles metropolitan area in the united states , is also ethnically diverse . the new york region continues to be by far the leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the united states , substantially exceeding the combined totals of los angeles and miami , the next most popular gateway regions . it is home to the largest jewish as well as israeli communities outside israel , with the jewish population in the region numbering over 1 . 5 million in 2012 and including many diverse jewish sects from around the middle east and eastern europe . the metropolitan area is also home to 20 % of the nation ' s indian americans and at least 20 little india enclaves , as well as 15 % of all korean americans and four koreatowns ; the largest asian indian population in the western hemisphere ; the largest russian american , italian american , and african american populations ; the largest dominican american , puerto rican american , and south american and second - largest overall hispanic population in the united states , numbering 4 . 8 million ; and includes at least 6 established chinatowns within new york city alone , with the urban agglomeration comprising a population of 779 , 269 overseas chinese as of 2013 census estimates , the largest outside of asia . [ sep ] 1 . 5 million
the wider new york city metropolitan area , with over 20 million people , about 50 % greater than the second - place los angeles metropolitan area in the united states , is also ethnically diverse . the new york region continues to be by far the leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the united states , substantially exceeding the combined totals of los angeles and miami , the next most popular gateway regions . it is home to the largest jewish as well as israeli communities outside israel , with the jewish population in the region numbering over 1 . 5 million in 2012 and including many diverse jewish sects from around the middle east and eastern europe . the metropolitan area is also home to 20 % of the nation ' s indian americans and at least 20 little india enclaves , as well as 15 % of all korean americans and four koreatowns ; the largest asian indian population in the western hemisphere ; the largest russian american , italian american , and african american populations ; the largest dominican american , puerto rican american , and south american and second - largest overall hispanic population in the united states , numbering 4 . 8 million ; and includes at least 6 established chinatowns within new york city alone , with the urban agglomeration comprising a population of 779 , 269 overseas chinese as of 2013 census estimates , the largest outside of asia . [ sep ] 20 %
the wider new york city metropolitan area , with over 20 million people , about 50 % greater than the second - place los angeles metropolitan area in the united states , is also ethnically diverse . the new york region continues to be by far the leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the united states , substantially exceeding the combined totals of los angeles and miami , the next most popular gateway regions . it is home to the largest jewish as well as israeli communities outside israel , with the jewish population in the region numbering over 1 . 5 million in 2012 and including many diverse jewish sects from around the middle east and eastern europe . the metropolitan area is also home to 20 % of the nation ' s indian americans and at least 20 little india enclaves , as well as 15 % of all korean americans and four koreatowns ; the largest asian indian population in the western hemisphere ; the largest russian american , italian american , and african american populations ; the largest dominican american , puerto rican american , and south american and second - largest overall hispanic population in the united states , numbering 4 . 8 million ; and includes at least 6 established chinatowns within new york city alone , with the urban agglomeration comprising a population of 779 , 269 overseas chinese as of 2013 census estimates , the largest outside of asia . [ sep ] 4 . 8 million
the wider new york city metropolitan area , with over 20 million people , about 50 % greater than the second - place los angeles metropolitan area in the united states , is also ethnically diverse . the new york region continues to be by far the leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the united states , substantially exceeding the combined totals of los angeles and miami , the next most popular gateway regions . it is home to the largest jewish as well as israeli communities outside israel , with the jewish population in the region numbering over 1 . 5 million in 2012 and including many diverse jewish sects from around the middle east and eastern europe . the metropolitan area is also home to 20 % of the nation ' s indian americans and at least 20 little india enclaves , as well as 15 % of all korean americans and four koreatowns ; the largest asian indian population in the western hemisphere ; the largest russian american , italian american , and african american populations ; the largest dominican american , puerto rican american , and south american and second - largest overall hispanic population in the united states , numbering 4 . 8 million ; and includes at least 6 established chinatowns within new york city alone , with the urban agglomeration comprising a population of 779 , 269 overseas chinese as of 2013 census estimates , the largest outside of asia . [ sep ] 6
ecuador , colombia , guyana , peru , and brazil were the top source countries from south america for legal immigrants to the new york city region in 2013 ; the dominican republic , jamaica , haiti , and trinidad and tobago in the caribbean ; egypt , ghana , and nigeria from africa ; and el salvador , honduras , and guatemala in central america . amidst a resurgence of puerto rican migration to new york city , this population had increased to approximately 1 . 3 million in the metropolitan area as of 2013 . [ sep ] 1 . 3 million
ecuador , colombia , guyana , peru , and brazil were the top source countries from south america for legal immigrants to the new york city region in 2013 ; the dominican republic , jamaica , haiti , and trinidad and tobago in the caribbean ; egypt , ghana , and nigeria from africa ; and el salvador , honduras , and guatemala in central america . amidst a resurgence of puerto rican migration to new york city , this population had increased to approximately 1 . 3 million in the metropolitan area as of 2013 . [ sep ] the dominican republic
ecuador , colombia , guyana , peru , and brazil were the top source countries from south america for legal immigrants to the new york city region in 2013 ; the dominican republic , jamaica , haiti , and trinidad and tobago in the caribbean ; egypt , ghana , and nigeria from africa ; and el salvador , honduras , and guatemala in central america . amidst a resurgence of puerto rican migration to new york city , this population had increased to approximately 1 . 3 million in the metropolitan area as of 2013 . [ sep ] egypt
ecuador , colombia , guyana , peru , and brazil were the top source countries from south america for legal immigrants to the new york city region in 2013 ; the dominican republic , jamaica , haiti , and trinidad and tobago in the caribbean ; egypt , ghana , and nigeria from africa ; and el salvador , honduras , and guatemala in central america . amidst a resurgence of puerto rican migration to new york city , this population had increased to approximately 1 . 3 million in the metropolitan area as of 2013 . [ sep ] el salvador
ecuador , colombia , guyana , peru , and brazil were the top source countries from south america for legal immigrants to the new york city region in 2013 ; the dominican republic , jamaica , haiti , and trinidad and tobago in the caribbean ; egypt , ghana , and nigeria from africa ; and el salvador , honduras , and guatemala in central america . amidst a resurgence of puerto rican migration to new york city , this population had increased to approximately 1 . 3 million in the metropolitan area as of 2013 . [ sep ] ecuador
the ownership of the spectre organisation — originally stylised " spectre " as an acronym of special executive for counter - intelligence , terrorism , revenge and extortion — and its characters , had been at the centre of long - standing litigation starting in 1961 between ian fleming and kevin mcclory over the film rights to the novel thunderball . the dispute began after fleming incorporated elements of an undeveloped film script written by mcclory and screenwriter jack whittingham — including characters and plot points — into thunderball , which mcclory contested in court , claiming ownership over elements of the novel . in 1963 , fleming settled out of court with mcclory , in an agreement which awarded mcclory the film rights . this enabled him to become a producer for the 1965 film thunderball — with albert r . broccoli and harry saltzman as executive producers — and the non - eon film never say never again , an updated remake of thunderball , in 1983 . [ n 3 ] a second remake , entitled warhead 2000 a . d . , was planned for production and release in the 1990s before being abandoned . under the terms of the 1963 settlement , the literary rights stayed with fleming , allowing the spectre organisation and associated characters to continue appearing in print . [ sep ] 1963
the ownership of the spectre organisation — originally stylised " spectre " as an acronym of special executive for counter - intelligence , terrorism , revenge and extortion — and its characters , had been at the centre of long - standing litigation starting in 1961 between ian fleming and kevin mcclory over the film rights to the novel thunderball . the dispute began after fleming incorporated elements of an undeveloped film script written by mcclory and screenwriter jack whittingham — including characters and plot points — into thunderball , which mcclory contested in court , claiming ownership over elements of the novel . in 1963 , fleming settled out of court with mcclory , in an agreement which awarded mcclory the film rights . this enabled him to become a producer for the 1965 film thunderball — with albert r . broccoli and harry saltzman as executive producers — and the non - eon film never say never again , an updated remake of thunderball , in 1983 . [ n 3 ] a second remake , entitled warhead 2000 a . d . , was planned for production and release in the 1990s before being abandoned . under the terms of the 1963 settlement , the literary rights stayed with fleming , allowing the spectre organisation and associated characters to continue appearing in print . [ sep ] never say never again
the ownership of the spectre organisation — originally stylised " spectre " as an acronym of special executive for counter - intelligence , terrorism , revenge and extortion — and its characters , had been at the centre of long - standing litigation starting in 1961 between ian fleming and kevin mcclory over the film rights to the novel thunderball . the dispute began after fleming incorporated elements of an undeveloped film script written by mcclory and screenwriter jack whittingham — including characters and plot points — into thunderball , which mcclory contested in court , claiming ownership over elements of the novel . in 1963 , fleming settled out of court with mcclory , in an agreement which awarded mcclory the film rights . this enabled him to become a producer for the 1965 film thunderball — with albert r . broccoli and harry saltzman as executive producers — and the non - eon film never say never again , an updated remake of thunderball , in 1983 . [ n 3 ] a second remake , entitled warhead 2000 a . d . , was planned for production and release in the 1990s before being abandoned . under the terms of the 1963 settlement , the literary rights stayed with fleming , allowing the spectre organisation and associated characters to continue appearing in print . [ sep ] thunderball .
the new york metropolitan area is home to a self - identifying gay and bisexual community estimated at 568 , 903 individuals , the largest in the united states and one of the world ' s largest . same - sex marriages in new york were legalized on june 24 , 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter . [ sep ] 568 , 903
the new york metropolitan area is home to a self - identifying gay and bisexual community estimated at 568 , 903 individuals , the largest in the united states and one of the world ' s largest . same - sex marriages in new york were legalized on june 24 , 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter . [ sep ] june 24 , 2011
the new york metropolitan area is home to a self - identifying gay and bisexual community estimated at 568 , 903 individuals , the largest in the united states and one of the world ' s largest . same - sex marriages in new york were legalized on june 24 , 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter . [ sep ] 30
christianity ( 59 % ) , particularly catholicism ( 33 % ) , was the most prevalently practiced religion in new york as of 2014 , followed by judaism , with approximately 1 . 1 million jews in new york city , over half living in brooklyn . islam ranks third in new york city , with official estimates ranging between 600 , 000 and 1 , 000 , 000 observers and including 10 % of the city ' s public schoolchildren , followed by hinduism , buddhism , and a variety of other religions , as well as atheism . in 2014 , 24 % self - identified with no organized religious affiliation . [ sep ] 59 %
christianity ( 59 % ) , particularly catholicism ( 33 % ) , was the most prevalently practiced religion in new york as of 2014 , followed by judaism , with approximately 1 . 1 million jews in new york city , over half living in brooklyn . islam ranks third in new york city , with official estimates ranging between 600 , 000 and 1 , 000 , 000 observers and including 10 % of the city ' s public schoolchildren , followed by hinduism , buddhism , and a variety of other religions , as well as atheism . in 2014 , 24 % self - identified with no organized religious affiliation . [ sep ] 33 %
christianity ( 59 % ) , particularly catholicism ( 33 % ) , was the most prevalently practiced religion in new york as of 2014 , followed by judaism , with approximately 1 . 1 million jews in new york city , over half living in brooklyn . islam ranks third in new york city , with official estimates ranging between 600 , 000 and 1 , 000 , 000 observers and including 10 % of the city ' s public schoolchildren , followed by hinduism , buddhism , and a variety of other religions , as well as atheism . in 2014 , 24 % self - identified with no organized religious affiliation . [ sep ] 1 . 1 million
christianity ( 59 % ) , particularly catholicism ( 33 % ) , was the most prevalently practiced religion in new york as of 2014 , followed by judaism , with approximately 1 . 1 million jews in new york city , over half living in brooklyn . islam ranks third in new york city , with official estimates ranging between 600 , 000 and 1 , 000 , 000 observers and including 10 % of the city ' s public schoolchildren , followed by hinduism , buddhism , and a variety of other religions , as well as atheism . in 2014 , 24 % self - identified with no organized religious affiliation . [ sep ] brooklyn
christianity ( 59 % ) , particularly catholicism ( 33 % ) , was the most prevalently practiced religion in new york as of 2014 , followed by judaism , with approximately 1 . 1 million jews in new york city , over half living in brooklyn . islam ranks third in new york city , with official estimates ranging between 600 , 000 and 1 , 000 , 000 observers and including 10 % of the city ' s public schoolchildren , followed by hinduism , buddhism , and a variety of other religions , as well as atheism . in 2014 , 24 % self - identified with no organized religious affiliation . [ sep ] islam
new york city has a high degree of income disparity as indicated by its gini coefficient of 0 . 5 for the city overall and 0 . 6 for manhattan . the disparity is driven by wage growth in high - income brackets , while wages have stagnated for middle and lower - income brackets . in the first quarter of 2014 , the average weekly wage in new york county ( manhattan ) was $ 2 , 749 , representing the highest total among large counties in the united states . in 2013 , new york city had the highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , higher than the next five u . s . cities combined , including former mayor michael r . bloomberg . new york also had the highest density of millionaires per capita among major u . s . cities in 2014 , at 4 . 6 % of residents . lower manhattan has been experiencing a baby boom , with the area south of canal street witnessing 1 , 086 births in 2010 , 12 % greater than 2009 and over twice the number born in 2001 . [ sep ] 0 . 5
new york city has a high degree of income disparity as indicated by its gini coefficient of 0 . 5 for the city overall and 0 . 6 for manhattan . the disparity is driven by wage growth in high - income brackets , while wages have stagnated for middle and lower - income brackets . in the first quarter of 2014 , the average weekly wage in new york county ( manhattan ) was $ 2 , 749 , representing the highest total among large counties in the united states . in 2013 , new york city had the highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , higher than the next five u . s . cities combined , including former mayor michael r . bloomberg . new york also had the highest density of millionaires per capita among major u . s . cities in 2014 , at 4 . 6 % of residents . lower manhattan has been experiencing a baby boom , with the area south of canal street witnessing 1 , 086 births in 2010 , 12 % greater than 2009 and over twice the number born in 2001 . [ sep ] manhattan
new york city has a high degree of income disparity as indicated by its gini coefficient of 0 . 5 for the city overall and 0 . 6 for manhattan . the disparity is driven by wage growth in high - income brackets , while wages have stagnated for middle and lower - income brackets . in the first quarter of 2014 , the average weekly wage in new york county ( manhattan ) was $ 2 , 749 , representing the highest total among large counties in the united states . in 2013 , new york city had the highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , higher than the next five u . s . cities combined , including former mayor michael r . bloomberg . new york also had the highest density of millionaires per capita among major u . s . cities in 2014 , at 4 . 6 % of residents . lower manhattan has been experiencing a baby boom , with the area south of canal street witnessing 1 , 086 births in 2010 , 12 % greater than 2009 and over twice the number born in 2001 . [ sep ] michael r . bloomberg
new york city has a high degree of income disparity as indicated by its gini coefficient of 0 . 5 for the city overall and 0 . 6 for manhattan . the disparity is driven by wage growth in high - income brackets , while wages have stagnated for middle and lower - income brackets . in the first quarter of 2014 , the average weekly wage in new york county ( manhattan ) was $ 2 , 749 , representing the highest total among large counties in the united states . in 2013 , new york city had the highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , higher than the next five u . s . cities combined , including former mayor michael r . bloomberg . new york also had the highest density of millionaires per capita among major u . s . cities in 2014 , at 4 . 6 % of residents . lower manhattan has been experiencing a baby boom , with the area south of canal street witnessing 1 , 086 births in 2010 , 12 % greater than 2009 and over twice the number born in 2001 . [ sep ] 4 . 6 %
new york city has a high degree of income disparity as indicated by its gini coefficient of 0 . 5 for the city overall and 0 . 6 for manhattan . the disparity is driven by wage growth in high - income brackets , while wages have stagnated for middle and lower - income brackets . in the first quarter of 2014 , the average weekly wage in new york county ( manhattan ) was $ 2 , 749 , representing the highest total among large counties in the united states . in 2013 , new york city had the highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , higher than the next five u . s . cities combined , including former mayor michael r . bloomberg . new york also had the highest density of millionaires per capita among major u . s . cities in 2014 , at 4 . 6 % of residents . lower manhattan has been experiencing a baby boom , with the area south of canal street witnessing 1 , 086 births in 2010 , 12 % greater than 2009 and over twice the number born in 2001 . [ sep ] $ 2 , 749
in november 2013 mgm and the mcclory estate formally settled the issue with danjaq , llc — sister company of eon productions — with mgm acquiring the full copyright film rights to the concept of spectre and all of the characters associated with it . with the acquisition of the film rights and the organisation ' s re - introduction to the series ' continuity , the spectre acronym was discarded and the organisation reimagined as " spectre " . [ sep ] mgm
in november 2013 mgm and the mcclory estate formally settled the issue with danjaq , llc — sister company of eon productions — with mgm acquiring the full copyright film rights to the concept of spectre and all of the characters associated with it . with the acquisition of the film rights and the organisation ' s re - introduction to the series ' continuity , the spectre acronym was discarded and the organisation reimagined as " spectre " . [ sep ] spectre
in november 2013 mgm and the mcclory estate formally settled the issue with danjaq , llc — sister company of eon productions — with mgm acquiring the full copyright film rights to the concept of spectre and all of the characters associated with it . with the acquisition of the film rights and the organisation ' s re - introduction to the series ' continuity , the spectre acronym was discarded and the organisation reimagined as " spectre " . [ sep ] danjaq
new york is a global hub of international business and commerce . in 2012 , new york city topped the first global economic power index , published by the atlantic ( to be differentiated from a namesake list published by the martin prosperity institute ) , with cities ranked according to criteria reflecting their presence on similar lists as published by other entities . the city is a major center for banking and finance , retailing , world trade , transportation , tourism , real estate , new media as well as traditional media , advertising , legal services , accountancy , insurance , theater , fashion , and the arts in the united states ; while silicon alley , metonymous for new york ' s broad - spectrum high technology sphere , continues to expand . the port of new york and new jersey is also a major economic engine , handling record cargo volume in the first half of 2014 . [ sep ] silicon alley
new york is a global hub of international business and commerce . in 2012 , new york city topped the first global economic power index , published by the atlantic ( to be differentiated from a namesake list published by the martin prosperity institute ) , with cities ranked according to criteria reflecting their presence on similar lists as published by other entities . the city is a major center for banking and finance , retailing , world trade , transportation , tourism , real estate , new media as well as traditional media , advertising , legal services , accountancy , insurance , theater , fashion , and the arts in the united states ; while silicon alley , metonymous for new york ' s broad - spectrum high technology sphere , continues to expand . the port of new york and new jersey is also a major economic engine , handling record cargo volume in the first half of 2014 . [ sep ] the atlantic
new york is a global hub of international business and commerce . in 2012 , new york city topped the first global economic power index , published by the atlantic ( to be differentiated from a namesake list published by the martin prosperity institute ) , with cities ranked according to criteria reflecting their presence on similar lists as published by other entities . the city is a major center for banking and finance , retailing , world trade , transportation , tourism , real estate , new media as well as traditional media , advertising , legal services , accountancy , insurance , theater , fashion , and the arts in the united states ; while silicon alley , metonymous for new york ' s broad - spectrum high technology sphere , continues to expand . the port of new york and new jersey is also a major economic engine , handling record cargo volume in the first half of 2014 . [ sep ] 2014
new york is a global hub of international business and commerce . in 2012 , new york city topped the first global economic power index , published by the atlantic ( to be differentiated from a namesake list published by the martin prosperity institute ) , with cities ranked according to criteria reflecting their presence on similar lists as published by other entities . the city is a major center for banking and finance , retailing , world trade , transportation , tourism , real estate , new media as well as traditional media , advertising , legal services , accountancy , insurance , theater , fashion , and the arts in the united states ; while silicon alley , metonymous for new york ' s broad - spectrum high technology sphere , continues to expand . the port of new york and new jersey is also a major economic engine , handling record cargo volume in the first half of 2014 . [ sep ] 2012
in november 2014 , sony pictures entertainment was targeted by hackers who released details of confidential e - mails between sony executives regarding several high - profile film projects . included within these were several memos relating to the production of spectre , claiming that the film was over budget , detailing early drafts of the script written by john logan , and expressing sony ' s frustration with the project . eon productions later issued a statement confirming the leak of what they called " an early version of the screenplay " . [ sep ] november 2014
in november 2014 , sony pictures entertainment was targeted by hackers who released details of confidential e - mails between sony executives regarding several high - profile film projects . included within these were several memos relating to the production of spectre , claiming that the film was over budget , detailing early drafts of the script written by john logan , and expressing sony ' s frustration with the project . eon productions later issued a statement confirming the leak of what they called " an early version of the screenplay " . [ sep ] john logan
in november 2014 , sony pictures entertainment was targeted by hackers who released details of confidential e - mails between sony executives regarding several high - profile film projects . included within these were several memos relating to the production of spectre , claiming that the film was over budget , detailing early drafts of the script written by john logan , and expressing sony ' s frustration with the project . eon productions later issued a statement confirming the leak of what they called " an early version of the screenplay " . [ sep ] eon productions
despite being an original story , spectre draws on ian fleming ' s source material , most notably in the character of franz oberhauser , played by christoph waltz . oberhauser shares his name with hannes oberhauser , a background character in the short story " octopussy " from the octopussy and the living daylights collection , and who is named in the film as having been a temporary legal guardian of a young bond in 1983 . similarly , charmian bond is shown to have been his full - time guardian , observing the back story established by fleming . with the acquisition of the rights to spectre and its associated characters , screenwriters neal purvis and robert wade revealed that the film would provide a minor retcon to the continuity of the previous films , with the quantum organisation alluded to in casino royale and introduced in quantum of solace reimagined as a division within spectre rather than an independent organisation . [ sep ] charmian bond
despite being an original story , spectre draws on ian fleming ' s source material , most notably in the character of franz oberhauser , played by christoph waltz . oberhauser shares his name with hannes oberhauser , a background character in the short story " octopussy " from the octopussy and the living daylights collection , and who is named in the film as having been a temporary legal guardian of a young bond in 1983 . similarly , charmian bond is shown to have been his full - time guardian , observing the back story established by fleming . with the acquisition of the rights to spectre and its associated characters , screenwriters neal purvis and robert wade revealed that the film would provide a minor retcon to the continuity of the previous films , with the quantum organisation alluded to in casino royale and introduced in quantum of solace reimagined as a division within spectre rather than an independent organisation . [ sep ] octopussy
despite being an original story , spectre draws on ian fleming ' s source material , most notably in the character of franz oberhauser , played by christoph waltz . oberhauser shares his name with hannes oberhauser , a background character in the short story " octopussy " from the octopussy and the living daylights collection , and who is named in the film as having been a temporary legal guardian of a young bond in 1983 . similarly , charmian bond is shown to have been his full - time guardian , observing the back story established by fleming . with the acquisition of the rights to spectre and its associated characters , screenwriters neal purvis and robert wade revealed that the film would provide a minor retcon to the continuity of the previous films , with the quantum organisation alluded to in casino royale and introduced in quantum of solace reimagined as a division within spectre rather than an independent organisation . [ sep ] christoph waltz .
despite being an original story , spectre draws on ian fleming ' s source material , most notably in the character of franz oberhauser , played by christoph waltz . oberhauser shares his name with hannes oberhauser , a background character in the short story " octopussy " from the octopussy and the living daylights collection , and who is named in the film as having been a temporary legal guardian of a young bond in 1983 . similarly , charmian bond is shown to have been his full - time guardian , observing the back story established by fleming . with the acquisition of the rights to spectre and its associated characters , screenwriters neal purvis and robert wade revealed that the film would provide a minor retcon to the continuity of the previous films , with the quantum organisation alluded to in casino royale and introduced in quantum of solace reimagined as a division within spectre rather than an independent organisation . [ sep ] quantum of solace
despite being an original story , spectre draws on ian fleming ' s source material , most notably in the character of franz oberhauser , played by christoph waltz . oberhauser shares his name with hannes oberhauser , a background character in the short story " octopussy " from the octopussy and the living daylights collection , and who is named in the film as having been a temporary legal guardian of a young bond in 1983 . similarly , charmian bond is shown to have been his full - time guardian , observing the back story established by fleming . with the acquisition of the rights to spectre and its associated characters , screenwriters neal purvis and robert wade revealed that the film would provide a minor retcon to the continuity of the previous films , with the quantum organisation alluded to in casino royale and introduced in quantum of solace reimagined as a division within spectre rather than an independent organisation . [ sep ] spectre
further references to fleming ' s material can be found throughout the film ; an mi6 safehouse is called " hildebrand rarities and antiques " , a reference to the short story " the hildebrand rarity " from the for your eyes only short story collection . [ citation needed ] bond ' s torture by blofeld mirrors his torture by the title character of kingsley amis ' continuation novel colonel sun . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] for your eyes only
further references to fleming ' s material can be found throughout the film ; an mi6 safehouse is called " hildebrand rarities and antiques " , a reference to the short story " the hildebrand rarity " from the for your eyes only short story collection . [ citation needed ] bond ' s torture by blofeld mirrors his torture by the title character of kingsley amis ' continuation novel colonel sun . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] blofeld
further references to fleming ' s material can be found throughout the film ; an mi6 safehouse is called " hildebrand rarities and antiques " , a reference to the short story " the hildebrand rarity " from the for your eyes only short story collection . [ citation needed ] bond ' s torture by blofeld mirrors his torture by the title character of kingsley amis ' continuation novel colonel sun . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] hildebrand rarities and antiques
the main cast was revealed in december 2014 at the 007 stage at pinewood studios . daniel craig returned for his fourth appearance as james bond , while ralph fiennes , naomie harris and ben whishaw reprised their roles as m , eve moneypenny and q respectively , having been established in skyfall . rory kinnear also reprised his role as bill tanner in his third appearance in the series . [ sep ] four
the main cast was revealed in december 2014 at the 007 stage at pinewood studios . daniel craig returned for his fourth appearance as james bond , while ralph fiennes , naomie harris and ben whishaw reprised their roles as m , eve moneypenny and q respectively , having been established in skyfall . rory kinnear also reprised his role as bill tanner in his third appearance in the series . [ sep ] rory kinnear
the main cast was revealed in december 2014 at the 007 stage at pinewood studios . daniel craig returned for his fourth appearance as james bond , while ralph fiennes , naomie harris and ben whishaw reprised their roles as m , eve moneypenny and q respectively , having been established in skyfall . rory kinnear also reprised his role as bill tanner in his third appearance in the series . [ sep ] ralph fiennes , naomie harris and ben whishaw
christoph waltz was cast in the role of franz oberhauser , though he refused to comment on the nature of the part . it was later revealed with the film ' s release that he is ernst stavro blofeld . dave bautista was cast as mr . hinx after producers sought an actor with a background in contact sports . after casting berenice lim marlohe , a relative newcomer , as severine in skyfall , mendes consciously sought out a more experienced actor for the role of madeleine swann , ultimately casting lea seydoux in the role . monica bellucci joined the cast as lucia sciarra , becoming , at the age of fifty , the oldest actress to be cast as a bond girl . in a separate interview with danish website euroman , jesper christensen revealed he would be reprising his role as mr . white from casino royale and quantum of solace . christensen ' s character was reportedly killed off in a scene intended to be used as an epilogue to quantum of solace , before it was removed from the final cut of the film , enabling his return in spectre . [ sep ] berenice lim marlohe
christoph waltz was cast in the role of franz oberhauser , though he refused to comment on the nature of the part . it was later revealed with the film ' s release that he is ernst stavro blofeld . dave bautista was cast as mr . hinx after producers sought an actor with a background in contact sports . after casting berenice lim marlohe , a relative newcomer , as severine in skyfall , mendes consciously sought out a more experienced actor for the role of madeleine swann , ultimately casting lea seydoux in the role . monica bellucci joined the cast as lucia sciarra , becoming , at the age of fifty , the oldest actress to be cast as a bond girl . in a separate interview with danish website euroman , jesper christensen revealed he would be reprising his role as mr . white from casino royale and quantum of solace . christensen ' s character was reportedly killed off in a scene intended to be used as an epilogue to quantum of solace , before it was removed from the final cut of the film , enabling his return in spectre . [ sep ] quantum of solace .
in addition to the principal cast , alessandro cremona was cast as marco sciarra , stephanie sigman was cast as estrella , and detlef bothe was cast as a villain for scenes shot in austria . in february 2015 over fifteen hundred extras were hired for the pre - title sequence set in mexico , though they were duplicated in the film , giving the effect of around ten thousand extras . [ sep ] mexico
in addition to the principal cast , alessandro cremona was cast as marco sciarra , stephanie sigman was cast as estrella , and detlef bothe was cast as a villain for scenes shot in austria . in february 2015 over fifteen hundred extras were hired for the pre - title sequence set in mexico , though they were duplicated in the film , giving the effect of around ten thousand extras . [ sep ] austria .
in addition to the principal cast , alessandro cremona was cast as marco sciarra , stephanie sigman was cast as estrella , and detlef bothe was cast as a villain for scenes shot in austria . in february 2015 over fifteen hundred extras were hired for the pre - title sequence set in mexico , though they were duplicated in the film , giving the effect of around ten thousand extras . [ sep ] alessandro cremona
in addition to the principal cast , alessandro cremona was cast as marco sciarra , stephanie sigman was cast as estrella , and detlef bothe was cast as a villain for scenes shot in austria . in february 2015 over fifteen hundred extras were hired for the pre - title sequence set in mexico , though they were duplicated in the film , giving the effect of around ten thousand extras . [ sep ] estrella
in march 2013 mendes said he would not return to direct the next film in the series , then known as bond 24 ; he later recanted and announced that he would return , as he found the script and the plans for the long - term future of the franchise appealing . in directing skyfall and spectre , mendes became the first director to oversee two consecutive bond films since john glen directed the living daylights and licence to kill in 1987 and 1989 . skyfall writer john logan resumed his role of scriptwriter , collaborating with neal purvis and robert wade , who returned for their sixth bond film . [ n 4 ] the writer jez butterworth also worked on the script , alongside mendes and craig . dennis gassner returned as the film ' s production designer , while cinematographer hoyte van hoytema took over from roger deakins . in july 2015 mendes noted that the combined crew of spectre numbered over one thousand , making it a larger production than skyfall . craig is listed as co - producer . [ sep ] skyfall and spectre
in march 2013 mendes said he would not return to direct the next film in the series , then known as bond 24 ; he later recanted and announced that he would return , as he found the script and the plans for the long - term future of the franchise appealing . in directing skyfall and spectre , mendes became the first director to oversee two consecutive bond films since john glen directed the living daylights and licence to kill in 1987 and 1989 . skyfall writer john logan resumed his role of scriptwriter , collaborating with neal purvis and robert wade , who returned for their sixth bond film . [ n 4 ] the writer jez butterworth also worked on the script , alongside mendes and craig . dennis gassner returned as the film ' s production designer , while cinematographer hoyte van hoytema took over from roger deakins . in july 2015 mendes noted that the combined crew of spectre numbered over one thousand , making it a larger production than skyfall . craig is listed as co - producer . [ sep ] spectre
in march 2013 mendes said he would not return to direct the next film in the series , then known as bond 24 ; he later recanted and announced that he would return , as he found the script and the plans for the long - term future of the franchise appealing . in directing skyfall and spectre , mendes became the first director to oversee two consecutive bond films since john glen directed the living daylights and licence to kill in 1987 and 1989 . skyfall writer john logan resumed his role of scriptwriter , collaborating with neal purvis and robert wade , who returned for their sixth bond film . [ n 4 ] the writer jez butterworth also worked on the script , alongside mendes and craig . dennis gassner returned as the film ' s production designer , while cinematographer hoyte van hoytema took over from roger deakins . in july 2015 mendes noted that the combined crew of spectre numbered over one thousand , making it a larger production than skyfall . craig is listed as co - producer . [ sep ] spectre
in march 2013 mendes said he would not return to direct the next film in the series , then known as bond 24 ; he later recanted and announced that he would return , as he found the script and the plans for the long - term future of the franchise appealing . in directing skyfall and spectre , mendes became the first director to oversee two consecutive bond films since john glen directed the living daylights and licence to kill in 1987 and 1989 . skyfall writer john logan resumed his role of scriptwriter , collaborating with neal purvis and robert wade , who returned for their sixth bond film . [ n 4 ] the writer jez butterworth also worked on the script , alongside mendes and craig . dennis gassner returned as the film ' s production designer , while cinematographer hoyte van hoytema took over from roger deakins . in july 2015 mendes noted that the combined crew of spectre numbered over one thousand , making it a larger production than skyfall . craig is listed as co - producer . [ sep ] john glen
in march 2013 mendes said he would not return to direct the next film in the series , then known as bond 24 ; he later recanted and announced that he would return , as he found the script and the plans for the long - term future of the franchise appealing . in directing skyfall and spectre , mendes became the first director to oversee two consecutive bond films since john glen directed the living daylights and licence to kill in 1987 and 1989 . skyfall writer john logan resumed his role of scriptwriter , collaborating with neal purvis and robert wade , who returned for their sixth bond film . [ n 4 ] the writer jez butterworth also worked on the script , alongside mendes and craig . dennis gassner returned as the film ' s production designer , while cinematographer hoyte van hoytema took over from roger deakins . in july 2015 mendes noted that the combined crew of spectre numbered over one thousand , making it a larger production than skyfall . craig is listed as co - producer . [ sep ] six
many fortune 500 corporations are headquartered in new york city , as are a large number of foreign corporations . one out of ten private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company . new york city has been ranked first among cities across the globe in attracting capital , business , and tourists . this ability to attract foreign investment helped new york city top the fdi magazine american cities of the future ranking for 2013 . [ sep ] one out of ten
many fortune 500 corporations are headquartered in new york city , as are a large number of foreign corporations . one out of ten private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company . new york city has been ranked first among cities across the globe in attracting capital , business , and tourists . this ability to attract foreign investment helped new york city top the fdi magazine american cities of the future ranking for 2013 . [ sep ] fdi magazine
mendes revealed that production would begin on 8 december 2014 at pinewood studios , with filming taking seven months . mendes also confirmed several filming locations , including london , mexico city and rome . van hoytema shot the film on kodak 35 mm film stock . early filming took place at pinewood studios , and around london , with scenes variously featuring craig and harris at bond ' s flat , and craig and kinnear travelling down the river thames . [ sep ] seven months .
mendes revealed that production would begin on 8 december 2014 at pinewood studios , with filming taking seven months . mendes also confirmed several filming locations , including london , mexico city and rome . van hoytema shot the film on kodak 35 mm film stock . early filming took place at pinewood studios , and around london , with scenes variously featuring craig and harris at bond ' s flat , and craig and kinnear travelling down the river thames . [ sep ] kodak 35 mm film stock
mendes revealed that production would begin on 8 december 2014 at pinewood studios , with filming taking seven months . mendes also confirmed several filming locations , including london , mexico city and rome . van hoytema shot the film on kodak 35 mm film stock . early filming took place at pinewood studios , and around london , with scenes variously featuring craig and harris at bond ' s flat , and craig and kinnear travelling down the river thames . [ sep ] pinewood studios
in a 1964 interview , lee remarked that her aspiration was " to be . . . the jane austen of south alabama . " both austen and lee challenged the social status quo and valued individual worth over social standing . when scout embarrasses her poorer classmate , walter cunningham , at the finch home one day , calpurnia , their black cook , chastises and punishes her for doing so . atticus respects calpurnia ' s judgment , and later in the book even stands up to his sister , the formidable aunt alexandra , when she strongly suggests they fire calpurnia . one writer notes that scout , " in austenian fashion " , satirizes women with whom she does not wish to identify . literary critic jean blackall lists the priorities shared by the two authors : " affirmation of order in society , obedience , courtesy , and respect for the individual without regard for status " . [ sep ] calpurnia
in a 1964 interview , lee remarked that her aspiration was " to be . . . the jane austen of south alabama . " both austen and lee challenged the social status quo and valued individual worth over social standing . when scout embarrasses her poorer classmate , walter cunningham , at the finch home one day , calpurnia , their black cook , chastises and punishes her for doing so . atticus respects calpurnia ' s judgment , and later in the book even stands up to his sister , the formidable aunt alexandra , when she strongly suggests they fire calpurnia . one writer notes that scout , " in austenian fashion " , satirizes women with whom she does not wish to identify . literary critic jean blackall lists the priorities shared by the two authors : " affirmation of order in society , obedience , courtesy , and respect for the individual without regard for status " . [ sep ] aunt alexandra
in a 1964 interview , lee remarked that her aspiration was " to be . . . the jane austen of south alabama . " both austen and lee challenged the social status quo and valued individual worth over social standing . when scout embarrasses her poorer classmate , walter cunningham , at the finch home one day , calpurnia , their black cook , chastises and punishes her for doing so . atticus respects calpurnia ' s judgment , and later in the book even stands up to his sister , the formidable aunt alexandra , when she strongly suggests they fire calpurnia . one writer notes that scout , " in austenian fashion " , satirizes women with whom she does not wish to identify . literary critic jean blackall lists the priorities shared by the two authors : " affirmation of order in society , obedience , courtesy , and respect for the individual without regard for status " . [ sep ] walter cunningham
filming started in austria in december 2014 , with production taking in the area around solden — including the otztal glacier road , rettenbach glacier and the adjacent ski resort and cable car station — and obertilliach and lake altaussee , before concluding in february 2015 . scenes filmed in austria centred on the ice q restaurant , standing in for the fictional hoffler klinik , a private medical clinic in the austrian alps . filming included an action scene featuring a land rover defender bigfoot and a range rover sport . production was temporarily halted first by an injury to craig , who sprained his knee whilst shooting a fight scene , and later by an accident involving a filming vehicle that saw three crew members injured , at least one of them seriously . [ sep ] ice q restaurant
filming started in austria in december 2014 , with production taking in the area around solden — including the otztal glacier road , rettenbach glacier and the adjacent ski resort and cable car station — and obertilliach and lake altaussee , before concluding in february 2015 . scenes filmed in austria centred on the ice q restaurant , standing in for the fictional hoffler klinik , a private medical clinic in the austrian alps . filming included an action scene featuring a land rover defender bigfoot and a range rover sport . production was temporarily halted first by an injury to craig , who sprained his knee whilst shooting a fight scene , and later by an accident involving a filming vehicle that saw three crew members injured , at least one of them seriously . [ sep ] austrian alps .
filming started in austria in december 2014 , with production taking in the area around solden — including the otztal glacier road , rettenbach glacier and the adjacent ski resort and cable car station — and obertilliach and lake altaussee , before concluding in february 2015 . scenes filmed in austria centred on the ice q restaurant , standing in for the fictional hoffler klinik , a private medical clinic in the austrian alps . filming included an action scene featuring a land rover defender bigfoot and a range rover sport . production was temporarily halted first by an injury to craig , who sprained his knee whilst shooting a fight scene , and later by an accident involving a filming vehicle that saw three crew members injured , at least one of them seriously . [ sep ] rettenbach glacier
real estate is a major force in the city ' s economy , as the total value of all new york city property was assessed at us $ 914 . 8 billion for the 2015 fiscal year . the time warner center is the property with the highest - listed market value in the city , at us $ 1 . 1 billion in 2006 . new york city is home to some of the nation ' s — and the world ' s — most valuable real estate . 450 park avenue was sold on july 2 , 2007 for us $ 510 million , about $ 1 , 589 per square foot ( $ 17 , 104 / m² ) , breaking the barely month - old record for an american office building of $ 1 , 476 per square foot ( $ 15 , 887 / m² ) set in the june 2007 sale of 660 madison avenue . according to forbes , in 2014 , manhattan was home to six of the top ten zip codes in the united states by median housing price . [ sep ] us $ 914 . 8 billion
real estate is a major force in the city ' s economy , as the total value of all new york city property was assessed at us $ 914 . 8 billion for the 2015 fiscal year . the time warner center is the property with the highest - listed market value in the city , at us $ 1 . 1 billion in 2006 . new york city is home to some of the nation ' s — and the world ' s — most valuable real estate . 450 park avenue was sold on july 2 , 2007 for us $ 510 million , about $ 1 , 589 per square foot ( $ 17 , 104 / m² ) , breaking the barely month - old record for an american office building of $ 1 , 476 per square foot ( $ 15 , 887 / m² ) set in the june 2007 sale of 660 madison avenue . according to forbes , in 2014 , manhattan was home to six of the top ten zip codes in the united states by median housing price . [ sep ] us $ 1 . 1 billion
real estate is a major force in the city ' s economy , as the total value of all new york city property was assessed at us $ 914 . 8 billion for the 2015 fiscal year . the time warner center is the property with the highest - listed market value in the city , at us $ 1 . 1 billion in 2006 . new york city is home to some of the nation ' s — and the world ' s — most valuable real estate . 450 park avenue was sold on july 2 , 2007 for us $ 510 million , about $ 1 , 589 per square foot ( $ 17 , 104 / m² ) , breaking the barely month - old record for an american office building of $ 1 , 476 per square foot ( $ 15 , 887 / m² ) set in the june 2007 sale of 660 madison avenue . according to forbes , in 2014 , manhattan was home to six of the top ten zip codes in the united states by median housing price . [ sep ] $ 1 , 589
real estate is a major force in the city ' s economy , as the total value of all new york city property was assessed at us $ 914 . 8 billion for the 2015 fiscal year . the time warner center is the property with the highest - listed market value in the city , at us $ 1 . 1 billion in 2006 . new york city is home to some of the nation ' s — and the world ' s — most valuable real estate . 450 park avenue was sold on july 2 , 2007 for us $ 510 million , about $ 1 , 589 per square foot ( $ 17 , 104 / m² ) , breaking the barely month - old record for an american office building of $ 1 , 476 per square foot ( $ 15 , 887 / m² ) set in the june 2007 sale of 660 madison avenue . according to forbes , in 2014 , manhattan was home to six of the top ten zip codes in the united states by median housing price . [ sep ] $ 15 , 887
real estate is a major force in the city ' s economy , as the total value of all new york city property was assessed at us $ 914 . 8 billion for the 2015 fiscal year . the time warner center is the property with the highest - listed market value in the city , at us $ 1 . 1 billion in 2006 . new york city is home to some of the nation ' s — and the world ' s — most valuable real estate . 450 park avenue was sold on july 2 , 2007 for us $ 510 million , about $ 1 , 589 per square foot ( $ 17 , 104 / m² ) , breaking the barely month - old record for an american office building of $ 1 , 476 per square foot ( $ 15 , 887 / m² ) set in the june 2007 sale of 660 madison avenue . according to forbes , in 2014 , manhattan was home to six of the top ten zip codes in the united states by median housing price . [ sep ] six
as of 2013 , the global advertising agencies of omnicom group and interpublic group , both based in manhattan , had combined annual revenues of approximately us $ 21 billion , reflecting new york city ' s role as the top global center for the advertising industry , which is metonymously referred to as " madison avenue " . the city ' s fashion industry provides approximately 180 , 000 employees with $ 11 billion in annual wages . [ sep ] madison avenue
as of 2013 , the global advertising agencies of omnicom group and interpublic group , both based in manhattan , had combined annual revenues of approximately us $ 21 billion , reflecting new york city ' s role as the top global center for the advertising industry , which is metonymously referred to as " madison avenue " . the city ' s fashion industry provides approximately 180 , 000 employees with $ 11 billion in annual wages . [ sep ] 180 , 000
as of 2013 , the global advertising agencies of omnicom group and interpublic group , both based in manhattan , had combined annual revenues of approximately us $ 21 billion , reflecting new york city ' s role as the top global center for the advertising industry , which is metonymously referred to as " madison avenue " . the city ' s fashion industry provides approximately 180 , 000 employees with $ 11 billion in annual wages . [ sep ] $ 11 billion
as of 2013 , the global advertising agencies of omnicom group and interpublic group , both based in manhattan , had combined annual revenues of approximately us $ 21 billion , reflecting new york city ' s role as the top global center for the advertising industry , which is metonymously referred to as " madison avenue " . the city ' s fashion industry provides approximately 180 , 000 employees with $ 11 billion in annual wages . [ sep ] omnicom group
scholars argue that lee ' s approach to class and race was more complex " than ascribing racial prejudice primarily to ' poor white trash ' . . . lee demonstrates how issues of gender and class intensify prejudice , silence the voices that might challenge the existing order , and greatly complicate many americans ' conception of the causes of racism and segregation . " lee ' s use of the middle - class narrative voice is a literary device that allows an intimacy with the reader , regardless of class or cultural background , and fosters a sense of nostalgia . sharing scout and jem ' s perspective , the reader is allowed to engage in relationships with the conservative antebellum mrs . dubose ; the lower - class ewells , and the cunninghams who are equally poor but behave in vastly different ways ; the wealthy but ostracized mr . dolphus raymond ; and calpurnia and other members of the black community . the children internalize atticus ' admonition not to judge someone until they have walked around in that person ' s skin , gaining a greater understanding of people ' s motives and behavior . [ sep ] poor
filming temporarily returned to england to shoot scenes at blenheim palace in oxfordshire , which stood in for a location in rome , before moving on to the city itself for a five - week shoot across the city , with locations including the ponte sisto bridge and the roman forum . the production faced opposition from a variety of special interest groups and city authorities , who were concerned about the potential for damage to historical sites around the city , and problems with graffiti and rubbish appearing in the film . a car chase scene set along the banks of the tiber river and through the streets of rome featured an aston martin db10 and a jaguar c - x75 . the c - x75 was originally developed as a hybrid electric vehicle with four independent electric engines powered by two jet turbines , before the project was cancelled . the version used for filming was converted to use a conventional internal combustion engine , to minimise the potential for disruption from mechanical problems with the complex hybrid system . the c - x75s used for filming were developed by the engineering division of formula one racing team williams , who built the original c - x75 prototype for jaguar . [ sep ] blenheim palace in oxfordshire
filming temporarily returned to england to shoot scenes at blenheim palace in oxfordshire , which stood in for a location in rome , before moving on to the city itself for a five - week shoot across the city , with locations including the ponte sisto bridge and the roman forum . the production faced opposition from a variety of special interest groups and city authorities , who were concerned about the potential for damage to historical sites around the city , and problems with graffiti and rubbish appearing in the film . a car chase scene set along the banks of the tiber river and through the streets of rome featured an aston martin db10 and a jaguar c - x75 . the c - x75 was originally developed as a hybrid electric vehicle with four independent electric engines powered by two jet turbines , before the project was cancelled . the version used for filming was converted to use a conventional internal combustion engine , to minimise the potential for disruption from mechanical problems with the complex hybrid system . the c - x75s used for filming were developed by the engineering division of formula one racing team williams , who built the original c - x75 prototype for jaguar . [ sep ] the ponte sisto bridge
filming temporarily returned to england to shoot scenes at blenheim palace in oxfordshire , which stood in for a location in rome , before moving on to the city itself for a five - week shoot across the city , with locations including the ponte sisto bridge and the roman forum . the production faced opposition from a variety of special interest groups and city authorities , who were concerned about the potential for damage to historical sites around the city , and problems with graffiti and rubbish appearing in the film . a car chase scene set along the banks of the tiber river and through the streets of rome featured an aston martin db10 and a jaguar c - x75 . the c - x75 was originally developed as a hybrid electric vehicle with four independent electric engines powered by two jet turbines , before the project was cancelled . the version used for filming was converted to use a conventional internal combustion engine , to minimise the potential for disruption from mechanical problems with the complex hybrid system . the c - x75s used for filming were developed by the engineering division of formula one racing team williams , who built the original c - x75 prototype for jaguar . [ sep ] aston martin db10 and a jaguar c - x75
filming temporarily returned to england to shoot scenes at blenheim palace in oxfordshire , which stood in for a location in rome , before moving on to the city itself for a five - week shoot across the city , with locations including the ponte sisto bridge and the roman forum . the production faced opposition from a variety of special interest groups and city authorities , who were concerned about the potential for damage to historical sites around the city , and problems with graffiti and rubbish appearing in the film . a car chase scene set along the banks of the tiber river and through the streets of rome featured an aston martin db10 and a jaguar c - x75 . the c - x75 was originally developed as a hybrid electric vehicle with four independent electric engines powered by two jet turbines , before the project was cancelled . the version used for filming was converted to use a conventional internal combustion engine , to minimise the potential for disruption from mechanical problems with the complex hybrid system . the c - x75s used for filming were developed by the engineering division of formula one racing team williams , who built the original c - x75 prototype for jaguar . [ sep ] williams
filming temporarily returned to england to shoot scenes at blenheim palace in oxfordshire , which stood in for a location in rome , before moving on to the city itself for a five - week shoot across the city , with locations including the ponte sisto bridge and the roman forum . the production faced opposition from a variety of special interest groups and city authorities , who were concerned about the potential for damage to historical sites around the city , and problems with graffiti and rubbish appearing in the film . a car chase scene set along the banks of the tiber river and through the streets of rome featured an aston martin db10 and a jaguar c - x75 . the c - x75 was originally developed as a hybrid electric vehicle with four independent electric engines powered by two jet turbines , before the project was cancelled . the version used for filming was converted to use a conventional internal combustion engine , to minimise the potential for disruption from mechanical problems with the complex hybrid system . the c - x75s used for filming were developed by the engineering division of formula one racing team williams , who built the original c - x75 prototype for jaguar . [ sep ] jaguar .
the novel has been noted for its poignant exploration of different forms of courage . scout ' s impulsive inclination to fight students who insult atticus reflects her attempt to stand up for him and defend him . atticus is the moral center of the novel , however , and he teaches jem one of the most significant lessons of courage . in a statement that foreshadows atticus ' motivation for defending tom robinson and describes mrs . dubose , who is determined to break herself of a morphine addiction , atticus tells jem that courage is " when you ' re licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what " . [ sep ] morphine
other important sectors include medical research and technology , non - profit institutions , and universities . manufacturing accounts for a significant but declining share of employment , although the city ' s garment industry is showing a resurgence in brooklyn . food processing is a us $ 5 billion industry that employs more than 19 , 000 residents . [ sep ] 19 , 000
other important sectors include medical research and technology , non - profit institutions , and universities . manufacturing accounts for a significant but declining share of employment , although the city ' s garment industry is showing a resurgence in brooklyn . food processing is a us $ 5 billion industry that employs more than 19 , 000 residents . [ sep ] us $ 5 billion
other important sectors include medical research and technology , non - profit institutions , and universities . manufacturing accounts for a significant but declining share of employment , although the city ' s garment industry is showing a resurgence in brooklyn . food processing is a us $ 5 billion industry that employs more than 19 , 000 residents . [ sep ] brooklyn
with filming completed in rome , production moved to mexico city in late march to shoot the film ' s opening sequence , with scenes to include the day of the dead festival filmed in and around the zocalo and the centro historico district . the planned scenes required the city square to be closed for filming a sequence involving a fight aboard a messerschmitt - bolkow - blohm bo 105 helicopter flown by stunt pilot chuck aaron , which called for modifications to be made to several buildings to prevent damage . this particular scene in mexico required 1 , 500 extras , 10 giant skeletons and 250 , 000 paper flowers . reports in the mexican media added that the film ' s second unit would move to palenque in the state of chiapas , to film aerial manoeuvres considered too dangerous to shoot in an urban area . [ sep ] the day of the dead festival
with filming completed in rome , production moved to mexico city in late march to shoot the film ' s opening sequence , with scenes to include the day of the dead festival filmed in and around the zocalo and the centro historico district . the planned scenes required the city square to be closed for filming a sequence involving a fight aboard a messerschmitt - bolkow - blohm bo 105 helicopter flown by stunt pilot chuck aaron , which called for modifications to be made to several buildings to prevent damage . this particular scene in mexico required 1 , 500 extras , 10 giant skeletons and 250 , 000 paper flowers . reports in the mexican media added that the film ' s second unit would move to palenque in the state of chiapas , to film aerial manoeuvres considered too dangerous to shoot in an urban area . [ sep ] a messerschmitt - bolkow - blohm bo 105 helicopter
with filming completed in rome , production moved to mexico city in late march to shoot the film ' s opening sequence , with scenes to include the day of the dead festival filmed in and around the zocalo and the centro historico district . the planned scenes required the city square to be closed for filming a sequence involving a fight aboard a messerschmitt - bolkow - blohm bo 105 helicopter flown by stunt pilot chuck aaron , which called for modifications to be made to several buildings to prevent damage . this particular scene in mexico required 1 , 500 extras , 10 giant skeletons and 250 , 000 paper flowers . reports in the mexican media added that the film ' s second unit would move to palenque in the state of chiapas , to film aerial manoeuvres considered too dangerous to shoot in an urban area . [ sep ] zocalo and the centro historico district
chocolate is new york city ' s leading specialty - food export , with up to us $ 234 million worth of exports each year . entrepreneurs were forming a " chocolate district " in brooklyn as of 2014 , while godiva , one of the world ' s largest chocolatiers , continues to be headquartered in manhattan . [ sep ] us $ 234 million
chocolate is new york city ' s leading specialty - food export , with up to us $ 234 million worth of exports each year . entrepreneurs were forming a " chocolate district " in brooklyn as of 2014 , while godiva , one of the world ' s largest chocolatiers , continues to be headquartered in manhattan . [ sep ] brooklyn
chocolate is new york city ' s leading specialty - food export , with up to us $ 234 million worth of exports each year . entrepreneurs were forming a " chocolate district " in brooklyn as of 2014 , while godiva , one of the world ' s largest chocolatiers , continues to be headquartered in manhattan . [ sep ] manhattan
chocolate is new york city ' s leading specialty - food export , with up to us $ 234 million worth of exports each year . entrepreneurs were forming a " chocolate district " in brooklyn as of 2014 , while godiva , one of the world ' s largest chocolatiers , continues to be headquartered in manhattan . [ sep ] chocolate
following filming in mexico , and during a scheduled break , craig was flown to new york to undergo minor surgery to fix his knee injury . it was reported that filming was not affected and he had returned to filming at pinewood studios as planned on 22 april . [ sep ] new york
charles shields , who has written the only book - length biography of harper lee to date , offers the reason for the novel ' s enduring popularity and impact is that " its lessons of human dignity and respect for others remain fundamental and universal " . atticus ' lesson to scout that " you never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view — until you climb around in his skin and walk around in it " exemplifies his compassion . she ponders the comment when listening to mayella ewell ' s testimony . when mayella reacts with confusion to atticus ' question if she has any friends , scout offers that she must be lonelier than boo radley . having walked boo home after he saves their lives , scout stands on the radley porch and considers the events of the previous three years from boo ' s perspective . one writer remarks , " . . . [ w ] hile the novel concerns tragedy and injustice , heartache and loss , it also carries with it a strong sense [ of ] courage , compassion , and an awareness of history to be better human beings . " [ sep ] charles shields
just as lee explores jem ' s development in coming to grips with a racist and unjust society , scout realizes what being female means , and several female characters influence her development . scout ' s primary identification with her father and older brother allows her to describe the variety and depth of female characters in the novel both as one of them and as an outsider . scout ' s primary female models are calpurnia and her neighbor miss maudie , both of whom are strong willed , independent , and protective . mayella ewell also has an influence ; scout watches her destroy an innocent man in order to hide her desire for him . the female characters who comment the most on scout ' s lack of willingness to adhere to a more feminine role are also those who promote the most racist and classist points of view . for example , mrs . dubose chastises scout for not wearing a dress and camisole , and indicates she is ruining the family name by not doing so , in addition to insulting atticus ' intentions to defend tom robinson . by balancing the masculine influences of atticus and jem with the feminine influences of calpurnia and miss maudie , one scholar writes , " lee gradually demonstrates that scout is becoming a feminist in the south , for with the use of first - person narration , she indicates that scout / jean louise still maintains the ambivalence about being a southern lady she possessed as a child . " [ sep ] calpurnia and miss maudie
a brief shoot at london ' s city hall was filmed on 18 april 2015 , while mendes was on location . on 17 may 2015 filming took place on the thames in london . stunt scenes involving craig and seydoux on a speedboat as well as a low flying helicopter near westminster bridge were shot at night , with filming temporarily closing both westminster and lambeth bridges . scenes were also shot on the river near mi6 ' s headquarters at vauxhall cross . the crew returned to the river less than a week later to film scenes solely set on westminster bridge . the london fire brigade was on set to simulate rain as well as monitor smoke used for filming . craig , seydoux , and waltz , as well as harris and fiennes , were seen being filmed . prior to this , scenes involving fiennes were shot at a restaurant in covent garden . filming then took place in trafalgar square . in early june , the crew , as well as craig , seydoux , and waltz , returned to the thames for a final time to continue filming scenes previously shot on the river . [ sep ] westminster and lambeth bridges
a brief shoot at london ' s city hall was filmed on 18 april 2015 , while mendes was on location . on 17 may 2015 filming took place on the thames in london . stunt scenes involving craig and seydoux on a speedboat as well as a low flying helicopter near westminster bridge were shot at night , with filming temporarily closing both westminster and lambeth bridges . scenes were also shot on the river near mi6 ' s headquarters at vauxhall cross . the crew returned to the river less than a week later to film scenes solely set on westminster bridge . the london fire brigade was on set to simulate rain as well as monitor smoke used for filming . craig , seydoux , and waltz , as well as harris and fiennes , were seen being filmed . prior to this , scenes involving fiennes were shot at a restaurant in covent garden . filming then took place in trafalgar square . in early june , the crew , as well as craig , seydoux , and waltz , returned to the thames for a final time to continue filming scenes previously shot on the river . [ sep ] the london fire brigade
a brief shoot at london ' s city hall was filmed on 18 april 2015 , while mendes was on location . on 17 may 2015 filming took place on the thames in london . stunt scenes involving craig and seydoux on a speedboat as well as a low flying helicopter near westminster bridge were shot at night , with filming temporarily closing both westminster and lambeth bridges . scenes were also shot on the river near mi6 ' s headquarters at vauxhall cross . the crew returned to the river less than a week later to film scenes solely set on westminster bridge . the london fire brigade was on set to simulate rain as well as monitor smoke used for filming . craig , seydoux , and waltz , as well as harris and fiennes , were seen being filmed . prior to this , scenes involving fiennes were shot at a restaurant in covent garden . filming then took place in trafalgar square . in early june , the crew , as well as craig , seydoux , and waltz , returned to the thames for a final time to continue filming scenes previously shot on the river . [ sep ] covent garden .
a brief shoot at london ' s city hall was filmed on 18 april 2015 , while mendes was on location . on 17 may 2015 filming took place on the thames in london . stunt scenes involving craig and seydoux on a speedboat as well as a low flying helicopter near westminster bridge were shot at night , with filming temporarily closing both westminster and lambeth bridges . scenes were also shot on the river near mi6 ' s headquarters at vauxhall cross . the crew returned to the river less than a week later to film scenes solely set on westminster bridge . the london fire brigade was on set to simulate rain as well as monitor smoke used for filming . craig , seydoux , and waltz , as well as harris and fiennes , were seen being filmed . prior to this , scenes involving fiennes were shot at a restaurant in covent garden . filming then took place in trafalgar square . in early june , the crew , as well as craig , seydoux , and waltz , returned to the thames for a final time to continue filming scenes previously shot on the river . [ sep ] night
absent mothers and abusive fathers are another theme in the novel . scout and jem ' s mother died before scout could remember her , mayella ' s mother is dead , and mrs . radley is silent about boo ' s confinement to the house . apart from atticus , the fathers described are abusers . bob ewell , it is hinted , molested his daughter , and mr . radley imprisons his son in his house until boo is remembered only as a phantom . bob ewell and mr . radley represent a form of masculinity that atticus does not , and the novel suggests that such men as well as the traditionally feminine hypocrites at the missionary society can lead society astray . atticus stands apart as a unique model of masculinity ; as one scholar explains : " it is the job of real men who embody the traditional masculine qualities of heroic individualism , bravery , and an unshrinking knowledge of and dedication to social justice and morality , to set the society straight . " [ sep ] bob ewell
allusions to legal issues in to kill a mockingbird , particularly in scenes outside of the courtroom , has drawn the attention from legal scholars . claudia durst johnson writes that " a greater volume of critical readings has been amassed by two legal scholars in law journals than by all the literary scholars in literary journals " . the opening quote by the 19th - century essayist charles lamb reads : " lawyers , i suppose , were children once . " johnson notes that even in scout and jem ' s childhood world , compromises and treaties are struck with each other by spitting on one ' s palm and laws are discussed by atticus and his children : is it right that bob ewell hunts and traps out of season ? many social codes are broken by people in symbolic courtrooms : mr . dolphus raymond has been exiled by society for taking a black woman as his common - law wife and having interracial children ; mayella ewell is beaten by her father in punishment for kissing tom robinson ; by being turned into a non - person , boo radley receives a punishment far greater than any court could have given him . scout repeatedly breaks codes and laws and reacts to her punishment for them . for example , she refuses to wear frilly clothes , saying that aunt alexandra ' s " fanatical " attempts to place her in them made her feel " a pink cotton penitentiary closing in on [ her ] " . johnson states , " [ t ] he novel is a study of how jem and scout begin to perceive the complexity of social codes and how the configuration of relationships dictated by or set off by those codes fails or nurtures the inhabitants of ( their ) small worlds . " [ sep ] dolphus raymond
songbirds and their associated symbolism appear throughout the novel . the family ' s last name of finch also shares lee ' s mother ' s maiden name . the titular mockingbird is a key motif of this theme , which first appears when atticus , having given his children air - rifles for christmas , allows their uncle jack to teach them to shoot . atticus warns them that , although they can " shoot all the bluejays they want " , they must remember that " it ' s a sin to kill a mockingbird " . confused , scout approaches her neighbor miss maudie , who explains that mockingbirds never harm other living creatures . she points out that mockingbirds simply provide pleasure with their songs , saying , " they don ' t do one thing but sing their hearts out for us . " writer edwin bruell summarized the symbolism when he wrote in 1964 , " ' to kill a mockingbird ' is to kill that which is innocent and harmless — like tom robinson . " scholars have noted that lee often returns to the mockingbird theme when trying to make a moral point . [ sep ] songbirds
songbirds and their associated symbolism appear throughout the novel . the family ' s last name of finch also shares lee ' s mother ' s maiden name . the titular mockingbird is a key motif of this theme , which first appears when atticus , having given his children air - rifles for christmas , allows their uncle jack to teach them to shoot . atticus warns them that , although they can " shoot all the bluejays they want " , they must remember that " it ' s a sin to kill a mockingbird " . confused , scout approaches her neighbor miss maudie , who explains that mockingbirds never harm other living creatures . she points out that mockingbirds simply provide pleasure with their songs , saying , " they don ' t do one thing but sing their hearts out for us . " writer edwin bruell summarized the symbolism when he wrote in 1964 , " ' to kill a mockingbird ' is to kill that which is innocent and harmless — like tom robinson . " scholars have noted that lee often returns to the mockingbird theme when trying to make a moral point . [ sep ] finch
songbirds and their associated symbolism appear throughout the novel . the family ' s last name of finch also shares lee ' s mother ' s maiden name . the titular mockingbird is a key motif of this theme , which first appears when atticus , having given his children air - rifles for christmas , allows their uncle jack to teach them to shoot . atticus warns them that , although they can " shoot all the bluejays they want " , they must remember that " it ' s a sin to kill a mockingbird " . confused , scout approaches her neighbor miss maudie , who explains that mockingbirds never harm other living creatures . she points out that mockingbirds simply provide pleasure with their songs , saying , " they don ' t do one thing but sing their hearts out for us . " writer edwin bruell summarized the symbolism when he wrote in 1964 , " ' to kill a mockingbird ' is to kill that which is innocent and harmless — like tom robinson . " scholars have noted that lee often returns to the mockingbird theme when trying to make a moral point . [ sep ] mockingbird
chopin ' s life was covered in a bbc tv documentary chopin – the women behind the music ( 2010 ) , and in a 2010 documentary realised by angelo bozzolini and roberto prosseda for italian television . [ sep ] bbc
chopin ' s life was covered in a bbc tv documentary chopin – the women behind the music ( 2010 ) , and in a 2010 documentary realised by angelo bozzolini and roberto prosseda for italian television . [ sep ] chopin – the women behind the music
chopin ' s life was covered in a bbc tv documentary chopin – the women behind the music ( 2010 ) , and in a 2010 documentary realised by angelo bozzolini and roberto prosseda for italian television . [ sep ] angelo bozzolini and roberto prosseda
kanye omari west ( / ˈkɑːnjeɪ / ; born june 8 , 1977 ) is an american hip hop recording artist , record producer , rapper , fashion designer , and entrepreneur . he is among the most acclaimed musicians of the 21st century , attracting both praise and controversy for his work and his outspoken public persona . [ sep ] 1977
despite her editors ' warnings that the book might not sell well , it quickly became a sensation , bringing acclaim to lee in literary circles , in her hometown of monroeville , and throughout alabama . the book went through numerous subsequent printings and became widely available through its inclusion in the book of the month club and editions released by reader ' s digest condensed books . [ sep ] book of the month club
chopin ' s life and his relations with george sand have been fictionalized in numerous films . the 1945 biographical film a song to remember earned cornel wilde an academy award nomination as best actor for his portrayal of the composer . other film treatments have included : la valse de l ' adieu ( france , 1928 ) by henry roussel , with pierre blanchar as chopin ; impromptu ( 1991 ) , starring hugh grant as chopin ; la note bleue ( 1991 ) ; and chopin : desire for love ( 2002 ) . [ sep ] a song to remember
chopin ' s life and his relations with george sand have been fictionalized in numerous films . the 1945 biographical film a song to remember earned cornel wilde an academy award nomination as best actor for his portrayal of the composer . other film treatments have included : la valse de l ' adieu ( france , 1928 ) by henry roussel , with pierre blanchar as chopin ; impromptu ( 1991 ) , starring hugh grant as chopin ; la note bleue ( 1991 ) ; and chopin : desire for love ( 2002 ) . [ sep ] cornel wilde
chopin ' s life and his relations with george sand have been fictionalized in numerous films . the 1945 biographical film a song to remember earned cornel wilde an academy award nomination as best actor for his portrayal of the composer . other film treatments have included : la valse de l ' adieu ( france , 1928 ) by henry roussel , with pierre blanchar as chopin ; impromptu ( 1991 ) , starring hugh grant as chopin ; la note bleue ( 1991 ) ; and chopin : desire for love ( 2002 ) . [ sep ] 1928
chopin ' s life and his relations with george sand have been fictionalized in numerous films . the 1945 biographical film a song to remember earned cornel wilde an academy award nomination as best actor for his portrayal of the composer . other film treatments have included : la valse de l ' adieu ( france , 1928 ) by henry roussel , with pierre blanchar as chopin ; impromptu ( 1991 ) , starring hugh grant as chopin ; la note bleue ( 1991 ) ; and chopin : desire for love ( 2002 ) . [ sep ] hugh grant
chopin ' s life and his relations with george sand have been fictionalized in numerous films . the 1945 biographical film a song to remember earned cornel wilde an academy award nomination as best actor for his portrayal of the composer . other film treatments have included : la valse de l ' adieu ( france , 1928 ) by henry roussel , with pierre blanchar as chopin ; impromptu ( 1991 ) , starring hugh grant as chopin ; la note bleue ( 1991 ) ; and chopin : desire for love ( 2002 ) . [ sep ] george sand
raised in chicago , west briefly attended art school before becoming known as a producer for roc - a - fella records in the early 2000s , producing hit singles for artists such as jay - z and alicia keys . intent on pursuing a solo career as a rapper , west released his debut album the college dropout in 2004 to widespread commercial and critical success , and founded record label good music . he went on to explore a variety of different musical styles on subsequent albums that included the baroque - inflected late registration ( 2005 ) , the arena - inspired graduation ( 2007 ) , and the starkly polarizing 808s & heartbreak ( 2008 ) . in 2010 , he released his critically acclaimed fifth album , the maximalist my beautiful dark twisted fantasy , and the following year he collaborated with jay - z on the joint lp watch the throne ( 2011 ) . west released his abrasive sixth album , yeezus , to further critical praise in 2013 . following a series of recording delays and work on non - musical projects , west ' s seventh album , the life of pablo , was released in 2016 . [ sep ] roc - a - fella records
raised in chicago , west briefly attended art school before becoming known as a producer for roc - a - fella records in the early 2000s , producing hit singles for artists such as jay - z and alicia keys . intent on pursuing a solo career as a rapper , west released his debut album the college dropout in 2004 to widespread commercial and critical success , and founded record label good music . he went on to explore a variety of different musical styles on subsequent albums that included the baroque - inflected late registration ( 2005 ) , the arena - inspired graduation ( 2007 ) , and the starkly polarizing 808s & heartbreak ( 2008 ) . in 2010 , he released his critically acclaimed fifth album , the maximalist my beautiful dark twisted fantasy , and the following year he collaborated with jay - z on the joint lp watch the throne ( 2011 ) . west released his abrasive sixth album , yeezus , to further critical praise in 2013 . following a series of recording delays and work on non - musical projects , west ' s seventh album , the life of pablo , was released in 2016 . [ sep ] jay - z and alicia keys
raised in chicago , west briefly attended art school before becoming known as a producer for roc - a - fella records in the early 2000s , producing hit singles for artists such as jay - z and alicia keys . intent on pursuing a solo career as a rapper , west released his debut album the college dropout in 2004 to widespread commercial and critical success , and founded record label good music . he went on to explore a variety of different musical styles on subsequent albums that included the baroque - inflected late registration ( 2005 ) , the arena - inspired graduation ( 2007 ) , and the starkly polarizing 808s & heartbreak ( 2008 ) . in 2010 , he released his critically acclaimed fifth album , the maximalist my beautiful dark twisted fantasy , and the following year he collaborated with jay - z on the joint lp watch the throne ( 2011 ) . west released his abrasive sixth album , yeezus , to further critical praise in 2013 . following a series of recording delays and work on non - musical projects , west ' s seventh album , the life of pablo , was released in 2016 . [ sep ] 7
raised in chicago , west briefly attended art school before becoming known as a producer for roc - a - fella records in the early 2000s , producing hit singles for artists such as jay - z and alicia keys . intent on pursuing a solo career as a rapper , west released his debut album the college dropout in 2004 to widespread commercial and critical success , and founded record label good music . he went on to explore a variety of different musical styles on subsequent albums that included the baroque - inflected late registration ( 2005 ) , the arena - inspired graduation ( 2007 ) , and the starkly polarizing 808s & heartbreak ( 2008 ) . in 2010 , he released his critically acclaimed fifth album , the maximalist my beautiful dark twisted fantasy , and the following year he collaborated with jay - z on the joint lp watch the throne ( 2011 ) . west released his abrasive sixth album , yeezus , to further critical praise in 2013 . following a series of recording delays and work on non - musical projects , west ' s seventh album , the life of pablo , was released in 2016 . [ sep ] jay - z
new york city ' s most important economic sector lies in its role as the headquarters for the u . s . financial industry , metonymously known as wall street . the city ' s securities industry , enumerating 163 , 400 jobs in august 2013 , continues to form the largest segment of the city ' s financial sector and an important economic engine , accounting in 2012 for 5 percent of the city ' s private sector jobs , 8 . 5 percent ( us $ 3 . 8 billion ) of its tax revenue , and 22 percent of the city ' s total wages , including an average salary of us $ 360 , 700 . many large financial companies are headquartered in new york city , and the city is also home to a burgeoning number of financial startup companies . [ sep ] 163 , 400
new york city ' s most important economic sector lies in its role as the headquarters for the u . s . financial industry , metonymously known as wall street . the city ' s securities industry , enumerating 163 , 400 jobs in august 2013 , continues to form the largest segment of the city ' s financial sector and an important economic engine , accounting in 2012 for 5 percent of the city ' s private sector jobs , 8 . 5 percent ( us $ 3 . 8 billion ) of its tax revenue , and 22 percent of the city ' s total wages , including an average salary of us $ 360 , 700 . many large financial companies are headquartered in new york city , and the city is also home to a burgeoning number of financial startup companies . [ sep ] 5
new york city ' s most important economic sector lies in its role as the headquarters for the u . s . financial industry , metonymously known as wall street . the city ' s securities industry , enumerating 163 , 400 jobs in august 2013 , continues to form the largest segment of the city ' s financial sector and an important economic engine , accounting in 2012 for 5 percent of the city ' s private sector jobs , 8 . 5 percent ( us $ 3 . 8 billion ) of its tax revenue , and 22 percent of the city ' s total wages , including an average salary of us $ 360 , 700 . many large financial companies are headquartered in new york city , and the city is also home to a burgeoning number of financial startup companies . [ sep ] us $ 3 . 8 billion
new york city ' s most important economic sector lies in its role as the headquarters for the u . s . financial industry , metonymously known as wall street . the city ' s securities industry , enumerating 163 , 400 jobs in august 2013 , continues to form the largest segment of the city ' s financial sector and an important economic engine , accounting in 2012 for 5 percent of the city ' s private sector jobs , 8 . 5 percent ( us $ 3 . 8 billion ) of its tax revenue , and 22 percent of the city ' s total wages , including an average salary of us $ 360 , 700 . many large financial companies are headquartered in new york city , and the city is also home to a burgeoning number of financial startup companies . [ sep ] us $ 360 , 700
new york city ' s most important economic sector lies in its role as the headquarters for the u . s . financial industry , metonymously known as wall street . the city ' s securities industry , enumerating 163 , 400 jobs in august 2013 , continues to form the largest segment of the city ' s financial sector and an important economic engine , accounting in 2012 for 5 percent of the city ' s private sector jobs , 8 . 5 percent ( us $ 3 . 8 billion ) of its tax revenue , and 22 percent of the city ' s total wages , including an average salary of us $ 360 , 700 . many large financial companies are headquartered in new york city , and the city is also home to a burgeoning number of financial startup companies . [ sep ] 22
possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of chopin ' s life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events . chopin was written by giacomo orefice and produced in milan in 1901 . all the music is derived from that of chopin . [ sep ] 1901
possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of chopin ' s life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events . chopin was written by giacomo orefice and produced in milan in 1901 . all the music is derived from that of chopin . [ sep ] milan
possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of chopin ' s life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events . chopin was written by giacomo orefice and produced in milan in 1901 . all the music is derived from that of chopin . [ sep ] giacomo orefice
after wrapping up in england , production travelled to morocco in june , with filming taking place in oujda , tangier and erfoud , after preliminary work was completed by the production ' s second unit . an explosion filmed in morocco holds a guinness world record for the " largest film stunt explosion " in cinematic history , with the record credited to production designer chris corbould . principal photography concluded on 5 july 2015 . a wrap - up party for spectre was held in commemoration before entering post - production . filming took 128 days . [ sep ] morocco
after wrapping up in england , production travelled to morocco in june , with filming taking place in oujda , tangier and erfoud , after preliminary work was completed by the production ' s second unit . an explosion filmed in morocco holds a guinness world record for the " largest film stunt explosion " in cinematic history , with the record credited to production designer chris corbould . principal photography concluded on 5 july 2015 . a wrap - up party for spectre was held in commemoration before entering post - production . filming took 128 days . [ sep ] largest film stunt explosion
after wrapping up in england , production travelled to morocco in june , with filming taking place in oujda , tangier and erfoud , after preliminary work was completed by the production ' s second unit . an explosion filmed in morocco holds a guinness world record for the " largest film stunt explosion " in cinematic history , with the record credited to production designer chris corbould . principal photography concluded on 5 july 2015 . a wrap - up party for spectre was held in commemoration before entering post - production . filming took 128 days . [ sep ] 128 days .
after wrapping up in england , production travelled to morocco in june , with filming taking place in oujda , tangier and erfoud , after preliminary work was completed by the production ' s second unit . an explosion filmed in morocco holds a guinness world record for the " largest film stunt explosion " in cinematic history , with the record credited to production designer chris corbould . principal photography concluded on 5 july 2015 . a wrap - up party for spectre was held in commemoration before entering post - production . filming took 128 days . [ sep ] chris corbould
chopin has figured extensively in polish literature , both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments . the earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on chopin by leon ulrich . french writers on chopin ( apart from sand ) have included marcel proust and andre gide ; and he has also featured in works of gottfried benn and boris pasternak . there are numerous biographies of chopin in english ( see bibliography for some of these ) . [ sep ] leon ulrich
chopin has figured extensively in polish literature , both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments . the earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on chopin by leon ulrich . french writers on chopin ( apart from sand ) have included marcel proust and andre gide ; and he has also featured in works of gottfried benn and boris pasternak . there are numerous biographies of chopin in english ( see bibliography for some of these ) . [ sep ] marcel proust and andre gide
chopin has figured extensively in polish literature , both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments . the earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on chopin by leon ulrich . french writers on chopin ( apart from sand ) have included marcel proust and andre gide ; and he has also featured in works of gottfried benn and boris pasternak . there are numerous biographies of chopin in english ( see bibliography for some of these ) . [ sep ] sonnet
numerous recordings of chopin ' s works are available . on the occasion of the composer ' s bicentenary , the critics of the new york times recommended performances by the following contemporary pianists ( among many others ) : martha argerich , vladimir ashkenazy , emanuel ax , evgeny kissin , murray perahia , maurizio pollini and krystian zimerman . the warsaw chopin society organizes the grand prix du disque de f . chopin for notable chopin recordings , held every five years . [ sep ] every five years .
numerous recordings of chopin ' s works are available . on the occasion of the composer ' s bicentenary , the critics of the new york times recommended performances by the following contemporary pianists ( among many others ) : martha argerich , vladimir ashkenazy , emanuel ax , evgeny kissin , murray perahia , maurizio pollini and krystian zimerman . the warsaw chopin society organizes the grand prix du disque de f . chopin for notable chopin recordings , held every five years . [ sep ] grand prix du disque de f . chopin
numerous recordings of chopin ' s works are available . on the occasion of the composer ' s bicentenary , the critics of the new york times recommended performances by the following contemporary pianists ( among many others ) : martha argerich , vladimir ashkenazy , emanuel ax , evgeny kissin , murray perahia , maurizio pollini and krystian zimerman . the warsaw chopin society organizes the grand prix du disque de f . chopin for notable chopin recordings , held every five years . [ sep ] the new york times
the british library notes that " chopin ' s works have been recorded by all the great pianists of the recording era . " the earliest recording was an 1895 performance by paul pabst of the nocturne in e major op . 62 no . 2 . the british library site makes available a number of historic recordings , including some by alfred cortot , ignaz friedman , vladimir horowitz , benno moiseiwitsch , paderewski , arthur rubinstein , xaver scharwenka and many others . a select discography of recordings of chopin works by pianists representing the various pedagogic traditions stemming from chopin is given by methuen - campbell in his work tracing the lineage and character of those traditions . [ sep ] 1895
the british library notes that " chopin ' s works have been recorded by all the great pianists of the recording era . " the earliest recording was an 1895 performance by paul pabst of the nocturne in e major op . 62 no . 2 . the british library site makes available a number of historic recordings , including some by alfred cortot , ignaz friedman , vladimir horowitz , benno moiseiwitsch , paderewski , arthur rubinstein , xaver scharwenka and many others . a select discography of recordings of chopin works by pianists representing the various pedagogic traditions stemming from chopin is given by methuen - campbell in his work tracing the lineage and character of those traditions . [ sep ] nocturne in e major op . 62 no . 2
the british library notes that " chopin ' s works have been recorded by all the great pianists of the recording era . " the earliest recording was an 1895 performance by paul pabst of the nocturne in e major op . 62 no . 2 . the british library site makes available a number of historic recordings , including some by alfred cortot , ignaz friedman , vladimir horowitz , benno moiseiwitsch , paderewski , arthur rubinstein , xaver scharwenka and many others . a select discography of recordings of chopin works by pianists representing the various pedagogic traditions stemming from chopin is given by methuen - campbell in his work tracing the lineage and character of those traditions . [ sep ] paul pabst
one year after its publication to kill a mockingbird had been translated into ten languages . in the years since , it has sold more than 30 million copies and been translated into more than 40 languages . the novel has never been out of print in hardcover or paperback , and has become part of the standard literature curriculum . a 2008 survey of secondary books read by students between grades 9 – 12 in the u . s . indicates the novel is the most widely read book in these grades . a 1991 survey by the book of the month club and the library of congress center for the book found that to kill a mockingbird was rated behind only the bible in books that are " most often cited as making a difference " . [ note 1 ] it is considered by some to be the great american novel . [ sep ] ten
one year after its publication to kill a mockingbird had been translated into ten languages . in the years since , it has sold more than 30 million copies and been translated into more than 40 languages . the novel has never been out of print in hardcover or paperback , and has become part of the standard literature curriculum . a 2008 survey of secondary books read by students between grades 9 – 12 in the u . s . indicates the novel is the most widely read book in these grades . a 1991 survey by the book of the month club and the library of congress center for the book found that to kill a mockingbird was rated behind only the bible in books that are " most often cited as making a difference " . [ note 1 ] it is considered by some to be the great american novel . [ sep ] 40
one year after its publication to kill a mockingbird had been translated into ten languages . in the years since , it has sold more than 30 million copies and been translated into more than 40 languages . the novel has never been out of print in hardcover or paperback , and has become part of the standard literature curriculum . a 2008 survey of secondary books read by students between grades 9 – 12 in the u . s . indicates the novel is the most widely read book in these grades . a 1991 survey by the book of the month club and the library of congress center for the book found that to kill a mockingbird was rated behind only the bible in books that are " most often cited as making a difference " . [ note 1 ] it is considered by some to be the great american novel . [ sep ] 30 million
chopin ' s music remains very popular and is regularly performed , recorded and broadcast worldwide . the world ' s oldest monographic music competition , the international chopin piano competition , founded in 1927 , is held every five years in warsaw . the fryderyk chopin institute of poland lists on its website over eighty societies world - wide devoted to the composer and his music . the institute site also lists nearly 1 , 500 performances of chopin works on youtube as of january 2014 . [ sep ] international chopin piano competition
chopin ' s music remains very popular and is regularly performed , recorded and broadcast worldwide . the world ' s oldest monographic music competition , the international chopin piano competition , founded in 1927 , is held every five years in warsaw . the fryderyk chopin institute of poland lists on its website over eighty societies world - wide devoted to the composer and his music . the institute site also lists nearly 1 , 500 performances of chopin works on youtube as of january 2014 . [ sep ] 1927
chopin ' s music remains very popular and is regularly performed , recorded and broadcast worldwide . the world ' s oldest monographic music competition , the international chopin piano competition , founded in 1927 , is held every five years in warsaw . the fryderyk chopin institute of poland lists on its website over eighty societies world - wide devoted to the composer and his music . the institute site also lists nearly 1 , 500 performances of chopin works on youtube as of january 2014 . [ sep ] warsaw
chopin ' s music remains very popular and is regularly performed , recorded and broadcast worldwide . the world ' s oldest monographic music competition , the international chopin piano competition , founded in 1927 , is held every five years in warsaw . the fryderyk chopin institute of poland lists on its website over eighty societies world - wide devoted to the composer and his music . the institute site also lists nearly 1 , 500 performances of chopin works on youtube as of january 2014 . [ sep ] every five years
chopin ' s music remains very popular and is regularly performed , recorded and broadcast worldwide . the world ' s oldest monographic music competition , the international chopin piano competition , founded in 1927 , is held every five years in warsaw . the fryderyk chopin institute of poland lists on its website over eighty societies world - wide devoted to the composer and his music . the institute site also lists nearly 1 , 500 performances of chopin works on youtube as of january 2014 . [ sep ] 1 , 500
many writers compare their perceptions of to kill a mockingbird as adults with when they first read it as children . mary mcdonagh murphy interviewed celebrities including oprah winfrey , rosanne cash , tom brokaw , and harper ' s sister alice lee , who read the novel and compiled their impressions of it as children and adults into a book titled scout , atticus , and boo . [ sep ] scout , atticus , and boo
many writers compare their perceptions of to kill a mockingbird as adults with when they first read it as children . mary mcdonagh murphy interviewed celebrities including oprah winfrey , rosanne cash , tom brokaw , and harper ' s sister alice lee , who read the novel and compiled their impressions of it as children and adults into a book titled scout , atticus , and boo . [ sep ] alice lee
whilst filming in mexico city , speculation in the media claimed that the script had been altered to accommodate the demands of mexican authorities — reportedly influencing details of the scene and characters , casting choices , and modifying the script in order to portray the country in a " positive light " — in order to secure tax concessions and financial support worth up to $ 20 million for the film . this was denied by producer michael g . wilson , who stated that the scene had always been intended to be shot in mexico as production had been attracted to the imagery of the day of the dead , and that the script had been developed from there . production of skyfall had previously faced similar problems while attempting to secure permits to shoot the film ' s pre - title sequence in india before moving to istanbul . [ sep ] istanbul
one of the most significant impacts to kill a mockingbird has had is atticus finch ' s model of integrity for the legal profession . as scholar alice petry explains , " atticus has become something of a folk hero in legal circles and is treated almost as if he were an actual person . " morris dees of the southern poverty law center cites atticus finch as the reason he became a lawyer , and richard matsch , the federal judge who presided over the timothy mcveigh trial , counts atticus as a major judicial influence . one law professor at the university of notre dame stated that the most influential textbook he taught from was to kill a mockingbird , and an article in the michigan law review claims , " no real - life lawyer has done more for the self - image or public perception of the legal profession , " before questioning whether , " atticus finch is a paragon of honor or an especially slick hired gun " . [ sep ] lawyer
chopin ' s music was used in the 1909 ballet chopiniana , choreographed by michel fokine and orchestrated by alexander glazunov . sergei diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations — from stravinsky , anatoly lyadov , sergei taneyev and nikolai tcherepnin — for later productions , which used the title les sylphides . [ sep ] chopiniana
chopin ' s music was used in the 1909 ballet chopiniana , choreographed by michel fokine and orchestrated by alexander glazunov . sergei diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations — from stravinsky , anatoly lyadov , sergei taneyev and nikolai tcherepnin — for later productions , which used the title les sylphides . [ sep ] michel fokine
chopin ' s music was used in the 1909 ballet chopiniana , choreographed by michel fokine and orchestrated by alexander glazunov . sergei diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations — from stravinsky , anatoly lyadov , sergei taneyev and nikolai tcherepnin — for later productions , which used the title les sylphides . [ sep ] les sylphides
chopin ' s music was used in the 1909 ballet chopiniana , choreographed by michel fokine and orchestrated by alexander glazunov . sergei diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations — from stravinsky , anatoly lyadov , sergei taneyev and nikolai tcherepnin — for later productions , which used the title les sylphides . [ sep ] alexander glazunov
chopin ' s music was used in the 1909 ballet chopiniana , choreographed by michel fokine and orchestrated by alexander glazunov . sergei diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations — from stravinsky , anatoly lyadov , sergei taneyev and nikolai tcherepnin — for later productions , which used the title les sylphides . [ sep ] 1909
in 1992 , an alabama editorial called for the death of atticus , saying that as liberal as atticus was , he still worked within a system of institutionalized racism and sexism and should not be revered . the editorial sparked a flurry of responses from attorneys who entered the profession because of him and esteemed him as a hero . critics of atticus maintain he is morally ambiguous and does not use his legal skills to challenge the racist status quo in maycomb . however , in 1997 , the alabama state bar erected a monument to atticus in monroeville , marking his existence as the " first commemorative milestone in the state ' s judicial history " . in 2008 , lee herself received an honorary special membership to the alabama state bar for creating atticus who " has become the personification of the exemplary lawyer in serving the legal needs of the poor " . [ sep ] 1997
in 1992 , an alabama editorial called for the death of atticus , saying that as liberal as atticus was , he still worked within a system of institutionalized racism and sexism and should not be revered . the editorial sparked a flurry of responses from attorneys who entered the profession because of him and esteemed him as a hero . critics of atticus maintain he is morally ambiguous and does not use his legal skills to challenge the racist status quo in maycomb . however , in 1997 , the alabama state bar erected a monument to atticus in monroeville , marking his existence as the " first commemorative milestone in the state ' s judicial history " . in 2008 , lee herself received an honorary special membership to the alabama state bar for creating atticus who " has become the personification of the exemplary lawyer in serving the legal needs of the poor " . [ sep ] alabama state bar
lower manhattan is the third - largest central business district in the united states and is home to the new york stock exchange , on wall street , and the nasdaq , at 165 broadway , representing the world ' s largest and second largest stock exchanges , respectively , when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013 . investment banking fees on wall street totaled approximately $ 40 billion in 2012 , while in 2013 , senior new york city bank officers who manage risk and compliance functions earned as much as $ 324 , 000 annually . in fiscal year 2013 – 14 , wall street ' s securities industry generated 19 % of new york state ' s tax revenue . new york city remains the largest global center for trading in public equity and debt capital markets , driven in part by the size and financial development of the u . s . economy . : 31 – 32 in july 2013 , nyse euronext , the operator of the new york stock exchange , took over the administration of the london interbank offered rate from the british bankers association . new york also leads in hedge fund management ; private equity ; and the monetary volume of mergers and acquisitions . several investment banks and investment mangers headquartered in manhattan are important participants in other global financial centers . : 34 – 35 new york is also the principal commercial banking center of the united states . [ sep ] wall street
lower manhattan is the third - largest central business district in the united states and is home to the new york stock exchange , on wall street , and the nasdaq , at 165 broadway , representing the world ' s largest and second largest stock exchanges , respectively , when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013 . investment banking fees on wall street totaled approximately $ 40 billion in 2012 , while in 2013 , senior new york city bank officers who manage risk and compliance functions earned as much as $ 324 , 000 annually . in fiscal year 2013 – 14 , wall street ' s securities industry generated 19 % of new york state ' s tax revenue . new york city remains the largest global center for trading in public equity and debt capital markets , driven in part by the size and financial development of the u . s . economy . : 31 – 32 in july 2013 , nyse euronext , the operator of the new york stock exchange , took over the administration of the london interbank offered rate from the british bankers association . new york also leads in hedge fund management ; private equity ; and the monetary volume of mergers and acquisitions . several investment banks and investment mangers headquartered in manhattan are important participants in other global financial centers . : 34 – 35 new york is also the principal commercial banking center of the united states . [ sep ] 165 broadway
lower manhattan is the third - largest central business district in the united states and is home to the new york stock exchange , on wall street , and the nasdaq , at 165 broadway , representing the world ' s largest and second largest stock exchanges , respectively , when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013 . investment banking fees on wall street totaled approximately $ 40 billion in 2012 , while in 2013 , senior new york city bank officers who manage risk and compliance functions earned as much as $ 324 , 000 annually . in fiscal year 2013 – 14 , wall street ' s securities industry generated 19 % of new york state ' s tax revenue . new york city remains the largest global center for trading in public equity and debt capital markets , driven in part by the size and financial development of the u . s . economy . : 31 – 32 in july 2013 , nyse euronext , the operator of the new york stock exchange , took over the administration of the london interbank offered rate from the british bankers association . new york also leads in hedge fund management ; private equity ; and the monetary volume of mergers and acquisitions . several investment banks and investment mangers headquartered in manhattan are important participants in other global financial centers . : 34 – 35 new york is also the principal commercial banking center of the united states . [ sep ] $ 40 billion
lower manhattan is the third - largest central business district in the united states and is home to the new york stock exchange , on wall street , and the nasdaq , at 165 broadway , representing the world ' s largest and second largest stock exchanges , respectively , when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013 . investment banking fees on wall street totaled approximately $ 40 billion in 2012 , while in 2013 , senior new york city bank officers who manage risk and compliance functions earned as much as $ 324 , 000 annually . in fiscal year 2013 – 14 , wall street ' s securities industry generated 19 % of new york state ' s tax revenue . new york city remains the largest global center for trading in public equity and debt capital markets , driven in part by the size and financial development of the u . s . economy . : 31 – 32 in july 2013 , nyse euronext , the operator of the new york stock exchange , took over the administration of the london interbank offered rate from the british bankers association . new york also leads in hedge fund management ; private equity ; and the monetary volume of mergers and acquisitions . several investment banks and investment mangers headquartered in manhattan are important participants in other global financial centers . : 34 – 35 new york is also the principal commercial banking center of the united states . [ sep ] 19 %
lower manhattan is the third - largest central business district in the united states and is home to the new york stock exchange , on wall street , and the nasdaq , at 165 broadway , representing the world ' s largest and second largest stock exchanges , respectively , when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013 . investment banking fees on wall street totaled approximately $ 40 billion in 2012 , while in 2013 , senior new york city bank officers who manage risk and compliance functions earned as much as $ 324 , 000 annually . in fiscal year 2013 – 14 , wall street ' s securities industry generated 19 % of new york state ' s tax revenue . new york city remains the largest global center for trading in public equity and debt capital markets , driven in part by the size and financial development of the u . s . economy . : 31 – 32 in july 2013 , nyse euronext , the operator of the new york stock exchange , took over the administration of the london interbank offered rate from the british bankers association . new york also leads in hedge fund management ; private equity ; and the monetary volume of mergers and acquisitions . several investment banks and investment mangers headquartered in manhattan are important participants in other global financial centers . : 34 – 35 new york is also the principal commercial banking center of the united states . [ sep ] british bankers association
frederic francois chopin ( / ˈʃoʊpæn / ; french pronunciation : [ fʁe . de . ʁik fʁɑ . swa ʃɔ . pɛ ] ; 22 february or 1 march 1810 – 17 october 1849 ) , born fryderyk franciszek chopin , [ n 1 ] was a polish and french ( by citizenship and birth of father ) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the romantic era , who wrote primarily for the solo piano . he gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era , whose " poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation . " chopin was born in what was then the duchy of warsaw , and grew up in warsaw , which after 1815 became part of congress poland . a child prodigy , he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in warsaw before leaving poland at the age of 20 , less than a month before the outbreak of the november 1830 uprising . [ sep ] 17 october 1849
frederic francois chopin ( / ˈʃoʊpæn / ; french pronunciation : [ fʁe . de . ʁik fʁɑ . swa ʃɔ . pɛ ] ; 22 february or 1 march 1810 – 17 october 1849 ) , born fryderyk franciszek chopin , [ n 1 ] was a polish and french ( by citizenship and birth of father ) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the romantic era , who wrote primarily for the solo piano . he gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era , whose " poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation . " chopin was born in what was then the duchy of warsaw , and grew up in warsaw , which after 1815 became part of congress poland . a child prodigy , he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in warsaw before leaving poland at the age of 20 , less than a month before the outbreak of the november 1830 uprising . [ sep ] fryderyk franciszek chopin
frederic francois chopin ( / ˈʃoʊpæn / ; french pronunciation : [ fʁe . de . ʁik fʁɑ . swa ʃɔ . pɛ ] ; 22 february or 1 march 1810 – 17 october 1849 ) , born fryderyk franciszek chopin , [ n 1 ] was a polish and french ( by citizenship and birth of father ) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the romantic era , who wrote primarily for the solo piano . he gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era , whose " poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation . " chopin was born in what was then the duchy of warsaw , and grew up in warsaw , which after 1815 became part of congress poland . a child prodigy , he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in warsaw before leaving poland at the age of 20 , less than a month before the outbreak of the november 1830 uprising . [ sep ] solo piano
frederic francois chopin ( / ˈʃoʊpæn / ; french pronunciation : [ fʁe . de . ʁik fʁɑ . swa ʃɔ . pɛ ] ; 22 february or 1 march 1810 – 17 october 1849 ) , born fryderyk franciszek chopin , [ n 1 ] was a polish and french ( by citizenship and birth of father ) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the romantic era , who wrote primarily for the solo piano . he gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era , whose " poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation . " chopin was born in what was then the duchy of warsaw , and grew up in warsaw , which after 1815 became part of congress poland . a child prodigy , he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in warsaw before leaving poland at the age of 20 , less than a month before the outbreak of the november 1830 uprising . [ sep ] romantic era
to kill a mockingbird has been a source of significant controversy since its being the subject of classroom study as early as 1963 . the book ' s racial slurs , profanity , and frank discussion of rape have led people to challenge its appropriateness in libraries and classrooms across the united states . the american library association reported that to kill a mockingbird was number 21 of the 100 most frequently challenged books of 2000 – 2009 . [ sep ] 1963
to kill a mockingbird has been a source of significant controversy since its being the subject of classroom study as early as 1963 . the book ' s racial slurs , profanity , and frank discussion of rape have led people to challenge its appropriateness in libraries and classrooms across the united states . the american library association reported that to kill a mockingbird was number 21 of the 100 most frequently challenged books of 2000 – 2009 . [ sep ] 21
thomas newman returned as spectre ' s composer . rather than composing the score once the film had moved into post - production , newman worked during filming . the theatrical trailer released in july 2015 contained a rendition of john barry ' s on her majesty ' s secret service theme . mendes revealed that the final film would have more than one hundred minutes of music . the soundtrack album was released on 23 october 2015 in the uk and 6 november 2015 in the usa on the decca records label . [ sep ] thomas newman
thomas newman returned as spectre ' s composer . rather than composing the score once the film had moved into post - production , newman worked during filming . the theatrical trailer released in july 2015 contained a rendition of john barry ' s on her majesty ' s secret service theme . mendes revealed that the final film would have more than one hundred minutes of music . the soundtrack album was released on 23 october 2015 in the uk and 6 november 2015 in the usa on the decca records label . [ sep ] decca records
thomas newman returned as spectre ' s composer . rather than composing the score once the film had moved into post - production , newman worked during filming . the theatrical trailer released in july 2015 contained a rendition of john barry ' s on her majesty ' s secret service theme . mendes revealed that the final film would have more than one hundred minutes of music . the soundtrack album was released on 23 october 2015 in the uk and 6 november 2015 in the usa on the decca records label . [ sep ] during filming .
thomas newman returned as spectre ' s composer . rather than composing the score once the film had moved into post - production , newman worked during filming . the theatrical trailer released in july 2015 contained a rendition of john barry ' s on her majesty ' s secret service theme . mendes revealed that the final film would have more than one hundred minutes of music . the soundtrack album was released on 23 october 2015 in the uk and 6 november 2015 in the usa on the decca records label . [ sep ] july 2015
one of the first incidents of the book being challenged was in hanover , virginia , in 1966 : a parent protested that the use of rape as a plot device was immoral . johnson cites examples of letters to local newspapers , which ranged from amusement to fury ; those letters expressing the most outrage , however , complained about mayella ewell ' s attraction to tom robinson over the depictions of rape . upon learning the school administrators were holding hearings to decide the book ' s appropriateness for the classroom , harper lee sent $ 10 to the richmond news leader suggesting it to be used toward the enrollment of " the hanover county school board in any first grade of its choice " . the national education association in 1968 placed the novel second on a list of books receiving the most complaints from private organizations — after little black sambo . [ sep ] 1966
one of the first incidents of the book being challenged was in hanover , virginia , in 1966 : a parent protested that the use of rape as a plot device was immoral . johnson cites examples of letters to local newspapers , which ranged from amusement to fury ; those letters expressing the most outrage , however , complained about mayella ewell ' s attraction to tom robinson over the depictions of rape . upon learning the school administrators were holding hearings to decide the book ' s appropriateness for the classroom , harper lee sent $ 10 to the richmond news leader suggesting it to be used toward the enrollment of " the hanover county school board in any first grade of its choice " . the national education association in 1968 placed the novel second on a list of books receiving the most complaints from private organizations — after little black sambo . [ sep ] rape
many of the world ' s largest media conglomerates are also based in the city . manhattan contained over 500 million square feet ( 46 . 5 million m2 ) of office space in 2015 , making it the largest office market in the united states , while midtown manhattan , with nearly 400 million square feet ( 37 . 2 million m2 ) in 2015 , is the largest central business district in the world . [ sep ] 46 . 5 million
many of the world ' s largest media conglomerates are also based in the city . manhattan contained over 500 million square feet ( 46 . 5 million m2 ) of office space in 2015 , making it the largest office market in the united states , while midtown manhattan , with nearly 400 million square feet ( 37 . 2 million m2 ) in 2015 , is the largest central business district in the world . [ sep ] 400
in september 2015 it was announced that sam smith and regular collaborator jimmy napes had written the film ' s title theme , " writing ' s on the wall " , with smith performing it for the film . smith said the song came together in one session and that he and napes wrote it in under half an hour before recording a demo . satisfied with the quality , the demo was used in the final release . [ sep ] sam smith
silicon alley , centered in manhattan , has evolved into a metonym for the sphere encompassing the new york city metropolitan region ' s high technology industries involving the internet , new media , telecommunications , digital media , software development , biotechnology , game design , financial technology ( " fintech " ) , and other fields within information technology that are supported by its entrepreneurship ecosystem and venture capital investments . in the first half of 2015 , silicon alley generated over us $ 3 . 7 billion in venture capital investment across a broad spectrum of high technology enterprises , most based in manhattan , with others in brooklyn , queens , and elsewhere in the region . high technology startup companies and employment are growing in new york city and the region , bolstered by the city ' s position in north america as the leading internet hub and telecommunications center , including its vicinity to several transatlantic fiber optic trunk lines , new york ' s intellectual capital , and its extensive outdoor wireless connectivity . verizon communications , headquartered at 140 west street in lower manhattan , was at the final stages in 2014 of completing a us $ 3 billion fiberoptic telecommunications upgrade throughout new york city . as of 2014 , new york city hosted 300 , 000 employees in the tech sector . [ sep ] manhattan
silicon alley , centered in manhattan , has evolved into a metonym for the sphere encompassing the new york city metropolitan region ' s high technology industries involving the internet , new media , telecommunications , digital media , software development , biotechnology , game design , financial technology ( " fintech " ) , and other fields within information technology that are supported by its entrepreneurship ecosystem and venture capital investments . in the first half of 2015 , silicon alley generated over us $ 3 . 7 billion in venture capital investment across a broad spectrum of high technology enterprises , most based in manhattan , with others in brooklyn , queens , and elsewhere in the region . high technology startup companies and employment are growing in new york city and the region , bolstered by the city ' s position in north america as the leading internet hub and telecommunications center , including its vicinity to several transatlantic fiber optic trunk lines , new york ' s intellectual capital , and its extensive outdoor wireless connectivity . verizon communications , headquartered at 140 west street in lower manhattan , was at the final stages in 2014 of completing a us $ 3 billion fiberoptic telecommunications upgrade throughout new york city . as of 2014 , new york city hosted 300 , 000 employees in the tech sector . [ sep ] 140 west street
silicon alley , centered in manhattan , has evolved into a metonym for the sphere encompassing the new york city metropolitan region ' s high technology industries involving the internet , new media , telecommunications , digital media , software development , biotechnology , game design , financial technology ( " fintech " ) , and other fields within information technology that are supported by its entrepreneurship ecosystem and venture capital investments . in the first half of 2015 , silicon alley generated over us $ 3 . 7 billion in venture capital investment across a broad spectrum of high technology enterprises , most based in manhattan , with others in brooklyn , queens , and elsewhere in the region . high technology startup companies and employment are growing in new york city and the region , bolstered by the city ' s position in north america as the leading internet hub and telecommunications center , including its vicinity to several transatlantic fiber optic trunk lines , new york ' s intellectual capital , and its extensive outdoor wireless connectivity . verizon communications , headquartered at 140 west street in lower manhattan , was at the final stages in 2014 of completing a us $ 3 billion fiberoptic telecommunications upgrade throughout new york city . as of 2014 , new york city hosted 300 , 000 employees in the tech sector . [ sep ] us $ 3 billion
silicon alley , centered in manhattan , has evolved into a metonym for the sphere encompassing the new york city metropolitan region ' s high technology industries involving the internet , new media , telecommunications , digital media , software development , biotechnology , game design , financial technology ( " fintech " ) , and other fields within information technology that are supported by its entrepreneurship ecosystem and venture capital investments . in the first half of 2015 , silicon alley generated over us $ 3 . 7 billion in venture capital investment across a broad spectrum of high technology enterprises , most based in manhattan , with others in brooklyn , queens , and elsewhere in the region . high technology startup companies and employment are growing in new york city and the region , bolstered by the city ' s position in north america as the leading internet hub and telecommunications center , including its vicinity to several transatlantic fiber optic trunk lines , new york ' s intellectual capital , and its extensive outdoor wireless connectivity . verizon communications , headquartered at 140 west street in lower manhattan , was at the final stages in 2014 of completing a us $ 3 billion fiberoptic telecommunications upgrade throughout new york city . as of 2014 , new york city hosted 300 , 000 employees in the tech sector . [ sep ] 300 , 000
the novel is cited as a factor in the success of the civil rights movement in the 1960s , however , in that it " arrived at the right moment to help the south and the nation grapple with the racial tensions ( of ) the accelerating civil rights movement " . its publication is so closely associated with the civil rights movement that many studies of the book and biographies of harper lee include descriptions of important moments in the movement , despite the fact that she had no direct involvement in any of them . civil rights leader andrew young comments that part of the book ' s effectiveness is that it " inspires hope in the midst of chaos and confusion " and by using racial epithets portrays the reality of the times in which it was set . young views the novel as " an act of humanity " in showing the possibility of people rising above their prejudices . alabama author mark childress compares it to the impact of uncle tom ' s cabin , a book that is popularly implicated in starting the u . s . civil war . childress states the novel " gives white southerners a way to understand the racism that they ' ve been brought up with and to find another way . and most white people in the south were good people . most white people in the south were not throwing bombs and causing havoc . . . i think the book really helped them come to understand what was wrong with the system in the way that any number of treatises could never do , because it was popular art , because it was told from a child ' s point of view . " [ sep ] civil rights movement
the novel is cited as a factor in the success of the civil rights movement in the 1960s , however , in that it " arrived at the right moment to help the south and the nation grapple with the racial tensions ( of ) the accelerating civil rights movement " . its publication is so closely associated with the civil rights movement that many studies of the book and biographies of harper lee include descriptions of important moments in the movement , despite the fact that she had no direct involvement in any of them . civil rights leader andrew young comments that part of the book ' s effectiveness is that it " inspires hope in the midst of chaos and confusion " and by using racial epithets portrays the reality of the times in which it was set . young views the novel as " an act of humanity " in showing the possibility of people rising above their prejudices . alabama author mark childress compares it to the impact of uncle tom ' s cabin , a book that is popularly implicated in starting the u . s . civil war . childress states the novel " gives white southerners a way to understand the racism that they ' ve been brought up with and to find another way . and most white people in the south were good people . most white people in the south were not throwing bombs and causing havoc . . . i think the book really helped them come to understand what was wrong with the system in the way that any number of treatises could never do , because it was popular art , because it was told from a child ' s point of view . " [ sep ] uncle tom ' s cabin
lee ' s childhood friend , author truman capote , wrote on the dust jacket of the first edition , " someone rare has written this very fine first novel : a writer with the liveliest sense of life , and the warmest , most authentic sense of humor . a touching book ; and so funny , so likeable . " this comment has been construed to suggest that capote wrote the book or edited it heavily . in 2003 , a tuscaloosa newspaper quoted capote ' s biological father , archulus persons , as claiming that capote had written " almost all " of the book . in 2006 , a capote letter was donated to monroeville ' s literary heritage museum ; in a letter to a neighbor in monroeville in 1959 , capote mentioned that lee was writing a book that was to be published soon . extensive notes between lee and her editor at lippincott also refute the rumor of capote ' s authorship . lee ' s older sister , alice , responded to the rumor , saying : " that ' s the biggest lie ever told . " [ sep ] archulus persons
lee ' s childhood friend , author truman capote , wrote on the dust jacket of the first edition , " someone rare has written this very fine first novel : a writer with the liveliest sense of life , and the warmest , most authentic sense of humor . a touching book ; and so funny , so likeable . " this comment has been construed to suggest that capote wrote the book or edited it heavily . in 2003 , a tuscaloosa newspaper quoted capote ' s biological father , archulus persons , as claiming that capote had written " almost all " of the book . in 2006 , a capote letter was donated to monroeville ' s literary heritage museum ; in a letter to a neighbor in monroeville in 1959 , capote mentioned that lee was writing a book that was to be published soon . extensive notes between lee and her editor at lippincott also refute the rumor of capote ' s authorship . lee ' s older sister , alice , responded to the rumor , saying : " that ' s the biggest lie ever told . " [ sep ] truman capote
lee ' s childhood friend , author truman capote , wrote on the dust jacket of the first edition , " someone rare has written this very fine first novel : a writer with the liveliest sense of life , and the warmest , most authentic sense of humor . a touching book ; and so funny , so likeable . " this comment has been construed to suggest that capote wrote the book or edited it heavily . in 2003 , a tuscaloosa newspaper quoted capote ' s biological father , archulus persons , as claiming that capote had written " almost all " of the book . in 2006 , a capote letter was donated to monroeville ' s literary heritage museum ; in a letter to a neighbor in monroeville in 1959 , capote mentioned that lee was writing a book that was to be published soon . extensive notes between lee and her editor at lippincott also refute the rumor of capote ' s authorship . lee ' s older sister , alice , responded to the rumor , saying : " that ' s the biggest lie ever told . " [ sep ] alice
the biotechnology sector is also growing in new york city , based upon the city ' s strength in academic scientific research and public and commercial financial support . on december 19 , 2011 , then mayor michael r . bloomberg announced his choice of cornell university and technion - israel institute of technology to build a us $ 2 billion graduate school of applied sciences called cornell tech on roosevelt island with the goal of transforming new york city into the world ' s premier technology capital . by mid - 2014 , accelerator , a biotech investment firm , had raised more than us $ 30 million from investors , including eli lilly and company , pfizer , and johnson & johnson , for initial funding to create biotechnology startups at the alexandria center for life science , which encompasses more than 700 , 000 square feet ( 65 , 000 m2 ) on east 29th street and promotes collaboration among scientists and entrepreneurs at the center and with nearby academic , medical , and research institutions . the new york city economic development corporation ' s early stage life sciences funding initiative and venture capital partners , including celgene , general electric ventures , and eli lilly , committed a minimum of us $ 100 million to help launch 15 to 20 ventures in life sciences and biotechnology . [ sep ] technion - israel institute of technology
the biotechnology sector is also growing in new york city , based upon the city ' s strength in academic scientific research and public and commercial financial support . on december 19 , 2011 , then mayor michael r . bloomberg announced his choice of cornell university and technion - israel institute of technology to build a us $ 2 billion graduate school of applied sciences called cornell tech on roosevelt island with the goal of transforming new york city into the world ' s premier technology capital . by mid - 2014 , accelerator , a biotech investment firm , had raised more than us $ 30 million from investors , including eli lilly and company , pfizer , and johnson & johnson , for initial funding to create biotechnology startups at the alexandria center for life science , which encompasses more than 700 , 000 square feet ( 65 , 000 m2 ) on east 29th street and promotes collaboration among scientists and entrepreneurs at the center and with nearby academic , medical , and research institutions . the new york city economic development corporation ' s early stage life sciences funding initiative and venture capital partners , including celgene , general electric ventures , and eli lilly , committed a minimum of us $ 100 million to help launch 15 to 20 ventures in life sciences and biotechnology . [ sep ] us $ 2 billion
the biotechnology sector is also growing in new york city , based upon the city ' s strength in academic scientific research and public and commercial financial support . on december 19 , 2011 , then mayor michael r . bloomberg announced his choice of cornell university and technion - israel institute of technology to build a us $ 2 billion graduate school of applied sciences called cornell tech on roosevelt island with the goal of transforming new york city into the world ' s premier technology capital . by mid - 2014 , accelerator , a biotech investment firm , had raised more than us $ 30 million from investors , including eli lilly and company , pfizer , and johnson & johnson , for initial funding to create biotechnology startups at the alexandria center for life science , which encompasses more than 700 , 000 square feet ( 65 , 000 m2 ) on east 29th street and promotes collaboration among scientists and entrepreneurs at the center and with nearby academic , medical , and research institutions . the new york city economic development corporation ' s early stage life sciences funding initiative and venture capital partners , including celgene , general electric ventures , and eli lilly , committed a minimum of us $ 100 million to help launch 15 to 20 ventures in life sciences and biotechnology . [ sep ] roosevelt island
the biotechnology sector is also growing in new york city , based upon the city ' s strength in academic scientific research and public and commercial financial support . on december 19 , 2011 , then mayor michael r . bloomberg announced his choice of cornell university and technion - israel institute of technology to build a us $ 2 billion graduate school of applied sciences called cornell tech on roosevelt island with the goal of transforming new york city into the world ' s premier technology capital . by mid - 2014 , accelerator , a biotech investment firm , had raised more than us $ 30 million from investors , including eli lilly and company , pfizer , and johnson & johnson , for initial funding to create biotechnology startups at the alexandria center for life science , which encompasses more than 700 , 000 square feet ( 65 , 000 m2 ) on east 29th street and promotes collaboration among scientists and entrepreneurs at the center and with nearby academic , medical , and research institutions . the new york city economic development corporation ' s early stage life sciences funding initiative and venture capital partners , including celgene , general electric ventures , and eli lilly , committed a minimum of us $ 100 million to help launch 15 to 20 ventures in life sciences and biotechnology . [ sep ] us $ 30 million
the biotechnology sector is also growing in new york city , based upon the city ' s strength in academic scientific research and public and commercial financial support . on december 19 , 2011 , then mayor michael r . bloomberg announced his choice of cornell university and technion - israel institute of technology to build a us $ 2 billion graduate school of applied sciences called cornell tech on roosevelt island with the goal of transforming new york city into the world ' s premier technology capital . by mid - 2014 , accelerator , a biotech investment firm , had raised more than us $ 30 million from investors , including eli lilly and company , pfizer , and johnson & johnson , for initial funding to create biotechnology startups at the alexandria center for life science , which encompasses more than 700 , 000 square feet ( 65 , 000 m2 ) on east 29th street and promotes collaboration among scientists and entrepreneurs at the center and with nearby academic , medical , and research institutions . the new york city economic development corporation ' s early stage life sciences funding initiative and venture capital partners , including celgene , general electric ventures , and eli lilly , committed a minimum of us $ 100 million to help launch 15 to 20 ventures in life sciences and biotechnology . [ sep ] 65 , 000
the song was released as a digital download on 25 september 2015 . it received mixed reviews from critics and fans , particularly in comparison to adele ' s " skyfall " . the mixed reception to the song led to shirley bassey trending on twitter on the day it was released . it became the first bond theme to reach number one in the uk singles chart . the english band radiohead also composed a song for the film , which went unused . [ sep ] adele
the song was released as a digital download on 25 september 2015 . it received mixed reviews from critics and fans , particularly in comparison to adele ' s " skyfall " . the mixed reception to the song led to shirley bassey trending on twitter on the day it was released . it became the first bond theme to reach number one in the uk singles chart . the english band radiohead also composed a song for the film , which went unused . [ sep ] shirley bassey
the song was released as a digital download on 25 september 2015 . it received mixed reviews from critics and fans , particularly in comparison to adele ' s " skyfall " . the mixed reception to the song led to shirley bassey trending on twitter on the day it was released . it became the first bond theme to reach number one in the uk singles chart . the english band radiohead also composed a song for the film , which went unused . [ sep ] radiohead
tourism is a vital industry for new york city , which has witnessed a growing combined volume of international and domestic tourists – receiving approximately 51 million tourists in 2011 , 54 million in 2013 , and a record 56 . 4 million in 2014 . tourism generated an all - time high us $ 61 . 3 billion in overall economic impact for new york city in 2014 . [ sep ] 51 million
tourism is a vital industry for new york city , which has witnessed a growing combined volume of international and domestic tourists – receiving approximately 51 million tourists in 2011 , 54 million in 2013 , and a record 56 . 4 million in 2014 . tourism generated an all - time high us $ 61 . 3 billion in overall economic impact for new york city in 2014 . [ sep ] 54 million
tourism is a vital industry for new york city , which has witnessed a growing combined volume of international and domestic tourists – receiving approximately 51 million tourists in 2011 , 54 million in 2013 , and a record 56 . 4 million in 2014 . tourism generated an all - time high us $ 61 . 3 billion in overall economic impact for new york city in 2014 . [ sep ] 56 . 4 million
tourism is a vital industry for new york city , which has witnessed a growing combined volume of international and domestic tourists – receiving approximately 51 million tourists in 2011 , 54 million in 2013 , and a record 56 . 4 million in 2014 . tourism generated an all - time high us $ 61 . 3 billion in overall economic impact for new york city in 2014 . [ sep ] us $ 61 . 3 billion
during the december 2014 press conference announcing the start of filming , aston martin and eon unveiled the new db10 as the official car for the film . the db10 was designed in collaboration between aston martin and the filmmakers , with only 10 being produced especially for spectre as a celebration of the 50th anniversary of the company ' s association with the franchise . only eight of those 10 were used for the film , however ; the remaining two were used for promotional work . after modifying the jaguar c - x75 for the film , williams f1 carried the 007 logo on their cars at the 2015 mexican grand prix , with the team playing host to the cast and crew ahead of the mexican premiere of the film . [ sep ] 10
during the december 2014 press conference announcing the start of filming , aston martin and eon unveiled the new db10 as the official car for the film . the db10 was designed in collaboration between aston martin and the filmmakers , with only 10 being produced especially for spectre as a celebration of the 50th anniversary of the company ' s association with the franchise . only eight of those 10 were used for the film , however ; the remaining two were used for promotional work . after modifying the jaguar c - x75 for the film , williams f1 carried the 007 logo on their cars at the 2015 mexican grand prix , with the team playing host to the cast and crew ahead of the mexican premiere of the film . [ sep ] 007
i love new york ( stylized i [unk] ny ) is both a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign and have been used since 1977 to promote tourism in new york city , and later to promote new york state as well . the trademarked logo , owned by new york state empire state development , appears in souvenir shops and brochures throughout the city and state , some licensed , many not . the song is the state song of new york . [ sep ] i love new york
i love new york ( stylized i [unk] ny ) is both a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign and have been used since 1977 to promote tourism in new york city , and later to promote new york state as well . the trademarked logo , owned by new york state empire state development , appears in souvenir shops and brochures throughout the city and state , some licensed , many not . the song is the state song of new york . [ sep ] 1977
i love new york ( stylized i [unk] ny ) is both a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign and have been used since 1977 to promote tourism in new york city , and later to promote new york state as well . the trademarked logo , owned by new york state empire state development , appears in souvenir shops and brochures throughout the city and state , some licensed , many not . the song is the state song of new york . [ sep ] new york state empire state development
i love new york ( stylized i [unk] ny ) is both a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign and have been used since 1977 to promote tourism in new york city , and later to promote new york state as well . the trademarked logo , owned by new york state empire state development , appears in souvenir shops and brochures throughout the city and state , some licensed , many not . the song is the state song of new york . [ sep ] i love new york
during the years immediately following the novel ' s publication , harper lee enjoyed the attention its popularity garnered her , granting interviews , visiting schools , and attending events honoring the book . in 1961 , when to kill a mockingbird was in its 41st week on the bestseller list , it was awarded the pulitzer prize , stunning lee . it also won the brotherhood award of the national conference of christians and jews in the same year , and the paperback of the year award from bestsellers magazine in 1962 . starting in 1964 , lee began to turn down interviews , complaining that the questions were monotonous , and grew concerned that attention she received bordered on the kind of publicity celebrities sought . since the , she declined talking with reporters about the book . she also steadfastly refused to provide an introduction , writing in 1995 : " introductions inhibit pleasure , they kill the joy of anticipation , they frustrate curiosity . the only good thing about introductions is that in some cases they delay the dose to come . mockingbird still says what it has to say ; it has managed to survive the years without preamble . " [ sep ] 1961
during the years immediately following the novel ' s publication , harper lee enjoyed the attention its popularity garnered her , granting interviews , visiting schools , and attending events honoring the book . in 1961 , when to kill a mockingbird was in its 41st week on the bestseller list , it was awarded the pulitzer prize , stunning lee . it also won the brotherhood award of the national conference of christians and jews in the same year , and the paperback of the year award from bestsellers magazine in 1962 . starting in 1964 , lee began to turn down interviews , complaining that the questions were monotonous , and grew concerned that attention she received bordered on the kind of publicity celebrities sought . since the , she declined talking with reporters about the book . she also steadfastly refused to provide an introduction , writing in 1995 : " introductions inhibit pleasure , they kill the joy of anticipation , they frustrate curiosity . the only good thing about introductions is that in some cases they delay the dose to come . mockingbird still says what it has to say ; it has managed to survive the years without preamble . " [ sep ] 41
during the years immediately following the novel ' s publication , harper lee enjoyed the attention its popularity garnered her , granting interviews , visiting schools , and attending events honoring the book . in 1961 , when to kill a mockingbird was in its 41st week on the bestseller list , it was awarded the pulitzer prize , stunning lee . it also won the brotherhood award of the national conference of christians and jews in the same year , and the paperback of the year award from bestsellers magazine in 1962 . starting in 1964 , lee began to turn down interviews , complaining that the questions were monotonous , and grew concerned that attention she received bordered on the kind of publicity celebrities sought . since the , she declined talking with reporters about the book . she also steadfastly refused to provide an introduction , writing in 1995 : " introductions inhibit pleasure , they kill the joy of anticipation , they frustrate curiosity . the only good thing about introductions is that in some cases they delay the dose to come . mockingbird still says what it has to say ; it has managed to survive the years without preamble . " [ sep ] 1962
during the years immediately following the novel ' s publication , harper lee enjoyed the attention its popularity garnered her , granting interviews , visiting schools , and attending events honoring the book . in 1961 , when to kill a mockingbird was in its 41st week on the bestseller list , it was awarded the pulitzer prize , stunning lee . it also won the brotherhood award of the national conference of christians and jews in the same year , and the paperback of the year award from bestsellers magazine in 1962 . starting in 1964 , lee began to turn down interviews , complaining that the questions were monotonous , and grew concerned that attention she received bordered on the kind of publicity celebrities sought . since the , she declined talking with reporters about the book . she also steadfastly refused to provide an introduction , writing in 1995 : " introductions inhibit pleasure , they kill the joy of anticipation , they frustrate curiosity . the only good thing about introductions is that in some cases they delay the dose to come . mockingbird still says what it has to say ; it has managed to survive the years without preamble . " [ sep ] 1964
at the age of 21 he settled in paris . thereafter , during the last 18 years of his life , he gave only some 30 public performances , preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon . he supported himself by selling his compositions and teaching piano , for which he was in high demand . chopin formed a friendship with franz liszt and was admired by many of his musical contemporaries , including robert schumann . in 1835 he obtained french citizenship . after a failed engagement to maria wodzinska , from 1837 to 1847 he maintained an often troubled relationship with the french writer george sand . a brief and unhappy visit to majorca with sand in 1838 – 39 was one of his most productive periods of composition . in his last years , he was financially supported by his admirer jane stirling , who also arranged for him to visit scotland in 1848 . through most of his life , chopin suffered from poor health . he died in paris in 1849 , probably of tuberculosis . [ sep ] 21
at the age of 21 he settled in paris . thereafter , during the last 18 years of his life , he gave only some 30 public performances , preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon . he supported himself by selling his compositions and teaching piano , for which he was in high demand . chopin formed a friendship with franz liszt and was admired by many of his musical contemporaries , including robert schumann . in 1835 he obtained french citizenship . after a failed engagement to maria wodzinska , from 1837 to 1847 he maintained an often troubled relationship with the french writer george sand . a brief and unhappy visit to majorca with sand in 1838 – 39 was one of his most productive periods of composition . in his last years , he was financially supported by his admirer jane stirling , who also arranged for him to visit scotland in 1848 . through most of his life , chopin suffered from poor health . he died in paris in 1849 , probably of tuberculosis . [ sep ] 30
at the age of 21 he settled in paris . thereafter , during the last 18 years of his life , he gave only some 30 public performances , preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon . he supported himself by selling his compositions and teaching piano , for which he was in high demand . chopin formed a friendship with franz liszt and was admired by many of his musical contemporaries , including robert schumann . in 1835 he obtained french citizenship . after a failed engagement to maria wodzinska , from 1837 to 1847 he maintained an often troubled relationship with the french writer george sand . a brief and unhappy visit to majorca with sand in 1838 – 39 was one of his most productive periods of composition . in his last years , he was financially supported by his admirer jane stirling , who also arranged for him to visit scotland in 1848 . through most of his life , chopin suffered from poor health . he died in paris in 1849 , probably of tuberculosis . [ sep ] 1835
at the age of 21 he settled in paris . thereafter , during the last 18 years of his life , he gave only some 30 public performances , preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon . he supported himself by selling his compositions and teaching piano , for which he was in high demand . chopin formed a friendship with franz liszt and was admired by many of his musical contemporaries , including robert schumann . in 1835 he obtained french citizenship . after a failed engagement to maria wodzinska , from 1837 to 1847 he maintained an often troubled relationship with the french writer george sand . a brief and unhappy visit to majorca with sand in 1838 – 39 was one of his most productive periods of composition . in his last years , he was financially supported by his admirer jane stirling , who also arranged for him to visit scotland in 1848 . through most of his life , chopin suffered from poor health . he died in paris in 1849 , probably of tuberculosis . [ sep ] jane stirling
to promote the film , production continued the trend established during skyfall ' s production of releasing still images of clapperboards and video blogs on eon ' s official social media accounts . [ sep ] eon ' s official social media accounts .
to promote the film , production continued the trend established during skyfall ' s production of releasing still images of clapperboards and video blogs on eon ' s official social media accounts . [ sep ] skyfall
major tourist destinations include times square ; broadway theater productions ; the empire state building ; the statue of liberty ; ellis island ; the united nations headquarters ; museums such as the metropolitan museum of art ; greenspaces such as central park and washington square park ; rockefeller center ; the manhattan chinatown ; luxury shopping along fifth and madison avenues ; and events such as the halloween parade in greenwich village ; the macy ' s thanksgiving day parade ; the lighting of the rockefeller center christmas tree ; the st . patrick ' s day parade ; seasonal activities such as ice skating in central park in the wintertime ; the tribeca film festival ; and free performances in central park at summerstage . major attractions in the boroughs outside manhattan include flushing meadows - corona park and the unisphere in queens ; the bronx zoo ; coney island , brooklyn ; and the new york botanical garden in the bronx . the new york wheel , a 630 - foot ferris wheel , was under construction at the northern shore of staten island in 2015 , overlooking the statue of liberty , new york harbor , and the lower manhattan skyline . [ sep ] greenwich village
major tourist destinations include times square ; broadway theater productions ; the empire state building ; the statue of liberty ; ellis island ; the united nations headquarters ; museums such as the metropolitan museum of art ; greenspaces such as central park and washington square park ; rockefeller center ; the manhattan chinatown ; luxury shopping along fifth and madison avenues ; and events such as the halloween parade in greenwich village ; the macy ' s thanksgiving day parade ; the lighting of the rockefeller center christmas tree ; the st . patrick ' s day parade ; seasonal activities such as ice skating in central park in the wintertime ; the tribeca film festival ; and free performances in central park at summerstage . major attractions in the boroughs outside manhattan include flushing meadows - corona park and the unisphere in queens ; the bronx zoo ; coney island , brooklyn ; and the new york botanical garden in the bronx . the new york wheel , a 630 - foot ferris wheel , was under construction at the northern shore of staten island in 2015 , overlooking the statue of liberty , new york harbor , and the lower manhattan skyline . [ sep ] macy ' s
major tourist destinations include times square ; broadway theater productions ; the empire state building ; the statue of liberty ; ellis island ; the united nations headquarters ; museums such as the metropolitan museum of art ; greenspaces such as central park and washington square park ; rockefeller center ; the manhattan chinatown ; luxury shopping along fifth and madison avenues ; and events such as the halloween parade in greenwich village ; the macy ' s thanksgiving day parade ; the lighting of the rockefeller center christmas tree ; the st . patrick ' s day parade ; seasonal activities such as ice skating in central park in the wintertime ; the tribeca film festival ; and free performances in central park at summerstage . major attractions in the boroughs outside manhattan include flushing meadows - corona park and the unisphere in queens ; the bronx zoo ; coney island , brooklyn ; and the new york botanical garden in the bronx . the new york wheel , a 630 - foot ferris wheel , was under construction at the northern shore of staten island in 2015 , overlooking the statue of liberty , new york harbor , and the lower manhattan skyline . [ sep ] rockefeller center
major tourist destinations include times square ; broadway theater productions ; the empire state building ; the statue of liberty ; ellis island ; the united nations headquarters ; museums such as the metropolitan museum of art ; greenspaces such as central park and washington square park ; rockefeller center ; the manhattan chinatown ; luxury shopping along fifth and madison avenues ; and events such as the halloween parade in greenwich village ; the macy ' s thanksgiving day parade ; the lighting of the rockefeller center christmas tree ; the st . patrick ' s day parade ; seasonal activities such as ice skating in central park in the wintertime ; the tribeca film festival ; and free performances in central park at summerstage . major attractions in the boroughs outside manhattan include flushing meadows - corona park and the unisphere in queens ; the bronx zoo ; coney island , brooklyn ; and the new york botanical garden in the bronx . the new york wheel , a 630 - foot ferris wheel , was under construction at the northern shore of staten island in 2015 , overlooking the statue of liberty , new york harbor , and the lower manhattan skyline . [ sep ] summerstage
major tourist destinations include times square ; broadway theater productions ; the empire state building ; the statue of liberty ; ellis island ; the united nations headquarters ; museums such as the metropolitan museum of art ; greenspaces such as central park and washington square park ; rockefeller center ; the manhattan chinatown ; luxury shopping along fifth and madison avenues ; and events such as the halloween parade in greenwich village ; the macy ' s thanksgiving day parade ; the lighting of the rockefeller center christmas tree ; the st . patrick ' s day parade ; seasonal activities such as ice skating in central park in the wintertime ; the tribeca film festival ; and free performances in central park at summerstage . major attractions in the boroughs outside manhattan include flushing meadows - corona park and the unisphere in queens ; the bronx zoo ; coney island , brooklyn ; and the new york botanical garden in the bronx . the new york wheel , a 630 - foot ferris wheel , was under construction at the northern shore of staten island in 2015 , overlooking the statue of liberty , new york harbor , and the lower manhattan skyline . [ sep ] queens
manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90 , 000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014 , a 10 % increase from 2013 . in october 2014 , the anbang insurance group , based in china , purchased the waldorf astoria new york for us $ 1 . 95 billion , making it the world ' s most expensive hotel ever sold . [ sep ] 90 , 000
manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90 , 000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014 , a 10 % increase from 2013 . in october 2014 , the anbang insurance group , based in china , purchased the waldorf astoria new york for us $ 1 . 95 billion , making it the world ' s most expensive hotel ever sold . [ sep ] 10 %
manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90 , 000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014 , a 10 % increase from 2013 . in october 2014 , the anbang insurance group , based in china , purchased the waldorf astoria new york for us $ 1 . 95 billion , making it the world ' s most expensive hotel ever sold . [ sep ] anbang insurance group
manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90 , 000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014 , a 10 % increase from 2013 . in october 2014 , the anbang insurance group , based in china , purchased the waldorf astoria new york for us $ 1 . 95 billion , making it the world ' s most expensive hotel ever sold . [ sep ] us $ 1 . 95 billion
all of chopin ' s compositions include the piano . most are for solo piano , though he also wrote two piano concertos , a few chamber pieces , and some songs to polish lyrics . his keyboard style is highly individual and often technically demanding ; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity . chopin invented the concept of instrumental ballade . his major piano works also include mazurkas , waltzes , nocturnes , polonaises , etudes , impromptus , scherzos , preludes and sonatas , some published only after his death . influences on his compositional style include polish folk music , the classical tradition of j . s . bach , mozart and schubert , the music of all of whom he admired , as well as the paris salons where he was a frequent guest . his innovations in style , musical form , and harmony , and his association of music with nationalism , were influential throughout and after the late romantic period . [ sep ] piano
all of chopin ' s compositions include the piano . most are for solo piano , though he also wrote two piano concertos , a few chamber pieces , and some songs to polish lyrics . his keyboard style is highly individual and often technically demanding ; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity . chopin invented the concept of instrumental ballade . his major piano works also include mazurkas , waltzes , nocturnes , polonaises , etudes , impromptus , scherzos , preludes and sonatas , some published only after his death . influences on his compositional style include polish folk music , the classical tradition of j . s . bach , mozart and schubert , the music of all of whom he admired , as well as the paris salons where he was a frequent guest . his innovations in style , musical form , and harmony , and his association of music with nationalism , were influential throughout and after the late romantic period . [ sep ] polish
all of chopin ' s compositions include the piano . most are for solo piano , though he also wrote two piano concertos , a few chamber pieces , and some songs to polish lyrics . his keyboard style is highly individual and often technically demanding ; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity . chopin invented the concept of instrumental ballade . his major piano works also include mazurkas , waltzes , nocturnes , polonaises , etudes , impromptus , scherzos , preludes and sonatas , some published only after his death . influences on his compositional style include polish folk music , the classical tradition of j . s . bach , mozart and schubert , the music of all of whom he admired , as well as the paris salons where he was a frequent guest . his innovations in style , musical form , and harmony , and his association of music with nationalism , were influential throughout and after the late romantic period . [ sep ] nuance and sensitivity
all of chopin ' s compositions include the piano . most are for solo piano , though he also wrote two piano concertos , a few chamber pieces , and some songs to polish lyrics . his keyboard style is highly individual and often technically demanding ; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity . chopin invented the concept of instrumental ballade . his major piano works also include mazurkas , waltzes , nocturnes , polonaises , etudes , impromptus , scherzos , preludes and sonatas , some published only after his death . influences on his compositional style include polish folk music , the classical tradition of j . s . bach , mozart and schubert , the music of all of whom he admired , as well as the paris salons where he was a frequent guest . his innovations in style , musical form , and harmony , and his association of music with nationalism , were influential throughout and after the late romantic period . [ sep ] j . s . bach , mozart and schubert
in 2001 , lee was inducted into the alabama academy of honor . in the same year , chicago mayor richard m . daley initiated a reading program throughout the city ' s libraries , and chose his favorite book , to kill a mockingbird , as the first title of the one city , one book program . lee declared that " there is no greater honor the novel could receive " . by 2004 , the novel had been chosen by 25 communities for variations of the citywide reading program , more than any other novel . david kipen of the national endowment of the arts , who supervised the big read , states " people just seem to connect with it . it dredges up things in their own lives , their interactions across racial lines , legal encounters , and childhood . it ' s just this skeleton key to so many different parts of people ' s lives , and they cherish it . " [ sep ] 2001
in 2001 , lee was inducted into the alabama academy of honor . in the same year , chicago mayor richard m . daley initiated a reading program throughout the city ' s libraries , and chose his favorite book , to kill a mockingbird , as the first title of the one city , one book program . lee declared that " there is no greater honor the novel could receive " . by 2004 , the novel had been chosen by 25 communities for variations of the citywide reading program , more than any other novel . david kipen of the national endowment of the arts , who supervised the big read , states " people just seem to connect with it . it dredges up things in their own lives , their interactions across racial lines , legal encounters , and childhood . it ' s just this skeleton key to so many different parts of people ' s lives , and they cherish it . " [ sep ] 25
in 2001 , lee was inducted into the alabama academy of honor . in the same year , chicago mayor richard m . daley initiated a reading program throughout the city ' s libraries , and chose his favorite book , to kill a mockingbird , as the first title of the one city , one book program . lee declared that " there is no greater honor the novel could receive " . by 2004 , the novel had been chosen by 25 communities for variations of the citywide reading program , more than any other novel . david kipen of the national endowment of the arts , who supervised the big read , states " people just seem to connect with it . it dredges up things in their own lives , their interactions across racial lines , legal encounters , and childhood . it ' s just this skeleton key to so many different parts of people ' s lives , and they cherish it . " [ sep ] chicago
on 13 march 2015 , several members of the cast and crew , including craig , whishaw , wilson and mendes , as well as previous james bond actor , sir roger moore , appeared in a sketch written by david walliams and the dawson brothers for comic relief ' s red nose day on bbc one . in the sketch , they film a behind - the - scenes mockumentary on the filming of spectre . the first teaser trailer for spectre was released worldwide in march 2015 , followed by the theatrical trailer in july and the final trailer in october . [ sep ] march 2015
on 13 march 2015 , several members of the cast and crew , including craig , whishaw , wilson and mendes , as well as previous james bond actor , sir roger moore , appeared in a sketch written by david walliams and the dawson brothers for comic relief ' s red nose day on bbc one . in the sketch , they film a behind - the - scenes mockumentary on the filming of spectre . the first teaser trailer for spectre was released worldwide in march 2015 , followed by the theatrical trailer in july and the final trailer in october . [ sep ] comic relief ' s red nose day
on 13 march 2015 , several members of the cast and crew , including craig , whishaw , wilson and mendes , as well as previous james bond actor , sir roger moore , appeared in a sketch written by david walliams and the dawson brothers for comic relief ' s red nose day on bbc one . in the sketch , they film a behind - the - scenes mockumentary on the filming of spectre . the first teaser trailer for spectre was released worldwide in march 2015 , followed by the theatrical trailer in july and the final trailer in october . [ sep ] david walliams and the dawson brothers
west is one of the best - selling artists of all time , having sold more than 32 million albums and 100 million digital downloads worldwide . he has won a total of 21 grammy awards , making him one of the most awarded artists of all time and the most grammy - awarded artist of his age . three of his albums rank on rolling stone ' s 2012 " 500 greatest albums of all time " list ; two of his albums feature at first and eighth , respectively , in pitchfork media ' s the 100 best albums of 2010 – 2014 . he has also been included in a number of forbes annual lists . time named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2005 and 2015 . [ sep ] 32 million
west is one of the best - selling artists of all time , having sold more than 32 million albums and 100 million digital downloads worldwide . he has won a total of 21 grammy awards , making him one of the most awarded artists of all time and the most grammy - awarded artist of his age . three of his albums rank on rolling stone ' s 2012 " 500 greatest albums of all time " list ; two of his albums feature at first and eighth , respectively , in pitchfork media ' s the 100 best albums of 2010 – 2014 . he has also been included in a number of forbes annual lists . time named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2005 and 2015 . [ sep ] 100 million
west is one of the best - selling artists of all time , having sold more than 32 million albums and 100 million digital downloads worldwide . he has won a total of 21 grammy awards , making him one of the most awarded artists of all time and the most grammy - awarded artist of his age . three of his albums rank on rolling stone ' s 2012 " 500 greatest albums of all time " list ; two of his albums feature at first and eighth , respectively , in pitchfork media ' s the 100 best albums of 2010 – 2014 . he has also been included in a number of forbes annual lists . time named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2005 and 2015 . [ sep ] grammy
west is one of the best - selling artists of all time , having sold more than 32 million albums and 100 million digital downloads worldwide . he has won a total of 21 grammy awards , making him one of the most awarded artists of all time and the most grammy - awarded artist of his age . three of his albums rank on rolling stone ' s 2012 " 500 greatest albums of all time " list ; two of his albums feature at first and eighth , respectively , in pitchfork media ' s the 100 best albums of 2010 – 2014 . he has also been included in a number of forbes annual lists . time named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2005 and 2015 . [ sep ] 3
west is one of the best - selling artists of all time , having sold more than 32 million albums and 100 million digital downloads worldwide . he has won a total of 21 grammy awards , making him one of the most awarded artists of all time and the most grammy - awarded artist of his age . three of his albums rank on rolling stone ' s 2012 " 500 greatest albums of all time " list ; two of his albums feature at first and eighth , respectively , in pitchfork media ' s the 100 best albums of 2010 – 2014 . he has also been included in a number of forbes annual lists . time named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2005 and 2015 . [ sep ] time
in 2006 , lee was awarded an honorary doctorate from the university of notre dame . during the ceremony , the students and audience gave lee a standing ovation , and the entire graduating class held up copies of to kill a mockingbird to honor her . [ note 5 ] lee was awarded the presidential medal of freedom on november 5 , 2007 by president george w . bush . in his remarks , bush stated , " one reason to kill a mockingbird succeeded is the wise and kind heart of the author , which comes through on every page . . . to kill a mockingbird has influenced the character of our country for the better . it ' s been a gift to the entire world . as a model of good writing and humane sensibility , this book will be read and studied forever . " [ sep ] university of notre dame
in 2006 , lee was awarded an honorary doctorate from the university of notre dame . during the ceremony , the students and audience gave lee a standing ovation , and the entire graduating class held up copies of to kill a mockingbird to honor her . [ note 5 ] lee was awarded the presidential medal of freedom on november 5 , 2007 by president george w . bush . in his remarks , bush stated , " one reason to kill a mockingbird succeeded is the wise and kind heart of the author , which comes through on every page . . . to kill a mockingbird has influenced the character of our country for the better . it ' s been a gift to the entire world . as a model of good writing and humane sensibility , this book will be read and studied forever . " [ sep ] george w . bush
in 2006 , lee was awarded an honorary doctorate from the university of notre dame . during the ceremony , the students and audience gave lee a standing ovation , and the entire graduating class held up copies of to kill a mockingbird to honor her . [ note 5 ] lee was awarded the presidential medal of freedom on november 5 , 2007 by president george w . bush . in his remarks , bush stated , " one reason to kill a mockingbird succeeded is the wise and kind heart of the author , which comes through on every page . . . to kill a mockingbird has influenced the character of our country for the better . it ' s been a gift to the entire world . as a model of good writing and humane sensibility , this book will be read and studied forever . " [ sep ] 2007
spectre had its world premiere in london on 26 october 2015 at the royal albert hall , the same day as its general release in the united kingdom and republic of ireland . following the announcement of the start of filming , paramount pictures brought forward the release of mission : impossible – rogue nation to avoid competing with spectre . in march 2015 imax corporation announced that spectre would be screened in its cinemas , following skyfall ' s success with the company . in the uk it received a wider release than skyfall , with a minimum of 647 cinemas including 40 imax screens , compared to skyfall ' s 587 locations and 21 imax screens . [ sep ] mission : impossible – rogue nation
spectre had its world premiere in london on 26 october 2015 at the royal albert hall , the same day as its general release in the united kingdom and republic of ireland . following the announcement of the start of filming , paramount pictures brought forward the release of mission : impossible – rogue nation to avoid competing with spectre . in march 2015 imax corporation announced that spectre would be screened in its cinemas , following skyfall ' s success with the company . in the uk it received a wider release than skyfall , with a minimum of 647 cinemas including 40 imax screens , compared to skyfall ' s 587 locations and 21 imax screens . [ sep ] spectre .
the book was made into the well - received 1962 film with the same title , starring gregory peck as atticus finch . the film ' s producer , alan j . pakula , remembered universal pictures executives questioning him about a potential script : " they said , ' what story do you plan to tell for the film ? ' i said , ' have you read the book ? ' they said , ' yes . ' i said , ' that ' s the story . ' " the movie was a hit at the box office , quickly grossing more than $ 20 million from a $ 2 - million budget . it won three oscars : best actor for gregory peck , best art direction - set decoration , black - and - white , and best writing , screenplay based on material from another medium for horton foote . it was nominated for five more oscars including best actress in a supporting role for mary badham , the actress who played scout . [ sep ] 1962
the book was made into the well - received 1962 film with the same title , starring gregory peck as atticus finch . the film ' s producer , alan j . pakula , remembered universal pictures executives questioning him about a potential script : " they said , ' what story do you plan to tell for the film ? ' i said , ' have you read the book ? ' they said , ' yes . ' i said , ' that ' s the story . ' " the movie was a hit at the box office , quickly grossing more than $ 20 million from a $ 2 - million budget . it won three oscars : best actor for gregory peck , best art direction - set decoration , black - and - white , and best writing , screenplay based on material from another medium for horton foote . it was nominated for five more oscars including best actress in a supporting role for mary badham , the actress who played scout . [ sep ] gregory peck
in his native poland , in france , where he composed most of his works , and beyond , chopin ' s music , his status as one of music ' s earliest superstars , his association ( if only indirect ) with political insurrection , his love life and his early death have made him , in the public consciousness , a leading symbol of the romantic era . his works remain popular , and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy . [ sep ] france
in his native poland , in france , where he composed most of his works , and beyond , chopin ' s music , his status as one of music ' s earliest superstars , his association ( if only indirect ) with political insurrection , his love life and his early death have made him , in the public consciousness , a leading symbol of the romantic era . his works remain popular , and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy . [ sep ] political insurrection
in his native poland , in france , where he composed most of his works , and beyond , chopin ' s music , his status as one of music ' s earliest superstars , his association ( if only indirect ) with political insurrection , his love life and his early death have made him , in the public consciousness , a leading symbol of the romantic era . his works remain popular , and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy . [ sep ] romantic era
harper lee was pleased with the movie , saying : " in that film the man and the part met . . . i ' ve had many , many offers to turn it into musicals , into tv or stage plays , but i ' ve always refused . that film was a work of art . " peck met lee ' s father , the model for atticus , before the filming . lee ' s father died before the film ' s release , and lee was so impressed with peck ' s performance that she gave him her father ' s pocketwatch , which he had with him the evening he was awarded the oscar for best actor . years later , he was reluctant to tell lee that the watch was stolen out of his luggage in london heathrow airport . when peck eventually did tell lee , he said she responded , " ' well , it ' s only a watch . ' harper — she feels deeply , but she ' s not a sentimental person about things . " lee and peck shared a friendship long after the movie was made . peck ' s grandson was named " harper " in her honor . [ sep ] father ' s pocketwatch
harper lee was pleased with the movie , saying : " in that film the man and the part met . . . i ' ve had many , many offers to turn it into musicals , into tv or stage plays , but i ' ve always refused . that film was a work of art . " peck met lee ' s father , the model for atticus , before the filming . lee ' s father died before the film ' s release , and lee was so impressed with peck ' s performance that she gave him her father ' s pocketwatch , which he had with him the evening he was awarded the oscar for best actor . years later , he was reluctant to tell lee that the watch was stolen out of his luggage in london heathrow airport . when peck eventually did tell lee , he said she responded , " ' well , it ' s only a watch . ' harper — she feels deeply , but she ' s not a sentimental person about things . " lee and peck shared a friendship long after the movie was made . peck ' s grandson was named " harper " in her honor . [ sep ] grandson
in may 2005 , lee made an uncharacteristic appearance at the los angeles public library at the request of peck ' s widow veronique , who said of lee : " she ' s like a national treasure . she ' s someone who has made a difference . . . with this book . the book is still as strong as it ever was , and so is the film . all the kids in the united states read this book and see the film in the seventh and eighth grades and write papers and essays . my husband used to get thousands and thousands of letters from teachers who would send them to him . " [ sep ] may 2005
in the united kingdom , the film grossed £4 . 1 million ( $ 6 . 4 million ) from its monday preview screenings . it grossed £6 . 3 million ( $ 9 . 2 million ) on its opening day and then £5 . 7 million ( $ 8 . 8 million ) on wednesday , setting uk records for both days . in the film ' s first seven days it grossed £41 . 7 million ( $ 63 . 8 million ) , breaking the uk record for highest first - week opening , set by harry potter and the prisoner of azkaban ' s £23 . 88 million ( $ 36 . 9 million ) in 2004 . its friday – saturday gross was £20 . 4 million ( $ 31 . 2 million ) compared to skyfall ' s £20 . 1 million ( $ 31 million ) . the film also broke the record for the best per - screen opening average with $ 110 , 000 , a record previously held by the dark knight with $ 100 , 200 . it has grossed a total of $ 136 . 3 million there . in the u . k . , it surpassed avatar to become the country ' s highest - grossing imax release ever with $ 10 . 09 million . [ sep ] $ 9 . 2 million
in the united kingdom , the film grossed £4 . 1 million ( $ 6 . 4 million ) from its monday preview screenings . it grossed £6 . 3 million ( $ 9 . 2 million ) on its opening day and then £5 . 7 million ( $ 8 . 8 million ) on wednesday , setting uk records for both days . in the film ' s first seven days it grossed £41 . 7 million ( $ 63 . 8 million ) , breaking the uk record for highest first - week opening , set by harry potter and the prisoner of azkaban ' s £23 . 88 million ( $ 36 . 9 million ) in 2004 . its friday – saturday gross was £20 . 4 million ( $ 31 . 2 million ) compared to skyfall ' s £20 . 1 million ( $ 31 million ) . the film also broke the record for the best per - screen opening average with $ 110 , 000 , a record previously held by the dark knight with $ 100 , 200 . it has grossed a total of $ 136 . 3 million there . in the u . k . , it surpassed avatar to become the country ' s highest - grossing imax release ever with $ 10 . 09 million . [ sep ] harry potter and the prisoner of azkaban
in the united kingdom , the film grossed £4 . 1 million ( $ 6 . 4 million ) from its monday preview screenings . it grossed £6 . 3 million ( $ 9 . 2 million ) on its opening day and then £5 . 7 million ( $ 8 . 8 million ) on wednesday , setting uk records for both days . in the film ' s first seven days it grossed £41 . 7 million ( $ 63 . 8 million ) , breaking the uk record for highest first - week opening , set by harry potter and the prisoner of azkaban ' s £23 . 88 million ( $ 36 . 9 million ) in 2004 . its friday – saturday gross was £20 . 4 million ( $ 31 . 2 million ) compared to skyfall ' s £20 . 1 million ( $ 31 million ) . the film also broke the record for the best per - screen opening average with $ 110 , 000 , a record previously held by the dark knight with $ 100 , 200 . it has grossed a total of $ 136 . 3 million there . in the u . k . , it surpassed avatar to become the country ' s highest - grossing imax release ever with $ 10 . 09 million . [ sep ] avatar
in the united kingdom , the film grossed £4 . 1 million ( $ 6 . 4 million ) from its monday preview screenings . it grossed £6 . 3 million ( $ 9 . 2 million ) on its opening day and then £5 . 7 million ( $ 8 . 8 million ) on wednesday , setting uk records for both days . in the film ' s first seven days it grossed £41 . 7 million ( $ 63 . 8 million ) , breaking the uk record for highest first - week opening , set by harry potter and the prisoner of azkaban ' s £23 . 88 million ( $ 36 . 9 million ) in 2004 . its friday – saturday gross was £20 . 4 million ( $ 31 . 2 million ) compared to skyfall ' s £20 . 1 million ( $ 31 million ) . the film also broke the record for the best per - screen opening average with $ 110 , 000 , a record previously held by the dark knight with $ 100 , 200 . it has grossed a total of $ 136 . 3 million there . in the u . k . , it surpassed avatar to become the country ' s highest - grossing imax release ever with $ 10 . 09 million . [ sep ] the dark knight
the book has also been adapted as a play by christopher sergel . it debuted in 1990 in monroeville , a town that labels itself " the literary capital of alabama " . the play runs every may on the county courthouse grounds and townspeople make up the cast . white male audience members are chosen at the intermission to make up the jury . during the courtroom scene the production moves into the monroe county courthouse and the audience is racially segregated . author albert murray said of the relationship of the town to the novel ( and the annual performance ) : " it becomes part of the town ritual , like the religious underpinning of mardi gras . with the whole town crowded around the actual courthouse , it ' s part of a central , civic education — what monroeville aspires to be . " [ sep ] christopher sergel
the book has also been adapted as a play by christopher sergel . it debuted in 1990 in monroeville , a town that labels itself " the literary capital of alabama " . the play runs every may on the county courthouse grounds and townspeople make up the cast . white male audience members are chosen at the intermission to make up the jury . during the courtroom scene the production moves into the monroe county courthouse and the audience is racially segregated . author albert murray said of the relationship of the town to the novel ( and the annual performance ) : " it becomes part of the town ritual , like the religious underpinning of mardi gras . with the whole town crowded around the actual courthouse , it ' s part of a central , civic education — what monroeville aspires to be . " [ sep ] 1990
fryderyk chopin was born in zelazowa wola , 46 kilometres ( 29 miles ) west of warsaw , in what was then the duchy of warsaw , a polish state established by napoleon . the parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 february 1810 , and cites his given names in the latin form fridericus franciscus ( in polish , he was fryderyk franciszek ) . however , the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 march , [ n 2 ] which is now generally accepted as the correct date . [ sep ] napoleon
fryderyk chopin was born in zelazowa wola , 46 kilometres ( 29 miles ) west of warsaw , in what was then the duchy of warsaw , a polish state established by napoleon . the parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 february 1810 , and cites his given names in the latin form fridericus franciscus ( in polish , he was fryderyk franciszek ) . however , the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 march , [ n 2 ] which is now generally accepted as the correct date . [ sep ] 22 february 1810
fryderyk chopin was born in zelazowa wola , 46 kilometres ( 29 miles ) west of warsaw , in what was then the duchy of warsaw , a polish state established by napoleon . the parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 february 1810 , and cites his given names in the latin form fridericus franciscus ( in polish , he was fryderyk franciszek ) . however , the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 march , [ n 2 ] which is now generally accepted as the correct date . [ sep ] 1 march
fryderyk chopin was born in zelazowa wola , 46 kilometres ( 29 miles ) west of warsaw , in what was then the duchy of warsaw , a polish state established by napoleon . the parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 february 1810 , and cites his given names in the latin form fridericus franciscus ( in polish , he was fryderyk franciszek ) . however , the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 march , [ n 2 ] which is now generally accepted as the correct date . [ sep ] fridericus franciscus
sergel ' s play toured in the uk starting at west yorkshire playhouse in leeds in 2006 , and again in 2011 starting at the york theatre royal , both productions featuring duncan preston as atticus finch . the play also opened the 2013 season at regent ' s park open air theatre in london where it played to full houses and starred robert sean leonard as atticus finch , his first london appearance in 22 years . the production is returning to the venue to close the 2014 season , prior to a uk tour . [ sep ] the uk
sergel ' s play toured in the uk starting at west yorkshire playhouse in leeds in 2006 , and again in 2011 starting at the york theatre royal , both productions featuring duncan preston as atticus finch . the play also opened the 2013 season at regent ' s park open air theatre in london where it played to full houses and starred robert sean leonard as atticus finch , his first london appearance in 22 years . the production is returning to the venue to close the 2014 season , prior to a uk tour . [ sep ] regent ' s park open air theatre
spectre opened in germany with $ 22 . 45 million ( including previews ) , which included a new record for the biggest saturday of all time , australia with $ 8 . 7 million ( including previews ) and south korea opened to $ 8 . 2 million ( including previews ) . despite the 13 november paris attacks , which led to numerous theaters being closed down , the film opened with $ 14 . 6 million ( including $ 2 million in previews ) in france . in mexico , where part of the film was shot , it debuted with more than double that of skyfall with $ 4 . 5 million . it also bested its predecessor ' s opening in various nordic regions where mgm is distributing , such as in finland ( $ 2 . 66 million ) and norway ( $ 2 . 91 million ) , and in other markets like denmark ( $ 4 . 2 million ) , the netherlands ( $ 3 . 38 million ) , and sweden ( $ 3 . 1 million ) . in india , it opened at no . 1 with $ 4 . 8 million which is 4 % above the opening of skyfall . it topped the german - speaking switzerland box office for four weeks and in the netherlands , it has held the no . 1 spot for seven weeks straight where it has topped minions to become the top movie of the year . the top earning markets are germany ( $ 70 . 3 million ) and france ( $ 38 . 8 million ) . in paris , it has the second highest ticket sales of all time with $ 4 . 1 million tickets sold only behind spider - man 3 which sold over $ 6 . 32 million tickets in 2007 . [ sep ] spider - man 3
spectre opened in germany with $ 22 . 45 million ( including previews ) , which included a new record for the biggest saturday of all time , australia with $ 8 . 7 million ( including previews ) and south korea opened to $ 8 . 2 million ( including previews ) . despite the 13 november paris attacks , which led to numerous theaters being closed down , the film opened with $ 14 . 6 million ( including $ 2 million in previews ) in france . in mexico , where part of the film was shot , it debuted with more than double that of skyfall with $ 4 . 5 million . it also bested its predecessor ' s opening in various nordic regions where mgm is distributing , such as in finland ( $ 2 . 66 million ) and norway ( $ 2 . 91 million ) , and in other markets like denmark ( $ 4 . 2 million ) , the netherlands ( $ 3 . 38 million ) , and sweden ( $ 3 . 1 million ) . in india , it opened at no . 1 with $ 4 . 8 million which is 4 % above the opening of skyfall . it topped the german - speaking switzerland box office for four weeks and in the netherlands , it has held the no . 1 spot for seven weeks straight where it has topped minions to become the top movie of the year . the top earning markets are germany ( $ 70 . 3 million ) and france ( $ 38 . 8 million ) . in paris , it has the second highest ticket sales of all time with $ 4 . 1 million tickets sold only behind spider - man 3 which sold over $ 6 . 32 million tickets in 2007 . [ sep ] minions
fryderyk ' s father , nicolas chopin , was a frenchman from lorraine who had emigrated to poland in 1787 at the age of sixteen . nicolas tutored children of the polish aristocracy , and in 1806 married justyna krzyzanowska , a poor relative of the skarbeks , one of the families for whom he worked . fryderyk was baptized on easter sunday , 23 april 1810 , in the same church where his parents had married , in brochow . his eighteen - year - old godfather , for whom he was named , was fryderyk skarbek , a pupil of nicolas chopin . fryderyk was the couple ' s second child and only son ; he had an elder sister , ludwika ( 1807 – 55 ) , and two younger sisters , izabela ( 1811 – 81 ) and emilia ( 1812 – 27 ) . nicolas was devoted to his adopted homeland , and insisted on the use of the polish language in the household . [ sep ] nicolas
fryderyk ' s father , nicolas chopin , was a frenchman from lorraine who had emigrated to poland in 1787 at the age of sixteen . nicolas tutored children of the polish aristocracy , and in 1806 married justyna krzyzanowska , a poor relative of the skarbeks , one of the families for whom he worked . fryderyk was baptized on easter sunday , 23 april 1810 , in the same church where his parents had married , in brochow . his eighteen - year - old godfather , for whom he was named , was fryderyk skarbek , a pupil of nicolas chopin . fryderyk was the couple ' s second child and only son ; he had an elder sister , ludwika ( 1807 – 55 ) , and two younger sisters , izabela ( 1811 – 81 ) and emilia ( 1812 – 27 ) . nicolas was devoted to his adopted homeland , and insisted on the use of the polish language in the household . [ sep ] lorraine
fryderyk ' s father , nicolas chopin , was a frenchman from lorraine who had emigrated to poland in 1787 at the age of sixteen . nicolas tutored children of the polish aristocracy , and in 1806 married justyna krzyzanowska , a poor relative of the skarbeks , one of the families for whom he worked . fryderyk was baptized on easter sunday , 23 april 1810 , in the same church where his parents had married , in brochow . his eighteen - year - old godfather , for whom he was named , was fryderyk skarbek , a pupil of nicolas chopin . fryderyk was the couple ' s second child and only son ; he had an elder sister , ludwika ( 1807 – 55 ) , and two younger sisters , izabela ( 1811 – 81 ) and emilia ( 1812 – 27 ) . nicolas was devoted to his adopted homeland , and insisted on the use of the polish language in the household . [ sep ] justyna krzyzanowska
fryderyk ' s father , nicolas chopin , was a frenchman from lorraine who had emigrated to poland in 1787 at the age of sixteen . nicolas tutored children of the polish aristocracy , and in 1806 married justyna krzyzanowska , a poor relative of the skarbeks , one of the families for whom he worked . fryderyk was baptized on easter sunday , 23 april 1810 , in the same church where his parents had married , in brochow . his eighteen - year - old godfather , for whom he was named , was fryderyk skarbek , a pupil of nicolas chopin . fryderyk was the couple ' s second child and only son ; he had an elder sister , ludwika ( 1807 – 55 ) , and two younger sisters , izabela ( 1811 – 81 ) and emilia ( 1812 – 27 ) . nicolas was devoted to his adopted homeland , and insisted on the use of the polish language in the household . [ sep ] fryderyk skarbek
fryderyk ' s father , nicolas chopin , was a frenchman from lorraine who had emigrated to poland in 1787 at the age of sixteen . nicolas tutored children of the polish aristocracy , and in 1806 married justyna krzyzanowska , a poor relative of the skarbeks , one of the families for whom he worked . fryderyk was baptized on easter sunday , 23 april 1810 , in the same church where his parents had married , in brochow . his eighteen - year - old godfather , for whom he was named , was fryderyk skarbek , a pupil of nicolas chopin . fryderyk was the couple ' s second child and only son ; he had an elder sister , ludwika ( 1807 – 55 ) , and two younger sisters , izabela ( 1811 – 81 ) and emilia ( 1812 – 27 ) . nicolas was devoted to his adopted homeland , and insisted on the use of the polish language in the household . [ sep ] ludwika
an earlier draft of to kill a mockingbird , titled go set a watchman , was controversially released on july 14 , 2015 . this draft , which was completed in 1957 , is set 20 years after the time period depicted in to kill a mockingbird but is not a continuation of the narrative . this earlier version of the story follows an adult scout finch who travels from new york to visit her father , atticus finch , in maycomb , alabama , where she is confronted by the intolerance in her community . the watchman manuscript was believed to have been lost until lee ' s lawyer tonja carter discovered it ; although this claim has been widely disputed . watchman contains early versions of many of the characters from to kill a mockingbird . according to lee ' s agent andrew nurnberg , mockingbird was originally intended to be the first book of a trilogy : " they discussed publishing mockingbird first , watchman last , and a shorter connecting novel between the two . " this assertion has been discredited however by the rare books expert james s . jaffe , who reviewed the pages at the request of lee ' s attorney and found them to be only another draft of " to kill a mockingbird " . the statement was also contrary to jonathan mahler ' s description of how " watchman " was seen as just the first draft of " mockingbird " . instances where many passages overlap between the two books , in some case word for word , also refutes this assertion . [ sep ] july 14 , 2015
an earlier draft of to kill a mockingbird , titled go set a watchman , was controversially released on july 14 , 2015 . this draft , which was completed in 1957 , is set 20 years after the time period depicted in to kill a mockingbird but is not a continuation of the narrative . this earlier version of the story follows an adult scout finch who travels from new york to visit her father , atticus finch , in maycomb , alabama , where she is confronted by the intolerance in her community . the watchman manuscript was believed to have been lost until lee ' s lawyer tonja carter discovered it ; although this claim has been widely disputed . watchman contains early versions of many of the characters from to kill a mockingbird . according to lee ' s agent andrew nurnberg , mockingbird was originally intended to be the first book of a trilogy : " they discussed publishing mockingbird first , watchman last , and a shorter connecting novel between the two . " this assertion has been discredited however by the rare books expert james s . jaffe , who reviewed the pages at the request of lee ' s attorney and found them to be only another draft of " to kill a mockingbird " . the statement was also contrary to jonathan mahler ' s description of how " watchman " was seen as just the first draft of " mockingbird " . instances where many passages overlap between the two books , in some case word for word , also refutes this assertion . [ sep ] 1957
an earlier draft of to kill a mockingbird , titled go set a watchman , was controversially released on july 14 , 2015 . this draft , which was completed in 1957 , is set 20 years after the time period depicted in to kill a mockingbird but is not a continuation of the narrative . this earlier version of the story follows an adult scout finch who travels from new york to visit her father , atticus finch , in maycomb , alabama , where she is confronted by the intolerance in her community . the watchman manuscript was believed to have been lost until lee ' s lawyer tonja carter discovered it ; although this claim has been widely disputed . watchman contains early versions of many of the characters from to kill a mockingbird . according to lee ' s agent andrew nurnberg , mockingbird was originally intended to be the first book of a trilogy : " they discussed publishing mockingbird first , watchman last , and a shorter connecting novel between the two . " this assertion has been discredited however by the rare books expert james s . jaffe , who reviewed the pages at the request of lee ' s attorney and found them to be only another draft of " to kill a mockingbird " . the statement was also contrary to jonathan mahler ' s description of how " watchman " was seen as just the first draft of " mockingbird " . instances where many passages overlap between the two books , in some case word for word , also refutes this assertion . [ sep ] 20
an earlier draft of to kill a mockingbird , titled go set a watchman , was controversially released on july 14 , 2015 . this draft , which was completed in 1957 , is set 20 years after the time period depicted in to kill a mockingbird but is not a continuation of the narrative . this earlier version of the story follows an adult scout finch who travels from new york to visit her father , atticus finch , in maycomb , alabama , where she is confronted by the intolerance in her community . the watchman manuscript was believed to have been lost until lee ' s lawyer tonja carter discovered it ; although this claim has been widely disputed . watchman contains early versions of many of the characters from to kill a mockingbird . according to lee ' s agent andrew nurnberg , mockingbird was originally intended to be the first book of a trilogy : " they discussed publishing mockingbird first , watchman last , and a shorter connecting novel between the two . " this assertion has been discredited however by the rare books expert james s . jaffe , who reviewed the pages at the request of lee ' s attorney and found them to be only another draft of " to kill a mockingbird " . the statement was also contrary to jonathan mahler ' s description of how " watchman " was seen as just the first draft of " mockingbird " . instances where many passages overlap between the two books , in some case word for word , also refutes this assertion . [ sep ] tonja carter
in the united states and canada , the film opened on 6 november 2015 , and in its opening weekend , was originally projected to gross $ 70 – 75 million from 3 , 927 screens , the widest release for a bond film . however , after grossing $ 5 . 25 million from its early thursday night showings and $ 28 million on its opening day , weekend projections were increased to $ 75 – 80 million . the film ended up grossing $ 70 . 4 million in its opening weekend ( about $ 20 million less than skyfall ' s $ 90 . 6 million debut , including imax previews ) , but nevertheless finished first at the box office . imax generated $ 9 . 1 million for spectre at 374 screens , premium large format made $ 8 million from 429 cinemas , reaping 11 % of the film ' s opening , which means that spectre earned $ 17 . 1 million ( 23 % ) of its opening weekend total in large - format venues . cinemark xd generated $ 1 . 85 million in 112 xd locations . [ sep ] skyfall
in the united states and canada , the film opened on 6 november 2015 , and in its opening weekend , was originally projected to gross $ 70 – 75 million from 3 , 927 screens , the widest release for a bond film . however , after grossing $ 5 . 25 million from its early thursday night showings and $ 28 million on its opening day , weekend projections were increased to $ 75 – 80 million . the film ended up grossing $ 70 . 4 million in its opening weekend ( about $ 20 million less than skyfall ' s $ 90 . 6 million debut , including imax previews ) , but nevertheless finished first at the box office . imax generated $ 9 . 1 million for spectre at 374 screens , premium large format made $ 8 million from 429 cinemas , reaping 11 % of the film ' s opening , which means that spectre earned $ 17 . 1 million ( 23 % ) of its opening weekend total in large - format venues . cinemark xd generated $ 1 . 85 million in 112 xd locations . [ sep ] 374
in the united states and canada , the film opened on 6 november 2015 , and in its opening weekend , was originally projected to gross $ 70 – 75 million from 3 , 927 screens , the widest release for a bond film . however , after grossing $ 5 . 25 million from its early thursday night showings and $ 28 million on its opening day , weekend projections were increased to $ 75 – 80 million . the film ended up grossing $ 70 . 4 million in its opening weekend ( about $ 20 million less than skyfall ' s $ 90 . 6 million debut , including imax previews ) , but nevertheless finished first at the box office . imax generated $ 9 . 1 million for spectre at 374 screens , premium large format made $ 8 million from 429 cinemas , reaping 11 % of the film ' s opening , which means that spectre earned $ 17 . 1 million ( 23 % ) of its opening weekend total in large - format venues . cinemark xd generated $ 1 . 85 million in 112 xd locations . [ sep ] thursday
new york — often called new york city or the city of new york to distinguish it from the state of new york , of which it is a part — is the most populous city in the united states and the center of the new york metropolitan area , the premier gateway for legal immigration to the united states and one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world . a global power city , new york exerts a significant impact upon commerce , finance , media , art , fashion , research , technology , education , and entertainment , its fast pace defining the term new york minute . home to the headquarters of the united nations , new york is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural and financial capital of the world . [ sep ] new york city
new york — often called new york city or the city of new york to distinguish it from the state of new york , of which it is a part — is the most populous city in the united states and the center of the new york metropolitan area , the premier gateway for legal immigration to the united states and one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world . a global power city , new york exerts a significant impact upon commerce , finance , media , art , fashion , research , technology , education , and entertainment , its fast pace defining the term new york minute . home to the headquarters of the united nations , new york is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural and financial capital of the world . [ sep ] new york city
in china , it opened on 12 november and earned $ 15 million on its opening day , which is the second biggest 2d single day gross for a hollywood film behind the $ 18 . 5 million opening day of mission : impossible – rogue nation and occupying 43 % of all available screens which included $ 790 , 000 in advance night screenings . through its opening weekend , it earned $ 48 . 1 million from 14 , 700 screens which is 198 % ahead of skyfall , a new record for a hollywood 2d opening . imax contributed $ 4 . 6 million on 246 screens , also a new record for a three - day opening for a november release ( breaking interstellar ' s record ) . in its second weekend , it added $ 12 . 1 million falling precipitously by 75 % which is the second worst second weekend drop for any major hollywood release in china of 2015 . it grossed a total of $ 84 . 7 million there after four weekends . albeit a strong opening it failed to attain the $ 100 million mark as projected . [ sep ] mission : impossible – rogue nation
in china , it opened on 12 november and earned $ 15 million on its opening day , which is the second biggest 2d single day gross for a hollywood film behind the $ 18 . 5 million opening day of mission : impossible – rogue nation and occupying 43 % of all available screens which included $ 790 , 000 in advance night screenings . through its opening weekend , it earned $ 48 . 1 million from 14 , 700 screens which is 198 % ahead of skyfall , a new record for a hollywood 2d opening . imax contributed $ 4 . 6 million on 246 screens , also a new record for a three - day opening for a november release ( breaking interstellar ' s record ) . in its second weekend , it added $ 12 . 1 million falling precipitously by 75 % which is the second worst second weekend drop for any major hollywood release in china of 2015 . it grossed a total of $ 84 . 7 million there after four weekends . albeit a strong opening it failed to attain the $ 100 million mark as projected . [ sep ] $ 84 . 7 million
spectre has received mixed reviews , with many reviewers either giving the film highly positive or highly negative feedback . many critics praised the film ' s opening scene , action sequences , stuntwork , cinematography and performances from the cast . in some early reviews , the film received favourable comparisons with its predecessor , skyfall . rotten tomatoes sampled 274 reviews and judged 64 % of the critiques to be positive , saying that the film " nudges daniel craig ' s rebooted bond closer to the glorious , action - driven spectacle of earlier entries , although it ' s admittedly reliant on established 007 formula . " on metacritic , the film has a rating of 60 out of 100 , based on 48 critics , indicating " mixed or average reviews " . audiences polled by cinemascore gave the film an average grade of " a− " on an a + to f scale . [ sep ] 64
spectre has received mixed reviews , with many reviewers either giving the film highly positive or highly negative feedback . many critics praised the film ' s opening scene , action sequences , stuntwork , cinematography and performances from the cast . in some early reviews , the film received favourable comparisons with its predecessor , skyfall . rotten tomatoes sampled 274 reviews and judged 64 % of the critiques to be positive , saying that the film " nudges daniel craig ' s rebooted bond closer to the glorious , action - driven spectacle of earlier entries , although it ' s admittedly reliant on established 007 formula . " on metacritic , the film has a rating of 60 out of 100 , based on 48 critics , indicating " mixed or average reviews " . audiences polled by cinemascore gave the film an average grade of " a− " on an a + to f scale . [ sep ] 60 out of 100
in october 1810 , six months after fryderyk ' s birth , the family moved to warsaw , where his father acquired a post teaching french at the warsaw lyceum , then housed in the saxon palace . fryderyk lived with his family in the palace grounds . the father played the flute and violin ; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the chopins kept . chopin was of slight build , and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses . [ sep ] october 1810
in october 1810 , six months after fryderyk ' s birth , the family moved to warsaw , where his father acquired a post teaching french at the warsaw lyceum , then housed in the saxon palace . fryderyk lived with his family in the palace grounds . the father played the flute and violin ; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the chopins kept . chopin was of slight build , and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses . [ sep ] warsaw lyceum
in october 1810 , six months after fryderyk ' s birth , the family moved to warsaw , where his father acquired a post teaching french at the warsaw lyceum , then housed in the saxon palace . fryderyk lived with his family in the palace grounds . the father played the flute and violin ; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the chopins kept . chopin was of slight build , and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses . [ sep ] flute and violin
in october 1810 , six months after fryderyk ' s birth , the family moved to warsaw , where his father acquired a post teaching french at the warsaw lyceum , then housed in the saxon palace . fryderyk lived with his family in the palace grounds . the father played the flute and violin ; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the chopins kept . chopin was of slight build , and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses . [ sep ] piano
prior to its uk release , spectre mostly received positive reviews . mark kermode , writing in the guardian , gave the film four out of five stars , observing that the film did not live up to the standard set by skyfall , but was able to tap into audience expectations . writing in the same publication , peter bradshaw gave the film a full five stars , calling it " inventive , intelligent and complex " , and singling out craig ' s performance as the film ' s highlight . in another five star review , the daily telegraph ' s robbie collin described spectre as " a swaggering show of confidence ' " , lauding it as " a feat of pure cinematic necromancy . " in an otherwise positive , but overall less enthusiastic review , ign ' s chris tilly considered spectre " solid if unspectacular " , and gave the film a 7 . 2 score ( out of a possible 10 ) , saying that " the film falls frustratingly short of greatness . " [ sep ] four out of five
kanye omari west was born on june 8 , 1977 in atlanta , georgia . his parents divorced when he was three and he and his mother moved to chicago , illinois . his father , ray west , is a former black panther and was one of the first black photojournalists at the atlanta journal - constitution . ray west was later a christian counselor , and in 2006 , opened the good water store and cafe in lexington park , maryland with startup capital from his son . west ' s mother , dr . donda c . ( williams ) west , was a professor of english at clark atlanta university , and the chair of the english department at chicago state university before retiring to serve as his manager . west was raised in a middle - class background , attending polaris high school in suburban oak lawn , illinois after living in chicago . [ sep ] english
at the age of 10 , west moved with his mother to nanjing , china , where she was teaching at nanjing university as part of an exchange program . according to his mother , west was the only foreigner in his class , but settled in well and quickly picked up the language , although he has since forgotten most of it . when asked about his grades in high school , west replied , " i got a ' s and b ' s . and i ' m not even frontin ' . " [ sep ] nanjing , china
at the age of 10 , west moved with his mother to nanjing , china , where she was teaching at nanjing university as part of an exchange program . according to his mother , west was the only foreigner in his class , but settled in well and quickly picked up the language , although he has since forgotten most of it . when asked about his grades in high school , west replied , " i got a ' s and b ' s . and i ' m not even frontin ' . " [ sep ] foreigner
at the age of 10 , west moved with his mother to nanjing , china , where she was teaching at nanjing university as part of an exchange program . according to his mother , west was the only foreigner in his class , but settled in well and quickly picked up the language , although he has since forgotten most of it . when asked about his grades in high school , west replied , " i got a ' s and b ' s . and i ' m not even frontin ' . " [ sep ] a ' s and b ' s
west demonstrated an affinity for the arts at an early age ; he began writing poetry when he was five years old . his mother recalled that she first took notice of west ' s passion for drawing and music when he was in the third grade . growing up in the city , [ which ? ] west became deeply involved in its hip hop scene . he started rapping in the third grade and began making musical compositions in the seventh grade , eventually selling them to other artists . at age thirteen , west wrote a rap song called " green eggs and ham " and began to persuade his mother to pay $ 25 an hour for time in a recording studio . it was a small , crude basement studio where a microphone hung from the ceiling by a wire clothes hanger . although this wasn ' t what west ' s mother wanted , she nonetheless supported him . west crossed paths with producer / dj no i . d . , with whom he quickly formed a close friendship . no i . d . soon became west ' s mentor , and it was from him that west learned how to sample and program beats after he received his first sampler at age 15 . [ sep ] poetry
west demonstrated an affinity for the arts at an early age ; he began writing poetry when he was five years old . his mother recalled that she first took notice of west ' s passion for drawing and music when he was in the third grade . growing up in the city , [ which ? ] west became deeply involved in its hip hop scene . he started rapping in the third grade and began making musical compositions in the seventh grade , eventually selling them to other artists . at age thirteen , west wrote a rap song called " green eggs and ham " and began to persuade his mother to pay $ 25 an hour for time in a recording studio . it was a small , crude basement studio where a microphone hung from the ceiling by a wire clothes hanger . although this wasn ' t what west ' s mother wanted , she nonetheless supported him . west crossed paths with producer / dj no i . d . , with whom he quickly formed a close friendship . no i . d . soon became west ' s mentor , and it was from him that west learned how to sample and program beats after he received his first sampler at age 15 . [ sep ] " green eggs and ham "
west demonstrated an affinity for the arts at an early age ; he began writing poetry when he was five years old . his mother recalled that she first took notice of west ' s passion for drawing and music when he was in the third grade . growing up in the city , [ which ? ] west became deeply involved in its hip hop scene . he started rapping in the third grade and began making musical compositions in the seventh grade , eventually selling them to other artists . at age thirteen , west wrote a rap song called " green eggs and ham " and began to persuade his mother to pay $ 25 an hour for time in a recording studio . it was a small , crude basement studio where a microphone hung from the ceiling by a wire clothes hanger . although this wasn ' t what west ' s mother wanted , she nonetheless supported him . west crossed paths with producer / dj no i . d . , with whom he quickly formed a close friendship . no i . d . soon became west ' s mentor , and it was from him that west learned how to sample and program beats after he received his first sampler at age 15 . [ sep ] dj no i . d .
after graduating from high school , west received a scholarship to attend chicago ' s american academy of art in 1997 and began taking painting classes , but shortly after transferred to chicago state university to study english . he soon realized that his busy class schedule was detrimental to his musical work , and at 20 he dropped out of college to pursue his musical dreams . this action greatly displeased his mother , who was also a professor at the university . she later commented , " it was drummed into my head that college is the ticket to a good life . . . but some career goals don ' t require college . for kanye to make an album called college dropout it was more about having the guts to embrace who you are , rather than following the path society has carved out for you . " [ sep ] american academy of art
after graduating from high school , west received a scholarship to attend chicago ' s american academy of art in 1997 and began taking painting classes , but shortly after transferred to chicago state university to study english . he soon realized that his busy class schedule was detrimental to his musical work , and at 20 he dropped out of college to pursue his musical dreams . this action greatly displeased his mother , who was also a professor at the university . she later commented , " it was drummed into my head that college is the ticket to a good life . . . but some career goals don ' t require college . for kanye to make an album called college dropout it was more about having the guts to embrace who you are , rather than following the path society has carved out for you . " [ sep ] 20
kanye west began his early production career in the mid - 1990s , making beats primarily for burgeoning local artists , eventually developing a style that involved speeding up vocal samples from classic soul records . his first official production credits came at the age of nineteen when he produced eight tracks on down to earth , the 1996 debut album of a chicago rapper named grav . for a time , west acted as a ghost producer for deric " d - dot " angelettie . because of his association with d - dot , west wasn ' t able to release a solo album , so he formed and became a member and producer of the go - getters , a late - 1990s chicago rap group composed of him , glc , timmy g , really doe , and arrowstar . his group was managed by john " monopoly " johnson , don crowley , and happy lewis under the management firm hustle period . after attending a series of promotional photo shoots and making some radio appearances , the go - getters released their first and only studio album world record holders in 1999 . the album featured other chicago - based rappers such as rhymefest , mikkey halsted , miss criss , and shayla g . meanwhile , the production was handled by west , arrowstar , boogz , and brian " all day " miller . [ sep ] local artists
kanye west began his early production career in the mid - 1990s , making beats primarily for burgeoning local artists , eventually developing a style that involved speeding up vocal samples from classic soul records . his first official production credits came at the age of nineteen when he produced eight tracks on down to earth , the 1996 debut album of a chicago rapper named grav . for a time , west acted as a ghost producer for deric " d - dot " angelettie . because of his association with d - dot , west wasn ' t able to release a solo album , so he formed and became a member and producer of the go - getters , a late - 1990s chicago rap group composed of him , glc , timmy g , really doe , and arrowstar . his group was managed by john " monopoly " johnson , don crowley , and happy lewis under the management firm hustle period . after attending a series of promotional photo shoots and making some radio appearances , the go - getters released their first and only studio album world record holders in 1999 . the album featured other chicago - based rappers such as rhymefest , mikkey halsted , miss criss , and shayla g . meanwhile , the production was handled by west , arrowstar , boogz , and brian " all day " miller . [ sep ] classic soul records
kanye west began his early production career in the mid - 1990s , making beats primarily for burgeoning local artists , eventually developing a style that involved speeding up vocal samples from classic soul records . his first official production credits came at the age of nineteen when he produced eight tracks on down to earth , the 1996 debut album of a chicago rapper named grav . for a time , west acted as a ghost producer for deric " d - dot " angelettie . because of his association with d - dot , west wasn ' t able to release a solo album , so he formed and became a member and producer of the go - getters , a late - 1990s chicago rap group composed of him , glc , timmy g , really doe , and arrowstar . his group was managed by john " monopoly " johnson , don crowley , and happy lewis under the management firm hustle period . after attending a series of promotional photo shoots and making some radio appearances , the go - getters released their first and only studio album world record holders in 1999 . the album featured other chicago - based rappers such as rhymefest , mikkey halsted , miss criss , and shayla g . meanwhile , the production was handled by west , arrowstar , boogz , and brian " all day " miller . [ sep ] go - getters
christopher orr , writing in the atlantic , also criticised the film , saying that spectre " backslides on virtually every [ aspect ] " . lawrence toppman of the charlotte observer called craig ' s performance " bored , james bored . " alyssa rosenberg , writing for the washington post , stated that the film turned into " a disappointingly conventional bond film . " [ sep ] bored , james bored
fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother , but his first professional music tutor , from 1816 to 1821 , was the czech pianist wojciech zywny . his elder sister ludwika also took lessons from zywny , and occasionally played duets with her brother . it quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy . by the age of seven fryderyk had begun giving public concerts , and in 1817 he composed two polonaises , in g minor and b - flat major . his next work , a polonaise in a - flat major of 1821 , dedicated to zywny , is his earliest surviving musical manuscript . [ sep ] wojciech zywny
fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother , but his first professional music tutor , from 1816 to 1821 , was the czech pianist wojciech zywny . his elder sister ludwika also took lessons from zywny , and occasionally played duets with her brother . it quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy . by the age of seven fryderyk had begun giving public concerts , and in 1817 he composed two polonaises , in g minor and b - flat major . his next work , a polonaise in a - flat major of 1821 , dedicated to zywny , is his earliest surviving musical manuscript . [ sep ] ludwika
fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother , but his first professional music tutor , from 1816 to 1821 , was the czech pianist wojciech zywny . his elder sister ludwika also took lessons from zywny , and occasionally played duets with her brother . it quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy . by the age of seven fryderyk had begun giving public concerts , and in 1817 he composed two polonaises , in g minor and b - flat major . his next work , a polonaise in a - flat major of 1821 , dedicated to zywny , is his earliest surviving musical manuscript . [ sep ] 7
fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother , but his first professional music tutor , from 1816 to 1821 , was the czech pianist wojciech zywny . his elder sister ludwika also took lessons from zywny , and occasionally played duets with her brother . it quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy . by the age of seven fryderyk had begun giving public concerts , and in 1817 he composed two polonaises , in g minor and b - flat major . his next work , a polonaise in a - flat major of 1821 , dedicated to zywny , is his earliest surviving musical manuscript . [ sep ] 1817
fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother , but his first professional music tutor , from 1816 to 1821 , was the czech pianist wojciech zywny . his elder sister ludwika also took lessons from zywny , and occasionally played duets with her brother . it quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy . by the age of seven fryderyk had begun giving public concerts , and in 1817 he composed two polonaises , in g minor and b - flat major . his next work , a polonaise in a - flat major of 1821 , dedicated to zywny , is his earliest surviving musical manuscript . [ sep ] 1816 to 1821
in india , it was reported that the indian central board of film certification ( cbfc ) censored kissing scenes featuring monica bellucci , daniel craig , and lea seydoux . they also muted all profanity . this prompted criticism of the board online , especially on twitter . [ sep ] twitter .
west spent much of the late - 1990s producing records for a number of well - known artists and music groups . the third song on foxy brown ' s second studio album chyna doll was produced by west . her second effort subsequently became the very first hip - hop album by a female rapper to debut at the top of the u . s . billboard 200 chart in its first week of release . west produced three of the tracks on harlem world ' s first and only album the movement alongside jermaine dupri and the production duo trackmasters . his songs featured rappers nas , drag - on , and r & b singer carl thomas . the ninth track from world party , the last goodie mob album to feature the rap group ' s four founding members prior to their break - up , was co - produced by west with his manager deric " d - dot " angelettie . at the close of the millennium , west ended up producing six songs for tell ' em why u madd , an album that was released by d - dot under the alias of the madd rapper ; a fictional character he created for a skit on the notorious b . i . g . ' s second and final studio album life after death . west ' s songs featured guest appearances from rappers such as ma $ e , raekwon , and eminem . [ sep ] foxy brown
west spent much of the late - 1990s producing records for a number of well - known artists and music groups . the third song on foxy brown ' s second studio album chyna doll was produced by west . her second effort subsequently became the very first hip - hop album by a female rapper to debut at the top of the u . s . billboard 200 chart in its first week of release . west produced three of the tracks on harlem world ' s first and only album the movement alongside jermaine dupri and the production duo trackmasters . his songs featured rappers nas , drag - on , and r & b singer carl thomas . the ninth track from world party , the last goodie mob album to feature the rap group ' s four founding members prior to their break - up , was co - produced by west with his manager deric " d - dot " angelettie . at the close of the millennium , west ended up producing six songs for tell ' em why u madd , an album that was released by d - dot under the alias of the madd rapper ; a fictional character he created for a skit on the notorious b . i . g . ' s second and final studio album life after death . west ' s songs featured guest appearances from rappers such as ma $ e , raekwon , and eminem . [ sep ] ma $ e , raekwon , and eminem .
a sequel to spectre will begin development in spring 2016 . sam mendes has stated he will not return to direct the next 007 film . christoph waltz has signed on for two more films in the series , but his return depends on whether or not craig will again portray bond . [ sep ] spring 2016 .
in 1817 the saxon palace was requisitioned by warsaw ' s russian governor for military use , and the warsaw lyceum was reestablished in the kazimierz palace ( today the rectorate of warsaw university ) . fryderyk and his family moved to a building , which still survives , adjacent to the kazimierz palace . during this period , fryderyk was sometimes invited to the belweder palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of russian poland , grand duke constantine ; he played the piano for the duke and composed a march for him . julian ursyn niemcewicz , in his dramatic eclogue , " nasze przebiegi " ( " our discourses " , 1818 ) , attested to " little chopin ' s " popularity . [ sep ] 1817
in 1817 the saxon palace was requisitioned by warsaw ' s russian governor for military use , and the warsaw lyceum was reestablished in the kazimierz palace ( today the rectorate of warsaw university ) . fryderyk and his family moved to a building , which still survives , adjacent to the kazimierz palace . during this period , fryderyk was sometimes invited to the belweder palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of russian poland , grand duke constantine ; he played the piano for the duke and composed a march for him . julian ursyn niemcewicz , in his dramatic eclogue , " nasze przebiegi " ( " our discourses " , 1818 ) , attested to " little chopin ' s " popularity . [ sep ] kazimierz palace
in 1817 the saxon palace was requisitioned by warsaw ' s russian governor for military use , and the warsaw lyceum was reestablished in the kazimierz palace ( today the rectorate of warsaw university ) . fryderyk and his family moved to a building , which still survives , adjacent to the kazimierz palace . during this period , fryderyk was sometimes invited to the belweder palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of russian poland , grand duke constantine ; he played the piano for the duke and composed a march for him . julian ursyn niemcewicz , in his dramatic eclogue , " nasze przebiegi " ( " our discourses " , 1818 ) , attested to " little chopin ' s " popularity . [ sep ] grand duke constantine
in 1817 the saxon palace was requisitioned by warsaw ' s russian governor for military use , and the warsaw lyceum was reestablished in the kazimierz palace ( today the rectorate of warsaw university ) . fryderyk and his family moved to a building , which still survives , adjacent to the kazimierz palace . during this period , fryderyk was sometimes invited to the belweder palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of russian poland , grand duke constantine ; he played the piano for the duke and composed a march for him . julian ursyn niemcewicz , in his dramatic eclogue , " nasze przebiegi " ( " our discourses " , 1818 ) , attested to " little chopin ' s " popularity . [ sep ] a march
in 1817 the saxon palace was requisitioned by warsaw ' s russian governor for military use , and the warsaw lyceum was reestablished in the kazimierz palace ( today the rectorate of warsaw university ) . fryderyk and his family moved to a building , which still survives , adjacent to the kazimierz palace . during this period , fryderyk was sometimes invited to the belweder palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of russian poland , grand duke constantine ; he played the piano for the duke and composed a march for him . julian ursyn niemcewicz , in his dramatic eclogue , " nasze przebiegi " ( " our discourses " , 1818 ) , attested to " little chopin ' s " popularity . [ sep ] julian ursyn niemcewicz
west got his big break in the year 2000 , when he began to produce for artists on roc - a - fella records . west came to achieve recognition and is often credited with revitalizing jay - z ' s career with his contributions to the rap mogul ' s influential 2001 album the blueprint . the blueprint is consistently ranked among the greatest hip - hop albums , and the critical and financial success of the album generated substantial interest in west as a producer . serving as an in - house producer for roc - a - fella records , west produced records for other artists from the label , including beanie sigel , freeway , and cam ' ron . he also crafted hit songs for ludacris , alicia keys , and janet jackson . [ sep ] roc - a - fella records
west got his big break in the year 2000 , when he began to produce for artists on roc - a - fella records . west came to achieve recognition and is often credited with revitalizing jay - z ' s career with his contributions to the rap mogul ' s influential 2001 album the blueprint . the blueprint is consistently ranked among the greatest hip - hop albums , and the critical and financial success of the album generated substantial interest in west as a producer . serving as an in - house producer for roc - a - fella records , west produced records for other artists from the label , including beanie sigel , freeway , and cam ' ron . he also crafted hit songs for ludacris , alicia keys , and janet jackson . [ sep ] the blueprint
despite his success as a producer , west ' s true aspiration was to be a rapper . though he had developed his rapping long before he began producing , it was often a challenge for west to be accepted as a rapper , and he struggled to attain a record deal . multiple record companies ignored him because he did not portray the gangsta image prominent in mainstream hip hop at the time . after a series of meetings with capitol records , west was ultimately denied an artist deal . [ sep ] rapper
despite his success as a producer , west ' s true aspiration was to be a rapper . though he had developed his rapping long before he began producing , it was often a challenge for west to be accepted as a rapper , and he struggled to attain a record deal . multiple record companies ignored him because he did not portray the gangsta image prominent in mainstream hip hop at the time . after a series of meetings with capitol records , west was ultimately denied an artist deal . [ sep ] capitol records
according to capitol record ' s a & r , joe weinberger , he was approached by west and almost signed a deal with him , but another person in the company convinced capitol ' s president not to . desperate to keep west from defecting to another label , then - label head damon dash reluctantly signed west to roc - a - fella records . jay - z later admitted that roc - a - fella was initially reluctant to support west as a rapper , claiming that many saw him as a producer first and foremost , and that his background contrasted with that of his labelmates . [ sep ] joe weinberger
according to capitol record ' s a & r , joe weinberger , he was approached by west and almost signed a deal with him , but another person in the company convinced capitol ' s president not to . desperate to keep west from defecting to another label , then - label head damon dash reluctantly signed west to roc - a - fella records . jay - z later admitted that roc - a - fella was initially reluctant to support west as a rapper , claiming that many saw him as a producer first and foremost , and that his background contrasted with that of his labelmates . [ sep ] roc - a - fella
according to capitol record ' s a & r , joe weinberger , he was approached by west and almost signed a deal with him , but another person in the company convinced capitol ' s president not to . desperate to keep west from defecting to another label , then - label head damon dash reluctantly signed west to roc - a - fella records . jay - z later admitted that roc - a - fella was initially reluctant to support west as a rapper , claiming that many saw him as a producer first and foremost , and that his background contrasted with that of his labelmates . [ sep ] a producer
from september 1823 to 1826 chopin attended the warsaw lyceum , where he received organ lessons from the czech musician wilhelm wurfel during his first year . in the autumn of 1826 he began a three - year course under the silesian composer jozef elsner at the warsaw conservatory , studying music theory , figured bass and composition . [ n 3 ] throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons in warsaw . he was engaged by the inventors of a mechanical organ , the " eolomelodicon " , and on this instrument in may 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by moscheles . the success of this concert led to an invitation to give a similar recital on the instrument before tsar alexander i , who was visiting warsaw ; the tsar presented him with a diamond ring . at a subsequent eolomelodicon concert on 10 june 1825 , chopin performed his rondo op . 1 . this was the first of his works to be commercially published and earned him his first mention in the foreign press , when the leipzig allgemeine musikalische zeitung praised his " wealth of musical ideas " . [ sep ] wilhelm wurfel
from september 1823 to 1826 chopin attended the warsaw lyceum , where he received organ lessons from the czech musician wilhelm wurfel during his first year . in the autumn of 1826 he began a three - year course under the silesian composer jozef elsner at the warsaw conservatory , studying music theory , figured bass and composition . [ n 3 ] throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons in warsaw . he was engaged by the inventors of a mechanical organ , the " eolomelodicon " , and on this instrument in may 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by moscheles . the success of this concert led to an invitation to give a similar recital on the instrument before tsar alexander i , who was visiting warsaw ; the tsar presented him with a diamond ring . at a subsequent eolomelodicon concert on 10 june 1825 , chopin performed his rondo op . 1 . this was the first of his works to be commercially published and earned him his first mention in the foreign press , when the leipzig allgemeine musikalische zeitung praised his " wealth of musical ideas " . [ sep ] jozef elsner
from september 1823 to 1826 chopin attended the warsaw lyceum , where he received organ lessons from the czech musician wilhelm wurfel during his first year . in the autumn of 1826 he began a three - year course under the silesian composer jozef elsner at the warsaw conservatory , studying music theory , figured bass and composition . [ n 3 ] throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons in warsaw . he was engaged by the inventors of a mechanical organ , the " eolomelodicon " , and on this instrument in may 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by moscheles . the success of this concert led to an invitation to give a similar recital on the instrument before tsar alexander i , who was visiting warsaw ; the tsar presented him with a diamond ring . at a subsequent eolomelodicon concert on 10 june 1825 , chopin performed his rondo op . 1 . this was the first of his works to be commercially published and earned him his first mention in the foreign press , when the leipzig allgemeine musikalische zeitung praised his " wealth of musical ideas " . [ sep ] eolomelodicon
from september 1823 to 1826 chopin attended the warsaw lyceum , where he received organ lessons from the czech musician wilhelm wurfel during his first year . in the autumn of 1826 he began a three - year course under the silesian composer jozef elsner at the warsaw conservatory , studying music theory , figured bass and composition . [ n 3 ] throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons in warsaw . he was engaged by the inventors of a mechanical organ , the " eolomelodicon " , and on this instrument in may 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by moscheles . the success of this concert led to an invitation to give a similar recital on the instrument before tsar alexander i , who was visiting warsaw ; the tsar presented him with a diamond ring . at a subsequent eolomelodicon concert on 10 june 1825 , chopin performed his rondo op . 1 . this was the first of his works to be commercially published and earned him his first mention in the foreign press , when the leipzig allgemeine musikalische zeitung praised his " wealth of musical ideas " . [ sep ] diamond ring
from september 1823 to 1826 chopin attended the warsaw lyceum , where he received organ lessons from the czech musician wilhelm wurfel during his first year . in the autumn of 1826 he began a three - year course under the silesian composer jozef elsner at the warsaw conservatory , studying music theory , figured bass and composition . [ n 3 ] throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons in warsaw . he was engaged by the inventors of a mechanical organ , the " eolomelodicon " , and on this instrument in may 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by moscheles . the success of this concert led to an invitation to give a similar recital on the instrument before tsar alexander i , who was visiting warsaw ; the tsar presented him with a diamond ring . at a subsequent eolomelodicon concert on 10 june 1825 , chopin performed his rondo op . 1 . this was the first of his works to be commercially published and earned him his first mention in the foreign press , when the leipzig allgemeine musikalische zeitung praised his " wealth of musical ideas " . [ sep ] rondo op . 1
west ' s breakthrough came a year later on october 23 , 2002 , when , while driving home from a california recording studio after working late , he fell asleep at the wheel and was involved in a near - fatal car crash . the crash left him with a shattered jaw , which had to be wired shut in reconstructive surgery . the accident inspired west ; two weeks after being admitted to the hospital , he recorded a song at the record plant studios with his jaw still wired shut . the composition , " through the wire " , expressed west ' s experience after the accident , and helped lay the foundation for his debut album , as according to west " all the better artists have expressed what they were going through " . west added that " the album was my medicine " , as working on the record distracted him from the pain . " through the wire " was first available on west ' s get well soon . . . mixtape , released december 2002 . at the same time , west announced that he was working on an album called the college dropout , whose overall theme was to " make your own decisions . don ' t let society tell you , ' this is what you have to do . ' " [ sep ] through the wire
west ' s breakthrough came a year later on october 23 , 2002 , when , while driving home from a california recording studio after working late , he fell asleep at the wheel and was involved in a near - fatal car crash . the crash left him with a shattered jaw , which had to be wired shut in reconstructive surgery . the accident inspired west ; two weeks after being admitted to the hospital , he recorded a song at the record plant studios with his jaw still wired shut . the composition , " through the wire " , expressed west ' s experience after the accident , and helped lay the foundation for his debut album , as according to west " all the better artists have expressed what they were going through " . west added that " the album was my medicine " , as working on the record distracted him from the pain . " through the wire " was first available on west ' s get well soon . . . mixtape , released december 2002 . at the same time , west announced that he was working on an album called the college dropout , whose overall theme was to " make your own decisions . don ' t let society tell you , ' this is what you have to do . ' " [ sep ] get well soon . . .
west ' s breakthrough came a year later on october 23 , 2002 , when , while driving home from a california recording studio after working late , he fell asleep at the wheel and was involved in a near - fatal car crash . the crash left him with a shattered jaw , which had to be wired shut in reconstructive surgery . the accident inspired west ; two weeks after being admitted to the hospital , he recorded a song at the record plant studios with his jaw still wired shut . the composition , " through the wire " , expressed west ' s experience after the accident , and helped lay the foundation for his debut album , as according to west " all the better artists have expressed what they were going through " . west added that " the album was my medicine " , as working on the record distracted him from the pain . " through the wire " was first available on west ' s get well soon . . . mixtape , released december 2002 . at the same time , west announced that he was working on an album called the college dropout , whose overall theme was to " make your own decisions . don ' t let society tell you , ' this is what you have to do . ' " [ sep ] the college dropout
carrying a louis vuitton backpack filled with old disks and demos to the studio and back , west crafted much of his production for his debut album in less than fifteen minutes at a time . he recorded the remainder of the album in los angeles while recovering from the car accident . once he had completed the album , it was leaked months before its release date . however , west decided to use the opportunity to review the album , and the college dropout was significantly remixed , remastered , and revised before being released . as a result , certain tracks originally destined for the album were subsequently retracted , among them " keep the receipt " with ol ' dirty bastard and " the good , the bad , and the ugly " with consequence . west meticulously refined the production , adding string arrangements , gospel choirs , improved drum programming and new verses . west ' s perfectionism led the college dropout to have its release postponed three times from its initial date in august 2003 . [ sep ] it was leaked
carrying a louis vuitton backpack filled with old disks and demos to the studio and back , west crafted much of his production for his debut album in less than fifteen minutes at a time . he recorded the remainder of the album in los angeles while recovering from the car accident . once he had completed the album , it was leaked months before its release date . however , west decided to use the opportunity to review the album , and the college dropout was significantly remixed , remastered , and revised before being released . as a result , certain tracks originally destined for the album were subsequently retracted , among them " keep the receipt " with ol ' dirty bastard and " the good , the bad , and the ugly " with consequence . west meticulously refined the production , adding string arrangements , gospel choirs , improved drum programming and new verses . west ' s perfectionism led the college dropout to have its release postponed three times from its initial date in august 2003 . [ sep ] 3
during 1824 – 28 chopin spent his vacations away from warsaw , at a number of locales . [ n 4 ] in 1824 and 1825 , at szafarnia , he was a guest of dominik dziewanowski , the father of a schoolmate . here for the first time he encountered polish rural folk music . his letters home from szafarnia ( to which he gave the title " the szafarnia courier " ) , written in a very modern and lively polish , amused his family with their spoofing of the warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster ' s literary gift . [ sep ] dominik dziewanowski
during 1824 – 28 chopin spent his vacations away from warsaw , at a number of locales . [ n 4 ] in 1824 and 1825 , at szafarnia , he was a guest of dominik dziewanowski , the father of a schoolmate . here for the first time he encountered polish rural folk music . his letters home from szafarnia ( to which he gave the title " the szafarnia courier " ) , written in a very modern and lively polish , amused his family with their spoofing of the warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster ' s literary gift . [ sep ] polish rural folk music
the college dropout was eventually issued by roc - a - fella in february 2004 , shooting to number two on the billboard 200 as his debut single , " through the wire " peaked at number fifteen on the billboard hot 100 chart for five weeks . " slow jamz " , his second single featuring twista and jamie foxx , became an even bigger success : it became the three musicians ' first number one hit . the college dropout received near - universal critical acclaim from contemporary music critics , was voted the top album of the year by two major music publications , and has consistently been ranked among the great hip - hop works and debut albums by artists . " jesus walks " , the album ' s fourth single , perhaps exposed west to a wider audience ; the song ' s subject matter concerns faith and christianity . the song nevertheless reached the top 20 of the billboard pop charts , despite industry executives ' predictions that a song containing such blatant declarations of faith would never make it to radio . the college dropout would eventually be certified triple platinum in the us , and garnered west 10 grammy nominations , including album of the year , and best rap album ( which it received ) . during this period , west also founded good music , a record label and management company that would go on to house affiliate artists and producers , such as no i . d . and john legend . at the time , the focal point of west ' s production style was the use of sped - up vocal samples from soul records . however , partly because of the acclaim of the college dropout , such sampling had been much copied by others ; with that overuse , and also because west felt he had become too dependent on the technique , he decided to find a new sound . [ sep ] 2
the college dropout was eventually issued by roc - a - fella in february 2004 , shooting to number two on the billboard 200 as his debut single , " through the wire " peaked at number fifteen on the billboard hot 100 chart for five weeks . " slow jamz " , his second single featuring twista and jamie foxx , became an even bigger success : it became the three musicians ' first number one hit . the college dropout received near - universal critical acclaim from contemporary music critics , was voted the top album of the year by two major music publications , and has consistently been ranked among the great hip - hop works and debut albums by artists . " jesus walks " , the album ' s fourth single , perhaps exposed west to a wider audience ; the song ' s subject matter concerns faith and christianity . the song nevertheless reached the top 20 of the billboard pop charts , despite industry executives ' predictions that a song containing such blatant declarations of faith would never make it to radio . the college dropout would eventually be certified triple platinum in the us , and garnered west 10 grammy nominations , including album of the year , and best rap album ( which it received ) . during this period , west also founded good music , a record label and management company that would go on to house affiliate artists and producers , such as no i . d . and john legend . at the time , the focal point of west ' s production style was the use of sped - up vocal samples from soul records . however , partly because of the acclaim of the college dropout , such sampling had been much copied by others ; with that overuse , and also because west felt he had become too dependent on the technique , he decided to find a new sound . [ sep ] 2
the college dropout was eventually issued by roc - a - fella in february 2004 , shooting to number two on the billboard 200 as his debut single , " through the wire " peaked at number fifteen on the billboard hot 100 chart for five weeks . " slow jamz " , his second single featuring twista and jamie foxx , became an even bigger success : it became the three musicians ' first number one hit . the college dropout received near - universal critical acclaim from contemporary music critics , was voted the top album of the year by two major music publications , and has consistently been ranked among the great hip - hop works and debut albums by artists . " jesus walks " , the album ' s fourth single , perhaps exposed west to a wider audience ; the song ' s subject matter concerns faith and christianity . the song nevertheless reached the top 20 of the billboard pop charts , despite industry executives ' predictions that a song containing such blatant declarations of faith would never make it to radio . the college dropout would eventually be certified triple platinum in the us , and garnered west 10 grammy nominations , including album of the year , and best rap album ( which it received ) . during this period , west also founded good music , a record label and management company that would go on to house affiliate artists and producers , such as no i . d . and john legend . at the time , the focal point of west ' s production style was the use of sped - up vocal samples from soul records . however , partly because of the acclaim of the college dropout , such sampling had been much copied by others ; with that overuse , and also because west felt he had become too dependent on the technique , he decided to find a new sound . [ sep ] jesus walks
the college dropout was eventually issued by roc - a - fella in february 2004 , shooting to number two on the billboard 200 as his debut single , " through the wire " peaked at number fifteen on the billboard hot 100 chart for five weeks . " slow jamz " , his second single featuring twista and jamie foxx , became an even bigger success : it became the three musicians ' first number one hit . the college dropout received near - universal critical acclaim from contemporary music critics , was voted the top album of the year by two major music publications , and has consistently been ranked among the great hip - hop works and debut albums by artists . " jesus walks " , the album ' s fourth single , perhaps exposed west to a wider audience ; the song ' s subject matter concerns faith and christianity . the song nevertheless reached the top 20 of the billboard pop charts , despite industry executives ' predictions that a song containing such blatant declarations of faith would never make it to radio . the college dropout would eventually be certified triple platinum in the us , and garnered west 10 grammy nominations , including album of the year , and best rap album ( which it received ) . during this period , west also founded good music , a record label and management company that would go on to house affiliate artists and producers , such as no i . d . and john legend . at the time , the focal point of west ' s production style was the use of sped - up vocal samples from soul records . however , partly because of the acclaim of the college dropout , such sampling had been much copied by others ; with that overuse , and also because west felt he had become too dependent on the technique , he decided to find a new sound . [ sep ] good music
beginning his second effort that fall , west would invest two million dollars and take over a year to craft his second album . west was significantly inspired by roseland nyc live , a 1998 live album by english trip hop group portishead , produced with the new york philharmonic orchestra . early in his career , the live album had inspired him to incorporate string arrangements into his hip - hop production . though west had not been able to afford many live instruments around the time of his debut album , the money from his commercial success enabled him to hire a string orchestra for his second album late registration . west collaborated with american film score composer jon brion , who served as the album ' s co - executive producer for several tracks . although brion had no prior experience in creating hip - hop records , he and west found that they could productively work together after their first afternoon in the studio where they discovered that neither confined his musical knowledge and vision to one specific genre . late registration sold over 2 . 3 million units in the united states alone by the end of 2005 and was considered by industry observers as the only successful major album release of the fall season , which had been plagued by steadily declining cd sales . [ sep ] string orchestra
beginning his second effort that fall , west would invest two million dollars and take over a year to craft his second album . west was significantly inspired by roseland nyc live , a 1998 live album by english trip hop group portishead , produced with the new york philharmonic orchestra . early in his career , the live album had inspired him to incorporate string arrangements into his hip - hop production . though west had not been able to afford many live instruments around the time of his debut album , the money from his commercial success enabled him to hire a string orchestra for his second album late registration . west collaborated with american film score composer jon brion , who served as the album ' s co - executive producer for several tracks . although brion had no prior experience in creating hip - hop records , he and west found that they could productively work together after their first afternoon in the studio where they discovered that neither confined his musical knowledge and vision to one specific genre . late registration sold over 2 . 3 million units in the united states alone by the end of 2005 and was considered by industry observers as the only successful major album release of the fall season , which had been plagued by steadily declining cd sales . [ sep ] jon brion
beginning his second effort that fall , west would invest two million dollars and take over a year to craft his second album . west was significantly inspired by roseland nyc live , a 1998 live album by english trip hop group portishead , produced with the new york philharmonic orchestra . early in his career , the live album had inspired him to incorporate string arrangements into his hip - hop production . though west had not been able to afford many live instruments around the time of his debut album , the money from his commercial success enabled him to hire a string orchestra for his second album late registration . west collaborated with american film score composer jon brion , who served as the album ' s co - executive producer for several tracks . although brion had no prior experience in creating hip - hop records , he and west found that they could productively work together after their first afternoon in the studio where they discovered that neither confined his musical knowledge and vision to one specific genre . late registration sold over 2 . 3 million units in the united states alone by the end of 2005 and was considered by industry observers as the only successful major album release of the fall season , which had been plagued by steadily declining cd sales . [ sep ] late registration
beginning his second effort that fall , west would invest two million dollars and take over a year to craft his second album . west was significantly inspired by roseland nyc live , a 1998 live album by english trip hop group portishead , produced with the new york philharmonic orchestra . early in his career , the live album had inspired him to incorporate string arrangements into his hip - hop production . though west had not been able to afford many live instruments around the time of his debut album , the money from his commercial success enabled him to hire a string orchestra for his second album late registration . west collaborated with american film score composer jon brion , who served as the album ' s co - executive producer for several tracks . although brion had no prior experience in creating hip - hop records , he and west found that they could productively work together after their first afternoon in the studio where they discovered that neither confined his musical knowledge and vision to one specific genre . late registration sold over 2 . 3 million units in the united states alone by the end of 2005 and was considered by industry observers as the only successful major album release of the fall season , which had been plagued by steadily declining cd sales . [ sep ] 2 . 3 million
in 1827 , soon after the death of chopin ' s youngest sister emilia , the family moved from the warsaw university building , adjacent to the kazimierz palace , to lodgings just across the street from the university , in the south annex of the krasinski palace on krakowskie przedmiescie , [ n 5 ] where chopin lived until he left warsaw in 1830 . [ n 6 ] here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students ; the chopin family parlour ( salonik chopinow ) became a museum in the 20th century . in 1829 the artist ambrozy mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of chopin family members , including the first known portrait of the composer . [ n 7 ] [ sep ] 1827
in 1827 , soon after the death of chopin ' s youngest sister emilia , the family moved from the warsaw university building , adjacent to the kazimierz palace , to lodgings just across the street from the university , in the south annex of the krasinski palace on krakowskie przedmiescie , [ n 5 ] where chopin lived until he left warsaw in 1830 . [ n 6 ] here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students ; the chopin family parlour ( salonik chopinow ) became a museum in the 20th century . in 1829 the artist ambrozy mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of chopin family members , including the first known portrait of the composer . [ n 7 ] [ sep ] 1830
in 1827 , soon after the death of chopin ' s youngest sister emilia , the family moved from the warsaw university building , adjacent to the kazimierz palace , to lodgings just across the street from the university , in the south annex of the krasinski palace on krakowskie przedmiescie , [ n 5 ] where chopin lived until he left warsaw in 1830 . [ n 6 ] here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students ; the chopin family parlour ( salonik chopinow ) became a museum in the 20th century . in 1829 the artist ambrozy mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of chopin family members , including the first known portrait of the composer . [ n 7 ] [ sep ] boarding house for male students
in 1827 , soon after the death of chopin ' s youngest sister emilia , the family moved from the warsaw university building , adjacent to the kazimierz palace , to lodgings just across the street from the university , in the south annex of the krasinski palace on krakowskie przedmiescie , [ n 5 ] where chopin lived until he left warsaw in 1830 . [ n 6 ] here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students ; the chopin family parlour ( salonik chopinow ) became a museum in the 20th century . in 1829 the artist ambrozy mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of chopin family members , including the first known portrait of the composer . [ n 7 ] [ sep ] ambrozy mieroszewski
while west had encountered controversy a year prior when he stormed out of the american music awards of 2004 after losing best new artist , the rapper ' s first large - scale controversy came just days following late registration ' s release , during a benefit concert for hurricane katrina victims . in september 2005 , nbc broadcast a concert for hurricane relief , and west was a featured speaker . when west was presenting alongside actor mike myers , he deviated from the prepared script . myers spoke next and continued to read the script . once it was west ' s turn to speak again , he said , " george bush doesn ' t care about black people . " west ' s comment reached much of the united states , leading to mixed reactions ; president bush would later call it one of the most " disgusting moments " of his presidency . west raised further controversy in january 2006 when he posed on the cover of rolling stone wearing a crown of thorns . [ sep ] best new artist
while west had encountered controversy a year prior when he stormed out of the american music awards of 2004 after losing best new artist , the rapper ' s first large - scale controversy came just days following late registration ' s release , during a benefit concert for hurricane katrina victims . in september 2005 , nbc broadcast a concert for hurricane relief , and west was a featured speaker . when west was presenting alongside actor mike myers , he deviated from the prepared script . myers spoke next and continued to read the script . once it was west ' s turn to speak again , he said , " george bush doesn ' t care about black people . " west ' s comment reached much of the united states , leading to mixed reactions ; president bush would later call it one of the most " disgusting moments " of his presidency . west raised further controversy in january 2006 when he posed on the cover of rolling stone wearing a crown of thorns . [ sep ] hurricane katrina
while west had encountered controversy a year prior when he stormed out of the american music awards of 2004 after losing best new artist , the rapper ' s first large - scale controversy came just days following late registration ' s release , during a benefit concert for hurricane katrina victims . in september 2005 , nbc broadcast a concert for hurricane relief , and west was a featured speaker . when west was presenting alongside actor mike myers , he deviated from the prepared script . myers spoke next and continued to read the script . once it was west ' s turn to speak again , he said , " george bush doesn ' t care about black people . " west ' s comment reached much of the united states , leading to mixed reactions ; president bush would later call it one of the most " disgusting moments " of his presidency . west raised further controversy in january 2006 when he posed on the cover of rolling stone wearing a crown of thorns . [ sep ] rolling stone
four boarders at his parents ' apartments became chopin ' s intimates : tytus woyciechowski , jan nepomucen białobłocki , jan matuszynski and julian fontana ; the latter two would become part of his paris milieu . he was friendly with members of warsaw ' s young artistic and intellectual world , including fontana , jozef bohdan zaleski and stefan witwicki . he was also attracted to the singing student konstancja gładkowska . in letters to woyciechowski , he indicated which of his works , and even which of their passages , were influenced by his fascination with her ; his letter of 15 may 1830 revealed that the slow movement ( larghetto ) of his piano concerto no . 1 ( in e minor ) was secretly dedicated to her – " it should be like dreaming in beautiful springtime – by moonlight . " his final conservatory report ( july 1829 ) read : " chopin f . , third - year student , exceptional talent , musical genius . " [ sep ] tytus woyciechowski , jan nepomucen białobłocki , jan matuszynski and julian fontana
four boarders at his parents ' apartments became chopin ' s intimates : tytus woyciechowski , jan nepomucen białobłocki , jan matuszynski and julian fontana ; the latter two would become part of his paris milieu . he was friendly with members of warsaw ' s young artistic and intellectual world , including fontana , jozef bohdan zaleski and stefan witwicki . he was also attracted to the singing student konstancja gładkowska . in letters to woyciechowski , he indicated which of his works , and even which of their passages , were influenced by his fascination with her ; his letter of 15 may 1830 revealed that the slow movement ( larghetto ) of his piano concerto no . 1 ( in e minor ) was secretly dedicated to her – " it should be like dreaming in beautiful springtime – by moonlight . " his final conservatory report ( july 1829 ) read : " chopin f . , third - year student , exceptional talent , musical genius . " [ sep ] konstancja gładkowska
four boarders at his parents ' apartments became chopin ' s intimates : tytus woyciechowski , jan nepomucen białobłocki , jan matuszynski and julian fontana ; the latter two would become part of his paris milieu . he was friendly with members of warsaw ' s young artistic and intellectual world , including fontana , jozef bohdan zaleski and stefan witwicki . he was also attracted to the singing student konstancja gładkowska . in letters to woyciechowski , he indicated which of his works , and even which of their passages , were influenced by his fascination with her ; his letter of 15 may 1830 revealed that the slow movement ( larghetto ) of his piano concerto no . 1 ( in e minor ) was secretly dedicated to her – " it should be like dreaming in beautiful springtime – by moonlight . " his final conservatory report ( july 1829 ) read : " chopin f . , third - year student , exceptional talent , musical genius . " [ sep ] piano concerto no . 1 ( in e minor )
four boarders at his parents ' apartments became chopin ' s intimates : tytus woyciechowski , jan nepomucen białobłocki , jan matuszynski and julian fontana ; the latter two would become part of his paris milieu . he was friendly with members of warsaw ' s young artistic and intellectual world , including fontana , jozef bohdan zaleski and stefan witwicki . he was also attracted to the singing student konstancja gładkowska . in letters to woyciechowski , he indicated which of his works , and even which of their passages , were influenced by his fascination with her ; his letter of 15 may 1830 revealed that the slow movement ( larghetto ) of his piano concerto no . 1 ( in e minor ) was secretly dedicated to her – " it should be like dreaming in beautiful springtime – by moonlight . " his final conservatory report ( july 1829 ) read : " chopin f . , third - year student , exceptional talent , musical genius . " [ sep ] july 1829
fresh off spending the previous year touring the world with u2 on their vertigo tour , west felt inspired to compose anthemic rap songs that could operate more efficiently in large arenas . to this end , west incorporated the synthesizer into his hip - hop production , utilized slower tempos , and experimented with electronic music and influenced by music of the 1980s . in addition to u2 , west drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as the rolling stones and led zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression . to make his next effort , the third in a planned tetralogy of education - themed studio albums , more introspective and personal in lyricism , west listened to folk and country singer - songwriters bob dylan and johnny cash in hopes of developing methods to augment his wordplay and storytelling ability . [ sep ] u2
fresh off spending the previous year touring the world with u2 on their vertigo tour , west felt inspired to compose anthemic rap songs that could operate more efficiently in large arenas . to this end , west incorporated the synthesizer into his hip - hop production , utilized slower tempos , and experimented with electronic music and influenced by music of the 1980s . in addition to u2 , west drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as the rolling stones and led zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression . to make his next effort , the third in a planned tetralogy of education - themed studio albums , more introspective and personal in lyricism , west listened to folk and country singer - songwriters bob dylan and johnny cash in hopes of developing methods to augment his wordplay and storytelling ability . [ sep ] large arenas
fresh off spending the previous year touring the world with u2 on their vertigo tour , west felt inspired to compose anthemic rap songs that could operate more efficiently in large arenas . to this end , west incorporated the synthesizer into his hip - hop production , utilized slower tempos , and experimented with electronic music and influenced by music of the 1980s . in addition to u2 , west drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as the rolling stones and led zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression . to make his next effort , the third in a planned tetralogy of education - themed studio albums , more introspective and personal in lyricism , west listened to folk and country singer - songwriters bob dylan and johnny cash in hopes of developing methods to augment his wordplay and storytelling ability . [ sep ] bob dylan and johnny cash
west ' s third studio album , graduation , garnered major publicity when its release date pitted west in a sales competition against rapper 50 cent ' s curtis . upon their september 2007 releases , graduation outsold curtis by a large margin , debuting at number one on the u . s . billboard 200 chart and selling 957 , 000 copies in its first week . graduation once again continued the string of critical and commercial successes by west , and the album ' s lead single , " stronger " , garnered the rapper his third number - one hit . " stronger " , which samples french house duo daft punk , has been accredited to not only encouraging other hip - hop artists to incorporate house and electronica elements into their music , but also for playing a part in the revival of disco and electro - infused music in the late 2000s . ben detrick of xxl cited the outcome of the sales competition between 50 cent ' s curtis and west ' s graduation as being responsible for altering the direction of hip - hop and paving the way for new rappers who didn ' t follow the hardcore - gangster mold , writing , " if there was ever a watershed moment to indicate hip - hop ' s changing direction , it may have come when 50 cent competed with kanye in 2007 to see whose album would claim superior sales . " [ sep ] graduation
west ' s third studio album , graduation , garnered major publicity when its release date pitted west in a sales competition against rapper 50 cent ' s curtis . upon their september 2007 releases , graduation outsold curtis by a large margin , debuting at number one on the u . s . billboard 200 chart and selling 957 , 000 copies in its first week . graduation once again continued the string of critical and commercial successes by west , and the album ' s lead single , " stronger " , garnered the rapper his third number - one hit . " stronger " , which samples french house duo daft punk , has been accredited to not only encouraging other hip - hop artists to incorporate house and electronica elements into their music , but also for playing a part in the revival of disco and electro - infused music in the late 2000s . ben detrick of xxl cited the outcome of the sales competition between 50 cent ' s curtis and west ' s graduation as being responsible for altering the direction of hip - hop and paving the way for new rappers who didn ' t follow the hardcore - gangster mold , writing , " if there was ever a watershed moment to indicate hip - hop ' s changing direction , it may have come when 50 cent competed with kanye in 2007 to see whose album would claim superior sales . " [ sep ] 50 cent
west ' s third studio album , graduation , garnered major publicity when its release date pitted west in a sales competition against rapper 50 cent ' s curtis . upon their september 2007 releases , graduation outsold curtis by a large margin , debuting at number one on the u . s . billboard 200 chart and selling 957 , 000 copies in its first week . graduation once again continued the string of critical and commercial successes by west , and the album ' s lead single , " stronger " , garnered the rapper his third number - one hit . " stronger " , which samples french house duo daft punk , has been accredited to not only encouraging other hip - hop artists to incorporate house and electronica elements into their music , but also for playing a part in the revival of disco and electro - infused music in the late 2000s . ben detrick of xxl cited the outcome of the sales competition between 50 cent ' s curtis and west ' s graduation as being responsible for altering the direction of hip - hop and paving the way for new rappers who didn ' t follow the hardcore - gangster mold , writing , " if there was ever a watershed moment to indicate hip - hop ' s changing direction , it may have come when 50 cent competed with kanye in 2007 to see whose album would claim superior sales . " [ sep ] 957 , 000
west ' s third studio album , graduation , garnered major publicity when its release date pitted west in a sales competition against rapper 50 cent ' s curtis . upon their september 2007 releases , graduation outsold curtis by a large margin , debuting at number one on the u . s . billboard 200 chart and selling 957 , 000 copies in its first week . graduation once again continued the string of critical and commercial successes by west , and the album ' s lead single , " stronger " , garnered the rapper his third number - one hit . " stronger " , which samples french house duo daft punk , has been accredited to not only encouraging other hip - hop artists to incorporate house and electronica elements into their music , but also for playing a part in the revival of disco and electro - infused music in the late 2000s . ben detrick of xxl cited the outcome of the sales competition between 50 cent ' s curtis and west ' s graduation as being responsible for altering the direction of hip - hop and paving the way for new rappers who didn ' t follow the hardcore - gangster mold , writing , " if there was ever a watershed moment to indicate hip - hop ' s changing direction , it may have come when 50 cent competed with kanye in 2007 to see whose album would claim superior sales . " [ sep ] daft punk
in september 1828 chopin , while still a student , visited berlin with a family friend , zoologist feliks jarocki , enjoying operas directed by gaspare spontini and attending concerts by carl friedrich zelter , felix mendelssohn and other celebrities . on an 1829 return trip to berlin , he was a guest of prince antoni radziwiłł , governor of the grand duchy of posen — himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist . for the prince and his pianist daughter wanda , he composed his introduction and polonaise brillante in c major for cello and piano , op . 3 . [ sep ] september 1828
in september 1828 chopin , while still a student , visited berlin with a family friend , zoologist feliks jarocki , enjoying operas directed by gaspare spontini and attending concerts by carl friedrich zelter , felix mendelssohn and other celebrities . on an 1829 return trip to berlin , he was a guest of prince antoni radziwiłł , governor of the grand duchy of posen — himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist . for the prince and his pianist daughter wanda , he composed his introduction and polonaise brillante in c major for cello and piano , op . 3 . [ sep ] feliks jarocki
in september 1828 chopin , while still a student , visited berlin with a family friend , zoologist feliks jarocki , enjoying operas directed by gaspare spontini and attending concerts by carl friedrich zelter , felix mendelssohn and other celebrities . on an 1829 return trip to berlin , he was a guest of prince antoni radziwiłł , governor of the grand duchy of posen — himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist . for the prince and his pianist daughter wanda , he composed his introduction and polonaise brillante in c major for cello and piano , op . 3 . [ sep ] gaspare spontini
in september 1828 chopin , while still a student , visited berlin with a family friend , zoologist feliks jarocki , enjoying operas directed by gaspare spontini and attending concerts by carl friedrich zelter , felix mendelssohn and other celebrities . on an 1829 return trip to berlin , he was a guest of prince antoni radziwiłł , governor of the grand duchy of posen — himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist . for the prince and his pianist daughter wanda , he composed his introduction and polonaise brillante in c major for cello and piano , op . 3 . [ sep ] prince antoni radziwiłł
in september 1828 chopin , while still a student , visited berlin with a family friend , zoologist feliks jarocki , enjoying operas directed by gaspare spontini and attending concerts by carl friedrich zelter , felix mendelssohn and other celebrities . on an 1829 return trip to berlin , he was a guest of prince antoni radziwiłł , governor of the grand duchy of posen — himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist . for the prince and his pianist daughter wanda , he composed his introduction and polonaise brillante in c major for cello and piano , op . 3 . [ sep ] introduction and polonaise brillante in c major for cello and piano , op . 3
west ' s life took a different direction when his mother , donda west , died of complications from cosmetic surgery involving abdominoplasty and breast reduction in november 2007 . months later , west and fiancee alexis phifer ended their engagement and their long - term intermittent relationship , which had begun in 2002 . the events profoundly affected west , who set off for his 2008 glow in the dark tour shortly thereafter . purportedly because his emotions could not be conveyed through rapping , west decided to sing using the voice audio processor auto - tune , which would become a central part of his next effort . west had previously experimented with the technology on his debut album the college dropout for the background vocals of " jesus walks " and " never let me down . " recorded mostly in honolulu , hawaii in three weeks , west announced his fourth album , 808s & heartbreak , at the 2008 mtv video music awards , where he performed its lead single , " love lockdown " . music audiences were taken aback by the uncharacteristic production style and the presence of auto - tune , which typified the pre - release response to the record . [ sep ] alexis phifer
west ' s life took a different direction when his mother , donda west , died of complications from cosmetic surgery involving abdominoplasty and breast reduction in november 2007 . months later , west and fiancee alexis phifer ended their engagement and their long - term intermittent relationship , which had begun in 2002 . the events profoundly affected west , who set off for his 2008 glow in the dark tour shortly thereafter . purportedly because his emotions could not be conveyed through rapping , west decided to sing using the voice audio processor auto - tune , which would become a central part of his next effort . west had previously experimented with the technology on his debut album the college dropout for the background vocals of " jesus walks " and " never let me down . " recorded mostly in honolulu , hawaii in three weeks , west announced his fourth album , 808s & heartbreak , at the 2008 mtv video music awards , where he performed its lead single , " love lockdown " . music audiences were taken aback by the uncharacteristic production style and the presence of auto - tune , which typified the pre - release response to the record . [ sep ] auto - tune
808s & heartbreak , which features extensive use of the eponymous roland tr - 808 drum machine and contains themes of love , loneliness , and heartache , was released by island def jam to capitalize on thanksgiving weekend in november 2008 . reviews were positive , though slightly more mixed than his previous efforts . despite this , the record ' s singles demonstrated outstanding chart performances . upon its release , the lead single " love lockdown " debuted at number three on the billboard hot 100 and became a " hot shot debut " , while follow - up single " heartless " performed similarly and became his second consecutive " hot shot debut " by debuting at number four on the billboard hot 100 . while it was criticized prior to release , 808s & heartbreak had a significant effect on hip - hop music , encouraging other rappers to take more creative risks with their productions . [ sep ] island def jam
in 2012 , rolling stone journalist matthew trammell asserted that the record was ahead of its time and wrote , " now that popular music has finally caught up to it , 808s & heartbreak has revealed itself to be kanye ’ s most vulnerable work , and perhaps his most brilliant . " [ sep ] matthew trammell
back in warsaw that year , chopin heard niccolo paganini play the violin , and composed a set of variations , souvenir de paganini . it may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first etudes , ( 1829 – 32 ) , exploring the capacities of his own instrument . on 11 august , three weeks after completing his studies at the warsaw conservatory , he made his debut in vienna . he gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews — in addition to some commenting ( in chopin ' s own words ) that he was " too delicate for those accustomed to the piano - bashing of local artists " . in one of these concerts , he premiered his variations on la ci darem la mano , op . 2 ( variations on an aria from mozart ' s opera don giovanni ) for piano and orchestra . he returned to warsaw in september 1829 , where he premiered his piano concerto no . 2 in f minor , op . 21 on 17 march 1830 . [ sep ] souvenir de paganini
back in warsaw that year , chopin heard niccolo paganini play the violin , and composed a set of variations , souvenir de paganini . it may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first etudes , ( 1829 – 32 ) , exploring the capacities of his own instrument . on 11 august , three weeks after completing his studies at the warsaw conservatory , he made his debut in vienna . he gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews — in addition to some commenting ( in chopin ' s own words ) that he was " too delicate for those accustomed to the piano - bashing of local artists " . in one of these concerts , he premiered his variations on la ci darem la mano , op . 2 ( variations on an aria from mozart ' s opera don giovanni ) for piano and orchestra . he returned to warsaw in september 1829 , where he premiered his piano concerto no . 2 in f minor , op . 21 on 17 march 1830 . [ sep ] vienna
back in warsaw that year , chopin heard niccolo paganini play the violin , and composed a set of variations , souvenir de paganini . it may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first etudes , ( 1829 – 32 ) , exploring the capacities of his own instrument . on 11 august , three weeks after completing his studies at the warsaw conservatory , he made his debut in vienna . he gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews — in addition to some commenting ( in chopin ' s own words ) that he was " too delicate for those accustomed to the piano - bashing of local artists " . in one of these concerts , he premiered his variations on la ci darem la mano , op . 2 ( variations on an aria from mozart ' s opera don giovanni ) for piano and orchestra . he returned to warsaw in september 1829 , where he premiered his piano concerto no . 2 in f minor , op . 21 on 17 march 1830 . [ sep ] piano concerto no . 2 in f minor , op . 21
back in warsaw that year , chopin heard niccolo paganini play the violin , and composed a set of variations , souvenir de paganini . it may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first etudes , ( 1829 – 32 ) , exploring the capacities of his own instrument . on 11 august , three weeks after completing his studies at the warsaw conservatory , he made his debut in vienna . he gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews — in addition to some commenting ( in chopin ' s own words ) that he was " too delicate for those accustomed to the piano - bashing of local artists " . in one of these concerts , he premiered his variations on la ci darem la mano , op . 2 ( variations on an aria from mozart ' s opera don giovanni ) for piano and orchestra . he returned to warsaw in september 1829 , where he premiered his piano concerto no . 2 in f minor , op . 21 on 17 march 1830 . [ sep ] september 1829
back in warsaw that year , chopin heard niccolo paganini play the violin , and composed a set of variations , souvenir de paganini . it may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first etudes , ( 1829 – 32 ) , exploring the capacities of his own instrument . on 11 august , three weeks after completing his studies at the warsaw conservatory , he made his debut in vienna . he gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews — in addition to some commenting ( in chopin ' s own words ) that he was " too delicate for those accustomed to the piano - bashing of local artists " . in one of these concerts , he premiered his variations on la ci darem la mano , op . 2 ( variations on an aria from mozart ' s opera don giovanni ) for piano and orchestra . he returned to warsaw in september 1829 , where he premiered his piano concerto no . 2 in f minor , op . 21 on 17 march 1830 . [ sep ] accustomed to the piano - bashing of local artists
west ' s controversial incident the following year at the 2009 mtv video music awards was arguably his biggest controversy , and led to widespread outrage throughout the music industry . during the ceremony , west crashed the stage and grabbed the microphone from winner taylor swift in order to proclaim that , instead , beyonce ' s video for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , nominated for the same award , was " one of the best videos of all time " . he was subsequently withdrawn from the remainder of the show for his actions . west ' s tour with lady gaga was cancelled in response to the controversy , and it was suggested that the incident was partially responsible for 808s & heartbreak ' s lack of nominations at the 52nd grammy awards . [ sep ] 2009 mtv video music awards
west ' s controversial incident the following year at the 2009 mtv video music awards was arguably his biggest controversy , and led to widespread outrage throughout the music industry . during the ceremony , west crashed the stage and grabbed the microphone from winner taylor swift in order to proclaim that , instead , beyonce ' s video for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , nominated for the same award , was " one of the best videos of all time " . he was subsequently withdrawn from the remainder of the show for his actions . west ' s tour with lady gaga was cancelled in response to the controversy , and it was suggested that the incident was partially responsible for 808s & heartbreak ' s lack of nominations at the 52nd grammy awards . [ sep ] taylor swift
west ' s controversial incident the following year at the 2009 mtv video music awards was arguably his biggest controversy , and led to widespread outrage throughout the music industry . during the ceremony , west crashed the stage and grabbed the microphone from winner taylor swift in order to proclaim that , instead , beyonce ' s video for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , nominated for the same award , was " one of the best videos of all time " . he was subsequently withdrawn from the remainder of the show for his actions . west ' s tour with lady gaga was cancelled in response to the controversy , and it was suggested that the incident was partially responsible for 808s & heartbreak ' s lack of nominations at the 52nd grammy awards . [ sep ] lady gaga
following the highly publicized incident , west took a brief break from music and threw himself into fashion , only to hole up in hawaii for the next few months writing and recording his next album . importing his favorite producers and artists to work on and inspire his recording , west kept engineers behind the boards 24 hours a day and slept only in increments . noah callahan - bever , a writer for complex , was present during the sessions and described the " communal " atmosphere as thus : " with the right songs and the right album , he can overcome any and all controversy , and we are here to contribute , challenge , and inspire . " a variety of artists contributed to the project , including close friends jay - z , kid cudi and pusha t , as well as off - the - wall collaborations , such as with justin vernon of bon iver . [ sep ] hawaii
chopin ' s successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western europe for him , and on 2 november 1830 , he set out , in the words of zdzisław jachimecki , " into the wide world , with no very clearly defined aim , forever . " with woyciechowski , he headed for austria , intending to go on to italy . later that month , in warsaw , the november 1830 uprising broke out , and woyciechowski returned to poland to enlist . chopin , now alone in vienna , was nostalgic for his homeland , and wrote to a friend , " i curse the moment of my departure . " when in september 1831 he learned , while travelling from vienna to paris , that the uprising had been crushed , he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal : " oh god ! . . . you are there , and yet you do not take vengeance ! " jachimecki ascribes to these events the composer ' s maturing " into an inspired national bard who intuited the past , present and future of his native poland . " [ sep ] zdzisław jachimecki
chopin ' s successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western europe for him , and on 2 november 1830 , he set out , in the words of zdzisław jachimecki , " into the wide world , with no very clearly defined aim , forever . " with woyciechowski , he headed for austria , intending to go on to italy . later that month , in warsaw , the november 1830 uprising broke out , and woyciechowski returned to poland to enlist . chopin , now alone in vienna , was nostalgic for his homeland , and wrote to a friend , " i curse the moment of my departure . " when in september 1831 he learned , while travelling from vienna to paris , that the uprising had been crushed , he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal : " oh god ! . . . you are there , and yet you do not take vengeance ! " jachimecki ascribes to these events the composer ' s maturing " into an inspired national bard who intuited the past , present and future of his native poland . " [ sep ] woyciechowski
chopin ' s successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western europe for him , and on 2 november 1830 , he set out , in the words of zdzisław jachimecki , " into the wide world , with no very clearly defined aim , forever . " with woyciechowski , he headed for austria , intending to go on to italy . later that month , in warsaw , the november 1830 uprising broke out , and woyciechowski returned to poland to enlist . chopin , now alone in vienna , was nostalgic for his homeland , and wrote to a friend , " i curse the moment of my departure . " when in september 1831 he learned , while travelling from vienna to paris , that the uprising had been crushed , he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal : " oh god ! . . . you are there , and yet you do not take vengeance ! " jachimecki ascribes to these events the composer ' s maturing " into an inspired national bard who intuited the past , present and future of his native poland . " [ sep ] italy
chopin ' s successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western europe for him , and on 2 november 1830 , he set out , in the words of zdzisław jachimecki , " into the wide world , with no very clearly defined aim , forever . " with woyciechowski , he headed for austria , intending to go on to italy . later that month , in warsaw , the november 1830 uprising broke out , and woyciechowski returned to poland to enlist . chopin , now alone in vienna , was nostalgic for his homeland , and wrote to a friend , " i curse the moment of my departure . " when in september 1831 he learned , while travelling from vienna to paris , that the uprising had been crushed , he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal : " oh god ! . . . you are there , and yet you do not take vengeance ! " jachimecki ascribes to these events the composer ' s maturing " into an inspired national bard who intuited the past , present and future of his native poland . " [ sep ] the november 1830 uprising
chopin arrived in paris in late september 1831 ; he would never return to poland , thus becoming one of many expatriates of the polish great emigration . in france he used the french versions of his given names , and after receiving french citizenship in 1835 , he travelled on a french passport . however , chopin remained close to his fellow poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking french . chopin ' s biographer adam zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be french , despite his father ' s french origins , and always saw himself as a pole . [ sep ] september 1831
chopin arrived in paris in late september 1831 ; he would never return to poland , thus becoming one of many expatriates of the polish great emigration . in france he used the french versions of his given names , and after receiving french citizenship in 1835 , he travelled on a french passport . however , chopin remained close to his fellow poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking french . chopin ' s biographer adam zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be french , despite his father ' s french origins , and always saw himself as a pole . [ sep ] polish great emigration
chopin arrived in paris in late september 1831 ; he would never return to poland , thus becoming one of many expatriates of the polish great emigration . in france he used the french versions of his given names , and after receiving french citizenship in 1835 , he travelled on a french passport . however , chopin remained close to his fellow poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking french . chopin ' s biographer adam zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be french , despite his father ' s french origins , and always saw himself as a pole . [ sep ] 1835
chopin arrived in paris in late september 1831 ; he would never return to poland , thus becoming one of many expatriates of the polish great emigration . in france he used the french versions of his given names , and after receiving french citizenship in 1835 , he travelled on a french passport . however , chopin remained close to his fellow poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking french . chopin ' s biographer adam zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be french , despite his father ' s french origins , and always saw himself as a pole . [ sep ] adam zamoyski
in paris , chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures , and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity . during his years in paris he was to become acquainted with , among many others , hector berlioz , franz liszt , ferdinand hiller , heinrich heine , eugene delacroix , and alfred de vigny . chopin was also acquainted with the poet adam mickiewicz , principal of the polish literary society , some of whose verses he set as songs . [ sep ] adam mickiewicz
in paris , chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures , and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity . during his years in paris he was to become acquainted with , among many others , hector berlioz , franz liszt , ferdinand hiller , heinrich heine , eugene delacroix , and alfred de vigny . chopin was also acquainted with the poet adam mickiewicz , principal of the polish literary society , some of whose verses he set as songs . [ sep ] hector berlioz , franz liszt , ferdinand hiller , heinrich heine , eugene delacroix , and alfred de vigny
my beautiful dark twisted fantasy , west ' s fifth studio album , was released in november 2010 to rave reviews from critics , many of whom described it as his best work that solidified his comeback . in stark contrast to his previous effort , which featured a minimalist sound , dark fantasy adopts a maximalist philosophy and deals with themes of celebrity and excess . the record included the international hit " all of the lights " , and billboard hits " power " , " monster " , and " runaway " , the latter of which accompanied a 35 - minute film of the same name . during this time , west initiated the free music program good fridays through his website , offering a free download of previously unreleased songs each friday , a portion of which were included on the album . this promotion ran from august 20 - december 17 , 2010 . dark fantasy went on to go platinum in the united states , but its omission as a contender for album of the year at the 54th grammy awards was viewed as a " snub " by several media outlets . [ sep ] my beautiful dark twisted fantasy
my beautiful dark twisted fantasy , west ' s fifth studio album , was released in november 2010 to rave reviews from critics , many of whom described it as his best work that solidified his comeback . in stark contrast to his previous effort , which featured a minimalist sound , dark fantasy adopts a maximalist philosophy and deals with themes of celebrity and excess . the record included the international hit " all of the lights " , and billboard hits " power " , " monster " , and " runaway " , the latter of which accompanied a 35 - minute film of the same name . during this time , west initiated the free music program good fridays through his website , offering a free download of previously unreleased songs each friday , a portion of which were included on the album . this promotion ran from august 20 - december 17 , 2010 . dark fantasy went on to go platinum in the united states , but its omission as a contender for album of the year at the 54th grammy awards was viewed as a " snub " by several media outlets . [ sep ] album of the year
two polish friends in paris were also to play important roles in chopin ' s life there . his fellow student at the warsaw conservatory , julian fontana , had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in england ; albert grzymała , who in paris became a wealthy financier and society figure , often acted as chopin ' s adviser and " gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [ his ] life . " fontana was to become , in the words of michałowski and samson , chopin ' s " general factotum and copyist " . [ sep ] england
at the end of 1831 , chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when robert schumann , reviewing the op . 2 variations in the allgemeine musikalische zeitung ( his first published article on music ) , declared : " hats off , gentlemen ! a genius . " on 26 february 1832 chopin gave a debut paris concert at the salle pleyel which drew universal admiration . the critic francois - joseph fetis wrote in the revue et gazette musicale : " here is a young man who . . . taking no model , has found , if not a complete renewal of piano music , . . . an abundance of original ideas of a kind to be found nowhere else . . . " after this concert , chopin realized that his essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large concert spaces . later that year he was introduced to the wealthy rothschild banking family , whose patronage also opened doors for him to other private salons ( social gatherings of the aristocracy and artistic and literary elite ) . by the end of 1832 chopin had established himself among the parisian musical elite , and had earned the respect of his peers such as hiller , liszt , and berlioz . he no longer depended financially upon his father , and in the winter of 1832 he began earning a handsome income from publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students from all over europe . this freed him from the strains of public concert - giving , which he disliked . [ sep ] robert schumann
at the end of 1831 , chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when robert schumann , reviewing the op . 2 variations in the allgemeine musikalische zeitung ( his first published article on music ) , declared : " hats off , gentlemen ! a genius . " on 26 february 1832 chopin gave a debut paris concert at the salle pleyel which drew universal admiration . the critic francois - joseph fetis wrote in the revue et gazette musicale : " here is a young man who . . . taking no model , has found , if not a complete renewal of piano music , . . . an abundance of original ideas of a kind to be found nowhere else . . . " after this concert , chopin realized that his essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large concert spaces . later that year he was introduced to the wealthy rothschild banking family , whose patronage also opened doors for him to other private salons ( social gatherings of the aristocracy and artistic and literary elite ) . by the end of 1832 chopin had established himself among the parisian musical elite , and had earned the respect of his peers such as hiller , liszt , and berlioz . he no longer depended financially upon his father , and in the winter of 1832 he began earning a handsome income from publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students from all over europe . this freed him from the strains of public concert - giving , which he disliked . [ sep ] 26 february 1832
at the end of 1831 , chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when robert schumann , reviewing the op . 2 variations in the allgemeine musikalische zeitung ( his first published article on music ) , declared : " hats off , gentlemen ! a genius . " on 26 february 1832 chopin gave a debut paris concert at the salle pleyel which drew universal admiration . the critic francois - joseph fetis wrote in the revue et gazette musicale : " here is a young man who . . . taking no model , has found , if not a complete renewal of piano music , . . . an abundance of original ideas of a kind to be found nowhere else . . . " after this concert , chopin realized that his essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large concert spaces . later that year he was introduced to the wealthy rothschild banking family , whose patronage also opened doors for him to other private salons ( social gatherings of the aristocracy and artistic and literary elite ) . by the end of 1832 chopin had established himself among the parisian musical elite , and had earned the respect of his peers such as hiller , liszt , and berlioz . he no longer depended financially upon his father , and in the winter of 1832 he began earning a handsome income from publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students from all over europe . this freed him from the strains of public concert - giving , which he disliked . [ sep ] rothschild
following a headlining set at coachella 2011 that was described by the hollywood reporter as " one of greatest hip - hop sets of all time " , west released the collaborative album watch the throne with jay - z . by employing a sales strategy that released the album digitally weeks before its physical counterpart , watch the throne became one of the few major label albums in the internet age to avoid a leak . " niggas in paris " became the record ' s highest charting single , peaking at number five on the billboard hot 100 . in 2012 , west released the compilation album cruel summer , a collection of tracks by artists from west ' s record label good music . cruel summer produced four singles , two of which charted within the top twenty of the hot 100 : " mercy " and " clique " . west also directed a film of the same name that premiered at the 2012 cannes film festival in custom pyramid - shaped screening pavilion featuring seven screens . [ sep ] coachella
following a headlining set at coachella 2011 that was described by the hollywood reporter as " one of greatest hip - hop sets of all time " , west released the collaborative album watch the throne with jay - z . by employing a sales strategy that released the album digitally weeks before its physical counterpart , watch the throne became one of the few major label albums in the internet age to avoid a leak . " niggas in paris " became the record ' s highest charting single , peaking at number five on the billboard hot 100 . in 2012 , west released the compilation album cruel summer , a collection of tracks by artists from west ' s record label good music . cruel summer produced four singles , two of which charted within the top twenty of the hot 100 : " mercy " and " clique " . west also directed a film of the same name that premiered at the 2012 cannes film festival in custom pyramid - shaped screening pavilion featuring seven screens . [ sep ] jay - z
following a headlining set at coachella 2011 that was described by the hollywood reporter as " one of greatest hip - hop sets of all time " , west released the collaborative album watch the throne with jay - z . by employing a sales strategy that released the album digitally weeks before its physical counterpart , watch the throne became one of the few major label albums in the internet age to avoid a leak . " niggas in paris " became the record ' s highest charting single , peaking at number five on the billboard hot 100 . in 2012 , west released the compilation album cruel summer , a collection of tracks by artists from west ' s record label good music . cruel summer produced four singles , two of which charted within the top twenty of the hot 100 : " mercy " and " clique " . west also directed a film of the same name that premiered at the 2012 cannes film festival in custom pyramid - shaped screening pavilion featuring seven screens . [ sep ] cannes film festival
sessions for west ' s sixth solo effort begin to take shape in early 2013 in his own personal loft ' s living room at a paris hotel . determined to " undermine the commercial " , he once again brought together close collaborators and attempted to incorporate chicago drill , dancehall , acid house , and industrial music . primarily inspired by architecture , west ' s perfectionist tendencies led him to contact producer rick rubin fifteen days shy of its due date to strip down the record ' s sound in favor of a more minimalist approach . initial promotion of his sixth album included worldwide video projections of the album ' s music and live television performances . yeezus , west ' s sixth album , was released june 18 , 2013 to rave reviews from critics . it became the rapper ' s sixth consecutive number one debut , but also marked his lowest solo opening week sales . def jam issued " black skinhead " to radio in july 2013 as the album ' s lead single . on september 6 , 2013 , kanye west announced he would be headlining his first solo tour in five years , to support yeezus , with fellow american rapper kendrick lamar accompanying him along the way . [ sep ] paris
sessions for west ' s sixth solo effort begin to take shape in early 2013 in his own personal loft ' s living room at a paris hotel . determined to " undermine the commercial " , he once again brought together close collaborators and attempted to incorporate chicago drill , dancehall , acid house , and industrial music . primarily inspired by architecture , west ' s perfectionist tendencies led him to contact producer rick rubin fifteen days shy of its due date to strip down the record ' s sound in favor of a more minimalist approach . initial promotion of his sixth album included worldwide video projections of the album ' s music and live television performances . yeezus , west ' s sixth album , was released june 18 , 2013 to rave reviews from critics . it became the rapper ' s sixth consecutive number one debut , but also marked his lowest solo opening week sales . def jam issued " black skinhead " to radio in july 2013 as the album ' s lead single . on september 6 , 2013 , kanye west announced he would be headlining his first solo tour in five years , to support yeezus , with fellow american rapper kendrick lamar accompanying him along the way . [ sep ] yeezus
sessions for west ' s sixth solo effort begin to take shape in early 2013 in his own personal loft ' s living room at a paris hotel . determined to " undermine the commercial " , he once again brought together close collaborators and attempted to incorporate chicago drill , dancehall , acid house , and industrial music . primarily inspired by architecture , west ' s perfectionist tendencies led him to contact producer rick rubin fifteen days shy of its due date to strip down the record ' s sound in favor of a more minimalist approach . initial promotion of his sixth album included worldwide video projections of the album ' s music and live television performances . yeezus , west ' s sixth album , was released june 18 , 2013 to rave reviews from critics . it became the rapper ' s sixth consecutive number one debut , but also marked his lowest solo opening week sales . def jam issued " black skinhead " to radio in july 2013 as the album ' s lead single . on september 6 , 2013 , kanye west announced he would be headlining his first solo tour in five years , to support yeezus , with fellow american rapper kendrick lamar accompanying him along the way . [ sep ] kendrick lamar
in june 2013 , west and television personality kim kardashian announced the birth of their first child , north . in october 2013 , the couple announced their engagement to widespread media attention . november 2013 , west stated that he was beginning work on his next studio album , hoping to release it by mid - 2014 , with production by rick rubin and q - tip . in december 2013 , adidas announced the beginning of an official apparel collaboration with west , to be premiered the following year . in may 2014 , west and kardashian were married in a private ceremony in florence , italy , with a variety of artists and celebrities in attendance . west released a single , " only one " , featuring paul mccartney , on december 31 , 2014 . " fourfiveseconds " , a single jointly produced with rihanna and mccartney , was released in january 2015 . west also appeared on the saturday night live 40th anniversary special , where he premiered a new song entitled " wolves " , featuring sia furler and fellow chicago rapper , vic mensa . in february 2015 , west premiered his clothing collaboration with adidas , entitled yeezy season 1 , to generally positive reviews . this would include west ' s yeezy boost sneakers . in march 2015 , west released the single " all day " featuring theophilus london , allan kingdom and paul mccartney . west performed the song at the 2015 brit awards with a number of us rappers and uk grime mc ' s including : skepta , wiley , novelist , fekky , krept & konan , stormzy , allan kingdom , theophilus london and vic mensa . he would premiere the second iteration of his clothing line , yeezy season 2 , in september 2015 at new york fashion week . [ sep ] north
in june 2013 , west and television personality kim kardashian announced the birth of their first child , north . in october 2013 , the couple announced their engagement to widespread media attention . november 2013 , west stated that he was beginning work on his next studio album , hoping to release it by mid - 2014 , with production by rick rubin and q - tip . in december 2013 , adidas announced the beginning of an official apparel collaboration with west , to be premiered the following year . in may 2014 , west and kardashian were married in a private ceremony in florence , italy , with a variety of artists and celebrities in attendance . west released a single , " only one " , featuring paul mccartney , on december 31 , 2014 . " fourfiveseconds " , a single jointly produced with rihanna and mccartney , was released in january 2015 . west also appeared on the saturday night live 40th anniversary special , where he premiered a new song entitled " wolves " , featuring sia furler and fellow chicago rapper , vic mensa . in february 2015 , west premiered his clothing collaboration with adidas , entitled yeezy season 1 , to generally positive reviews . this would include west ' s yeezy boost sneakers . in march 2015 , west released the single " all day " featuring theophilus london , allan kingdom and paul mccartney . west performed the song at the 2015 brit awards with a number of us rappers and uk grime mc ' s including : skepta , wiley , novelist , fekky , krept & konan , stormzy , allan kingdom , theophilus london and vic mensa . he would premiere the second iteration of his clothing line , yeezy season 2 , in september 2015 at new york fashion week . [ sep ] adidas
in june 2013 , west and television personality kim kardashian announced the birth of their first child , north . in october 2013 , the couple announced their engagement to widespread media attention . november 2013 , west stated that he was beginning work on his next studio album , hoping to release it by mid - 2014 , with production by rick rubin and q - tip . in december 2013 , adidas announced the beginning of an official apparel collaboration with west , to be premiered the following year . in may 2014 , west and kardashian were married in a private ceremony in florence , italy , with a variety of artists and celebrities in attendance . west released a single , " only one " , featuring paul mccartney , on december 31 , 2014 . " fourfiveseconds " , a single jointly produced with rihanna and mccartney , was released in january 2015 . west also appeared on the saturday night live 40th anniversary special , where he premiered a new song entitled " wolves " , featuring sia furler and fellow chicago rapper , vic mensa . in february 2015 , west premiered his clothing collaboration with adidas , entitled yeezy season 1 , to generally positive reviews . this would include west ' s yeezy boost sneakers . in march 2015 , west released the single " all day " featuring theophilus london , allan kingdom and paul mccartney . west performed the song at the 2015 brit awards with a number of us rappers and uk grime mc ' s including : skepta , wiley , novelist , fekky , krept & konan , stormzy , allan kingdom , theophilus london and vic mensa . he would premiere the second iteration of his clothing line , yeezy season 2 , in september 2015 at new york fashion week . [ sep ] paul mccartney
in june 2013 , west and television personality kim kardashian announced the birth of their first child , north . in october 2013 , the couple announced their engagement to widespread media attention . november 2013 , west stated that he was beginning work on his next studio album , hoping to release it by mid - 2014 , with production by rick rubin and q - tip . in december 2013 , adidas announced the beginning of an official apparel collaboration with west , to be premiered the following year . in may 2014 , west and kardashian were married in a private ceremony in florence , italy , with a variety of artists and celebrities in attendance . west released a single , " only one " , featuring paul mccartney , on december 31 , 2014 . " fourfiveseconds " , a single jointly produced with rihanna and mccartney , was released in january 2015 . west also appeared on the saturday night live 40th anniversary special , where he premiered a new song entitled " wolves " , featuring sia furler and fellow chicago rapper , vic mensa . in february 2015 , west premiered his clothing collaboration with adidas , entitled yeezy season 1 , to generally positive reviews . this would include west ' s yeezy boost sneakers . in march 2015 , west released the single " all day " featuring theophilus london , allan kingdom and paul mccartney . west performed the song at the 2015 brit awards with a number of us rappers and uk grime mc ' s including : skepta , wiley , novelist , fekky , krept & konan , stormzy , allan kingdom , theophilus london and vic mensa . he would premiere the second iteration of his clothing line , yeezy season 2 , in september 2015 at new york fashion week . [ sep ] 2015 brit awards
having initially announced a new album entitled so help me god slated for a 2014 release , in march 2015 west announced that the album would instead be tentatively called swish . later that month , west was awarded an honorary doctorate by the school of the art institute of chicago for his contributions to music , fashion , and popular culture , officially making him an honorary dfa . the next month , west headlined at the glastonbury festival in the uk , despite a petition signed by almost 135 , 000 people against his appearance . at one point , he told the audience : " you are now watching the greatest living rock star on the planet . " media outlets , including social media sites such as twitter , were sharply divided on his performance . nme stated , " the decision to book west for the slot has proved controversial since its announcement , and the show itself appeared to polarise both glastonbury goers and those who tuned in to watch on their tvs . " the publication added that " he ' s letting his music speak for and prove itself . " the guardian said that " his set has a potent ferocity – but there are gaps and stutters , and he cuts a strangely lone figure in front of the vast crowd . " [ sep ] swish
having initially announced a new album entitled so help me god slated for a 2014 release , in march 2015 west announced that the album would instead be tentatively called swish . later that month , west was awarded an honorary doctorate by the school of the art institute of chicago for his contributions to music , fashion , and popular culture , officially making him an honorary dfa . the next month , west headlined at the glastonbury festival in the uk , despite a petition signed by almost 135 , 000 people against his appearance . at one point , he told the audience : " you are now watching the greatest living rock star on the planet . " media outlets , including social media sites such as twitter , were sharply divided on his performance . nme stated , " the decision to book west for the slot has proved controversial since its announcement , and the show itself appeared to polarise both glastonbury goers and those who tuned in to watch on their tvs . " the publication added that " he ' s letting his music speak for and prove itself . " the guardian said that " his set has a potent ferocity – but there are gaps and stutters , and he cuts a strangely lone figure in front of the vast crowd . " [ sep ] art institute of chicago
having initially announced a new album entitled so help me god slated for a 2014 release , in march 2015 west announced that the album would instead be tentatively called swish . later that month , west was awarded an honorary doctorate by the school of the art institute of chicago for his contributions to music , fashion , and popular culture , officially making him an honorary dfa . the next month , west headlined at the glastonbury festival in the uk , despite a petition signed by almost 135 , 000 people against his appearance . at one point , he told the audience : " you are now watching the greatest living rock star on the planet . " media outlets , including social media sites such as twitter , were sharply divided on his performance . nme stated , " the decision to book west for the slot has proved controversial since its announcement , and the show itself appeared to polarise both glastonbury goers and those who tuned in to watch on their tvs . " the publication added that " he ' s letting his music speak for and prove itself . " the guardian said that " his set has a potent ferocity – but there are gaps and stutters , and he cuts a strangely lone figure in front of the vast crowd . " [ sep ] 135 , 000
in december 2015 , west released a song titled " facts " . he announced in january 2016 on twitter that swish would be released on february 11 , after releasing new song " real friends " and a snippet of " no more parties in l . a . " with kendrick lamar . this also revived the good fridays initiative in which kanye releases new singles every friday . on january 26 , 2016 , west revealed he had renamed the album from swish to waves , and also announced the premier of his yeezy season 3 clothing line at madison square garden . in early 2016 , several weeks prior to the release of his new album , west became embroiled in a short - lived social media altercation with rapper wiz khalifa on twitter that eventually involved their mutual ex - partner , amber rose , who protested to west ' s mention of her and khalifa ' s child . the feud involved allegations by rose concerning her sexual relationship with west , and received significant media attention . as of february 2 , 2016 , west and khalifa had reconciled . several days ahead of the album ' s release , west again changed the title , this time to the life of pablo . on february 11 , west premiered the album at madison square garden as part of the presentation of his yeezy season 3 clothing line . following the preview , west announced that he would be modifying the track list once more before its release to the public , and further delayed its release to finalize the recording of the track " waves " at the behest of co - writer chance the rapper . he released the album exclusively on tidal on 14 february 2016 following a performance on snl . [ sep ] february 11
in december 2015 , west released a song titled " facts " . he announced in january 2016 on twitter that swish would be released on february 11 , after releasing new song " real friends " and a snippet of " no more parties in l . a . " with kendrick lamar . this also revived the good fridays initiative in which kanye releases new singles every friday . on january 26 , 2016 , west revealed he had renamed the album from swish to waves , and also announced the premier of his yeezy season 3 clothing line at madison square garden . in early 2016 , several weeks prior to the release of his new album , west became embroiled in a short - lived social media altercation with rapper wiz khalifa on twitter that eventually involved their mutual ex - partner , amber rose , who protested to west ' s mention of her and khalifa ' s child . the feud involved allegations by rose concerning her sexual relationship with west , and received significant media attention . as of february 2 , 2016 , west and khalifa had reconciled . several days ahead of the album ' s release , west again changed the title , this time to the life of pablo . on february 11 , west premiered the album at madison square garden as part of the presentation of his yeezy season 3 clothing line . following the preview , west announced that he would be modifying the track list once more before its release to the public , and further delayed its release to finalize the recording of the track " waves " at the behest of co - writer chance the rapper . he released the album exclusively on tidal on 14 february 2016 following a performance on snl . [ sep ] waves
in december 2015 , west released a song titled " facts " . he announced in january 2016 on twitter that swish would be released on february 11 , after releasing new song " real friends " and a snippet of " no more parties in l . a . " with kendrick lamar . this also revived the good fridays initiative in which kanye releases new singles every friday . on january 26 , 2016 , west revealed he had renamed the album from swish to waves , and also announced the premier of his yeezy season 3 clothing line at madison square garden . in early 2016 , several weeks prior to the release of his new album , west became embroiled in a short - lived social media altercation with rapper wiz khalifa on twitter that eventually involved their mutual ex - partner , amber rose , who protested to west ' s mention of her and khalifa ' s child . the feud involved allegations by rose concerning her sexual relationship with west , and received significant media attention . as of february 2 , 2016 , west and khalifa had reconciled . several days ahead of the album ' s release , west again changed the title , this time to the life of pablo . on february 11 , west premiered the album at madison square garden as part of the presentation of his yeezy season 3 clothing line . following the preview , west announced that he would be modifying the track list once more before its release to the public , and further delayed its release to finalize the recording of the track " waves " at the behest of co - writer chance the rapper . he released the album exclusively on tidal on 14 february 2016 following a performance on snl . [ sep ] wiz khalifa
in december 2015 , west released a song titled " facts " . he announced in january 2016 on twitter that swish would be released on february 11 , after releasing new song " real friends " and a snippet of " no more parties in l . a . " with kendrick lamar . this also revived the good fridays initiative in which kanye releases new singles every friday . on january 26 , 2016 , west revealed he had renamed the album from swish to waves , and also announced the premier of his yeezy season 3 clothing line at madison square garden . in early 2016 , several weeks prior to the release of his new album , west became embroiled in a short - lived social media altercation with rapper wiz khalifa on twitter that eventually involved their mutual ex - partner , amber rose , who protested to west ' s mention of her and khalifa ' s child . the feud involved allegations by rose concerning her sexual relationship with west , and received significant media attention . as of february 2 , 2016 , west and khalifa had reconciled . several days ahead of the album ' s release , west again changed the title , this time to the life of pablo . on february 11 , west premiered the album at madison square garden as part of the presentation of his yeezy season 3 clothing line . following the preview , west announced that he would be modifying the track list once more before its release to the public , and further delayed its release to finalize the recording of the track " waves " at the behest of co - writer chance the rapper . he released the album exclusively on tidal on 14 february 2016 following a performance on snl . [ sep ] the life of pablo
in december 2015 , west released a song titled " facts " . he announced in january 2016 on twitter that swish would be released on february 11 , after releasing new song " real friends " and a snippet of " no more parties in l . a . " with kendrick lamar . this also revived the good fridays initiative in which kanye releases new singles every friday . on january 26 , 2016 , west revealed he had renamed the album from swish to waves , and also announced the premier of his yeezy season 3 clothing line at madison square garden . in early 2016 , several weeks prior to the release of his new album , west became embroiled in a short - lived social media altercation with rapper wiz khalifa on twitter that eventually involved their mutual ex - partner , amber rose , who protested to west ' s mention of her and khalifa ' s child . the feud involved allegations by rose concerning her sexual relationship with west , and received significant media attention . as of february 2 , 2016 , west and khalifa had reconciled . several days ahead of the album ' s release , west again changed the title , this time to the life of pablo . on february 11 , west premiered the album at madison square garden as part of the presentation of his yeezy season 3 clothing line . following the preview , west announced that he would be modifying the track list once more before its release to the public , and further delayed its release to finalize the recording of the track " waves " at the behest of co - writer chance the rapper . he released the album exclusively on tidal on 14 february 2016 following a performance on snl . [ sep ] tidal
west ' s musical career has been defined by frequent stylistic shifts , and has seen him develop and explore a variety of different musical approaches and genres throughout his work . when asked about his musical inspirations , he has named a tribe called quest , stevie wonder , michael jackson , george michael , ll cool j , phil collins and madonna as early interests . he has further described musician david bowie as one of his " most important inspirations , " and named producer puff daddy as the " most important cultural figure in my life . " early in his career , west pioneered a style of production dubbed " chipmunk soul " which utilized pitched - up vocal samples , usually from soul and r & b songs , along with his own drums and instrumentation . his first major release featuring his trademark soulful vocal sampling style was " this can ' t be life " , a track from jay - z ’ s the dynasty : roc la familia . west has said that wu - tang clan producer rza influenced him in his style , and has named wu - tang rappers ghostface killah and ol ' dirty bastard as inspirations . rza spoke positively of the comparisons , stating in an interview for rolling stone , " all good . i got super respect for kanye [ . . . ] [ he ] is going to inspire people to be like him . " west further developed his style on his 2004 debut album , the college dropout . after a rough version was leaked , he meticulously refined the production , adding string arrangements , gospel choirs , and improved drum programming . [ sep ] david bowie
west ' s musical career has been defined by frequent stylistic shifts , and has seen him develop and explore a variety of different musical approaches and genres throughout his work . when asked about his musical inspirations , he has named a tribe called quest , stevie wonder , michael jackson , george michael , ll cool j , phil collins and madonna as early interests . he has further described musician david bowie as one of his " most important inspirations , " and named producer puff daddy as the " most important cultural figure in my life . " early in his career , west pioneered a style of production dubbed " chipmunk soul " which utilized pitched - up vocal samples , usually from soul and r & b songs , along with his own drums and instrumentation . his first major release featuring his trademark soulful vocal sampling style was " this can ' t be life " , a track from jay - z ’ s the dynasty : roc la familia . west has said that wu - tang clan producer rza influenced him in his style , and has named wu - tang rappers ghostface killah and ol ' dirty bastard as inspirations . rza spoke positively of the comparisons , stating in an interview for rolling stone , " all good . i got super respect for kanye [ . . . ] [ he ] is going to inspire people to be like him . " west further developed his style on his 2004 debut album , the college dropout . after a rough version was leaked , he meticulously refined the production , adding string arrangements , gospel choirs , and improved drum programming . [ sep ] wu - tang clan
west ' s musical career has been defined by frequent stylistic shifts , and has seen him develop and explore a variety of different musical approaches and genres throughout his work . when asked about his musical inspirations , he has named a tribe called quest , stevie wonder , michael jackson , george michael , ll cool j , phil collins and madonna as early interests . he has further described musician david bowie as one of his " most important inspirations , " and named producer puff daddy as the " most important cultural figure in my life . " early in his career , west pioneered a style of production dubbed " chipmunk soul " which utilized pitched - up vocal samples , usually from soul and r & b songs , along with his own drums and instrumentation . his first major release featuring his trademark soulful vocal sampling style was " this can ' t be life " , a track from jay - z ’ s the dynasty : roc la familia . west has said that wu - tang clan producer rza influenced him in his style , and has named wu - tang rappers ghostface killah and ol ' dirty bastard as inspirations . rza spoke positively of the comparisons , stating in an interview for rolling stone , " all good . i got super respect for kanye [ . . . ] [ he ] is going to inspire people to be like him . " west further developed his style on his 2004 debut album , the college dropout . after a rough version was leaked , he meticulously refined the production , adding string arrangements , gospel choirs , and improved drum programming . [ sep ] chipmunk soul
chopin seldom performed publicly in paris . in later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the salle pleyel , a venue that seated three hundred . he played more frequently at salons , but preferred playing at his own paris apartment for small groups of friends . the musicologist arthur hedley has observed that " as a pianist chopin was unique in acquiring a reputation of the highest order on the basis of a minimum of public appearances — few more than thirty in the course of his lifetime . " the list of musicians who took part in some of his concerts provides an indication of the richness of parisian artistic life during this period . examples include a concert on 23 march 1833 , in which chopin , liszt and hiller performed ( on pianos ) a concerto by j . s . bach for three keyboards ; and , on 3 march 1838 , a concert in which chopin , his pupil adolphe gutmann , charles - valentin alkan , and alkan ' s teacher joseph zimmermann performed alkan ' s arrangement , for eight hands , of two movements from beethoven ' s 7th symphony . chopin was also involved in the composition of liszt ' s hexameron ; he wrote the sixth ( and final ) variation on bellini ' s theme . chopin ' s music soon found success with publishers , and in 1833 he contracted with maurice schlesinger , who arranged for it to be published not only in france but , through his family connections , also in germany and england . [ sep ] salle pleyel
chopin seldom performed publicly in paris . in later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the salle pleyel , a venue that seated three hundred . he played more frequently at salons , but preferred playing at his own paris apartment for small groups of friends . the musicologist arthur hedley has observed that " as a pianist chopin was unique in acquiring a reputation of the highest order on the basis of a minimum of public appearances — few more than thirty in the course of his lifetime . " the list of musicians who took part in some of his concerts provides an indication of the richness of parisian artistic life during this period . examples include a concert on 23 march 1833 , in which chopin , liszt and hiller performed ( on pianos ) a concerto by j . s . bach for three keyboards ; and , on 3 march 1838 , a concert in which chopin , his pupil adolphe gutmann , charles - valentin alkan , and alkan ' s teacher joseph zimmermann performed alkan ' s arrangement , for eight hands , of two movements from beethoven ' s 7th symphony . chopin was also involved in the composition of liszt ' s hexameron ; he wrote the sixth ( and final ) variation on bellini ' s theme . chopin ' s music soon found success with publishers , and in 1833 he contracted with maurice schlesinger , who arranged for it to be published not only in france but , through his family connections , also in germany and england . [ sep ] hexameron
chopin seldom performed publicly in paris . in later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the salle pleyel , a venue that seated three hundred . he played more frequently at salons , but preferred playing at his own paris apartment for small groups of friends . the musicologist arthur hedley has observed that " as a pianist chopin was unique in acquiring a reputation of the highest order on the basis of a minimum of public appearances — few more than thirty in the course of his lifetime . " the list of musicians who took part in some of his concerts provides an indication of the richness of parisian artistic life during this period . examples include a concert on 23 march 1833 , in which chopin , liszt and hiller performed ( on pianos ) a concerto by j . s . bach for three keyboards ; and , on 3 march 1838 , a concert in which chopin , his pupil adolphe gutmann , charles - valentin alkan , and alkan ' s teacher joseph zimmermann performed alkan ' s arrangement , for eight hands , of two movements from beethoven ' s 7th symphony . chopin was also involved in the composition of liszt ' s hexameron ; he wrote the sixth ( and final ) variation on bellini ' s theme . chopin ' s music soon found success with publishers , and in 1833 he contracted with maurice schlesinger , who arranged for it to be published not only in france but , through his family connections , also in germany and england . [ sep ] maurice schlesinger
chopin seldom performed publicly in paris . in later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the salle pleyel , a venue that seated three hundred . he played more frequently at salons , but preferred playing at his own paris apartment for small groups of friends . the musicologist arthur hedley has observed that " as a pianist chopin was unique in acquiring a reputation of the highest order on the basis of a minimum of public appearances — few more than thirty in the course of his lifetime . " the list of musicians who took part in some of his concerts provides an indication of the richness of parisian artistic life during this period . examples include a concert on 23 march 1833 , in which chopin , liszt and hiller performed ( on pianos ) a concerto by j . s . bach for three keyboards ; and , on 3 march 1838 , a concert in which chopin , his pupil adolphe gutmann , charles - valentin alkan , and alkan ' s teacher joseph zimmermann performed alkan ' s arrangement , for eight hands , of two movements from beethoven ' s 7th symphony . chopin was also involved in the composition of liszt ' s hexameron ; he wrote the sixth ( and final ) variation on bellini ' s theme . chopin ' s music soon found success with publishers , and in 1833 he contracted with maurice schlesinger , who arranged for it to be published not only in france but , through his family connections , also in germany and england . [ sep ] adolphe gutmann
although it is not known exactly when chopin first met liszt after arriving in paris , on 12 december 1831 he mentioned in a letter to his friend woyciechowski that " i have met rossini , cherubini , baillot , etc . — also kalkbrenner . you would not believe how curious i was about herz , liszt , hiller , etc . " liszt was in attendance at chopin ' s parisian debut on 26 february 1832 at the salle pleyel , which led him to remark : " the most vigorous applause seemed not to suffice to our enthusiasm in the presence of this talented musician , who revealed a new phase of poetic sentiment combined with such happy innovation in the form of his art . " [ sep ] 26 february 1832
for his second album , late registration ( 2005 ) , he collaborated with film score composer jon brion and drew influence from non - rap influences such as english trip hop group portishead . blending west ' s primary soulful hip hop production with brion ' s elaborate chamber pop orchestration , the album experimentally incorporated a wide array of different genres and prominent orchestral elements , including string arrangements , piano chords , brass flecks , and horn riffs among other symphonic instrumentation . it also incorporated a myriad of foreign and vintage instruments not typical in popular music , let alone hip hop , such as a celesta , harpsichord , chamberlin , cs - 80 analog synthesizer , chinese bells and berimbau , vibraphones , and marimba . rolling stone described late registration as west claiming " the whole world of music as hip - hop turf " chronicling the album as " his mad quest to explode every cliche about hip - hop identity . " critic robert christgau wrote that " there ' s never been hip - hop so complex and subtle musically . " for a period of time , kanye west stood as the sole current pop star to tour with a string section , as audible on his 2006 live album late orchestration . [ sep ] jon brion
for his second album , late registration ( 2005 ) , he collaborated with film score composer jon brion and drew influence from non - rap influences such as english trip hop group portishead . blending west ' s primary soulful hip hop production with brion ' s elaborate chamber pop orchestration , the album experimentally incorporated a wide array of different genres and prominent orchestral elements , including string arrangements , piano chords , brass flecks , and horn riffs among other symphonic instrumentation . it also incorporated a myriad of foreign and vintage instruments not typical in popular music , let alone hip hop , such as a celesta , harpsichord , chamberlin , cs - 80 analog synthesizer , chinese bells and berimbau , vibraphones , and marimba . rolling stone described late registration as west claiming " the whole world of music as hip - hop turf " chronicling the album as " his mad quest to explode every cliche about hip - hop identity . " critic robert christgau wrote that " there ' s never been hip - hop so complex and subtle musically . " for a period of time , kanye west stood as the sole current pop star to tour with a string section , as audible on his 2006 live album late orchestration . [ sep ] orchestral elements , including string arrangements , piano chords , brass flecks , and horn riffs among other symphonic instrumentation
for his second album , late registration ( 2005 ) , he collaborated with film score composer jon brion and drew influence from non - rap influences such as english trip hop group portishead . blending west ' s primary soulful hip hop production with brion ' s elaborate chamber pop orchestration , the album experimentally incorporated a wide array of different genres and prominent orchestral elements , including string arrangements , piano chords , brass flecks , and horn riffs among other symphonic instrumentation . it also incorporated a myriad of foreign and vintage instruments not typical in popular music , let alone hip hop , such as a celesta , harpsichord , chamberlin , cs - 80 analog synthesizer , chinese bells and berimbau , vibraphones , and marimba . rolling stone described late registration as west claiming " the whole world of music as hip - hop turf " chronicling the album as " his mad quest to explode every cliche about hip - hop identity . " critic robert christgau wrote that " there ' s never been hip - hop so complex and subtle musically . " for a period of time , kanye west stood as the sole current pop star to tour with a string section , as audible on his 2006 live album late orchestration . [ sep ] a string section
with his third album , graduation ( 2007 ) , west moved away from the sound of his previous releases and towards a more atmospheric , rock - tinged , electronic - influenced soundscape . the musical evolution arose from him listening to music genres encompassing european britpop and euro - disco , american alternative and indie - rock , and his native chicago house . towards this end , west retracted much of the live instrumentation that characterized his previous album and replaced it with heavy , gothic synthesizers , distorted synth - chords , rave stabs , house beats , electro - disco rhythms , and a wide array of modulated electronic noises and digital audio - effects . in addition , west drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as the rolling stones , u2 , and led zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression . [ sep ] graduation
with his third album , graduation ( 2007 ) , west moved away from the sound of his previous releases and towards a more atmospheric , rock - tinged , electronic - influenced soundscape . the musical evolution arose from him listening to music genres encompassing european britpop and euro - disco , american alternative and indie - rock , and his native chicago house . towards this end , west retracted much of the live instrumentation that characterized his previous album and replaced it with heavy , gothic synthesizers , distorted synth - chords , rave stabs , house beats , electro - disco rhythms , and a wide array of modulated electronic noises and digital audio - effects . in addition , west drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as the rolling stones , u2 , and led zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression . [ sep ] more atmospheric , rock - tinged , electronic - influenced soundscape
with his third album , graduation ( 2007 ) , west moved away from the sound of his previous releases and towards a more atmospheric , rock - tinged , electronic - influenced soundscape . the musical evolution arose from him listening to music genres encompassing european britpop and euro - disco , american alternative and indie - rock , and his native chicago house . towards this end , west retracted much of the live instrumentation that characterized his previous album and replaced it with heavy , gothic synthesizers , distorted synth - chords , rave stabs , house beats , electro - disco rhythms , and a wide array of modulated electronic noises and digital audio - effects . in addition , west drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as the rolling stones , u2 , and led zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression . [ sep ] melody and chord progression
west ' s fourth studio album , 808s & heartbreak ( 2008 ) , marked an even more radical departure from his previous releases , largely abandoning rap and hip hop stylings in favor of a stark electropop sound composed of virtual synthesis , the roland tr - 808 drum machine , and explicitly auto - tuned vocal tracks . drawing inspiration from artists such as gary numan , tj swan and boy george , and maintaining a " minimal but functional " approach towards the album ' s studio production , west explored the electronic feel produced by auto - tune and utilized the sounds created by the 808 , manipulating its pitch to produce a distorted , electronic sound ; he then sought to juxtapose mechanical sounds with the traditional sounds of taiko drums and choir monks . the album ' s music features austere production and elements such as dense drums , lengthy strings , droning synthesizers , and somber piano , and drew comparisons to the work of 1980s post - punk and new wave groups , with west himself later confessing an affinity with british post - punk group joy division . rolling stone journalist matthew trammell asserted that the record was ahead of its time and wrote in a 2012 article , " now that popular music has finally caught up to it , 808s & heartbreak has revealed itself to be kanye ’ s most vulnerable work , and perhaps his most brilliant . " [ sep ] electropop
west ' s fourth studio album , 808s & heartbreak ( 2008 ) , marked an even more radical departure from his previous releases , largely abandoning rap and hip hop stylings in favor of a stark electropop sound composed of virtual synthesis , the roland tr - 808 drum machine , and explicitly auto - tuned vocal tracks . drawing inspiration from artists such as gary numan , tj swan and boy george , and maintaining a " minimal but functional " approach towards the album ' s studio production , west explored the electronic feel produced by auto - tune and utilized the sounds created by the 808 , manipulating its pitch to produce a distorted , electronic sound ; he then sought to juxtapose mechanical sounds with the traditional sounds of taiko drums and choir monks . the album ' s music features austere production and elements such as dense drums , lengthy strings , droning synthesizers , and somber piano , and drew comparisons to the work of 1980s post - punk and new wave groups , with west himself later confessing an affinity with british post - punk group joy division . rolling stone journalist matthew trammell asserted that the record was ahead of its time and wrote in a 2012 article , " now that popular music has finally caught up to it , 808s & heartbreak has revealed itself to be kanye ’ s most vulnerable work , and perhaps his most brilliant . " [ sep ] gary numan , tj swan and boy george
west ' s fourth studio album , 808s & heartbreak ( 2008 ) , marked an even more radical departure from his previous releases , largely abandoning rap and hip hop stylings in favor of a stark electropop sound composed of virtual synthesis , the roland tr - 808 drum machine , and explicitly auto - tuned vocal tracks . drawing inspiration from artists such as gary numan , tj swan and boy george , and maintaining a " minimal but functional " approach towards the album ' s studio production , west explored the electronic feel produced by auto - tune and utilized the sounds created by the 808 , manipulating its pitch to produce a distorted , electronic sound ; he then sought to juxtapose mechanical sounds with the traditional sounds of taiko drums and choir monks . the album ' s music features austere production and elements such as dense drums , lengthy strings , droning synthesizers , and somber piano , and drew comparisons to the work of 1980s post - punk and new wave groups , with west himself later confessing an affinity with british post - punk group joy division . rolling stone journalist matthew trammell asserted that the record was ahead of its time and wrote in a 2012 article , " now that popular music has finally caught up to it , 808s & heartbreak has revealed itself to be kanye ’ s most vulnerable work , and perhaps his most brilliant . " [ sep ] dense drums , lengthy strings , droning synthesizers , and somber piano
west ' s fifth album , my beautiful dark twisted fantasy , has been noted by writers for its maximalist aesthetic and its incorporation of elements from west ' s previous four albums . entertainment weekly ' s simon vozick - levinson perceives that such elements " all recur at various points " , namely " the luxurious soul of 2004 ' s the college dropout , the symphonic pomp of late registration , the gloss of 2007 ' s graduation , and the emotionally exhausted electro of 2008 ' s 808s & heartbreak " . sean fennessey of the village voice writes that west " absorb [ ed ] the gifts of his handpicked collaborators , and occasionally elevat [ ed ] them " on previous studio albums , noting collaborators and elements as jon brion for late registration , dj toomp for graduation , and kid cudi for 808s & heartbreak . [ sep ] my beautiful dark twisted fantasy
west ' s fifth album , my beautiful dark twisted fantasy , has been noted by writers for its maximalist aesthetic and its incorporation of elements from west ' s previous four albums . entertainment weekly ' s simon vozick - levinson perceives that such elements " all recur at various points " , namely " the luxurious soul of 2004 ' s the college dropout , the symphonic pomp of late registration , the gloss of 2007 ' s graduation , and the emotionally exhausted electro of 2008 ' s 808s & heartbreak " . sean fennessey of the village voice writes that west " absorb [ ed ] the gifts of his handpicked collaborators , and occasionally elevat [ ed ] them " on previous studio albums , noting collaborators and elements as jon brion for late registration , dj toomp for graduation , and kid cudi for 808s & heartbreak . [ sep ] simon vozick - levinson
describing his sixth studio album yeezus ( 2013 ) as " a protest to music , " west embraced an abrasive style that incorporated industrial music , acid house , dancehall , punk , electro , and chicago drill . inspired by the minimalist design of le corbusier and primarily electronic in nature , the album features distorted drum machines and " synthesizers that sound like they ' re malfunctioning , low - resolution samplers that add a pixelated digital aura to the most analog sounds . " to this end , the album incorporates glitches reminiscent of cd skips or corrupted mp3 ' s , and auto - tuned vocals are modulated to a point in which they are difficult to decipher . it also continues west ' s practice of eclectic samples : he employs a sample of nina simone ' s " strange fruit , " an obscure hindi sample on " i am a god " , and a sample of 1970s hungarian rock group omega on " new slaves " . " on sight " interpolates a melody from " sermon ( he ' ll give us what we really need ) " by the holy name of mary choral family . rolling stone called the album a " brilliant , obsessive - compulsive career auto - correct " . [ sep ] a protest to music
describing his sixth studio album yeezus ( 2013 ) as " a protest to music , " west embraced an abrasive style that incorporated industrial music , acid house , dancehall , punk , electro , and chicago drill . inspired by the minimalist design of le corbusier and primarily electronic in nature , the album features distorted drum machines and " synthesizers that sound like they ' re malfunctioning , low - resolution samplers that add a pixelated digital aura to the most analog sounds . " to this end , the album incorporates glitches reminiscent of cd skips or corrupted mp3 ' s , and auto - tuned vocals are modulated to a point in which they are difficult to decipher . it also continues west ' s practice of eclectic samples : he employs a sample of nina simone ' s " strange fruit , " an obscure hindi sample on " i am a god " , and a sample of 1970s hungarian rock group omega on " new slaves " . " on sight " interpolates a melody from " sermon ( he ' ll give us what we really need ) " by the holy name of mary choral family . rolling stone called the album a " brilliant , obsessive - compulsive career auto - correct " . [ sep ] le corbusier
in september 2005 , west announced that he would release his pastelle clothing line in spring 2006 , claiming " now that i have a grammy under my belt and late registration is finished , i am ready to launch my clothing line next spring . " the line was developed over the following four years – with multiple pieces teased by west himself – before the line was ultimately cancelled in 2009 . in 2009 , west collaborated with nike to release his own shoe , the air yeezys , with a second version released in 2012 . in january 2009 , west introduced his first shoe line designed for louis vuitton during paris fashion week . the line was released in summer 2009 . west has additionally designed shoewear for bape and italian shoemaker giuseppe zanotti . [ sep ] clothing line
in september 2005 , west announced that he would release his pastelle clothing line in spring 2006 , claiming " now that i have a grammy under my belt and late registration is finished , i am ready to launch my clothing line next spring . " the line was developed over the following four years – with multiple pieces teased by west himself – before the line was ultimately cancelled in 2009 . in 2009 , west collaborated with nike to release his own shoe , the air yeezys , with a second version released in 2012 . in january 2009 , west introduced his first shoe line designed for louis vuitton during paris fashion week . the line was released in summer 2009 . west has additionally designed shoewear for bape and italian shoemaker giuseppe zanotti . [ sep ] cancelled
on october 1 , 2011 , kanye west premiered his women ' s fashion label , dw kanye west at paris fashion week . he received support from dsquared2 duo dean and dan caten , olivier theyskens , jeremy scott , azzedine alaia , and the olsen twins , who were also in attendance during his show . his debut fashion show received mixed - to - negative reviews , ranging from reserved observations by style . com to excoriating commentary by the wall street journal , the new york times , the international herald tribune , elleuk . com , the daily telegraph , harper ' s bazaar and many others . on march 6 , 2012 , west premiered a second fashion line at paris fashion week . the line ' s reception was markedly improved from the previous presentation , with a number of critics heralding west for his " much improved " sophomore effort . [ sep ] women
on october 1 , 2011 , kanye west premiered his women ' s fashion label , dw kanye west at paris fashion week . he received support from dsquared2 duo dean and dan caten , olivier theyskens , jeremy scott , azzedine alaia , and the olsen twins , who were also in attendance during his show . his debut fashion show received mixed - to - negative reviews , ranging from reserved observations by style . com to excoriating commentary by the wall street journal , the new york times , the international herald tribune , elleuk . com , the daily telegraph , harper ' s bazaar and many others . on march 6 , 2012 , west premiered a second fashion line at paris fashion week . the line ' s reception was markedly improved from the previous presentation , with a number of critics heralding west for his " much improved " sophomore effort . [ sep ] mixed - to - negative reviews
on october 1 , 2011 , kanye west premiered his women ' s fashion label , dw kanye west at paris fashion week . he received support from dsquared2 duo dean and dan caten , olivier theyskens , jeremy scott , azzedine alaia , and the olsen twins , who were also in attendance during his show . his debut fashion show received mixed - to - negative reviews , ranging from reserved observations by style . com to excoriating commentary by the wall street journal , the new york times , the international herald tribune , elleuk . com , the daily telegraph , harper ' s bazaar and many others . on march 6 , 2012 , west premiered a second fashion line at paris fashion week . the line ' s reception was markedly improved from the previous presentation , with a number of critics heralding west for his " much improved " sophomore effort . [ sep ] march 6 , 2012
on december 3 , 2013 , adidas officially confirmed a new shoe collaboration deal with west . after months of anticipation and rumors , west confirmed the release of the adidas yeezy boosts with a twitter announcement directing fans to the domain yeezy . supply . in 2015 , west unveiled his yeezy season clothing line , premiering season 1 in collaboration with adidas early in the year . the release of the yeezy boosts and the full adidas collaboration was showcased in new york city on february 12 , 2015 , with free streaming to 50 cinemas in 13 countries around the world . an initial release of the adidas yeezy boosts was limited to 9000 pairs to be available only in new york city via the adidas smartphone app ; the adidas yeezy boosts were sold out within 10 minutes . the shoes released worldwide on february 28 , 2015 , were limited to select boutique stores and the adidas uk stores . he followed with season 2 later that year at new york fashion week . on february 11 , west premiered his yeezy season 3 clothing line at madison square garden in conjunction with the previewing of his album the life of pablo . [ sep ] adidas
on december 3 , 2013 , adidas officially confirmed a new shoe collaboration deal with west . after months of anticipation and rumors , west confirmed the release of the adidas yeezy boosts with a twitter announcement directing fans to the domain yeezy . supply . in 2015 , west unveiled his yeezy season clothing line , premiering season 1 in collaboration with adidas early in the year . the release of the yeezy boosts and the full adidas collaboration was showcased in new york city on february 12 , 2015 , with free streaming to 50 cinemas in 13 countries around the world . an initial release of the adidas yeezy boosts was limited to 9000 pairs to be available only in new york city via the adidas smartphone app ; the adidas yeezy boosts were sold out within 10 minutes . the shoes released worldwide on february 28 , 2015 , were limited to select boutique stores and the adidas uk stores . he followed with season 2 later that year at new york fashion week . on february 11 , west premiered his yeezy season 3 clothing line at madison square garden in conjunction with the previewing of his album the life of pablo . [ sep ] 3
on december 3 , 2013 , adidas officially confirmed a new shoe collaboration deal with west . after months of anticipation and rumors , west confirmed the release of the adidas yeezy boosts with a twitter announcement directing fans to the domain yeezy . supply . in 2015 , west unveiled his yeezy season clothing line , premiering season 1 in collaboration with adidas early in the year . the release of the yeezy boosts and the full adidas collaboration was showcased in new york city on february 12 , 2015 , with free streaming to 50 cinemas in 13 countries around the world . an initial release of the adidas yeezy boosts was limited to 9000 pairs to be available only in new york city via the adidas smartphone app ; the adidas yeezy boosts were sold out within 10 minutes . the shoes released worldwide on february 28 , 2015 , were limited to select boutique stores and the adidas uk stores . he followed with season 2 later that year at new york fashion week . on february 11 , west premiered his yeezy season 3 clothing line at madison square garden in conjunction with the previewing of his album the life of pablo . [ sep ] adidas yeezy boosts
on december 3 , 2013 , adidas officially confirmed a new shoe collaboration deal with west . after months of anticipation and rumors , west confirmed the release of the adidas yeezy boosts with a twitter announcement directing fans to the domain yeezy . supply . in 2015 , west unveiled his yeezy season clothing line , premiering season 1 in collaboration with adidas early in the year . the release of the yeezy boosts and the full adidas collaboration was showcased in new york city on february 12 , 2015 , with free streaming to 50 cinemas in 13 countries around the world . an initial release of the adidas yeezy boosts was limited to 9000 pairs to be available only in new york city via the adidas smartphone app ; the adidas yeezy boosts were sold out within 10 minutes . the shoes released worldwide on february 28 , 2015 , were limited to select boutique stores and the adidas uk stores . he followed with season 2 later that year at new york fashion week . on february 11 , west premiered his yeezy season 3 clothing line at madison square garden in conjunction with the previewing of his album the life of pablo . [ sep ] 9000
in august 2008 , west revealed plans to open 10 fatburger restaurants in the chicago area ; the first was set to open in september 2008 in orland park . the second followed in january 2009 , while a third location is yet to be revealed , although the process is being finalized . his company , kw foods llc , bought the rights to the chain in chicago . ultimately , in 2009 , only two locations actually opened . in february 2011 , west shut down the fatburger located in orland park . later that year , the remaining beverly location also was shuttered . [ sep ] fatburger
in august 2008 , west revealed plans to open 10 fatburger restaurants in the chicago area ; the first was set to open in september 2008 in orland park . the second followed in january 2009 , while a third location is yet to be revealed , although the process is being finalized . his company , kw foods llc , bought the rights to the chain in chicago . ultimately , in 2009 , only two locations actually opened . in february 2011 , west shut down the fatburger located in orland park . later that year , the remaining beverly location also was shuttered . [ sep ] 2
in august 2008 , west revealed plans to open 10 fatburger restaurants in the chicago area ; the first was set to open in september 2008 in orland park . the second followed in january 2009 , while a third location is yet to be revealed , although the process is being finalized . his company , kw foods llc , bought the rights to the chain in chicago . ultimately , in 2009 , only two locations actually opened . in february 2011 , west shut down the fatburger located in orland park . later that year , the remaining beverly location also was shuttered . [ sep ] shut down
west founded the record label and production company good music in 2004 , in conjunction with sony bmg , shortly after releasing his debut album , the college dropout . john legend , common , and west were the label ' s inaugural artists . the label houses artists including west , big sean , pusha t , teyana taylor , yasiin bey / mos def , d ' banj and john legend , and producers including hudson mohawke , q - tip , travis scott , no i . d . , jeff bhasker , and s1 . good music has released ten albums certified gold or higher by the recording industry association of america ( riaa ) . in november 2015 , west appointed pusha t the new president of good music . [ sep ] good music
west founded the record label and production company good music in 2004 , in conjunction with sony bmg , shortly after releasing his debut album , the college dropout . john legend , common , and west were the label ' s inaugural artists . the label houses artists including west , big sean , pusha t , teyana taylor , yasiin bey / mos def , d ' banj and john legend , and producers including hudson mohawke , q - tip , travis scott , no i . d . , jeff bhasker , and s1 . good music has released ten albums certified gold or higher by the recording industry association of america ( riaa ) . in november 2015 , west appointed pusha t the new president of good music . [ sep ] pusha t
on january 5 , 2012 , west announced his establishment of the creative content company donda , named after his late mother donda west . in his announcement , west proclaimed that the company would " pick up where steve jobs left off " ; donda would operate as " a design company which will galvanize amazing thinkers in a creative space to bounce their dreams and ideas " with the " goal to make products and experiences that people want and can afford . " west is notoriously secretive about the company ' s operations , maintaining neither an official website nor a social media presence . in stating donda ' s creative philosophy , west articulated the need to " put creatives in a room together with like minds " in order to " simplify and aesthetically improve everything we see , taste , touch , and feel . " . contemporary critics have noted the consistent minimalistic aesthetic exhibited throughout donda creative projects . [ sep ] to make products and experiences that people want and can afford
in the spring of 1834 , chopin attended the lower rhenish music festival in aix - la - chapelle with hiller , and it was there that chopin met felix mendelssohn . after the festival , the three visited dusseldorf , where mendelssohn had been appointed musical director . they spent what mendelssohn described as " a very agreeable day " , playing and discussing music at his piano , and met friedrich wilhelm schadow , director of the academy of art , and some of his eminent pupils such as lessing , bendemann , hildebrandt and sohn . in 1835 chopin went to carlsbad , where he spent time with his parents ; it was the last time he would see them . on his way back to paris , he met old friends from warsaw , the wodzinskis . he had made the acquaintance of their daughter maria in poland five years earlier , when she was eleven . this meeting prompted him to stay for two weeks in dresden , when he had previously intended to return to paris via leipzig . the sixteen - year - old girl ' s portrait of the composer is considered , along with delacroix ' s , as among chopin ' s best likenesses . in october he finally reached leipzig , where he met schumann , clara wieck and felix mendelssohn , who organised for him a performance of his own oratorio st . paul , and who considered him " a perfect musician " . in july 1836 chopin travelled to marienbad and dresden to be with the wodzinski family , and in september he proposed to maria , whose mother countess wodzinska approved in principle . chopin went on to leipzig , where he presented schumann with his g minor ballade . at the end of 1836 he sent maria an album in which his sister ludwika had inscribed seven of his songs , and his 1835 nocturne in c - sharp minor , op . 27 , no . 1 . the anodyne thanks he received from maria proved to be the last letter he was to have from her . [ sep ] the lower rhenish music festival
in the spring of 1834 , chopin attended the lower rhenish music festival in aix - la - chapelle with hiller , and it was there that chopin met felix mendelssohn . after the festival , the three visited dusseldorf , where mendelssohn had been appointed musical director . they spent what mendelssohn described as " a very agreeable day " , playing and discussing music at his piano , and met friedrich wilhelm schadow , director of the academy of art , and some of his eminent pupils such as lessing , bendemann , hildebrandt and sohn . in 1835 chopin went to carlsbad , where he spent time with his parents ; it was the last time he would see them . on his way back to paris , he met old friends from warsaw , the wodzinskis . he had made the acquaintance of their daughter maria in poland five years earlier , when she was eleven . this meeting prompted him to stay for two weeks in dresden , when he had previously intended to return to paris via leipzig . the sixteen - year - old girl ' s portrait of the composer is considered , along with delacroix ' s , as among chopin ' s best likenesses . in october he finally reached leipzig , where he met schumann , clara wieck and felix mendelssohn , who organised for him a performance of his own oratorio st . paul , and who considered him " a perfect musician " . in july 1836 chopin travelled to marienbad and dresden to be with the wodzinski family , and in september he proposed to maria , whose mother countess wodzinska approved in principle . chopin went on to leipzig , where he presented schumann with his g minor ballade . at the end of 1836 he sent maria an album in which his sister ludwika had inscribed seven of his songs , and his 1835 nocturne in c - sharp minor , op . 27 , no . 1 . the anodyne thanks he received from maria proved to be the last letter he was to have from her . [ sep ] hiller
in the spring of 1834 , chopin attended the lower rhenish music festival in aix - la - chapelle with hiller , and it was there that chopin met felix mendelssohn . after the festival , the three visited dusseldorf , where mendelssohn had been appointed musical director . they spent what mendelssohn described as " a very agreeable day " , playing and discussing music at his piano , and met friedrich wilhelm schadow , director of the academy of art , and some of his eminent pupils such as lessing , bendemann , hildebrandt and sohn . in 1835 chopin went to carlsbad , where he spent time with his parents ; it was the last time he would see them . on his way back to paris , he met old friends from warsaw , the wodzinskis . he had made the acquaintance of their daughter maria in poland five years earlier , when she was eleven . this meeting prompted him to stay for two weeks in dresden , when he had previously intended to return to paris via leipzig . the sixteen - year - old girl ' s portrait of the composer is considered , along with delacroix ' s , as among chopin ' s best likenesses . in october he finally reached leipzig , where he met schumann , clara wieck and felix mendelssohn , who organised for him a performance of his own oratorio st . paul , and who considered him " a perfect musician " . in july 1836 chopin travelled to marienbad and dresden to be with the wodzinski family , and in september he proposed to maria , whose mother countess wodzinska approved in principle . chopin went on to leipzig , where he presented schumann with his g minor ballade . at the end of 1836 he sent maria an album in which his sister ludwika had inscribed seven of his songs , and his 1835 nocturne in c - sharp minor , op . 27 , no . 1 . the anodyne thanks he received from maria proved to be the last letter he was to have from her . [ sep ] carlsbad
in the spring of 1834 , chopin attended the lower rhenish music festival in aix - la - chapelle with hiller , and it was there that chopin met felix mendelssohn . after the festival , the three visited dusseldorf , where mendelssohn had been appointed musical director . they spent what mendelssohn described as " a very agreeable day " , playing and discussing music at his piano , and met friedrich wilhelm schadow , director of the academy of art , and some of his eminent pupils such as lessing , bendemann , hildebrandt and sohn . in 1835 chopin went to carlsbad , where he spent time with his parents ; it was the last time he would see them . on his way back to paris , he met old friends from warsaw , the wodzinskis . he had made the acquaintance of their daughter maria in poland five years earlier , when she was eleven . this meeting prompted him to stay for two weeks in dresden , when he had previously intended to return to paris via leipzig . the sixteen - year - old girl ' s portrait of the composer is considered , along with delacroix ' s , as among chopin ' s best likenesses . in october he finally reached leipzig , where he met schumann , clara wieck and felix mendelssohn , who organised for him a performance of his own oratorio st . paul , and who considered him " a perfect musician " . in july 1836 chopin travelled to marienbad and dresden to be with the wodzinski family , and in september he proposed to maria , whose mother countess wodzinska approved in principle . chopin went on to leipzig , where he presented schumann with his g minor ballade . at the end of 1836 he sent maria an album in which his sister ludwika had inscribed seven of his songs , and his 1835 nocturne in c - sharp minor , op . 27 , no . 1 . the anodyne thanks he received from maria proved to be the last letter he was to have from her . [ sep ] july 1836
in the spring of 1834 , chopin attended the lower rhenish music festival in aix - la - chapelle with hiller , and it was there that chopin met felix mendelssohn . after the festival , the three visited dusseldorf , where mendelssohn had been appointed musical director . they spent what mendelssohn described as " a very agreeable day " , playing and discussing music at his piano , and met friedrich wilhelm schadow , director of the academy of art , and some of his eminent pupils such as lessing , bendemann , hildebrandt and sohn . in 1835 chopin went to carlsbad , where he spent time with his parents ; it was the last time he would see them . on his way back to paris , he met old friends from warsaw , the wodzinskis . he had made the acquaintance of their daughter maria in poland five years earlier , when she was eleven . this meeting prompted him to stay for two weeks in dresden , when he had previously intended to return to paris via leipzig . the sixteen - year - old girl ' s portrait of the composer is considered , along with delacroix ' s , as among chopin ' s best likenesses . in october he finally reached leipzig , where he met schumann , clara wieck and felix mendelssohn , who organised for him a performance of his own oratorio st . paul , and who considered him " a perfect musician " . in july 1836 chopin travelled to marienbad and dresden to be with the wodzinski family , and in september he proposed to maria , whose mother countess wodzinska approved in principle . chopin went on to leipzig , where he presented schumann with his g minor ballade . at the end of 1836 he sent maria an album in which his sister ludwika had inscribed seven of his songs , and his 1835 nocturne in c - sharp minor , op . 27 , no . 1 . the anodyne thanks he received from maria proved to be the last letter he was to have from her . [ sep ] countess wodzinska
on march 30 , 2015 , it was announced that west is a co - owner , with various other music artists , in the music streaming service tidal . the service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos . jay z acquired the parent company of tidal , aspiro , in the first quarter of 2015 . including beyonce and jay - z , sixteen artist stakeholders ( such as rihanna , beyonce , madonna , chris martin , nicki minaj and more ) co - own tidal , with the majority owning a 3 % equity stake . the idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry , and to rival other streaming services such as spotify , which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties . " the challenge is to get everyone to respect music again , to recognize its value " , stated jay - z on the release of tidal . [ sep ] tidal
on march 30 , 2015 , it was announced that west is a co - owner , with various other music artists , in the music streaming service tidal . the service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos . jay z acquired the parent company of tidal , aspiro , in the first quarter of 2015 . including beyonce and jay - z , sixteen artist stakeholders ( such as rihanna , beyonce , madonna , chris martin , nicki minaj and more ) co - own tidal , with the majority owning a 3 % equity stake . the idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry , and to rival other streaming services such as spotify , which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties . " the challenge is to get everyone to respect music again , to recognize its value " , stated jay - z on the release of tidal . [ sep ] jay - z
on march 30 , 2015 , it was announced that west is a co - owner , with various other music artists , in the music streaming service tidal . the service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos . jay z acquired the parent company of tidal , aspiro , in the first quarter of 2015 . including beyonce and jay - z , sixteen artist stakeholders ( such as rihanna , beyonce , madonna , chris martin , nicki minaj and more ) co - own tidal , with the majority owning a 3 % equity stake . the idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry , and to rival other streaming services such as spotify , which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties . " the challenge is to get everyone to respect music again , to recognize its value " , stated jay - z on the release of tidal . [ sep ] low payout of royalties
the two became friends , and for many years lived in close proximity in paris , chopin at 38 rue de la chaussee - d ' antin , and liszt at the hotel de france on the rue lafitte , a few blocks away . they performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841 . the first , on 2 april 1833 , was at a benefit concert organized by hector berlioz for his bankrupt shakespearean actress wife harriet smithson , during which they played george onslow ' s sonata in f minor for piano duet . later joint appearances included a benefit concert for the benevolent association of polish ladies in paris . their last appearance together in public was for a charity concert conducted for the beethoven memorial in bonn , held at the salle pleyel and the paris conservatory on 25 and 26 april 1841 . [ sep ] 2 april 1833
the two became friends , and for many years lived in close proximity in paris , chopin at 38 rue de la chaussee - d ' antin , and liszt at the hotel de france on the rue lafitte , a few blocks away . they performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841 . the first , on 2 april 1833 , was at a benefit concert organized by hector berlioz for his bankrupt shakespearean actress wife harriet smithson , during which they played george onslow ' s sonata in f minor for piano duet . later joint appearances included a benefit concert for the benevolent association of polish ladies in paris . their last appearance together in public was for a charity concert conducted for the beethoven memorial in bonn , held at the salle pleyel and the paris conservatory on 25 and 26 april 1841 . [ sep ] the beethoven memorial in bonn
the two became friends , and for many years lived in close proximity in paris , chopin at 38 rue de la chaussee - d ' antin , and liszt at the hotel de france on the rue lafitte , a few blocks away . they performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841 . the first , on 2 april 1833 , was at a benefit concert organized by hector berlioz for his bankrupt shakespearean actress wife harriet smithson , during which they played george onslow ' s sonata in f minor for piano duet . later joint appearances included a benefit concert for the benevolent association of polish ladies in paris . their last appearance together in public was for a charity concert conducted for the beethoven memorial in bonn , held at the salle pleyel and the paris conservatory on 25 and 26 april 1841 . [ sep ] salle pleyel and the paris conservatory
west , alongside his mother , founded the " kanye west foundation " in chicago in 2003 , tasked with a mission to battle dropout and illiteracy rates , while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education . in 2007 , the west and the foundation partnered with strong american schools as part of their " ed in ' 08 " campaign . as spokesman for the campaign , west appeared in a series of psas for the organization , and hosted an inaugural benefit concert in august of that year . [ sep ] kanye west foundation
west , alongside his mother , founded the " kanye west foundation " in chicago in 2003 , tasked with a mission to battle dropout and illiteracy rates , while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education . in 2007 , the west and the foundation partnered with strong american schools as part of their " ed in ' 08 " campaign . as spokesman for the campaign , west appeared in a series of psas for the organization , and hosted an inaugural benefit concert in august of that year . [ sep ] battle dropout and illiteracy rates , while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education
in 2008 , following the death of west ' s mother , the foundation was rechristened " the dr . donda west foundation . " the foundation ceased operations in 2011 . [ sep ] the dr . donda west foundation
in 2008 , following the death of west ' s mother , the foundation was rechristened " the dr . donda west foundation . " the foundation ceased operations in 2011 . [ sep ] 2011
west has additionally appeared and participated in many fundraisers , benefit concerts , and has done community work for hurricane katrina relief , the kanye west foundation , the millions more movement , 100 black men of america , a live earth concert benefit , world water day rally and march , nike runs , and a mtv special helping young iraq war veterans who struggle through debt and ptsd a second chance after returning home . [ sep ] 100 black men of america , a live earth concert benefit , world water day rally
west has been an outspoken and controversial celebrity throughout his career , receiving both criticism and praise from many , including the mainstream media , other artists and entertainers , and two u . s . presidents . on september 2 , 2005 , during a benefit concert for hurricane katrina relief on nbc , a concert for hurricane relief , west ( a featured speaker ) accused president george w . bush of not " car [ ing ] about black people " . when west was presenting alongside actor mike myers , he deviated from the prepared script to criticize the media ' s portrayal of hurricane victims , saying : [ sep ] a concert for hurricane relief
west has been an outspoken and controversial celebrity throughout his career , receiving both criticism and praise from many , including the mainstream media , other artists and entertainers , and two u . s . presidents . on september 2 , 2005 , during a benefit concert for hurricane katrina relief on nbc , a concert for hurricane relief , west ( a featured speaker ) accused president george w . bush of not " car [ ing ] about black people " . when west was presenting alongside actor mike myers , he deviated from the prepared script to criticize the media ' s portrayal of hurricane victims , saying : [ sep ] george w . bush
myers spoke next and continued to read the script . once it was west ' s turn to speak again , he said , " george bush doesn ' t care about black people . " at this point , telethon producer rick kaplan cut off the microphone and then cut away to chris tucker , who was unaware of the cut for a few seconds . still , west ' s comment reached much of the united states . [ sep ] rick kaplan cut off the microphone and then cut away to chris tucker
bush stated in an interview that the comment was " one of the most disgusting moments " of his presidency . in november 2010 , in a taped interview with matt lauer for the today show , west expressed regret for his criticism of bush . " i would tell george bush in my moment of frustration , i didn ' t have the grounds to call him a racist " , he told lauer . " i believe that in a situation of high emotion like that we as human beings don ' t always choose the right words . " the following day , bush reacted to the apology in a live interview with lauer saying he appreciated the rapper ' s remorse . " i ' m not a hater " , bush said . " i don ' t hate kanye west . i was talking about an environment in which people were willing to say things that hurt . nobody wants to be called a racist if in your heart you believe in equality of races . " reactions were mixed , but some felt that west had no need to apologize . " it was not the particulars of your words that mattered , it was the essence of a feeling of the insensitivity towards our communities that many of us have felt for far too long " , argued def jam co - founder russell simmons . bush himself was receptive to the apology , saying , " i appreciate that . it wasn ' t just kanye west who was talking like that during katrina , i cited him as an example , i cited others as an example as well . you know , i appreciate that . " [ sep ] " one of the most disgusting moments " of his presidency
in september 2013 , west was widely rebuked by human rights groups for performing in kazakhstan at the wedding of authoritarian president nursultan nazarbayev ' s grandson . he traveled to kazakhstan , which has one of the poorest human rights records in the world , as a personal guest of nazarbayev . other notable western performers , including sting , have previously cancelled performances in the country over human rights concerns . west was reportedly paid us $ 3 million for his performance . west had previously participated in cultural boycotts , joining shakira and rage against the machine in refusing to perform in arizona after the 2010 implementation of stop and search laws directed against potential illegal aliens . [ sep ] kazakhstan
in september 2013 , west was widely rebuked by human rights groups for performing in kazakhstan at the wedding of authoritarian president nursultan nazarbayev ' s grandson . he traveled to kazakhstan , which has one of the poorest human rights records in the world , as a personal guest of nazarbayev . other notable western performers , including sting , have previously cancelled performances in the country over human rights concerns . west was reportedly paid us $ 3 million for his performance . west had previously participated in cultural boycotts , joining shakira and rage against the machine in refusing to perform in arizona after the 2010 implementation of stop and search laws directed against potential illegal aliens . [ sep ] $ 3 million
in september 2013 , west was widely rebuked by human rights groups for performing in kazakhstan at the wedding of authoritarian president nursultan nazarbayev ' s grandson . he traveled to kazakhstan , which has one of the poorest human rights records in the world , as a personal guest of nazarbayev . other notable western performers , including sting , have previously cancelled performances in the country over human rights concerns . west was reportedly paid us $ 3 million for his performance . west had previously participated in cultural boycotts , joining shakira and rage against the machine in refusing to perform in arizona after the 2010 implementation of stop and search laws directed against potential illegal aliens . [ sep ] one of the poorest
later in 2013 , west launched a tirade on twitter directed at talk show host jimmy kimmel after his abc program jimmy kimmel live ! ran a sketch on september 25 involving two children re - enacting west ' s recent interview with zane lowe for bbc radio 1 in which he calls himself the biggest rock star on the planet . kimmel reveals the following night that west called him to demand an apology shortly before taping . [ sep ] jimmy kimmel live !
later in 2013 , west launched a tirade on twitter directed at talk show host jimmy kimmel after his abc program jimmy kimmel live ! ran a sketch on september 25 involving two children re - enacting west ' s recent interview with zane lowe for bbc radio 1 in which he calls himself the biggest rock star on the planet . kimmel reveals the following night that west called him to demand an apology shortly before taping . [ sep ] an apology
during a november 26 , 2013 radio interview , west explained why he believed that president obama had problems pushing policies in washington : " man , let me tell you something about george bush and oil money and obama and no money . people want to say obama can ' t make these moves or he ' s not executing . that ' s because he ain ' t got those connections . black people don ' t have the same level of connections as jewish people . . . we ain ' t jewish . we don ' t got family that got money like that . " in response to his comments , the anti - defamation league stated : " there it goes again , the age - old canard that jews are all - powerful and control the levers of power in government . " on december 21 , 2013 , west backed off of the original comment and told a chicago radio station that " i thought i was giving a compliment , but if anything it came off more ignorant . i don ’ t know how being told you have money is an insult . " [ sep ] obama
during a november 26 , 2013 radio interview , west explained why he believed that president obama had problems pushing policies in washington : " man , let me tell you something about george bush and oil money and obama and no money . people want to say obama can ' t make these moves or he ' s not executing . that ' s because he ain ' t got those connections . black people don ' t have the same level of connections as jewish people . . . we ain ' t jewish . we don ' t got family that got money like that . " in response to his comments , the anti - defamation league stated : " there it goes again , the age - old canard that jews are all - powerful and control the levers of power in government . " on december 21 , 2013 , west backed off of the original comment and told a chicago radio station that " i thought i was giving a compliment , but if anything it came off more ignorant . i don ’ t know how being told you have money is an insult . " [ sep ] jewish people
in february 2016 , west again became embroiled in controversy when he posted a tweet seemingly asserting bill cosby ' s innocence in the wake of over 50 women making allegations of sexual assault directed at cosby . [ sep ] bill cosby
in 2004 , west had his first of a number of public incidents during his attendance at music award events . at the american music awards of 2004 , west stormed out of the auditorium after losing best new artist to country singer gretchen wilson . he later commented , " i felt like i was definitely robbed [ . . . ] i was the best new artist this year . " after the 2006 grammy nominations were released , west said he would " really have a problem " if he did not win the album of the year , saying , " i don ' t care what i do , i don ' t care how much i stunt – you can never take away from the amount of work i put into it . i don ' t want to hear all of that politically correct stuff . " on november 2 , 2006 , when his " touch the sky " failed to win best video at the mtv europe music awards , west went onto the stage as the award was being presented to justice and simian for " we are your friends " and argued that he should have won the award instead . hundreds of news outlets worldwide criticized the outburst . on november 7 , 2006 , west apologized for this outburst publicly during his performance as support act for u2 for their vertigo concert in brisbane . he later spoofed the incident on the 33rd season premiere of saturday night live in september 2007 . [ sep ] gretchen wilson
in 2004 , west had his first of a number of public incidents during his attendance at music award events . at the american music awards of 2004 , west stormed out of the auditorium after losing best new artist to country singer gretchen wilson . he later commented , " i felt like i was definitely robbed [ . . . ] i was the best new artist this year . " after the 2006 grammy nominations were released , west said he would " really have a problem " if he did not win the album of the year , saying , " i don ' t care what i do , i don ' t care how much i stunt – you can never take away from the amount of work i put into it . i don ' t want to hear all of that politically correct stuff . " on november 2 , 2006 , when his " touch the sky " failed to win best video at the mtv europe music awards , west went onto the stage as the award was being presented to justice and simian for " we are your friends " and argued that he should have won the award instead . hundreds of news outlets worldwide criticized the outburst . on november 7 , 2006 , west apologized for this outburst publicly during his performance as support act for u2 for their vertigo concert in brisbane . he later spoofed the incident on the 33rd season premiere of saturday night live in september 2007 . [ sep ] touch the sky
on september 9 , 2007 , west suggested that his race had something to do with his being overlooked for opening the 2007 mtv video music awards ( vmas ) in favor of britney spears ; he claimed , " maybe my skin ’ s not right . " west was performing at the event ; that night , he lost all five awards that he was nominated for , including best male artist and video of the year . after the show , he was visibly upset that he had lost at the vmas two years in a row , stating that he would not come back to mtv ever again . he also appeared on several radio stations saying that when he made the song " stronger " that it was his dream to open the vmas with it . he has also stated that spears has not had a hit in a long period of time and that mtv exploited her for ratings . [ sep ] race
on september 9 , 2007 , west suggested that his race had something to do with his being overlooked for opening the 2007 mtv video music awards ( vmas ) in favor of britney spears ; he claimed , " maybe my skin ’ s not right . " west was performing at the event ; that night , he lost all five awards that he was nominated for , including best male artist and video of the year . after the show , he was visibly upset that he had lost at the vmas two years in a row , stating that he would not come back to mtv ever again . he also appeared on several radio stations saying that when he made the song " stronger " that it was his dream to open the vmas with it . he has also stated that spears has not had a hit in a long period of time and that mtv exploited her for ratings . [ sep ] stronger
on september 13 , 2009 , during the 2009 mtv video music awards while taylor swift was accepting her award for best female video for " you belong with me " , west went on stage and grabbed the microphone to proclaim that beyonce ' s video for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , nominated for the same award , was " one of the best videos of all time " . he was subsequently removed from the remainder of the show for his actions . when beyonce later won the award for best video of the year for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , she called swift up on stage so that she could finish her acceptance speech . west was criticized by various celebrities for the outburst , and by president barack obama , who called west a " jackass " . in addition , west ' s vma disruption sparked a large influx of internet photo memes with blogs , forums and " tweets " with the " let you finish " photo - jokes . he posted a tweet soon after the event where he stated , " everybody wanna booooo me but i ' m a fan of real pop culture . . . i ' m not crazy y ' all , i ' m just real . " he then posted two apologies for the outburst on his personal blog ; one on the night of the incident , and the other the following day , when he also apologized during an appearance on the jay leno show . after swift appeared on the view two days after the outburst , partly to discuss the matter , west called her to apologize personally . swift said she accepted his apology . [ sep ] taylor swift
on september 13 , 2009 , during the 2009 mtv video music awards while taylor swift was accepting her award for best female video for " you belong with me " , west went on stage and grabbed the microphone to proclaim that beyonce ' s video for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , nominated for the same award , was " one of the best videos of all time " . he was subsequently removed from the remainder of the show for his actions . when beyonce later won the award for best video of the year for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , she called swift up on stage so that she could finish her acceptance speech . west was criticized by various celebrities for the outburst , and by president barack obama , who called west a " jackass " . in addition , west ' s vma disruption sparked a large influx of internet photo memes with blogs , forums and " tweets " with the " let you finish " photo - jokes . he posted a tweet soon after the event where he stated , " everybody wanna booooo me but i ' m a fan of real pop culture . . . i ' m not crazy y ' all , i ' m just real . " he then posted two apologies for the outburst on his personal blog ; one on the night of the incident , and the other the following day , when he also apologized during an appearance on the jay leno show . after swift appeared on the view two days after the outburst , partly to discuss the matter , west called her to apologize personally . swift said she accepted his apology . [ sep ] obama
in september 2010 , west wrote a series of apologetic tweets addressed to swift including " beyonce didn ' t need that . mtv didn ' t need that and taylor and her family friends and fans definitely didn ' t want or need that " and concluding with " i ' m sorry taylor . " he also revealed he had written a song for swift and if she did not accept the song , he would perform it himself . however , on november 8 , 2010 , in an interview with a minnesota radio station , he seemed to recant his past apologies by attempting to describe the act at the 2009 awards show as " selfless " and downgrade the perception of disrespect it created . in " famous , " a track from his 2016 album the life of pablo , west implies that this incident led to swift ' s stardom , rapping , " i feel like me and taylor might still have sex / why ? i made that bitch famous . " after some media backlash about the reference , west posted on twitter " i did not diss taylor swift and i ' ve never dissed her . . . first thing is i ' m an artist and as an artist i will express how i feel with no censorship . " he continued by adding that he had asked both swift and his wife , kim kardashian , for permission to publish the line . [ sep ] taylor swift
in september 2010 , west wrote a series of apologetic tweets addressed to swift including " beyonce didn ' t need that . mtv didn ' t need that and taylor and her family friends and fans definitely didn ' t want or need that " and concluding with " i ' m sorry taylor . " he also revealed he had written a song for swift and if she did not accept the song , he would perform it himself . however , on november 8 , 2010 , in an interview with a minnesota radio station , he seemed to recant his past apologies by attempting to describe the act at the 2009 awards show as " selfless " and downgrade the perception of disrespect it created . in " famous , " a track from his 2016 album the life of pablo , west implies that this incident led to swift ' s stardom , rapping , " i feel like me and taylor might still have sex / why ? i made that bitch famous . " after some media backlash about the reference , west posted on twitter " i did not diss taylor swift and i ' ve never dissed her . . . first thing is i ' m an artist and as an artist i will express how i feel with no censorship . " he continued by adding that he had asked both swift and his wife , kim kardashian , for permission to publish the line . [ sep ] famous
on february 8 , 2015 , at the 57th annual grammy awards , west walked on stage as beck was accepting his award for album of the year and then walked off stage , making everyone think he was joking around . after the awards show , west stated in an interview that he was not joking and that " beck needs to respect artistry , he should have given his award to beyonce " . on february 26 , 2015 , he publicly apologized to beck on twitter . [ sep ] beck
on february 8 , 2015 , at the 57th annual grammy awards , west walked on stage as beck was accepting his award for album of the year and then walked off stage , making everyone think he was joking around . after the awards show , west stated in an interview that he was not joking and that " beck needs to respect artistry , he should have given his award to beyonce " . on february 26 , 2015 , he publicly apologized to beck on twitter . [ sep ] beyonce
on august 30 , 2015 , west was presented with the michael jackson video vanguard award at the mtv video music awards . in his acceptance speech , he stated , " y ' all might be thinking right now , ' i wonder did he smoke something before he came out here ? ' and the answer is : ' yes , i rolled up a little something . i knocked the edge off . ' " at the end of his speech , he announced , " i have decided in 2020 to run for president . " [ sep ] michael jackson video vanguard award
on august 30 , 2015 , west was presented with the michael jackson video vanguard award at the mtv video music awards . in his acceptance speech , he stated , " y ' all might be thinking right now , ' i wonder did he smoke something before he came out here ? ' and the answer is : ' yes , i rolled up a little something . i knocked the edge off . ' " at the end of his speech , he announced , " i have decided in 2020 to run for president . " [ sep ] 2020
music fans have turned to change . org around the globe to try and block west ' s participation at various events . the largest unsuccessful petition has been to the glastonbury festival 2015 with 133 , 000 + voters stating they would prefer a rock band to headline . on july 20 , 2015 , within five days of west ' s announcement as the headlining artist of the closing ceremonies of the 2015 pan american games , change . org user xyz collected over 50 , 000 signatures for west ' s removal as headliner citing the headlining artist should be canadian . in his pan american games closing ceremony performance , close to the end of his performance , west closed the show by tossing his faulty microphone in the air and walked off stage . [ sep ] glastonbury festival 2015
music fans have turned to change . org around the globe to try and block west ' s participation at various events . the largest unsuccessful petition has been to the glastonbury festival 2015 with 133 , 000 + voters stating they would prefer a rock band to headline . on july 20 , 2015 , within five days of west ' s announcement as the headlining artist of the closing ceremonies of the 2015 pan american games , change . org user xyz collected over 50 , 000 signatures for west ' s removal as headliner citing the headlining artist should be canadian . in his pan american games closing ceremony performance , close to the end of his performance , west closed the show by tossing his faulty microphone in the air and walked off stage . [ sep ] 2015 pan american games
west began an on - and - off relationship with designer alexis phifer in 2002 , and they became engaged in august 2006 . the pair ended their 18 - month engagement in 2008 . west subsequently dated model amber rose from 2008 until the summer of 2010 . west began dating reality star and longtime friend kim kardashian in april 2012 . west and kardashian became engaged in october 2013 , and married on may 24 , 2014 at fort di belvedere in florence , italy . their private ceremony was subject to widespread mainstream coverage , with west taking issue with the couple ' s portrayal in the media . they have two children : daughter north " nori " west ( born june 15 , 2013 ) and son saint west ( born december 5 , 2015 ) . in april 2015 , west and kardashian traveled to jerusalem to have north baptized in the armenian apostolic church at the cathedral of st . james . the couple ' s high status and respective careers have resulted in their relationship becoming subject to heavy media coverage ; the new york times referred to their marriage as " a historic blizzard of celebrity . " [ sep ] alexis phifer
west began an on - and - off relationship with designer alexis phifer in 2002 , and they became engaged in august 2006 . the pair ended their 18 - month engagement in 2008 . west subsequently dated model amber rose from 2008 until the summer of 2010 . west began dating reality star and longtime friend kim kardashian in april 2012 . west and kardashian became engaged in october 2013 , and married on may 24 , 2014 at fort di belvedere in florence , italy . their private ceremony was subject to widespread mainstream coverage , with west taking issue with the couple ' s portrayal in the media . they have two children : daughter north " nori " west ( born june 15 , 2013 ) and son saint west ( born december 5 , 2015 ) . in april 2015 , west and kardashian traveled to jerusalem to have north baptized in the armenian apostolic church at the cathedral of st . james . the couple ' s high status and respective careers have resulted in their relationship becoming subject to heavy media coverage ; the new york times referred to their marriage as " a historic blizzard of celebrity . " [ sep ] amber rose
west began an on - and - off relationship with designer alexis phifer in 2002 , and they became engaged in august 2006 . the pair ended their 18 - month engagement in 2008 . west subsequently dated model amber rose from 2008 until the summer of 2010 . west began dating reality star and longtime friend kim kardashian in april 2012 . west and kardashian became engaged in october 2013 , and married on may 24 , 2014 at fort di belvedere in florence , italy . their private ceremony was subject to widespread mainstream coverage , with west taking issue with the couple ' s portrayal in the media . they have two children : daughter north " nori " west ( born june 15 , 2013 ) and son saint west ( born december 5 , 2015 ) . in april 2015 , west and kardashian traveled to jerusalem to have north baptized in the armenian apostolic church at the cathedral of st . james . the couple ' s high status and respective careers have resulted in their relationship becoming subject to heavy media coverage ; the new york times referred to their marriage as " a historic blizzard of celebrity . " [ sep ] kim kardashian
west began an on - and - off relationship with designer alexis phifer in 2002 , and they became engaged in august 2006 . the pair ended their 18 - month engagement in 2008 . west subsequently dated model amber rose from 2008 until the summer of 2010 . west began dating reality star and longtime friend kim kardashian in april 2012 . west and kardashian became engaged in october 2013 , and married on may 24 , 2014 at fort di belvedere in florence , italy . their private ceremony was subject to widespread mainstream coverage , with west taking issue with the couple ' s portrayal in the media . they have two children : daughter north " nori " west ( born june 15 , 2013 ) and son saint west ( born december 5 , 2015 ) . in april 2015 , west and kardashian traveled to jerusalem to have north baptized in the armenian apostolic church at the cathedral of st . james . the couple ' s high status and respective careers have resulted in their relationship becoming subject to heavy media coverage ; the new york times referred to their marriage as " a historic blizzard of celebrity . " [ sep ] 2
on november 10 , 2007 , at approximately 7 : 35 pm , paramedics responding to an emergency call transported west ' s mother , donda west , to the nearby centinela freeman hospital in marina del rey , california . she was unresponsive in the emergency room , and after resuscitation attempts , doctors pronounced her dead at approximately 8 : 30 pm , at age 58 . the los angeles county coroner ' s office said in january 2008 that west had died of heart disease while suffering " multiple post - operative factors " after plastic surgery . she had undergone liposuction and breast reduction . beverly hills plastic surgeon andre aboolian had refused to do the surgery because west had a health condition that placed her at risk for a heart attack . aboolian referred her to an internist to investigate her cardiac issue . she never met with the doctor recommended by aboolian and had the procedures performed by a third doctor , jan adams . [ sep ] 58
on november 10 , 2007 , at approximately 7 : 35 pm , paramedics responding to an emergency call transported west ' s mother , donda west , to the nearby centinela freeman hospital in marina del rey , california . she was unresponsive in the emergency room , and after resuscitation attempts , doctors pronounced her dead at approximately 8 : 30 pm , at age 58 . the los angeles county coroner ' s office said in january 2008 that west had died of heart disease while suffering " multiple post - operative factors " after plastic surgery . she had undergone liposuction and breast reduction . beverly hills plastic surgeon andre aboolian had refused to do the surgery because west had a health condition that placed her at risk for a heart attack . aboolian referred her to an internist to investigate her cardiac issue . she never met with the doctor recommended by aboolian and had the procedures performed by a third doctor , jan adams . [ sep ] andre aboolian
adams sent condolences to donda west ' s family but declined to publicly discuss the procedure , citing confidentiality . west ’ s family , through celebrity attorney ed mcpherson , filed complaints with the medical board against adams and aboolian for violating patient confidentiality following her death . adams had previously been under scrutiny by the medical board . he appeared on larry king live on november 20 , 2007 , but left before speaking . two days later , he appeared again , with his attorney , stating he was there to " defend himself " . he said that the recently released autopsy results " spoke for themselves " . the final coroner ' s report january 10 , 2008 , concluded that donda west died of " coronary artery disease and multiple post - operative factors due to or as a consequence of liposuction and mammoplasty " . [ sep ] larry king live
adams sent condolences to donda west ' s family but declined to publicly discuss the procedure , citing confidentiality . west ’ s family , through celebrity attorney ed mcpherson , filed complaints with the medical board against adams and aboolian for violating patient confidentiality following her death . adams had previously been under scrutiny by the medical board . he appeared on larry king live on november 20 , 2007 , but left before speaking . two days later , he appeared again , with his attorney , stating he was there to " defend himself " . he said that the recently released autopsy results " spoke for themselves " . the final coroner ' s report january 10 , 2008 , concluded that donda west died of " coronary artery disease and multiple post - operative factors due to or as a consequence of liposuction and mammoplasty " . [ sep ] " coronary artery disease and multiple post - operative factors due to or as a consequence of liposuction and mammoplasty "
the funeral and burial for donda west was held in oklahoma city on november 20 , 2007 . west played his first concert following the funeral at the o2 in london on november 22 . he dedicated a performance of " hey mama " , as well as a cover of journey ' s " don ' t stop believin ' " , to his mother , and did so on all other dates of his glow in the dark tour . [ sep ] oklahoma city
the funeral and burial for donda west was held in oklahoma city on november 20 , 2007 . west played his first concert following the funeral at the o2 in london on november 22 . he dedicated a performance of " hey mama " , as well as a cover of journey ' s " don ' t stop believin ' " , to his mother , and did so on all other dates of his glow in the dark tour . [ sep ] " hey mama " , as well as a cover of journey ' s " don ' t stop believin ' "
at a december 2008 press conference in new zealand , west spoke about his mother ' s death for the first time . " it was like losing an arm and a leg and trying to walk through that " , he told reporters . [ sep ] new zealand
california governor arnold schwarzenegger signed the " donda west law " , legislation which makes it mandatory for patients to provide medical clearance for elective cosmetic surgery . [ sep ] arnold schwarzenegger
in december 2006 , robert " evel " knievel sued west for trademark infringement in west ' s video for " touch the sky " . knievel took issue with a " sexually charged video " in which west takes on the persona of " evel kanyevel " and attempts flying a rocket over a canyon . the suit claimed infringement on knievel ' s trademarked name and likeness . knievel also claimed that the " vulgar and offensive " images depicted in the video damaged his reputation . the suit sought monetary damages and an injunction to stop distribution of the video . west ' s attorneys argued that the music video amounted to satire and therefore was covered under the first amendment . just days before his death in november 2007 , knievel amicably settled the suit after being paid a visit from west , saying , " i thought he was a wonderful guy and quite a gentleman . " [ sep ] robert " evel " knievel
in december 2006 , robert " evel " knievel sued west for trademark infringement in west ' s video for " touch the sky " . knievel took issue with a " sexually charged video " in which west takes on the persona of " evel kanyevel " and attempts flying a rocket over a canyon . the suit claimed infringement on knievel ' s trademarked name and likeness . knievel also claimed that the " vulgar and offensive " images depicted in the video damaged his reputation . the suit sought monetary damages and an injunction to stop distribution of the video . west ' s attorneys argued that the music video amounted to satire and therefore was covered under the first amendment . just days before his death in november 2007 , knievel amicably settled the suit after being paid a visit from west , saying , " i thought he was a wonderful guy and quite a gentleman . " [ sep ] days before his death in november 2007
on september 11 , 2008 , west and his road manager / bodyguard don " don c . " crowley were arrested at los angeles international airport and booked on charges of felony vandalism after an altercation with the paparazzi in which west and crowley broke the photographers ' cameras . west was later released from the los angeles police department ' s pacific division station in culver city on $ 20 , 000 bail bond . on september 26 , 2008 , the los angeles county district attorney ' s office said it would not file felony counts against west over the incident . instead the case file was forwarded to the city attorney ' s office , which charged west with one count of misdemeanor vandalism , one count of grand theft and one count of battery and his manager with three counts of each on march 18 , 2009 . west ' s and crowley ' s arraignment was delayed from an original date of april 14 , 2009 . [ sep ] felony vandalism
on september 11 , 2008 , west and his road manager / bodyguard don " don c . " crowley were arrested at los angeles international airport and booked on charges of felony vandalism after an altercation with the paparazzi in which west and crowley broke the photographers ' cameras . west was later released from the los angeles police department ' s pacific division station in culver city on $ 20 , 000 bail bond . on september 26 , 2008 , the los angeles county district attorney ' s office said it would not file felony counts against west over the incident . instead the case file was forwarded to the city attorney ' s office , which charged west with one count of misdemeanor vandalism , one count of grand theft and one count of battery and his manager with three counts of each on march 18 , 2009 . west ' s and crowley ' s arraignment was delayed from an original date of april 14 , 2009 . [ sep ] $ 20 , 000
on september 11 , 2008 , west and his road manager / bodyguard don " don c . " crowley were arrested at los angeles international airport and booked on charges of felony vandalism after an altercation with the paparazzi in which west and crowley broke the photographers ' cameras . west was later released from the los angeles police department ' s pacific division station in culver city on $ 20 , 000 bail bond . on september 26 , 2008 , the los angeles county district attorney ' s office said it would not file felony counts against west over the incident . instead the case file was forwarded to the city attorney ' s office , which charged west with one count of misdemeanor vandalism , one count of grand theft and one count of battery and his manager with three counts of each on march 18 , 2009 . west ' s and crowley ' s arraignment was delayed from an original date of april 14 , 2009 . [ sep ] one count of misdemeanor vandalism , one count of grand theft and one count of battery
west was arrested again on november 14 , 2008 at the hilton hotel near gateshead after another scuffle involving a photographer outside the famous tup tup palace nightclub in newcastle upon tyne . he was later released " with no further action " , according to a police spokesperson . [ sep ] scuffle involving a photographer outside the famous tup tup palace nightclub in newcastle
on july 19 , 2013 , west was leaving lax as he was surrounded by dozens of paparazzi . west became increasingly agitated as a photographer , daniel ramos , continued to ask him why people were not allowed to speak in his presence . west then says , " i told you don ' t talk to me , right ? you trying to get me in trouble so i steal off on you and have to pay you like $ 250 , 000 and shit . " then he allegedly charged the man and grabbed him and his camera . the incident captured by tmz , took place for a few seconds before a female voice can be heard telling west to stop . west then released the man , and his camera , and drove away from the scene . medics were later called to the scene on behalf of the photographer who was grabbed . it was reported west could be charged with felony attempted robbery behind the matter . however , the charges were reduced to misdemeanor criminal battery and attempted grand theft . in march 2014 , west was sentenced to serve two years ' probation for the misdemeanor battery conviction and required to attend 24 anger management sessions , perform 250 hours of community service and pay restitution to ramos . [ sep ] daniel ramos
on july 19 , 2013 , west was leaving lax as he was surrounded by dozens of paparazzi . west became increasingly agitated as a photographer , daniel ramos , continued to ask him why people were not allowed to speak in his presence . west then says , " i told you don ' t talk to me , right ? you trying to get me in trouble so i steal off on you and have to pay you like $ 250 , 000 and shit . " then he allegedly charged the man and grabbed him and his camera . the incident captured by tmz , took place for a few seconds before a female voice can be heard telling west to stop . west then released the man , and his camera , and drove away from the scene . medics were later called to the scene on behalf of the photographer who was grabbed . it was reported west could be charged with felony attempted robbery behind the matter . however , the charges were reduced to misdemeanor criminal battery and attempted grand theft . in march 2014 , west was sentenced to serve two years ' probation for the misdemeanor battery conviction and required to attend 24 anger management sessions , perform 250 hours of community service and pay restitution to ramos . [ sep ] misdemeanor criminal battery and attempted grand theft
after the success of his song " jesus walks " from the album the college dropout , west was questioned on his beliefs and said , " i will say that i ' m spiritual . i have accepted jesus as my savior . and i will say that i fall short every day . " more recently , in september 2014 , west referred to himself as a christian during one of his concerts . [ sep ] christian
west is among the most critically acclaimed artists of the twenty - first century , receiving praise from music critics , fans , fellow musicians , artists , and wider cultural figures for his work . allmusic editor jason birchmeier writes of his impact , " as his career progressed throughout the early 21st century , west shattered certain stereotypes about rappers , becoming a superstar on his own terms without adapting his appearance , his rhetoric , or his music to fit any one musical mold . " jon caramanic of the new york times said that west has been " a frequent lightning rod for controversy , a bombastic figure who can count rankling two presidents among his achievements , along with being a reliably dyspeptic presence at award shows ( when he attends them ) . " village voice media senior editor ben westhoff dubbed him the greatest hip hop artist of all time , writing that " he ' s made the best albums and changed the game the most , and his music is the most likely to endure , " while complex called him the 21st century ' s " most important artist of any art form , of any genre . " the guardian has compared west to david bowie , arguing that " there is nobody else who can sell as many records as west does ( 30m - odd album sales and counting ) while remaining so resolutely experimental and capable of stirring things up culturally and politically . " [ sep ] among the most critically acclaimed
west is among the most critically acclaimed artists of the twenty - first century , receiving praise from music critics , fans , fellow musicians , artists , and wider cultural figures for his work . allmusic editor jason birchmeier writes of his impact , " as his career progressed throughout the early 21st century , west shattered certain stereotypes about rappers , becoming a superstar on his own terms without adapting his appearance , his rhetoric , or his music to fit any one musical mold . " jon caramanic of the new york times said that west has been " a frequent lightning rod for controversy , a bombastic figure who can count rankling two presidents among his achievements , along with being a reliably dyspeptic presence at award shows ( when he attends them ) . " village voice media senior editor ben westhoff dubbed him the greatest hip hop artist of all time , writing that " he ' s made the best albums and changed the game the most , and his music is the most likely to endure , " while complex called him the 21st century ' s " most important artist of any art form , of any genre . " the guardian has compared west to david bowie , arguing that " there is nobody else who can sell as many records as west does ( 30m - odd album sales and counting ) while remaining so resolutely experimental and capable of stirring things up culturally and politically . " [ sep ] david bowie
west ' s middle - class background , flamboyant fashion sense and outspokenness have additionally set him apart from other rappers . early in his career , he was among the first rappers to publicly criticize the preponderance of homophobia in hip hop . the sales competition between rapper 50 cent ' s curtis and west ' s graduation altered the direction of hip hop and helped pave the way for new rappers who did not follow the hardcore - gangster mold . rosie swash of the guardian viewed the sales competition as a historical moment in hip - hop , because it " highlighted the diverging facets of hip - hop in the last decade ; the former was gangsta rap for the noughties , while west was the thinking man ' s alternative . " rolling stone credited west with transforming hip hop ' s mainstream , " establishing a style of introspective yet glossy rap [ . . . ] " , and called him " as interesting and complicated a pop star as the 2000s produced — a rapper who mastered , upped and moved beyond the hip - hop game , a producer who created a signature sound and then abandoned it to his imitators , a flashy , free - spending sybarite with insightful things to say about college , culture and economics , an egomaniac with more than enough artistic firepower to back it up . " his 2008 album 808s & heartbreak polarized both listeners and critics upon its release , but was commercially successful and impacted hip hop and pop stylistically , as it laid the groundwork for a new wave of artists who generally eschewed typical rap braggadocio for intimate subject matter and introspection , including frank ocean , the weeknd , drake , future , kid cudi , childish gambino , lil durk , chief keef , and soulja boy . according to ben detrick of xxl magazine , west effectively led a new wave of artists , including kid cudi , wale , lupe fiasco , kidz in the hall , and drake , who lacked the interest or ability to rap about gunplay or drug - dealing . [ sep ] homophobia in hip hop
west ' s middle - class background , flamboyant fashion sense and outspokenness have additionally set him apart from other rappers . early in his career , he was among the first rappers to publicly criticize the preponderance of homophobia in hip hop . the sales competition between rapper 50 cent ' s curtis and west ' s graduation altered the direction of hip hop and helped pave the way for new rappers who did not follow the hardcore - gangster mold . rosie swash of the guardian viewed the sales competition as a historical moment in hip - hop , because it " highlighted the diverging facets of hip - hop in the last decade ; the former was gangsta rap for the noughties , while west was the thinking man ' s alternative . " rolling stone credited west with transforming hip hop ' s mainstream , " establishing a style of introspective yet glossy rap [ . . . ] " , and called him " as interesting and complicated a pop star as the 2000s produced — a rapper who mastered , upped and moved beyond the hip - hop game , a producer who created a signature sound and then abandoned it to his imitators , a flashy , free - spending sybarite with insightful things to say about college , culture and economics , an egomaniac with more than enough artistic firepower to back it up . " his 2008 album 808s & heartbreak polarized both listeners and critics upon its release , but was commercially successful and impacted hip hop and pop stylistically , as it laid the groundwork for a new wave of artists who generally eschewed typical rap braggadocio for intimate subject matter and introspection , including frank ocean , the weeknd , drake , future , kid cudi , childish gambino , lil durk , chief keef , and soulja boy . according to ben detrick of xxl magazine , west effectively led a new wave of artists , including kid cudi , wale , lupe fiasco , kidz in the hall , and drake , who lacked the interest or ability to rap about gunplay or drug - dealing . [ sep ] gangsta rap
a substantial number of artists and other figures have been influenced by , or complimented , west ' s work , including hip hop artists rza of wu - tang clan , chuck d of public enemy , and dj premier of gang starr . both drake and casey veggies have acknowledged being influenced directly by west . non - rap artists such as english singer - songwriters adele and lily allen , new zealand artist lorde , rock band arctic monkeys , pop singer halsey , sergio pizzorno of english rock band kasabian and american indie rock group mgmt have cited west as an influence . experimental and electronic artists such as james blake daniel lopatin , and tim hecker have also cited west ' s work as an inspiration . experimental rock pioneer and velvet underground founder lou reed , in a review of west ' s album yeezus , wrote that " the guy really , really , really is talented . he ' s really trying to raise the bar . no one ' s near doing what he ’ s doing , it ’ s not even on the same planet . " musicians such as paul mccartney and prince have also commended west ' s work . famed tesla motors ceo and inventor elon musk complimented west in a piece for time magazine ' s 100 most influential people list , writing that : [ sep ] influential
west ' s first six solo studio albums , all of which have gone platinum , have received numerous awards and critical acclaim . all of his albums have been commercially successful , with yeezus , his sixth solo album , becoming his fifth consecutive no . 1 album in the u . s . upon release . west has had six songs exceed 3 million in digital sales as of december 2012 , with " gold digger " selling 3 , 086 , 000 , " stronger " selling 4 , 402 , 000 , " heartless " selling 3 , 742 , 000 , " e . t . " selling over 4 , 000 , 000 , " love lockdown " selling over 3 , 000 , 000 , and " niggas in paris " selling over 3 , 000 , 000 , placing him third in overall digital sales of the past decade . he has sold over 30 million digital songs in the united states making him one of the best - selling digital artists of all - time . [ sep ] 6
west ' s first six solo studio albums , all of which have gone platinum , have received numerous awards and critical acclaim . all of his albums have been commercially successful , with yeezus , his sixth solo album , becoming his fifth consecutive no . 1 album in the u . s . upon release . west has had six songs exceed 3 million in digital sales as of december 2012 , with " gold digger " selling 3 , 086 , 000 , " stronger " selling 4 , 402 , 000 , " heartless " selling 3 , 742 , 000 , " e . t . " selling over 4 , 000 , 000 , " love lockdown " selling over 3 , 000 , 000 , and " niggas in paris " selling over 3 , 000 , 000 , placing him third in overall digital sales of the past decade . he has sold over 30 million digital songs in the united states making him one of the best - selling digital artists of all - time . [ sep ] over 30 million
as of 2013 , west has won a total of 21 grammy awards , making him one of the most awarded artists of all - time . about . com ranked kanye west no . 8 on their " top 50 hip - hop producers " list . on may 16 , 2008 , kanye west was crowned by mtv as the year ' s no . 1 " hottest mc in the game . " on december 17 , 2010 , kanye west was voted as the mtv man of the year by mtv . billboard ranked kanye west no . 3 on their list of top 10 producers of the decade . west ties with bob dylan for having topped the annual pazz & jop critic poll the most number of times ever , with four number - one albums each . west has also been included twice in the time 100 annual lists of the most influential people in the world as well as being listed in a number of forbes annual lists . [ sep ] 21
as of 2013 , west has won a total of 21 grammy awards , making him one of the most awarded artists of all - time . about . com ranked kanye west no . 8 on their " top 50 hip - hop producers " list . on may 16 , 2008 , kanye west was crowned by mtv as the year ' s no . 1 " hottest mc in the game . " on december 17 , 2010 , kanye west was voted as the mtv man of the year by mtv . billboard ranked kanye west no . 3 on their list of top 10 producers of the decade . west ties with bob dylan for having topped the annual pazz & jop critic poll the most number of times ever , with four number - one albums each . west has also been included twice in the time 100 annual lists of the most influential people in the world as well as being listed in a number of forbes annual lists . [ sep ] bob dylan
as of 2013 , west has won a total of 21 grammy awards , making him one of the most awarded artists of all - time . about . com ranked kanye west no . 8 on their " top 50 hip - hop producers " list . on may 16 , 2008 , kanye west was crowned by mtv as the year ' s no . 1 " hottest mc in the game . " on december 17 , 2010 , kanye west was voted as the mtv man of the year by mtv . billboard ranked kanye west no . 3 on their list of top 10 producers of the decade . west ties with bob dylan for having topped the annual pazz & jop critic poll the most number of times ever , with four number - one albums each . west has also been included twice in the time 100 annual lists of the most influential people in the world as well as being listed in a number of forbes annual lists . [ sep ] twice
in its 2012 list of " 500 greatest albums of all time , rolling stone included three of west ' s albums — the college dropout at number 298 , late registration at number 118 , and my beautiful dark twisted fantasy at number 353 . [ sep ] 3
the pitchfork online music publication ranked my beautiful dark twisted fantasy as the world ' s best album of the decade " so far " — between 2010 and 2014 — on august 19 , 2014 , while yeezus was ranked in the eighth position of a list of 100 albums . during the same week , the song " runaway " ( featuring pusha t ) was ranked in the third position in the publication ' s list of the 200 " best tracks " released since 2010 . [ sep ] my beautiful dark twisted fantasy
the pitchfork online music publication ranked my beautiful dark twisted fantasy as the world ' s best album of the decade " so far " — between 2010 and 2014 — on august 19 , 2014 , while yeezus was ranked in the eighth position of a list of 100 albums . during the same week , the song " runaway " ( featuring pusha t ) was ranked in the third position in the publication ' s list of the 200 " best tracks " released since 2010 . [ sep ] eighth
situated on one of the world ' s largest natural harbors , new york city consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of new york state . the five boroughs – brooklyn , queens , manhattan , the bronx , and staten island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . with a census - estimated 2014 population of 8 , 491 , 079 distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles ( 790 km2 ) , new york is the most densely populated major city in the united states . as many as 800 languages are spoken in new york , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . by 2014 census estimates , the new york city metropolitan region remains by a significant margin the most populous in the united states , as defined by both the metropolitan statistical area ( 20 . 1 million residents ) and the combined statistical area ( 23 . 6 million residents ) . in 2013 , the msa produced a gross metropolitan product ( gmp ) of nearly us $ 1 . 39 trillion , while in 2012 , the csa generated a gmp of over us $ 1 . 55 trillion , both ranking first nationally by a wide margin and behind the gdp of only twelve and eleven countries , respectively . [ sep ] five
situated on one of the world ' s largest natural harbors , new york city consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of new york state . the five boroughs – brooklyn , queens , manhattan , the bronx , and staten island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . with a census - estimated 2014 population of 8 , 491 , 079 distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles ( 790 km2 ) , new york is the most densely populated major city in the united states . as many as 800 languages are spoken in new york , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . by 2014 census estimates , the new york city metropolitan region remains by a significant margin the most populous in the united states , as defined by both the metropolitan statistical area ( 20 . 1 million residents ) and the combined statistical area ( 23 . 6 million residents ) . in 2013 , the msa produced a gross metropolitan product ( gmp ) of nearly us $ 1 . 39 trillion , while in 2012 , the csa generated a gmp of over us $ 1 . 55 trillion , both ranking first nationally by a wide margin and behind the gdp of only twelve and eleven countries , respectively . [ sep ] brooklyn , queens , manhattan , the bronx , and staten island
situated on one of the world ' s largest natural harbors , new york city consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of new york state . the five boroughs – brooklyn , queens , manhattan , the bronx , and staten island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . with a census - estimated 2014 population of 8 , 491 , 079 distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles ( 790 km2 ) , new york is the most densely populated major city in the united states . as many as 800 languages are spoken in new york , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . by 2014 census estimates , the new york city metropolitan region remains by a significant margin the most populous in the united states , as defined by both the metropolitan statistical area ( 20 . 1 million residents ) and the combined statistical area ( 23 . 6 million residents ) . in 2013 , the msa produced a gross metropolitan product ( gmp ) of nearly us $ 1 . 39 trillion , while in 2012 , the csa generated a gmp of over us $ 1 . 55 trillion , both ranking first nationally by a wide margin and behind the gdp of only twelve and eleven countries , respectively . [ sep ] 1898
situated on one of the world ' s largest natural harbors , new york city consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of new york state . the five boroughs – brooklyn , queens , manhattan , the bronx , and staten island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . with a census - estimated 2014 population of 8 , 491 , 079 distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles ( 790 km2 ) , new york is the most densely populated major city in the united states . as many as 800 languages are spoken in new york , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . by 2014 census estimates , the new york city metropolitan region remains by a significant margin the most populous in the united states , as defined by both the metropolitan statistical area ( 20 . 1 million residents ) and the combined statistical area ( 23 . 6 million residents ) . in 2013 , the msa produced a gross metropolitan product ( gmp ) of nearly us $ 1 . 39 trillion , while in 2012 , the csa generated a gmp of over us $ 1 . 55 trillion , both ranking first nationally by a wide margin and behind the gdp of only twelve and eleven countries , respectively . [ sep ] 8 , 491 , 079
situated on one of the world ' s largest natural harbors , new york city consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of new york state . the five boroughs – brooklyn , queens , manhattan , the bronx , and staten island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . with a census - estimated 2014 population of 8 , 491 , 079 distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles ( 790 km2 ) , new york is the most densely populated major city in the united states . as many as 800 languages are spoken in new york , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . by 2014 census estimates , the new york city metropolitan region remains by a significant margin the most populous in the united states , as defined by both the metropolitan statistical area ( 20 . 1 million residents ) and the combined statistical area ( 23 . 6 million residents ) . in 2013 , the msa produced a gross metropolitan product ( gmp ) of nearly us $ 1 . 39 trillion , while in 2012 , the csa generated a gmp of over us $ 1 . 55 trillion , both ranking first nationally by a wide margin and behind the gdp of only twelve and eleven countries , respectively . [ sep ] 800
new york city traces its roots to its 1624 founding as a trading post by colonists of the dutch republic and was named new amsterdam in 1626 . the city and its surroundings came under english control in 1664 . new york served as the capital of the united states from 1785 until 1790 . it has been the country ' s largest city since 1790 . the statue of liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a globally recognized symbol of the united states and its democracy . [ sep ] 1624
new york city traces its roots to its 1624 founding as a trading post by colonists of the dutch republic and was named new amsterdam in 1626 . the city and its surroundings came under english control in 1664 . new york served as the capital of the united states from 1785 until 1790 . it has been the country ' s largest city since 1790 . the statue of liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a globally recognized symbol of the united states and its democracy . [ sep ] 1626
new york city traces its roots to its 1624 founding as a trading post by colonists of the dutch republic and was named new amsterdam in 1626 . the city and its surroundings came under english control in 1664 . new york served as the capital of the united states from 1785 until 1790 . it has been the country ' s largest city since 1790 . the statue of liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a globally recognized symbol of the united states and its democracy . [ sep ] 1664
new york city traces its roots to its 1624 founding as a trading post by colonists of the dutch republic and was named new amsterdam in 1626 . the city and its surroundings came under english control in 1664 . new york served as the capital of the united states from 1785 until 1790 . it has been the country ' s largest city since 1790 . the statue of liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a globally recognized symbol of the united states and its democracy . [ sep ] 1790
many districts and landmarks in new york city have become well known , and the city received a record 56 million tourists in 2014 , hosting three of the world ' s ten most visited tourist attractions in 2013 . several sources have ranked new york the most photographed city in the world . times square , iconic as the world ' s " heart " and its " crossroads " , is the brightly illuminated hub of the broadway theater district , one of the world ' s busiest pedestrian intersections , and a major center of the world ' s entertainment industry . the names of many of the city ' s bridges , skyscrapers , and parks are known around the world . anchored by wall street in the financial district of lower manhattan , new york city has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world , and the city is home to the world ' s two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization , the new york stock exchange and nasdaq . manhattan ' s real estate market is among the most expensive in the world . manhattan ' s chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of chinese people in the western hemisphere , with multiple signature chinatowns developing across the city . providing continuous 24 / 7 service , the new york city subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide , with 469 stations in operation . new york city ' s higher education network comprises over 120 colleges and universities , including columbia university , new york university , and rockefeller university , which have been ranked among the top 35 in the world . [ sep ] 120
many districts and landmarks in new york city have become well known , and the city received a record 56 million tourists in 2014 , hosting three of the world ' s ten most visited tourist attractions in 2013 . several sources have ranked new york the most photographed city in the world . times square , iconic as the world ' s " heart " and its " crossroads " , is the brightly illuminated hub of the broadway theater district , one of the world ' s busiest pedestrian intersections , and a major center of the world ' s entertainment industry . the names of many of the city ' s bridges , skyscrapers , and parks are known around the world . anchored by wall street in the financial district of lower manhattan , new york city has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world , and the city is home to the world ' s two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization , the new york stock exchange and nasdaq . manhattan ' s real estate market is among the most expensive in the world . manhattan ' s chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of chinese people in the western hemisphere , with multiple signature chinatowns developing across the city . providing continuous 24 / 7 service , the new york city subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide , with 469 stations in operation . new york city ' s higher education network comprises over 120 colleges and universities , including columbia university , new york university , and rockefeller university , which have been ranked among the top 35 in the world . [ sep ] new york stock exchange and nasdaq
during the wisconsinan glaciation , the new york city region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1 , 000 feet in depth . the ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil , leaving the bedrock that serves as the geologic foundation for much of new york city today . later on , the ice sheet would help split apart what are now long island and staten island . [ sep ] ice sheet
the first documented visit by a european was in 1524 by giovanni da verrazzano , a florentine explorer in the service of the french crown , who sailed his ship la dauphine into new york harbor . he claimed the area for france and named it " nouvelle angouleme " ( new angouleme ) . [ sep ] 1524
the first documented visit by a european was in 1524 by giovanni da verrazzano , a florentine explorer in the service of the french crown , who sailed his ship la dauphine into new york harbor . he claimed the area for france and named it " nouvelle angouleme " ( new angouleme ) . [ sep ] la dauphine
the first documented visit by a european was in 1524 by giovanni da verrazzano , a florentine explorer in the service of the french crown , who sailed his ship la dauphine into new york harbor . he claimed the area for france and named it " nouvelle angouleme " ( new angouleme ) . [ sep ] france
a spanish expedition led by captain estevao gomes , a portuguese sailing for emperor charles v , arrived in new york harbor in january 1525 aboard the purpose - built caravel " la anunciada " and charted the mouth of the hudson river , which he named rio de san antonio . heavy ice kept him from further exploration , and he returned to spain in august . the first scientific map to show the north american east coast continuously , the 1527 world map known as the padron real , was informed by gomes ' expedition , and labeled the northeast as tierra de esteban gomez in his honor . [ sep ] rio de san antonio
a spanish expedition led by captain estevao gomes , a portuguese sailing for emperor charles v , arrived in new york harbor in january 1525 aboard the purpose - built caravel " la anunciada " and charted the mouth of the hudson river , which he named rio de san antonio . heavy ice kept him from further exploration , and he returned to spain in august . the first scientific map to show the north american east coast continuously , the 1527 world map known as the padron real , was informed by gomes ' expedition , and labeled the northeast as tierra de esteban gomez in his honor . [ sep ] padron real
in 1609 , english explorer henry hudson re - discovered the region when he sailed his ship the halve maen ( " half moon " in dutch ) into new york harbor while searching for the northwest passage to the orient for his employer , the dutch east india company . he proceeded to sail up what he named the north river , also called the mauritis river , and now known as the hudson river , to the site of the present - day new york state capital of albany in the belief that it might represent an oceanic tributary . when the river narrowed and was no longer saline , he realized it was not a maritime passage and sailed back downriver . he made a ten - day exploration of the area and claimed the region for his employer . in 1614 , the area between cape cod and delaware bay would be claimed by the netherlands and called nieuw - nederland ( new netherland ) . [ sep ] dutch east india company
in 1609 , english explorer henry hudson re - discovered the region when he sailed his ship the halve maen ( " half moon " in dutch ) into new york harbor while searching for the northwest passage to the orient for his employer , the dutch east india company . he proceeded to sail up what he named the north river , also called the mauritis river , and now known as the hudson river , to the site of the present - day new york state capital of albany in the belief that it might represent an oceanic tributary . when the river narrowed and was no longer saline , he realized it was not a maritime passage and sailed back downriver . he made a ten - day exploration of the area and claimed the region for his employer . in 1614 , the area between cape cod and delaware bay would be claimed by the netherlands and called nieuw - nederland ( new netherland ) . [ sep ] 1614
in 1609 , english explorer henry hudson re - discovered the region when he sailed his ship the halve maen ( " half moon " in dutch ) into new york harbor while searching for the northwest passage to the orient for his employer , the dutch east india company . he proceeded to sail up what he named the north river , also called the mauritis river , and now known as the hudson river , to the site of the present - day new york state capital of albany in the belief that it might represent an oceanic tributary . when the river narrowed and was no longer saline , he realized it was not a maritime passage and sailed back downriver . he made a ten - day exploration of the area and claimed the region for his employer . in 1614 , the area between cape cod and delaware bay would be claimed by the netherlands and called nieuw - nederland ( new netherland ) . [ sep ] henry hudson
the first non - native american inhabitant of what would eventually become new york city was dominican trader juan rodriguez ( transliterated to dutch as jan rodrigues ) . born in santo domingo of portuguese and african descent , he arrived in manhattan during the winter of 1613 – 1614 , trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the dutch . broadway , from 159th street to 218th street , is named juan rodriguez way in his honor . [ sep ] juan rodriguez
the first non - native american inhabitant of what would eventually become new york city was dominican trader juan rodriguez ( transliterated to dutch as jan rodrigues ) . born in santo domingo of portuguese and african descent , he arrived in manhattan during the winter of 1613 – 1614 , trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the dutch . broadway , from 159th street to 218th street , is named juan rodriguez way in his honor . [ sep ] broadway , from 159th street to 218th street
new york is a prominent location for the american entertainment industry , with many films , television series , books , and other media being set there . as of 2012 , new york city was the second largest center for filmmaking and television production in the united states , producing about 200 feature films annually , employing 130 , 000 individuals , and generating an estimated $ 7 . 1 billion in direct expenditures , and by volume , new york is the world leader in independent film production ; one - third of all american independent films are produced in new york city . the association of independent commercial producers is also based in new york . in the first five months of 2014 alone , location filming for television pilots in new york city exceeded the record production levels for all of 2013 , with new york surpassing los angeles as the top north american city for the same distinction during the 2013 / 2014 cycle . [ sep ] 200
new york is a prominent location for the american entertainment industry , with many films , television series , books , and other media being set there . as of 2012 , new york city was the second largest center for filmmaking and television production in the united states , producing about 200 feature films annually , employing 130 , 000 individuals , and generating an estimated $ 7 . 1 billion in direct expenditures , and by volume , new york is the world leader in independent film production ; one - third of all american independent films are produced in new york city . the association of independent commercial producers is also based in new york . in the first five months of 2014 alone , location filming for television pilots in new york city exceeded the record production levels for all of 2013 , with new york surpassing los angeles as the top north american city for the same distinction during the 2013 / 2014 cycle . [ sep ] 130 , 000
new york is a prominent location for the american entertainment industry , with many films , television series , books , and other media being set there . as of 2012 , new york city was the second largest center for filmmaking and television production in the united states , producing about 200 feature films annually , employing 130 , 000 individuals , and generating an estimated $ 7 . 1 billion in direct expenditures , and by volume , new york is the world leader in independent film production ; one - third of all american independent films are produced in new york city . the association of independent commercial producers is also based in new york . in the first five months of 2014 alone , location filming for television pilots in new york city exceeded the record production levels for all of 2013 , with new york surpassing los angeles as the top north american city for the same distinction during the 2013 / 2014 cycle . [ sep ] $ 7 . 1 billion
new york is a prominent location for the american entertainment industry , with many films , television series , books , and other media being set there . as of 2012 , new york city was the second largest center for filmmaking and television production in the united states , producing about 200 feature films annually , employing 130 , 000 individuals , and generating an estimated $ 7 . 1 billion in direct expenditures , and by volume , new york is the world leader in independent film production ; one - third of all american independent films are produced in new york city . the association of independent commercial producers is also based in new york . in the first five months of 2014 alone , location filming for television pilots in new york city exceeded the record production levels for all of 2013 , with new york surpassing los angeles as the top north american city for the same distinction during the 2013 / 2014 cycle . [ sep ] los angeles
new york city is additionally a center for the advertising , music , newspaper , digital media , and publishing industries and is also the largest media market in north america . some of the city ' s media conglomerates and institutions include time warner , the thomson reuters corporation , the associated press , bloomberg l . p . , the news corporation , the new york times company , nbcuniversal , the hearst corporation , aol , and viacom . seven of the world ' s top eight global advertising agency networks have their headquarters in new york . two of the top three record labels ' headquarters are in new york : sony music entertainment and warner music group . universal music group also has offices in new york . new media enterprises are contributing an increasingly important component to the city ' s central role in the media sphere . [ sep ] sony music entertainment
new york city is additionally a center for the advertising , music , newspaper , digital media , and publishing industries and is also the largest media market in north america . some of the city ' s media conglomerates and institutions include time warner , the thomson reuters corporation , the associated press , bloomberg l . p . , the news corporation , the new york times company , nbcuniversal , the hearst corporation , aol , and viacom . seven of the world ' s top eight global advertising agency networks have their headquarters in new york . two of the top three record labels ' headquarters are in new york : sony music entertainment and warner music group . universal music group also has offices in new york . new media enterprises are contributing an increasingly important component to the city ' s central role in the media sphere . [ sep ] new york city
new york city is additionally a center for the advertising , music , newspaper , digital media , and publishing industries and is also the largest media market in north america . some of the city ' s media conglomerates and institutions include time warner , the thomson reuters corporation , the associated press , bloomberg l . p . , the news corporation , the new york times company , nbcuniversal , the hearst corporation , aol , and viacom . seven of the world ' s top eight global advertising agency networks have their headquarters in new york . two of the top three record labels ' headquarters are in new york : sony music entertainment and warner music group . universal music group also has offices in new york . new media enterprises are contributing an increasingly important component to the city ' s central role in the media sphere . [ sep ] seven
more than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city , and the publishing industry employs about 25 , 000 people . two of the three national daily newspapers in the united states are new york papers : the wall street journal and the new york times , which has won the most pulitzer prizes for journalism . major tabloid newspapers in the city include : the new york daily news , which was founded in 1919 by joseph medill patterson and the new york post , founded in 1801 by alexander hamilton . the city also has a comprehensive ethnic press , with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages . el diario la prensa is new york ' s largest spanish - language daily and the oldest in the nation . the new york amsterdam news , published in harlem , is a prominent african american newspaper . the village voice is the largest alternative newspaper . [ sep ] 25 , 000
more than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city , and the publishing industry employs about 25 , 000 people . two of the three national daily newspapers in the united states are new york papers : the wall street journal and the new york times , which has won the most pulitzer prizes for journalism . major tabloid newspapers in the city include : the new york daily news , which was founded in 1919 by joseph medill patterson and the new york post , founded in 1801 by alexander hamilton . the city also has a comprehensive ethnic press , with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages . el diario la prensa is new york ' s largest spanish - language daily and the oldest in the nation . the new york amsterdam news , published in harlem , is a prominent african american newspaper . the village voice is the largest alternative newspaper . [ sep ] the new york times
more than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city , and the publishing industry employs about 25 , 000 people . two of the three national daily newspapers in the united states are new york papers : the wall street journal and the new york times , which has won the most pulitzer prizes for journalism . major tabloid newspapers in the city include : the new york daily news , which was founded in 1919 by joseph medill patterson and the new york post , founded in 1801 by alexander hamilton . the city also has a comprehensive ethnic press , with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages . el diario la prensa is new york ' s largest spanish - language daily and the oldest in the nation . the new york amsterdam news , published in harlem , is a prominent african american newspaper . the village voice is the largest alternative newspaper . [ sep ] the wall street journal
more than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city , and the publishing industry employs about 25 , 000 people . two of the three national daily newspapers in the united states are new york papers : the wall street journal and the new york times , which has won the most pulitzer prizes for journalism . major tabloid newspapers in the city include : the new york daily news , which was founded in 1919 by joseph medill patterson and the new york post , founded in 1801 by alexander hamilton . the city also has a comprehensive ethnic press , with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages . el diario la prensa is new york ' s largest spanish - language daily and the oldest in the nation . the new york amsterdam news , published in harlem , is a prominent african american newspaper . the village voice is the largest alternative newspaper . [ sep ] 1919
more than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city , and the publishing industry employs about 25 , 000 people . two of the three national daily newspapers in the united states are new york papers : the wall street journal and the new york times , which has won the most pulitzer prizes for journalism . major tabloid newspapers in the city include : the new york daily news , which was founded in 1919 by joseph medill patterson and the new york post , founded in 1801 by alexander hamilton . the city also has a comprehensive ethnic press , with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages . el diario la prensa is new york ' s largest spanish - language daily and the oldest in the nation . the new york amsterdam news , published in harlem , is a prominent african american newspaper . the village voice is the largest alternative newspaper . [ sep ] alexander hamilton
the television industry developed in new york and is a significant employer in the city ' s economy . the three major american broadcast networks are all headquartered in new york : abc , cbs , and nbc . many cable networks are based in the city as well , including mtv , fox news , hbo , showtime , bravo , food network , amc , and comedy central . the city of new york operates a public broadcast service , nyctv , that has produced several original emmy award - winning shows covering music and culture in city neighborhoods and city government . [ sep ] cbs
the television industry developed in new york and is a significant employer in the city ' s economy . the three major american broadcast networks are all headquartered in new york : abc , cbs , and nbc . many cable networks are based in the city as well , including mtv , fox news , hbo , showtime , bravo , food network , amc , and comedy central . the city of new york operates a public broadcast service , nyctv , that has produced several original emmy award - winning shows covering music and culture in city neighborhoods and city government . [ sep ] nyctv
the television industry developed in new york and is a significant employer in the city ' s economy . the three major american broadcast networks are all headquartered in new york : abc , cbs , and nbc . many cable networks are based in the city as well , including mtv , fox news , hbo , showtime , bravo , food network , amc , and comedy central . the city of new york operates a public broadcast service , nyctv , that has produced several original emmy award - winning shows covering music and culture in city neighborhoods and city government . [ sep ] comedy central
the television industry developed in new york and is a significant employer in the city ' s economy . the three major american broadcast networks are all headquartered in new york : abc , cbs , and nbc . many cable networks are based in the city as well , including mtv , fox news , hbo , showtime , bravo , food network , amc , and comedy central . the city of new york operates a public broadcast service , nyctv , that has produced several original emmy award - winning shows covering music and culture in city neighborhoods and city government . [ sep ] fox news
new york is also a major center for non - commercial educational media . the oldest public - access television channel in the united states is the manhattan neighborhood network , founded in 1971 . wnet is the city ' s major public television station and a primary source of national public broadcasting service ( pbs ) television programming . wnyc , a public radio station owned by the city until 1997 , has the largest public radio audience in the united states . [ sep ] manhattan neighborhood network
new york is also a major center for non - commercial educational media . the oldest public - access television channel in the united states is the manhattan neighborhood network , founded in 1971 . wnet is the city ' s major public television station and a primary source of national public broadcasting service ( pbs ) television programming . wnyc , a public radio station owned by the city until 1997 , has the largest public radio audience in the united states . [ sep ] 1971
new york is also a major center for non - commercial educational media . the oldest public - access television channel in the united states is the manhattan neighborhood network , founded in 1971 . wnet is the city ' s major public television station and a primary source of national public broadcasting service ( pbs ) television programming . wnyc , a public radio station owned by the city until 1997 , has the largest public radio audience in the united states . [ sep ] wnet
new york is also a major center for non - commercial educational media . the oldest public - access television channel in the united states is the manhattan neighborhood network , founded in 1971 . wnet is the city ' s major public television station and a primary source of national public broadcasting service ( pbs ) television programming . wnyc , a public radio station owned by the city until 1997 , has the largest public radio audience in the united states . [ sep ] wnyc
new york is also a major center for non - commercial educational media . the oldest public - access television channel in the united states is the manhattan neighborhood network , founded in 1971 . wnet is the city ' s major public television station and a primary source of national public broadcasting service ( pbs ) television programming . wnyc , a public radio station owned by the city until 1997 , has the largest public radio audience in the united states . [ sep ] 1997
the new york city public schools system , managed by the new york city department of education , is the largest public school system in the united states , serving about 1 . 1 million students in more than 1 , 700 separate primary and secondary schools . the city ' s public school system includes nine specialized high schools to serve academically and artistically gifted students . [ sep ] new york city department of education
the new york city public schools system , managed by the new york city department of education , is the largest public school system in the united states , serving about 1 . 1 million students in more than 1 , 700 separate primary and secondary schools . the city ' s public school system includes nine specialized high schools to serve academically and artistically gifted students . [ sep ] 1 . 1 million
the new york city public schools system , managed by the new york city department of education , is the largest public school system in the united states , serving about 1 . 1 million students in more than 1 , 700 separate primary and secondary schools . the city ' s public school system includes nine specialized high schools to serve academically and artistically gifted students . [ sep ] 1 , 700
the new york city public schools system , managed by the new york city department of education , is the largest public school system in the united states , serving about 1 . 1 million students in more than 1 , 700 separate primary and secondary schools . the city ' s public school system includes nine specialized high schools to serve academically and artistically gifted students . [ sep ] nine
the new york city charter school center assists the setup of new charter schools . there are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools in the city . [ sep ] new york city charter school center
the new york city charter school center assists the setup of new charter schools . there are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools in the city . [ sep ] 900
over 600 , 000 students are enrolled in new york city ' s over 120 higher education institutions , the highest number of any city in the united states , including over half million in the city university of new york ( cuny ) system alone in 2014 . in 2005 , three out of five manhattan residents were college graduates , and one out of four had a postgraduate degree , forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people in any american city . new york city is home to such notable private universities as barnard college , columbia university , cooper union , fordham university , new york university , new york institute of technology , pace university , and yeshiva university . the public cuny system is one of the largest universities in the nation , comprising 24 institutions across all five boroughs : senior colleges , community colleges , and other graduate / professional schools . the public state university of new york ( suny ) system also serves new york city , as well as the rest of the state . the city also has other smaller private colleges and universities , including many religious and special - purpose institutions , such as st . john ' s university , the juilliard school , manhattan college , the college of mount saint vincent , the new school , pratt institute , the school of visual arts , the king ' s college , and wagner college . [ sep ] half million
over 600 , 000 students are enrolled in new york city ' s over 120 higher education institutions , the highest number of any city in the united states , including over half million in the city university of new york ( cuny ) system alone in 2014 . in 2005 , three out of five manhattan residents were college graduates , and one out of four had a postgraduate degree , forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people in any american city . new york city is home to such notable private universities as barnard college , columbia university , cooper union , fordham university , new york university , new york institute of technology , pace university , and yeshiva university . the public cuny system is one of the largest universities in the nation , comprising 24 institutions across all five boroughs : senior colleges , community colleges , and other graduate / professional schools . the public state university of new york ( suny ) system also serves new york city , as well as the rest of the state . the city also has other smaller private colleges and universities , including many religious and special - purpose institutions , such as st . john ' s university , the juilliard school , manhattan college , the college of mount saint vincent , the new school , pratt institute , the school of visual arts , the king ' s college , and wagner college . [ sep ] three out of five
over 600 , 000 students are enrolled in new york city ' s over 120 higher education institutions , the highest number of any city in the united states , including over half million in the city university of new york ( cuny ) system alone in 2014 . in 2005 , three out of five manhattan residents were college graduates , and one out of four had a postgraduate degree , forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people in any american city . new york city is home to such notable private universities as barnard college , columbia university , cooper union , fordham university , new york university , new york institute of technology , pace university , and yeshiva university . the public cuny system is one of the largest universities in the nation , comprising 24 institutions across all five boroughs : senior colleges , community colleges , and other graduate / professional schools . the public state university of new york ( suny ) system also serves new york city , as well as the rest of the state . the city also has other smaller private colleges and universities , including many religious and special - purpose institutions , such as st . john ' s university , the juilliard school , manhattan college , the college of mount saint vincent , the new school , pratt institute , the school of visual arts , the king ' s college , and wagner college . [ sep ] one out of four
over 600 , 000 students are enrolled in new york city ' s over 120 higher education institutions , the highest number of any city in the united states , including over half million in the city university of new york ( cuny ) system alone in 2014 . in 2005 , three out of five manhattan residents were college graduates , and one out of four had a postgraduate degree , forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people in any american city . new york city is home to such notable private universities as barnard college , columbia university , cooper union , fordham university , new york university , new york institute of technology , pace university , and yeshiva university . the public cuny system is one of the largest universities in the nation , comprising 24 institutions across all five boroughs : senior colleges , community colleges , and other graduate / professional schools . the public state university of new york ( suny ) system also serves new york city , as well as the rest of the state . the city also has other smaller private colleges and universities , including many religious and special - purpose institutions , such as st . john ' s university , the juilliard school , manhattan college , the college of mount saint vincent , the new school , pratt institute , the school of visual arts , the king ' s college , and wagner college . [ sep ] 24
over 600 , 000 students are enrolled in new york city ' s over 120 higher education institutions , the highest number of any city in the united states , including over half million in the city university of new york ( cuny ) system alone in 2014 . in 2005 , three out of five manhattan residents were college graduates , and one out of four had a postgraduate degree , forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people in any american city . new york city is home to such notable private universities as barnard college , columbia university , cooper union , fordham university , new york university , new york institute of technology , pace university , and yeshiva university . the public cuny system is one of the largest universities in the nation , comprising 24 institutions across all five boroughs : senior colleges , community colleges , and other graduate / professional schools . the public state university of new york ( suny ) system also serves new york city , as well as the rest of the state . the city also has other smaller private colleges and universities , including many religious and special - purpose institutions , such as st . john ' s university , the juilliard school , manhattan college , the college of mount saint vincent , the new school , pratt institute , the school of visual arts , the king ' s college , and wagner college . [ sep ] 600 , 000
a permanent european presence in new netherland began in 1624 – making new york the 12th oldest continuously occupied european - established settlement in the continental united states – with the founding of a dutch fur trading settlement on governors island . in 1625 , construction was started on a citadel and a fort amsterdam on manhattan island , later called new amsterdam ( nieuw amsterdam ) . the colony of new amsterdam was centered at the site which would eventually become lower manhattan . the dutch colonial director - general peter minuit purchased the island of manhattan from the canarsie , a small band of the lenape , in 1626 for a value of 60 guilders ( about $ 1000 in 2006 ) ; a disproved legend says that manhattan was purchased for $ 24 worth of glass beads . [ sep ] 1624
a permanent european presence in new netherland began in 1624 – making new york the 12th oldest continuously occupied european - established settlement in the continental united states – with the founding of a dutch fur trading settlement on governors island . in 1625 , construction was started on a citadel and a fort amsterdam on manhattan island , later called new amsterdam ( nieuw amsterdam ) . the colony of new amsterdam was centered at the site which would eventually become lower manhattan . the dutch colonial director - general peter minuit purchased the island of manhattan from the canarsie , a small band of the lenape , in 1626 for a value of 60 guilders ( about $ 1000 in 2006 ) ; a disproved legend says that manhattan was purchased for $ 24 worth of glass beads . [ sep ] 1625
a permanent european presence in new netherland began in 1624 – making new york the 12th oldest continuously occupied european - established settlement in the continental united states – with the founding of a dutch fur trading settlement on governors island . in 1625 , construction was started on a citadel and a fort amsterdam on manhattan island , later called new amsterdam ( nieuw amsterdam ) . the colony of new amsterdam was centered at the site which would eventually become lower manhattan . the dutch colonial director - general peter minuit purchased the island of manhattan from the canarsie , a small band of the lenape , in 1626 for a value of 60 guilders ( about $ 1000 in 2006 ) ; a disproved legend says that manhattan was purchased for $ 24 worth of glass beads . [ sep ] glass beads
in 1664 , peter stuyvesant , the director - general of the colony of new netherland , surrendered new amsterdam to the english without bloodshed . the english promptly renamed the fledgling city " new york " after the duke of york ( later king james ii ) . [ sep ] peter stuyvesant
some independent stereo manufacturers including jvc , pioneer , kenwood , alpine , sony , and harman kardon also have ipod - specific integration solutions . alternative connection methods include adapter kits ( that use the cassette deck or the cd changer port ) , audio input jacks , and fm transmitters such as the itrip — although personal fm transmitters are illegal in some countries . many car manufacturers have added audio input jacks as standard . [ sep ] fm transmitters
some independent stereo manufacturers including jvc , pioneer , kenwood , alpine , sony , and harman kardon also have ipod - specific integration solutions . alternative connection methods include adapter kits ( that use the cassette deck or the cd changer port ) , audio input jacks , and fm transmitters such as the itrip — although personal fm transmitters are illegal in some countries . many car manufacturers have added audio input jacks as standard . [ sep ] audio input jacks
beginning in mid - 2007 , four major airlines , united , continental , delta , and emirates , reached agreements to install ipod seat connections . the free service will allow passengers to power and charge an ipod , and view video and music libraries on individual seat - back displays . originally klm and air france were reported to be part of the deal with apple , but they later released statements explaining that they were only contemplating the possibility of incorporating such systems . [ sep ] united , continental , delta , and emirates
beginning in mid - 2007 , four major airlines , united , continental , delta , and emirates , reached agreements to install ipod seat connections . the free service will allow passengers to power and charge an ipod , and view video and music libraries on individual seat - back displays . originally klm and air france were reported to be part of the deal with apple , but they later released statements explaining that they were only contemplating the possibility of incorporating such systems . [ sep ] 2007
in 2011 , the international energy agency said that " the development of affordable , inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer - term benefits . it will increase countries ’ energy security through reliance on an indigenous , inexhaustible and mostly import - independent resource , enhance sustainability , reduce pollution , lower the costs of mitigating global warming , and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise . these advantages are global . hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments ; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared " . [ sep ] through reliance on an indigenous , inexhaustible and mostly import - independent resource
in 2011 , the international energy agency said that " the development of affordable , inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer - term benefits . it will increase countries ’ energy security through reliance on an indigenous , inexhaustible and mostly import - independent resource , enhance sustainability , reduce pollution , lower the costs of mitigating global warming , and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise . these advantages are global . hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments ; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared " . [ sep ] the costs of mitigating global warming
in 2011 , the international energy agency said that " the development of affordable , inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer - term benefits . it will increase countries ’ energy security through reliance on an indigenous , inexhaustible and mostly import - independent resource , enhance sustainability , reduce pollution , lower the costs of mitigating global warming , and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise . these advantages are global . hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments ; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared " . [ sep ] learning investments
in 2011 , the international energy agency said that " the development of affordable , inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer - term benefits . it will increase countries ’ energy security through reliance on an indigenous , inexhaustible and mostly import - independent resource , enhance sustainability , reduce pollution , lower the costs of mitigating global warming , and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise . these advantages are global . hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments ; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared " . [ sep ] keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise
on august 24 , 1673 , dutch captain anthonio colve took over the colony of new york from england and rechristened it " new orange " to honor the prince of orange , king william iii . however , facing defeat from the british and french , who had teamed up to destroy dutch trading routes , the dutch returned the island to england in 1674 . [ sep ] anthonio colve
on august 24 , 1673 , dutch captain anthonio colve took over the colony of new york from england and rechristened it " new orange " to honor the prince of orange , king william iii . however , facing defeat from the british and french , who had teamed up to destroy dutch trading routes , the dutch returned the island to england in 1674 . [ sep ] england
on august 24 , 1673 , dutch captain anthonio colve took over the colony of new york from england and rechristened it " new orange " to honor the prince of orange , king william iii . however , facing defeat from the british and french , who had teamed up to destroy dutch trading routes , the dutch returned the island to england in 1674 . [ sep ] king william iii
at the end of the second anglo - dutch war , the english gained new amsterdam ( new york ) in north america in exchange for dutch control of run , an indonesian island . several intertribal wars among the native americans and some epidemics brought on by contact with the europeans caused sizable population losses for the lenape between the years 1660 and 1670 . by 1700 , the lenape population had diminished to 200 . [ sep ] 200
at the end of the second anglo - dutch war , the english gained new amsterdam ( new york ) in north america in exchange for dutch control of run , an indonesian island . several intertribal wars among the native americans and some epidemics brought on by contact with the europeans caused sizable population losses for the lenape between the years 1660 and 1670 . by 1700 , the lenape population had diminished to 200 . [ sep ] second anglo - dutch war
new york grew in importance as a trading port while under british rule in the early 1700s . it also became a center of slavery , with 42 % of households holding slaves by 1730 , more than any other city other than charleston , south carolina . most slaveholders held a few or several domestic slaves , but others hired them out to work at labor . slavery became integrally tied to new york ' s economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port , and the banks and shipping tied to the south . discovery of the african burying ground in the 1990s , during construction of a new federal courthouse near foley square , revealed that tens of thousands of africans had been buried in the area in the colonial years . [ sep ] charleston , south carolina
new york grew in importance as a trading port while under british rule in the early 1700s . it also became a center of slavery , with 42 % of households holding slaves by 1730 , more than any other city other than charleston , south carolina . most slaveholders held a few or several domestic slaves , but others hired them out to work at labor . slavery became integrally tied to new york ' s economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port , and the banks and shipping tied to the south . discovery of the african burying ground in the 1990s , during construction of a new federal courthouse near foley square , revealed that tens of thousands of africans had been buried in the area in the colonial years . [ sep ] 1990s
the ipod line can play several audio file formats including mp3 , aac / m4a , protected aac , aiff , wav , audible audiobook , and apple lossless . the ipod photo introduced the ability to display jpeg , bmp , gif , tiff , and png image file formats . fifth and sixth generation ipod classics , as well as third generation ipod nanos , can additionally play mpeg - 4 ( h . 264 / mpeg - 4 avc ) and quicktime video formats , with restrictions on video dimensions , encoding techniques and data - rates . originally , ipod software only worked with mac os ; ipod software for microsoft windows was launched with the second generation model . unlike most other media players , apple does not support microsoft ' s wma audio format — but a converter for wma files without digital rights management ( drm ) is provided with the windows version of itunes . midi files also cannot be played , but can be converted to audio files using the " advanced " menu in itunes . alternative open - source audio formats , such as ogg vorbis and flac , are not supported without installing custom firmware onto an ipod ( e . g . , rockbox ) . [ sep ] mac os
the ipod line can play several audio file formats including mp3 , aac / m4a , protected aac , aiff , wav , audible audiobook , and apple lossless . the ipod photo introduced the ability to display jpeg , bmp , gif , tiff , and png image file formats . fifth and sixth generation ipod classics , as well as third generation ipod nanos , can additionally play mpeg - 4 ( h . 264 / mpeg - 4 avc ) and quicktime video formats , with restrictions on video dimensions , encoding techniques and data - rates . originally , ipod software only worked with mac os ; ipod software for microsoft windows was launched with the second generation model . unlike most other media players , apple does not support microsoft ' s wma audio format — but a converter for wma files without digital rights management ( drm ) is provided with the windows version of itunes . midi files also cannot be played , but can be converted to audio files using the " advanced " menu in itunes . alternative open - source audio formats , such as ogg vorbis and flac , are not supported without installing custom firmware onto an ipod ( e . g . , rockbox ) . [ sep ] mp3 , aac / m4a , protected aac , aiff , wav , audible audiobook , and apple lossless
the ipod line can play several audio file formats including mp3 , aac / m4a , protected aac , aiff , wav , audible audiobook , and apple lossless . the ipod photo introduced the ability to display jpeg , bmp , gif , tiff , and png image file formats . fifth and sixth generation ipod classics , as well as third generation ipod nanos , can additionally play mpeg - 4 ( h . 264 / mpeg - 4 avc ) and quicktime video formats , with restrictions on video dimensions , encoding techniques and data - rates . originally , ipod software only worked with mac os ; ipod software for microsoft windows was launched with the second generation model . unlike most other media players , apple does not support microsoft ' s wma audio format — but a converter for wma files without digital rights management ( drm ) is provided with the windows version of itunes . midi files also cannot be played , but can be converted to audio files using the " advanced " menu in itunes . alternative open - source audio formats , such as ogg vorbis and flac , are not supported without installing custom firmware onto an ipod ( e . g . , rockbox ) . [ sep ] ipod photo
the trial in manhattan of john peter zenger in 1735 helped to establish the freedom of the press in north america . in 1754 , columbia university was founded under charter by king george ii as king ' s college in lower manhattan . the stamp act congress met in new york in october 1765 as the sons of liberty organized in the city , skirmishing over the next ten years with british troops stationed there . [ sep ] john peter zenger
the trial in manhattan of john peter zenger in 1735 helped to establish the freedom of the press in north america . in 1754 , columbia university was founded under charter by king george ii as king ' s college in lower manhattan . the stamp act congress met in new york in october 1765 as the sons of liberty organized in the city , skirmishing over the next ten years with british troops stationed there . [ sep ] 1754
the trial in manhattan of john peter zenger in 1735 helped to establish the freedom of the press in north america . in 1754 , columbia university was founded under charter by king george ii as king ' s college in lower manhattan . the stamp act congress met in new york in october 1765 as the sons of liberty organized in the city , skirmishing over the next ten years with british troops stationed there . [ sep ] new york
during installation , an ipod is associated with one host computer . each time an ipod connects to its host computer , itunes can synchronize entire music libraries or music playlists either automatically or manually . song ratings can be set on an ipod and synchronized later to the itunes library , and vice versa . a user can access , play , and add music on a second computer if an ipod is set to manual and not automatic sync , but anything added or edited will be reversed upon connecting and syncing with the main computer and its library . if a user wishes to automatically sync music with another computer , an ipod ' s library will be entirely wiped and replaced with the other computer ' s library . [ sep ] host computer
the earth receives 174 , 000 terawatts ( tw ) of incoming solar radiation ( insolation ) at the upper atmosphere . approximately 30 % is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds , oceans and land masses . the spectrum of solar light at the earth ' s surface is mostly spread across the visible and near - infrared ranges with a small part in the near - ultraviolet . most people around the world live in areas with insolation levels of 150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3 . 5 to 7 . 0 kwh / m2 per day . [ sep ] 174 , 000
the earth receives 174 , 000 terawatts ( tw ) of incoming solar radiation ( insolation ) at the upper atmosphere . approximately 30 % is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds , oceans and land masses . the spectrum of solar light at the earth ' s surface is mostly spread across the visible and near - infrared ranges with a small part in the near - ultraviolet . most people around the world live in areas with insolation levels of 150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3 . 5 to 7 . 0 kwh / m2 per day . [ sep ] approximately 30 %
the earth receives 174 , 000 terawatts ( tw ) of incoming solar radiation ( insolation ) at the upper atmosphere . approximately 30 % is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds , oceans and land masses . the spectrum of solar light at the earth ' s surface is mostly spread across the visible and near - infrared ranges with a small part in the near - ultraviolet . most people around the world live in areas with insolation levels of 150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3 . 5 to 7 . 0 kwh / m2 per day . [ sep ] 150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3 . 5 to 7 . 0 kwh / m2 per day
the earth receives 174 , 000 terawatts ( tw ) of incoming solar radiation ( insolation ) at the upper atmosphere . approximately 30 % is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds , oceans and land masses . the spectrum of solar light at the earth ' s surface is mostly spread across the visible and near - infrared ranges with a small part in the near - ultraviolet . most people around the world live in areas with insolation levels of 150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3 . 5 to 7 . 0 kwh / m2 per day . [ sep ] clouds , oceans and land masses
ipods with color displays use anti - aliased graphics and text , with sliding animations . all ipods ( except the 3rd - generation ipod shuffle , the 6th & 7th generation ipod nano , and ipod touch ) have five buttons and the later generations have the buttons integrated into the click wheel – an innovation that gives an uncluttered , minimalist interface . the buttons perform basic functions such as menu , play , pause , next track , and previous track . other operations , such as scrolling through menu items and controlling the volume , are performed by using the click wheel in a rotational manner . the 3rd - generation ipod shuffle does not have any controls on the actual player ; instead it has a small control on the earphone cable , with volume - up and - down buttons and a single button for play and pause , next track , etc . the ipod touch has no click - wheel ; instead it uses a 3 . 5 " touch screen along with a home button , sleep / wake button and ( on the second and third generations of the ipod touch ) volume - up and - down buttons . the user interface for the ipod touch is identical to that of the iphone . differences include a lack of a phone application . both devices use ios . [ sep ] five
ipods with color displays use anti - aliased graphics and text , with sliding animations . all ipods ( except the 3rd - generation ipod shuffle , the 6th & 7th generation ipod nano , and ipod touch ) have five buttons and the later generations have the buttons integrated into the click wheel – an innovation that gives an uncluttered , minimalist interface . the buttons perform basic functions such as menu , play , pause , next track , and previous track . other operations , such as scrolling through menu items and controlling the volume , are performed by using the click wheel in a rotational manner . the 3rd - generation ipod shuffle does not have any controls on the actual player ; instead it has a small control on the earphone cable , with volume - up and - down buttons and a single button for play and pause , next track , etc . the ipod touch has no click - wheel ; instead it uses a 3 . 5 " touch screen along with a home button , sleep / wake button and ( on the second and third generations of the ipod touch ) volume - up and - down buttons . the user interface for the ipod touch is identical to that of the iphone . differences include a lack of a phone application . both devices use ios . [ sep ] shuffle
ipods with color displays use anti - aliased graphics and text , with sliding animations . all ipods ( except the 3rd - generation ipod shuffle , the 6th & 7th generation ipod nano , and ipod touch ) have five buttons and the later generations have the buttons integrated into the click wheel – an innovation that gives an uncluttered , minimalist interface . the buttons perform basic functions such as menu , play , pause , next track , and previous track . other operations , such as scrolling through menu items and controlling the volume , are performed by using the click wheel in a rotational manner . the 3rd - generation ipod shuffle does not have any controls on the actual player ; instead it has a small control on the earphone cable , with volume - up and - down buttons and a single button for play and pause , next track , etc . the ipod touch has no click - wheel ; instead it uses a 3 . 5 " touch screen along with a home button , sleep / wake button and ( on the second and third generations of the ipod touch ) volume - up and - down buttons . the user interface for the ipod touch is identical to that of the iphone . differences include a lack of a phone application . both devices use ios . [ sep ] iphone
the itunes store ( introduced april 29 , 2003 ) is an online media store run by apple and accessed through itunes . the store became the market leader soon after its launch and apple announced the sale of videos through the store on october 12 , 2005 . full - length movies became available on september 12 , 2006 . [ sep ] 2003
the itunes store ( introduced april 29 , 2003 ) is an online media store run by apple and accessed through itunes . the store became the market leader soon after its launch and apple announced the sale of videos through the store on october 12 , 2005 . full - length movies became available on september 12 , 2006 . [ sep ] 2005
the itunes store ( introduced april 29 , 2003 ) is an online media store run by apple and accessed through itunes . the store became the market leader soon after its launch and apple announced the sale of videos through the store on october 12 , 2005 . full - length movies became available on september 12 , 2006 . [ sep ] 2006
the battle of long island , the largest battle of the american revolutionary war , was fought in august 1776 entirely within the modern - day borough of brooklyn . after the battle , in which the americans were defeated , leaving subsequent smaller armed engagements following in its wake , the city became the british military and political base of operations in north america . the city was a haven for loyalist refugees , as well as escaped slaves who joined the british lines for freedom newly promised by the crown for all fighters . as many as 10 , 000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the british occupation . when the british forces evacuated at the close of the war in 1783 , they transported 3 , 000 freedmen for resettlement in nova scotia . they resettled other freedmen in england and the caribbean . [ sep ] the battle of long island
the battle of long island , the largest battle of the american revolutionary war , was fought in august 1776 entirely within the modern - day borough of brooklyn . after the battle , in which the americans were defeated , leaving subsequent smaller armed engagements following in its wake , the city became the british military and political base of operations in north america . the city was a haven for loyalist refugees , as well as escaped slaves who joined the british lines for freedom newly promised by the crown for all fighters . as many as 10 , 000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the british occupation . when the british forces evacuated at the close of the war in 1783 , they transported 3 , 000 freedmen for resettlement in nova scotia . they resettled other freedmen in england and the caribbean . [ sep ] brooklyn
the battle of long island , the largest battle of the american revolutionary war , was fought in august 1776 entirely within the modern - day borough of brooklyn . after the battle , in which the americans were defeated , leaving subsequent smaller armed engagements following in its wake , the city became the british military and political base of operations in north america . the city was a haven for loyalist refugees , as well as escaped slaves who joined the british lines for freedom newly promised by the crown for all fighters . as many as 10 , 000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the british occupation . when the british forces evacuated at the close of the war in 1783 , they transported 3 , 000 freedmen for resettlement in nova scotia . they resettled other freedmen in england and the caribbean . [ sep ] 1783
at the time the store was introduced , purchased audio files used the aac format with added encryption , based on the fairplay drm system . up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of ipods could play the files . burning the files with itunes as an audio cd , then re - importing would create music files without the drm . the drm could also be removed using third - party software . however , in a deal with apple , emi began selling drm - free , higher - quality songs on the itunes stores , in a category called " itunes plus . " while individual songs were made available at a cost of us $ 1 . 29 , 30¢ more than the cost of a regular drm song , entire albums were available for the same price , us $ 9 . 99 , as drm encoded albums . on october 17 , 2007 , apple lowered the cost of individual itunes plus songs to us $ 0 . 99 per song , the same as drm encoded tracks . on january 6 , 2009 , apple announced that drm has been removed from 80 % of the music catalog , and that it would be removed from all music by april 2009 . [ sep ] aac
at the time the store was introduced , purchased audio files used the aac format with added encryption , based on the fairplay drm system . up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of ipods could play the files . burning the files with itunes as an audio cd , then re - importing would create music files without the drm . the drm could also be removed using third - party software . however , in a deal with apple , emi began selling drm - free , higher - quality songs on the itunes stores , in a category called " itunes plus . " while individual songs were made available at a cost of us $ 1 . 29 , 30¢ more than the cost of a regular drm song , entire albums were available for the same price , us $ 9 . 99 , as drm encoded albums . on october 17 , 2007 , apple lowered the cost of individual itunes plus songs to us $ 0 . 99 per song , the same as drm encoded tracks . on january 6 , 2009 , apple announced that drm has been removed from 80 % of the music catalog , and that it would be removed from all music by april 2009 . [ sep ] fairplay
at the time the store was introduced , purchased audio files used the aac format with added encryption , based on the fairplay drm system . up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of ipods could play the files . burning the files with itunes as an audio cd , then re - importing would create music files without the drm . the drm could also be removed using third - party software . however , in a deal with apple , emi began selling drm - free , higher - quality songs on the itunes stores , in a category called " itunes plus . " while individual songs were made available at a cost of us $ 1 . 29 , 30¢ more than the cost of a regular drm song , entire albums were available for the same price , us $ 9 . 99 , as drm encoded albums . on october 17 , 2007 , apple lowered the cost of individual itunes plus songs to us $ 0 . 99 per song , the same as drm encoded tracks . on january 6 , 2009 , apple announced that drm has been removed from 80 % of the music catalog , and that it would be removed from all music by april 2009 . [ sep ] itunes plus
at the time the store was introduced , purchased audio files used the aac format with added encryption , based on the fairplay drm system . up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of ipods could play the files . burning the files with itunes as an audio cd , then re - importing would create music files without the drm . the drm could also be removed using third - party software . however , in a deal with apple , emi began selling drm - free , higher - quality songs on the itunes stores , in a category called " itunes plus . " while individual songs were made available at a cost of us $ 1 . 29 , 30¢ more than the cost of a regular drm song , entire albums were available for the same price , us $ 9 . 99 , as drm encoded albums . on october 17 , 2007 , apple lowered the cost of individual itunes plus songs to us $ 0 . 99 per song , the same as drm encoded tracks . on january 6 , 2009 , apple announced that drm has been removed from 80 % of the music catalog , and that it would be removed from all music by april 2009 . [ sep ] 2009
solar radiation is absorbed by the earth ' s land surface , oceans – which cover about 71 % of the globe – and atmosphere . warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises , causing atmospheric circulation or convection . when the air reaches a high altitude , where the temperature is low , water vapor condenses into clouds , which rain onto the earth ' s surface , completing the water cycle . the latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection , producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind , cyclones and anti - cyclones . sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 °c . by photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemically stored energy , which produces food , wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived . [ sep ] about 71 %
solar radiation is absorbed by the earth ' s land surface , oceans – which cover about 71 % of the globe – and atmosphere . warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises , causing atmospheric circulation or convection . when the air reaches a high altitude , where the temperature is low , water vapor condenses into clouds , which rain onto the earth ' s surface , completing the water cycle . the latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection , producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind , cyclones and anti - cyclones . sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 °c . by photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemically stored energy , which produces food , wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived . [ sep ] warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises
solar radiation is absorbed by the earth ' s land surface , oceans – which cover about 71 % of the globe – and atmosphere . warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises , causing atmospheric circulation or convection . when the air reaches a high altitude , where the temperature is low , water vapor condenses into clouds , which rain onto the earth ' s surface , completing the water cycle . the latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection , producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind , cyclones and anti - cyclones . sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 °c . by photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemically stored energy , which produces food , wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived . [ sep ] when the air reaches a high altitude , where the temperature is low , water vapor condenses into clouds
solar radiation is absorbed by the earth ' s land surface , oceans – which cover about 71 % of the globe – and atmosphere . warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises , causing atmospheric circulation or convection . when the air reaches a high altitude , where the temperature is low , water vapor condenses into clouds , which rain onto the earth ' s surface , completing the water cycle . the latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection , producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind , cyclones and anti - cyclones . sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 °c . by photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemically stored energy , which produces food , wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived . [ sep ] the latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection
solar radiation is absorbed by the earth ' s land surface , oceans – which cover about 71 % of the globe – and atmosphere . warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises , causing atmospheric circulation or convection . when the air reaches a high altitude , where the temperature is low , water vapor condenses into clouds , which rain onto the earth ' s surface , completing the water cycle . the latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection , producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind , cyclones and anti - cyclones . sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 °c . by photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemically stored energy , which produces food , wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived . [ sep ] photosynthesis
the only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the conference house on staten island between american delegates , including benjamin franklin , and british general lord howe on september 11 , 1776 . shortly after the british occupation began , the great fire of new york occurred , a large conflagration on the west side of lower manhattan , which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city , including trinity church . [ sep ] lord howe
the only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the conference house on staten island between american delegates , including benjamin franklin , and british general lord howe on september 11 , 1776 . shortly after the british occupation began , the great fire of new york occurred , a large conflagration on the west side of lower manhattan , which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city , including trinity church . [ sep ] the great fire of new york
ipods cannot play music files from competing music stores that use rival - drm technologies like microsoft ' s protected wma or realnetworks ' helix drm . example stores include napster and msn music . realnetworks claims that apple is creating problems for itself by using fairplay to lock users into using the itunes store . steve jobs stated that apple makes little profit from song sales , although apple uses the store to promote ipod sales . however , ipods can also play music files from online stores that do not use drm , such as emusic or amie street . [ sep ] drm
universal music group decided not to renew their contract with the itunes store on july 3 , 2007 . universal will now supply itunes in an ' at will ' capacity . [ sep ] 2007
the total solar energy absorbed by earth ' s atmosphere , oceans and land masses is approximately 3 , 850 , 000 exajoules ( ej ) per year . in 2002 , this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year . photosynthesis captures approximately 3 , 000 ej per year in biomass . the amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the earth ' s non - renewable resources of coal , oil , natural gas , and mined uranium combined , [ sep ] approximately 3 , 850 , 000 exajoules ( ej ) per year
the total solar energy absorbed by earth ' s atmosphere , oceans and land masses is approximately 3 , 850 , 000 exajoules ( ej ) per year . in 2002 , this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year . photosynthesis captures approximately 3 , 000 ej per year in biomass . the amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the earth ' s non - renewable resources of coal , oil , natural gas , and mined uranium combined , [ sep ] approximately 3 , 000 ej per year
the total solar energy absorbed by earth ' s atmosphere , oceans and land masses is approximately 3 , 850 , 000 exajoules ( ej ) per year . in 2002 , this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year . photosynthesis captures approximately 3 , 000 ej per year in biomass . the amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the earth ' s non - renewable resources of coal , oil , natural gas , and mined uranium combined , [ sep ] coal , oil , natural gas , and mined uranium combined
apple debuted the itunes wi - fi music store on september 5 , 2007 , in its media event entitled " the beat goes on . . . " . this service allows users to access the music store from either an iphone or an ipod touch and download songs directly to the device that can be synced to the user ' s itunes library over a wifi connection , or , in the case of an iphone , the telephone network . [ sep ] 2007
apple debuted the itunes wi - fi music store on september 5 , 2007 , in its media event entitled " the beat goes on . . . " . this service allows users to access the music store from either an iphone or an ipod touch and download songs directly to the device that can be synced to the user ' s itunes library over a wifi connection , or , in the case of an iphone , the telephone network . [ sep ] iphone
video games are playable on various versions of ipods . the original ipod had the game brick ( originally invented by apple ' s co - founder steve wozniak ) included as an easter egg hidden feature ; later firmware versions added it as a menu option . later revisions of the ipod added three more games : parachute , solitaire , and music quiz . [ sep ] brick
video games are playable on various versions of ipods . the original ipod had the game brick ( originally invented by apple ' s co - founder steve wozniak ) included as an easter egg hidden feature ; later firmware versions added it as a menu option . later revisions of the ipod added three more games : parachute , solitaire , and music quiz . [ sep ] parachute , solitaire , and music quiz
in september 2006 , the itunes store began to offer additional games for purchase with the launch of itunes 7 , compatible with the fifth generation ipod with ipod software 1 . 2 or later . those games were : bejeweled , cubis 2 , mahjong , mini golf , pac - man , tetris , texas hold ' em , vortex , asphalt 4 : elite racing and zuma . additional games have since been added . these games work on the 6th and 5th generation ipod classic and the 5th and 4th generation ipod nano . [ sep ] 2006
in september 2006 , the itunes store began to offer additional games for purchase with the launch of itunes 7 , compatible with the fifth generation ipod with ipod software 1 . 2 or later . those games were : bejeweled , cubis 2 , mahjong , mini golf , pac - man , tetris , texas hold ' em , vortex , asphalt 4 : elite racing and zuma . additional games have since been added . these games work on the 6th and 5th generation ipod classic and the 5th and 4th generation ipod nano . [ sep ] fifth
in 1785 , the assembly of the congress of the confederation made new york the national capital shortly after the war . new york was the last capital of the u . s . under the articles of confederation and the first capital under the constitution of the united states . in 1789 , the first president of the united states , george washington , was inaugurated ; the first united states congress and the supreme court of the united states each assembled for the first time , and the united states bill of rights was drafted , all at federal hall on wall street . by 1790 , new york had surpassed philadelphia as the largest city in the united states . [ sep ] congress of the confederation
in 1785 , the assembly of the congress of the confederation made new york the national capital shortly after the war . new york was the last capital of the u . s . under the articles of confederation and the first capital under the constitution of the united states . in 1789 , the first president of the united states , george washington , was inaugurated ; the first united states congress and the supreme court of the united states each assembled for the first time , and the united states bill of rights was drafted , all at federal hall on wall street . by 1790 , new york had surpassed philadelphia as the largest city in the united states . [ sep ] capital
in 1785 , the assembly of the congress of the confederation made new york the national capital shortly after the war . new york was the last capital of the u . s . under the articles of confederation and the first capital under the constitution of the united states . in 1789 , the first president of the united states , george washington , was inaugurated ; the first united states congress and the supreme court of the united states each assembled for the first time , and the united states bill of rights was drafted , all at federal hall on wall street . by 1790 , new york had surpassed philadelphia as the largest city in the united states . [ sep ] 1789
in 1785 , the assembly of the congress of the confederation made new york the national capital shortly after the war . new york was the last capital of the u . s . under the articles of confederation and the first capital under the constitution of the united states . in 1789 , the first president of the united states , george washington , was inaugurated ; the first united states congress and the supreme court of the united states each assembled for the first time , and the united states bill of rights was drafted , all at federal hall on wall street . by 1790 , new york had surpassed philadelphia as the largest city in the united states . [ sep ] 1790
the games are in the form of . ipg files , which are actually . zip archives in disguise [ citation needed ] . when unzipped , they reveal executable files along with common audio and image files , leading to the possibility of third party games . apple has not publicly released a software development kit ( sdk ) for ipod - specific development . apps produced with the iphone sdk are compatible only with the ios on the ipod touch and iphone , which cannot run clickwheel - based games . [ sep ] . ipg
the games are in the form of . ipg files , which are actually . zip archives in disguise [ citation needed ] . when unzipped , they reveal executable files along with common audio and image files , leading to the possibility of third party games . apple has not publicly released a software development kit ( sdk ) for ipod - specific development . apps produced with the iphone sdk are compatible only with the ios on the ipod touch and iphone , which cannot run clickwheel - based games . [ sep ] ipod touch and iphone
the games are in the form of . ipg files , which are actually . zip archives in disguise [ citation needed ] . when unzipped , they reveal executable files along with common audio and image files , leading to the possibility of third party games . apple has not publicly released a software development kit ( sdk ) for ipod - specific development . apps produced with the iphone sdk are compatible only with the ios on the ipod touch and iphone , which cannot run clickwheel - based games . [ sep ] not
the potential solar energy that could be used by humans differs from the amount of solar energy present near the surface of the planet because factors such as geography , time variation , cloud cover , and the land available to humans limits the amount of solar energy that we can acquire . [ sep ] geography , time variation , cloud cover , and the land available to humans
under new york state ' s gradual abolition act of 1799 , children of slave mothers were born to be eventually liberated but were held in indentured servitude until their mid - to - late twenties . together with slaves freed by their masters after the revolutionary war and escaped slaves , a significant free - black population gradually developed in manhattan . under such influential united states founders as alexander hamilton and john jay , the new york manumission society worked for abolition and established the african free school to educate black children . it was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state , and free blacks struggled afterward with discrimination . new york interracial abolitionist activism continued ; among its leaders were graduates of the african free school . the city ' s black population reached more than 16 , 000 in 1840 . [ sep ] 1799
under new york state ' s gradual abolition act of 1799 , children of slave mothers were born to be eventually liberated but were held in indentured servitude until their mid - to - late twenties . together with slaves freed by their masters after the revolutionary war and escaped slaves , a significant free - black population gradually developed in manhattan . under such influential united states founders as alexander hamilton and john jay , the new york manumission society worked for abolition and established the african free school to educate black children . it was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state , and free blacks struggled afterward with discrimination . new york interracial abolitionist activism continued ; among its leaders were graduates of the african free school . the city ' s black population reached more than 16 , 000 in 1840 . [ sep ] 1827
in the 19th century , the city was transformed by development relating to its status as a trading center , as well as by european immigration . the city adopted the commissioners ' plan of 1811 , which expanded the city street grid to encompass all of manhattan . the 1825 completion of the erie canal through central new york connected the atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the north american interior via the hudson river and the great lakes . local politics became dominated by tammany hall , a political machine supported by irish and german immigrants . [ sep ] 1825
geography effects solar energy potential because areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation . however , the use of photovoltaics that can follow the position of the sun can significantly increase the solar energy potential in areas that are farther from the equator . time variation effects the potential of solar energy because during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the earth for solar panels to absorb . this limits the amount of energy that solar panels can absorb in one day . cloud cover can effect the potential of solar panels because clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells . [ sep ] areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation
geography effects solar energy potential because areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation . however , the use of photovoltaics that can follow the position of the sun can significantly increase the solar energy potential in areas that are farther from the equator . time variation effects the potential of solar energy because during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the earth for solar panels to absorb . this limits the amount of energy that solar panels can absorb in one day . cloud cover can effect the potential of solar panels because clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells . [ sep ] photovoltaics
geography effects solar energy potential because areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation . however , the use of photovoltaics that can follow the position of the sun can significantly increase the solar energy potential in areas that are farther from the equator . time variation effects the potential of solar energy because during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the earth for solar panels to absorb . this limits the amount of energy that solar panels can absorb in one day . cloud cover can effect the potential of solar panels because clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells . [ sep ] during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the earth for solar panels to absorb
geography effects solar energy potential because areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation . however , the use of photovoltaics that can follow the position of the sun can significantly increase the solar energy potential in areas that are farther from the equator . time variation effects the potential of solar energy because during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the earth for solar panels to absorb . this limits the amount of energy that solar panels can absorb in one day . cloud cover can effect the potential of solar panels because clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells . [ sep ] clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells
several prominent american literary figures lived in new york during the 1830s and 1840s , including william cullen bryant , washington irving , herman melville , rufus wilmot griswold , john keese , nathaniel parker willis , and edgar allan poe . public - minded members of the contemporaneous business elite lobbied for the establishment of central park , which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an american city . [ sep ] first landscaped
in addition , land availability has a large effect on the available solar energy because solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels . roofs have been found to be a suitable place for solar cells , as many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way . other areas that are suitable for solar cells are lands that are unowned by businesses where solar plants can be established . [ sep ] solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels
in addition , land availability has a large effect on the available solar energy because solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels . roofs have been found to be a suitable place for solar cells , as many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way . other areas that are suitable for solar cells are lands that are unowned by businesses where solar plants can be established . [ sep ] many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way
the great irish famine brought a large influx of irish immigrants . over 200 , 000 were living in new york by 1860 , upwards of a quarter of the city ' s population . there was also extensive immigration from the german provinces , where revolutions had disrupted societies , and germans comprised another 25 % of new york ' s population by 1860 . [ sep ] great irish famine
the great irish famine brought a large influx of irish immigrants . over 200 , 000 were living in new york by 1860 , upwards of a quarter of the city ' s population . there was also extensive immigration from the german provinces , where revolutions had disrupted societies , and germans comprised another 25 % of new york ' s population by 1860 . [ sep ] over 200 , 000
all ipods except for the ipod touch can function in " disk mode " as mass storage devices to store data files but this may not be the default behavior , and in the case of the ipod touch , requires special software . [ citation needed ] if an ipod is formatted on a mac os computer , it uses the hfs + file system format , which allows it to serve as a boot disk for a mac computer . if it is formatted on windows , the fat32 format is used . with the release of the windows - compatible ipod , the default file system used on the ipod line switched from hfs + to fat32 , although it can be reformatted to either file system ( excluding the ipod shuffle which is strictly fat32 ) . generally , if a new ipod ( excluding the ipod shuffle ) is initially plugged into a computer running windows , it will be formatted with fat32 , and if initially plugged into a mac running mac os it will be formatted with hfs + . [ sep ] hfs +
all ipods except for the ipod touch can function in " disk mode " as mass storage devices to store data files but this may not be the default behavior , and in the case of the ipod touch , requires special software . [ citation needed ] if an ipod is formatted on a mac os computer , it uses the hfs + file system format , which allows it to serve as a boot disk for a mac computer . if it is formatted on windows , the fat32 format is used . with the release of the windows - compatible ipod , the default file system used on the ipod line switched from hfs + to fat32 , although it can be reformatted to either file system ( excluding the ipod shuffle which is strictly fat32 ) . generally , if a new ipod ( excluding the ipod shuffle ) is initially plugged into a computer running windows , it will be formatted with fat32 , and if initially plugged into a mac running mac os it will be formatted with hfs + . [ sep ] fat32
unlike many other mp3 players , simply copying audio or video files to the drive with a typical file management application will not allow an ipod to properly access them . the user must use software that has been specifically designed to transfer media files to ipods , so that the files are playable and viewable . usually itunes is used to transfer media to an ipod , though several alternative third - party applications are available on a number of different platforms . [ sep ] itunes
itunes 7 and above can transfer purchased media of the itunes store from an ipod to a computer , provided that computer containing the drm protected media is authorized to play it . [ sep ] itunes 7
solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture , convert and distribute sunlight and enable solar energy to be harnessed at different levels around the world , mostly depending on distance from the equator . although solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends , all renewable energies , other than geothermal and tidal , derive their energy from the sun in a direct or indirect way . [ sep ] passive or active
solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture , convert and distribute sunlight and enable solar energy to be harnessed at different levels around the world , mostly depending on distance from the equator . although solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends , all renewable energies , other than geothermal and tidal , derive their energy from the sun in a direct or indirect way . [ sep ] depending on the way they capture , convert and distribute sunlight
solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture , convert and distribute sunlight and enable solar energy to be harnessed at different levels around the world , mostly depending on distance from the equator . although solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends , all renewable energies , other than geothermal and tidal , derive their energy from the sun in a direct or indirect way . [ sep ] geothermal and tidal
solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture , convert and distribute sunlight and enable solar energy to be harnessed at different levels around the world , mostly depending on distance from the equator . although solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends , all renewable energies , other than geothermal and tidal , derive their energy from the sun in a direct or indirect way . [ sep ] direct or indirect
democratic party candidates were consistently elected to local office , increasing the city ' s ties to the south and its dominant party . in 1861 , mayor fernando wood called on the aldermen to declare independence from albany and the united states after the south seceded , but his proposal was not acted on . anger at new military conscription laws during the american civil war ( 1861 – 1865 ) , which spared wealthier men who could afford to pay a $ 300 ( equivalent to $ 5 , 766 in 2016 ) commutation fee to hire a substitute , led to the draft riots of 1863 , whose most visible participants were ethnic irish working class . the situation deteriorated into attacks on new york ' s elite , followed by attacks on black new yorkers and their property after fierce competition for a decade between irish immigrants and blacks for work . rioters burned the colored orphan asylum to the ground , but more than 200 children escaped harm due to efforts of the new york city police department , which was mainly made up of irish immigrants . according to historian james m . mcpherson ( 2001 ) , at least 120 people were killed . in all , eleven black men were lynched over five days , and the riots forced hundreds of blacks to flee the city for williamsburg , brooklyn , as well as new jersey ; the black population in manhattan fell below 10 , 000 by 1865 , which it had last been in 1820 . the white working class had established dominance . violence by longshoremen against black men was especially fierce in the docks area . it was one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in american history . [ sep ] colored orphan asylum
in 1898 , the modern city of new york was formed with the consolidation of brooklyn ( until then a separate city ) , the county of new york ( which then included parts of the bronx ) , the county of richmond , and the western portion of the county of queens . the opening of the subway in 1904 , first built as separate private systems , helped bind the new city together . throughout the first half of the 20th century , the city became a world center for industry , commerce , and communication . [ sep ] 1904
in 1904 , the steamship general slocum caught fire in the east river , killing 1 , 021 people on board . in 1911 , the triangle shirtwaist factory fire , the city ' s worst industrial disaster , took the lives of 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the international ladies ' garment workers ' union and major improvements in factory safety standards . [ sep ] triangle shirtwaist factory fire
in 2005 , apple faced two lawsuits claiming patent infringement by the ipod line and its associated technologies : advanced audio devices claimed the ipod line breached its patent on a " music jukebox " , while a hong kong - based ip portfolio company called pat - rights filed a suit claiming that apple ' s fairplay technology breached a patent issued to inventor ho keung tse . the latter case also includes the online music stores of sony , realnetworks , napster , and musicmatch as defendants . [ sep ] advanced audio devices
in 2005 , apple faced two lawsuits claiming patent infringement by the ipod line and its associated technologies : advanced audio devices claimed the ipod line breached its patent on a " music jukebox " , while a hong kong - based ip portfolio company called pat - rights filed a suit claiming that apple ' s fairplay technology breached a patent issued to inventor ho keung tse . the latter case also includes the online music stores of sony , realnetworks , napster , and musicmatch as defendants . [ sep ] fairplay
apple ' s application to the united states patent and trademark office for a patent on " rotational user inputs " , as used on the ipod interface , received a third " non - final rejection " ( nfr ) in august 2005 . also in august 2005 , creative technology , one of apple ' s main rivals in the mp3 player market , announced that it held a patent on part of the music selection interface used by the ipod line , which creative technology dubbed the " zen patent " , granted on august 9 , 2005 . on may 15 , 2006 , creative filed another suit against apple with the united states district court for the northern district of california . creative also asked the united states international trade commission to investigate whether apple was breaching u . s . trade laws by importing ipods into the united states . [ sep ] rotational user inputs
apple ' s application to the united states patent and trademark office for a patent on " rotational user inputs " , as used on the ipod interface , received a third " non - final rejection " ( nfr ) in august 2005 . also in august 2005 , creative technology , one of apple ' s main rivals in the mp3 player market , announced that it held a patent on part of the music selection interface used by the ipod line , which creative technology dubbed the " zen patent " , granted on august 9 , 2005 . on may 15 , 2006 , creative filed another suit against apple with the united states district court for the northern district of california . creative also asked the united states international trade commission to investigate whether apple was breaching u . s . trade laws by importing ipods into the united states . [ sep ] creative technology
on august 24 , 2006 , apple and creative announced a broad settlement to end their legal disputes . apple will pay creative us $ 100 million for a paid - up license , to use creative ' s awarded patent in all apple products . as part of the agreement , apple will recoup part of its payment , if creative is successful in licensing the patent . creative then announced its intention to produce ipod accessories by joining the made for ipod program . [ sep ] $ 100 million
on august 24 , 2006 , apple and creative announced a broad settlement to end their legal disputes . apple will pay creative us $ 100 million for a paid - up license , to use creative ' s awarded patent in all apple products . as part of the agreement , apple will recoup part of its payment , if creative is successful in licensing the patent . creative then announced its intention to produce ipod accessories by joining the made for ipod program . [ sep ] the made for ipod program
since october 2004 , the ipod line has dominated digital music player sales in the united states , with over 90 % of the market for hard drive - based players and over 70 % of the market for all types of players . during the year from january 2004 to january 2005 , the high rate of sales caused its u . s . market share to increase from 31 % to 65 % and in july 2005 , this market share was measured at 74 % . in january 2007 the ipod market share reached 72 . 7 % according to bloomberg online . [ sep ] 90 %
since october 2004 , the ipod line has dominated digital music player sales in the united states , with over 90 % of the market for hard drive - based players and over 70 % of the market for all types of players . during the year from january 2004 to january 2005 , the high rate of sales caused its u . s . market share to increase from 31 % to 65 % and in july 2005 , this market share was measured at 74 % . in january 2007 the ipod market share reached 72 . 7 % according to bloomberg online . [ sep ] 70 %
since october 2004 , the ipod line has dominated digital music player sales in the united states , with over 90 % of the market for hard drive - based players and over 70 % of the market for all types of players . during the year from january 2004 to january 2005 , the high rate of sales caused its u . s . market share to increase from 31 % to 65 % and in july 2005 , this market share was measured at 74 % . in january 2007 the ipod market share reached 72 . 7 % according to bloomberg online . [ sep ] 74 %
on january 8 , 2004 , hewlett - packard ( hp ) announced that they would sell hp - branded ipods under a license agreement from apple . several new retail channels were used — including wal - mart — and these ipods eventually made up 5 % of all ipod sales . in july 2005 , hp stopped selling ipods due to unfavorable terms and conditions imposed by apple . [ sep ] hp
new york ' s non - white population was 36 , 620 in 1890 . new york city was a prime destination in the early twentieth century for african americans during the great migration from the american south , and by 1916 , new york city was home to the largest urban african diaspora in north america . the harlem renaissance of literary and cultural life flourished during the era of prohibition . the larger economic boom generated construction of skyscrapers competing in height and creating an identifiable skyline . [ sep ] 36 , 620
although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other , their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love - hate relationship . harold c . schonberg believes that chopin displayed a " tinge of jealousy and spite " towards liszt ' s virtuosity on the piano , and others have also argued that he had become enchanted with liszt ' s theatricality , showmanship and success . liszt was the dedicatee of chopin ' s op . 10 etudes , and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to hiller , " i should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies . " however , chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments , at which chopin remarked that he should play the music as written or not play it at all , forcing an apology . most biographers of chopin state that after this the two had little to do with each other , although in his letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as " my friend liszt " . some commentators point to events in the two men ' s romantic lives which led to a rift between them ; there are claims that liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress marie d ' agoult ' s obsession with chopin , while others believe that chopin had become concerned about liszt ' s growing relationship with george sand . [ sep ] op . 10 etudes
although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other , their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love - hate relationship . harold c . schonberg believes that chopin displayed a " tinge of jealousy and spite " towards liszt ' s virtuosity on the piano , and others have also argued that he had become enchanted with liszt ' s theatricality , showmanship and success . liszt was the dedicatee of chopin ' s op . 10 etudes , and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to hiller , " i should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies . " however , chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments , at which chopin remarked that he should play the music as written or not play it at all , forcing an apology . most biographers of chopin state that after this the two had little to do with each other , although in his letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as " my friend liszt " . some commentators point to events in the two men ' s romantic lives which led to a rift between them ; there are claims that liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress marie d ' agoult ' s obsession with chopin , while others believe that chopin had become concerned about liszt ' s growing relationship with george sand . [ sep ] marie d ' agoult
new york became the most populous urbanized area in the world in the early 1920s , overtaking london . the metropolitan area surpassed the 10 million mark in the early 1930s , becoming the first megacity in human history . the difficult years of the great depression saw the election of reformer fiorello la guardia as mayor and the fall of tammany hall after eighty years of political dominance . [ sep ] megacity
returning world war ii veterans created a post - war economic boom and the development of large housing tracts in eastern queens . new york emerged from the war unscathed as the leading city of the world , with wall street leading america ' s place as the world ' s dominant economic power . the united nations headquarters was completed in 1952 , solidifying new york ' s global geopolitical influence , and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated new york ' s displacement of paris as the center of the art world . [ sep ] united nations
the stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous , violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of june 28 , 1969 , at the stonewall inn in the greenwich village neighborhood of lower manhattan . they are widely considered to constitute the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for lgbt rights in the united states . [ sep ] stonewall inn in the greenwich village neighborhood of lower manhattan
in 1836 , at a party hosted by marie d ' agoult , chopin met the french author george sand ( born [ amantine ] aurore [ lucile ] dupin ) . short ( under five feet , or 152 cm ) , dark , big - eyed and a cigar smoker , she initially repelled chopin , who remarked , " what an unattractive person la sand is . is she really a woman ? " however , by early 1837 maria wodzinska ' s mother had made it clear to chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed . it is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d ' agoult and sand . chopin finally placed the letters from maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote , in polish , " my tragedy " . sand , in a letter to grzymała of june 1838 , admitted strong feelings for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with chopin ; she asked grzymała to assess chopin ' s relationship with maria wodzinska , without realising that the affair , at least from maria ' s side , was over . [ sep ] george sand
in 1836 , at a party hosted by marie d ' agoult , chopin met the french author george sand ( born [ amantine ] aurore [ lucile ] dupin ) . short ( under five feet , or 152 cm ) , dark , big - eyed and a cigar smoker , she initially repelled chopin , who remarked , " what an unattractive person la sand is . is she really a woman ? " however , by early 1837 maria wodzinska ' s mother had made it clear to chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed . it is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d ' agoult and sand . chopin finally placed the letters from maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote , in polish , " my tragedy " . sand , in a letter to grzymała of june 1838 , admitted strong feelings for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with chopin ; she asked grzymała to assess chopin ' s relationship with maria wodzinska , without realising that the affair , at least from maria ' s side , was over . [ sep ] his poor health
in 1836 , at a party hosted by marie d ' agoult , chopin met the french author george sand ( born [ amantine ] aurore [ lucile ] dupin ) . short ( under five feet , or 152 cm ) , dark , big - eyed and a cigar smoker , she initially repelled chopin , who remarked , " what an unattractive person la sand is . is she really a woman ? " however , by early 1837 maria wodzinska ' s mother had made it clear to chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed . it is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d ' agoult and sand . chopin finally placed the letters from maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote , in polish , " my tragedy " . sand , in a letter to grzymała of june 1838 , admitted strong feelings for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with chopin ; she asked grzymała to assess chopin ' s relationship with maria wodzinska , without realising that the affair , at least from maria ' s side , was over . [ sep ] my tragedy
in the 1970s , job losses due to industrial restructuring caused new york city to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates . while a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city ' s economic health in the 1980s , new york ' s crime rate continued to increase through that decade and into the beginning of the 1990s . by the mid 1990s , crime rates started to drop dramatically due to revised police strategies , improving economic opportunities , gentrification , and new residents , both american transplants and new immigrants from asia and latin america . important new sectors , such as silicon alley , emerged in the city ' s economy . new york ' s population reached all - time highs in the 2000 census and then again in the 2010 census . [ sep ] 1970s
in june 1837 chopin visited london incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer camille pleyel where he played at a musical soiree at the house of english piano maker james broadwood . on his return to paris , his association with sand began in earnest , and by the end of june 1838 they had become lovers . sand , who was six years older than the composer , and who had had a series of lovers , wrote at this time : " i must say i was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me . . . i have still not recovered from my astonishment , and if i were a proud person i should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away . . . " the two spent a miserable winter on majorca ( 8 november 1838 to 13 february 1839 ) , where , together with sand ' s two children , they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of chopin and that of sand ' s 15 - year - old son maurice , and also to escape the threats of sand ' s former lover felicien mallefille . after discovering that the couple were not married , the deeply traditional catholic people of majorca became inhospitable , making accommodation difficult to find . this compelled the group to take lodgings in a former carthusian monastery in valldemossa , which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather . [ sep ] camille pleyel
in june 1837 chopin visited london incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer camille pleyel where he played at a musical soiree at the house of english piano maker james broadwood . on his return to paris , his association with sand began in earnest , and by the end of june 1838 they had become lovers . sand , who was six years older than the composer , and who had had a series of lovers , wrote at this time : " i must say i was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me . . . i have still not recovered from my astonishment , and if i were a proud person i should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away . . . " the two spent a miserable winter on majorca ( 8 november 1838 to 13 february 1839 ) , where , together with sand ' s two children , they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of chopin and that of sand ' s 15 - year - old son maurice , and also to escape the threats of sand ' s former lover felicien mallefille . after discovering that the couple were not married , the deeply traditional catholic people of majorca became inhospitable , making accommodation difficult to find . this compelled the group to take lodgings in a former carthusian monastery in valldemossa , which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather . [ sep ] piano maker
in june 1837 chopin visited london incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer camille pleyel where he played at a musical soiree at the house of english piano maker james broadwood . on his return to paris , his association with sand began in earnest , and by the end of june 1838 they had become lovers . sand , who was six years older than the composer , and who had had a series of lovers , wrote at this time : " i must say i was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me . . . i have still not recovered from my astonishment , and if i were a proud person i should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away . . . " the two spent a miserable winter on majorca ( 8 november 1838 to 13 february 1839 ) , where , together with sand ' s two children , they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of chopin and that of sand ' s 15 - year - old son maurice , and also to escape the threats of sand ' s former lover felicien mallefille . after discovering that the couple were not married , the deeply traditional catholic people of majorca became inhospitable , making accommodation difficult to find . this compelled the group to take lodgings in a former carthusian monastery in valldemossa , which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather . [ sep ] six years
in june 1837 chopin visited london incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer camille pleyel where he played at a musical soiree at the house of english piano maker james broadwood . on his return to paris , his association with sand began in earnest , and by the end of june 1838 they had become lovers . sand , who was six years older than the composer , and who had had a series of lovers , wrote at this time : " i must say i was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me . . . i have still not recovered from my astonishment , and if i were a proud person i should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away . . . " the two spent a miserable winter on majorca ( 8 november 1838 to 13 february 1839 ) , where , together with sand ' s two children , they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of chopin and that of sand ' s 15 - year - old son maurice , and also to escape the threats of sand ' s former lover felicien mallefille . after discovering that the couple were not married , the deeply traditional catholic people of majorca became inhospitable , making accommodation difficult to find . this compelled the group to take lodgings in a former carthusian monastery in valldemossa , which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather . [ sep ] felicien mallefille
in june 1837 chopin visited london incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer camille pleyel where he played at a musical soiree at the house of english piano maker james broadwood . on his return to paris , his association with sand began in earnest , and by the end of june 1838 they had become lovers . sand , who was six years older than the composer , and who had had a series of lovers , wrote at this time : " i must say i was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me . . . i have still not recovered from my astonishment , and if i were a proud person i should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away . . . " the two spent a miserable winter on majorca ( 8 november 1838 to 13 february 1839 ) , where , together with sand ' s two children , they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of chopin and that of sand ' s 15 - year - old son maurice , and also to escape the threats of sand ' s former lover felicien mallefille . after discovering that the couple were not married , the deeply traditional catholic people of majorca became inhospitable , making accommodation difficult to find . this compelled the group to take lodgings in a former carthusian monastery in valldemossa , which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather . [ sep ] a former carthusian monastery
on 3 december , chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in majorca : " three doctors have visited me . . . the first said i was dead ; the second said i was dying ; and the third said i was about to die . " he also had problems having his pleyel piano sent to him . it finally arrived from paris in december . chopin wrote to pleyel in january 1839 : " i am sending you my preludes [ ( op . 28 ) ] . i finished them on your little piano , which arrived in the best possible condition in spite of the sea , the bad weather and the palma customs . " chopin was also able to undertake work on his ballade no . 2 , op . 38 ; two polonaises , op . 40 ; and the scherzo no . 3 , op . 39 . [ sep ] 3
on 3 december , chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in majorca : " three doctors have visited me . . . the first said i was dead ; the second said i was dying ; and the third said i was about to die . " he also had problems having his pleyel piano sent to him . it finally arrived from paris in december . chopin wrote to pleyel in january 1839 : " i am sending you my preludes [ ( op . 28 ) ] . i finished them on your little piano , which arrived in the best possible condition in spite of the sea , the bad weather and the palma customs . " chopin was also able to undertake work on his ballade no . 2 , op . 38 ; two polonaises , op . 40 ; and the scherzo no . 3 , op . 39 . [ sep ] december
the city and surrounding area suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the september 11 , 2001 attacks when 10 of the 19 terrorists associated with al - qaeda piloted american airlines flight 11 into the north tower of the world trade center and united airlines flight 175 into the south tower of the world trade center , and later destroyed them , killing 2 , 192 civilians , 343 firefighters , and 71 law enforcement officers who were in the towers and in the surrounding area . the rebuilding of the area , has created a new one world trade center , and a 9 / 11 memorial and museum along with other new buildings and infrastructure . the world trade center path station , which opened on july 19 , 1909 as the hudson terminal , was also destroyed in the attack . a temporary station was built and opened on november 23 , 2003 . a permanent station , the world trade center transportation hub , is currently under construction . the new one world trade center is the tallest skyscraper in the western hemisphere and the fourth - tallest building in the world by pinnacle height , with its spire reaching a symbolic 1 , 776 feet ( 541 . 3 m ) in reference to the year of american independence . [ sep ] 1909
the city and surrounding area suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the september 11 , 2001 attacks when 10 of the 19 terrorists associated with al - qaeda piloted american airlines flight 11 into the north tower of the world trade center and united airlines flight 175 into the south tower of the world trade center , and later destroyed them , killing 2 , 192 civilians , 343 firefighters , and 71 law enforcement officers who were in the towers and in the surrounding area . the rebuilding of the area , has created a new one world trade center , and a 9 / 11 memorial and museum along with other new buildings and infrastructure . the world trade center path station , which opened on july 19 , 1909 as the hudson terminal , was also destroyed in the attack . a temporary station was built and opened on november 23 , 2003 . a permanent station , the world trade center transportation hub , is currently under construction . the new one world trade center is the tallest skyscraper in the western hemisphere and the fourth - tallest building in the world by pinnacle height , with its spire reaching a symbolic 1 , 776 feet ( 541 . 3 m ) in reference to the year of american independence . [ sep ] 10
the city and surrounding area suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the september 11 , 2001 attacks when 10 of the 19 terrorists associated with al - qaeda piloted american airlines flight 11 into the north tower of the world trade center and united airlines flight 175 into the south tower of the world trade center , and later destroyed them , killing 2 , 192 civilians , 343 firefighters , and 71 law enforcement officers who were in the towers and in the surrounding area . the rebuilding of the area , has created a new one world trade center , and a 9 / 11 memorial and museum along with other new buildings and infrastructure . the world trade center path station , which opened on july 19 , 1909 as the hudson terminal , was also destroyed in the attack . a temporary station was built and opened on november 23 , 2003 . a permanent station , the world trade center transportation hub , is currently under construction . the new one world trade center is the tallest skyscraper in the western hemisphere and the fourth - tallest building in the world by pinnacle height , with its spire reaching a symbolic 1 , 776 feet ( 541 . 3 m ) in reference to the year of american independence . [ sep ] american airlines flight 11
the occupy wall street protests in zuccotti park in the financial district of lower manhattan began on september 17 , 2011 , receiving global attention and spawning the occupy movement against social and economic inequality worldwide . [ sep ] september 17 , 2011
new york city is situated in the northeastern united states , in southeastern new york state , approximately halfway between washington , d . c . and boston . the location at the mouth of the hudson river , which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the atlantic ocean , has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port . most of new york city is built on the three islands of long island , manhattan , and staten island . [ sep ] hudson
new york city is situated in the northeastern united states , in southeastern new york state , approximately halfway between washington , d . c . and boston . the location at the mouth of the hudson river , which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the atlantic ocean , has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port . most of new york city is built on the three islands of long island , manhattan , and staten island . [ sep ] atlantic ocean
new york city is situated in the northeastern united states , in southeastern new york state , approximately halfway between washington , d . c . and boston . the location at the mouth of the hudson river , which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the atlantic ocean , has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port . most of new york city is built on the three islands of long island , manhattan , and staten island . [ sep ] long island , manhattan , and staten island .
although this period had been productive , the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on chopin ' s health that sand determined to leave the island . to avoid further customs duties , sand sold the piano to a local french couple , the canuts . [ n 8 ] the group traveled first to barcelona , then to marseilles , where they stayed for a few months while chopin convalesced . in may 1839 they headed for the summer to sand ' s estate at nohant , where they spent most summers until 1846 . in autumn they returned to paris , where chopin ' s apartment at 5 rue tronchet was close to sand ' s rented accommodation at the rue pigalle . he frequently visited sand in the evenings , but both retained some independence . in 1842 he and sand moved to the square d ' orleans , living in adjacent buildings . [ sep ] the canuts
although this period had been productive , the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on chopin ' s health that sand determined to leave the island . to avoid further customs duties , sand sold the piano to a local french couple , the canuts . [ n 8 ] the group traveled first to barcelona , then to marseilles , where they stayed for a few months while chopin convalesced . in may 1839 they headed for the summer to sand ' s estate at nohant , where they spent most summers until 1846 . in autumn they returned to paris , where chopin ' s apartment at 5 rue tronchet was close to sand ' s rented accommodation at the rue pigalle . he frequently visited sand in the evenings , but both retained some independence . in 1842 he and sand moved to the square d ' orleans , living in adjacent buildings . [ sep ] marseilles
although this period had been productive , the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on chopin ' s health that sand determined to leave the island . to avoid further customs duties , sand sold the piano to a local french couple , the canuts . [ n 8 ] the group traveled first to barcelona , then to marseilles , where they stayed for a few months while chopin convalesced . in may 1839 they headed for the summer to sand ' s estate at nohant , where they spent most summers until 1846 . in autumn they returned to paris , where chopin ' s apartment at 5 rue tronchet was close to sand ' s rented accommodation at the rue pigalle . he frequently visited sand in the evenings , but both retained some independence . in 1842 he and sand moved to the square d ' orleans , living in adjacent buildings . [ sep ] nohant
although this period had been productive , the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on chopin ' s health that sand determined to leave the island . to avoid further customs duties , sand sold the piano to a local french couple , the canuts . [ n 8 ] the group traveled first to barcelona , then to marseilles , where they stayed for a few months while chopin convalesced . in may 1839 they headed for the summer to sand ' s estate at nohant , where they spent most summers until 1846 . in autumn they returned to paris , where chopin ' s apartment at 5 rue tronchet was close to sand ' s rented accommodation at the rue pigalle . he frequently visited sand in the evenings , but both retained some independence . in 1842 he and sand moved to the square d ' orleans , living in adjacent buildings . [ sep ] 5 rue tronchet
although this period had been productive , the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on chopin ' s health that sand determined to leave the island . to avoid further customs duties , sand sold the piano to a local french couple , the canuts . [ n 8 ] the group traveled first to barcelona , then to marseilles , where they stayed for a few months while chopin convalesced . in may 1839 they headed for the summer to sand ' s estate at nohant , where they spent most summers until 1846 . in autumn they returned to paris , where chopin ' s apartment at 5 rue tronchet was close to sand ' s rented accommodation at the rue pigalle . he frequently visited sand in the evenings , but both retained some independence . in 1842 he and sand moved to the square d ' orleans , living in adjacent buildings . [ sep ] square d ' orleans
the hudson river flows through the hudson valley into new york bay . between new york city and troy , new york , the river is an estuary . the hudson river separates the city from the u . s . state of new jersey . the east river — a tidal strait — flows from long island sound and separates the bronx and manhattan from long island . the harlem river , another tidal strait between the east and hudson rivers , separates most of manhattan from the bronx . the bronx river , which flows through the bronx and westchester county , is the only entirely fresh water river in the city . [ sep ] new jersey
the hudson river flows through the hudson valley into new york bay . between new york city and troy , new york , the river is an estuary . the hudson river separates the city from the u . s . state of new jersey . the east river — a tidal strait — flows from long island sound and separates the bronx and manhattan from long island . the harlem river , another tidal strait between the east and hudson rivers , separates most of manhattan from the bronx . the bronx river , which flows through the bronx and westchester county , is the only entirely fresh water river in the city . [ sep ] the bronx river
the hudson river flows through the hudson valley into new york bay . between new york city and troy , new york , the river is an estuary . the hudson river separates the city from the u . s . state of new jersey . the east river — a tidal strait — flows from long island sound and separates the bronx and manhattan from long island . the harlem river , another tidal strait between the east and hudson rivers , separates most of manhattan from the bronx . the bronx river , which flows through the bronx and westchester county , is the only entirely fresh water river in the city . [ sep ] the harlem river
at the funeral of the tenor adolphe nourrit in paris in 1839 , chopin made a rare appearance at the organ , playing a transcription of franz schubert ' s lied die gestirne . on 26 july 1840 chopin and sand were present at the dress rehearsal of berlioz ' s grande symphonie funebre et triomphale , composed to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the july revolution . chopin was reportedly unimpressed with the composition . [ sep ] adolphe nourrit
at the funeral of the tenor adolphe nourrit in paris in 1839 , chopin made a rare appearance at the organ , playing a transcription of franz schubert ' s lied die gestirne . on 26 july 1840 chopin and sand were present at the dress rehearsal of berlioz ' s grande symphonie funebre et triomphale , composed to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the july revolution . chopin was reportedly unimpressed with the composition . [ sep ] organ
at the funeral of the tenor adolphe nourrit in paris in 1839 , chopin made a rare appearance at the organ , playing a transcription of franz schubert ' s lied die gestirne . on 26 july 1840 chopin and sand were present at the dress rehearsal of berlioz ' s grande symphonie funebre et triomphale , composed to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the july revolution . chopin was reportedly unimpressed with the composition . [ sep ] franz schubert ' s lied die gestirne
active solar techniques use photovoltaics , concentrated solar power , solar thermal collectors , pumps , and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs . passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal properties , designing spaces that naturally circulate air , and referencing the position of a building to the sun . active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies , while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies . [ sep ] solar thermal collectors
active solar techniques use photovoltaics , concentrated solar power , solar thermal collectors , pumps , and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs . passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal properties , designing spaces that naturally circulate air , and referencing the position of a building to the sun . active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies , while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies . [ sep ] designing spaces that naturally circulate air
active solar techniques use photovoltaics , concentrated solar power , solar thermal collectors , pumps , and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs . passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal properties , designing spaces that naturally circulate air , and referencing the position of a building to the sun . active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies , while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies . [ sep ] increase the supply of energy
active solar techniques use photovoltaics , concentrated solar power , solar thermal collectors , pumps , and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs . passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal properties , designing spaces that naturally circulate air , and referencing the position of a building to the sun . active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies , while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies . [ sep ] reduce the need for alternate resources
during the summers at nohant , particularly in the years 1839 – 43 , chopin found quiet , productive days during which he composed many works , including his polonaise in a - flat major , op . 53 . among the visitors to nohant were delacroix and the mezzo - soprano pauline viardot , whom chopin had advised on piano technique and composition . delacroix gives an account of staying at nohant in a letter of 7 june 1842 : [ sep ] piano technique and composition
from 1842 onwards , chopin showed signs of serious illness . after a solo recital in paris on 21 february 1842 , he wrote to grzymała : " i have to lie in bed all day long , my mouth and tonsils are aching so much . " he was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from alkan to participate in a repeat performance of the beethoven seventh symphony arrangement at erard ' s on 1 march 1843 . late in 1844 , charles halle visited chopin and found him " hardly able to move , bent like a half - opened penknife and evidently in great pain " , although his spirits returned when he started to play the piano for his visitor . chopin ' s health continued to deteriorate , particularly from this time onwards . modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses , he may also have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy . [ sep ] 1842
from 1842 onwards , chopin showed signs of serious illness . after a solo recital in paris on 21 february 1842 , he wrote to grzymała : " i have to lie in bed all day long , my mouth and tonsils are aching so much . " he was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from alkan to participate in a repeat performance of the beethoven seventh symphony arrangement at erard ' s on 1 march 1843 . late in 1844 , charles halle visited chopin and found him " hardly able to move , bent like a half - opened penknife and evidently in great pain " , although his spirits returned when he started to play the piano for his visitor . chopin ' s health continued to deteriorate , particularly from this time onwards . modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses , he may also have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy . [ sep ] beethoven seventh symphony arrangement
from 1842 onwards , chopin showed signs of serious illness . after a solo recital in paris on 21 february 1842 , he wrote to grzymała : " i have to lie in bed all day long , my mouth and tonsils are aching so much . " he was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from alkan to participate in a repeat performance of the beethoven seventh symphony arrangement at erard ' s on 1 march 1843 . late in 1844 , charles halle visited chopin and found him " hardly able to move , bent like a half - opened penknife and evidently in great pain " , although his spirits returned when he started to play the piano for his visitor . chopin ' s health continued to deteriorate , particularly from this time onwards . modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses , he may also have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy . [ sep ] temporal lobe epilepsy
the city ' s total area is 468 . 9 square miles ( 1 , 214 km2 ) . 164 . 1 sq mi ( 425 km2 ) of this is water and 304 . 8 sq mi ( 789 km2 ) is land . the highest point in the city is todt hill on staten island , which , at 409 . 8 feet ( 124 . 9 m ) above sea level , is the highest point on the eastern seaboard south of maine . the summit of the ridge is mostly covered in woodlands as part of the staten island greenbelt . [ sep ] 468 . 9
the city ' s total area is 468 . 9 square miles ( 1 , 214 km2 ) . 164 . 1 sq mi ( 425 km2 ) of this is water and 304 . 8 sq mi ( 789 km2 ) is land . the highest point in the city is todt hill on staten island , which , at 409 . 8 feet ( 124 . 9 m ) above sea level , is the highest point on the eastern seaboard south of maine . the summit of the ridge is mostly covered in woodlands as part of the staten island greenbelt . [ sep ] 164 . 1
the city ' s total area is 468 . 9 square miles ( 1 , 214 km2 ) . 164 . 1 sq mi ( 425 km2 ) of this is water and 304 . 8 sq mi ( 789 km2 ) is land . the highest point in the city is todt hill on staten island , which , at 409 . 8 feet ( 124 . 9 m ) above sea level , is the highest point on the eastern seaboard south of maine . the summit of the ridge is mostly covered in woodlands as part of the staten island greenbelt . [ sep ] 304 . 8
the city ' s total area is 468 . 9 square miles ( 1 , 214 km2 ) . 164 . 1 sq mi ( 425 km2 ) of this is water and 304 . 8 sq mi ( 789 km2 ) is land . the highest point in the city is todt hill on staten island , which , at 409 . 8 feet ( 124 . 9 m ) above sea level , is the highest point on the eastern seaboard south of maine . the summit of the ridge is mostly covered in woodlands as part of the staten island greenbelt . [ sep ] todt hill
the city ' s total area is 468 . 9 square miles ( 1 , 214 km2 ) . 164 . 1 sq mi ( 425 km2 ) of this is water and 304 . 8 sq mi ( 789 km2 ) is land . the highest point in the city is todt hill on staten island , which , at 409 . 8 feet ( 124 . 9 m ) above sea level , is the highest point on the eastern seaboard south of maine . the summit of the ridge is mostly covered in woodlands as part of the staten island greenbelt . [ sep ] 409 . 8
new york has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods , from the saltbox style pieter claesen wyckoff house in brooklyn , the oldest section of which dates to 1656 , to the modern one world trade center , the skyscraper at ground zero in lower manhattan and currently the most expensive new office tower in the world . [ sep ] one world trade center
chopin ' s relations with sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter solange and solange ' s fiance , the young fortune - hunting sculptor auguste clesinger . the composer frequently took solange ' s side in quarrels with her mother ; he also faced jealousy from sand ' s son maurice . chopin was utterly indifferent to sand ' s radical political pursuits , while sand looked on his society friends with disdain . as the composer ' s illness progressed , sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to chopin , whom she called her " third child " . in letters to third parties , she vented her impatience , referring to him as a " child , " a " little angel " , a " sufferer " and a " beloved little corpse . " in 1847 sand published her novel lucrezia floriani , whose main characters — a rich actress and a prince in weak health — could be interpreted as sand and chopin ; the story was uncomplimentary to chopin , who could not have missed the allusions as he helped sand correct the printer ' s galleys . in 1847 he did not visit nohant , and he quietly ended their ten - year relationship following an angry correspondence which , in sand ' s words , made " a strange conclusion to nine years of exclusive friendship . " the two would never meet again . [ sep ] 1846
chopin ' s relations with sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter solange and solange ' s fiance , the young fortune - hunting sculptor auguste clesinger . the composer frequently took solange ' s side in quarrels with her mother ; he also faced jealousy from sand ' s son maurice . chopin was utterly indifferent to sand ' s radical political pursuits , while sand looked on his society friends with disdain . as the composer ' s illness progressed , sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to chopin , whom she called her " third child " . in letters to third parties , she vented her impatience , referring to him as a " child , " a " little angel " , a " sufferer " and a " beloved little corpse . " in 1847 sand published her novel lucrezia floriani , whose main characters — a rich actress and a prince in weak health — could be interpreted as sand and chopin ; the story was uncomplimentary to chopin , who could not have missed the allusions as he helped sand correct the printer ' s galleys . in 1847 he did not visit nohant , and he quietly ended their ten - year relationship following an angry correspondence which , in sand ' s words , made " a strange conclusion to nine years of exclusive friendship . " the two would never meet again . [ sep ] auguste clesinger
chopin ' s relations with sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter solange and solange ' s fiance , the young fortune - hunting sculptor auguste clesinger . the composer frequently took solange ' s side in quarrels with her mother ; he also faced jealousy from sand ' s son maurice . chopin was utterly indifferent to sand ' s radical political pursuits , while sand looked on his society friends with disdain . as the composer ' s illness progressed , sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to chopin , whom she called her " third child " . in letters to third parties , she vented her impatience , referring to him as a " child , " a " little angel " , a " sufferer " and a " beloved little corpse . " in 1847 sand published her novel lucrezia floriani , whose main characters — a rich actress and a prince in weak health — could be interpreted as sand and chopin ; the story was uncomplimentary to chopin , who could not have missed the allusions as he helped sand correct the printer ' s galleys . in 1847 he did not visit nohant , and he quietly ended their ten - year relationship following an angry correspondence which , in sand ' s words , made " a strange conclusion to nine years of exclusive friendship . " the two would never meet again . [ sep ] lucrezia floriani
manhattan ' s skyline , with its many skyscrapers , is universally recognized , and the city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world . as of 2011 , new york city had 5 , 937 high - rise buildings , of which 550 completed structures were at least 330 feet ( 100 m ) high , both second in the world after hong kong , with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller than 656 feet ( 200 m ) . these include the woolworth building ( 1913 ) , an early gothic revival skyscraper built with massively scaled gothic detailing . [ sep ] hong kong
manhattan ' s skyline , with its many skyscrapers , is universally recognized , and the city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world . as of 2011 , new york city had 5 , 937 high - rise buildings , of which 550 completed structures were at least 330 feet ( 100 m ) high , both second in the world after hong kong , with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller than 656 feet ( 200 m ) . these include the woolworth building ( 1913 ) , an early gothic revival skyscraper built with massively scaled gothic detailing . [ sep ] 550
chopin ' s output as a composer throughout this period declined in quantity year by year . whereas in 1841 he had written a dozen works , only six were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843 . in 1844 he wrote only the op . 58 sonata . 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas ( op . 59 ) . although these works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions , zamoyski opines that " his powers of concentration were failing and his inspiration was beset by anguish , both emotional and intellectual . " [ sep ] a dozen
chopin ' s output as a composer throughout this period declined in quantity year by year . whereas in 1841 he had written a dozen works , only six were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843 . in 1844 he wrote only the op . 58 sonata . 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas ( op . 59 ) . although these works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions , zamoyski opines that " his powers of concentration were failing and his inspiration was beset by anguish , both emotional and intellectual . " [ sep ] six
chopin ' s output as a composer throughout this period declined in quantity year by year . whereas in 1841 he had written a dozen works , only six were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843 . in 1844 he wrote only the op . 58 sonata . 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas ( op . 59 ) . although these works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions , zamoyski opines that " his powers of concentration were failing and his inspiration was beset by anguish , both emotional and intellectual . " [ sep ] op . 58 sonata
the 1916 zoning resolution required setbacks in new buildings , and restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size , to allow sunlight to reach the streets below . the art deco style of the chrysler building ( 1930 ) and empire state building ( 1931 ) , with their tapered tops and steel spires , reflected the zoning requirements . the buildings have distinctive ornamentation , such as the eagles at the corners of the 61st floor on the chrysler building , and are considered some of the finest examples of the art deco style . a highly influential example of the international style in the united states is the seagram building ( 1957 ) , distinctive for its facade using visible bronze - toned i - beams to evoke the building ' s structure . the conde nast building ( 2000 ) is a prominent example of green design in american skyscrapers and has received an award from the american institute of architects as well as aia new york state for its design . [ sep ] eagles
the 1916 zoning resolution required setbacks in new buildings , and restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size , to allow sunlight to reach the streets below . the art deco style of the chrysler building ( 1930 ) and empire state building ( 1931 ) , with their tapered tops and steel spires , reflected the zoning requirements . the buildings have distinctive ornamentation , such as the eagles at the corners of the 61st floor on the chrysler building , and are considered some of the finest examples of the art deco style . a highly influential example of the international style in the united states is the seagram building ( 1957 ) , distinctive for its facade using visible bronze - toned i - beams to evoke the building ' s structure . the conde nast building ( 2000 ) is a prominent example of green design in american skyscrapers and has received an award from the american institute of architects as well as aia new york state for its design . [ sep ] 1931
the 1916 zoning resolution required setbacks in new buildings , and restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size , to allow sunlight to reach the streets below . the art deco style of the chrysler building ( 1930 ) and empire state building ( 1931 ) , with their tapered tops and steel spires , reflected the zoning requirements . the buildings have distinctive ornamentation , such as the eagles at the corners of the 61st floor on the chrysler building , and are considered some of the finest examples of the art deco style . a highly influential example of the international style in the united states is the seagram building ( 1957 ) , distinctive for its facade using visible bronze - toned i - beams to evoke the building ' s structure . the conde nast building ( 2000 ) is a prominent example of green design in american skyscrapers and has received an award from the american institute of architects as well as aia new york state for its design . [ sep ] 1930
chopin ' s public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane , as did the number of his pupils , and this , together with the political strife and instability of the time , caused him to struggle financially . in february 1848 , with the cellist auguste franchomme , he gave his last paris concert , which included three movements of the cello sonata op . 65 . [ sep ] february 1848
chopin ' s public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane , as did the number of his pupils , and this , together with the political strife and instability of the time , caused him to struggle financially . in february 1848 , with the cellist auguste franchomme , he gave his last paris concert , which included three movements of the cello sonata op . 65 . [ sep ] auguste franchomme
the character of new york ' s large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses and townhouses and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930 . in contrast , new york city also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free - standing dwellings . in neighborhoods such as riverdale ( in the bronx ) , ditmas park ( in brooklyn ) , and douglaston ( in queens ) , large single - family homes are common in various architectural styles such as tudor revival and victorian . [ sep ] brownstone rowhouses
stone and brick became the city ' s building materials of choice after the construction of wood - frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the great fire of 1835 . a distinctive feature of many of the city ' s buildings is the wooden roof - mounted water towers . in the 1800s , the city required their installation on buildings higher than six stories to prevent the need for excessively high water pressures at lower elevations , which could break municipal water pipes . garden apartments became popular during the 1920s in outlying areas , such as jackson heights . [ sep ] stone and brick
stone and brick became the city ' s building materials of choice after the construction of wood - frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the great fire of 1835 . a distinctive feature of many of the city ' s buildings is the wooden roof - mounted water towers . in the 1800s , the city required their installation on buildings higher than six stories to prevent the need for excessively high water pressures at lower elevations , which could break municipal water pipes . garden apartments became popular during the 1920s in outlying areas , such as jackson heights . [ sep ] wooden roof - mounted water towers
there are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout the five boroughs of new york city , many with a definable history and character to call their own . if the boroughs were each independent cities , four of the boroughs ( brooklyn , queens , manhattan , and the bronx ) would be among the ten most populous cities in the united states . [ sep ] brooklyn , queens , manhattan , and the bronx
under the koppen climate classification , using the 0 °c ( 32 °f ) coldest month ( january ) isotherm , new york city itself experiences a humid subtropical climate ( cfa ) and is thus the northernmost major city on the north american continent with this categorization . the suburbs to the immediate north and west lie in the transition zone from a humid subtropical ( cfa ) to a humid continental climate ( dfa ) . the area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually , and averages 57 % of possible sunshine annually , accumulating 2 , 535 hours of sunshine per annum . the city falls under usda 7b plant hardiness zone . [ sep ] humid subtropical
under the koppen climate classification , using the 0 °c ( 32 °f ) coldest month ( january ) isotherm , new york city itself experiences a humid subtropical climate ( cfa ) and is thus the northernmost major city on the north american continent with this categorization . the suburbs to the immediate north and west lie in the transition zone from a humid subtropical ( cfa ) to a humid continental climate ( dfa ) . the area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually , and averages 57 % of possible sunshine annually , accumulating 2 , 535 hours of sunshine per annum . the city falls under usda 7b plant hardiness zone . [ sep ] 234
under the koppen climate classification , using the 0 °c ( 32 °f ) coldest month ( january ) isotherm , new york city itself experiences a humid subtropical climate ( cfa ) and is thus the northernmost major city on the north american continent with this categorization . the suburbs to the immediate north and west lie in the transition zone from a humid subtropical ( cfa ) to a humid continental climate ( dfa ) . the area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually , and averages 57 % of possible sunshine annually , accumulating 2 , 535 hours of sunshine per annum . the city falls under usda 7b plant hardiness zone . [ sep ] usda 7b
in april , during the revolution of 1848 in paris , he left for london , where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses . this tour was suggested to him by his scottish pupil jane stirling and her elder sister . stirling also made all the logistical arrangements and provided much of the necessary funding . [ sep ] london
in april , during the revolution of 1848 in paris , he left for london , where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses . this tour was suggested to him by his scottish pupil jane stirling and her elder sister . stirling also made all the logistical arrangements and provided much of the necessary funding . [ sep ] jane stirling
winters are cold and damp , and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the moderating effects of the atlantic ocean ; yet the atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the appalachians keep the city warmer in the winter than inland north american cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as pittsburgh , cincinnati , and indianapolis . the daily mean temperature in january , the area ' s coldest month , is 32 . 6 °f ( 0 . 3 °c ) ; however , temperatures usually drop to 10 °f ( −12 °c ) several times per winter , and reach 50 °f ( 10 °c ) several days each winter month . spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from chilly to warm , although they are usually mild with low humidity . summers are typically warm to hot and humid , with a daily mean temperature of 76 . 5 °f ( 24 . 7 °c ) in july and an average humidity level of 72 % . nighttime conditions are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon , while daytime temperatures exceed 90 °f ( 32 °c ) on average of 17 days each summer and in some years exceed 100 °f ( 38 °c ) . in the warmer months , the dew point , a measure of atmospheric moisture , ranges from 57 . 3 °f ( 14 . 1 °c ) in june to 62 . 0 °f ( 16 . 7 °c ) in august . extreme temperatures have ranged from −15 °f ( −26 °c ) , recorded on february 9 , 1934 , up to 106 °f ( 41 °c ) on july 9 , 1936 . [ sep ] 106
winters are cold and damp , and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the moderating effects of the atlantic ocean ; yet the atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the appalachians keep the city warmer in the winter than inland north american cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as pittsburgh , cincinnati , and indianapolis . the daily mean temperature in january , the area ' s coldest month , is 32 . 6 °f ( 0 . 3 °c ) ; however , temperatures usually drop to 10 °f ( −12 °c ) several times per winter , and reach 50 °f ( 10 °c ) several days each winter month . spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from chilly to warm , although they are usually mild with low humidity . summers are typically warm to hot and humid , with a daily mean temperature of 76 . 5 °f ( 24 . 7 °c ) in july and an average humidity level of 72 % . nighttime conditions are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon , while daytime temperatures exceed 90 °f ( 32 °c ) on average of 17 days each summer and in some years exceed 100 °f ( 38 °c ) . in the warmer months , the dew point , a measure of atmospheric moisture , ranges from 57 . 3 °f ( 14 . 1 °c ) in june to 62 . 0 °f ( 16 . 7 °c ) in august . extreme temperatures have ranged from −15 °f ( −26 °c ) , recorded on february 9 , 1934 , up to 106 °f ( 41 °c ) on july 9 , 1936 . [ sep ] 1934
winters are cold and damp , and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the moderating effects of the atlantic ocean ; yet the atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the appalachians keep the city warmer in the winter than inland north american cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as pittsburgh , cincinnati , and indianapolis . the daily mean temperature in january , the area ' s coldest month , is 32 . 6 °f ( 0 . 3 °c ) ; however , temperatures usually drop to 10 °f ( −12 °c ) several times per winter , and reach 50 °f ( 10 °c ) several days each winter month . spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from chilly to warm , although they are usually mild with low humidity . summers are typically warm to hot and humid , with a daily mean temperature of 76 . 5 °f ( 24 . 7 °c ) in july and an average humidity level of 72 % . nighttime conditions are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon , while daytime temperatures exceed 90 °f ( 32 °c ) on average of 17 days each summer and in some years exceed 100 °f ( 38 °c ) . in the warmer months , the dew point , a measure of atmospheric moisture , ranges from 57 . 3 °f ( 14 . 1 °c ) in june to 62 . 0 °f ( 16 . 7 °c ) in august . extreme temperatures have ranged from −15 °f ( −26 °c ) , recorded on february 9 , 1934 , up to 106 °f ( 41 °c ) on july 9 , 1936 . [ sep ] 1936
the city receives 49 . 9 inches ( 1 , 270 mm ) of precipitation annually , which is fairly spread throughout the year . average winter snowfall between 1981 and 2010 has been 25 . 8 inches ( 66 cm ) , but this varies considerably from year to year . hurricanes and tropical storms are rare in the new york area , but are not unheard of and always have the potential to strike the area . hurricane sandy brought a destructive storm surge to new york city on the evening of october 29 , 2012 , flooding numerous streets , tunnels , and subway lines in lower manhattan and other areas of the city and cutting off electricity in many parts of the city and its suburbs . the storm and its profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of the city and the metropolitan area to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future . [ sep ] 49 . 9
the city receives 49 . 9 inches ( 1 , 270 mm ) of precipitation annually , which is fairly spread throughout the year . average winter snowfall between 1981 and 2010 has been 25 . 8 inches ( 66 cm ) , but this varies considerably from year to year . hurricanes and tropical storms are rare in the new york area , but are not unheard of and always have the potential to strike the area . hurricane sandy brought a destructive storm surge to new york city on the evening of october 29 , 2012 , flooding numerous streets , tunnels , and subway lines in lower manhattan and other areas of the city and cutting off electricity in many parts of the city and its suburbs . the storm and its profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of the city and the metropolitan area to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future . [ sep ] hurricane sandy
the city receives 49 . 9 inches ( 1 , 270 mm ) of precipitation annually , which is fairly spread throughout the year . average winter snowfall between 1981 and 2010 has been 25 . 8 inches ( 66 cm ) , but this varies considerably from year to year . hurricanes and tropical storms are rare in the new york area , but are not unheard of and always have the potential to strike the area . hurricane sandy brought a destructive storm surge to new york city on the evening of october 29 , 2012 , flooding numerous streets , tunnels , and subway lines in lower manhattan and other areas of the city and cutting off electricity in many parts of the city and its suburbs . the storm and its profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of the city and the metropolitan area to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future . [ sep ] 25 . 8
in 2000 , the united nations development programme , un department of economic and social affairs , and world energy council published an estimate of the potential solar energy that could be used by humans each year that took into account factors such as insolation , cloud cover , and the land that is usable by humans . the estimate found that solar energy has a global potential of 1 , 575 – 49 , 837 ej per year ( see table below ) . [ sep ] insolation , cloud cover , and the land that is usable by humans
in 2000 , the united nations development programme , un department of economic and social affairs , and world energy council published an estimate of the potential solar energy that could be used by humans each year that took into account factors such as insolation , cloud cover , and the land that is usable by humans . the estimate found that solar energy has a global potential of 1 , 575 – 49 , 837 ej per year ( see table below ) . [ sep ] 1 , 575 – 49 , 837 ej per year
in its 2013 parkscore ranking , the trust for public land reported that the park system in new york city was the second best park system among the 50 most populous u . s . cities , behind the park system of minneapolis . parkscore ranks urban park systems by a formula that analyzes median park size , park acres as percent of city area , the percent of city residents within a half - mile of a park , spending of park services per resident , and the number of playgrounds per 10 , 000 residents . [ sep ] minneapolis
gateway national recreation area contains over 26 , 000 acres ( 10 , 521 . 83 ha ) in total , most of it surrounded by new york city , including the jamaica bay wildlife refuge in brooklyn and queens , over 9 , 000 acres ( 36 km2 ) of salt marsh , islands , and water , including most of jamaica bay . also in queens , the park includes a significant portion of the western rockaway peninsula , most notably jacob riis park and fort tilden . in staten island , the park includes fort wadsworth , with historic pre - civil war era battery weed and fort tompkins , and great kills park , with beaches , trails , and a marina . [ sep ] over 26 , 000
in 1897 , frank shuman , a u . s . inventor , engineer and solar energy pioneer built a small demonstration solar engine that worked by reflecting solar energy onto square boxes filled with ether , which has a lower boiling point than water , and were fitted internally with black pipes which in turn powered a steam engine . in 1908 shuman formed the sun power company with the intent of building larger solar power plants . he , along with his technical advisor a . s . e . ackermann and british physicist sir charles vernon boys , developed an improved system using mirrors to reflect solar energy upon collector boxes , increasing heating capacity to the extent that water could now be used instead of ether . shuman then constructed a full - scale steam engine powered by low - pressure water , enabling him to patent the entire solar engine system by 1912 . [ sep ] a u . s . inventor , engineer and solar energy pioneer
in 1897 , frank shuman , a u . s . inventor , engineer and solar energy pioneer built a small demonstration solar engine that worked by reflecting solar energy onto square boxes filled with ether , which has a lower boiling point than water , and were fitted internally with black pipes which in turn powered a steam engine . in 1908 shuman formed the sun power company with the intent of building larger solar power plants . he , along with his technical advisor a . s . e . ackermann and british physicist sir charles vernon boys , developed an improved system using mirrors to reflect solar energy upon collector boxes , increasing heating capacity to the extent that water could now be used instead of ether . shuman then constructed a full - scale steam engine powered by low - pressure water , enabling him to patent the entire solar engine system by 1912 . [ sep ] 1897
in 1897 , frank shuman , a u . s . inventor , engineer and solar energy pioneer built a small demonstration solar engine that worked by reflecting solar energy onto square boxes filled with ether , which has a lower boiling point than water , and were fitted internally with black pipes which in turn powered a steam engine . in 1908 shuman formed the sun power company with the intent of building larger solar power plants . he , along with his technical advisor a . s . e . ackermann and british physicist sir charles vernon boys , developed an improved system using mirrors to reflect solar energy upon collector boxes , increasing heating capacity to the extent that water could now be used instead of ether . shuman then constructed a full - scale steam engine powered by low - pressure water , enabling him to patent the entire solar engine system by 1912 . [ sep ] steam engine
in 1897 , frank shuman , a u . s . inventor , engineer and solar energy pioneer built a small demonstration solar engine that worked by reflecting solar energy onto square boxes filled with ether , which has a lower boiling point than water , and were fitted internally with black pipes which in turn powered a steam engine . in 1908 shuman formed the sun power company with the intent of building larger solar power plants . he , along with his technical advisor a . s . e . ackermann and british physicist sir charles vernon boys , developed an improved system using mirrors to reflect solar energy upon collector boxes , increasing heating capacity to the extent that water could now be used instead of ether . shuman then constructed a full - scale steam engine powered by low - pressure water , enabling him to patent the entire solar engine system by 1912 . [ sep ] 1908
in 1897 , frank shuman , a u . s . inventor , engineer and solar energy pioneer built a small demonstration solar engine that worked by reflecting solar energy onto square boxes filled with ether , which has a lower boiling point than water , and were fitted internally with black pipes which in turn powered a steam engine . in 1908 shuman formed the sun power company with the intent of building larger solar power plants . he , along with his technical advisor a . s . e . ackermann and british physicist sir charles vernon boys , developed an improved system using mirrors to reflect solar energy upon collector boxes , increasing heating capacity to the extent that water could now be used instead of ether . shuman then constructed a full - scale steam engine powered by low - pressure water , enabling him to patent the entire solar engine system by 1912 . [ sep ] 1912
in london chopin took lodgings at dover street , where the firm of broadwood provided him with a grand piano . at his first engagement , on 15 may at stafford house , the audience included queen victoria and prince albert . the prince , who was himself a talented musician , moved close to the keyboard to view chopin ' s technique . broadwood also arranged concerts for him ; among those attending were thackeray and the singer jenny lind . chopin was also sought after for piano lessons , for which he charged the high fee of one guinea ( £1 . 05 in present british currency ) per hour , and for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas . at a concert on 7 july he shared the platform with viardot , who sang arrangements of some of his mazurkas to spanish texts . [ sep ] dover street
in london chopin took lodgings at dover street , where the firm of broadwood provided him with a grand piano . at his first engagement , on 15 may at stafford house , the audience included queen victoria and prince albert . the prince , who was himself a talented musician , moved close to the keyboard to view chopin ' s technique . broadwood also arranged concerts for him ; among those attending were thackeray and the singer jenny lind . chopin was also sought after for piano lessons , for which he charged the high fee of one guinea ( £1 . 05 in present british currency ) per hour , and for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas . at a concert on 7 july he shared the platform with viardot , who sang arrangements of some of his mazurkas to spanish texts . [ sep ] broadwood
in london chopin took lodgings at dover street , where the firm of broadwood provided him with a grand piano . at his first engagement , on 15 may at stafford house , the audience included queen victoria and prince albert . the prince , who was himself a talented musician , moved close to the keyboard to view chopin ' s technique . broadwood also arranged concerts for him ; among those attending were thackeray and the singer jenny lind . chopin was also sought after for piano lessons , for which he charged the high fee of one guinea ( £1 . 05 in present british currency ) per hour , and for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas . at a concert on 7 july he shared the platform with viardot , who sang arrangements of some of his mazurkas to spanish texts . [ sep ] stafford house
in london chopin took lodgings at dover street , where the firm of broadwood provided him with a grand piano . at his first engagement , on 15 may at stafford house , the audience included queen victoria and prince albert . the prince , who was himself a talented musician , moved close to the keyboard to view chopin ' s technique . broadwood also arranged concerts for him ; among those attending were thackeray and the singer jenny lind . chopin was also sought after for piano lessons , for which he charged the high fee of one guinea ( £1 . 05 in present british currency ) per hour , and for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas . at a concert on 7 july he shared the platform with viardot , who sang arrangements of some of his mazurkas to spanish texts . [ sep ] queen victoria and prince albert
in london chopin took lodgings at dover street , where the firm of broadwood provided him with a grand piano . at his first engagement , on 15 may at stafford house , the audience included queen victoria and prince albert . the prince , who was himself a talented musician , moved close to the keyboard to view chopin ' s technique . broadwood also arranged concerts for him ; among those attending were thackeray and the singer jenny lind . chopin was also sought after for piano lessons , for which he charged the high fee of one guinea ( £1 . 05 in present british currency ) per hour , and for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas . at a concert on 7 july he shared the platform with viardot , who sang arrangements of some of his mazurkas to spanish texts . [ sep ] 7 july
the statue of liberty national monument and ellis island immigration museum are managed by the national park service and are in both the states of new york and new jersey . they are joined in the harbor by governors island national monument , in new york . historic sites under federal management on manhattan island include castle clinton national monument ; federal hall national memorial ; theodore roosevelt birthplace national historic site ; general grant national memorial ( " grant ' s tomb " ) ; african burial ground national monument ; and hamilton grange national memorial . hundreds of private properties are listed on the national register of historic places or as a national historic landmark such as , for example , the stonewall inn in greenwich village as the catalyst of the modern gay rights movement . [ sep ] national park service
the statue of liberty national monument and ellis island immigration museum are managed by the national park service and are in both the states of new york and new jersey . they are joined in the harbor by governors island national monument , in new york . historic sites under federal management on manhattan island include castle clinton national monument ; federal hall national memorial ; theodore roosevelt birthplace national historic site ; general grant national memorial ( " grant ' s tomb " ) ; african burial ground national monument ; and hamilton grange national memorial . hundreds of private properties are listed on the national register of historic places or as a national historic landmark such as , for example , the stonewall inn in greenwich village as the catalyst of the modern gay rights movement . [ sep ] new jersey
the statue of liberty national monument and ellis island immigration museum are managed by the national park service and are in both the states of new york and new jersey . they are joined in the harbor by governors island national monument , in new york . historic sites under federal management on manhattan island include castle clinton national monument ; federal hall national memorial ; theodore roosevelt birthplace national historic site ; general grant national memorial ( " grant ' s tomb " ) ; african burial ground national monument ; and hamilton grange national memorial . hundreds of private properties are listed on the national register of historic places or as a national historic landmark such as , for example , the stonewall inn in greenwich village as the catalyst of the modern gay rights movement . [ sep ] new jersey
the statue of liberty national monument and ellis island immigration museum are managed by the national park service and are in both the states of new york and new jersey . they are joined in the harbor by governors island national monument , in new york . historic sites under federal management on manhattan island include castle clinton national monument ; federal hall national memorial ; theodore roosevelt birthplace national historic site ; general grant national memorial ( " grant ' s tomb " ) ; african burial ground national monument ; and hamilton grange national memorial . hundreds of private properties are listed on the national register of historic places or as a national historic landmark such as , for example , the stonewall inn in greenwich village as the catalyst of the modern gay rights movement . [ sep ] stonewall inn
the statue of liberty national monument and ellis island immigration museum are managed by the national park service and are in both the states of new york and new jersey . they are joined in the harbor by governors island national monument , in new york . historic sites under federal management on manhattan island include castle clinton national monument ; federal hall national memorial ; theodore roosevelt birthplace national historic site ; general grant national memorial ( " grant ' s tomb " ) ; african burial ground national monument ; and hamilton grange national memorial . hundreds of private properties are listed on the national register of historic places or as a national historic landmark such as , for example , the stonewall inn in greenwich village as the catalyst of the modern gay rights movement . [ sep ] grant ' s tomb
there are seven state parks within the confines of new york city , including clay pit ponds state park preserve , a natural area which includes extensive riding trails , and riverbank state park , a 28 - acre ( 110 , 000 m2 ) facility that rises 69 feet ( 21 m ) over the hudson river . [ sep ] seven
there are seven state parks within the confines of new york city , including clay pit ponds state park preserve , a natural area which includes extensive riding trails , and riverbank state park , a 28 - acre ( 110 , 000 m2 ) facility that rises 69 feet ( 21 m ) over the hudson river . [ sep ] 69 feet
new york city has over 28 , 000 acres ( 110 km2 ) of municipal parkland and 14 miles ( 23 km ) of public beaches . parks in new york city include central park , prospect park , flushing meadows – corona park , forest park , and washington square park . the largest municipal park in the city is pelham bay park with 2 , 700 acres ( 1 , 093 ha ) . [ sep ] over 28 , 000
new york city has over 28 , 000 acres ( 110 km2 ) of municipal parkland and 14 miles ( 23 km ) of public beaches . parks in new york city include central park , prospect park , flushing meadows – corona park , forest park , and washington square park . the largest municipal park in the city is pelham bay park with 2 , 700 acres ( 1 , 093 ha ) . [ sep ] 14
new york city has over 28 , 000 acres ( 110 km2 ) of municipal parkland and 14 miles ( 23 km ) of public beaches . parks in new york city include central park , prospect park , flushing meadows – corona park , forest park , and washington square park . the largest municipal park in the city is pelham bay park with 2 , 700 acres ( 1 , 093 ha ) . [ sep ] pelham bay park
new york city has over 28 , 000 acres ( 110 km2 ) of municipal parkland and 14 miles ( 23 km ) of public beaches . parks in new york city include central park , prospect park , flushing meadows – corona park , forest park , and washington square park . the largest municipal park in the city is pelham bay park with 2 , 700 acres ( 1 , 093 ha ) . [ sep ] 2 , 700
in late summer he was invited by jane stirling to visit scotland , where he stayed at calder house near edinburgh and at johnstone castle in renfrewshire , both owned by members of stirling ' s family . she clearly had a notion of going beyond mere friendship , and chopin was obliged to make it clear to her that this could not be so . he wrote at this time to grzymała " my scottish ladies are kind , but such bores " , and responding to a rumour about his involvement , answered that he was " closer to the grave than the nuptial bed . " he gave a public concert in glasgow on 27 september , and another in edinburgh , at the hopetoun rooms on queen street ( now erskine house ) on 4 october . in late october 1848 , while staying at 10 warriston crescent in edinburgh with the polish physician adam łyszczynski , he wrote out his last will and testament — " a kind of disposition to be made of my stuff in the future , if i should drop dead somewhere " , he wrote to grzymała . [ sep ] scotland
in late summer he was invited by jane stirling to visit scotland , where he stayed at calder house near edinburgh and at johnstone castle in renfrewshire , both owned by members of stirling ' s family . she clearly had a notion of going beyond mere friendship , and chopin was obliged to make it clear to her that this could not be so . he wrote at this time to grzymała " my scottish ladies are kind , but such bores " , and responding to a rumour about his involvement , answered that he was " closer to the grave than the nuptial bed . " he gave a public concert in glasgow on 27 september , and another in edinburgh , at the hopetoun rooms on queen street ( now erskine house ) on 4 october . in late october 1848 , while staying at 10 warriston crescent in edinburgh with the polish physician adam łyszczynski , he wrote out his last will and testament — " a kind of disposition to be made of my stuff in the future , if i should drop dead somewhere " , he wrote to grzymała . [ sep ] adam łyszczynski
chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at london ' s guildhall on 16 november 1848 , when , in a final patriotic gesture , he played for the benefit of polish refugees . by this time he was very seriously ill , weighing under 99 pounds ( i . e . less than 45 kg ) , and his doctors were aware that his sickness was at a terminal stage . [ sep ] 16 november 1848
chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at london ' s guildhall on 16 november 1848 , when , in a final patriotic gesture , he played for the benefit of polish refugees . by this time he was very seriously ill , weighing under 99 pounds ( i . e . less than 45 kg ) , and his doctors were aware that his sickness was at a terminal stage . [ sep ] guildhall
new york city is home to fort hamilton , the u . s . military ' s only active duty installation within the city . established in 1825 in brooklyn on the site of a small battery utilized during the american revolution , it is one of america ' s longest serving military forts . today fort hamilton serves as the headquarters of the north atlantic division of the united states army corps of engineers as well as for the new york city recruiting battalion . it also houses the 1179th transportation brigade , the 722nd aeromedical staging squadron , and a military entrance processing station . other formerly active military reservations still utilized for national guard and military training or reserve operations in the city include fort wadsworth in staten island and fort totten in queens . [ sep ] fort hamilton
new york city is home to fort hamilton , the u . s . military ' s only active duty installation within the city . established in 1825 in brooklyn on the site of a small battery utilized during the american revolution , it is one of america ' s longest serving military forts . today fort hamilton serves as the headquarters of the north atlantic division of the united states army corps of engineers as well as for the new york city recruiting battalion . it also houses the 1179th transportation brigade , the 722nd aeromedical staging squadron , and a military entrance processing station . other formerly active military reservations still utilized for national guard and military training or reserve operations in the city include fort wadsworth in staten island and fort totten in queens . [ sep ] 1825
new york city is home to fort hamilton , the u . s . military ' s only active duty installation within the city . established in 1825 in brooklyn on the site of a small battery utilized during the american revolution , it is one of america ' s longest serving military forts . today fort hamilton serves as the headquarters of the north atlantic division of the united states army corps of engineers as well as for the new york city recruiting battalion . it also houses the 1179th transportation brigade , the 722nd aeromedical staging squadron , and a military entrance processing station . other formerly active military reservations still utilized for national guard and military training or reserve operations in the city include fort wadsworth in staten island and fort totten in queens . [ sep ] brooklyn
new york city is home to fort hamilton , the u . s . military ' s only active duty installation within the city . established in 1825 in brooklyn on the site of a small battery utilized during the american revolution , it is one of america ' s longest serving military forts . today fort hamilton serves as the headquarters of the north atlantic division of the united states army corps of engineers as well as for the new york city recruiting battalion . it also houses the 1179th transportation brigade , the 722nd aeromedical staging squadron , and a military entrance processing station . other formerly active military reservations still utilized for national guard and military training or reserve operations in the city include fort wadsworth in staten island and fort totten in queens . [ sep ] queens
at the end of november , chopin returned to paris . he passed the winter in unremitting illness , but gave occasional lessons and was visited by friends , including delacroix and franchomme . occasionally he played , or accompanied the singing of delfina potocka , for his friends . during the summer of 1849 , his friends found him an apartment in chaillot , out of the centre of the city , for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer , princess obreskoff . here in june 1849 he was visited by jenny lind . [ sep ] delfina potocka
at the end of november , chopin returned to paris . he passed the winter in unremitting illness , but gave occasional lessons and was visited by friends , including delacroix and franchomme . occasionally he played , or accompanied the singing of delfina potocka , for his friends . during the summer of 1849 , his friends found him an apartment in chaillot , out of the centre of the city , for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer , princess obreskoff . here in june 1849 he was visited by jenny lind . [ sep ] chaillot
at the end of november , chopin returned to paris . he passed the winter in unremitting illness , but gave occasional lessons and was visited by friends , including delacroix and franchomme . occasionally he played , or accompanied the singing of delfina potocka , for his friends . during the summer of 1849 , his friends found him an apartment in chaillot , out of the centre of the city , for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer , princess obreskoff . here in june 1849 he was visited by jenny lind . [ sep ] princess obreskoff
shuman built the world ’ s first solar thermal power station in maadi , egypt , between 1912 and 1913 . shuman ’ s plant used parabolic troughs to power a 45 – 52 kilowatts ( 60 – 70 hp ) engine that pumped more than 22 , 000 litres ( 4 , 800 imp gal ; 5 , 800 us gal ) of water per minute from the nile river to adjacent cotton fields . although the outbreak of world war i and the discovery of cheap oil in the 1930s discouraged the advancement of solar energy , shuman ’ s vision and basic design were resurrected in the 1970s with a new wave of interest in solar thermal energy . in 1916 shuman was quoted in the media advocating solar energy ' s utilization , saying : [ sep ] maadi , egypt
shuman built the world ’ s first solar thermal power station in maadi , egypt , between 1912 and 1913 . shuman ’ s plant used parabolic troughs to power a 45 – 52 kilowatts ( 60 – 70 hp ) engine that pumped more than 22 , 000 litres ( 4 , 800 imp gal ; 5 , 800 us gal ) of water per minute from the nile river to adjacent cotton fields . although the outbreak of world war i and the discovery of cheap oil in the 1930s discouraged the advancement of solar energy , shuman ’ s vision and basic design were resurrected in the 1970s with a new wave of interest in solar thermal energy . in 1916 shuman was quoted in the media advocating solar energy ' s utilization , saying : [ sep ] parabolic troughs
shuman built the world ’ s first solar thermal power station in maadi , egypt , between 1912 and 1913 . shuman ’ s plant used parabolic troughs to power a 45 – 52 kilowatts ( 60 – 70 hp ) engine that pumped more than 22 , 000 litres ( 4 , 800 imp gal ; 5 , 800 us gal ) of water per minute from the nile river to adjacent cotton fields . although the outbreak of world war i and the discovery of cheap oil in the 1930s discouraged the advancement of solar energy , shuman ’ s vision and basic design were resurrected in the 1970s with a new wave of interest in solar thermal energy . in 1916 shuman was quoted in the media advocating solar energy ' s utilization , saying : [ sep ] nile river
shuman built the world ’ s first solar thermal power station in maadi , egypt , between 1912 and 1913 . shuman ’ s plant used parabolic troughs to power a 45 – 52 kilowatts ( 60 – 70 hp ) engine that pumped more than 22 , 000 litres ( 4 , 800 imp gal ; 5 , 800 us gal ) of water per minute from the nile river to adjacent cotton fields . although the outbreak of world war i and the discovery of cheap oil in the 1930s discouraged the advancement of solar energy , shuman ’ s vision and basic design were resurrected in the 1970s with a new wave of interest in solar thermal energy . in 1916 shuman was quoted in the media advocating solar energy ' s utilization , saying : [ sep ] the outbreak of world war i and the discovery of cheap oil
shuman built the world ’ s first solar thermal power station in maadi , egypt , between 1912 and 1913 . shuman ’ s plant used parabolic troughs to power a 45 – 52 kilowatts ( 60 – 70 hp ) engine that pumped more than 22 , 000 litres ( 4 , 800 imp gal ; 5 , 800 us gal ) of water per minute from the nile river to adjacent cotton fields . although the outbreak of world war i and the discovery of cheap oil in the 1930s discouraged the advancement of solar energy , shuman ’ s vision and basic design were resurrected in the 1970s with a new wave of interest in solar thermal energy . in 1916 shuman was quoted in the media advocating solar energy ' s utilization , saying : [ sep ] the 1970s
new york city is the most - populous city in the united states , with an estimated record high of 8 , 491 , 079 residents as of 2014 , incorporating more immigration into the city than outmigration since the 2010 united states census . more than twice as many people live in new york city as in the second - most populous u . s . city ( los angeles ) , and within a smaller area . new york city gained more residents between april 2010 and july 2014 ( 316 , 000 ) than any other u . s . city . new york city ' s population amounts to about 40 % of new york state ' s population and a similar percentage of the new york metropolitan area population . [ sep ] 8 , 491 , 079
new york city is the most - populous city in the united states , with an estimated record high of 8 , 491 , 079 residents as of 2014 , incorporating more immigration into the city than outmigration since the 2010 united states census . more than twice as many people live in new york city as in the second - most populous u . s . city ( los angeles ) , and within a smaller area . new york city gained more residents between april 2010 and july 2014 ( 316 , 000 ) than any other u . s . city . new york city ' s population amounts to about 40 % of new york state ' s population and a similar percentage of the new york metropolitan area population . [ sep ] los angeles
new york city is the most - populous city in the united states , with an estimated record high of 8 , 491 , 079 residents as of 2014 , incorporating more immigration into the city than outmigration since the 2010 united states census . more than twice as many people live in new york city as in the second - most populous u . s . city ( los angeles ) , and within a smaller area . new york city gained more residents between april 2010 and july 2014 ( 316 , 000 ) than any other u . s . city . new york city ' s population amounts to about 40 % of new york state ' s population and a similar percentage of the new york metropolitan area population . [ sep ] 40
with his health further deteriorating , chopin desired to have a family member with him . in june 1849 his sister ludwika came to paris with her husband and daughter , and in september , supported by a loan from jane stirling , he took an apartment at place vendome 12 . after 15 october , when his condition took a marked turn for the worse , only a handful of his closest friends remained with him , although viardot remarked sardonically that " all the grand parisian ladies considered it de rigueur to faint in his room . " [ sep ] june 1849
with his health further deteriorating , chopin desired to have a family member with him . in june 1849 his sister ludwika came to paris with her husband and daughter , and in september , supported by a loan from jane stirling , he took an apartment at place vendome 12 . after 15 october , when his condition took a marked turn for the worse , only a handful of his closest friends remained with him , although viardot remarked sardonically that " all the grand parisian ladies considered it de rigueur to faint in his room . " [ sep ] place vendome 12
the city ' s population in 2010 was 44 % white ( 33 . 3 % non - hispanic white ) , 25 . 5 % black ( 23 % non - hispanic black ) , 0 . 7 % native american , and 12 . 7 % asian . hispanics of any race represented 28 . 6 % of the population , while asians constituted the fastest - growing segment of the city ' s population between 2000 and 2010 ; the non - hispanic white population declined 3 percent , the smallest recorded decline in decades ; and for the first time since the civil war , the number of blacks declined over a decade . [ sep ] 44
the city ' s population in 2010 was 44 % white ( 33 . 3 % non - hispanic white ) , 25 . 5 % black ( 23 % non - hispanic black ) , 0 . 7 % native american , and 12 . 7 % asian . hispanics of any race represented 28 . 6 % of the population , while asians constituted the fastest - growing segment of the city ' s population between 2000 and 2010 ; the non - hispanic white population declined 3 percent , the smallest recorded decline in decades ; and for the first time since the civil war , the number of blacks declined over a decade . [ sep ] the civil war
the city ' s population in 2010 was 44 % white ( 33 . 3 % non - hispanic white ) , 25 . 5 % black ( 23 % non - hispanic black ) , 0 . 7 % native american , and 12 . 7 % asian . hispanics of any race represented 28 . 6 % of the population , while asians constituted the fastest - growing segment of the city ' s population between 2000 and 2010 ; the non - hispanic white population declined 3 percent , the smallest recorded decline in decades ; and for the first time since the civil war , the number of blacks declined over a decade . [ sep ] asians
the city ' s population in 2010 was 44 % white ( 33 . 3 % non - hispanic white ) , 25 . 5 % black ( 23 % non - hispanic black ) , 0 . 7 % native american , and 12 . 7 % asian . hispanics of any race represented 28 . 6 % of the population , while asians constituted the fastest - growing segment of the city ' s population between 2000 and 2010 ; the non - hispanic white population declined 3 percent , the smallest recorded decline in decades ; and for the first time since the civil war , the number of blacks declined over a decade . [ sep ] 25 . 5
solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water . in low geographical latitudes ( below 40 degrees ) from 60 to 70 % of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 °c can be provided by solar heating systems . the most common types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube collectors ( 44 % ) and glazed flat plate collectors ( 34 % ) generally used for domestic hot water ; and unglazed plastic collectors ( 21 % ) used mainly to heat swimming pools . [ sep ] sunlight
solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water . in low geographical latitudes ( below 40 degrees ) from 60 to 70 % of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 °c can be provided by solar heating systems . the most common types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube collectors ( 44 % ) and glazed flat plate collectors ( 34 % ) generally used for domestic hot water ; and unglazed plastic collectors ( 21 % ) used mainly to heat swimming pools . [ sep ] 60 to 70 % of the domestic hot water
solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water . in low geographical latitudes ( below 40 degrees ) from 60 to 70 % of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 °c can be provided by solar heating systems . the most common types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube collectors ( 44 % ) and glazed flat plate collectors ( 34 % ) generally used for domestic hot water ; and unglazed plastic collectors ( 21 % ) used mainly to heat swimming pools . [ sep ] evacuated tube collectors
solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water . in low geographical latitudes ( below 40 degrees ) from 60 to 70 % of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 °c can be provided by solar heating systems . the most common types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube collectors ( 44 % ) and glazed flat plate collectors ( 34 % ) generally used for domestic hot water ; and unglazed plastic collectors ( 21 % ) used mainly to heat swimming pools . [ sep ] unglazed plastic collectors
throughout its history , the city has been a major port of entry for immigrants into the united states ; more than 12 million european immigrants were received at ellis island between 1892 and 1924 . the term " melting pot " was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the lower east side . by 1900 , germans constituted the largest immigrant group , followed by the irish , jews , and italians . in 1940 , whites represented 92 % of the city ' s population . [ sep ] more than 12 million
throughout its history , the city has been a major port of entry for immigrants into the united states ; more than 12 million european immigrants were received at ellis island between 1892 and 1924 . the term " melting pot " was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the lower east side . by 1900 , germans constituted the largest immigrant group , followed by the irish , jews , and italians . in 1940 , whites represented 92 % of the city ' s population . [ sep ] 92
approximately 37 % of the city ' s population is foreign born . in new york , no single country or region of origin dominates . the ten largest sources of foreign - born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the dominican republic , china , mexico , guyana , jamaica , ecuador , haiti , india , russia , and trinidad and tobago , while the bangladeshi immigrant population has since become one of the fastest growing in the city , counting over 74 , 000 by 2013 . [ sep ] 37
some of his friends provided music at his request ; among them , potocka sang and franchomme played the cello . chopin requested that his body be opened after death ( for fear of being buried alive ) and his heart returned to warsaw where it rests at the church of the holy cross . he also bequeathed his unfinished notes on a piano tuition method , projet de methode , to alkan for completion . on 17 october , after midnight , the physician leaned over him and asked whether he was suffering greatly . " no longer " , he replied . he died a few minutes before two o ' clock in the morning . those present at the deathbed appear to have included his sister ludwika , princess marcelina czartoryska , sand ' s daughter solange , and his close friend thomas albrecht . later that morning , solange ' s husband clesinger made chopin ' s death mask and a cast of his left hand . [ sep ] fear of being buried alive
some of his friends provided music at his request ; among them , potocka sang and franchomme played the cello . chopin requested that his body be opened after death ( for fear of being buried alive ) and his heart returned to warsaw where it rests at the church of the holy cross . he also bequeathed his unfinished notes on a piano tuition method , projet de methode , to alkan for completion . on 17 october , after midnight , the physician leaned over him and asked whether he was suffering greatly . " no longer " , he replied . he died a few minutes before two o ' clock in the morning . those present at the deathbed appear to have included his sister ludwika , princess marcelina czartoryska , sand ' s daughter solange , and his close friend thomas albrecht . later that morning , solange ' s husband clesinger made chopin ' s death mask and a cast of his left hand . [ sep ] " no longer "
some of his friends provided music at his request ; among them , potocka sang and franchomme played the cello . chopin requested that his body be opened after death ( for fear of being buried alive ) and his heart returned to warsaw where it rests at the church of the holy cross . he also bequeathed his unfinished notes on a piano tuition method , projet de methode , to alkan for completion . on 17 october , after midnight , the physician leaned over him and asked whether he was suffering greatly . " no longer " , he replied . he died a few minutes before two o ' clock in the morning . those present at the deathbed appear to have included his sister ludwika , princess marcelina czartoryska , sand ' s daughter solange , and his close friend thomas albrecht . later that morning , solange ' s husband clesinger made chopin ' s death mask and a cast of his left hand . [ sep ] clesinger
as of 2007 , the total installed capacity of solar hot water systems is approximately 154 thermal gigawatt ( gwth ) . china is the world leader in their deployment with 70 gwth installed as of 2006 and a long - term goal of 210 gwth by 2020 . israel and cyprus are the per capita leaders in the use of solar hot water systems with over 90 % of homes using them . in the united states , canada and australia heating swimming pools is the dominant application of solar hot water with an installed capacity of 18 gwth as of 2005 . [ sep ] approximately 154 thermal gigawatt
as of 2007 , the total installed capacity of solar hot water systems is approximately 154 thermal gigawatt ( gwth ) . china is the world leader in their deployment with 70 gwth installed as of 2006 and a long - term goal of 210 gwth by 2020 . israel and cyprus are the per capita leaders in the use of solar hot water systems with over 90 % of homes using them . in the united states , canada and australia heating swimming pools is the dominant application of solar hot water with an installed capacity of 18 gwth as of 2005 . [ sep ] china
as of 2007 , the total installed capacity of solar hot water systems is approximately 154 thermal gigawatt ( gwth ) . china is the world leader in their deployment with 70 gwth installed as of 2006 and a long - term goal of 210 gwth by 2020 . israel and cyprus are the per capita leaders in the use of solar hot water systems with over 90 % of homes using them . in the united states , canada and australia heating swimming pools is the dominant application of solar hot water with an installed capacity of 18 gwth as of 2005 . [ sep ] over 90 %
as of 2007 , the total installed capacity of solar hot water systems is approximately 154 thermal gigawatt ( gwth ) . china is the world leader in their deployment with 70 gwth installed as of 2006 and a long - term goal of 210 gwth by 2020 . israel and cyprus are the per capita leaders in the use of solar hot water systems with over 90 % of homes using them . in the united states , canada and australia heating swimming pools is the dominant application of solar hot water with an installed capacity of 18 gwth as of 2005 . [ sep ] united states , canada and australia
chopin ' s disease and the cause of his death have since been a matter of discussion . his death certificate gave the cause as tuberculosis , and his physician , jean cruveilhier , was then the leading french authority on this disease . other possibilities have been advanced including cystic fibrosis , cirrhosis and alpha 1 - antitrypsin deficiency . however , the attribution of tuberculosis as principal cause of death has not been disproved . permission for dna testing , which could put the matter to rest , has been denied by the polish government . [ sep ] tuberculosis
chopin ' s disease and the cause of his death have since been a matter of discussion . his death certificate gave the cause as tuberculosis , and his physician , jean cruveilhier , was then the leading french authority on this disease . other possibilities have been advanced including cystic fibrosis , cirrhosis and alpha 1 - antitrypsin deficiency . however , the attribution of tuberculosis as principal cause of death has not been disproved . permission for dna testing , which could put the matter to rest , has been denied by the polish government . [ sep ] jean cruveilhier
chopin ' s disease and the cause of his death have since been a matter of discussion . his death certificate gave the cause as tuberculosis , and his physician , jean cruveilhier , was then the leading french authority on this disease . other possibilities have been advanced including cystic fibrosis , cirrhosis and alpha 1 - antitrypsin deficiency . however , the attribution of tuberculosis as principal cause of death has not been disproved . permission for dna testing , which could put the matter to rest , has been denied by the polish government . [ sep ] dna testing
the funeral , held at the church of the madeleine in paris , was delayed almost two weeks , until 30 october . entrance was restricted to ticket holders as many people were expected to attend . over 3 , 000 people arrived without invitations , from as far as london , berlin and vienna , and were excluded . [ sep ] church of the madeleine
the funeral , held at the church of the madeleine in paris , was delayed almost two weeks , until 30 october . entrance was restricted to ticket holders as many people were expected to attend . over 3 , 000 people arrived without invitations , from as far as london , berlin and vienna , and were excluded . [ sep ] two weeks
the funeral , held at the church of the madeleine in paris , was delayed almost two weeks , until 30 october . entrance was restricted to ticket holders as many people were expected to attend . over 3 , 000 people arrived without invitations , from as far as london , berlin and vienna , and were excluded . [ sep ] over 3 , 000
mozart ' s requiem was sung at the funeral ; the soloists were the soprano jeanne - anais castellan , the mezzo - soprano pauline viardot , the tenor alexis dupont , and the bass luigi lablache ; chopin ' s preludes no . 4 in e minor and no . 6 in b minor were also played . the organist at the funeral was louis lefebure - wely . the funeral procession to pere lachaise cemetery , which included chopin ' s sister ludwika , was led by the aged prince adam czartoryski . the pallbearers included delacroix , franchomme , and camille pleyel . at the graveside , the funeral march from chopin ' s piano sonata no . 2 was played , in reber ' s instrumentation . [ sep ] mozart ' s requiem
mozart ' s requiem was sung at the funeral ; the soloists were the soprano jeanne - anais castellan , the mezzo - soprano pauline viardot , the tenor alexis dupont , and the bass luigi lablache ; chopin ' s preludes no . 4 in e minor and no . 6 in b minor were also played . the organist at the funeral was louis lefebure - wely . the funeral procession to pere lachaise cemetery , which included chopin ' s sister ludwika , was led by the aged prince adam czartoryski . the pallbearers included delacroix , franchomme , and camille pleyel . at the graveside , the funeral march from chopin ' s piano sonata no . 2 was played , in reber ' s instrumentation . [ sep ] louis lefebure - wely
mozart ' s requiem was sung at the funeral ; the soloists were the soprano jeanne - anais castellan , the mezzo - soprano pauline viardot , the tenor alexis dupont , and the bass luigi lablache ; chopin ' s preludes no . 4 in e minor and no . 6 in b minor were also played . the organist at the funeral was louis lefebure - wely . the funeral procession to pere lachaise cemetery , which included chopin ' s sister ludwika , was led by the aged prince adam czartoryski . the pallbearers included delacroix , franchomme , and camille pleyel . at the graveside , the funeral march from chopin ' s piano sonata no . 2 was played , in reber ' s instrumentation . [ sep ] prince adam czartoryski
mozart ' s requiem was sung at the funeral ; the soloists were the soprano jeanne - anais castellan , the mezzo - soprano pauline viardot , the tenor alexis dupont , and the bass luigi lablache ; chopin ' s preludes no . 4 in e minor and no . 6 in b minor were also played . the organist at the funeral was louis lefebure - wely . the funeral procession to pere lachaise cemetery , which included chopin ' s sister ludwika , was led by the aged prince adam czartoryski . the pallbearers included delacroix , franchomme , and camille pleyel . at the graveside , the funeral march from chopin ' s piano sonata no . 2 was played , in reber ' s instrumentation . [ sep ] funeral march from chopin ' s piano sonata no . 2
in the united states , heating , ventilation and air conditioning ( hvac ) systems account for 30 % ( 4 . 65 ej / yr ) of the energy used in commercial buildings and nearly 50 % ( 10 . 1 ej / yr ) of the energy used in residential buildings . solar heating , cooling and ventilation technologies can be used to offset a portion of this energy . [ sep ] 30 % ( 4 . 65 ej / yr )
in the united states , heating , ventilation and air conditioning ( hvac ) systems account for 30 % ( 4 . 65 ej / yr ) of the energy used in commercial buildings and nearly 50 % ( 10 . 1 ej / yr ) of the energy used in residential buildings . solar heating , cooling and ventilation technologies can be used to offset a portion of this energy . [ sep ] 50 % ( 10 . 1 ej / yr )
in the united states , heating , ventilation and air conditioning ( hvac ) systems account for 30 % ( 4 . 65 ej / yr ) of the energy used in commercial buildings and nearly 50 % ( 10 . 1 ej / yr ) of the energy used in residential buildings . solar heating , cooling and ventilation technologies can be used to offset a portion of this energy . [ sep ] solar heating , cooling and ventilation technologies
chopin ' s tombstone , featuring the muse of music , euterpe , weeping over a broken lyre , was designed and sculpted by clesinger . the expenses of the funeral and monument , amounting to 5 , 000 francs , were covered by jane stirling , who also paid for the return of the composer ' s sister ludwika to warsaw . ludwika took chopin ' s heart in an urn , preserved in alcohol , back to poland in 1850 . [ n 9 ] she also took a collection of two hundred letters from sand to chopin ; after 1851 these were returned to sand , who seems to have destroyed them . [ sep ] clesinger
chopin ' s tombstone , featuring the muse of music , euterpe , weeping over a broken lyre , was designed and sculpted by clesinger . the expenses of the funeral and monument , amounting to 5 , 000 francs , were covered by jane stirling , who also paid for the return of the composer ' s sister ludwika to warsaw . ludwika took chopin ' s heart in an urn , preserved in alcohol , back to poland in 1850 . [ n 9 ] she also took a collection of two hundred letters from sand to chopin ; after 1851 these were returned to sand , who seems to have destroyed them . [ sep ] euterpe
chopin ' s tombstone , featuring the muse of music , euterpe , weeping over a broken lyre , was designed and sculpted by clesinger . the expenses of the funeral and monument , amounting to 5 , 000 francs , were covered by jane stirling , who also paid for the return of the composer ' s sister ludwika to warsaw . ludwika took chopin ' s heart in an urn , preserved in alcohol , back to poland in 1850 . [ n 9 ] she also took a collection of two hundred letters from sand to chopin ; after 1851 these were returned to sand , who seems to have destroyed them . [ sep ] 5 , 000 francs
chopin ' s tombstone , featuring the muse of music , euterpe , weeping over a broken lyre , was designed and sculpted by clesinger . the expenses of the funeral and monument , amounting to 5 , 000 francs , were covered by jane stirling , who also paid for the return of the composer ' s sister ludwika to warsaw . ludwika took chopin ' s heart in an urn , preserved in alcohol , back to poland in 1850 . [ n 9 ] she also took a collection of two hundred letters from sand to chopin ; after 1851 these were returned to sand , who seems to have destroyed them . [ sep ] jane stirling
chopin ' s tombstone , featuring the muse of music , euterpe , weeping over a broken lyre , was designed and sculpted by clesinger . the expenses of the funeral and monument , amounting to 5 , 000 francs , were covered by jane stirling , who also paid for the return of the composer ' s sister ludwika to warsaw . ludwika took chopin ' s heart in an urn , preserved in alcohol , back to poland in 1850 . [ n 9 ] she also took a collection of two hundred letters from sand to chopin ; after 1851 these were returned to sand , who seems to have destroyed them . [ sep ] alcohol
over 230 works of chopin survive ; some compositions from early childhood have been lost . all his known works involve the piano , and only a few range beyond solo piano music , as either piano concertos , songs or chamber music . [ sep ] over 230
over 230 works of chopin survive ; some compositions from early childhood have been lost . all his known works involve the piano , and only a few range beyond solo piano music , as either piano concertos , songs or chamber music . [ sep ] piano
chopin was educated in the tradition of beethoven , haydn , mozart and clementi ; he used clementi ' s piano method with his own students . he was also influenced by hummel ' s development of virtuoso , yet mozartian , piano technique . he cited bach and mozart as the two most important composers in shaping his musical outlook . chopin ' s early works are in the style of the " brilliant " keyboard pieces of his era as exemplified by the works of ignaz moscheles , friedrich kalkbrenner , and others . less direct in the earlier period are the influences of polish folk music and of italian opera . much of what became his typical style of ornamentation ( for example , his fioriture ) is taken from singing . his melodic lines were increasingly reminiscent of the modes and features of the music of his native country , such as drones . [ sep ] clementi
new york city has the largest european and non - hispanic white population of any american city . at 2 . 7 million in 2012 , new york ' s non - hispanic white population is larger than the non - hispanic white populations of los angeles ( 1 . 1 million ) , chicago ( 865 , 000 ) , and houston ( 550 , 000 ) combined . the european diaspora residing in the city is very diverse . according to 2012 census estimates , there were roughly 560 , 000 italian americans , 385 , 000 irish americans , 253 , 000 german americans , 223 , 000 russian americans , 201 , 000 polish americans , and 137 , 000 english americans . additionally , greek and french americans numbered 65 , 000 each , with those of hungarian descent estimated at 60 , 000 people . ukrainian and scottish americans numbered 55 , 000 and 35 , 000 , respectively . people identifying ancestry from spain numbered 30 , 838 total in 2010 . people of norwegian and swedish descent both stood at about 20 , 000 each , while people of czech , lithuanian , portuguese , scotch - irish , and welsh descent all numbered between 12 , 000 – 14 , 000 people . arab americans number over 160 , 000 in new york city , with the highest concentration in brooklyn . central asians , primarily uzbek americans , are a rapidly growing segment of the city ' s non - hispanic white population , enumerating over 30 , 000 , and including over half of all central asian immigrants to the united states , most settling in queens or brooklyn . albanian americans are most highly concentrated in the bronx . [ sep ] 2 . 7 million
chopin took the new salon genre of the nocturne , invented by the irish composer john field , to a deeper level of sophistication . he was the first to write ballades and scherzi as individual concert pieces . he essentially established a new genre with his own set of free - standing preludes ( op . 28 , published 1839 ) . he exploited the poetic potential of the concept of the concert etude , already being developed in the 1820s and 1830s by liszt , clementi and moscheles , in his two sets of studies ( op . 10 published in 1833 , op . 25 in 1837 ) . [ sep ] john field
chopin took the new salon genre of the nocturne , invented by the irish composer john field , to a deeper level of sophistication . he was the first to write ballades and scherzi as individual concert pieces . he essentially established a new genre with his own set of free - standing preludes ( op . 28 , published 1839 ) . he exploited the poetic potential of the concept of the concert etude , already being developed in the 1820s and 1830s by liszt , clementi and moscheles , in his two sets of studies ( op . 10 published in 1833 , op . 25 in 1837 ) . [ sep ] ballades and scherzi
the new york metropolitan area is home to a self - identifying gay and bisexual community estimated at 568 , 903 individuals , the largest in the united states and one of the world ' s largest . same - sex marriages in new york were legalized on june 24 , 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter . [ sep ] 568 , 903
the new york metropolitan area is home to a self - identifying gay and bisexual community estimated at 568 , 903 individuals , the largest in the united states and one of the world ' s largest . same - sex marriages in new york were legalized on june 24 , 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter . [ sep ] june 24 , 2011
the new york metropolitan area is home to a self - identifying gay and bisexual community estimated at 568 , 903 individuals , the largest in the united states and one of the world ' s largest . same - sex marriages in new york were legalized on june 24 , 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter . [ sep ] 30
christianity ( 59 % ) , particularly catholicism ( 33 % ) , was the most prevalently practiced religion in new york as of 2014 , followed by judaism , with approximately 1 . 1 million jews in new york city , over half living in brooklyn . islam ranks third in new york city , with official estimates ranging between 600 , 000 and 1 , 000 , 000 observers and including 10 % of the city ' s public schoolchildren , followed by hinduism , buddhism , and a variety of other religions , as well as atheism . in 2014 , 24 % self - identified with no organized religious affiliation . [ sep ] christianity
christianity ( 59 % ) , particularly catholicism ( 33 % ) , was the most prevalently practiced religion in new york as of 2014 , followed by judaism , with approximately 1 . 1 million jews in new york city , over half living in brooklyn . islam ranks third in new york city , with official estimates ranging between 600 , 000 and 1 , 000 , 000 observers and including 10 % of the city ' s public schoolchildren , followed by hinduism , buddhism , and a variety of other religions , as well as atheism . in 2014 , 24 % self - identified with no organized religious affiliation . [ sep ] judaism
christianity ( 59 % ) , particularly catholicism ( 33 % ) , was the most prevalently practiced religion in new york as of 2014 , followed by judaism , with approximately 1 . 1 million jews in new york city , over half living in brooklyn . islam ranks third in new york city , with official estimates ranging between 600 , 000 and 1 , 000 , 000 observers and including 10 % of the city ' s public schoolchildren , followed by hinduism , buddhism , and a variety of other religions , as well as atheism . in 2014 , 24 % self - identified with no organized religious affiliation . [ sep ] brooklyn
christianity ( 59 % ) , particularly catholicism ( 33 % ) , was the most prevalently practiced religion in new york as of 2014 , followed by judaism , with approximately 1 . 1 million jews in new york city , over half living in brooklyn . islam ranks third in new york city , with official estimates ranging between 600 , 000 and 1 , 000 , 000 observers and including 10 % of the city ' s public schoolchildren , followed by hinduism , buddhism , and a variety of other religions , as well as atheism . in 2014 , 24 % self - identified with no organized religious affiliation . [ sep ] 24
christianity ( 59 % ) , particularly catholicism ( 33 % ) , was the most prevalently practiced religion in new york as of 2014 , followed by judaism , with approximately 1 . 1 million jews in new york city , over half living in brooklyn . islam ranks third in new york city , with official estimates ranging between 600 , 000 and 1 , 000 , 000 observers and including 10 % of the city ' s public schoolchildren , followed by hinduism , buddhism , and a variety of other religions , as well as atheism . in 2014 , 24 % self - identified with no organized religious affiliation . [ sep ] islam
chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression . chopin ' s mazurkas , while originating in the traditional polish dance ( the mazurek ) , differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall ; " it was chopin who put the mazurka on the european musical map . " the series of seven polonaises published in his lifetime ( another nine were published posthumously ) , beginning with the op . 26 pair ( published 1836 ) , set a new standard for music in the form . his waltzes were also written specifically for the salon recital rather than the ballroom and are frequently at rather faster tempos than their dance - floor equivalents . [ sep ] seven
chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression . chopin ' s mazurkas , while originating in the traditional polish dance ( the mazurek ) , differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall ; " it was chopin who put the mazurka on the european musical map . " the series of seven polonaises published in his lifetime ( another nine were published posthumously ) , beginning with the op . 26 pair ( published 1836 ) , set a new standard for music in the form . his waltzes were also written specifically for the salon recital rather than the ballroom and are frequently at rather faster tempos than their dance - floor equivalents . [ sep ] nine
chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression . chopin ' s mazurkas , while originating in the traditional polish dance ( the mazurek ) , differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall ; " it was chopin who put the mazurka on the european musical map . " the series of seven polonaises published in his lifetime ( another nine were published posthumously ) , beginning with the op . 26 pair ( published 1836 ) , set a new standard for music in the form . his waltzes were also written specifically for the salon recital rather than the ballroom and are frequently at rather faster tempos than their dance - floor equivalents . [ sep ] mazurkas
chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression . chopin ' s mazurkas , while originating in the traditional polish dance ( the mazurek ) , differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall ; " it was chopin who put the mazurka on the european musical map . " the series of seven polonaises published in his lifetime ( another nine were published posthumously ) , beginning with the op . 26 pair ( published 1836 ) , set a new standard for music in the form . his waltzes were also written specifically for the salon recital rather than the ballroom and are frequently at rather faster tempos than their dance - floor equivalents . [ sep ] faster tempos
new york city has a high degree of income disparity as indicated by its gini coefficient of 0 . 5 for the city overall and 0 . 6 for manhattan . the disparity is driven by wage growth in high - income brackets , while wages have stagnated for middle and lower - income brackets . in the first quarter of 2014 , the average weekly wage in new york county ( manhattan ) was $ 2 , 749 , representing the highest total among large counties in the united states . in 2013 , new york city had the highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , higher than the next five u . s . cities combined , including former mayor michael r . bloomberg . new york also had the highest density of millionaires per capita among major u . s . cities in 2014 , at 4 . 6 % of residents . lower manhattan has been experiencing a baby boom , with the area south of canal street witnessing 1 , 086 births in 2010 , 12 % greater than 2009 and over twice the number born in 2001 . [ sep ] 2 , 749
new york city has a high degree of income disparity as indicated by its gini coefficient of 0 . 5 for the city overall and 0 . 6 for manhattan . the disparity is driven by wage growth in high - income brackets , while wages have stagnated for middle and lower - income brackets . in the first quarter of 2014 , the average weekly wage in new york county ( manhattan ) was $ 2 , 749 , representing the highest total among large counties in the united states . in 2013 , new york city had the highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , higher than the next five u . s . cities combined , including former mayor michael r . bloomberg . new york also had the highest density of millionaires per capita among major u . s . cities in 2014 , at 4 . 6 % of residents . lower manhattan has been experiencing a baby boom , with the area south of canal street witnessing 1 , 086 births in 2010 , 12 % greater than 2009 and over twice the number born in 2001 . [ sep ] new york city
thermal mass is any material that can be used to store heat — heat from the sun in the case of solar energy . common thermal mass materials include stone , cement and water . historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night . however , they can be used in cold temperate areas to maintain warmth as well . the size and placement of thermal mass depend on several factors such as climate , daylighting and shading conditions . when properly incorporated , thermal mass maintains space temperatures in a comfortable range and reduces the need for auxiliary heating and cooling equipment . [ sep ] any material that can be used to store heat
thermal mass is any material that can be used to store heat — heat from the sun in the case of solar energy . common thermal mass materials include stone , cement and water . historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night . however , they can be used in cold temperate areas to maintain warmth as well . the size and placement of thermal mass depend on several factors such as climate , daylighting and shading conditions . when properly incorporated , thermal mass maintains space temperatures in a comfortable range and reduces the need for auxiliary heating and cooling equipment . [ sep ] stone , cement and water
thermal mass is any material that can be used to store heat — heat from the sun in the case of solar energy . common thermal mass materials include stone , cement and water . historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night . however , they can be used in cold temperate areas to maintain warmth as well . the size and placement of thermal mass depend on several factors such as climate , daylighting and shading conditions . when properly incorporated , thermal mass maintains space temperatures in a comfortable range and reduces the need for auxiliary heating and cooling equipment . [ sep ] by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night
thermal mass is any material that can be used to store heat — heat from the sun in the case of solar energy . common thermal mass materials include stone , cement and water . historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night . however , they can be used in cold temperate areas to maintain warmth as well . the size and placement of thermal mass depend on several factors such as climate , daylighting and shading conditions . when properly incorporated , thermal mass maintains space temperatures in a comfortable range and reduces the need for auxiliary heating and cooling equipment . [ sep ] climates
thermal mass is any material that can be used to store heat — heat from the sun in the case of solar energy . common thermal mass materials include stone , cement and water . historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night . however , they can be used in cold temperate areas to maintain warmth as well . the size and placement of thermal mass depend on several factors such as climate , daylighting and shading conditions . when properly incorporated , thermal mass maintains space temperatures in a comfortable range and reduces the need for auxiliary heating and cooling equipment . [ sep ] auxiliary heating and cooling equipment
some of chopin ' s well - known pieces have acquired descriptive titles , such as the revolutionary etude ( op . 10 , no . 12 ) , and the minute waltz ( op . 64 , no . 1 ) . however , with the exception of his funeral march , the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number , leaving all potential extramusical associations to the listener ; the names by which many of his pieces are known were invented by others . there is no evidence to suggest that the revolutionary etude was written with the failed polish uprising against russia in mind ; it merely appeared at that time . the funeral march , the third movement of his sonata no . 2 ( op . 35 ) , the one case where he did give a title , was written before the rest of the sonata , but no specific event or death is known to have inspired it . [ sep ] the revolutionary etude
some of chopin ' s well - known pieces have acquired descriptive titles , such as the revolutionary etude ( op . 10 , no . 12 ) , and the minute waltz ( op . 64 , no . 1 ) . however , with the exception of his funeral march , the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number , leaving all potential extramusical associations to the listener ; the names by which many of his pieces are known were invented by others . there is no evidence to suggest that the revolutionary etude was written with the failed polish uprising against russia in mind ; it merely appeared at that time . the funeral march , the third movement of his sonata no . 2 ( op . 35 ) , the one case where he did give a title , was written before the rest of the sonata , but no specific event or death is known to have inspired it . [ sep ] funeral march
some of chopin ' s well - known pieces have acquired descriptive titles , such as the revolutionary etude ( op . 10 , no . 12 ) , and the minute waltz ( op . 64 , no . 1 ) . however , with the exception of his funeral march , the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number , leaving all potential extramusical associations to the listener ; the names by which many of his pieces are known were invented by others . there is no evidence to suggest that the revolutionary etude was written with the failed polish uprising against russia in mind ; it merely appeared at that time . the funeral march , the third movement of his sonata no . 2 ( op . 35 ) , the one case where he did give a title , was written before the rest of the sonata , but no specific event or death is known to have inspired it . [ sep ] sonata no . 2
the last opus number that chopin himself used was 65 , allocated to the cello sonata in g minor . he expressed a deathbed wish that all his unpublished manuscripts be destroyed . at the request of the composer ' s mother and sisters , however , his musical executor julian fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and grouped them into eight further opus numbers ( opp . 66 – 73 ) , published in 1855 . in 1857 , 17 polish songs that chopin wrote at various stages of his life were collected and published as op . 74 , though their order within the opus did not reflect the order of composition . [ sep ] 65
the last opus number that chopin himself used was 65 , allocated to the cello sonata in g minor . he expressed a deathbed wish that all his unpublished manuscripts be destroyed . at the request of the composer ' s mother and sisters , however , his musical executor julian fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and grouped them into eight further opus numbers ( opp . 66 – 73 ) , published in 1855 . in 1857 , 17 polish songs that chopin wrote at various stages of his life were collected and published as op . 74 , though their order within the opus did not reflect the order of composition . [ sep ] julian fontana
the last opus number that chopin himself used was 65 , allocated to the cello sonata in g minor . he expressed a deathbed wish that all his unpublished manuscripts be destroyed . at the request of the composer ' s mother and sisters , however , his musical executor julian fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and grouped them into eight further opus numbers ( opp . 66 – 73 ) , published in 1855 . in 1857 , 17 polish songs that chopin wrote at various stages of his life were collected and published as op . 74 , though their order within the opus did not reflect the order of composition . [ sep ] 23
the last opus number that chopin himself used was 65 , allocated to the cello sonata in g minor . he expressed a deathbed wish that all his unpublished manuscripts be destroyed . at the request of the composer ' s mother and sisters , however , his musical executor julian fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and grouped them into eight further opus numbers ( opp . 66 – 73 ) , published in 1855 . in 1857 , 17 polish songs that chopin wrote at various stages of his life were collected and published as op . 74 , though their order within the opus did not reflect the order of composition . [ sep ] 17
a solar chimney ( or thermal chimney , in this context ) is a passive solar ventilation system composed of a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building . as the chimney warms , the air inside is heated causing an updraft that pulls air through the building . performance can be improved by using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses . [ sep ] a passive solar ventilation system
a solar chimney ( or thermal chimney , in this context ) is a passive solar ventilation system composed of a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building . as the chimney warms , the air inside is heated causing an updraft that pulls air through the building . performance can be improved by using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses . [ sep ] a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building
a solar chimney ( or thermal chimney , in this context ) is a passive solar ventilation system composed of a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building . as the chimney warms , the air inside is heated causing an updraft that pulls air through the building . performance can be improved by using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses . [ sep ] by using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses
works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers . the present standard musicological reference for chopin ' s works is the kobylanska catalogue ( usually represented by the initials ' kk ' ) , named for its compiler , the polish musicologist krystyna kobylanska . [ sep ] krystyna kobylanska
works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers . the present standard musicological reference for chopin ' s works is the kobylanska catalogue ( usually represented by the initials ' kk ' ) , named for its compiler , the polish musicologist krystyna kobylanska . [ sep ] 1857
real estate is a major force in the city ' s economy , as the total value of all new york city property was assessed at us $ 914 . 8 billion for the 2015 fiscal year . the time warner center is the property with the highest - listed market value in the city , at us $ 1 . 1 billion in 2006 . new york city is home to some of the nation ' s — and the world ' s — most valuable real estate . 450 park avenue was sold on july 2 , 2007 for us $ 510 million , about $ 1 , 589 per square foot ( $ 17 , 104 / m² ) , breaking the barely month - old record for an american office building of $ 1 , 476 per square foot ( $ 15 , 887 / m² ) set in the june 2007 sale of 660 madison avenue . according to forbes , in 2014 , manhattan was home to six of the top ten zip codes in the united states by median housing price . [ sep ] time warner center
real estate is a major force in the city ' s economy , as the total value of all new york city property was assessed at us $ 914 . 8 billion for the 2015 fiscal year . the time warner center is the property with the highest - listed market value in the city , at us $ 1 . 1 billion in 2006 . new york city is home to some of the nation ' s — and the world ' s — most valuable real estate . 450 park avenue was sold on july 2 , 2007 for us $ 510 million , about $ 1 , 589 per square foot ( $ 17 , 104 / m² ) , breaking the barely month - old record for an american office building of $ 1 , 476 per square foot ( $ 15 , 887 / m² ) set in the june 2007 sale of 660 madison avenue . according to forbes , in 2014 , manhattan was home to six of the top ten zip codes in the united states by median housing price . [ sep ] 660 madison avenue
chopin ' s original publishers included maurice schlesinger and camille pleyel . his works soon began to appear in popular 19th - century piano anthologies . the first collected edition was by breitkopf & hartel ( 1878 – 1902 ) . among modern scholarly editions of chopin ' s works are the version under the name of paderewski published between 1937 and 1966 and the more recent polish " national edition " , edited by jan ekier , both of which contain detailed explanations and discussions regarding choices and sources . [ sep ] breitkopf & hartel
chopin ' s original publishers included maurice schlesinger and camille pleyel . his works soon began to appear in popular 19th - century piano anthologies . the first collected edition was by breitkopf & hartel ( 1878 – 1902 ) . among modern scholarly editions of chopin ' s works are the version under the name of paderewski published between 1937 and 1966 and the more recent polish " national edition " , edited by jan ekier , both of which contain detailed explanations and discussions regarding choices and sources . [ sep ] jan ekier
as of 2013 , the global advertising agencies of omnicom group and interpublic group , both based in manhattan , had combined annual revenues of approximately us $ 21 billion , reflecting new york city ' s role as the top global center for the advertising industry , which is metonymously referred to as " madison avenue " . the city ' s fashion industry provides approximately 180 , 000 employees with $ 11 billion in annual wages . [ sep ] 180 , 000
as of 2013 , the global advertising agencies of omnicom group and interpublic group , both based in manhattan , had combined annual revenues of approximately us $ 21 billion , reflecting new york city ' s role as the top global center for the advertising industry , which is metonymously referred to as " madison avenue " . the city ' s fashion industry provides approximately 180 , 000 employees with $ 11 billion in annual wages . [ sep ] omnicom group and interpublic group
chocolate is new york city ' s leading specialty - food export , with up to us $ 234 million worth of exports each year . entrepreneurs were forming a " chocolate district " in brooklyn as of 2014 , while godiva , one of the world ' s largest chocolatiers , continues to be headquartered in manhattan . [ sep ] chocolate
chocolate is new york city ' s leading specialty - food export , with up to us $ 234 million worth of exports each year . entrepreneurs were forming a " chocolate district " in brooklyn as of 2014 , while godiva , one of the world ' s largest chocolatiers , continues to be headquartered in manhattan . [ sep ] godiva
improvisation stands at the centre of chopin ' s creative processes . however , this does not imply impulsive rambling : nicholas temperley writes that " improvisation is designed for an audience , and its starting - point is that audience ' s expectations , which include the current conventions of musical form . " the works for piano and orchestra , including the two concertos , are held by temperley to be " merely vehicles for brilliant piano playing . . . formally longwinded and extremely conservative " . after the piano concertos ( which are both early , dating from 1830 ) , chopin made no attempts at large - scale multi - movement forms , save for his late sonatas for piano and for cello ; " instead he achieved near - perfection in pieces of simple general design but subtle and complex cell - structure . " rosen suggests that an important aspect of chopin ' s individuality is his flexible handling of the four - bar phrase as a structural unit . [ sep ] improvisation
improvisation stands at the centre of chopin ' s creative processes . however , this does not imply impulsive rambling : nicholas temperley writes that " improvisation is designed for an audience , and its starting - point is that audience ' s expectations , which include the current conventions of musical form . " the works for piano and orchestra , including the two concertos , are held by temperley to be " merely vehicles for brilliant piano playing . . . formally longwinded and extremely conservative " . after the piano concertos ( which are both early , dating from 1830 ) , chopin made no attempts at large - scale multi - movement forms , save for his late sonatas for piano and for cello ; " instead he achieved near - perfection in pieces of simple general design but subtle and complex cell - structure . " rosen suggests that an important aspect of chopin ' s individuality is his flexible handling of the four - bar phrase as a structural unit . [ sep ] the four - bar phrase
new york city ' s most important economic sector lies in its role as the headquarters for the u . s . financial industry , metonymously known as wall street . the city ' s securities industry , enumerating 163 , 400 jobs in august 2013 , continues to form the largest segment of the city ' s financial sector and an important economic engine , accounting in 2012 for 5 percent of the city ' s private sector jobs , 8 . 5 percent ( us $ 3 . 8 billion ) of its tax revenue , and 22 percent of the city ' s total wages , including an average salary of us $ 360 , 700 . many large financial companies are headquartered in new york city , and the city is also home to a burgeoning number of financial startup companies . [ sep ] the city ' s securities
j . barrie jones suggests that " amongst the works that chopin intended for concert use , the four ballades and four scherzos stand supreme " , and adds that " the barcarolle op . 60 stands apart as an example of chopin ' s rich harmonic palette coupled with an italianate warmth of melody . " temperley opines that these works , which contain " immense variety of mood , thematic material and structural detail " , are based on an extended " departure and return " form ; " the more the middle section is extended , and the further it departs in key , mood and theme , from the opening idea , the more important and dramatic is the reprise when it at last comes . " [ sep ] the barcarolle op . 60
chopin ' s mazurkas and waltzes are all in straightforward ternary or episodic form , sometimes with a coda . the mazurkas often show more folk features than many of his other works , sometimes including modal scales and harmonies and the use of drone basses . however , some also show unusual sophistication , for example op . 63 no . 3 , which includes a canon at one beat ' s distance , a great rarity in music . [ sep ] folk features
chopin ' s polonaises show a marked advance on those of his polish predecessors in the form ( who included his teachers zywny and elsner ) . as with the traditional polonaise , chopin ' s works are in triple time and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies , accompaniments and cadences . unlike most of their precursors , they also require a formidable playing technique . [ sep ] triple time
the 21 nocturnes are more structured , and of greater emotional depth , than those of field ( whom chopin met in 1833 ) . many of the chopin nocturnes have middle sections marked by agitated expression ( and often making very difficult demands on the performer ) which heightens their dramatic character . [ sep ] 21
the 21 nocturnes are more structured , and of greater emotional depth , than those of field ( whom chopin met in 1833 ) . many of the chopin nocturnes have middle sections marked by agitated expression ( and often making very difficult demands on the performer ) which heightens their dramatic character . [ sep ] agitated expression
chopin ' s etudes are largely in straightforward ternary form . he used them to teach his own technique of piano playing — for instance playing double thirds ( op . 25 , no . 6 ) , playing in octaves ( op . 25 , no . 10 ) , and playing repeated notes ( op . 10 , no . 7 ) . [ sep ] etudes
deciduous trees and plants have been promoted as a means of controlling solar heating and cooling . when planted on the southern side of a building in the northern hemisphere or the northern side in the southern hemisphere , their leaves provide shade during the summer , while the bare limbs allow light to pass during the winter . since bare , leafless trees shade 1 / 3 to 1 / 2 of incident solar radiation , there is a balance between the benefits of summer shading and the corresponding loss of winter heating . in climates with significant heating loads , deciduous trees should not be planted on the equator facing side of a building because they will interfere with winter solar availability . they can , however , be used on the east and west sides to provide a degree of summer shading without appreciably affecting winter solar gain . [ sep ] trees and plants
deciduous trees and plants have been promoted as a means of controlling solar heating and cooling . when planted on the southern side of a building in the northern hemisphere or the northern side in the southern hemisphere , their leaves provide shade during the summer , while the bare limbs allow light to pass during the winter . since bare , leafless trees shade 1 / 3 to 1 / 2 of incident solar radiation , there is a balance between the benefits of summer shading and the corresponding loss of winter heating . in climates with significant heating loads , deciduous trees should not be planted on the equator facing side of a building because they will interfere with winter solar availability . they can , however , be used on the east and west sides to provide a degree of summer shading without appreciably affecting winter solar gain . [ sep ] 1 / 3 to 1 / 2
deciduous trees and plants have been promoted as a means of controlling solar heating and cooling . when planted on the southern side of a building in the northern hemisphere or the northern side in the southern hemisphere , their leaves provide shade during the summer , while the bare limbs allow light to pass during the winter . since bare , leafless trees shade 1 / 3 to 1 / 2 of incident solar radiation , there is a balance between the benefits of summer shading and the corresponding loss of winter heating . in climates with significant heating loads , deciduous trees should not be planted on the equator facing side of a building because they will interfere with winter solar availability . they can , however , be used on the east and west sides to provide a degree of summer shading without appreciably affecting winter solar gain . [ sep ] they will interfere with winter solar availability
deciduous trees and plants have been promoted as a means of controlling solar heating and cooling . when planted on the southern side of a building in the northern hemisphere or the northern side in the southern hemisphere , their leaves provide shade during the summer , while the bare limbs allow light to pass during the winter . since bare , leafless trees shade 1 / 3 to 1 / 2 of incident solar radiation , there is a balance between the benefits of summer shading and the corresponding loss of winter heating . in climates with significant heating loads , deciduous trees should not be planted on the equator facing side of a building because they will interfere with winter solar availability . they can , however , be used on the east and west sides to provide a degree of summer shading without appreciably affecting winter solar gain . [ sep ] east and west
the preludes , many of which are very brief ( some consisting of simple statements and developments of a single theme or figure ) , were described by schumann as " the beginnings of studies " . inspired by j . s . bach ' s the well - tempered clavier , chopin ' s preludes move up the circle of fifths ( rather than bach ' s chromatic scale sequence ) to create a prelude in each major and minor tonality . the preludes were perhaps not intended to be played as a group , and may even have been used by him and later pianists as generic preludes to others of his pieces , or even to music by other composers , as kenneth hamilton suggests : he has noted a recording by ferruccio busoni of 1922 , in which the prelude op . 28 no . 7 is followed by the etude op . 10 no . 5 . [ sep ] the well - tempered clavier
the preludes , many of which are very brief ( some consisting of simple statements and developments of a single theme or figure ) , were described by schumann as " the beginnings of studies " . inspired by j . s . bach ' s the well - tempered clavier , chopin ' s preludes move up the circle of fifths ( rather than bach ' s chromatic scale sequence ) to create a prelude in each major and minor tonality . the preludes were perhaps not intended to be played as a group , and may even have been used by him and later pianists as generic preludes to others of his pieces , or even to music by other composers , as kenneth hamilton suggests : he has noted a recording by ferruccio busoni of 1922 , in which the prelude op . 28 no . 7 is followed by the etude op . 10 no . 5 . [ sep ] kenneth hamilton
the two mature piano sonatas ( no . 2 , op . 35 , written in 1839 and no . 3 , op . 58 , written in 1844 ) are in four movements . in op . 35 , chopin was able to combine within a formal large musical structure many elements of his virtuosic piano technique — " a kind of dialogue between the public pianism of the brilliant style and the german sonata principle " . the last movement , a brief ( 75 - bar ) perpetuum mobile in which the hands play in unmodified octave unison throughout , was found shocking and unmusical by contemporaries , including schumann . the op . 58 sonata is closer to the german tradition , including many passages of complex counterpoint , " worthy of brahms " according to the music historians kornel michałowski and jim samson . [ sep ] four
the two mature piano sonatas ( no . 2 , op . 35 , written in 1839 and no . 3 , op . 58 , written in 1844 ) are in four movements . in op . 35 , chopin was able to combine within a formal large musical structure many elements of his virtuosic piano technique — " a kind of dialogue between the public pianism of the brilliant style and the german sonata principle " . the last movement , a brief ( 75 - bar ) perpetuum mobile in which the hands play in unmodified octave unison throughout , was found shocking and unmusical by contemporaries , including schumann . the op . 58 sonata is closer to the german tradition , including many passages of complex counterpoint , " worthy of brahms " according to the music historians kornel michałowski and jim samson . [ sep ] kornel michałowski and jim samson
lower manhattan is the third - largest central business district in the united states and is home to the new york stock exchange , on wall street , and the nasdaq , at 165 broadway , representing the world ' s largest and second largest stock exchanges , respectively , when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013 . investment banking fees on wall street totaled approximately $ 40 billion in 2012 , while in 2013 , senior new york city bank officers who manage risk and compliance functions earned as much as $ 324 , 000 annually . in fiscal year 2013 – 14 , wall street ' s securities industry generated 19 % of new york state ' s tax revenue . new york city remains the largest global center for trading in public equity and debt capital markets , driven in part by the size and financial development of the u . s . economy . : 31 – 32 in july 2013 , nyse euronext , the operator of the new york stock exchange , took over the administration of the london interbank offered rate from the british bankers association . new york also leads in hedge fund management ; private equity ; and the monetary volume of mergers and acquisitions . several investment banks and investment mangers headquartered in manhattan are important participants in other global financial centers . : 34 – 35 new york is also the principal commercial banking center of the united states . [ sep ] wall street
lower manhattan is the third - largest central business district in the united states and is home to the new york stock exchange , on wall street , and the nasdaq , at 165 broadway , representing the world ' s largest and second largest stock exchanges , respectively , when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013 . investment banking fees on wall street totaled approximately $ 40 billion in 2012 , while in 2013 , senior new york city bank officers who manage risk and compliance functions earned as much as $ 324 , 000 annually . in fiscal year 2013 – 14 , wall street ' s securities industry generated 19 % of new york state ' s tax revenue . new york city remains the largest global center for trading in public equity and debt capital markets , driven in part by the size and financial development of the u . s . economy . : 31 – 32 in july 2013 , nyse euronext , the operator of the new york stock exchange , took over the administration of the london interbank offered rate from the british bankers association . new york also leads in hedge fund management ; private equity ; and the monetary volume of mergers and acquisitions . several investment banks and investment mangers headquartered in manhattan are important participants in other global financial centers . : 34 – 35 new york is also the principal commercial banking center of the united states . [ sep ] 165 broadway
many of the world ' s largest media conglomerates are also based in the city . manhattan contained over 500 million square feet ( 46 . 5 million m2 ) of office space in 2015 , making it the largest office market in the united states , while midtown manhattan , with nearly 400 million square feet ( 37 . 2 million m2 ) in 2015 , is the largest central business district in the world . [ sep ] 500 million square feet
silicon alley , centered in manhattan , has evolved into a metonym for the sphere encompassing the new york city metropolitan region ' s high technology industries involving the internet , new media , telecommunications , digital media , software development , biotechnology , game design , financial technology ( " fintech " ) , and other fields within information technology that are supported by its entrepreneurship ecosystem and venture capital investments . in the first half of 2015 , silicon alley generated over us $ 3 . 7 billion in venture capital investment across a broad spectrum of high technology enterprises , most based in manhattan , with others in brooklyn , queens , and elsewhere in the region . high technology startup companies and employment are growing in new york city and the region , bolstered by the city ' s position in north america as the leading internet hub and telecommunications center , including its vicinity to several transatlantic fiber optic trunk lines , new york ' s intellectual capital , and its extensive outdoor wireless connectivity . verizon communications , headquartered at 140 west street in lower manhattan , was at the final stages in 2014 of completing a us $ 3 billion fiberoptic telecommunications upgrade throughout new york city . as of 2014 , new york city hosted 300 , 000 employees in the tech sector . [ sep ] 300 , 000
chopin ' s harmonic innovations may have arisen partly from his keyboard improvisation technique . temperley says that in his works " novel harmonic effects frequently result from the combination of ordinary appoggiaturas or passing notes with melodic figures of accompaniment " , and cadences are delayed by the use of chords outside the home key ( neapolitan sixths and diminished sevenths ) , or by sudden shifts to remote keys . chord progressions sometimes anticipate the shifting tonality of later composers such as claude debussy , as does chopin ' s use of modal harmony . [ sep ] claude debussy
solar cookers use sunlight for cooking , drying and pasteurization . they can be grouped into three broad categories : box cookers , panel cookers and reflector cookers . the simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by horace de saussure in 1767 . a basic box cooker consists of an insulated container with a transparent lid . it can be used effectively with partially overcast skies and will typically reach temperatures of 90 – 150 °c ( 194 – 302 °f ) . panel cookers use a reflective panel to direct sunlight onto an insulated container and reach temperatures comparable to box cookers . reflector cookers use various concentrating geometries ( dish , trough , fresnel mirrors ) to focus light on a cooking container . these cookers reach temperatures of 315 °c ( 599 °f ) and above but require direct light to function properly and must be repositioned to track the sun . [ sep ] cooking , drying and pasteurization
solar cookers use sunlight for cooking , drying and pasteurization . they can be grouped into three broad categories : box cookers , panel cookers and reflector cookers . the simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by horace de saussure in 1767 . a basic box cooker consists of an insulated container with a transparent lid . it can be used effectively with partially overcast skies and will typically reach temperatures of 90 – 150 °c ( 194 – 302 °f ) . panel cookers use a reflective panel to direct sunlight onto an insulated container and reach temperatures comparable to box cookers . reflector cookers use various concentrating geometries ( dish , trough , fresnel mirrors ) to focus light on a cooking container . these cookers reach temperatures of 315 °c ( 599 °f ) and above but require direct light to function properly and must be repositioned to track the sun . [ sep ] box cookers , panel cookers and reflector cookers
solar cookers use sunlight for cooking , drying and pasteurization . they can be grouped into three broad categories : box cookers , panel cookers and reflector cookers . the simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by horace de saussure in 1767 . a basic box cooker consists of an insulated container with a transparent lid . it can be used effectively with partially overcast skies and will typically reach temperatures of 90 – 150 °c ( 194 – 302 °f ) . panel cookers use a reflective panel to direct sunlight onto an insulated container and reach temperatures comparable to box cookers . reflector cookers use various concentrating geometries ( dish , trough , fresnel mirrors ) to focus light on a cooking container . these cookers reach temperatures of 315 °c ( 599 °f ) and above but require direct light to function properly and must be repositioned to track the sun . [ sep ] horace de saussure
solar cookers use sunlight for cooking , drying and pasteurization . they can be grouped into three broad categories : box cookers , panel cookers and reflector cookers . the simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by horace de saussure in 1767 . a basic box cooker consists of an insulated container with a transparent lid . it can be used effectively with partially overcast skies and will typically reach temperatures of 90 – 150 °c ( 194 – 302 °f ) . panel cookers use a reflective panel to direct sunlight onto an insulated container and reach temperatures comparable to box cookers . reflector cookers use various concentrating geometries ( dish , trough , fresnel mirrors ) to focus light on a cooking container . these cookers reach temperatures of 315 °c ( 599 °f ) and above but require direct light to function properly and must be repositioned to track the sun . [ sep ] 90 – 150 °c ( 194 – 302 °f )
solar cookers use sunlight for cooking , drying and pasteurization . they can be grouped into three broad categories : box cookers , panel cookers and reflector cookers . the simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by horace de saussure in 1767 . a basic box cooker consists of an insulated container with a transparent lid . it can be used effectively with partially overcast skies and will typically reach temperatures of 90 – 150 °c ( 194 – 302 °f ) . panel cookers use a reflective panel to direct sunlight onto an insulated container and reach temperatures comparable to box cookers . reflector cookers use various concentrating geometries ( dish , trough , fresnel mirrors ) to focus light on a cooking container . these cookers reach temperatures of 315 °c ( 599 °f ) and above but require direct light to function properly and must be repositioned to track the sun . [ sep ] direct light
the biotechnology sector is also growing in new york city , based upon the city ' s strength in academic scientific research and public and commercial financial support . on december 19 , 2011 , then mayor michael r . bloomberg announced his choice of cornell university and technion - israel institute of technology to build a us $ 2 billion graduate school of applied sciences called cornell tech on roosevelt island with the goal of transforming new york city into the world ' s premier technology capital . by mid - 2014 , accelerator , a biotech investment firm , had raised more than us $ 30 million from investors , including eli lilly and company , pfizer , and johnson & johnson , for initial funding to create biotechnology startups at the alexandria center for life science , which encompasses more than 700 , 000 square feet ( 65 , 000 m2 ) on east 29th street and promotes collaboration among scientists and entrepreneurs at the center and with nearby academic , medical , and research institutions . the new york city economic development corporation ' s early stage life sciences funding initiative and venture capital partners , including celgene , general electric ventures , and eli lilly , committed a minimum of us $ 100 million to help launch 15 to 20 ventures in life sciences and biotechnology . [ sep ] cornell tech
in 1841 , leon escudier wrote of a recital given by chopin that year , " one may say that chopin is the creator of a school of piano and a school of composition . in truth , nothing equals the lightness , the sweetness with which the composer preludes on the piano ; moreover nothing may be compared to his works full of originality , distinction and grace . " chopin refused to conform to a standard method of playing and believed that there was no set technique for playing well . his style was based extensively on his use of very independent finger technique . in his projet de methode he wrote : " everything is a matter of knowing good fingering . . . we need no less to use the rest of the hand , the wrist , the forearm and the upper arm . " he further stated : " one needs only to study a certain position of the hand in relation to the keys to obtain with ease the most beautiful quality of sound , to know how to play short notes and long notes , and [ to attain ] unlimited dexterity . " the consequences of this approach to technique in chopin ' s music include the frequent use of the entire range of the keyboard , passages in double octaves and other chord groupings , swiftly repeated notes , the use of grace notes , and the use of contrasting rhythms ( four against three , for example ) between the hands . [ sep ] independent finger technique
tourism is a vital industry for new york city , which has witnessed a growing combined volume of international and domestic tourists – receiving approximately 51 million tourists in 2011 , 54 million in 2013 , and a record 56 . 4 million in 2014 . tourism generated an all - time high us $ 61 . 3 billion in overall economic impact for new york city in 2014 . [ sep ] 56 . 4 million
tourism is a vital industry for new york city , which has witnessed a growing combined volume of international and domestic tourists – receiving approximately 51 million tourists in 2011 , 54 million in 2013 , and a record 56 . 4 million in 2014 . tourism generated an all - time high us $ 61 . 3 billion in overall economic impact for new york city in 2014 . [ sep ] 54 million
i love new york ( stylized i [unk] ny ) is both a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign and have been used since 1977 to promote tourism in new york city , and later to promote new york state as well . the trademarked logo , owned by new york state empire state development , appears in souvenir shops and brochures throughout the city and state , some licensed , many not . the song is the state song of new york . [ sep ] 1977
i love new york ( stylized i [unk] ny ) is both a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign and have been used since 1977 to promote tourism in new york city , and later to promote new york state as well . the trademarked logo , owned by new york state empire state development , appears in souvenir shops and brochures throughout the city and state , some licensed , many not . the song is the state song of new york . [ sep ] i love new york
polish composers of the following generation included virtuosi such as moritz moszkowski , but , in the opinion of j . barrie jones , his " one worthy successor " among his compatriots was karol szymanowski ( 1882 – 1937 ) . edvard grieg , antonin dvorak , isaac albeniz , pyotr ilyich tchaikovsky and sergei rachmaninoff , among others , are regarded by critics as having been influenced by chopin ' s use of national modes and idioms . alexander scriabin was devoted to the music of chopin , and his early published works include nineteen mazurkas , as well as numerous etudes and preludes ; his teacher nikolai zverev drilled him in chopin ' s works to improve his virtuosity as a performer . in the 20th century , composers who paid homage to ( or in some cases parodied ) the music of chopin included george crumb , bohuslav martinu , darius milhaud , igor stravinsky and heitor villa - lobos . [ sep ] karol szymanowski
polish composers of the following generation included virtuosi such as moritz moszkowski , but , in the opinion of j . barrie jones , his " one worthy successor " among his compatriots was karol szymanowski ( 1882 – 1937 ) . edvard grieg , antonin dvorak , isaac albeniz , pyotr ilyich tchaikovsky and sergei rachmaninoff , among others , are regarded by critics as having been influenced by chopin ' s use of national modes and idioms . alexander scriabin was devoted to the music of chopin , and his early published works include nineteen mazurkas , as well as numerous etudes and preludes ; his teacher nikolai zverev drilled him in chopin ' s works to improve his virtuosity as a performer . in the 20th century , composers who paid homage to ( or in some cases parodied ) the music of chopin included george crumb , bohuslav martinu , darius milhaud , igor stravinsky and heitor villa - lobos . [ sep ] national modes and idioms
polish composers of the following generation included virtuosi such as moritz moszkowski , but , in the opinion of j . barrie jones , his " one worthy successor " among his compatriots was karol szymanowski ( 1882 – 1937 ) . edvard grieg , antonin dvorak , isaac albeniz , pyotr ilyich tchaikovsky and sergei rachmaninoff , among others , are regarded by critics as having been influenced by chopin ' s use of national modes and idioms . alexander scriabin was devoted to the music of chopin , and his early published works include nineteen mazurkas , as well as numerous etudes and preludes ; his teacher nikolai zverev drilled him in chopin ' s works to improve his virtuosity as a performer . in the 20th century , composers who paid homage to ( or in some cases parodied ) the music of chopin included george crumb , bohuslav martinu , darius milhaud , igor stravinsky and heitor villa - lobos . [ sep ] nikolai zverev
manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90 , 000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014 , a 10 % increase from 2013 . in october 2014 , the anbang insurance group , based in china , purchased the waldorf astoria new york for us $ 1 . 95 billion , making it the world ' s most expensive hotel ever sold . [ sep ] waldorf astoria new york
manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90 , 000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014 , a 10 % increase from 2013 . in october 2014 , the anbang insurance group , based in china , purchased the waldorf astoria new york for us $ 1 . 95 billion , making it the world ' s most expensive hotel ever sold . [ sep ] 90 , 000
manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90 , 000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014 , a 10 % increase from 2013 . in october 2014 , the anbang insurance group , based in china , purchased the waldorf astoria new york for us $ 1 . 95 billion , making it the world ' s most expensive hotel ever sold . [ sep ] anbang insurance group
manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90 , 000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014 , a 10 % increase from 2013 . in october 2014 , the anbang insurance group , based in china , purchased the waldorf astoria new york for us $ 1 . 95 billion , making it the world ' s most expensive hotel ever sold . [ sep ] 1 . 95 billion
jonathan bellman writes that modern concert performance style — set in the " conservatory " tradition of late 19th - and 20th - century music schools , and suitable for large auditoria or recordings — militates against what is known of chopin ' s more intimate performance technique . the composer himself said to a pupil that " concerts are never real music , you have to give up the idea of hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art . " contemporary accounts indicate that in performance , chopin avoided rigid procedures sometimes incorrectly attributed to him , such as " always crescendo to a high note " , but that he was concerned with expressive phrasing , rhythmic consistency and sensitive colouring . berlioz wrote in 1853 that chopin " has created a kind of chromatic embroidery . . . whose effect is so strange and piquant as to be impossible to describe . . . virtually nobody but chopin himself can play this music and give it this unusual turn " . hiller wrote that " what in the hands of others was elegant embellishment , in his hands became a colourful wreath of flowers . " [ sep ] jonathan bellman
jonathan bellman writes that modern concert performance style — set in the " conservatory " tradition of late 19th - and 20th - century music schools , and suitable for large auditoria or recordings — militates against what is known of chopin ' s more intimate performance technique . the composer himself said to a pupil that " concerts are never real music , you have to give up the idea of hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art . " contemporary accounts indicate that in performance , chopin avoided rigid procedures sometimes incorrectly attributed to him , such as " always crescendo to a high note " , but that he was concerned with expressive phrasing , rhythmic consistency and sensitive colouring . berlioz wrote in 1853 that chopin " has created a kind of chromatic embroidery . . . whose effect is so strange and piquant as to be impossible to describe . . . virtually nobody but chopin himself can play this music and give it this unusual turn " . hiller wrote that " what in the hands of others was elegant embellishment , in his hands became a colourful wreath of flowers . " [ sep ] rigid procedures
jonathan bellman writes that modern concert performance style — set in the " conservatory " tradition of late 19th - and 20th - century music schools , and suitable for large auditoria or recordings — militates against what is known of chopin ' s more intimate performance technique . the composer himself said to a pupil that " concerts are never real music , you have to give up the idea of hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art . " contemporary accounts indicate that in performance , chopin avoided rigid procedures sometimes incorrectly attributed to him , such as " always crescendo to a high note " , but that he was concerned with expressive phrasing , rhythmic consistency and sensitive colouring . berlioz wrote in 1853 that chopin " has created a kind of chromatic embroidery . . . whose effect is so strange and piquant as to be impossible to describe . . . virtually nobody but chopin himself can play this music and give it this unusual turn " . hiller wrote that " what in the hands of others was elegant embellishment , in his hands became a colourful wreath of flowers . " [ sep ] " always crescendo to a high note "
solar concentrating technologies such as parabolic dish , trough and scheffler reflectors can provide process heat for commercial and industrial applications . the first commercial system was the solar total energy project ( step ) in shenandoah , georgia , usa where a field of 114 parabolic dishes provided 50 % of the process heating , air conditioning and electrical requirements for a clothing factory . this grid - connected cogeneration system provided 400 kw of electricity plus thermal energy in the form of 401 kw steam and 468 kw chilled water , and had a one - hour peak load thermal storage . evaporation ponds are shallow pools that concentrate dissolved solids through evaporation . the use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water is one of the oldest applications of solar energy . modern uses include concentrating brine solutions used in leach mining and removing dissolved solids from waste streams . clothes lines , clotheshorses , and clothes racks dry clothes through evaporation by wind and sunlight without consuming electricity or gas . in some states of the united states legislation protects the " right to dry " clothes . unglazed transpired collectors ( utc ) are perforated sun - facing walls used for preheating ventilation air . utcs can raise the incoming air temperature up to 22 °c ( 40 °f ) and deliver outlet temperatures of 45 – 60 °c ( 113 – 140 °f ) . the short payback period of transpired collectors ( 3 to 12 years ) makes them a more cost - effective alternative than glazed collection systems . as of 2003 , over 80 systems with a combined collector area of 35 , 000 square metres ( 380 , 000 sq ft ) had been installed worldwide , including an 860 m2 ( 9 , 300 sq ft ) collector in costa rica used for drying coffee beans and a 1 , 300 m2 ( 14 , 000 sq ft ) collector in coimbatore , india , used for drying marigolds . [ sep ] parabolic dish , trough and scheffler reflectors
solar concentrating technologies such as parabolic dish , trough and scheffler reflectors can provide process heat for commercial and industrial applications . the first commercial system was the solar total energy project ( step ) in shenandoah , georgia , usa where a field of 114 parabolic dishes provided 50 % of the process heating , air conditioning and electrical requirements for a clothing factory . this grid - connected cogeneration system provided 400 kw of electricity plus thermal energy in the form of 401 kw steam and 468 kw chilled water , and had a one - hour peak load thermal storage . evaporation ponds are shallow pools that concentrate dissolved solids through evaporation . the use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water is one of the oldest applications of solar energy . modern uses include concentrating brine solutions used in leach mining and removing dissolved solids from waste streams . clothes lines , clotheshorses , and clothes racks dry clothes through evaporation by wind and sunlight without consuming electricity or gas . in some states of the united states legislation protects the " right to dry " clothes . unglazed transpired collectors ( utc ) are perforated sun - facing walls used for preheating ventilation air . utcs can raise the incoming air temperature up to 22 °c ( 40 °f ) and deliver outlet temperatures of 45 – 60 °c ( 113 – 140 °f ) . the short payback period of transpired collectors ( 3 to 12 years ) makes them a more cost - effective alternative than glazed collection systems . as of 2003 , over 80 systems with a combined collector area of 35 , 000 square metres ( 380 , 000 sq ft ) had been installed worldwide , including an 860 m2 ( 9 , 300 sq ft ) collector in costa rica used for drying coffee beans and a 1 , 300 m2 ( 14 , 000 sq ft ) collector in coimbatore , india , used for drying marigolds . [ sep ] solar total energy project ( step ) in shenandoah , georgia , usa
solar concentrating technologies such as parabolic dish , trough and scheffler reflectors can provide process heat for commercial and industrial applications . the first commercial system was the solar total energy project ( step ) in shenandoah , georgia , usa where a field of 114 parabolic dishes provided 50 % of the process heating , air conditioning and electrical requirements for a clothing factory . this grid - connected cogeneration system provided 400 kw of electricity plus thermal energy in the form of 401 kw steam and 468 kw chilled water , and had a one - hour peak load thermal storage . evaporation ponds are shallow pools that concentrate dissolved solids through evaporation . the use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water is one of the oldest applications of solar energy . modern uses include concentrating brine solutions used in leach mining and removing dissolved solids from waste streams . clothes lines , clotheshorses , and clothes racks dry clothes through evaporation by wind and sunlight without consuming electricity or gas . in some states of the united states legislation protects the " right to dry " clothes . unglazed transpired collectors ( utc ) are perforated sun - facing walls used for preheating ventilation air . utcs can raise the incoming air temperature up to 22 °c ( 40 °f ) and deliver outlet temperatures of 45 – 60 °c ( 113 – 140 °f ) . the short payback period of transpired collectors ( 3 to 12 years ) makes them a more cost - effective alternative than glazed collection systems . as of 2003 , over 80 systems with a combined collector area of 35 , 000 square metres ( 380 , 000 sq ft ) had been installed worldwide , including an 860 m2 ( 9 , 300 sq ft ) collector in costa rica used for drying coffee beans and a 1 , 300 m2 ( 14 , 000 sq ft ) collector in coimbatore , india , used for drying marigolds . [ sep ] use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water
solar concentrating technologies such as parabolic dish , trough and scheffler reflectors can provide process heat for commercial and industrial applications . the first commercial system was the solar total energy project ( step ) in shenandoah , georgia , usa where a field of 114 parabolic dishes provided 50 % of the process heating , air conditioning and electrical requirements for a clothing factory . this grid - connected cogeneration system provided 400 kw of electricity plus thermal energy in the form of 401 kw steam and 468 kw chilled water , and had a one - hour peak load thermal storage . evaporation ponds are shallow pools that concentrate dissolved solids through evaporation . the use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water is one of the oldest applications of solar energy . modern uses include concentrating brine solutions used in leach mining and removing dissolved solids from waste streams . clothes lines , clotheshorses , and clothes racks dry clothes through evaporation by wind and sunlight without consuming electricity or gas . in some states of the united states legislation protects the " right to dry " clothes . unglazed transpired collectors ( utc ) are perforated sun - facing walls used for preheating ventilation air . utcs can raise the incoming air temperature up to 22 °c ( 40 °f ) and deliver outlet temperatures of 45 – 60 °c ( 113 – 140 °f ) . the short payback period of transpired collectors ( 3 to 12 years ) makes them a more cost - effective alternative than glazed collection systems . as of 2003 , over 80 systems with a combined collector area of 35 , 000 square metres ( 380 , 000 sq ft ) had been installed worldwide , including an 860 m2 ( 9 , 300 sq ft ) collector in costa rica used for drying coffee beans and a 1 , 300 m2 ( 14 , 000 sq ft ) collector in coimbatore , india , used for drying marigolds . [ sep ] clothes lines , clotheshorses , and clothes racks
solar concentrating technologies such as parabolic dish , trough and scheffler reflectors can provide process heat for commercial and industrial applications . the first commercial system was the solar total energy project ( step ) in shenandoah , georgia , usa where a field of 114 parabolic dishes provided 50 % of the process heating , air conditioning and electrical requirements for a clothing factory . this grid - connected cogeneration system provided 400 kw of electricity plus thermal energy in the form of 401 kw steam and 468 kw chilled water , and had a one - hour peak load thermal storage . evaporation ponds are shallow pools that concentrate dissolved solids through evaporation . the use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water is one of the oldest applications of solar energy . modern uses include concentrating brine solutions used in leach mining and removing dissolved solids from waste streams . clothes lines , clotheshorses , and clothes racks dry clothes through evaporation by wind and sunlight without consuming electricity or gas . in some states of the united states legislation protects the " right to dry " clothes . unglazed transpired collectors ( utc ) are perforated sun - facing walls used for preheating ventilation air . utcs can raise the incoming air temperature up to 22 °c ( 40 °f ) and deliver outlet temperatures of 45 – 60 °c ( 113 – 140 °f ) . the short payback period of transpired collectors ( 3 to 12 years ) makes them a more cost - effective alternative than glazed collection systems . as of 2003 , over 80 systems with a combined collector area of 35 , 000 square metres ( 380 , 000 sq ft ) had been installed worldwide , including an 860 m2 ( 9 , 300 sq ft ) collector in costa rica used for drying coffee beans and a 1 , 300 m2 ( 14 , 000 sq ft ) collector in coimbatore , india , used for drying marigolds . [ sep ] perforated sun - facing walls used for preheating ventilation air
chopin ' s music is frequently played with rubato , " the practice in performance of disregarding strict time , ' robbing ' some note - values for expressive effect " . there are differing opinions as to how much , and what type , of rubato is appropriate for his works . charles rosen comments that " most of the written - out indications of rubato in chopin are to be found in his mazurkas . . . it is probable that chopin used the older form of rubato so important to mozart . . . [ where ] the melody note in the right hand is delayed until after the note in the bass . . . an allied form of this rubato is the arpeggiation of the chords thereby delaying the melody note ; according to chopin ' s pupil , karol mikuli , chopin was firmly opposed to this practice . " [ sep ] rubato
chopin ' s music is frequently played with rubato , " the practice in performance of disregarding strict time , ' robbing ' some note - values for expressive effect " . there are differing opinions as to how much , and what type , of rubato is appropriate for his works . charles rosen comments that " most of the written - out indications of rubato in chopin are to be found in his mazurkas . . . it is probable that chopin used the older form of rubato so important to mozart . . . [ where ] the melody note in the right hand is delayed until after the note in the bass . . . an allied form of this rubato is the arpeggiation of the chords thereby delaying the melody note ; according to chopin ' s pupil , karol mikuli , chopin was firmly opposed to this practice . " [ sep ] the practice in performance of disregarding strict time
friederike muller , a pupil of chopin , wrote : " [ his ] playing was always noble and beautiful ; his tones sang , whether in full forte or softest piano . he took infinite pains to teach his pupils this legato , cantabile style of playing . his most severe criticism was ' he — or she — does not know how to join two notes together . ' he also demanded the strictest adherence to rhythm . he hated all lingering and dragging , misplaced rubatos , as well as exaggerated ritardandos . . . and it is precisely in this respect that people make such terrible errors in playing his works . " [ sep ] friederike muller
buddhism / ˈbudɪzəm / is a nontheistic religion [ note 1 ] or philosophy ( sanskrit : धरम dharma ; pali : धमम dhamma ) that encompasses a variety of traditions , beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to gautama buddha , commonly known as the buddha ( " the awakened one " ) . according to buddhist tradition , the buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of the indian subcontinent , present - day nepal sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries bce . [ note 1 ] he is recognized by buddhists as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end their suffering through the elimination of ignorance and craving . buddhists believe that this is accomplished through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the four noble truths . [ sep ] nontheistic
buddhism / ˈbudɪzəm / is a nontheistic religion [ note 1 ] or philosophy ( sanskrit : धरम dharma ; pali : धमम dhamma ) that encompasses a variety of traditions , beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to gautama buddha , commonly known as the buddha ( " the awakened one " ) . according to buddhist tradition , the buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of the indian subcontinent , present - day nepal sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries bce . [ note 1 ] he is recognized by buddhists as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end their suffering through the elimination of ignorance and craving . buddhists believe that this is accomplished through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the four noble truths . [ sep ] teachings attributed to gautama buddha
buddhism / ˈbudɪzəm / is a nontheistic religion [ note 1 ] or philosophy ( sanskrit : धरम dharma ; pali : धमम dhamma ) that encompasses a variety of traditions , beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to gautama buddha , commonly known as the buddha ( " the awakened one " ) . according to buddhist tradition , the buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of the indian subcontinent , present - day nepal sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries bce . [ note 1 ] he is recognized by buddhists as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end their suffering through the elimination of ignorance and craving . buddhists believe that this is accomplished through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the four noble truths . [ sep ] present - day nepal
buddhism / ˈbudɪzəm / is a nontheistic religion [ note 1 ] or philosophy ( sanskrit : धरम dharma ; pali : धमम dhamma ) that encompasses a variety of traditions , beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to gautama buddha , commonly known as the buddha ( " the awakened one " ) . according to buddhist tradition , the buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of the indian subcontinent , present - day nepal sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries bce . [ note 1 ] he is recognized by buddhists as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end their suffering through the elimination of ignorance and craving . buddhists believe that this is accomplished through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the four noble truths . [ sep ] through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the four noble truths
buddhism / ˈbudɪzəm / is a nontheistic religion [ note 1 ] or philosophy ( sanskrit : धरम dharma ; pali : धमम dhamma ) that encompasses a variety of traditions , beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to gautama buddha , commonly known as the buddha ( " the awakened one " ) . according to buddhist tradition , the buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of the indian subcontinent , present - day nepal sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries bce . [ note 1 ] he is recognized by buddhists as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end their suffering through the elimination of ignorance and craving . buddhists believe that this is accomplished through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the four noble truths . [ sep ] ignorance and craving
two major extant branches of buddhism are generally recognized by scholars : theravada ( " the school of the elders " ) and mahayana ( " the great vehicle " ) . vajrayana , a body of teachings attributed to indian siddhas , may be viewed as a third branch or merely a part of mahayana . theravada has a widespread following in sri lanka and southeast asia . mahayana which includes the traditions of pure land , zen , nichiren buddhism , shingon , and tiantai ( tendai ) is found throughout east asia . tibetan buddhism , which preserves the vajrayana teachings of eighth century india , is practiced in regions surrounding the himalayas , mongolia and kalmykia . buddhists number between an estimated 488 million [ web 1 ] and 535 million , making it one of the world ' s major religions . [ sep ] theravada ( " the school of the elders " ) and mahayana ( " the great vehicle " )
two major extant branches of buddhism are generally recognized by scholars : theravada ( " the school of the elders " ) and mahayana ( " the great vehicle " ) . vajrayana , a body of teachings attributed to indian siddhas , may be viewed as a third branch or merely a part of mahayana . theravada has a widespread following in sri lanka and southeast asia . mahayana which includes the traditions of pure land , zen , nichiren buddhism , shingon , and tiantai ( tendai ) is found throughout east asia . tibetan buddhism , which preserves the vajrayana teachings of eighth century india , is practiced in regions surrounding the himalayas , mongolia and kalmykia . buddhists number between an estimated 488 million [ web 1 ] and 535 million , making it one of the world ' s major religions . [ sep ] vajrayana
two major extant branches of buddhism are generally recognized by scholars : theravada ( " the school of the elders " ) and mahayana ( " the great vehicle " ) . vajrayana , a body of teachings attributed to indian siddhas , may be viewed as a third branch or merely a part of mahayana . theravada has a widespread following in sri lanka and southeast asia . mahayana which includes the traditions of pure land , zen , nichiren buddhism , shingon , and tiantai ( tendai ) is found throughout east asia . tibetan buddhism , which preserves the vajrayana teachings of eighth century india , is practiced in regions surrounding the himalayas , mongolia and kalmykia . buddhists number between an estimated 488 million [ web 1 ] and 535 million , making it one of the world ' s major religions . [ sep ] sri lanka and southeast asia
two major extant branches of buddhism are generally recognized by scholars : theravada ( " the school of the elders " ) and mahayana ( " the great vehicle " ) . vajrayana , a body of teachings attributed to indian siddhas , may be viewed as a third branch or merely a part of mahayana . theravada has a widespread following in sri lanka and southeast asia . mahayana which includes the traditions of pure land , zen , nichiren buddhism , shingon , and tiantai ( tendai ) is found throughout east asia . tibetan buddhism , which preserves the vajrayana teachings of eighth century india , is practiced in regions surrounding the himalayas , mongolia and kalmykia . buddhists number between an estimated 488 million [ web 1 ] and 535 million , making it one of the world ' s major religions . [ sep ] pure land , zen , nichiren buddhism , shingon , and tiantai ( tendai )
two major extant branches of buddhism are generally recognized by scholars : theravada ( " the school of the elders " ) and mahayana ( " the great vehicle " ) . vajrayana , a body of teachings attributed to indian siddhas , may be viewed as a third branch or merely a part of mahayana . theravada has a widespread following in sri lanka and southeast asia . mahayana which includes the traditions of pure land , zen , nichiren buddhism , shingon , and tiantai ( tendai ) is found throughout east asia . tibetan buddhism , which preserves the vajrayana teachings of eighth century india , is practiced in regions surrounding the himalayas , mongolia and kalmykia . buddhists number between an estimated 488 million [ web 1 ] and 535 million , making it one of the world ' s major religions . [ sep ] 488 million [ web 1 ] and 535 million
with his mazurkas and polonaises , chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism . schumann , in his 1836 review of the piano concertos , highlighted the composer ' s strong feelings for his native poland , writing that " now that the poles are in deep mourning [ after the failure of the november 1830 rising ] , their appeal to us artists is even stronger . . . if the mighty autocrat in the north [ i . e . nicholas i of russia ] could know that in chopin ' s works , in the simple strains of his mazurkas , there lurks a dangerous enemy , he would place a ban on his music . chopin ' s works are cannon buried in flowers ! " the biography of chopin published in 1863 under the name of franz liszt ( but probably written by carolyne zu sayn - wittgenstein ) claims that chopin " must be ranked first among the first musicians . . . individualizing in themselves the poetic sense of an entire nation . " [ sep ] sense of nationalism
with his mazurkas and polonaises , chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism . schumann , in his 1836 review of the piano concertos , highlighted the composer ' s strong feelings for his native poland , writing that " now that the poles are in deep mourning [ after the failure of the november 1830 rising ] , their appeal to us artists is even stronger . . . if the mighty autocrat in the north [ i . e . nicholas i of russia ] could know that in chopin ' s works , in the simple strains of his mazurkas , there lurks a dangerous enemy , he would place a ban on his music . chopin ' s works are cannon buried in flowers ! " the biography of chopin published in 1863 under the name of franz liszt ( but probably written by carolyne zu sayn - wittgenstein ) claims that chopin " must be ranked first among the first musicians . . . individualizing in themselves the poetic sense of an entire nation . " [ sep ] 1836
with his mazurkas and polonaises , chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism . schumann , in his 1836 review of the piano concertos , highlighted the composer ' s strong feelings for his native poland , writing that " now that the poles are in deep mourning [ after the failure of the november 1830 rising ] , their appeal to us artists is even stronger . . . if the mighty autocrat in the north [ i . e . nicholas i of russia ] could know that in chopin ' s works , in the simple strains of his mazurkas , there lurks a dangerous enemy , he would place a ban on his music . chopin ' s works are cannon buried in flowers ! " the biography of chopin published in 1863 under the name of franz liszt ( but probably written by carolyne zu sayn - wittgenstein ) claims that chopin " must be ranked first among the first musicians . . . individualizing in themselves the poetic sense of an entire nation . " [ sep ] poland
with his mazurkas and polonaises , chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism . schumann , in his 1836 review of the piano concertos , highlighted the composer ' s strong feelings for his native poland , writing that " now that the poles are in deep mourning [ after the failure of the november 1830 rising ] , their appeal to us artists is even stronger . . . if the mighty autocrat in the north [ i . e . nicholas i of russia ] could know that in chopin ' s works , in the simple strains of his mazurkas , there lurks a dangerous enemy , he would place a ban on his music . chopin ' s works are cannon buried in flowers ! " the biography of chopin published in 1863 under the name of franz liszt ( but probably written by carolyne zu sayn - wittgenstein ) claims that chopin " must be ranked first among the first musicians . . . individualizing in themselves the poetic sense of an entire nation . " [ sep ] the failure of the november 1830
with his mazurkas and polonaises , chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism . schumann , in his 1836 review of the piano concertos , highlighted the composer ' s strong feelings for his native poland , writing that " now that the poles are in deep mourning [ after the failure of the november 1830 rising ] , their appeal to us artists is even stronger . . . if the mighty autocrat in the north [ i . e . nicholas i of russia ] could know that in chopin ' s works , in the simple strains of his mazurkas , there lurks a dangerous enemy , he would place a ban on his music . chopin ' s works are cannon buried in flowers ! " the biography of chopin published in 1863 under the name of franz liszt ( but probably written by carolyne zu sayn - wittgenstein ) claims that chopin " must be ranked first among the first musicians . . . individualizing in themselves the poetic sense of an entire nation . " [ sep ] carolyne zu sayn - wittgenstein
in theravada buddhism , the ultimate goal is the attainment of the sublime state of nirvana , achieved by practicing the noble eightfold path ( also known as the middle way ) , thus escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth . mahayana buddhism instead aspires to buddhahood via the bodhisattva path , a state wherein one remains in this cycle to help other beings reach awakening . tibetan buddhism aspires to buddhahood or rainbow body . [ sep ] the attainment of the sublime state of nirvana
in theravada buddhism , the ultimate goal is the attainment of the sublime state of nirvana , achieved by practicing the noble eightfold path ( also known as the middle way ) , thus escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth . mahayana buddhism instead aspires to buddhahood via the bodhisattva path , a state wherein one remains in this cycle to help other beings reach awakening . tibetan buddhism aspires to buddhahood or rainbow body . [ sep ] practicing the noble eightfold path ( also known as the middle way )
in theravada buddhism , the ultimate goal is the attainment of the sublime state of nirvana , achieved by practicing the noble eightfold path ( also known as the middle way ) , thus escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth . mahayana buddhism instead aspires to buddhahood via the bodhisattva path , a state wherein one remains in this cycle to help other beings reach awakening . tibetan buddhism aspires to buddhahood or rainbow body . [ sep ] a state wherein one remains in this cycle to help other beings reach awakening
in theravada buddhism , the ultimate goal is the attainment of the sublime state of nirvana , achieved by practicing the noble eightfold path ( also known as the middle way ) , thus escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth . mahayana buddhism instead aspires to buddhahood via the bodhisattva path , a state wherein one remains in this cycle to help other beings reach awakening . tibetan buddhism aspires to buddhahood or rainbow body . [ sep ] buddhahood or rainbow body
some modern commentators have argued against exaggerating chopin ' s primacy as a " nationalist " or " patriotic " composer . george golos refers to earlier " nationalist " composers in central europe , including poland ' s michał kleofas oginski and franciszek lessel , who utilised polonaise and mazurka forms . barbara milewski suggests that chopin ' s experience of polish music came more from " urbanised " warsaw versions than from folk music , and that attempts ( by jachimecki and others ) to demonstrate genuine folk music in his works are without basis . richard taruskin impugns schumann ' s attitude toward chopin ' s works as patronizing and comments that chopin " felt his polish patriotism deeply and sincerely " but consciously modelled his works on the tradition of bach , beethoven , schubert and field . [ sep ] barbara milewski
some modern commentators have argued against exaggerating chopin ' s primacy as a " nationalist " or " patriotic " composer . george golos refers to earlier " nationalist " composers in central europe , including poland ' s michał kleofas oginski and franciszek lessel , who utilised polonaise and mazurka forms . barbara milewski suggests that chopin ' s experience of polish music came more from " urbanised " warsaw versions than from folk music , and that attempts ( by jachimecki and others ) to demonstrate genuine folk music in his works are without basis . richard taruskin impugns schumann ' s attitude toward chopin ' s works as patronizing and comments that chopin " felt his polish patriotism deeply and sincerely " but consciously modelled his works on the tradition of bach , beethoven , schubert and field . [ sep ] michał kleofas oginski and franciszek lessel
more than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city , and the publishing industry employs about 25 , 000 people . two of the three national daily newspapers in the united states are new york papers : the wall street journal and the new york times , which has won the most pulitzer prizes for journalism . major tabloid newspapers in the city include : the new york daily news , which was founded in 1919 by joseph medill patterson and the new york post , founded in 1801 by alexander hamilton . the city also has a comprehensive ethnic press , with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages . el diario la prensa is new york ' s largest spanish - language daily and the oldest in the nation . the new york amsterdam news , published in harlem , is a prominent african american newspaper . the village voice is the largest alternative newspaper . [ sep ] more than 200
more than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city , and the publishing industry employs about 25 , 000 people . two of the three national daily newspapers in the united states are new york papers : the wall street journal and the new york times , which has won the most pulitzer prizes for journalism . major tabloid newspapers in the city include : the new york daily news , which was founded in 1919 by joseph medill patterson and the new york post , founded in 1801 by alexander hamilton . the city also has a comprehensive ethnic press , with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages . el diario la prensa is new york ' s largest spanish - language daily and the oldest in the nation . the new york amsterdam news , published in harlem , is a prominent african american newspaper . the village voice is the largest alternative newspaper . [ sep ] 350
more than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city , and the publishing industry employs about 25 , 000 people . two of the three national daily newspapers in the united states are new york papers : the wall street journal and the new york times , which has won the most pulitzer prizes for journalism . major tabloid newspapers in the city include : the new york daily news , which was founded in 1919 by joseph medill patterson and the new york post , founded in 1801 by alexander hamilton . the city also has a comprehensive ethnic press , with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages . el diario la prensa is new york ' s largest spanish - language daily and the oldest in the nation . the new york amsterdam news , published in harlem , is a prominent african american newspaper . the village voice is the largest alternative newspaper . [ sep ] 2
more than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city , and the publishing industry employs about 25 , 000 people . two of the three national daily newspapers in the united states are new york papers : the wall street journal and the new york times , which has won the most pulitzer prizes for journalism . major tabloid newspapers in the city include : the new york daily news , which was founded in 1919 by joseph medill patterson and the new york post , founded in 1801 by alexander hamilton . the city also has a comprehensive ethnic press , with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages . el diario la prensa is new york ' s largest spanish - language daily and the oldest in the nation . the new york amsterdam news , published in harlem , is a prominent african american newspaper . the village voice is the largest alternative newspaper . [ sep ] the wall street journal and the new york times
more than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city , and the publishing industry employs about 25 , 000 people . two of the three national daily newspapers in the united states are new york papers : the wall street journal and the new york times , which has won the most pulitzer prizes for journalism . major tabloid newspapers in the city include : the new york daily news , which was founded in 1919 by joseph medill patterson and the new york post , founded in 1801 by alexander hamilton . the city also has a comprehensive ethnic press , with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages . el diario la prensa is new york ' s largest spanish - language daily and the oldest in the nation . the new york amsterdam news , published in harlem , is a prominent african american newspaper . the village voice is the largest alternative newspaper . [ sep ] 1919
a reconciliation of these views is suggested by william atwood : " undoubtedly [ chopin ' s ] use of traditional musical forms like the polonaise and mazurka roused nationalistic sentiments and a sense of cohesiveness amongst those poles scattered across europe and the new world . . . while some sought solace in [ them ] , others found them a source of strength in their continuing struggle for freedom . although chopin ' s music undoubtedly came to him intuitively rather than through any conscious patriotic design , it served all the same to symbolize the will of the polish people . . . " [ sep ] intuitive
new york is also a major center for non - commercial educational media . the oldest public - access television channel in the united states is the manhattan neighborhood network , founded in 1971 . wnet is the city ' s major public television station and a primary source of national public broadcasting service ( pbs ) television programming . wnyc , a public radio station owned by the city until 1997 , has the largest public radio audience in the united states . [ sep ] manhattan neighborhood network
new york is also a major center for non - commercial educational media . the oldest public - access television channel in the united states is the manhattan neighborhood network , founded in 1971 . wnet is the city ' s major public television station and a primary source of national public broadcasting service ( pbs ) television programming . wnyc , a public radio station owned by the city until 1997 , has the largest public radio audience in the united states . [ sep ] 1971
new york is also a major center for non - commercial educational media . the oldest public - access television channel in the united states is the manhattan neighborhood network , founded in 1971 . wnet is the city ' s major public television station and a primary source of national public broadcasting service ( pbs ) television programming . wnyc , a public radio station owned by the city until 1997 , has the largest public radio audience in the united states . [ sep ] wnyc
the new york city public schools system , managed by the new york city department of education , is the largest public school system in the united states , serving about 1 . 1 million students in more than 1 , 700 separate primary and secondary schools . the city ' s public school system includes nine specialized high schools to serve academically and artistically gifted students . [ sep ] 1 . 1 million
the new york city public schools system , managed by the new york city department of education , is the largest public school system in the united states , serving about 1 . 1 million students in more than 1 , 700 separate primary and secondary schools . the city ' s public school system includes nine specialized high schools to serve academically and artistically gifted students . [ sep ] nine
jones comments that " chopin ' s unique position as a composer , despite the fact that virtually everything he wrote was for the piano , has rarely been questioned . " he also notes that chopin was fortunate to arrive in paris in 1831 — " the artistic environment , the publishers who were willing to print his music , the wealthy and aristocratic who paid what chopin asked for their lessons " — and these factors , as well as his musical genius , also fuelled his contemporary and later reputation . while his illness and his love - affairs conform to some of the stereotypes of romanticism , the rarity of his public recitals ( as opposed to performances at fashionable paris soirees ) led arthur hutchings to suggest that " his lack of byronic flamboyance [ and ] his aristocratic reclusiveness make him exceptional " among his romantic contemporaries , such as liszt and henri herz . [ sep ] byronic flamboyance
jones comments that " chopin ' s unique position as a composer , despite the fact that virtually everything he wrote was for the piano , has rarely been questioned . " he also notes that chopin was fortunate to arrive in paris in 1831 — " the artistic environment , the publishers who were willing to print his music , the wealthy and aristocratic who paid what chopin asked for their lessons " — and these factors , as well as his musical genius , also fuelled his contemporary and later reputation . while his illness and his love - affairs conform to some of the stereotypes of romanticism , the rarity of his public recitals ( as opposed to performances at fashionable paris soirees ) led arthur hutchings to suggest that " his lack of byronic flamboyance [ and ] his aristocratic reclusiveness make him exceptional " among his romantic contemporaries , such as liszt and henri herz . [ sep ] liszt and henri herz
the new york public library , which has the largest collection of any public library system in the united states , serves manhattan , the bronx , and staten island . queens is served by the queens borough public library , the nation ' s second largest public library system , while the brooklyn public library serves brooklyn . [ sep ] the new york public library
the new york public library , which has the largest collection of any public library system in the united states , serves manhattan , the bronx , and staten island . queens is served by the queens borough public library , the nation ' s second largest public library system , while the brooklyn public library serves brooklyn . [ sep ] queens borough public library
chopin ' s qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians . schumann named a piece for him in his suite carnaval , and chopin later dedicated his ballade no . 2 in f major to schumann . elements of chopin ' s music can be traced in many of liszt ' s later works . liszt later transcribed for piano six of chopin ' s polish songs . a less fraught friendship was with alkan , with whom he discussed elements of folk music , and who was deeply affected by chopin ' s death . [ sep ] carnaval
chopin ' s qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians . schumann named a piece for him in his suite carnaval , and chopin later dedicated his ballade no . 2 in f major to schumann . elements of chopin ' s music can be traced in many of liszt ' s later works . liszt later transcribed for piano six of chopin ' s polish songs . a less fraught friendship was with alkan , with whom he discussed elements of folk music , and who was deeply affected by chopin ' s death . [ sep ] ballade no . 2 in f major
chopin ' s qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians . schumann named a piece for him in his suite carnaval , and chopin later dedicated his ballade no . 2 in f major to schumann . elements of chopin ' s music can be traced in many of liszt ' s later works . liszt later transcribed for piano six of chopin ' s polish songs . a less fraught friendship was with alkan , with whom he discussed elements of folk music , and who was deeply affected by chopin ' s death . [ sep ] six
chopin ' s qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians . schumann named a piece for him in his suite carnaval , and chopin later dedicated his ballade no . 2 in f major to schumann . elements of chopin ' s music can be traced in many of liszt ' s later works . liszt later transcribed for piano six of chopin ' s polish songs . a less fraught friendship was with alkan , with whom he discussed elements of folk music , and who was deeply affected by chopin ' s death . [ sep ] alkan
the new york city health and hospitals corporation ( hhc ) operates the public hospitals and clinics in new york city . a public benefit corporation with $ 6 . 7 billion in annual revenues , hhc is the largest municipal healthcare system in the united states serving 1 . 4 million patients , including more than 475 , 000 uninsured city residents . hhc was created in 1969 by the new york state legislature as a public benefit corporation ( chapter 1016 of the laws 1969 ) . it is similar to a municipal agency but has a board of directors . hhc operates 11 acute care hospitals , five nursing homes , six diagnostic and treatment centers , and more than 70 community - based primary care sites , serving primarily the poor and working class . hhc ' s metroplus health plan is one of the new york area ' s largest providers of government - sponsored health insurance and is the plan of choice for nearly half million new yorkers . [ sep ] new york city health and hospitals corporation
the new york city health and hospitals corporation ( hhc ) operates the public hospitals and clinics in new york city . a public benefit corporation with $ 6 . 7 billion in annual revenues , hhc is the largest municipal healthcare system in the united states serving 1 . 4 million patients , including more than 475 , 000 uninsured city residents . hhc was created in 1969 by the new york state legislature as a public benefit corporation ( chapter 1016 of the laws 1969 ) . it is similar to a municipal agency but has a board of directors . hhc operates 11 acute care hospitals , five nursing homes , six diagnostic and treatment centers , and more than 70 community - based primary care sites , serving primarily the poor and working class . hhc ' s metroplus health plan is one of the new york area ' s largest providers of government - sponsored health insurance and is the plan of choice for nearly half million new yorkers . [ sep ] 11
the most well - known hospital in the hhc system is bellevue hospital , the oldest public hospital in the united states . bellevue is the designated hospital for treatment of the president of the united states and other world leaders if they become sick or injured while in new york city . the president of hhc is ramanathan raju , md , a surgeon and former ceo of the cook county health system in illinois . [ sep ] bellevue hospital
the most well - known hospital in the hhc system is bellevue hospital , the oldest public hospital in the united states . bellevue is the designated hospital for treatment of the president of the united states and other world leaders if they become sick or injured while in new york city . the president of hhc is ramanathan raju , md , a surgeon and former ceo of the cook county health system in illinois . [ sep ] ramanathan raju
the new york city police department ( nypd ) has been the largest police force in the united states by a significant margin , with over 35 , 000 sworn officers . members of the nypd are frequently referred to by politicians , the media , and their own police cars by the nickname , new york ' s finest . [ sep ] 35 , 000
the new york city police department ( nypd ) has been the largest police force in the united states by a significant margin , with over 35 , 000 sworn officers . members of the nypd are frequently referred to by politicians , the media , and their own police cars by the nickname , new york ' s finest . [ sep ] new york ' s finest
two of chopin ' s long - standing pupils , karol mikuli ( 1821 – 1897 ) and georges mathias , were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students , some of whom ( such as raoul koczalski ) were to make recordings of his music . other pianists and composers influenced by chopin ' s style include louis moreau gottschalk , edouard wolff ( 1816 – 1880 ) and pierre zimmermann . debussy dedicated his own 1915 piano etudes to the memory of chopin ; he frequently played chopin ' s music during his studies at the paris conservatoire , and undertook the editing of chopin ' s piano music for the publisher jacques durand . [ sep ] debussy
two of chopin ' s long - standing pupils , karol mikuli ( 1821 – 1897 ) and georges mathias , were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students , some of whom ( such as raoul koczalski ) were to make recordings of his music . other pianists and composers influenced by chopin ' s style include louis moreau gottschalk , edouard wolff ( 1816 – 1880 ) and pierre zimmermann . debussy dedicated his own 1915 piano etudes to the memory of chopin ; he frequently played chopin ' s music during his studies at the paris conservatoire , and undertook the editing of chopin ' s piano music for the publisher jacques durand . [ sep ] jacques durand
in 2012 , new york city had the lowest overall crime rate and the second lowest murder rate among the largest u . s . cities , having become significantly safer after a spike in crime in the 1970s through 1990s . violent crime in new york city decreased more than 75 % from 1993 to 2005 , and continued decreasing during periods when the nation as a whole saw increases . by 2002 , new york city ' s crime rate was similar to that of provo , utah , and was ranked 197th in crime among the 216 u . s . cities with populations greater than 100 , 000 . in 2005 the homicide rate was at its lowest level since 1966 , and in 2007 the city recorded fewer than 500 homicides for the first time ever since crime statistics were first published in 1963 . in the first six months of 2010 , 95 . 1 % of all murder victims and 95 . 9 % of all shooting victims in new york city were black or hispanic ; additionally , 90 . 2 percent of those arrested for murder and 96 . 7 percent of those arrested for shooting someone were black or hispanic . new york experienced a record low of 328 homicides in 2014 and has a far lower murder rate than other major american cities . [ sep ] 328
organized crime has long been associated with new york city , beginning with the forty thieves and the roach guards in the five points in the 1820s . the 20th century saw a rise in the mafia , dominated by the five families , as well as in gangs , including the black spades . the mafia presence has declined in the city in the 21st century . [ sep ] forty thieves and the roach guards
the new york city fire department ( fdny ) , provides fire protection , technical rescue , primary response to biological , chemical , and radioactive hazards , and emergency medical services for the five boroughs of new york city . the new york city fire department is the largest municipal fire department in the united states and the second largest in the world after the tokyo fire department . the fdny employs approximately 11 , 080 uniformed firefighters and over 3 , 300 uniformed emts and paramedics . the fdny ' s motto is new york ' s bravest . [ sep ] tokyo fire department
the new york city fire department ( fdny ) , provides fire protection , technical rescue , primary response to biological , chemical , and radioactive hazards , and emergency medical services for the five boroughs of new york city . the new york city fire department is the largest municipal fire department in the united states and the second largest in the world after the tokyo fire department . the fdny employs approximately 11 , 080 uniformed firefighters and over 3 , 300 uniformed emts and paramedics . the fdny ' s motto is new york ' s bravest . [ sep ] the new york city fire department
the new york city fire department ( fdny ) , provides fire protection , technical rescue , primary response to biological , chemical , and radioactive hazards , and emergency medical services for the five boroughs of new york city . the new york city fire department is the largest municipal fire department in the united states and the second largest in the world after the tokyo fire department . the fdny employs approximately 11 , 080 uniformed firefighters and over 3 , 300 uniformed emts and paramedics . the fdny ' s motto is new york ' s bravest . [ sep ] new york ' s bravest
the new york city fire department faces highly multifaceted firefighting challenges in many ways unique to new york . in addition to responding to building types that range from wood - frame single family homes to high - rise structures , there are many secluded bridges and tunnels , as well as large parks and wooded areas that can give rise to brush fires . new york is also home to one of the largest subway systems in the world , consisting of hundreds of miles of tunnel with electrified track . [ sep ] subway systems
the fdny headquarters is located at 9 metrotech center in downtown brooklyn , and the fdny fire academy is located on randalls island . there are three bureau of fire communications alarm offices which receive and dispatch alarms to appropriate units . one office , at 11 metrotech center in brooklyn , houses manhattan / citywide , brooklyn , and staten island fire communications . the bronx and queens offices are in separate buildings . [ sep ] 9 metrotech center
the fdny headquarters is located at 9 metrotech center in downtown brooklyn , and the fdny fire academy is located on randalls island . there are three bureau of fire communications alarm offices which receive and dispatch alarms to appropriate units . one office , at 11 metrotech center in brooklyn , houses manhattan / citywide , brooklyn , and staten island fire communications . the bronx and queens offices are in separate buildings . [ sep ] randalls island
the fdny headquarters is located at 9 metrotech center in downtown brooklyn , and the fdny fire academy is located on randalls island . there are three bureau of fire communications alarm offices which receive and dispatch alarms to appropriate units . one office , at 11 metrotech center in brooklyn , houses manhattan / citywide , brooklyn , and staten island fire communications . the bronx and queens offices are in separate buildings . [ sep ] brooklyn
numerous major american cultural movements began in the city , such as the harlem renaissance , which established the african - american literary canon in the united states . the city was a center of jazz in the 1940s , abstract expressionism in the 1950s , and the birthplace of hip hop in the 1970s . the city ' s punk and hardcore scenes were influential in the 1970s and 1980s . new york has long had a flourishing scene for jewish american literature . [ sep ] 1940s
numerous major american cultural movements began in the city , such as the harlem renaissance , which established the african - american literary canon in the united states . the city was a center of jazz in the 1940s , abstract expressionism in the 1950s , and the birthplace of hip hop in the 1970s . the city ' s punk and hardcore scenes were influential in the 1970s and 1980s . new york has long had a flourishing scene for jewish american literature . [ sep ] 1970s
solar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish water potable . the first recorded instance of this was by 16th - century arab alchemists . a large - scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the chilean mining town of las salinas . the plant , which had solar collection area of 4 , 700 m2 ( 51 , 000 sq ft ) , could produce up to 22 , 700 l ( 5 , 000 imp gal ; 6 , 000 us gal ) per day and operate for 40 years . individual still designs include single - slope , double - slope ( or greenhouse type ) , vertical , conical , inverted absorber , multi - wick , and multiple effect . these stills can operate in passive , active , or hybrid modes . double - slope stills are the most economical for decentralized domestic purposes , while active multiple effect units are more suitable for large - scale applications . [ sep ] solar distillation
solar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish water potable . the first recorded instance of this was by 16th - century arab alchemists . a large - scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the chilean mining town of las salinas . the plant , which had solar collection area of 4 , 700 m2 ( 51 , 000 sq ft ) , could produce up to 22 , 700 l ( 5 , 000 imp gal ; 6 , 000 us gal ) per day and operate for 40 years . individual still designs include single - slope , double - slope ( or greenhouse type ) , vertical , conical , inverted absorber , multi - wick , and multiple effect . these stills can operate in passive , active , or hybrid modes . double - slope stills are the most economical for decentralized domestic purposes , while active multiple effect units are more suitable for large - scale applications . [ sep ] 16th - century arab alchemists
solar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish water potable . the first recorded instance of this was by 16th - century arab alchemists . a large - scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the chilean mining town of las salinas . the plant , which had solar collection area of 4 , 700 m2 ( 51 , 000 sq ft ) , could produce up to 22 , 700 l ( 5 , 000 imp gal ; 6 , 000 us gal ) per day and operate for 40 years . individual still designs include single - slope , double - slope ( or greenhouse type ) , vertical , conical , inverted absorber , multi - wick , and multiple effect . these stills can operate in passive , active , or hybrid modes . double - slope stills are the most economical for decentralized domestic purposes , while active multiple effect units are more suitable for large - scale applications . [ sep ] 1872
solar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish water potable . the first recorded instance of this was by 16th - century arab alchemists . a large - scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the chilean mining town of las salinas . the plant , which had solar collection area of 4 , 700 m2 ( 51 , 000 sq ft ) , could produce up to 22 , 700 l ( 5 , 000 imp gal ; 6 , 000 us gal ) per day and operate for 40 years . individual still designs include single - slope , double - slope ( or greenhouse type ) , vertical , conical , inverted absorber , multi - wick , and multiple effect . these stills can operate in passive , active , or hybrid modes . double - slope stills are the most economical for decentralized domestic purposes , while active multiple effect units are more suitable for large - scale applications . [ sep ] 22 , 700 l ( 5 , 000 imp gal ; 6 , 000 us gal ) per day
solar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish water potable . the first recorded instance of this was by 16th - century arab alchemists . a large - scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the chilean mining town of las salinas . the plant , which had solar collection area of 4 , 700 m2 ( 51 , 000 sq ft ) , could produce up to 22 , 700 l ( 5 , 000 imp gal ; 6 , 000 us gal ) per day and operate for 40 years . individual still designs include single - slope , double - slope ( or greenhouse type ) , vertical , conical , inverted absorber , multi - wick , and multiple effect . these stills can operate in passive , active , or hybrid modes . double - slope stills are the most economical for decentralized domestic purposes , while active multiple effect units are more suitable for large - scale applications . [ sep ] single - slope
the city is the birthplace of many cultural movements , including the harlem renaissance in literature and visual art ; abstract expressionism ( also known as the new york school ) in painting ; and hip hop , punk , salsa , disco , freestyle , tin pan alley , and jazz in music . new york city has been considered the dance capital of the world . the city is also widely celebrated in popular lore , frequently the setting for books , movies ( see list of films set in new york city ) , and television programs . new york fashion week is one of the world ' s preeminent fashion events and is afforded extensive coverage by the media . new york has also frequently been ranked the top fashion capital of the world on the annual list compiled by the global language monitor . [ sep ] new york city
the city is the birthplace of many cultural movements , including the harlem renaissance in literature and visual art ; abstract expressionism ( also known as the new york school ) in painting ; and hip hop , punk , salsa , disco , freestyle , tin pan alley , and jazz in music . new york city has been considered the dance capital of the world . the city is also widely celebrated in popular lore , frequently the setting for books , movies ( see list of films set in new york city ) , and television programs . new york fashion week is one of the world ' s preeminent fashion events and is afforded extensive coverage by the media . new york has also frequently been ranked the top fashion capital of the world on the annual list compiled by the global language monitor . [ sep ] new york fashion week
new york city has more than 2 , 000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries of all sizes . the city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the national endowment for the arts . wealthy business magnates in the 19th century built a network of major cultural institutions , such as the famed carnegie hall and the metropolitan museum of art , that would become internationally established . the advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theater productions , and in the 1880s , new york city theaters on broadway and along 42nd street began featuring a new stage form that became known as the broadway musical . strongly influenced by the city ' s immigrants , productions such as those of harrigan and hart , george m . cohan , and others used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition . [ sep ] 1880s
forty of the city ' s theaters , with more than 500 seats each , are collectively known as broadway , after the major thoroughfare that crosses the times square theater district , sometimes referred to as " the great white way " . according to the broadway league , broadway shows sold approximately us $ 1 . 27 billion worth of tickets in the 2013 – 2014 season , an 11 . 4 % increase from us $ 1 . 139 billion in the 2012 – 2013 season . attendance in 2013 – 2014 stood at 12 . 21 million , representing a 5 . 5 % increase from the 2012 – 2013 season ' s 11 . 57 million . [ sep ] 12 . 21 million
new york city ' s food culture includes a variety of international cuisines influenced by the city ' s immigrant history . central european and italian immigrants originally made the city famous for bagels , cheesecake , and new york - style pizza , while chinese and other asian restaurants , sandwich joints , trattorias , diners , and coffeehouses have become ubiquitous . some 4 , 000 mobile food vendors licensed by the city , many immigrant - owned , have made middle eastern foods such as falafel and kebabs popular examples of modern new york street food . the city is also home to nearly one thousand of the finest and most diverse haute cuisine restaurants in the world , according to michelin . the new york city department of health and mental hygiene assigns letter grades to the city ' s 24 , 000 restaurants based upon their inspection results . [ sep ] 24 , 000
solar water disinfection ( sodis ) involves exposing water - filled plastic polyethylene terephthalate ( pet ) bottles to sunlight for several hours . exposure times vary depending on weather and climate from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions . it is recommended by the world health organization as a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage . over two million people in developing countries use this method for their daily drinking water . [ sep ] a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions
solar water disinfection ( sodis ) involves exposing water - filled plastic polyethylene terephthalate ( pet ) bottles to sunlight for several hours . exposure times vary depending on weather and climate from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions . it is recommended by the world health organization as a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage . over two million people in developing countries use this method for their daily drinking water . [ sep ] a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage
solar water disinfection ( sodis ) involves exposing water - filled plastic polyethylene terephthalate ( pet ) bottles to sunlight for several hours . exposure times vary depending on weather and climate from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions . it is recommended by the world health organization as a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage . over two million people in developing countries use this method for their daily drinking water . [ sep ] over two million people in developing countries
new york city is home to the headquarters of the national football league , major league baseball , the national basketball association , the national hockey league , and major league soccer . the new york metropolitan area hosts the most sports teams in these five professional leagues . participation in professional sports in the city predates all professional leagues , and the city has been continuously hosting professional sports since the birth of the brooklyn dodgers in 1882 . the city has played host to over forty major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing leagues , both current and historic . four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide ( metlife stadium , the new yankee stadium , madison square garden , and citi field ) are located in the new york metropolitan area . madison square garden , its predecessor , as well as the original yankee stadium and ebbets field , are some of the most famous sporting venues in the world , the latter two having been commemorated on u . s . postage stamps . [ sep ] 1882
new york city is home to the headquarters of the national football league , major league baseball , the national basketball association , the national hockey league , and major league soccer . the new york metropolitan area hosts the most sports teams in these five professional leagues . participation in professional sports in the city predates all professional leagues , and the city has been continuously hosting professional sports since the birth of the brooklyn dodgers in 1882 . the city has played host to over forty major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing leagues , both current and historic . four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide ( metlife stadium , the new yankee stadium , madison square garden , and citi field ) are located in the new york metropolitan area . madison square garden , its predecessor , as well as the original yankee stadium and ebbets field , are some of the most famous sporting venues in the world , the latter two having been commemorated on u . s . postage stamps . [ sep ] metlife stadium , the new yankee stadium , madison square garden , and citi field
new york city is home to the headquarters of the national football league , major league baseball , the national basketball association , the national hockey league , and major league soccer . the new york metropolitan area hosts the most sports teams in these five professional leagues . participation in professional sports in the city predates all professional leagues , and the city has been continuously hosting professional sports since the birth of the brooklyn dodgers in 1882 . the city has played host to over forty major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing leagues , both current and historic . four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide ( metlife stadium , the new yankee stadium , madison square garden , and citi field ) are located in the new york metropolitan area . madison square garden , its predecessor , as well as the original yankee stadium and ebbets field , are some of the most famous sporting venues in the world , the latter two having been commemorated on u . s . postage stamps . [ sep ] the original yankee stadium and ebbets field
solar energy may be used in a water stabilisation pond to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity . a further environmental advantage is that algae grow in such ponds and consume carbon dioxide in photosynthesis , although algae may produce toxic chemicals that make the water unusable . [ sep ] to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity
solar energy may be used in a water stabilisation pond to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity . a further environmental advantage is that algae grow in such ponds and consume carbon dioxide in photosynthesis , although algae may produce toxic chemicals that make the water unusable . [ sep ] algae may produce toxic chemicals
new york has been described as the " capital of baseball " . there have been 35 major league baseball world series and 73 pennants won by new york teams . it is one of only five metro areas ( los angeles , chicago , baltimore – washington , and the san francisco bay area being the others ) to have two baseball teams . additionally , there have been 14 world series in which two new york city teams played each other , known as a subway series and occurring most recently in 2000 . no other metropolitan area has had this happen more than once ( chicago in 1906 , st . louis in 1944 , and the san francisco bay area in 1989 ) . the city ' s two current major league baseball teams are the new york mets , who play at citi field in queens , and the new york yankees , who play at yankee stadium in the bronx . who compete in six games of interleague play every regular season that has also come to be called the subway series . the yankees have won a record 27 championships , while the mets have won the world series twice . the city also was once home to the brooklyn dodgers ( now the los angeles dodgers ) , who won the world series once , and the new york giants ( now the san francisco giants ) , who won the world series five times . both teams moved to california in 1958 . there are also two minor league baseball teams in the city , the brooklyn cyclones and staten island yankees . [ sep ] baseball
new york has been described as the " capital of baseball " . there have been 35 major league baseball world series and 73 pennants won by new york teams . it is one of only five metro areas ( los angeles , chicago , baltimore – washington , and the san francisco bay area being the others ) to have two baseball teams . additionally , there have been 14 world series in which two new york city teams played each other , known as a subway series and occurring most recently in 2000 . no other metropolitan area has had this happen more than once ( chicago in 1906 , st . louis in 1944 , and the san francisco bay area in 1989 ) . the city ' s two current major league baseball teams are the new york mets , who play at citi field in queens , and the new york yankees , who play at yankee stadium in the bronx . who compete in six games of interleague play every regular season that has also come to be called the subway series . the yankees have won a record 27 championships , while the mets have won the world series twice . the city also was once home to the brooklyn dodgers ( now the los angeles dodgers ) , who won the world series once , and the new york giants ( now the san francisco giants ) , who won the world series five times . both teams moved to california in 1958 . there are also two minor league baseball teams in the city , the brooklyn cyclones and staten island yankees . [ sep ] 35
new york has been described as the " capital of baseball " . there have been 35 major league baseball world series and 73 pennants won by new york teams . it is one of only five metro areas ( los angeles , chicago , baltimore – washington , and the san francisco bay area being the others ) to have two baseball teams . additionally , there have been 14 world series in which two new york city teams played each other , known as a subway series and occurring most recently in 2000 . no other metropolitan area has had this happen more than once ( chicago in 1906 , st . louis in 1944 , and the san francisco bay area in 1989 ) . the city ' s two current major league baseball teams are the new york mets , who play at citi field in queens , and the new york yankees , who play at yankee stadium in the bronx . who compete in six games of interleague play every regular season that has also come to be called the subway series . the yankees have won a record 27 championships , while the mets have won the world series twice . the city also was once home to the brooklyn dodgers ( now the los angeles dodgers ) , who won the world series once , and the new york giants ( now the san francisco giants ) , who won the world series five times . both teams moved to california in 1958 . there are also two minor league baseball teams in the city , the brooklyn cyclones and staten island yankees . [ sep ] baseball
new york has been described as the " capital of baseball " . there have been 35 major league baseball world series and 73 pennants won by new york teams . it is one of only five metro areas ( los angeles , chicago , baltimore – washington , and the san francisco bay area being the others ) to have two baseball teams . additionally , there have been 14 world series in which two new york city teams played each other , known as a subway series and occurring most recently in 2000 . no other metropolitan area has had this happen more than once ( chicago in 1906 , st . louis in 1944 , and the san francisco bay area in 1989 ) . the city ' s two current major league baseball teams are the new york mets , who play at citi field in queens , and the new york yankees , who play at yankee stadium in the bronx . who compete in six games of interleague play every regular season that has also come to be called the subway series . the yankees have won a record 27 championships , while the mets have won the world series twice . the city also was once home to the brooklyn dodgers ( now the los angeles dodgers ) , who won the world series once , and the new york giants ( now the san francisco giants ) , who won the world series five times . both teams moved to california in 1958 . there are also two minor league baseball teams in the city , the brooklyn cyclones and staten island yankees . [ sep ] two
the city is represented in the national football league by the new york giants and the new york jets , although both teams play their home games at metlife stadium in nearby east rutherford , new jersey , which hosted super bowl xlviii in 2014 . [ sep ] metlife stadium
the city is represented in the national football league by the new york giants and the new york jets , although both teams play their home games at metlife stadium in nearby east rutherford , new jersey , which hosted super bowl xlviii in 2014 . [ sep ] 2014
the new york islanders and the new york rangers represent the city in the national hockey league . also within the metropolitan area are the new jersey devils , who play in nearby newark , new jersey . [ sep ] the new york islanders and the new york rangers
the new york islanders and the new york rangers represent the city in the national hockey league . also within the metropolitan area are the new jersey devils , who play in nearby newark , new jersey . [ sep ] newark
solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity , either directly using photovoltaics ( pv ) , or indirectly using concentrated solar power ( csp ) . csp systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam . pv converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect . [ sep ] conversion of sunlight into electricity
solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity , either directly using photovoltaics ( pv ) , or indirectly using concentrated solar power ( csp ) . csp systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam . pv converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect . [ sep ] either directly using photovoltaics ( pv ) , or indirectly using concentrated solar power ( csp )
solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity , either directly using photovoltaics ( pv ) , or indirectly using concentrated solar power ( csp ) . csp systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam . pv converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect . [ sep ] lenses or mirrors and tracking systems
solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity , either directly using photovoltaics ( pv ) , or indirectly using concentrated solar power ( csp ) . csp systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam . pv converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect . [ sep ] focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam
solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity , either directly using photovoltaics ( pv ) , or indirectly using concentrated solar power ( csp ) . csp systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam . pv converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect . [ sep ] photoelectric effect
the city ' s national basketball association teams are the brooklyn nets and the new york knicks , while the new york liberty is the city ' s women ' s national basketball association . the first national college - level basketball championship , the national invitation tournament , was held in new york in 1938 and remains in the city . the city is well known for its links to basketball , which is played in nearly every park in the city by local youth , many of whom have gone on to play for major college programs and in the nba . [ sep ] the brooklyn nets and the new york knicks
the city ' s national basketball association teams are the brooklyn nets and the new york knicks , while the new york liberty is the city ' s women ' s national basketball association . the first national college - level basketball championship , the national invitation tournament , was held in new york in 1938 and remains in the city . the city is well known for its links to basketball , which is played in nearly every park in the city by local youth , many of whom have gone on to play for major college programs and in the nba . [ sep ] new york liberty
the city ' s national basketball association teams are the brooklyn nets and the new york knicks , while the new york liberty is the city ' s women ' s national basketball association . the first national college - level basketball championship , the national invitation tournament , was held in new york in 1938 and remains in the city . the city is well known for its links to basketball , which is played in nearly every park in the city by local youth , many of whom have gone on to play for major college programs and in the nba . [ sep ] 1938
solar power is anticipated to become the world ' s largest source of electricity by 2050 , with solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power contributing 16 and 11 percent to the global overall consumption , respectively . [ sep ] 2050
the annual united states open tennis championships is one of the world ' s four grand slam tennis tournaments and is held at the national tennis center in flushing meadows - corona park , queens . the new york marathon is one of the world ' s largest , and the 2004 – 2006 events hold the top three places in the marathons with the largest number of finishers , including 37 , 866 finishers in 2006 . the millrose games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the wanamaker mile . boxing is also a prominent part of the city ' s sporting scene , with events like the amateur boxing golden gloves being held at madison square garden each year . the city is also considered the host of the belmont stakes , the last , longest and oldest of horse racing ' s triple crown races , held just over the city ' s border at belmont park on the first or second sunday of june . the city also hosted the 1932 u . s . open golf tournament and the 1930 and 1939 pga championships , and has been host city for both events several times , most notably for nearby winged foot golf club . [ sep ] queens
the annual united states open tennis championships is one of the world ' s four grand slam tennis tournaments and is held at the national tennis center in flushing meadows - corona park , queens . the new york marathon is one of the world ' s largest , and the 2004 – 2006 events hold the top three places in the marathons with the largest number of finishers , including 37 , 866 finishers in 2006 . the millrose games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the wanamaker mile . boxing is also a prominent part of the city ' s sporting scene , with events like the amateur boxing golden gloves being held at madison square garden each year . the city is also considered the host of the belmont stakes , the last , longest and oldest of horse racing ' s triple crown races , held just over the city ' s border at belmont park on the first or second sunday of june . the city also hosted the 1932 u . s . open golf tournament and the 1930 and 1939 pga championships , and has been host city for both events several times , most notably for nearby winged foot golf club . [ sep ] millrose games
the annual united states open tennis championships is one of the world ' s four grand slam tennis tournaments and is held at the national tennis center in flushing meadows - corona park , queens . the new york marathon is one of the world ' s largest , and the 2004 – 2006 events hold the top three places in the marathons with the largest number of finishers , including 37 , 866 finishers in 2006 . the millrose games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the wanamaker mile . boxing is also a prominent part of the city ' s sporting scene , with events like the amateur boxing golden gloves being held at madison square garden each year . the city is also considered the host of the belmont stakes , the last , longest and oldest of horse racing ' s triple crown races , held just over the city ' s border at belmont park on the first or second sunday of june . the city also hosted the 1932 u . s . open golf tournament and the 1930 and 1939 pga championships , and has been host city for both events several times , most notably for nearby winged foot golf club . [ sep ] belmont stakes
the annual united states open tennis championships is one of the world ' s four grand slam tennis tournaments and is held at the national tennis center in flushing meadows - corona park , queens . the new york marathon is one of the world ' s largest , and the 2004 – 2006 events hold the top three places in the marathons with the largest number of finishers , including 37 , 866 finishers in 2006 . the millrose games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the wanamaker mile . boxing is also a prominent part of the city ' s sporting scene , with events like the amateur boxing golden gloves being held at madison square garden each year . the city is also considered the host of the belmont stakes , the last , longest and oldest of horse racing ' s triple crown races , held just over the city ' s border at belmont park on the first or second sunday of june . the city also hosted the 1932 u . s . open golf tournament and the 1930 and 1939 pga championships , and has been host city for both events several times , most notably for nearby winged foot golf club . [ sep ] 1930 and 1939
the annual united states open tennis championships is one of the world ' s four grand slam tennis tournaments and is held at the national tennis center in flushing meadows - corona park , queens . the new york marathon is one of the world ' s largest , and the 2004 – 2006 events hold the top three places in the marathons with the largest number of finishers , including 37 , 866 finishers in 2006 . the millrose games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the wanamaker mile . boxing is also a prominent part of the city ' s sporting scene , with events like the amateur boxing golden gloves being held at madison square garden each year . the city is also considered the host of the belmont stakes , the last , longest and oldest of horse racing ' s triple crown races , held just over the city ' s border at belmont park on the first or second sunday of june . the city also hosted the 1932 u . s . open golf tournament and the 1930 and 1939 pga championships , and has been host city for both events several times , most notably for nearby winged foot golf club . [ sep ] madison square garden
many sports are associated with new york ' s immigrant communities . stickball , a street version of baseball , was popularized by youths in the 1930s , and a street in the bronx was renamed stickball boulevard in the late 2000s to memorialize this . [ sep ] stickball
the iconic new york city subway system is the largest rapid transit system in the world when measured by stations in operation , with 469 , and by length of routes . new york ' s subway is notable for nearly the entire system remaining open 24 hours a day , in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to systems in most cities , including hong kong , london , paris , seoul , and tokyo . the new york city subway is also the busiest metropolitan rail transit system in the western hemisphere , with 1 . 75 billion passengers rides in 2014 , while grand central terminal , also popularly referred to as " grand central station " , is the world ' s largest railway station by number of train platforms . [ sep ] new york city subway system
the iconic new york city subway system is the largest rapid transit system in the world when measured by stations in operation , with 469 , and by length of routes . new york ' s subway is notable for nearly the entire system remaining open 24 hours a day , in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to systems in most cities , including hong kong , london , paris , seoul , and tokyo . the new york city subway is also the busiest metropolitan rail transit system in the western hemisphere , with 1 . 75 billion passengers rides in 2014 , while grand central terminal , also popularly referred to as " grand central station " , is the world ' s largest railway station by number of train platforms . [ sep ] 469
the iconic new york city subway system is the largest rapid transit system in the world when measured by stations in operation , with 469 , and by length of routes . new york ' s subway is notable for nearly the entire system remaining open 24 hours a day , in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to systems in most cities , including hong kong , london , paris , seoul , and tokyo . the new york city subway is also the busiest metropolitan rail transit system in the western hemisphere , with 1 . 75 billion passengers rides in 2014 , while grand central terminal , also popularly referred to as " grand central station " , is the world ' s largest railway station by number of train platforms . [ sep ] grand central station
public transport is essential in new york city . 54 . 6 % of new yorkers commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit . this is in contrast to the rest of the united states , where about 90 % of commuters drive automobiles to their workplace . according to the us census bureau , new york city residents spend an average of 38 . 4 minutes a day getting to work , the longest commute time in the nation among large cities . new york is the only us city in which a majority ( 52 % ) of households do not have a car ; only 22 % of manhattanites own a car . due to their high usage of mass transit , new yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national average , saving $ 19 billion annually on transportation compared to other urban americans . [ sep ] 38 . 4
public transport is essential in new york city . 54 . 6 % of new yorkers commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit . this is in contrast to the rest of the united states , where about 90 % of commuters drive automobiles to their workplace . according to the us census bureau , new york city residents spend an average of 38 . 4 minutes a day getting to work , the longest commute time in the nation among large cities . new york is the only us city in which a majority ( 52 % ) of households do not have a car ; only 22 % of manhattanites own a car . due to their high usage of mass transit , new yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national average , saving $ 19 billion annually on transportation compared to other urban americans . [ sep ] 54 . 6
public transport is essential in new york city . 54 . 6 % of new yorkers commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit . this is in contrast to the rest of the united states , where about 90 % of commuters drive automobiles to their workplace . according to the us census bureau , new york city residents spend an average of 38 . 4 minutes a day getting to work , the longest commute time in the nation among large cities . new york is the only us city in which a majority ( 52 % ) of households do not have a car ; only 22 % of manhattanites own a car . due to their high usage of mass transit , new yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national average , saving $ 19 billion annually on transportation compared to other urban americans . [ sep ] 22
new york city ' s public bus fleet is the largest in north america , and the port authority bus terminal , the main intercity bus terminal of the city , serves 7 , 000 buses and 200 , 000 commuters daily , making it the busiest bus station in the world . [ sep ] port authority bus terminal
new york ' s airspace is the busiest in the united states and one of the world ' s busiest air transportation corridors . the three busiest airports in the new york metropolitan area include john f . kennedy international airport , newark liberty international airport , and laguardia airport ; 109 million travelers used these three airports in 2012 , and the city ' s airspace is the busiest in the nation . jfk and newark liberty were the busiest and fourth busiest u . s . gateways for international air passengers , respectively , in 2012 ; as of 2011 , jfk was the busiest airport for international passengers in north america . plans have advanced to expand passenger volume at a fourth airport , stewart international airport near newburgh , new york , by the port authority of new york and new jersey . plans were announced in july 2015 to entirely rebuild laguardia airport in a multibillion - dollar project to replace its aging facilities . [ sep ] john f . kennedy international airport , newark liberty international airport , and laguardia airport
the staten island ferry is the world ' s busiest ferry route , carrying approximately 20 million passengers on the 5 . 2 - mile ( 8 . 4 km ) route between staten island and lower manhattan and running 24 hours a day . other ferry systems shuttle commuters between manhattan and other locales within the city and the metropolitan area . [ sep ] the staten island ferry
the staten island ferry is the world ' s busiest ferry route , carrying approximately 20 million passengers on the 5 . 2 - mile ( 8 . 4 km ) route between staten island and lower manhattan and running 24 hours a day . other ferry systems shuttle commuters between manhattan and other locales within the city and the metropolitan area . [ sep ] 24
the george washington bridge is the world ' s busiest motor vehicle bridge , connecting manhattan to bergen county , new jersey . the verrazano - narrows bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the americas and one of the world ' s longest . the brooklyn bridge is an icon of the city itself . the towers of the brooklyn bridge are built of limestone , granite , and rosendale cement , and their architectural style is neo - gothic , with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers . this bridge was also the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903 , and is the first steel - wire suspension bridge . [ sep ] the george washington bridge
the george washington bridge is the world ' s busiest motor vehicle bridge , connecting manhattan to bergen county , new jersey . the verrazano - narrows bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the americas and one of the world ' s longest . the brooklyn bridge is an icon of the city itself . the towers of the brooklyn bridge are built of limestone , granite , and rosendale cement , and their architectural style is neo - gothic , with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers . this bridge was also the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903 , and is the first steel - wire suspension bridge . [ sep ] the verrazano - narrows bridge
the george washington bridge is the world ' s busiest motor vehicle bridge , connecting manhattan to bergen county , new jersey . the verrazano - narrows bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the americas and one of the world ' s longest . the brooklyn bridge is an icon of the city itself . the towers of the brooklyn bridge are built of limestone , granite , and rosendale cement , and their architectural style is neo - gothic , with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers . this bridge was also the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903 , and is the first steel - wire suspension bridge . [ sep ] the brooklyn bridge
the george washington bridge is the world ' s busiest motor vehicle bridge , connecting manhattan to bergen county , new jersey . the verrazano - narrows bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the americas and one of the world ' s longest . the brooklyn bridge is an icon of the city itself . the towers of the brooklyn bridge are built of limestone , granite , and rosendale cement , and their architectural style is neo - gothic , with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers . this bridge was also the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903 , and is the first steel - wire suspension bridge . [ sep ] 1903
manhattan island is linked to new york city ' s outer boroughs and new jersey by several tunnels as well . the lincoln tunnel , which carries 120 , 000 vehicles a day under the hudson river between new jersey and midtown manhattan , is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world . the tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and cargo ships that sailed through new york harbor and up the hudson river to manhattan ' s piers . the holland tunnel , connecting lower manhattan to jersey city , new jersey , was the world ' s first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel when it opened in 1927 . the queens - midtown tunnel , built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting manhattan with queens and brooklyn , was the largest non - federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940 . president franklin d . roosevelt was the first person to drive through it . the hugh l . carey tunnel runs underneath battery park and connects the financial district at the southern tip of manhattan to red hook in brooklyn . [ sep ] the lincoln tunnel
manhattan island is linked to new york city ' s outer boroughs and new jersey by several tunnels as well . the lincoln tunnel , which carries 120 , 000 vehicles a day under the hudson river between new jersey and midtown manhattan , is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world . the tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and cargo ships that sailed through new york harbor and up the hudson river to manhattan ' s piers . the holland tunnel , connecting lower manhattan to jersey city , new jersey , was the world ' s first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel when it opened in 1927 . the queens - midtown tunnel , built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting manhattan with queens and brooklyn , was the largest non - federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940 . president franklin d . roosevelt was the first person to drive through it . the hugh l . carey tunnel runs underneath battery park and connects the financial district at the southern tip of manhattan to red hook in brooklyn . [ sep ] 1927
manhattan island is linked to new york city ' s outer boroughs and new jersey by several tunnels as well . the lincoln tunnel , which carries 120 , 000 vehicles a day under the hudson river between new jersey and midtown manhattan , is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world . the tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and cargo ships that sailed through new york harbor and up the hudson river to manhattan ' s piers . the holland tunnel , connecting lower manhattan to jersey city , new jersey , was the world ' s first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel when it opened in 1927 . the queens - midtown tunnel , built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting manhattan with queens and brooklyn , was the largest non - federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940 . president franklin d . roosevelt was the first person to drive through it . the hugh l . carey tunnel runs underneath battery park and connects the financial district at the southern tip of manhattan to red hook in brooklyn . [ sep ] 1940
manhattan island is linked to new york city ' s outer boroughs and new jersey by several tunnels as well . the lincoln tunnel , which carries 120 , 000 vehicles a day under the hudson river between new jersey and midtown manhattan , is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world . the tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and cargo ships that sailed through new york harbor and up the hudson river to manhattan ' s piers . the holland tunnel , connecting lower manhattan to jersey city , new jersey , was the world ' s first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel when it opened in 1927 . the queens - midtown tunnel , built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting manhattan with queens and brooklyn , was the largest non - federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940 . president franklin d . roosevelt was the first person to drive through it . the hugh l . carey tunnel runs underneath battery park and connects the financial district at the southern tip of manhattan to red hook in brooklyn . [ sep ] president franklin d . roosevelt
new york ' s high rate of public transit use , over 200 , 000 daily cyclists as of 2014 , and many pedestrian commuters make it the most energy - efficient major city in the united states . walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21 % of all modes for trips in the city ; nationally the rate for metro regions is about 8 % . in both its 2011 and 2015 rankings , walk score named new york city the most walkable large city in the united states . citibank sponsored the introduction of 10 , 000 public bicycles for the city ' s bike - share project in the summer of 2013 . research conducted by quinnipiac university showed that a majority of new yorkers support the initiative . new york city ' s numerical " in - season cycling indicator " of bicycling in the city hit an all - time high in 2013 . [ sep ] 200 , 000
new york city is supplied with drinking water by the protected catskill mountains watershed . as a result of the watershed ' s integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system , new york is one of only four major cities in the united states the majority of whose drinking water is pure enough not to require purification by water treatment plants . the croton watershed north of the city is undergoing construction of a us $ 3 . 2 billion water purification plant to augment new york city ' s water supply by an estimated 290 million gallons daily , representing a greater than 20 % addition to the city ' s current availability of water . the ongoing expansion of new york city water tunnel no . 3 , an integral part of the new york city water supply system , is the largest capital construction project in the city ' s history . [ sep ] catskill mountains watershed
the mayor and council members are elected to four - year terms . the city council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries . each term for the mayor and council members lasts four years and has a three consecutive - term limit , but can resume after a four - year break . the new york city administrative code , the new york city rules , and the city record are the code of local laws , compilation of regulations , and official journal , respectively . [ sep ] 51
the mayor and council members are elected to four - year terms . the city council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries . each term for the mayor and council members lasts four years and has a three consecutive - term limit , but can resume after a four - year break . the new york city administrative code , the new york city rules , and the city record are the code of local laws , compilation of regulations , and official journal , respectively . [ sep ] three
the democratic party holds the majority of public offices . as of november 2008 , 67 % of registered voters in the city are democrats . new york city has not been carried by a republican in a statewide or presidential election since president calvin coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924 . in 2012 , democrat barack obama became the first presidential candidate of any party to receive more than 80 % of the overall vote in new york city , sweeping all five boroughs . party platforms center on affordable housing , education , and economic development , and labor politics are of importance in the city . [ sep ] democrats
the democratic party holds the majority of public offices . as of november 2008 , 67 % of registered voters in the city are democrats . new york city has not been carried by a republican in a statewide or presidential election since president calvin coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924 . in 2012 , democrat barack obama became the first presidential candidate of any party to receive more than 80 % of the overall vote in new york city , sweeping all five boroughs . party platforms center on affordable housing , education , and economic development , and labor politics are of importance in the city . [ sep ] 67
the democratic party holds the majority of public offices . as of november 2008 , 67 % of registered voters in the city are democrats . new york city has not been carried by a republican in a statewide or presidential election since president calvin coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924 . in 2012 , democrat barack obama became the first presidential candidate of any party to receive more than 80 % of the overall vote in new york city , sweeping all five boroughs . party platforms center on affordable housing , education , and economic development , and labor politics are of importance in the city . [ sep ] barack obama
the democratic party holds the majority of public offices . as of november 2008 , 67 % of registered voters in the city are democrats . new york city has not been carried by a republican in a statewide or presidential election since president calvin coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924 . in 2012 , democrat barack obama became the first presidential candidate of any party to receive more than 80 % of the overall vote in new york city , sweeping all five boroughs . party platforms center on affordable housing , education , and economic development , and labor politics are of importance in the city . [ sep ] 1924
the democratic party holds the majority of public offices . as of november 2008 , 67 % of registered voters in the city are democrats . new york city has not been carried by a republican in a statewide or presidential election since president calvin coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924 . in 2012 , democrat barack obama became the first presidential candidate of any party to receive more than 80 % of the overall vote in new york city , sweeping all five boroughs . party platforms center on affordable housing , education , and economic development , and labor politics are of importance in the city . [ sep ] calvin coolidge
commercial csp plants were first developed in the 1980s . since 1985 the eventually 354 mw segs csp installation , in the mojave desert of california , is the largest solar power plant in the world . other large csp plants include the 150 mw solnova solar power station and the 100 mw andasol solar power station , both in spain . the 250 mw agua caliente solar project , in the united states , and the 221 mw charanka solar park in india , are the world ’ s largest photovoltaic plants . solar projects exceeding 1 gw are being developed , but most of the deployed photovoltaics are in small rooftop arrays of less than 5 kw , which are grid connected using net metering and / or a feed - in tariff . in 2013 solar generated less than 1 % of the worlds total grid electricity . [ sep ] 354 mw segs csp
commercial csp plants were first developed in the 1980s . since 1985 the eventually 354 mw segs csp installation , in the mojave desert of california , is the largest solar power plant in the world . other large csp plants include the 150 mw solnova solar power station and the 100 mw andasol solar power station , both in spain . the 250 mw agua caliente solar project , in the united states , and the 221 mw charanka solar park in india , are the world ’ s largest photovoltaic plants . solar projects exceeding 1 gw are being developed , but most of the deployed photovoltaics are in small rooftop arrays of less than 5 kw , which are grid connected using net metering and / or a feed - in tariff . in 2013 solar generated less than 1 % of the worlds total grid electricity . [ sep ] mojave desert of california
commercial csp plants were first developed in the 1980s . since 1985 the eventually 354 mw segs csp installation , in the mojave desert of california , is the largest solar power plant in the world . other large csp plants include the 150 mw solnova solar power station and the 100 mw andasol solar power station , both in spain . the 250 mw agua caliente solar project , in the united states , and the 221 mw charanka solar park in india , are the world ’ s largest photovoltaic plants . solar projects exceeding 1 gw are being developed , but most of the deployed photovoltaics are in small rooftop arrays of less than 5 kw , which are grid connected using net metering and / or a feed - in tariff . in 2013 solar generated less than 1 % of the worlds total grid electricity . [ sep ] the 250 mw agua caliente solar project , in the united states , and the 221 mw charanka solar park in india
buddhist schools vary on the exact nature of the path to liberation , the importance and canonicity of various teachings and scriptures , and especially their respective practices . buddhism denies a creator deity and posits that mundane deities such as mahabrahma are misperceived to be a creator . the foundations of buddhist tradition and practice are the three jewels : the buddha , the dharma ( the teachings ) , and the sangha ( the community ) . taking " refuge in the triple gem " has traditionally been a declaration and commitment to being on the buddhist path , and in general distinguishes a buddhist from a non - buddhist . other practices are ten meritorious deeds including , giving charity to reduce the greediness ; following ethical precepts ; renouncing conventional living and becoming a monastic ; the development of mindfulness and practice of meditation ; cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment ; study of scriptures ; devotional practices ; ceremonies ; and in the mahayana tradition , invocation of buddhas and bodhisattvas . [ sep ] the buddha , the dharma ( the teachings ) , and the sangha ( the community )
buddhist schools vary on the exact nature of the path to liberation , the importance and canonicity of various teachings and scriptures , and especially their respective practices . buddhism denies a creator deity and posits that mundane deities such as mahabrahma are misperceived to be a creator . the foundations of buddhist tradition and practice are the three jewels : the buddha , the dharma ( the teachings ) , and the sangha ( the community ) . taking " refuge in the triple gem " has traditionally been a declaration and commitment to being on the buddhist path , and in general distinguishes a buddhist from a non - buddhist . other practices are ten meritorious deeds including , giving charity to reduce the greediness ; following ethical precepts ; renouncing conventional living and becoming a monastic ; the development of mindfulness and practice of meditation ; cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment ; study of scriptures ; devotional practices ; ceremonies ; and in the mahayana tradition , invocation of buddhas and bodhisattvas . [ sep ] cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment
this narrative draws on the nidanakatha of the jataka tales of the theravada , which is ascribed to buddhaghosa in the 5th century ce . earlier biographies such as the buddhacarita , the lokottaravadin mahavastu , and the sarvastivadin lalitavistara sutra , give different accounts . scholars are hesitant to make unqualified claims about the historical facts of the buddha ' s life . most accept that he lived , taught and founded a monastic order , but do not consistently accept all of the details contained in his biographies . [ sep ] nidanakatha of the jataka tales of the theravada
this narrative draws on the nidanakatha of the jataka tales of the theravada , which is ascribed to buddhaghosa in the 5th century ce . earlier biographies such as the buddhacarita , the lokottaravadin mahavastu , and the sarvastivadin lalitavistara sutra , give different accounts . scholars are hesitant to make unqualified claims about the historical facts of the buddha ' s life . most accept that he lived , taught and founded a monastic order , but do not consistently accept all of the details contained in his biographies . [ sep ] buddhacarita , the lokottaravadin mahavastu , and the sarvastivadin lalitavistara sutra
this narrative draws on the nidanakatha of the jataka tales of the theravada , which is ascribed to buddhaghosa in the 5th century ce . earlier biographies such as the buddhacarita , the lokottaravadin mahavastu , and the sarvastivadin lalitavistara sutra , give different accounts . scholars are hesitant to make unqualified claims about the historical facts of the buddha ' s life . most accept that he lived , taught and founded a monastic order , but do not consistently accept all of the details contained in his biographies . [ sep ] most accept that he lived , taught and founded a monastic order
according to author michael carrithers , while there are good reasons to doubt the traditional account , " the outline of the life must be true : birth , maturity , renunciation , search , awakening and liberation , teaching , death . " in writing her biography of the buddha , karen armstrong noted , " it is obviously difficult , therefore , to write a biography of the buddha that meets modern criteria , because we have very little information that can be considered historically sound . . . [ but ] we can be reasonably confident siddhatta gotama did indeed exist and that his disciples preserved the memory of his life and teachings as well as they could . " [ dubious – discuss ] [ sep ] michael carrithers
the evidence of the early texts suggests that siddhartha gautama was born in a community that was on the periphery , both geographically and culturally , of the northeastern indian subcontinent in the fifth century bce . it was either a small republic , in which case his father was an elected chieftain , or an oligarchy , in which case his father was an oligarch . [ sep ] fifth century bce
the evidence of the early texts suggests that siddhartha gautama was born in a community that was on the periphery , both geographically and culturally , of the northeastern indian subcontinent in the fifth century bce . it was either a small republic , in which case his father was an elected chieftain , or an oligarchy , in which case his father was an oligarch . [ sep ] in a community that was on the periphery , both geographically and culturally , of the northeastern indian subcontinent
the evidence of the early texts suggests that siddhartha gautama was born in a community that was on the periphery , both geographically and culturally , of the northeastern indian subcontinent in the fifth century bce . it was either a small republic , in which case his father was an elected chieftain , or an oligarchy , in which case his father was an oligarch . [ sep ] it was either a small republic , in which case his father was an elected chieftain , or an oligarchy , in which case his father was an oligarch .
according to this narrative , shortly after the birth of young prince gautama , an astrologer named asita visited the young prince ' s father , suddhodana , and prophesied that siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man , depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls . [ sep ] asita
according to this narrative , shortly after the birth of young prince gautama , an astrologer named asita visited the young prince ' s father , suddhodana , and prophesied that siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man , depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls . [ sep ] siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man
according to this narrative , shortly after the birth of young prince gautama , an astrologer named asita visited the young prince ' s father , suddhodana , and prophesied that siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man , depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls . [ sep ] depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls
suddhodana was determined to see his son become a king , so he prevented him from leaving the palace grounds . but at age 29 , despite his father ' s efforts , gautama ventured beyond the palace several times . in a series of encounters — known in buddhist literature as the four sights — he learned of the suffering of ordinary people , encountering an old man , a sick man , a corpse and , finally , an ascetic holy man , apparently content and at peace with the world . these experiences prompted gautama to abandon royal life and take up a spiritual quest . [ sep ] prevented him from leaving the palace grounds
suddhodana was determined to see his son become a king , so he prevented him from leaving the palace grounds . but at age 29 , despite his father ' s efforts , gautama ventured beyond the palace several times . in a series of encounters — known in buddhist literature as the four sights — he learned of the suffering of ordinary people , encountering an old man , a sick man , a corpse and , finally , an ascetic holy man , apparently content and at peace with the world . these experiences prompted gautama to abandon royal life and take up a spiritual quest . [ sep ] 29
suddhodana was determined to see his son become a king , so he prevented him from leaving the palace grounds . but at age 29 , despite his father ' s efforts , gautama ventured beyond the palace several times . in a series of encounters — known in buddhist literature as the four sights — he learned of the suffering of ordinary people , encountering an old man , a sick man , a corpse and , finally , an ascetic holy man , apparently content and at peace with the world . these experiences prompted gautama to abandon royal life and take up a spiritual quest . [ sep ] he learned of the suffering of ordinary people
suddhodana was determined to see his son become a king , so he prevented him from leaving the palace grounds . but at age 29 , despite his father ' s efforts , gautama ventured beyond the palace several times . in a series of encounters — known in buddhist literature as the four sights — he learned of the suffering of ordinary people , encountering an old man , a sick man , a corpse and , finally , an ascetic holy man , apparently content and at peace with the world . these experiences prompted gautama to abandon royal life and take up a spiritual quest . [ sep ] encountering an old man , a sick man , a corpse and , finally , an ascetic holy man
in the last two decades , photovoltaics ( pv ) , also known as solar pv , has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source . a solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect . the first solar cell was constructed by charles fritts in the 1880s . in 1931 a german engineer , dr bruno lange , developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide . although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1 % of incident light into electricity , both ernst werner von siemens and james clerk maxwell recognized the importance of this discovery . following the work of russell ohl in the 1940s , researchers gerald pearson , calvin fuller and daryl chapin created the crystalline silicon solar cell in 1954 . these early solar cells cost 286 usd / watt and reached efficiencies of 4 . 5 – 6 % . by 2012 available efficiencies exceed 20 % and the maximum efficiency of research photovoltaics is over 40 % . [ sep ] evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source
in the last two decades , photovoltaics ( pv ) , also known as solar pv , has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source . a solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect . the first solar cell was constructed by charles fritts in the 1880s . in 1931 a german engineer , dr bruno lange , developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide . although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1 % of incident light into electricity , both ernst werner von siemens and james clerk maxwell recognized the importance of this discovery . following the work of russell ohl in the 1940s , researchers gerald pearson , calvin fuller and daryl chapin created the crystalline silicon solar cell in 1954 . these early solar cells cost 286 usd / watt and reached efficiencies of 4 . 5 – 6 % . by 2012 available efficiencies exceed 20 % and the maximum efficiency of research photovoltaics is over 40 % . [ sep ] a device that converts light directly into electricity
in the last two decades , photovoltaics ( pv ) , also known as solar pv , has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source . a solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect . the first solar cell was constructed by charles fritts in the 1880s . in 1931 a german engineer , dr bruno lange , developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide . although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1 % of incident light into electricity , both ernst werner von siemens and james clerk maxwell recognized the importance of this discovery . following the work of russell ohl in the 1940s , researchers gerald pearson , calvin fuller and daryl chapin created the crystalline silicon solar cell in 1954 . these early solar cells cost 286 usd / watt and reached efficiencies of 4 . 5 – 6 % . by 2012 available efficiencies exceed 20 % and the maximum efficiency of research photovoltaics is over 40 % . [ sep ] charles fritts
in the last two decades , photovoltaics ( pv ) , also known as solar pv , has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source . a solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect . the first solar cell was constructed by charles fritts in the 1880s . in 1931 a german engineer , dr bruno lange , developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide . although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1 % of incident light into electricity , both ernst werner von siemens and james clerk maxwell recognized the importance of this discovery . following the work of russell ohl in the 1940s , researchers gerald pearson , calvin fuller and daryl chapin created the crystalline silicon solar cell in 1954 . these early solar cells cost 286 usd / watt and reached efficiencies of 4 . 5 – 6 % . by 2012 available efficiencies exceed 20 % and the maximum efficiency of research photovoltaics is over 40 % . [ sep ] dr bruno lange
in the last two decades , photovoltaics ( pv ) , also known as solar pv , has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source . a solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect . the first solar cell was constructed by charles fritts in the 1880s . in 1931 a german engineer , dr bruno lange , developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide . although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1 % of incident light into electricity , both ernst werner von siemens and james clerk maxwell recognized the importance of this discovery . following the work of russell ohl in the 1940s , researchers gerald pearson , calvin fuller and daryl chapin created the crystalline silicon solar cell in 1954 . these early solar cells cost 286 usd / watt and reached efficiencies of 4 . 5 – 6 % . by 2012 available efficiencies exceed 20 % and the maximum efficiency of research photovoltaics is over 40 % . [ sep ] gerald pearson , calvin fuller and daryl chapin
concentrating solar power ( csp ) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam . the concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant . a wide range of concentrating technologies exists ; the most developed are the parabolic trough , the concentrating linear fresnel reflector , the stirling dish and the solar power tower . various techniques are used to track the sun and focus light . in all of these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight , and is then used for power generation or energy storage . [ sep ] lenses or mirrors and tracking systems
concentrating solar power ( csp ) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam . the concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant . a wide range of concentrating technologies exists ; the most developed are the parabolic trough , the concentrating linear fresnel reflector , the stirling dish and the solar power tower . various techniques are used to track the sun and focus light . in all of these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight , and is then used for power generation or energy storage . [ sep ] a heat source for a conventional power plant
concentrating solar power ( csp ) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam . the concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant . a wide range of concentrating technologies exists ; the most developed are the parabolic trough , the concentrating linear fresnel reflector , the stirling dish and the solar power tower . various techniques are used to track the sun and focus light . in all of these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight , and is then used for power generation or energy storage . [ sep ] the stirling dish
concentrating solar power ( csp ) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam . the concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant . a wide range of concentrating technologies exists ; the most developed are the parabolic trough , the concentrating linear fresnel reflector , the stirling dish and the solar power tower . various techniques are used to track the sun and focus light . in all of these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight , and is then used for power generation or energy storage . [ sep ] a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight
sunlight has influenced building design since the beginning of architectural history . advanced solar architecture and urban planning methods were first employed by the greeks and chinese , who oriented their buildings toward the south to provide light and warmth . [ sep ] sunlight
sunlight has influenced building design since the beginning of architectural history . advanced solar architecture and urban planning methods were first employed by the greeks and chinese , who oriented their buildings toward the south to provide light and warmth . [ sep ] greeks and chinese
sunlight has influenced building design since the beginning of architectural history . advanced solar architecture and urban planning methods were first employed by the greeks and chinese , who oriented their buildings toward the south to provide light and warmth . [ sep ] toward the south
the common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the sun , compact proportion ( a low surface area to volume ratio ) , selective shading ( overhangs ) and thermal mass . when these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well - lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range . socrates ' megaron house is a classic example of passive solar design . the most recent approaches to solar design use computer modeling tying together solar lighting , heating and ventilation systems in an integrated solar design package . active solar equipment such as pumps , fans and switchable windows can complement passive design and improve system performance . [ sep ] orientation relative to the sun
the common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the sun , compact proportion ( a low surface area to volume ratio ) , selective shading ( overhangs ) and thermal mass . when these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well - lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range . socrates ' megaron house is a classic example of passive solar design . the most recent approaches to solar design use computer modeling tying together solar lighting , heating and ventilation systems in an integrated solar design package . active solar equipment such as pumps , fans and switchable windows can complement passive design and improve system performance . [ sep ] well - lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range
the common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the sun , compact proportion ( a low surface area to volume ratio ) , selective shading ( overhangs ) and thermal mass . when these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well - lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range . socrates ' megaron house is a classic example of passive solar design . the most recent approaches to solar design use computer modeling tying together solar lighting , heating and ventilation systems in an integrated solar design package . active solar equipment such as pumps , fans and switchable windows can complement passive design and improve system performance . [ sep ] socrates ' megaron house
the common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the sun , compact proportion ( a low surface area to volume ratio ) , selective shading ( overhangs ) and thermal mass . when these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well - lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range . socrates ' megaron house is a classic example of passive solar design . the most recent approaches to solar design use computer modeling tying together solar lighting , heating and ventilation systems in an integrated solar design package . active solar equipment such as pumps , fans and switchable windows can complement passive design and improve system performance . [ sep ] pumps , fans and switchable windows
urban heat islands ( uhi ) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment . the higher temperatures are a result of increased absorption of the solar light by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete , which have lower albedos and higher heat capacities than those in the natural environment . a straightforward method of counteracting the uhi effect is to paint buildings and roads white and plant trees . using these methods , a hypothetical " cool communities " program in los angeles has projected that urban temperatures could be reduced by approximately 3 °c at an estimated cost of us $ 1 billion , giving estimated total annual benefits of us $ 530 million from reduced air - conditioning costs and healthcare savings . [ sep ] urban heat islands
urban heat islands ( uhi ) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment . the higher temperatures are a result of increased absorption of the solar light by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete , which have lower albedos and higher heat capacities than those in the natural environment . a straightforward method of counteracting the uhi effect is to paint buildings and roads white and plant trees . using these methods , a hypothetical " cool communities " program in los angeles has projected that urban temperatures could be reduced by approximately 3 °c at an estimated cost of us $ 1 billion , giving estimated total annual benefits of us $ 530 million from reduced air - conditioning costs and healthcare savings . [ sep ] asphalt and concrete
urban heat islands ( uhi ) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment . the higher temperatures are a result of increased absorption of the solar light by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete , which have lower albedos and higher heat capacities than those in the natural environment . a straightforward method of counteracting the uhi effect is to paint buildings and roads white and plant trees . using these methods , a hypothetical " cool communities " program in los angeles has projected that urban temperatures could be reduced by approximately 3 °c at an estimated cost of us $ 1 billion , giving estimated total annual benefits of us $ 530 million from reduced air - conditioning costs and healthcare savings . [ sep ] paint buildings and roads white and plant trees
gautama first went to study with famous religious teachers of the day , and mastered the meditative attainments they taught . but he found that they did not provide a permanent end to suffering , so he continued his quest . he next attempted an extreme asceticism , which was a religious pursuit common among the sramanas , a religious culture distinct from the vedic one . gautama underwent prolonged fasting , breath - holding , and exposure to pain . he almost starved himself to death in the process . he realized that he had taken this kind of practice to its limit , and had not put an end to suffering . so in a pivotal moment he accepted milk and rice from a village girl and changed his approach . he devoted himself to anapanasati meditation , through which he discovered what buddhists call the middle way ( skt . madhyama - pratipad ) : a path of moderation between the extremes of self - indulgence and self - mortification . [ web 2 ] [ web 3 ] [ sep ] went to study with famous religious teachers of the day
gautama first went to study with famous religious teachers of the day , and mastered the meditative attainments they taught . but he found that they did not provide a permanent end to suffering , so he continued his quest . he next attempted an extreme asceticism , which was a religious pursuit common among the sramanas , a religious culture distinct from the vedic one . gautama underwent prolonged fasting , breath - holding , and exposure to pain . he almost starved himself to death in the process . he realized that he had taken this kind of practice to its limit , and had not put an end to suffering . so in a pivotal moment he accepted milk and rice from a village girl and changed his approach . he devoted himself to anapanasati meditation , through which he discovered what buddhists call the middle way ( skt . madhyama - pratipad ) : a path of moderation between the extremes of self - indulgence and self - mortification . [ web 2 ] [ web 3 ] [ sep ] the middle way
gautama first went to study with famous religious teachers of the day , and mastered the meditative attainments they taught . but he found that they did not provide a permanent end to suffering , so he continued his quest . he next attempted an extreme asceticism , which was a religious pursuit common among the sramanas , a religious culture distinct from the vedic one . gautama underwent prolonged fasting , breath - holding , and exposure to pain . he almost starved himself to death in the process . he realized that he had taken this kind of practice to its limit , and had not put an end to suffering . so in a pivotal moment he accepted milk and rice from a village girl and changed his approach . he devoted himself to anapanasati meditation , through which he discovered what buddhists call the middle way ( skt . madhyama - pratipad ) : a path of moderation between the extremes of self - indulgence and self - mortification . [ web 2 ] [ web 3 ] [ sep ] prolonged fasting , breath - holding , and exposure to pain
agriculture and horticulture seek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants . techniques such as timed planting cycles , tailored row orientation , staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields . while sunlight is generally considered a plentiful resource , the exceptions highlight the importance of solar energy to agriculture . during the short growing seasons of the little ice age , french and english farmers employed fruit walls to maximize the collection of solar energy . these walls acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm . early fruit walls were built perpendicular to the ground and facing south , but over time , sloping walls were developed to make better use of sunlight . in 1699 , nicolas fatio de duillier even suggested using a tracking mechanism which could pivot to follow the sun . applications of solar energy in agriculture aside from growing crops include pumping water , drying crops , brooding chicks and drying chicken manure . more recently the technology has been embraced by vinters , who use the energy generated by solar panels to power grape presses . [ sep ] to optimize the productivity of plants
agriculture and horticulture seek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants . techniques such as timed planting cycles , tailored row orientation , staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields . while sunlight is generally considered a plentiful resource , the exceptions highlight the importance of solar energy to agriculture . during the short growing seasons of the little ice age , french and english farmers employed fruit walls to maximize the collection of solar energy . these walls acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm . early fruit walls were built perpendicular to the ground and facing south , but over time , sloping walls were developed to make better use of sunlight . in 1699 , nicolas fatio de duillier even suggested using a tracking mechanism which could pivot to follow the sun . applications of solar energy in agriculture aside from growing crops include pumping water , drying crops , brooding chicks and drying chicken manure . more recently the technology has been embraced by vinters , who use the energy generated by solar panels to power grape presses . [ sep ] timed planting cycles , tailored row orientation , staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties
agriculture and horticulture seek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants . techniques such as timed planting cycles , tailored row orientation , staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields . while sunlight is generally considered a plentiful resource , the exceptions highlight the importance of solar energy to agriculture . during the short growing seasons of the little ice age , french and english farmers employed fruit walls to maximize the collection of solar energy . these walls acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm . early fruit walls were built perpendicular to the ground and facing south , but over time , sloping walls were developed to make better use of sunlight . in 1699 , nicolas fatio de duillier even suggested using a tracking mechanism which could pivot to follow the sun . applications of solar energy in agriculture aside from growing crops include pumping water , drying crops , brooding chicks and drying chicken manure . more recently the technology has been embraced by vinters , who use the energy generated by solar panels to power grape presses . [ sep ] employed fruit walls
agriculture and horticulture seek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants . techniques such as timed planting cycles , tailored row orientation , staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields . while sunlight is generally considered a plentiful resource , the exceptions highlight the importance of solar energy to agriculture . during the short growing seasons of the little ice age , french and english farmers employed fruit walls to maximize the collection of solar energy . these walls acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm . early fruit walls were built perpendicular to the ground and facing south , but over time , sloping walls were developed to make better use of sunlight . in 1699 , nicolas fatio de duillier even suggested using a tracking mechanism which could pivot to follow the sun . applications of solar energy in agriculture aside from growing crops include pumping water , drying crops , brooding chicks and drying chicken manure . more recently the technology has been embraced by vinters , who use the energy generated by solar panels to power grape presses . [ sep ] acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm
greenhouses convert solar light to heat , enabling year - round production and the growth ( in enclosed environments ) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate . primitive greenhouses were first used during roman times to produce cucumbers year - round for the roman emperor tiberius . the first modern greenhouses were built in europe in the 16th century to keep exotic plants brought back from explorations abroad . greenhouses remain an important part of horticulture today , and plastic transparent materials have also been used to similar effect in polytunnels and row covers . [ sep ] convert solar light to heat
greenhouses convert solar light to heat , enabling year - round production and the growth ( in enclosed environments ) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate . primitive greenhouses were first used during roman times to produce cucumbers year - round for the roman emperor tiberius . the first modern greenhouses were built in europe in the 16th century to keep exotic plants brought back from explorations abroad . greenhouses remain an important part of horticulture today , and plastic transparent materials have also been used to similar effect in polytunnels and row covers . [ sep ] enabling year - round production and the growth ( in enclosed environments ) of specialty crops
greenhouses convert solar light to heat , enabling year - round production and the growth ( in enclosed environments ) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate . primitive greenhouses were first used during roman times to produce cucumbers year - round for the roman emperor tiberius . the first modern greenhouses were built in europe in the 16th century to keep exotic plants brought back from explorations abroad . greenhouses remain an important part of horticulture today , and plastic transparent materials have also been used to similar effect in polytunnels and row covers . [ sep ] produce cucumbers year - round for the roman emperor tiberius
greenhouses convert solar light to heat , enabling year - round production and the growth ( in enclosed environments ) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate . primitive greenhouses were first used during roman times to produce cucumbers year - round for the roman emperor tiberius . the first modern greenhouses were built in europe in the 16th century to keep exotic plants brought back from explorations abroad . greenhouses remain an important part of horticulture today , and plastic transparent materials have also been used to similar effect in polytunnels and row covers . [ sep ] europe
development of a solar - powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s . the world solar challenge is a biannual solar - powered car race , where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3 , 021 kilometres ( 1 , 877 mi ) across central australia from darwin to adelaide . in 1987 , when it was founded , the winner ' s average speed was 67 kilometres per hour ( 42 mph ) and by 2007 the winner ' s average speed had improved to 90 . 87 kilometres per hour ( 56 . 46 mph ) . the north american solar challenge and the planned south african solar challenge are comparable competitions that reflect an international interest in the engineering and development of solar powered vehicles . [ sep ] a biannual solar - powered car race
development of a solar - powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s . the world solar challenge is a biannual solar - powered car race , where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3 , 021 kilometres ( 1 , 877 mi ) across central australia from darwin to adelaide . in 1987 , when it was founded , the winner ' s average speed was 67 kilometres per hour ( 42 mph ) and by 2007 the winner ' s average speed had improved to 90 . 87 kilometres per hour ( 56 . 46 mph ) . the north american solar challenge and the planned south african solar challenge are comparable competitions that reflect an international interest in the engineering and development of solar powered vehicles . [ sep ] 1987
development of a solar - powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s . the world solar challenge is a biannual solar - powered car race , where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3 , 021 kilometres ( 1 , 877 mi ) across central australia from darwin to adelaide . in 1987 , when it was founded , the winner ' s average speed was 67 kilometres per hour ( 42 mph ) and by 2007 the winner ' s average speed had improved to 90 . 87 kilometres per hour ( 56 . 46 mph ) . the north american solar challenge and the planned south african solar challenge are comparable competitions that reflect an international interest in the engineering and development of solar powered vehicles . [ sep ] 67 kilometres per hour ( 42 mph )
development of a solar - powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s . the world solar challenge is a biannual solar - powered car race , where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3 , 021 kilometres ( 1 , 877 mi ) across central australia from darwin to adelaide . in 1987 , when it was founded , the winner ' s average speed was 67 kilometres per hour ( 42 mph ) and by 2007 the winner ' s average speed had improved to 90 . 87 kilometres per hour ( 56 . 46 mph ) . the north american solar challenge and the planned south african solar challenge are comparable competitions that reflect an international interest in the engineering and development of solar powered vehicles . [ sep ] 90 . 87 kilometres per hour ( 56 . 46 mph )
development of a solar - powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s . the world solar challenge is a biannual solar - powered car race , where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3 , 021 kilometres ( 1 , 877 mi ) across central australia from darwin to adelaide . in 1987 , when it was founded , the winner ' s average speed was 67 kilometres per hour ( 42 mph ) and by 2007 the winner ' s average speed had improved to 90 . 87 kilometres per hour ( 56 . 46 mph ) . the north american solar challenge and the planned south african solar challenge are comparable competitions that reflect an international interest in the engineering and development of solar powered vehicles . [ sep ] the north american solar challenge and the planned south african solar challenge
in 1975 , the first practical solar boat was constructed in england . by 1995 , passenger boats incorporating pv panels began appearing and are now used extensively . in 1996 , kenichi horie made the first solar powered crossing of the pacific ocean , and the sun21 catamaran made the first solar powered crossing of the atlantic ocean in the winter of 2006 – 2007 . there were plans to circumnavigate the globe in 2010 . [ sep ] 1975
in 1975 , the first practical solar boat was constructed in england . by 1995 , passenger boats incorporating pv panels began appearing and are now used extensively . in 1996 , kenichi horie made the first solar powered crossing of the pacific ocean , and the sun21 catamaran made the first solar powered crossing of the atlantic ocean in the winter of 2006 – 2007 . there were plans to circumnavigate the globe in 2010 . [ sep ] kenichi horie
in 1975 , the first practical solar boat was constructed in england . by 1995 , passenger boats incorporating pv panels began appearing and are now used extensively . in 1996 , kenichi horie made the first solar powered crossing of the pacific ocean , and the sun21 catamaran made the first solar powered crossing of the atlantic ocean in the winter of 2006 – 2007 . there were plans to circumnavigate the globe in 2010 . [ sep ] the sun21 catamaran
in 1974 , the unmanned astroflight sunrise plane made the first solar flight . on 29 april 1979 , the solar riser made the first flight in a solar - powered , fully controlled , man carrying flying machine , reaching an altitude of 40 feet ( 12 m ) . in 1980 , the gossamer penguin made the first piloted flights powered solely by photovoltaics . this was quickly followed by the solar challenger which crossed the english channel in july 1981 . in 1990 eric scott raymond in 21 hops flew from california to north carolina using solar power . developments then turned back to unmanned aerial vehicles ( uav ) with the pathfinder ( 1997 ) and subsequent designs , culminating in the helios which set the altitude record for a non - rocket - propelled aircraft at 29 , 524 metres ( 96 , 864 ft ) in 2001 . the zephyr , developed by bae systems , is the latest in a line of record - breaking solar aircraft , making a 54 - hour flight in 2007 , and month - long flights were envisioned by 2010 . as of 2015 , solar impulse , an electric aircraft , is currently circumnavigating the globe . it is a single - seat plane powered by solar cells and capable of taking off under its own power . the designed allows the aircraft to remain airborne for 36 hours . [ sep ] 1974
in 1974 , the unmanned astroflight sunrise plane made the first solar flight . on 29 april 1979 , the solar riser made the first flight in a solar - powered , fully controlled , man carrying flying machine , reaching an altitude of 40 feet ( 12 m ) . in 1980 , the gossamer penguin made the first piloted flights powered solely by photovoltaics . this was quickly followed by the solar challenger which crossed the english channel in july 1981 . in 1990 eric scott raymond in 21 hops flew from california to north carolina using solar power . developments then turned back to unmanned aerial vehicles ( uav ) with the pathfinder ( 1997 ) and subsequent designs , culminating in the helios which set the altitude record for a non - rocket - propelled aircraft at 29 , 524 metres ( 96 , 864 ft ) in 2001 . the zephyr , developed by bae systems , is the latest in a line of record - breaking solar aircraft , making a 54 - hour flight in 2007 , and month - long flights were envisioned by 2010 . as of 2015 , solar impulse , an electric aircraft , is currently circumnavigating the globe . it is a single - seat plane powered by solar cells and capable of taking off under its own power . the designed allows the aircraft to remain airborne for 36 hours . [ sep ] 29 april 1979
in 1974 , the unmanned astroflight sunrise plane made the first solar flight . on 29 april 1979 , the solar riser made the first flight in a solar - powered , fully controlled , man carrying flying machine , reaching an altitude of 40 feet ( 12 m ) . in 1980 , the gossamer penguin made the first piloted flights powered solely by photovoltaics . this was quickly followed by the solar challenger which crossed the english channel in july 1981 . in 1990 eric scott raymond in 21 hops flew from california to north carolina using solar power . developments then turned back to unmanned aerial vehicles ( uav ) with the pathfinder ( 1997 ) and subsequent designs , culminating in the helios which set the altitude record for a non - rocket - propelled aircraft at 29 , 524 metres ( 96 , 864 ft ) in 2001 . the zephyr , developed by bae systems , is the latest in a line of record - breaking solar aircraft , making a 54 - hour flight in 2007 , and month - long flights were envisioned by 2010 . as of 2015 , solar impulse , an electric aircraft , is currently circumnavigating the globe . it is a single - seat plane powered by solar cells and capable of taking off under its own power . the designed allows the aircraft to remain airborne for 36 hours . [ sep ] july 1981
in 1974 , the unmanned astroflight sunrise plane made the first solar flight . on 29 april 1979 , the solar riser made the first flight in a solar - powered , fully controlled , man carrying flying machine , reaching an altitude of 40 feet ( 12 m ) . in 1980 , the gossamer penguin made the first piloted flights powered solely by photovoltaics . this was quickly followed by the solar challenger which crossed the english channel in july 1981 . in 1990 eric scott raymond in 21 hops flew from california to north carolina using solar power . developments then turned back to unmanned aerial vehicles ( uav ) with the pathfinder ( 1997 ) and subsequent designs , culminating in the helios which set the altitude record for a non - rocket - propelled aircraft at 29 , 524 metres ( 96 , 864 ft ) in 2001 . the zephyr , developed by bae systems , is the latest in a line of record - breaking solar aircraft , making a 54 - hour flight in 2007 , and month - long flights were envisioned by 2010 . as of 2015 , solar impulse , an electric aircraft , is currently circumnavigating the globe . it is a single - seat plane powered by solar cells and capable of taking off under its own power . the designed allows the aircraft to remain airborne for 36 hours . [ sep ] california to north carolina
in 1974 , the unmanned astroflight sunrise plane made the first solar flight . on 29 april 1979 , the solar riser made the first flight in a solar - powered , fully controlled , man carrying flying machine , reaching an altitude of 40 feet ( 12 m ) . in 1980 , the gossamer penguin made the first piloted flights powered solely by photovoltaics . this was quickly followed by the solar challenger which crossed the english channel in july 1981 . in 1990 eric scott raymond in 21 hops flew from california to north carolina using solar power . developments then turned back to unmanned aerial vehicles ( uav ) with the pathfinder ( 1997 ) and subsequent designs , culminating in the helios which set the altitude record for a non - rocket - propelled aircraft at 29 , 524 metres ( 96 , 864 ft ) in 2001 . the zephyr , developed by bae systems , is the latest in a line of record - breaking solar aircraft , making a 54 - hour flight in 2007 , and month - long flights were envisioned by 2010 . as of 2015 , solar impulse , an electric aircraft , is currently circumnavigating the globe . it is a single - seat plane powered by solar cells and capable of taking off under its own power . the designed allows the aircraft to remain airborne for 36 hours . [ sep ] 36 hours
a solar balloon is a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air . as sunlight shines on the balloon , the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force , much like an artificially heated hot air balloon . some solar balloons are large enough for human flight , but usage is generally limited to the toy market as the surface - area to payload - weight ratio is relatively high . [ sep ] a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air
a solar balloon is a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air . as sunlight shines on the balloon , the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force , much like an artificially heated hot air balloon . some solar balloons are large enough for human flight , but usage is generally limited to the toy market as the surface - area to payload - weight ratio is relatively high . [ sep ] the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force
a solar balloon is a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air . as sunlight shines on the balloon , the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force , much like an artificially heated hot air balloon . some solar balloons are large enough for human flight , but usage is generally limited to the toy market as the surface - area to payload - weight ratio is relatively high . [ sep ] the toy market
a solar balloon is a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air . as sunlight shines on the balloon , the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force , much like an artificially heated hot air balloon . some solar balloons are large enough for human flight , but usage is generally limited to the toy market as the surface - area to payload - weight ratio is relatively high . [ sep ] the surface - area to payload - weight ratio is relatively high
gautama was now determined to complete his spiritual quest . at the age of 35 , he famously sat in meditation under a ficus religiosa tree now called the bodhi tree in the town of bodh gaya and vowed not to rise before achieving enlightenment . after many days , he finally destroyed the fetters of his mind , thereby liberating himself from the cycle of suffering and rebirth , and arose as a fully enlightened being ( skt . samyaksambuddha ) . soon thereafter , he attracted a band of followers and instituted a monastic order . now , as the buddha , he spent the rest of his life teaching the path of awakening he had discovered , traveling throughout the northeastern part of the indian subcontinent , and died at the age of 80 ( 483 bce ) in kushinagar , india . the south branch of the original fig tree available only in anuradhapura sri lanka is known as jaya sri maha bodhi . [ sep ] 35
gautama was now determined to complete his spiritual quest . at the age of 35 , he famously sat in meditation under a ficus religiosa tree now called the bodhi tree in the town of bodh gaya and vowed not to rise before achieving enlightenment . after many days , he finally destroyed the fetters of his mind , thereby liberating himself from the cycle of suffering and rebirth , and arose as a fully enlightened being ( skt . samyaksambuddha ) . soon thereafter , he attracted a band of followers and instituted a monastic order . now , as the buddha , he spent the rest of his life teaching the path of awakening he had discovered , traveling throughout the northeastern part of the indian subcontinent , and died at the age of 80 ( 483 bce ) in kushinagar , india . the south branch of the original fig tree available only in anuradhapura sri lanka is known as jaya sri maha bodhi . [ sep ] ficus religiosa
gautama was now determined to complete his spiritual quest . at the age of 35 , he famously sat in meditation under a ficus religiosa tree now called the bodhi tree in the town of bodh gaya and vowed not to rise before achieving enlightenment . after many days , he finally destroyed the fetters of his mind , thereby liberating himself from the cycle of suffering and rebirth , and arose as a fully enlightened being ( skt . samyaksambuddha ) . soon thereafter , he attracted a band of followers and instituted a monastic order . now , as the buddha , he spent the rest of his life teaching the path of awakening he had discovered , traveling throughout the northeastern part of the indian subcontinent , and died at the age of 80 ( 483 bce ) in kushinagar , india . the south branch of the original fig tree available only in anuradhapura sri lanka is known as jaya sri maha bodhi . [ sep ] he spent the rest of his life teaching the path of awakening he had discovered
gautama was now determined to complete his spiritual quest . at the age of 35 , he famously sat in meditation under a ficus religiosa tree now called the bodhi tree in the town of bodh gaya and vowed not to rise before achieving enlightenment . after many days , he finally destroyed the fetters of his mind , thereby liberating himself from the cycle of suffering and rebirth , and arose as a fully enlightened being ( skt . samyaksambuddha ) . soon thereafter , he attracted a band of followers and instituted a monastic order . now , as the buddha , he spent the rest of his life teaching the path of awakening he had discovered , traveling throughout the northeastern part of the indian subcontinent , and died at the age of 80 ( 483 bce ) in kushinagar , india . the south branch of the original fig tree available only in anuradhapura sri lanka is known as jaya sri maha bodhi . [ sep ] 80
gautama was now determined to complete his spiritual quest . at the age of 35 , he famously sat in meditation under a ficus religiosa tree now called the bodhi tree in the town of bodh gaya and vowed not to rise before achieving enlightenment . after many days , he finally destroyed the fetters of his mind , thereby liberating himself from the cycle of suffering and rebirth , and arose as a fully enlightened being ( skt . samyaksambuddha ) . soon thereafter , he attracted a band of followers and instituted a monastic order . now , as the buddha , he spent the rest of his life teaching the path of awakening he had discovered , traveling throughout the northeastern part of the indian subcontinent , and died at the age of 80 ( 483 bce ) in kushinagar , india . the south branch of the original fig tree available only in anuradhapura sri lanka is known as jaya sri maha bodhi . [ sep ] jaya sri maha bodhi
within buddhism , samsara is defined as the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death that arises from ordinary beings ' grasping and fixating on a self and experiences . specifically , samsara refers to the process of cycling through one rebirth after another within the six realms of existence , [ note 2 ] where each realm can be understood as physical realm or a psychological state characterized by a particular type of suffering . samsara arises out of avidya ( ignorance ) and is characterized by dukkha ( suffering , anxiety , dissatisfaction ) . in the buddhist view , liberation from samsara is possible by following the buddhist path . [ sep ] the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death
within buddhism , samsara is defined as the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death that arises from ordinary beings ' grasping and fixating on a self and experiences . specifically , samsara refers to the process of cycling through one rebirth after another within the six realms of existence , [ note 2 ] where each realm can be understood as physical realm or a psychological state characterized by a particular type of suffering . samsara arises out of avidya ( ignorance ) and is characterized by dukkha ( suffering , anxiety , dissatisfaction ) . in the buddhist view , liberation from samsara is possible by following the buddhist path . [ sep ] ignorance
within buddhism , samsara is defined as the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death that arises from ordinary beings ' grasping and fixating on a self and experiences . specifically , samsara refers to the process of cycling through one rebirth after another within the six realms of existence , [ note 2 ] where each realm can be understood as physical realm or a psychological state characterized by a particular type of suffering . samsara arises out of avidya ( ignorance ) and is characterized by dukkha ( suffering , anxiety , dissatisfaction ) . in the buddhist view , liberation from samsara is possible by following the buddhist path . [ sep ] suffering , anxiety , dissatisfaction
within buddhism , samsara is defined as the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death that arises from ordinary beings ' grasping and fixating on a self and experiences . specifically , samsara refers to the process of cycling through one rebirth after another within the six realms of existence , [ note 2 ] where each realm can be understood as physical realm or a psychological state characterized by a particular type of suffering . samsara arises out of avidya ( ignorance ) and is characterized by dukkha ( suffering , anxiety , dissatisfaction ) . in the buddhist view , liberation from samsara is possible by following the buddhist path . [ sep ] in the buddhist view , liberation from samsara is possible by following the buddhist path .
solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions . these processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar energy into storable and transportable fuels . solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into thermochemical or photochemical . a variety of fuels can be produced by artificial photosynthesis . the multielectron catalytic chemistry involved in making carbon - based fuels ( such as methanol ) from reduction of carbon dioxide is challenging ; a feasible alternative is hydrogen production from protons , though use of water as the source of electrons ( as plants do ) requires mastering the multielectron oxidation of two water molecules to molecular oxygen . some have envisaged working solar fuel plants in coastal metropolitan areas by 2050 – the splitting of sea water providing hydrogen to be run through adjacent fuel - cell electric power plants and the pure water by - product going directly into the municipal water system . another vision involves all human structures covering the earth ' s surface ( i . e . , roads , vehicles and buildings ) doing photosynthesis more efficiently than plants . [ sep ] solar chemical processes
solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions . these processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar energy into storable and transportable fuels . solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into thermochemical or photochemical . a variety of fuels can be produced by artificial photosynthesis . the multielectron catalytic chemistry involved in making carbon - based fuels ( such as methanol ) from reduction of carbon dioxide is challenging ; a feasible alternative is hydrogen production from protons , though use of water as the source of electrons ( as plants do ) requires mastering the multielectron oxidation of two water molecules to molecular oxygen . some have envisaged working solar fuel plants in coastal metropolitan areas by 2050 – the splitting of sea water providing hydrogen to be run through adjacent fuel - cell electric power plants and the pure water by - product going directly into the municipal water system . another vision involves all human structures covering the earth ' s surface ( i . e . , roads , vehicles and buildings ) doing photosynthesis more efficiently than plants . [ sep ] artificial photosynthesis
hydrogen production technologies been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s . aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells , several thermochemical processes have also been explored . one such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures ( 2 , 300 – 2 , 600 °c or 4 , 200 – 4 , 700 °f ) . another approach uses the heat from solar concentrators to drive the steam reformation of natural gas thereby increasing the overall hydrogen yield compared to conventional reforming methods . thermochemical cycles characterized by the decomposition and regeneration of reactants present another avenue for hydrogen production . the solzinc process under development at the weizmann institute uses a 1 mw solar furnace to decompose zinc oxide ( zno ) at temperatures above 1 , 200 °c ( 2 , 200 °f ) . this initial reaction produces pure zinc , which can subsequently be reacted with water to produce hydrogen . [ sep ] hydrogen production technologies
hydrogen production technologies been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s . aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells , several thermochemical processes have also been explored . one such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures ( 2 , 300 – 2 , 600 °c or 4 , 200 – 4 , 700 °f ) . another approach uses the heat from solar concentrators to drive the steam reformation of natural gas thereby increasing the overall hydrogen yield compared to conventional reforming methods . thermochemical cycles characterized by the decomposition and regeneration of reactants present another avenue for hydrogen production . the solzinc process under development at the weizmann institute uses a 1 mw solar furnace to decompose zinc oxide ( zno ) at temperatures above 1 , 200 °c ( 2 , 200 °f ) . this initial reaction produces pure zinc , which can subsequently be reacted with water to produce hydrogen . [ sep ] uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures
hydrogen production technologies been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s . aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells , several thermochemical processes have also been explored . one such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures ( 2 , 300 – 2 , 600 °c or 4 , 200 – 4 , 700 °f ) . another approach uses the heat from solar concentrators to drive the steam reformation of natural gas thereby increasing the overall hydrogen yield compared to conventional reforming methods . thermochemical cycles characterized by the decomposition and regeneration of reactants present another avenue for hydrogen production . the solzinc process under development at the weizmann institute uses a 1 mw solar furnace to decompose zinc oxide ( zno ) at temperatures above 1 , 200 °c ( 2 , 200 °f ) . this initial reaction produces pure zinc , which can subsequently be reacted with water to produce hydrogen . [ sep ] solzinc process
thermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations . thermal storage systems generally use readily available materials with high specific heat capacities such as water , earth and stone . well - designed systems can lower peak demand , shift time - of - use to off - peak hours and reduce overall heating and cooling requirements . [ sep ] thermal mass systems
thermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations . thermal storage systems generally use readily available materials with high specific heat capacities such as water , earth and stone . well - designed systems can lower peak demand , shift time - of - use to off - peak hours and reduce overall heating and cooling requirements . [ sep ] water , earth and stone
thermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations . thermal storage systems generally use readily available materials with high specific heat capacities such as water , earth and stone . well - designed systems can lower peak demand , shift time - of - use to off - peak hours and reduce overall heating and cooling requirements . [ sep ] reduce overall heating and cooling requirements
phase change materials such as paraffin wax and glauber ' s salt are another thermal storage media . these materials are inexpensive , readily available , and can deliver domestically useful temperatures ( approximately 64 °c or 147 °f ) . the " dover house " ( in dover , massachusetts ) was the first to use a glauber ' s salt heating system , in 1948 . solar energy can also be stored at high temperatures using molten salts . salts are an effective storage medium because they are low - cost , have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems . the solar two used this method of energy storage , allowing it to store 1 . 44 terajoules ( 400 , 000 kwh ) in its 68 cubic metres storage tank with an annual storage efficiency of about 99 % . [ sep ] paraffin wax and glauber ' s salt
phase change materials such as paraffin wax and glauber ' s salt are another thermal storage media . these materials are inexpensive , readily available , and can deliver domestically useful temperatures ( approximately 64 °c or 147 °f ) . the " dover house " ( in dover , massachusetts ) was the first to use a glauber ' s salt heating system , in 1948 . solar energy can also be stored at high temperatures using molten salts . salts are an effective storage medium because they are low - cost , have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems . the solar two used this method of energy storage , allowing it to store 1 . 44 terajoules ( 400 , 000 kwh ) in its 68 cubic metres storage tank with an annual storage efficiency of about 99 % . [ sep ] 64 °c or 147 °f
phase change materials such as paraffin wax and glauber ' s salt are another thermal storage media . these materials are inexpensive , readily available , and can deliver domestically useful temperatures ( approximately 64 °c or 147 °f ) . the " dover house " ( in dover , massachusetts ) was the first to use a glauber ' s salt heating system , in 1948 . solar energy can also be stored at high temperatures using molten salts . salts are an effective storage medium because they are low - cost , have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems . the solar two used this method of energy storage , allowing it to store 1 . 44 terajoules ( 400 , 000 kwh ) in its 68 cubic metres storage tank with an annual storage efficiency of about 99 % . [ sep ] dover house
phase change materials such as paraffin wax and glauber ' s salt are another thermal storage media . these materials are inexpensive , readily available , and can deliver domestically useful temperatures ( approximately 64 °c or 147 °f ) . the " dover house " ( in dover , massachusetts ) was the first to use a glauber ' s salt heating system , in 1948 . solar energy can also be stored at high temperatures using molten salts . salts are an effective storage medium because they are low - cost , have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems . the solar two used this method of energy storage , allowing it to store 1 . 44 terajoules ( 400 , 000 kwh ) in its 68 cubic metres storage tank with an annual storage efficiency of about 99 % . [ sep ] they are low - cost , have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems
phase change materials such as paraffin wax and glauber ' s salt are another thermal storage media . these materials are inexpensive , readily available , and can deliver domestically useful temperatures ( approximately 64 °c or 147 °f ) . the " dover house " ( in dover , massachusetts ) was the first to use a glauber ' s salt heating system , in 1948 . solar energy can also be stored at high temperatures using molten salts . salts are an effective storage medium because they are low - cost , have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems . the solar two used this method of energy storage , allowing it to store 1 . 44 terajoules ( 400 , 000 kwh ) in its 68 cubic metres storage tank with an annual storage efficiency of about 99 % . [ sep ] 1 . 44 terajoules ( 400 , 000 kwh )
off - grid pv systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store excess electricity . with grid - tied systems , excess electricity can be sent to the transmission grid , while standard grid electricity can be used to meet shortfalls . net metering programs give household systems a credit for any electricity they deliver to the grid . this is handled by ' rolling back ' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes . if the net electricity use is below zero , the utility then rolls over the kilowatt hour credit to the next month . other approaches involve the use of two meters , to measure electricity consumed vs . electricity produced . this is less common due to the increased installation cost of the second meter . most standard meters accurately measure in both directions , making a second meter unnecessary . [ sep ] rechargeable batteries
off - grid pv systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store excess electricity . with grid - tied systems , excess electricity can be sent to the transmission grid , while standard grid electricity can be used to meet shortfalls . net metering programs give household systems a credit for any electricity they deliver to the grid . this is handled by ' rolling back ' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes . if the net electricity use is below zero , the utility then rolls over the kilowatt hour credit to the next month . other approaches involve the use of two meters , to measure electricity consumed vs . electricity produced . this is less common due to the increased installation cost of the second meter . most standard meters accurately measure in both directions , making a second meter unnecessary . [ sep ] net metering programs
off - grid pv systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store excess electricity . with grid - tied systems , excess electricity can be sent to the transmission grid , while standard grid electricity can be used to meet shortfalls . net metering programs give household systems a credit for any electricity they deliver to the grid . this is handled by ' rolling back ' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes . if the net electricity use is below zero , the utility then rolls over the kilowatt hour credit to the next month . other approaches involve the use of two meters , to measure electricity consumed vs . electricity produced . this is less common due to the increased installation cost of the second meter . most standard meters accurately measure in both directions , making a second meter unnecessary . [ sep ] by ' rolling back ' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes
off - grid pv systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store excess electricity . with grid - tied systems , excess electricity can be sent to the transmission grid , while standard grid electricity can be used to meet shortfalls . net metering programs give household systems a credit for any electricity they deliver to the grid . this is handled by ' rolling back ' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes . if the net electricity use is below zero , the utility then rolls over the kilowatt hour credit to the next month . other approaches involve the use of two meters , to measure electricity consumed vs . electricity produced . this is less common due to the increased installation cost of the second meter . most standard meters accurately measure in both directions , making a second meter unnecessary . [ sep ] most standard meters accurately measure in both directions
pumped - storage hydroelectricity stores energy in the form of water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one . the energy is recovered when demand is high by releasing the water , with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator . [ sep ] water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one
pumped - storage hydroelectricity stores energy in the form of water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one . the energy is recovered when demand is high by releasing the water , with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator . [ sep ] by releasing the water , with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator
beginning with the surge in coal use which accompanied the industrial revolution , energy consumption has steadily transitioned from wood and biomass to fossil fuels . the early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce . however , development of solar technologies stagnated in the early 20th century in the face of the increasing availability , economy , and utility of coal and petroleum . [ sep ] driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce
beginning with the surge in coal use which accompanied the industrial revolution , energy consumption has steadily transitioned from wood and biomass to fossil fuels . the early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce . however , development of solar technologies stagnated in the early 20th century in the face of the increasing availability , economy , and utility of coal and petroleum . [ sep ] increasing availability , economy , and utility of coal and petroleum
the 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies . deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the federal photovoltaic utilization program in the us and the sunshine program in japan . other efforts included the formation of research facilities in the us ( seri , now nrel ) , japan ( nedo ) , and germany ( fraunhofer institute for solar energy systems ise ) . [ sep ] the 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis
the 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies . deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the federal photovoltaic utilization program in the us and the sunshine program in japan . other efforts included the formation of research facilities in the us ( seri , now nrel ) , japan ( nedo ) , and germany ( fraunhofer institute for solar energy systems ise ) . [ sep ] the federal photovoltaic utilization program in the us and the sunshine program in japan
the 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies . deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the federal photovoltaic utilization program in the us and the sunshine program in japan . other efforts included the formation of research facilities in the us ( seri , now nrel ) , japan ( nedo ) , and germany ( fraunhofer institute for solar energy systems ise ) . [ sep ] seri , now nrel
the 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies . deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the federal photovoltaic utilization program in the us and the sunshine program in japan . other efforts included the formation of research facilities in the us ( seri , now nrel ) , japan ( nedo ) , and germany ( fraunhofer institute for solar energy systems ise ) . [ sep ] nedo
the 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies . deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the federal photovoltaic utilization program in the us and the sunshine program in japan . other efforts included the formation of research facilities in the us ( seri , now nrel ) , japan ( nedo ) , and germany ( fraunhofer institute for solar energy systems ise ) . [ sep ] fraunhofer institute for solar energy systems ise
commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the united states in the 1890s . these systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels . as with photovoltaics , solar water heating attracted renewed attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but interest subsided in the 1980s due to falling petroleum prices . development in the solar water heating sector progressed steadily throughout the 1990s and growth rates have averaged 20 % per year since 1999 . although generally underestimated , solar water heating and cooling is by far the most widely deployed solar technology with an estimated capacity of 154 gw as of 2007 . [ sep ] in the 1890s
commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the united states in the 1890s . these systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels . as with photovoltaics , solar water heating attracted renewed attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but interest subsided in the 1980s due to falling petroleum prices . development in the solar water heating sector progressed steadily throughout the 1990s and growth rates have averaged 20 % per year since 1999 . although generally underestimated , solar water heating and cooling is by far the most widely deployed solar technology with an estimated capacity of 154 gw as of 2007 . [ sep ] falling petroleum prices
commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the united states in the 1890s . these systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels . as with photovoltaics , solar water heating attracted renewed attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but interest subsided in the 1980s due to falling petroleum prices . development in the solar water heating sector progressed steadily throughout the 1990s and growth rates have averaged 20 % per year since 1999 . although generally underestimated , solar water heating and cooling is by far the most widely deployed solar technology with an estimated capacity of 154 gw as of 2007 . [ sep ] 20 %
commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the united states in the 1890s . these systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels . as with photovoltaics , solar water heating attracted renewed attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but interest subsided in the 1980s due to falling petroleum prices . development in the solar water heating sector progressed steadily throughout the 1990s and growth rates have averaged 20 % per year since 1999 . although generally underestimated , solar water heating and cooling is by far the most widely deployed solar technology with an estimated capacity of 154 gw as of 2007 . [ sep ] 154 gw
the international energy agency has said that solar energy can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces : [ sep ] the international energy agency
in 2011 , a report by the international energy agency found that solar energy technologies such as photovoltaics , solar hot water and concentrated solar power could provide a third of the world ’ s energy by 2060 if politicians commit to limiting climate change . the energy from the sun could play a key role in de - carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters . " the strength of solar is the incredible variety and flexibility of applications , from small scale to big scale " . [ sep ] 2060
in 2011 , a report by the international energy agency found that solar energy technologies such as photovoltaics , solar hot water and concentrated solar power could provide a third of the world ’ s energy by 2060 if politicians commit to limiting climate change . the energy from the sun could play a key role in de - carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters . " the strength of solar is the incredible variety and flexibility of applications , from small scale to big scale " . [ sep ] could play a key role in de - carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters
the international organization for standardization has established a number of standards relating to solar energy equipment . for example , iso 9050 relates to glass in building while iso 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters . [ sep ] iso 9050
the international organization for standardization has established a number of standards relating to solar energy equipment . for example , iso 9050 relates to glass in building while iso 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters . [ sep ] iso 10217
in buddhism , karma ( from sanskrit : " action , work " ) is the force that drives samsara — the cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being . good , skillful deeds ( pali : " kusala " ) and bad , unskillful ( pali : " akusala " ) actions produce " seeds " in the mind that come to fruition either in this life or in a subsequent rebirth . the avoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions is called sila . karma specifically refers to those actions of body , speech or mind that spring from mental intent ( cetana ) , and bring about a consequence or phala " fruit " or vipaka " result " . [ sep ] action , work
in buddhism , karma ( from sanskrit : " action , work " ) is the force that drives samsara — the cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being . good , skillful deeds ( pali : " kusala " ) and bad , unskillful ( pali : " akusala " ) actions produce " seeds " in the mind that come to fruition either in this life or in a subsequent rebirth . the avoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions is called sila . karma specifically refers to those actions of body , speech or mind that spring from mental intent ( cetana ) , and bring about a consequence or phala " fruit " or vipaka " result " . [ sep ] the force that drives samsara
in buddhism , karma ( from sanskrit : " action , work " ) is the force that drives samsara — the cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being . good , skillful deeds ( pali : " kusala " ) and bad , unskillful ( pali : " akusala " ) actions produce " seeds " in the mind that come to fruition either in this life or in a subsequent rebirth . the avoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions is called sila . karma specifically refers to those actions of body , speech or mind that spring from mental intent ( cetana ) , and bring about a consequence or phala " fruit " or vipaka " result " . [ sep ] sila
in buddhism , karma ( from sanskrit : " action , work " ) is the force that drives samsara — the cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being . good , skillful deeds ( pali : " kusala " ) and bad , unskillful ( pali : " akusala " ) actions produce " seeds " in the mind that come to fruition either in this life or in a subsequent rebirth . the avoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions is called sila . karma specifically refers to those actions of body , speech or mind that spring from mental intent ( cetana ) , and bring about a consequence or phala " fruit " or vipaka " result " . [ sep ] actions of body , speech or mind that spring from mental intent
in theravada buddhism there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for one ' s karma , since it is a purely impersonal process that is a part of the makeup of the universe . [ citation needed ] in mahayana buddhism , the texts of certain mahayana sutras ( such as the lotus sutra , the angulimaliya sutra and the mahayana mahaparinirvana sutra ) claim that the recitation or merely the hearing of their texts can expunge great swathes of negative karma . some forms of buddhism ( for example , vajrayana ) regard the recitation of mantras as a means for cutting off of previous negative karma . the japanese pure land teacher genshin taught that amitabha has the power to destroy the karma that would otherwise bind one in samsara . [ sep ] theravada buddhism
in theravada buddhism there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for one ' s karma , since it is a purely impersonal process that is a part of the makeup of the universe . [ citation needed ] in mahayana buddhism , the texts of certain mahayana sutras ( such as the lotus sutra , the angulimaliya sutra and the mahayana mahaparinirvana sutra ) claim that the recitation or merely the hearing of their texts can expunge great swathes of negative karma . some forms of buddhism ( for example , vajrayana ) regard the recitation of mantras as a means for cutting off of previous negative karma . the japanese pure land teacher genshin taught that amitabha has the power to destroy the karma that would otherwise bind one in samsara . [ sep ] the lotus sutra , the angulimaliya sutra and the mahayana mahaparinirvana sutra
in theravada buddhism there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for one ' s karma , since it is a purely impersonal process that is a part of the makeup of the universe . [ citation needed ] in mahayana buddhism , the texts of certain mahayana sutras ( such as the lotus sutra , the angulimaliya sutra and the mahayana mahaparinirvana sutra ) claim that the recitation or merely the hearing of their texts can expunge great swathes of negative karma . some forms of buddhism ( for example , vajrayana ) regard the recitation of mantras as a means for cutting off of previous negative karma . the japanese pure land teacher genshin taught that amitabha has the power to destroy the karma that would otherwise bind one in samsara . [ sep ] vajrayana
in theravada buddhism there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for one ' s karma , since it is a purely impersonal process that is a part of the makeup of the universe . [ citation needed ] in mahayana buddhism , the texts of certain mahayana sutras ( such as the lotus sutra , the angulimaliya sutra and the mahayana mahaparinirvana sutra ) claim that the recitation or merely the hearing of their texts can expunge great swathes of negative karma . some forms of buddhism ( for example , vajrayana ) regard the recitation of mantras as a means for cutting off of previous negative karma . the japanese pure land teacher genshin taught that amitabha has the power to destroy the karma that would otherwise bind one in samsara . [ sep ] amitabha
rebirth refers to a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of sentient life , each running from conception to death . the doctrine of anatta ( sanskrit anatman ) rejects the concepts of a permanent self or an unchanging , eternal soul , as it is called in hinduism and christianity . according to buddhism there ultimately is no such thing as a self independent from the rest of the universe . buddhists also refer to themselves as the believers of the anatta doctrine — nairatmyavadin or anattavadin . rebirth in subsequent existences must be understood as the continuation of a dynamic , ever - changing process of pratityasamutpada ( " dependent arising " ) determined by the laws of cause and effect ( karma ) rather than that of one being , reincarnating from one existence to the next . [ sep ] rebirth
rebirth refers to a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of sentient life , each running from conception to death . the doctrine of anatta ( sanskrit anatman ) rejects the concepts of a permanent self or an unchanging , eternal soul , as it is called in hinduism and christianity . according to buddhism there ultimately is no such thing as a self independent from the rest of the universe . buddhists also refer to themselves as the believers of the anatta doctrine — nairatmyavadin or anattavadin . rebirth in subsequent existences must be understood as the continuation of a dynamic , ever - changing process of pratityasamutpada ( " dependent arising " ) determined by the laws of cause and effect ( karma ) rather than that of one being , reincarnating from one existence to the next . [ sep ] the doctrine of anatta ( sanskrit anatman )
rebirth refers to a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of sentient life , each running from conception to death . the doctrine of anatta ( sanskrit anatman ) rejects the concepts of a permanent self or an unchanging , eternal soul , as it is called in hinduism and christianity . according to buddhism there ultimately is no such thing as a self independent from the rest of the universe . buddhists also refer to themselves as the believers of the anatta doctrine — nairatmyavadin or anattavadin . rebirth in subsequent existences must be understood as the continuation of a dynamic , ever - changing process of pratityasamutpada ( " dependent arising " ) determined by the laws of cause and effect ( karma ) rather than that of one being , reincarnating from one existence to the next . [ sep ] the laws of cause and effect
the above are further subdivided into 31 planes of existence . [ web 4 ] rebirths in some of the higher heavens , known as the suddhavasa worlds or pure abodes , can be attained only by skilled buddhist practitioners known as anagamis ( non - returners ) . rebirths in the arupyadhatu ( formless realms ) can be attained by only those who can meditate on the arupajhanas , the highest object of meditation . [ sep ] skilled buddhist practitioners known as anagamis ( non - returners )
the above are further subdivided into 31 planes of existence . [ web 4 ] rebirths in some of the higher heavens , known as the suddhavasa worlds or pure abodes , can be attained only by skilled buddhist practitioners known as anagamis ( non - returners ) . rebirths in the arupyadhatu ( formless realms ) can be attained by only those who can meditate on the arupajhanas , the highest object of meditation . [ sep ] those who can meditate on the arupajhanas , the highest object of meditation
according to east asian and tibetan buddhism , there is an intermediate state ( tibetan " bardo " ) between one life and the next . the orthodox theravada position rejects this ; however there are passages in the samyutta nikaya of the pali canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the buddha taught of an intermediate stage between one life and the next . [ page needed ] [ sep ] east asian and tibetan
according to east asian and tibetan buddhism , there is an intermediate state ( tibetan " bardo " ) between one life and the next . the orthodox theravada position rejects this ; however there are passages in the samyutta nikaya of the pali canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the buddha taught of an intermediate stage between one life and the next . [ page needed ] [ sep ] theravada
according to east asian and tibetan buddhism , there is an intermediate state ( tibetan " bardo " ) between one life and the next . the orthodox theravada position rejects this ; however there are passages in the samyutta nikaya of the pali canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the buddha taught of an intermediate stage between one life and the next . [ page needed ] [ sep ] samyutta nikaya of the pali canon
the teachings on the four noble truths are regarded as central to the teachings of buddhism , and are said to provide a conceptual framework for buddhist thought . these four truths explain the nature of dukkha ( suffering , anxiety , unsatisfactoriness ) , its causes , and how it can be overcome . the four truths are : [ note 4 ] [ sep ] the four noble truths
the teachings on the four noble truths are regarded as central to the teachings of buddhism , and are said to provide a conceptual framework for buddhist thought . these four truths explain the nature of dukkha ( suffering , anxiety , unsatisfactoriness ) , its causes , and how it can be overcome . the four truths are : [ note 4 ] [ sep ] the nature of dukkha ( suffering , anxiety , unsatisfactoriness ) , its causes , and how it can be overcome
the first truth explains the nature of dukkha . dukkha is commonly translated as " suffering " , " anxiety " , " unsatisfactoriness " , " unease " , etc . , and it is said to have the following three aspects : [ sep ] the nature of dukkha
the first truth explains the nature of dukkha . dukkha is commonly translated as " suffering " , " anxiety " , " unsatisfactoriness " , " unease " , etc . , and it is said to have the following three aspects : [ sep ] " suffering " , " anxiety " , " unsatisfactoriness " , " unease " , etc .
the second truth is that the origin of dukkha can be known . within the context of the four noble truths , the origin of dukkha is commonly explained as craving ( pali : tanha ) conditioned by ignorance ( pali : avijja ) . on a deeper level , the root cause of dukkha is identified as ignorance ( pali : avijja ) of the true nature of things . the third noble truth is that the complete cessation of dukkha is possible , and the fourth noble truth identifies a path to this cessation . [ note 7 ] [ sep ] that the origin of dukkha can be known
the second truth is that the origin of dukkha can be known . within the context of the four noble truths , the origin of dukkha is commonly explained as craving ( pali : tanha ) conditioned by ignorance ( pali : avijja ) . on a deeper level , the root cause of dukkha is identified as ignorance ( pali : avijja ) of the true nature of things . the third noble truth is that the complete cessation of dukkha is possible , and the fourth noble truth identifies a path to this cessation . [ note 7 ] [ sep ] craving ( pali : tanha ) conditioned by ignorance ( pali : avijja )
the second truth is that the origin of dukkha can be known . within the context of the four noble truths , the origin of dukkha is commonly explained as craving ( pali : tanha ) conditioned by ignorance ( pali : avijja ) . on a deeper level , the root cause of dukkha is identified as ignorance ( pali : avijja ) of the true nature of things . the third noble truth is that the complete cessation of dukkha is possible , and the fourth noble truth identifies a path to this cessation . [ note 7 ] [ sep ] the complete cessation of dukkha is possible
the second truth is that the origin of dukkha can be known . within the context of the four noble truths , the origin of dukkha is commonly explained as craving ( pali : tanha ) conditioned by ignorance ( pali : avijja ) . on a deeper level , the root cause of dukkha is identified as ignorance ( pali : avijja ) of the true nature of things . the third noble truth is that the complete cessation of dukkha is possible , and the fourth noble truth identifies a path to this cessation . [ note 7 ] [ sep ] identifies a path to this cessation
the noble eightfold path — the fourth of the buddha ' s noble truths — consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions , that when developed together , lead to the cessation of dukkha . these eight factors are : right view ( or right understanding ) , right intention ( or right thought ) , right speech , right action , right livelihood , right effort , right mindfulness , and right concentration . [ sep ] the noble eightfold path
the noble eightfold path — the fourth of the buddha ' s noble truths — consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions , that when developed together , lead to the cessation of dukkha . these eight factors are : right view ( or right understanding ) , right intention ( or right thought ) , right speech , right action , right livelihood , right effort , right mindfulness , and right concentration . [ sep ] lead to the cessation of dukkha
the noble eightfold path — the fourth of the buddha ' s noble truths — consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions , that when developed together , lead to the cessation of dukkha . these eight factors are : right view ( or right understanding ) , right intention ( or right thought ) , right speech , right action , right livelihood , right effort , right mindfulness , and right concentration . [ sep ] right view ( or right understanding ) , right intention ( or right thought ) , right speech , right action , right livelihood , right effort , right mindfulness , and right concentration
ajahn sucitto describes the path as " a mandala of interconnected factors that support and moderate each other . " the eight factors of the path are not to be understood as stages , in which each stage is completed before moving on to the next . rather , they are understood as eight significant dimensions of one ' s behaviour — mental , spoken , and bodily — that operate in dependence on one another ; taken together , they define a complete path , or way of living . [ sep ] ajahn sucitto
ajahn sucitto describes the path as " a mandala of interconnected factors that support and moderate each other . " the eight factors of the path are not to be understood as stages , in which each stage is completed before moving on to the next . rather , they are understood as eight significant dimensions of one ' s behaviour — mental , spoken , and bodily — that operate in dependence on one another ; taken together , they define a complete path , or way of living . [ sep ] as eight significant dimensions of one ' s behaviour
while he searched for enlightenment , gautama combined the yoga practice of his teacher kalama with what later became known as " the immeasurables " . [ dubious – discuss ] gautama thus invented a new kind of human , one without egotism . [ dubious – discuss ] what thich nhat hanh calls the " four immeasurable minds " of love , compassion , joy , and equanimity [ full citation needed ] are also known as brahmaviharas , divine abodes , or simply as four immeasurables . [ web 5 ] pema chodron calls them the " four limitless ones " . of the four , metta or loving - kindness meditation is perhaps the best known . [ web 5 ] the four immeasurables are taught as a form of meditation that cultivates " wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings . " [ web 6 ] [ web 7 ] [ sep ] the yoga practice of his teacher kalama with what later became known as " the immeasurables "
while he searched for enlightenment , gautama combined the yoga practice of his teacher kalama with what later became known as " the immeasurables " . [ dubious – discuss ] gautama thus invented a new kind of human , one without egotism . [ dubious – discuss ] what thich nhat hanh calls the " four immeasurable minds " of love , compassion , joy , and equanimity [ full citation needed ] are also known as brahmaviharas , divine abodes , or simply as four immeasurables . [ web 5 ] pema chodron calls them the " four limitless ones " . of the four , metta or loving - kindness meditation is perhaps the best known . [ web 5 ] the four immeasurables are taught as a form of meditation that cultivates " wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings . " [ web 6 ] [ web 7 ] [ sep ] one without egotism
while he searched for enlightenment , gautama combined the yoga practice of his teacher kalama with what later became known as " the immeasurables " . [ dubious – discuss ] gautama thus invented a new kind of human , one without egotism . [ dubious – discuss ] what thich nhat hanh calls the " four immeasurable minds " of love , compassion , joy , and equanimity [ full citation needed ] are also known as brahmaviharas , divine abodes , or simply as four immeasurables . [ web 5 ] pema chodron calls them the " four limitless ones " . of the four , metta or loving - kindness meditation is perhaps the best known . [ web 5 ] the four immeasurables are taught as a form of meditation that cultivates " wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings . " [ web 6 ] [ web 7 ] [ sep ] brahmaviharas , divine abodes , or simply as four immeasurables
while he searched for enlightenment , gautama combined the yoga practice of his teacher kalama with what later became known as " the immeasurables " . [ dubious – discuss ] gautama thus invented a new kind of human , one without egotism . [ dubious – discuss ] what thich nhat hanh calls the " four immeasurable minds " of love , compassion , joy , and equanimity [ full citation needed ] are also known as brahmaviharas , divine abodes , or simply as four immeasurables . [ web 5 ] pema chodron calls them the " four limitless ones " . of the four , metta or loving - kindness meditation is perhaps the best known . [ web 5 ] the four immeasurables are taught as a form of meditation that cultivates " wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings . " [ web 6 ] [ web 7 ] [ sep ] metta or loving - kindness meditation
while he searched for enlightenment , gautama combined the yoga practice of his teacher kalama with what later became known as " the immeasurables " . [ dubious – discuss ] gautama thus invented a new kind of human , one without egotism . [ dubious – discuss ] what thich nhat hanh calls the " four immeasurable minds " of love , compassion , joy , and equanimity [ full citation needed ] are also known as brahmaviharas , divine abodes , or simply as four immeasurables . [ web 5 ] pema chodron calls them the " four limitless ones " . of the four , metta or loving - kindness meditation is perhaps the best known . [ web 5 ] the four immeasurables are taught as a form of meditation that cultivates " wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings . " [ web 6 ] [ web 7 ] [ sep ] wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings
an important guiding principle of buddhist practice is the middle way ( or middle path ) , which is said to have been discovered by gautama buddha prior to his enlightenment . the middle way has several definitions : [ sep ] prior to his enlightenment
buddhist scholars have produced a number of intellectual theories , philosophies and world view concepts ( see , for example , abhidharma , buddhist philosophy and reality in buddhism ) . some schools of buddhism discourage doctrinal study , and some regard it as essential practice . [ sep ] abhidharma , buddhist philosophy and reality in buddhism
buddhist scholars have produced a number of intellectual theories , philosophies and world view concepts ( see , for example , abhidharma , buddhist philosophy and reality in buddhism ) . some schools of buddhism discourage doctrinal study , and some regard it as essential practice . [ sep ] some schools of buddhism discourage doctrinal study , and some regard it as essential practice .
the concept of liberation ( nirvana ) — the goal of the buddhist path — is closely related to overcoming ignorance ( avidya ) , a fundamental misunderstanding or mis - perception of the nature of reality . in awakening to the true nature of the self and all phenomena one develops dispassion for the objects of clinging , and is liberated from suffering ( dukkha ) and the cycle of incessant rebirths ( samsara ) . to this end , the buddha recommended viewing things as characterized by the three marks of existence . [ sep ] liberation
the concept of liberation ( nirvana ) — the goal of the buddhist path — is closely related to overcoming ignorance ( avidya ) , a fundamental misunderstanding or mis - perception of the nature of reality . in awakening to the true nature of the self and all phenomena one develops dispassion for the objects of clinging , and is liberated from suffering ( dukkha ) and the cycle of incessant rebirths ( samsara ) . to this end , the buddha recommended viewing things as characterized by the three marks of existence . [ sep ] suffering ( dukkha ) and the cycle of incessant rebirths ( samsara )
impermanence ( pali : anicca ) expresses the buddhist notion that all compounded or conditioned phenomena ( all things and experiences ) are inconstant , unsteady , and impermanent . everything we can experience through our senses is made up of parts , and its existence is dependent on external conditions . everything is in constant flux , and so conditions and the thing itself are constantly changing . things are constantly coming into being , and ceasing to be . since nothing lasts , there is no inherent or fixed nature to any object or experience . according to the doctrine of impermanence , life embodies this flux in the aging process , the cycle of rebirth ( samsara ) , and in any experience of loss . the doctrine asserts that because things are impermanent , attachment to them is futile and leads to suffering ( dukkha ) . [ sep ] all compounded or conditioned phenomena ( all things and experiences ) are inconstant , unsteady , and impermanent
impermanence ( pali : anicca ) expresses the buddhist notion that all compounded or conditioned phenomena ( all things and experiences ) are inconstant , unsteady , and impermanent . everything we can experience through our senses is made up of parts , and its existence is dependent on external conditions . everything is in constant flux , and so conditions and the thing itself are constantly changing . things are constantly coming into being , and ceasing to be . since nothing lasts , there is no inherent or fixed nature to any object or experience . according to the doctrine of impermanence , life embodies this flux in the aging process , the cycle of rebirth ( samsara ) , and in any experience of loss . the doctrine asserts that because things are impermanent , attachment to them is futile and leads to suffering ( dukkha ) . [ sep ] in the aging process , the cycle of rebirth ( samsara ) , and in any experience of loss
impermanence ( pali : anicca ) expresses the buddhist notion that all compounded or conditioned phenomena ( all things and experiences ) are inconstant , unsteady , and impermanent . everything we can experience through our senses is made up of parts , and its existence is dependent on external conditions . everything is in constant flux , and so conditions and the thing itself are constantly changing . things are constantly coming into being , and ceasing to be . since nothing lasts , there is no inherent or fixed nature to any object or experience . according to the doctrine of impermanence , life embodies this flux in the aging process , the cycle of rebirth ( samsara ) , and in any experience of loss . the doctrine asserts that because things are impermanent , attachment to them is futile and leads to suffering ( dukkha ) . [ sep ] because things are impermanent
suffering ( pali : [unk] dukkha ; sanskrit [unk] duhkha ) is also a central concept in buddhism . the word roughly corresponds to a number of terms in english including suffering , pain , unsatisfactoriness , sorrow , affliction , anxiety , dissatisfaction , discomfort , anguish , stress , misery , and frustration . although the term is often translated as " suffering " , its philosophical meaning is more analogous to " disquietude " as in the condition of being disturbed . as such , " suffering " is too narrow a translation with " negative emotional connotations " [ web 9 ] that can give the impression that the buddhist view is pessimistic , but buddhism seeks to be neither pessimistic nor optimistic , but realistic . in english - language buddhist literature translated from pali , " dukkha " is often left untranslated , so as to encompass its full range of meaning . [ note 8 ] [ sep ] suffering , pain , unsatisfactoriness , sorrow , affliction , anxiety , dissatisfaction , discomfort , anguish , stress , misery , and frustration
suffering ( pali : [unk] dukkha ; sanskrit [unk] duhkha ) is also a central concept in buddhism . the word roughly corresponds to a number of terms in english including suffering , pain , unsatisfactoriness , sorrow , affliction , anxiety , dissatisfaction , discomfort , anguish , stress , misery , and frustration . although the term is often translated as " suffering " , its philosophical meaning is more analogous to " disquietude " as in the condition of being disturbed . as such , " suffering " is too narrow a translation with " negative emotional connotations " [ web 9 ] that can give the impression that the buddhist view is pessimistic , but buddhism seeks to be neither pessimistic nor optimistic , but realistic . in english - language buddhist literature translated from pali , " dukkha " is often left untranslated , so as to encompass its full range of meaning . [ note 8 ] [ sep ] disquietude
suffering ( pali : [unk] dukkha ; sanskrit [unk] duhkha ) is also a central concept in buddhism . the word roughly corresponds to a number of terms in english including suffering , pain , unsatisfactoriness , sorrow , affliction , anxiety , dissatisfaction , discomfort , anguish , stress , misery , and frustration . although the term is often translated as " suffering " , its philosophical meaning is more analogous to " disquietude " as in the condition of being disturbed . as such , " suffering " is too narrow a translation with " negative emotional connotations " [ web 9 ] that can give the impression that the buddhist view is pessimistic , but buddhism seeks to be neither pessimistic nor optimistic , but realistic . in english - language buddhist literature translated from pali , " dukkha " is often left untranslated , so as to encompass its full range of meaning . [ note 8 ] [ sep ] realistic
not - self ( pali : anatta ; sanskrit : anatman ) is the third mark of existence . upon careful examination , one finds that no phenomenon is really " i " or " mine " ; these concepts are in fact constructed by the mind . in the nikayas anatta is not meant as a metaphysical assertion , but as an approach for gaining release from suffering . in fact , the buddha rejected both of the metaphysical assertions " i have a self " and " i have no self " as ontological views that bind one to suffering . [ note 9 ] when asked if the self was identical with the body , the buddha refused to answer . by analyzing the constantly changing physical and mental constituents ( skandhas ) of a person or object , the practitioner comes to the conclusion that neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self . [ sep ] not - self ( pali : anatta ; sanskrit : anatman )
not - self ( pali : anatta ; sanskrit : anatman ) is the third mark of existence . upon careful examination , one finds that no phenomenon is really " i " or " mine " ; these concepts are in fact constructed by the mind . in the nikayas anatta is not meant as a metaphysical assertion , but as an approach for gaining release from suffering . in fact , the buddha rejected both of the metaphysical assertions " i have a self " and " i have no self " as ontological views that bind one to suffering . [ note 9 ] when asked if the self was identical with the body , the buddha refused to answer . by analyzing the constantly changing physical and mental constituents ( skandhas ) of a person or object , the practitioner comes to the conclusion that neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self . [ sep ] suffering
not - self ( pali : anatta ; sanskrit : anatman ) is the third mark of existence . upon careful examination , one finds that no phenomenon is really " i " or " mine " ; these concepts are in fact constructed by the mind . in the nikayas anatta is not meant as a metaphysical assertion , but as an approach for gaining release from suffering . in fact , the buddha rejected both of the metaphysical assertions " i have a self " and " i have no self " as ontological views that bind one to suffering . [ note 9 ] when asked if the self was identical with the body , the buddha refused to answer . by analyzing the constantly changing physical and mental constituents ( skandhas ) of a person or object , the practitioner comes to the conclusion that neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self . [ sep ] the buddha refused to answer
not - self ( pali : anatta ; sanskrit : anatman ) is the third mark of existence . upon careful examination , one finds that no phenomenon is really " i " or " mine " ; these concepts are in fact constructed by the mind . in the nikayas anatta is not meant as a metaphysical assertion , but as an approach for gaining release from suffering . in fact , the buddha rejected both of the metaphysical assertions " i have a self " and " i have no self " as ontological views that bind one to suffering . [ note 9 ] when asked if the self was identical with the body , the buddha refused to answer . by analyzing the constantly changing physical and mental constituents ( skandhas ) of a person or object , the practitioner comes to the conclusion that neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self . [ sep ] neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self
the doctrine of pratityasamutpada , ( sanskrit ; pali : paticcasamuppada ; tibetan wylie : rten cing ' brel bar ' byung ba ; chinese : [unk] [unk] ) is an important part of buddhist metaphysics . it states that phenomena arise together in a mutually interdependent web of cause and effect . it is variously rendered into english as " dependent origination " , " conditioned genesis " , " dependent relationship " , " dependent co - arising " , " interdependent arising " , or " contingency " . [ sep ] pratityasamutpada , ( sanskrit ; pali : paticcasamuppada ; tibetan wylie : rten cing ' brel bar ' byung ba ; chinese : [unk] [unk] )
the doctrine of pratityasamutpada , ( sanskrit ; pali : paticcasamuppada ; tibetan wylie : rten cing ' brel bar ' byung ba ; chinese : [unk] [unk] ) is an important part of buddhist metaphysics . it states that phenomena arise together in a mutually interdependent web of cause and effect . it is variously rendered into english as " dependent origination " , " conditioned genesis " , " dependent relationship " , " dependent co - arising " , " interdependent arising " , or " contingency " . [ sep ] " dependent origination " , " conditioned genesis " , " dependent relationship " , " dependent co - arising " , " interdependent arising " , or " contingency "
the best - known application of the concept of pratityasamutpada is the scheme of twelve nidanas ( from pali " nidana " meaning " cause , foundation , source or origin " ) , which explain the continuation of the cycle of suffering and rebirth ( samsara ) in detail . [ note 10 ] [ sep ] the scheme of twelve nidanas
the best - known application of the concept of pratityasamutpada is the scheme of twelve nidanas ( from pali " nidana " meaning " cause , foundation , source or origin " ) , which explain the continuation of the cycle of suffering and rebirth ( samsara ) in detail . [ note 10 ] [ sep ] the continuation of the cycle of suffering and rebirth ( samsara ) in detail .
the twelve nidanas describe a causal connection between the subsequent characteristics or conditions of cyclic existence , each one giving rise to the next : [ sep ] the twelve nidanas
sentient beings always suffer throughout samsara until they free themselves from this suffering ( dukkha ) by attaining nirvana . then the absence of the first nidana — ignorance — leads to the absence of the others . [ sep ] by attaining nirvana
sentient beings always suffer throughout samsara until they free themselves from this suffering ( dukkha ) by attaining nirvana . then the absence of the first nidana — ignorance — leads to the absence of the others . [ sep ] ignorance
sentient beings always suffer throughout samsara until they free themselves from this suffering ( dukkha ) by attaining nirvana . then the absence of the first nidana — ignorance — leads to the absence of the others . [ sep ] the absence of the others
buddhism / ˈbudɪzəm / is a nontheistic religion [ note 1 ] or philosophy ( sanskrit : धरम dharma ; pali : धमम dhamma ) that encompasses a variety of traditions , beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to gautama buddha , commonly known as the buddha ( " the awakened one " ) . according to buddhist tradition , the buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of the indian subcontinent , present - day nepal sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries bce . [ note 1 ] he is recognized by buddhists as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end their suffering through the elimination of ignorance and craving . buddhists believe that this is accomplished through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the four noble truths . [ sep ] nontheistic religion
buddhism / ˈbudɪzəm / is a nontheistic religion [ note 1 ] or philosophy ( sanskrit : धरम dharma ; pali : धमम dhamma ) that encompasses a variety of traditions , beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to gautama buddha , commonly known as the buddha ( " the awakened one " ) . according to buddhist tradition , the buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of the indian subcontinent , present - day nepal sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries bce . [ note 1 ] he is recognized by buddhists as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end their suffering through the elimination of ignorance and craving . buddhists believe that this is accomplished through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the four noble truths . [ sep ] gautama buddha
buddhism / ˈbudɪzəm / is a nontheistic religion [ note 1 ] or philosophy ( sanskrit : धरम dharma ; pali : धमम dhamma ) that encompasses a variety of traditions , beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to gautama buddha , commonly known as the buddha ( " the awakened one " ) . according to buddhist tradition , the buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of the indian subcontinent , present - day nepal sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries bce . [ note 1 ] he is recognized by buddhists as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end their suffering through the elimination of ignorance and craving . buddhists believe that this is accomplished through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the four noble truths . [ sep ] between the 6th and 4th centuries bce
buddhism / ˈbudɪzəm / is a nontheistic religion [ note 1 ] or philosophy ( sanskrit : धरम dharma ; pali : धमम dhamma ) that encompasses a variety of traditions , beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to gautama buddha , commonly known as the buddha ( " the awakened one " ) . according to buddhist tradition , the buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of the indian subcontinent , present - day nepal sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries bce . [ note 1 ] he is recognized by buddhists as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end their suffering through the elimination of ignorance and craving . buddhists believe that this is accomplished through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the four noble truths . [ sep ] present - day nepal
buddhism / ˈbudɪzəm / is a nontheistic religion [ note 1 ] or philosophy ( sanskrit : धरम dharma ; pali : धमम dhamma ) that encompasses a variety of traditions , beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to gautama buddha , commonly known as the buddha ( " the awakened one " ) . according to buddhist tradition , the buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of the indian subcontinent , present - day nepal sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries bce . [ note 1 ] he is recognized by buddhists as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end their suffering through the elimination of ignorance and craving . buddhists believe that this is accomplished through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the four noble truths . [ sep ] gautama buddha
buddhism / ˈbudɪzəm / is a nontheistic religion [ note 1 ] or philosophy ( sanskrit : धरम dharma ; pali : धमम dhamma ) that encompasses a variety of traditions , beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to gautama buddha , commonly known as the buddha ( " the awakened one " ) . according to buddhist tradition , the buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of the indian subcontinent , present - day nepal sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries bce . [ note 1 ] he is recognized by buddhists as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end their suffering through the elimination of ignorance and craving . buddhists believe that this is accomplished through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the four noble truths . [ sep ] nepal
buddhism / ˈbudɪzəm / is a nontheistic religion [ note 1 ] or philosophy ( sanskrit : धरम dharma ; pali : धमम dhamma ) that encompasses a variety of traditions , beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to gautama buddha , commonly known as the buddha ( " the awakened one " ) . according to buddhist tradition , the buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of the indian subcontinent , present - day nepal sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries bce . [ note 1 ] he is recognized by buddhists as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end their suffering through the elimination of ignorance and craving . buddhists believe that this is accomplished through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the four noble truths . [ sep ] sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries bce
two major extant branches of buddhism are generally recognized by scholars : theravada ( " the school of the elders " ) and mahayana ( " the great vehicle " ) . vajrayana , a body of teachings attributed to indian siddhas , may be viewed as a third branch or merely a part of mahayana . theravada has a widespread following in sri lanka and southeast asia . mahayana which includes the traditions of pure land , zen , nichiren buddhism , shingon , and tiantai ( tendai ) is found throughout east asia . tibetan buddhism , which preserves the vajrayana teachings of eighth century india , is practiced in regions surrounding the himalayas , mongolia and kalmykia . buddhists number between an estimated 488 million [ web 1 ] and 535 million , making it one of the world ' s major religions . [ sep ] mahayana
two major extant branches of buddhism are generally recognized by scholars : theravada ( " the school of the elders " ) and mahayana ( " the great vehicle " ) . vajrayana , a body of teachings attributed to indian siddhas , may be viewed as a third branch or merely a part of mahayana . theravada has a widespread following in sri lanka and southeast asia . mahayana which includes the traditions of pure land , zen , nichiren buddhism , shingon , and tiantai ( tendai ) is found throughout east asia . tibetan buddhism , which preserves the vajrayana teachings of eighth century india , is practiced in regions surrounding the himalayas , mongolia and kalmykia . buddhists number between an estimated 488 million [ web 1 ] and 535 million , making it one of the world ' s major religions . [ sep ] vajrayana
in theravada buddhism , the ultimate goal is the attainment of the sublime state of nirvana , achieved by practicing the noble eightfold path ( also known as the middle way ) , thus escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth . mahayana buddhism instead aspires to buddhahood via the bodhisattva path , a state wherein one remains in this cycle to help other beings reach awakening . tibetan buddhism aspires to buddhahood or rainbow body . [ sep ] by practicing the noble eightfold path
buddhist schools vary on the exact nature of the path to liberation , the importance and canonicity of various teachings and scriptures , and especially their respective practices . buddhism denies a creator deity and posits that mundane deities such as mahabrahma are misperceived to be a creator . the foundations of buddhist tradition and practice are the three jewels : the buddha , the dharma ( the teachings ) , and the sangha ( the community ) . taking " refuge in the triple gem " has traditionally been a declaration and commitment to being on the buddhist path , and in general distinguishes a buddhist from a non - buddhist . other practices are ten meritorious deeds including , giving charity to reduce the greediness ; following ethical precepts ; renouncing conventional living and becoming a monastic ; the development of mindfulness and practice of meditation ; cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment ; study of scriptures ; devotional practices ; ceremonies ; and in the mahayana tradition , invocation of buddhas and bodhisattvas . [ sep ] ten meritorious deeds
buddhist schools vary on the exact nature of the path to liberation , the importance and canonicity of various teachings and scriptures , and especially their respective practices . buddhism denies a creator deity and posits that mundane deities such as mahabrahma are misperceived to be a creator . the foundations of buddhist tradition and practice are the three jewels : the buddha , the dharma ( the teachings ) , and the sangha ( the community ) . taking " refuge in the triple gem " has traditionally been a declaration and commitment to being on the buddhist path , and in general distinguishes a buddhist from a non - buddhist . other practices are ten meritorious deeds including , giving charity to reduce the greediness ; following ethical precepts ; renouncing conventional living and becoming a monastic ; the development of mindfulness and practice of meditation ; cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment ; study of scriptures ; devotional practices ; ceremonies ; and in the mahayana tradition , invocation of buddhas and bodhisattvas . [ sep ] renouncing conventional living and becoming a monastic
this narrative draws on the nidanakatha of the jataka tales of the theravada , which is ascribed to buddhaghosa in the 5th century ce . earlier biographies such as the buddhacarita , the lokottaravadin mahavastu , and the sarvastivadin lalitavistara sutra , give different accounts . scholars are hesitant to make unqualified claims about the historical facts of the buddha ' s life . most accept that he lived , taught and founded a monastic order , but do not consistently accept all of the details contained in his biographies . [ sep ] 5th century ce
this narrative draws on the nidanakatha of the jataka tales of the theravada , which is ascribed to buddhaghosa in the 5th century ce . earlier biographies such as the buddhacarita , the lokottaravadin mahavastu , and the sarvastivadin lalitavistara sutra , give different accounts . scholars are hesitant to make unqualified claims about the historical facts of the buddha ' s life . most accept that he lived , taught and founded a monastic order , but do not consistently accept all of the details contained in his biographies . [ sep ] the buddhacarita
this narrative draws on the nidanakatha of the jataka tales of the theravada , which is ascribed to buddhaghosa in the 5th century ce . earlier biographies such as the buddhacarita , the lokottaravadin mahavastu , and the sarvastivadin lalitavistara sutra , give different accounts . scholars are hesitant to make unqualified claims about the historical facts of the buddha ' s life . most accept that he lived , taught and founded a monastic order , but do not consistently accept all of the details contained in his biographies . [ sep ] buddha
kanye omari west ( / ˈkɑːnjeɪ / ; born june 8 , 1977 ) is an american hip hop recording artist , record producer , rapper , fashion designer , and entrepreneur . he is among the most acclaimed musicians of the 21st century , attracting both praise and controversy for his work and his outspoken public persona . [ sep ] hip hop
kanye omari west ( / ˈkɑːnjeɪ / ; born june 8 , 1977 ) is an american hip hop recording artist , record producer , rapper , fashion designer , and entrepreneur . he is among the most acclaimed musicians of the 21st century , attracting both praise and controversy for his work and his outspoken public persona . [ sep ] omari
kanye omari west ( / ˈkɑːnjeɪ / ; born june 8 , 1977 ) is an american hip hop recording artist , record producer , rapper , fashion designer , and entrepreneur . he is among the most acclaimed musicians of the 21st century , attracting both praise and controversy for his work and his outspoken public persona . [ sep ] june 8 , 1977
raised in chicago , west briefly attended art school before becoming known as a producer for roc - a - fella records in the early 2000s , producing hit singles for artists such as jay - z and alicia keys . intent on pursuing a solo career as a rapper , west released his debut album the college dropout in 2004 to widespread commercial and critical success , and founded record label good music . he went on to explore a variety of different musical styles on subsequent albums that included the baroque - inflected late registration ( 2005 ) , the arena - inspired graduation ( 2007 ) , and the starkly polarizing 808s & heartbreak ( 2008 ) . in 2010 , he released his critically acclaimed fifth album , the maximalist my beautiful dark twisted fantasy , and the following year he collaborated with jay - z on the joint lp watch the throne ( 2011 ) . west released his abrasive sixth album , yeezus , to further critical praise in 2013 . following a series of recording delays and work on non - musical projects , west ' s seventh album , the life of pablo , was released in 2016 . [ sep ] chicago
raised in chicago , west briefly attended art school before becoming known as a producer for roc - a - fella records in the early 2000s , producing hit singles for artists such as jay - z and alicia keys . intent on pursuing a solo career as a rapper , west released his debut album the college dropout in 2004 to widespread commercial and critical success , and founded record label good music . he went on to explore a variety of different musical styles on subsequent albums that included the baroque - inflected late registration ( 2005 ) , the arena - inspired graduation ( 2007 ) , and the starkly polarizing 808s & heartbreak ( 2008 ) . in 2010 , he released his critically acclaimed fifth album , the maximalist my beautiful dark twisted fantasy , and the following year he collaborated with jay - z on the joint lp watch the throne ( 2011 ) . west released his abrasive sixth album , yeezus , to further critical praise in 2013 . following a series of recording delays and work on non - musical projects , west ' s seventh album , the life of pablo , was released in 2016 . [ sep ] producer
raised in chicago , west briefly attended art school before becoming known as a producer for roc - a - fella records in the early 2000s , producing hit singles for artists such as jay - z and alicia keys . intent on pursuing a solo career as a rapper , west released his debut album the college dropout in 2004 to widespread commercial and critical success , and founded record label good music . he went on to explore a variety of different musical styles on subsequent albums that included the baroque - inflected late registration ( 2005 ) , the arena - inspired graduation ( 2007 ) , and the starkly polarizing 808s & heartbreak ( 2008 ) . in 2010 , he released his critically acclaimed fifth album , the maximalist my beautiful dark twisted fantasy , and the following year he collaborated with jay - z on the joint lp watch the throne ( 2011 ) . west released his abrasive sixth album , yeezus , to further critical praise in 2013 . following a series of recording delays and work on non - musical projects , west ' s seventh album , the life of pablo , was released in 2016 . [ sep ] 2004
raised in chicago , west briefly attended art school before becoming known as a producer for roc - a - fella records in the early 2000s , producing hit singles for artists such as jay - z and alicia keys . intent on pursuing a solo career as a rapper , west released his debut album the college dropout in 2004 to widespread commercial and critical success , and founded record label good music . he went on to explore a variety of different musical styles on subsequent albums that included the baroque - inflected late registration ( 2005 ) , the arena - inspired graduation ( 2007 ) , and the starkly polarizing 808s & heartbreak ( 2008 ) . in 2010 , he released his critically acclaimed fifth album , the maximalist my beautiful dark twisted fantasy , and the following year he collaborated with jay - z on the joint lp watch the throne ( 2011 ) . west released his abrasive sixth album , yeezus , to further critical praise in 2013 . following a series of recording delays and work on non - musical projects , west ' s seventh album , the life of pablo , was released in 2016 . [ sep ] 7
west ' s outspoken views and ventures outside of music have received significant mainstream attention . he has been a frequent source of controversy and public scrutiny for his conduct at award shows , on social media , and in other public settings . his more publicized comments include his declaration that president george w . bush " doesn ' t care about black people " during a live 2005 television broadcast for hurricane katrina relief , and his interruption of singer taylor swift at the 2009 mtv video music awards . west ' s efforts as a designer include collaborations with nike , louis vuitton , and a . p . c . on both clothing and footwear , and have most prominently resulted in the yeezy season collaboration with adidas beginning in 2013 . he is the founder and head of the creative content company donda . [ sep ] george w . bush
west ' s outspoken views and ventures outside of music have received significant mainstream attention . he has been a frequent source of controversy and public scrutiny for his conduct at award shows , on social media , and in other public settings . his more publicized comments include his declaration that president george w . bush " doesn ' t care about black people " during a live 2005 television broadcast for hurricane katrina relief , and his interruption of singer taylor swift at the 2009 mtv video music awards . west ' s efforts as a designer include collaborations with nike , louis vuitton , and a . p . c . on both clothing and footwear , and have most prominently resulted in the yeezy season collaboration with adidas beginning in 2013 . he is the founder and head of the creative content company donda . [ sep ] taylor swift
west ' s outspoken views and ventures outside of music have received significant mainstream attention . he has been a frequent source of controversy and public scrutiny for his conduct at award shows , on social media , and in other public settings . his more publicized comments include his declaration that president george w . bush " doesn ' t care about black people " during a live 2005 television broadcast for hurricane katrina relief , and his interruption of singer taylor swift at the 2009 mtv video music awards . west ' s efforts as a designer include collaborations with nike , louis vuitton , and a . p . c . on both clothing and footwear , and have most prominently resulted in the yeezy season collaboration with adidas beginning in 2013 . he is the founder and head of the creative content company donda . [ sep ] clothing and footwear
west ' s outspoken views and ventures outside of music have received significant mainstream attention . he has been a frequent source of controversy and public scrutiny for his conduct at award shows , on social media , and in other public settings . his more publicized comments include his declaration that president george w . bush " doesn ' t care about black people " during a live 2005 television broadcast for hurricane katrina relief , and his interruption of singer taylor swift at the 2009 mtv video music awards . west ' s efforts as a designer include collaborations with nike , louis vuitton , and a . p . c . on both clothing and footwear , and have most prominently resulted in the yeezy season collaboration with adidas beginning in 2013 . he is the founder and head of the creative content company donda . [ sep ] donda
west ' s outspoken views and ventures outside of music have received significant mainstream attention . he has been a frequent source of controversy and public scrutiny for his conduct at award shows , on social media , and in other public settings . his more publicized comments include his declaration that president george w . bush " doesn ' t care about black people " during a live 2005 television broadcast for hurricane katrina relief , and his interruption of singer taylor swift at the 2009 mtv video music awards . west ' s efforts as a designer include collaborations with nike , louis vuitton , and a . p . c . on both clothing and footwear , and have most prominently resulted in the yeezy season collaboration with adidas beginning in 2013 . he is the founder and head of the creative content company donda . [ sep ] 2013
west is one of the best - selling artists of all time , having sold more than 32 million albums and 100 million digital downloads worldwide . he has won a total of 21 grammy awards , making him one of the most awarded artists of all time and the most grammy - awarded artist of his age . three of his albums rank on rolling stone ' s 2012 " 500 greatest albums of all time " list ; two of his albums feature at first and eighth , respectively , in pitchfork media ' s the 100 best albums of 2010 – 2014 . he has also been included in a number of forbes annual lists . time named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2005 and 2015 . [ sep ] 32 million
west is one of the best - selling artists of all time , having sold more than 32 million albums and 100 million digital downloads worldwide . he has won a total of 21 grammy awards , making him one of the most awarded artists of all time and the most grammy - awarded artist of his age . three of his albums rank on rolling stone ' s 2012 " 500 greatest albums of all time " list ; two of his albums feature at first and eighth , respectively , in pitchfork media ' s the 100 best albums of 2010 – 2014 . he has also been included in a number of forbes annual lists . time named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2005 and 2015 . [ sep ] 21
west is one of the best - selling artists of all time , having sold more than 32 million albums and 100 million digital downloads worldwide . he has won a total of 21 grammy awards , making him one of the most awarded artists of all time and the most grammy - awarded artist of his age . three of his albums rank on rolling stone ' s 2012 " 500 greatest albums of all time " list ; two of his albums feature at first and eighth , respectively , in pitchfork media ' s the 100 best albums of 2010 – 2014 . he has also been included in a number of forbes annual lists . time named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2005 and 2015 . [ sep ] 3
west is one of the best - selling artists of all time , having sold more than 32 million albums and 100 million digital downloads worldwide . he has won a total of 21 grammy awards , making him one of the most awarded artists of all time and the most grammy - awarded artist of his age . three of his albums rank on rolling stone ' s 2012 " 500 greatest albums of all time " list ; two of his albums feature at first and eighth , respectively , in pitchfork media ' s the 100 best albums of 2010 – 2014 . he has also been included in a number of forbes annual lists . time named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2005 and 2015 . [ sep ] 2005 and 2015
according to author michael carrithers , while there are good reasons to doubt the traditional account , " the outline of the life must be true : birth , maturity , renunciation , search , awakening and liberation , teaching , death . " in writing her biography of the buddha , karen armstrong noted , " it is obviously difficult , therefore , to write a biography of the buddha that meets modern criteria , because we have very little information that can be considered historically sound . . . [ but ] we can be reasonably confident siddhatta gotama did indeed exist and that his disciples preserved the memory of his life and teachings as well as they could . " [ dubious – discuss ] [ sep ] birth , maturity , renunciation
according to author michael carrithers , while there are good reasons to doubt the traditional account , " the outline of the life must be true : birth , maturity , renunciation , search , awakening and liberation , teaching , death . " in writing her biography of the buddha , karen armstrong noted , " it is obviously difficult , therefore , to write a biography of the buddha that meets modern criteria , because we have very little information that can be considered historically sound . . . [ but ] we can be reasonably confident siddhatta gotama did indeed exist and that his disciples preserved the memory of his life and teachings as well as they could . " [ dubious – discuss ] [ sep ] karen armstrong
according to author michael carrithers , while there are good reasons to doubt the traditional account , " the outline of the life must be true : birth , maturity , renunciation , search , awakening and liberation , teaching , death . " in writing her biography of the buddha , karen armstrong noted , " it is obviously difficult , therefore , to write a biography of the buddha that meets modern criteria , because we have very little information that can be considered historically sound . . . [ but ] we can be reasonably confident siddhatta gotama did indeed exist and that his disciples preserved the memory of his life and teachings as well as they could . " [ dubious – discuss ] [ sep ] siddhatta gotama
according to author michael carrithers , while there are good reasons to doubt the traditional account , " the outline of the life must be true : birth , maturity , renunciation , search , awakening and liberation , teaching , death . " in writing her biography of the buddha , karen armstrong noted , " it is obviously difficult , therefore , to write a biography of the buddha that meets modern criteria , because we have very little information that can be considered historically sound . . . [ but ] we can be reasonably confident siddhatta gotama did indeed exist and that his disciples preserved the memory of his life and teachings as well as they could . " [ dubious – discuss ] [ sep ] disciples
the evidence of the early texts suggests that siddhartha gautama was born in a community that was on the periphery , both geographically and culturally , of the northeastern indian subcontinent in the fifth century bce . it was either a small republic , in which case his father was an elected chieftain , or an oligarchy , in which case his father was an oligarch . [ sep ] the northeastern indian subcontinent
the evidence of the early texts suggests that siddhartha gautama was born in a community that was on the periphery , both geographically and culturally , of the northeastern indian subcontinent in the fifth century bce . it was either a small republic , in which case his father was an elected chieftain , or an oligarchy , in which case his father was an oligarch . [ sep ] fifth century bce
the evidence of the early texts suggests that siddhartha gautama was born in a community that was on the periphery , both geographically and culturally , of the northeastern indian subcontinent in the fifth century bce . it was either a small republic , in which case his father was an elected chieftain , or an oligarchy , in which case his father was an oligarch . [ sep ] a small republic
the evidence of the early texts suggests that siddhartha gautama was born in a community that was on the periphery , both geographically and culturally , of the northeastern indian subcontinent in the fifth century bce . it was either a small republic , in which case his father was an elected chieftain , or an oligarchy , in which case his father was an oligarch . [ sep ] early texts
the evidence of the early texts suggests that siddhartha gautama was born in a community that was on the periphery , both geographically and culturally , of the northeastern indian subcontinent in the fifth century bce . it was either a small republic , in which case his father was an elected chieftain , or an oligarchy , in which case his father was an oligarch . [ sep ] an oligarchy
kanye omari west was born on june 8 , 1977 in atlanta , georgia . his parents divorced when he was three and he and his mother moved to chicago , illinois . his father , ray west , is a former black panther and was one of the first black photojournalists at the atlanta journal - constitution . ray west was later a christian counselor , and in 2006 , opened the good water store and cafe in lexington park , maryland with startup capital from his son . west ' s mother , dr . donda c . ( williams ) west , was a professor of english at clark atlanta university , and the chair of the english department at chicago state university before retiring to serve as his manager . west was raised in a middle - class background , attending polaris high school in suburban oak lawn , illinois after living in chicago . [ sep ] atlanta
kanye omari west was born on june 8 , 1977 in atlanta , georgia . his parents divorced when he was three and he and his mother moved to chicago , illinois . his father , ray west , is a former black panther and was one of the first black photojournalists at the atlanta journal - constitution . ray west was later a christian counselor , and in 2006 , opened the good water store and cafe in lexington park , maryland with startup capital from his son . west ' s mother , dr . donda c . ( williams ) west , was a professor of english at clark atlanta university , and the chair of the english department at chicago state university before retiring to serve as his manager . west was raised in a middle - class background , attending polaris high school in suburban oak lawn , illinois after living in chicago . [ sep ] good water store and cafe
kanye omari west was born on june 8 , 1977 in atlanta , georgia . his parents divorced when he was three and he and his mother moved to chicago , illinois . his father , ray west , is a former black panther and was one of the first black photojournalists at the atlanta journal - constitution . ray west was later a christian counselor , and in 2006 , opened the good water store and cafe in lexington park , maryland with startup capital from his son . west ' s mother , dr . donda c . ( williams ) west , was a professor of english at clark atlanta university , and the chair of the english department at chicago state university before retiring to serve as his manager . west was raised in a middle - class background , attending polaris high school in suburban oak lawn , illinois after living in chicago . [ sep ] chicago state university
kanye omari west was born on june 8 , 1977 in atlanta , georgia . his parents divorced when he was three and he and his mother moved to chicago , illinois . his father , ray west , is a former black panther and was one of the first black photojournalists at the atlanta journal - constitution . ray west was later a christian counselor , and in 2006 , opened the good water store and cafe in lexington park , maryland with startup capital from his son . west ' s mother , dr . donda c . ( williams ) west , was a professor of english at clark atlanta university , and the chair of the english department at chicago state university before retiring to serve as his manager . west was raised in a middle - class background , attending polaris high school in suburban oak lawn , illinois after living in chicago . [ sep ] polaris high school
according to this narrative , shortly after the birth of young prince gautama , an astrologer named asita visited the young prince ' s father , suddhodana , and prophesied that siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man , depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls . [ sep ] an astrologer
according to this narrative , shortly after the birth of young prince gautama , an astrologer named asita visited the young prince ' s father , suddhodana , and prophesied that siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man , depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls . [ sep ] suddhodana
according to this narrative , shortly after the birth of young prince gautama , an astrologer named asita visited the young prince ' s father , suddhodana , and prophesied that siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man , depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls . [ sep ] a great king
at the age of 10 , west moved with his mother to nanjing , china , where she was teaching at nanjing university as part of an exchange program . according to his mother , west was the only foreigner in his class , but settled in well and quickly picked up the language , although he has since forgotten most of it . when asked about his grades in high school , west replied , " i got a ' s and b ' s . and i ' m not even frontin ' . " [ sep ] 10
at the age of 10 , west moved with his mother to nanjing , china , where she was teaching at nanjing university as part of an exchange program . according to his mother , west was the only foreigner in his class , but settled in well and quickly picked up the language , although he has since forgotten most of it . when asked about his grades in high school , west replied , " i got a ' s and b ' s . and i ' m not even frontin ' . " [ sep ] nanjing university
suddhodana was determined to see his son become a king , so he prevented him from leaving the palace grounds . but at age 29 , despite his father ' s efforts , gautama ventured beyond the palace several times . in a series of encounters — known in buddhist literature as the four sights — he learned of the suffering of ordinary people , encountering an old man , a sick man , a corpse and , finally , an ascetic holy man , apparently content and at peace with the world . these experiences prompted gautama to abandon royal life and take up a spiritual quest . [ sep ] a king
suddhodana was determined to see his son become a king , so he prevented him from leaving the palace grounds . but at age 29 , despite his father ' s efforts , gautama ventured beyond the palace several times . in a series of encounters — known in buddhist literature as the four sights — he learned of the suffering of ordinary people , encountering an old man , a sick man , a corpse and , finally , an ascetic holy man , apparently content and at peace with the world . these experiences prompted gautama to abandon royal life and take up a spiritual quest . [ sep ] 29
suddhodana was determined to see his son become a king , so he prevented him from leaving the palace grounds . but at age 29 , despite his father ' s efforts , gautama ventured beyond the palace several times . in a series of encounters — known in buddhist literature as the four sights — he learned of the suffering of ordinary people , encountering an old man , a sick man , a corpse and , finally , an ascetic holy man , apparently content and at peace with the world . these experiences prompted gautama to abandon royal life and take up a spiritual quest . [ sep ] the four sights
suddhodana was determined to see his son become a king , so he prevented him from leaving the palace grounds . but at age 29 , despite his father ' s efforts , gautama ventured beyond the palace several times . in a series of encounters — known in buddhist literature as the four sights — he learned of the suffering of ordinary people , encountering an old man , a sick man , a corpse and , finally , an ascetic holy man , apparently content and at peace with the world . these experiences prompted gautama to abandon royal life and take up a spiritual quest . [ sep ] abandon royal life
gautama first went to study with famous religious teachers of the day , and mastered the meditative attainments they taught . but he found that they did not provide a permanent end to suffering , so he continued his quest . he next attempted an extreme asceticism , which was a religious pursuit common among the sramanas , a religious culture distinct from the vedic one . gautama underwent prolonged fasting , breath - holding , and exposure to pain . he almost starved himself to death in the process . he realized that he had taken this kind of practice to its limit , and had not put an end to suffering . so in a pivotal moment he accepted milk and rice from a village girl and changed his approach . he devoted himself to anapanasati meditation , through which he discovered what buddhists call the middle way ( skt . madhyama - pratipad ) : a path of moderation between the extremes of self - indulgence and self - mortification . [ web 2 ] [ web 3 ] [ sep ] meditation
gautama first went to study with famous religious teachers of the day , and mastered the meditative attainments they taught . but he found that they did not provide a permanent end to suffering , so he continued his quest . he next attempted an extreme asceticism , which was a religious pursuit common among the sramanas , a religious culture distinct from the vedic one . gautama underwent prolonged fasting , breath - holding , and exposure to pain . he almost starved himself to death in the process . he realized that he had taken this kind of practice to its limit , and had not put an end to suffering . so in a pivotal moment he accepted milk and rice from a village girl and changed his approach . he devoted himself to anapanasati meditation , through which he discovered what buddhists call the middle way ( skt . madhyama - pratipad ) : a path of moderation between the extremes of self - indulgence and self - mortification . [ web 2 ] [ web 3 ] [ sep ] asceticism
gautama first went to study with famous religious teachers of the day , and mastered the meditative attainments they taught . but he found that they did not provide a permanent end to suffering , so he continued his quest . he next attempted an extreme asceticism , which was a religious pursuit common among the sramanas , a religious culture distinct from the vedic one . gautama underwent prolonged fasting , breath - holding , and exposure to pain . he almost starved himself to death in the process . he realized that he had taken this kind of practice to its limit , and had not put an end to suffering . so in a pivotal moment he accepted milk and rice from a village girl and changed his approach . he devoted himself to anapanasati meditation , through which he discovered what buddhists call the middle way ( skt . madhyama - pratipad ) : a path of moderation between the extremes of self - indulgence and self - mortification . [ web 2 ] [ web 3 ] [ sep ] milk and rice
gautama first went to study with famous religious teachers of the day , and mastered the meditative attainments they taught . but he found that they did not provide a permanent end to suffering , so he continued his quest . he next attempted an extreme asceticism , which was a religious pursuit common among the sramanas , a religious culture distinct from the vedic one . gautama underwent prolonged fasting , breath - holding , and exposure to pain . he almost starved himself to death in the process . he realized that he had taken this kind of practice to its limit , and had not put an end to suffering . so in a pivotal moment he accepted milk and rice from a village girl and changed his approach . he devoted himself to anapanasati meditation , through which he discovered what buddhists call the middle way ( skt . madhyama - pratipad ) : a path of moderation between the extremes of self - indulgence and self - mortification . [ web 2 ] [ web 3 ] [ sep ] middle way
west demonstrated an affinity for the arts at an early age ; he began writing poetry when he was five years old . his mother recalled that she first took notice of west ' s passion for drawing and music when he was in the third grade . growing up in the city , [ which ? ] west became deeply involved in its hip hop scene . he started rapping in the third grade and began making musical compositions in the seventh grade , eventually selling them to other artists . at age thirteen , west wrote a rap song called " green eggs and ham " and began to persuade his mother to pay $ 25 an hour for time in a recording studio . it was a small , crude basement studio where a microphone hung from the ceiling by a wire clothes hanger . although this wasn ' t what west ' s mother wanted , she nonetheless supported him . west crossed paths with producer / dj no i . d . , with whom he quickly formed a close friendship . no i . d . soon became west ' s mentor , and it was from him that west learned how to sample and program beats after he received his first sampler at age 15 . [ sep ] writing poetry
west demonstrated an affinity for the arts at an early age ; he began writing poetry when he was five years old . his mother recalled that she first took notice of west ' s passion for drawing and music when he was in the third grade . growing up in the city , [ which ? ] west became deeply involved in its hip hop scene . he started rapping in the third grade and began making musical compositions in the seventh grade , eventually selling them to other artists . at age thirteen , west wrote a rap song called " green eggs and ham " and began to persuade his mother to pay $ 25 an hour for time in a recording studio . it was a small , crude basement studio where a microphone hung from the ceiling by a wire clothes hanger . although this wasn ' t what west ' s mother wanted , she nonetheless supported him . west crossed paths with producer / dj no i . d . , with whom he quickly formed a close friendship . no i . d . soon became west ' s mentor , and it was from him that west learned how to sample and program beats after he received his first sampler at age 15 . [ sep ] green eggs and ham
west demonstrated an affinity for the arts at an early age ; he began writing poetry when he was five years old . his mother recalled that she first took notice of west ' s passion for drawing and music when he was in the third grade . growing up in the city , [ which ? ] west became deeply involved in its hip hop scene . he started rapping in the third grade and began making musical compositions in the seventh grade , eventually selling them to other artists . at age thirteen , west wrote a rap song called " green eggs and ham " and began to persuade his mother to pay $ 25 an hour for time in a recording studio . it was a small , crude basement studio where a microphone hung from the ceiling by a wire clothes hanger . although this wasn ' t what west ' s mother wanted , she nonetheless supported him . west crossed paths with producer / dj no i . d . , with whom he quickly formed a close friendship . no i . d . soon became west ' s mentor , and it was from him that west learned how to sample and program beats after he received his first sampler at age 15 . [ sep ] no i . d .
after graduating from high school , west received a scholarship to attend chicago ' s american academy of art in 1997 and began taking painting classes , but shortly after transferred to chicago state university to study english . he soon realized that his busy class schedule was detrimental to his musical work , and at 20 he dropped out of college to pursue his musical dreams . this action greatly displeased his mother , who was also a professor at the university . she later commented , " it was drummed into my head that college is the ticket to a good life . . . but some career goals don ' t require college . for kanye to make an album called college dropout it was more about having the guts to embrace who you are , rather than following the path society has carved out for you . " [ sep ] chicago ' s american academy of art
after graduating from high school , west received a scholarship to attend chicago ' s american academy of art in 1997 and began taking painting classes , but shortly after transferred to chicago state university to study english . he soon realized that his busy class schedule was detrimental to his musical work , and at 20 he dropped out of college to pursue his musical dreams . this action greatly displeased his mother , who was also a professor at the university . she later commented , " it was drummed into my head that college is the ticket to a good life . . . but some career goals don ' t require college . for kanye to make an album called college dropout it was more about having the guts to embrace who you are , rather than following the path society has carved out for you . " [ sep ] english
after graduating from high school , west received a scholarship to attend chicago ' s american academy of art in 1997 and began taking painting classes , but shortly after transferred to chicago state university to study english . he soon realized that his busy class schedule was detrimental to his musical work , and at 20 he dropped out of college to pursue his musical dreams . this action greatly displeased his mother , who was also a professor at the university . she later commented , " it was drummed into my head that college is the ticket to a good life . . . but some career goals don ' t require college . for kanye to make an album called college dropout it was more about having the guts to embrace who you are , rather than following the path society has carved out for you . " [ sep ] 20
after graduating from high school , west received a scholarship to attend chicago ' s american academy of art in 1997 and began taking painting classes , but shortly after transferred to chicago state university to study english . he soon realized that his busy class schedule was detrimental to his musical work , and at 20 he dropped out of college to pursue his musical dreams . this action greatly displeased his mother , who was also a professor at the university . she later commented , " it was drummed into my head that college is the ticket to a good life . . . but some career goals don ' t require college . for kanye to make an album called college dropout it was more about having the guts to embrace who you are , rather than following the path society has carved out for you . " [ sep ] college dropout
kanye west began his early production career in the mid - 1990s , making beats primarily for burgeoning local artists , eventually developing a style that involved speeding up vocal samples from classic soul records . his first official production credits came at the age of nineteen when he produced eight tracks on down to earth , the 1996 debut album of a chicago rapper named grav . for a time , west acted as a ghost producer for deric " d - dot " angelettie . because of his association with d - dot , west wasn ' t able to release a solo album , so he formed and became a member and producer of the go - getters , a late - 1990s chicago rap group composed of him , glc , timmy g , really doe , and arrowstar . his group was managed by john " monopoly " johnson , don crowley , and happy lewis under the management firm hustle period . after attending a series of promotional photo shoots and making some radio appearances , the go - getters released their first and only studio album world record holders in 1999 . the album featured other chicago - based rappers such as rhymefest , mikkey halsted , miss criss , and shayla g . meanwhile , the production was handled by west , arrowstar , boogz , and brian " all day " miller . [ sep ] mid - 1990s
west spent much of the late - 1990s producing records for a number of well - known artists and music groups . the third song on foxy brown ' s second studio album chyna doll was produced by west . her second effort subsequently became the very first hip - hop album by a female rapper to debut at the top of the u . s . billboard 200 chart in its first week of release . west produced three of the tracks on harlem world ' s first and only album the movement alongside jermaine dupri and the production duo trackmasters . his songs featured rappers nas , drag - on , and r & b singer carl thomas . the ninth track from world party , the last goodie mob album to feature the rap group ' s four founding members prior to their break - up , was co - produced by west with his manager deric " d - dot " angelettie . at the close of the millennium , west ended up producing six songs for tell ' em why u madd , an album that was released by d - dot under the alias of the madd rapper ; a fictional character he created for a skit on the notorious b . i . g . ' s second and final studio album life after death . west ' s songs featured guest appearances from rappers such as ma $ e , raekwon , and eminem . [ sep ] foxy brown
west spent much of the late - 1990s producing records for a number of well - known artists and music groups . the third song on foxy brown ' s second studio album chyna doll was produced by west . her second effort subsequently became the very first hip - hop album by a female rapper to debut at the top of the u . s . billboard 200 chart in its first week of release . west produced three of the tracks on harlem world ' s first and only album the movement alongside jermaine dupri and the production duo trackmasters . his songs featured rappers nas , drag - on , and r & b singer carl thomas . the ninth track from world party , the last goodie mob album to feature the rap group ' s four founding members prior to their break - up , was co - produced by west with his manager deric " d - dot " angelettie . at the close of the millennium , west ended up producing six songs for tell ' em why u madd , an album that was released by d - dot under the alias of the madd rapper ; a fictional character he created for a skit on the notorious b . i . g . ' s second and final studio album life after death . west ' s songs featured guest appearances from rappers such as ma $ e , raekwon , and eminem . [ sep ] tell ' em why u madd
west got his big break in the year 2000 , when he began to produce for artists on roc - a - fella records . west came to achieve recognition and is often credited with revitalizing jay - z ' s career with his contributions to the rap mogul ' s influential 2001 album the blueprint . the blueprint is consistently ranked among the greatest hip - hop albums , and the critical and financial success of the album generated substantial interest in west as a producer . serving as an in - house producer for roc - a - fella records , west produced records for other artists from the label , including beanie sigel , freeway , and cam ' ron . he also crafted hit songs for ludacris , alicia keys , and janet jackson . [ sep ] 2000
west got his big break in the year 2000 , when he began to produce for artists on roc - a - fella records . west came to achieve recognition and is often credited with revitalizing jay - z ' s career with his contributions to the rap mogul ' s influential 2001 album the blueprint . the blueprint is consistently ranked among the greatest hip - hop albums , and the critical and financial success of the album generated substantial interest in west as a producer . serving as an in - house producer for roc - a - fella records , west produced records for other artists from the label , including beanie sigel , freeway , and cam ' ron . he also crafted hit songs for ludacris , alicia keys , and janet jackson . [ sep ] the blueprint
much of the scientific research in the city is done in medicine and the life sciences . new york city has the most post - graduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the united states , with 127 nobel laureates having roots in local institutions as of 2004 ; while in 2012 , 43 , 523 licensed physicians were practicing in new york city . major biomedical research institutions include memorial sloan – kettering cancer center , rockefeller university , suny downstate medical center , albert einstein college of medicine , mount sinai school of medicine , and weill cornell medical college , being joined by the cornell university / technion - israel institute of technology venture on roosevelt island . [ sep ] 43 , 523
much of the scientific research in the city is done in medicine and the life sciences . new york city has the most post - graduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the united states , with 127 nobel laureates having roots in local institutions as of 2004 ; while in 2012 , 43 , 523 licensed physicians were practicing in new york city . major biomedical research institutions include memorial sloan – kettering cancer center , rockefeller university , suny downstate medical center , albert einstein college of medicine , mount sinai school of medicine , and weill cornell medical college , being joined by the cornell university / technion - israel institute of technology venture on roosevelt island . [ sep ] roosevelt island
much of the scientific research in the city is done in medicine and the life sciences . new york city has the most post - graduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the united states , with 127 nobel laureates having roots in local institutions as of 2004 ; while in 2012 , 43 , 523 licensed physicians were practicing in new york city . major biomedical research institutions include memorial sloan – kettering cancer center , rockefeller university , suny downstate medical center , albert einstein college of medicine , mount sinai school of medicine , and weill cornell medical college , being joined by the cornell university / technion - israel institute of technology venture on roosevelt island . [ sep ] 127
despite his success as a producer , west ' s true aspiration was to be a rapper . though he had developed his rapping long before he began producing , it was often a challenge for west to be accepted as a rapper , and he struggled to attain a record deal . multiple record companies ignored him because he did not portray the gangsta image prominent in mainstream hip hop at the time . after a series of meetings with capitol records , west was ultimately denied an artist deal . [ sep ] rapper
despite his success as a producer , west ' s true aspiration was to be a rapper . though he had developed his rapping long before he began producing , it was often a challenge for west to be accepted as a rapper , and he struggled to attain a record deal . multiple record companies ignored him because he did not portray the gangsta image prominent in mainstream hip hop at the time . after a series of meetings with capitol records , west was ultimately denied an artist deal . [ sep ] gangsta image
despite his success as a producer , west ' s true aspiration was to be a rapper . though he had developed his rapping long before he began producing , it was often a challenge for west to be accepted as a rapper , and he struggled to attain a record deal . multiple record companies ignored him because he did not portray the gangsta image prominent in mainstream hip hop at the time . after a series of meetings with capitol records , west was ultimately denied an artist deal . [ sep ] capitol records
according to capitol record ' s a & r , joe weinberger , he was approached by west and almost signed a deal with him , but another person in the company convinced capitol ' s president not to . desperate to keep west from defecting to another label , then - label head damon dash reluctantly signed west to roc - a - fella records . jay - z later admitted that roc - a - fella was initially reluctant to support west as a rapper , claiming that many saw him as a producer first and foremost , and that his background contrasted with that of his labelmates . [ sep ] joe weinberger
according to capitol record ' s a & r , joe weinberger , he was approached by west and almost signed a deal with him , but another person in the company convinced capitol ' s president not to . desperate to keep west from defecting to another label , then - label head damon dash reluctantly signed west to roc - a - fella records . jay - z later admitted that roc - a - fella was initially reluctant to support west as a rapper , claiming that many saw him as a producer first and foremost , and that his background contrasted with that of his labelmates . [ sep ] roc - a - fella
west ' s breakthrough came a year later on october 23 , 2002 , when , while driving home from a california recording studio after working late , he fell asleep at the wheel and was involved in a near - fatal car crash . the crash left him with a shattered jaw , which had to be wired shut in reconstructive surgery . the accident inspired west ; two weeks after being admitted to the hospital , he recorded a song at the record plant studios with his jaw still wired shut . the composition , " through the wire " , expressed west ' s experience after the accident , and helped lay the foundation for his debut album , as according to west " all the better artists have expressed what they were going through " . west added that " the album was my medicine " , as working on the record distracted him from the pain . " through the wire " was first available on west ' s get well soon . . . mixtape , released december 2002 . at the same time , west announced that he was working on an album called the college dropout , whose overall theme was to " make your own decisions . don ' t let society tell you , ' this is what you have to do . ' " [ sep ] october 23 , 2002
west ' s breakthrough came a year later on october 23 , 2002 , when , while driving home from a california recording studio after working late , he fell asleep at the wheel and was involved in a near - fatal car crash . the crash left him with a shattered jaw , which had to be wired shut in reconstructive surgery . the accident inspired west ; two weeks after being admitted to the hospital , he recorded a song at the record plant studios with his jaw still wired shut . the composition , " through the wire " , expressed west ' s experience after the accident , and helped lay the foundation for his debut album , as according to west " all the better artists have expressed what they were going through " . west added that " the album was my medicine " , as working on the record distracted him from the pain . " through the wire " was first available on west ' s get well soon . . . mixtape , released december 2002 . at the same time , west announced that he was working on an album called the college dropout , whose overall theme was to " make your own decisions . don ' t let society tell you , ' this is what you have to do . ' " [ sep ] " through the wire "
west ' s breakthrough came a year later on october 23 , 2002 , when , while driving home from a california recording studio after working late , he fell asleep at the wheel and was involved in a near - fatal car crash . the crash left him with a shattered jaw , which had to be wired shut in reconstructive surgery . the accident inspired west ; two weeks after being admitted to the hospital , he recorded a song at the record plant studios with his jaw still wired shut . the composition , " through the wire " , expressed west ' s experience after the accident , and helped lay the foundation for his debut album , as according to west " all the better artists have expressed what they were going through " . west added that " the album was my medicine " , as working on the record distracted him from the pain . " through the wire " was first available on west ' s get well soon . . . mixtape , released december 2002 . at the same time , west announced that he was working on an album called the college dropout , whose overall theme was to " make your own decisions . don ' t let society tell you , ' this is what you have to do . ' " [ sep ] get well soon
the new york public library , which has the largest collection of any public library system in the united states , serves manhattan , the bronx , and staten island . queens is served by the queens borough public library , the nation ' s second largest public library system , while the brooklyn public library serves brooklyn . [ sep ] queens borough public library
the new york public library , which has the largest collection of any public library system in the united states , serves manhattan , the bronx , and staten island . queens is served by the queens borough public library , the nation ' s second largest public library system , while the brooklyn public library serves brooklyn . [ sep ] brooklyn public library
the new york public library , which has the largest collection of any public library system in the united states , serves manhattan , the bronx , and staten island . queens is served by the queens borough public library , the nation ' s second largest public library system , while the brooklyn public library serves brooklyn . [ sep ] manhattan
carrying a louis vuitton backpack filled with old disks and demos to the studio and back , west crafted much of his production for his debut album in less than fifteen minutes at a time . he recorded the remainder of the album in los angeles while recovering from the car accident . once he had completed the album , it was leaked months before its release date . however , west decided to use the opportunity to review the album , and the college dropout was significantly remixed , remastered , and revised before being released . as a result , certain tracks originally destined for the album were subsequently retracted , among them " keep the receipt " with ol ' dirty bastard and " the good , the bad , and the ugly " with consequence . west meticulously refined the production , adding string arrangements , gospel choirs , improved drum programming and new verses . west ' s perfectionism led the college dropout to have its release postponed three times from its initial date in august 2003 . [ sep ] los angeles
carrying a louis vuitton backpack filled with old disks and demos to the studio and back , west crafted much of his production for his debut album in less than fifteen minutes at a time . he recorded the remainder of the album in los angeles while recovering from the car accident . once he had completed the album , it was leaked months before its release date . however , west decided to use the opportunity to review the album , and the college dropout was significantly remixed , remastered , and revised before being released . as a result , certain tracks originally destined for the album were subsequently retracted , among them " keep the receipt " with ol ' dirty bastard and " the good , the bad , and the ugly " with consequence . west meticulously refined the production , adding string arrangements , gospel choirs , improved drum programming and new verses . west ' s perfectionism led the college dropout to have its release postponed three times from its initial date in august 2003 . [ sep ] 3
carrying a louis vuitton backpack filled with old disks and demos to the studio and back , west crafted much of his production for his debut album in less than fifteen minutes at a time . he recorded the remainder of the album in los angeles while recovering from the car accident . once he had completed the album , it was leaked months before its release date . however , west decided to use the opportunity to review the album , and the college dropout was significantly remixed , remastered , and revised before being released . as a result , certain tracks originally destined for the album were subsequently retracted , among them " keep the receipt " with ol ' dirty bastard and " the good , the bad , and the ugly " with consequence . west meticulously refined the production , adding string arrangements , gospel choirs , improved drum programming and new verses . west ' s perfectionism led the college dropout to have its release postponed three times from its initial date in august 2003 . [ sep ] august 2003
the new york city health and hospitals corporation ( hhc ) operates the public hospitals and clinics in new york city . a public benefit corporation with $ 6 . 7 billion in annual revenues , hhc is the largest municipal healthcare system in the united states serving 1 . 4 million patients , including more than 475 , 000 uninsured city residents . hhc was created in 1969 by the new york state legislature as a public benefit corporation ( chapter 1016 of the laws 1969 ) . it is similar to a municipal agency but has a board of directors . hhc operates 11 acute care hospitals , five nursing homes , six diagnostic and treatment centers , and more than 70 community - based primary care sites , serving primarily the poor and working class . hhc ' s metroplus health plan is one of the new york area ' s largest providers of government - sponsored health insurance and is the plan of choice for nearly half million new yorkers . [ sep ] $ 6 . 7 billion
the new york city health and hospitals corporation ( hhc ) operates the public hospitals and clinics in new york city . a public benefit corporation with $ 6 . 7 billion in annual revenues , hhc is the largest municipal healthcare system in the united states serving 1 . 4 million patients , including more than 475 , 000 uninsured city residents . hhc was created in 1969 by the new york state legislature as a public benefit corporation ( chapter 1016 of the laws 1969 ) . it is similar to a municipal agency but has a board of directors . hhc operates 11 acute care hospitals , five nursing homes , six diagnostic and treatment centers , and more than 70 community - based primary care sites , serving primarily the poor and working class . hhc ' s metroplus health plan is one of the new york area ' s largest providers of government - sponsored health insurance and is the plan of choice for nearly half million new yorkers . [ sep ] 1 . 4 million
the new york city health and hospitals corporation ( hhc ) operates the public hospitals and clinics in new york city . a public benefit corporation with $ 6 . 7 billion in annual revenues , hhc is the largest municipal healthcare system in the united states serving 1 . 4 million patients , including more than 475 , 000 uninsured city residents . hhc was created in 1969 by the new york state legislature as a public benefit corporation ( chapter 1016 of the laws 1969 ) . it is similar to a municipal agency but has a board of directors . hhc operates 11 acute care hospitals , five nursing homes , six diagnostic and treatment centers , and more than 70 community - based primary care sites , serving primarily the poor and working class . hhc ' s metroplus health plan is one of the new york area ' s largest providers of government - sponsored health insurance and is the plan of choice for nearly half million new yorkers . [ sep ] 475 , 000
the new york city health and hospitals corporation ( hhc ) operates the public hospitals and clinics in new york city . a public benefit corporation with $ 6 . 7 billion in annual revenues , hhc is the largest municipal healthcare system in the united states serving 1 . 4 million patients , including more than 475 , 000 uninsured city residents . hhc was created in 1969 by the new york state legislature as a public benefit corporation ( chapter 1016 of the laws 1969 ) . it is similar to a municipal agency but has a board of directors . hhc operates 11 acute care hospitals , five nursing homes , six diagnostic and treatment centers , and more than 70 community - based primary care sites , serving primarily the poor and working class . hhc ' s metroplus health plan is one of the new york area ' s largest providers of government - sponsored health insurance and is the plan of choice for nearly half million new yorkers . [ sep ] 1969
the new york city health and hospitals corporation ( hhc ) operates the public hospitals and clinics in new york city . a public benefit corporation with $ 6 . 7 billion in annual revenues , hhc is the largest municipal healthcare system in the united states serving 1 . 4 million patients , including more than 475 , 000 uninsured city residents . hhc was created in 1969 by the new york state legislature as a public benefit corporation ( chapter 1016 of the laws 1969 ) . it is similar to a municipal agency but has a board of directors . hhc operates 11 acute care hospitals , five nursing homes , six diagnostic and treatment centers , and more than 70 community - based primary care sites , serving primarily the poor and working class . hhc ' s metroplus health plan is one of the new york area ' s largest providers of government - sponsored health insurance and is the plan of choice for nearly half million new yorkers . [ sep ] five
each year hhc ' s facilities provide about 225 , 000 admissions , one million emergency room visits and five million clinic visits to new yorkers . hhc facilities treat nearly one - fifth of all general hospital discharges and more than one third of emergency room and hospital - based clinic visits in new york city . [ sep ] 225 , 000
each year hhc ' s facilities provide about 225 , 000 admissions , one million emergency room visits and five million clinic visits to new yorkers . hhc facilities treat nearly one - fifth of all general hospital discharges and more than one third of emergency room and hospital - based clinic visits in new york city . [ sep ] one million
each year hhc ' s facilities provide about 225 , 000 admissions , one million emergency room visits and five million clinic visits to new yorkers . hhc facilities treat nearly one - fifth of all general hospital discharges and more than one third of emergency room and hospital - based clinic visits in new york city . [ sep ] five million
each year hhc ' s facilities provide about 225 , 000 admissions , one million emergency room visits and five million clinic visits to new yorkers . hhc facilities treat nearly one - fifth of all general hospital discharges and more than one third of emergency room and hospital - based clinic visits in new york city . [ sep ] one - fifth
each year hhc ' s facilities provide about 225 , 000 admissions , one million emergency room visits and five million clinic visits to new yorkers . hhc facilities treat nearly one - fifth of all general hospital discharges and more than one third of emergency room and hospital - based clinic visits in new york city . [ sep ] one third
the most well - known hospital in the hhc system is bellevue hospital , the oldest public hospital in the united states . bellevue is the designated hospital for treatment of the president of the united states and other world leaders if they become sick or injured while in new york city . the president of hhc is ramanathan raju , md , a surgeon and former ceo of the cook county health system in illinois . [ sep ] bellevue hospital
the most well - known hospital in the hhc system is bellevue hospital , the oldest public hospital in the united states . bellevue is the designated hospital for treatment of the president of the united states and other world leaders if they become sick or injured while in new york city . the president of hhc is ramanathan raju , md , a surgeon and former ceo of the cook county health system in illinois . [ sep ] bellevue hospital
the most well - known hospital in the hhc system is bellevue hospital , the oldest public hospital in the united states . bellevue is the designated hospital for treatment of the president of the united states and other world leaders if they become sick or injured while in new york city . the president of hhc is ramanathan raju , md , a surgeon and former ceo of the cook county health system in illinois . [ sep ] ramanathan raju , md
the most well - known hospital in the hhc system is bellevue hospital , the oldest public hospital in the united states . bellevue is the designated hospital for treatment of the president of the united states and other world leaders if they become sick or injured while in new york city . the president of hhc is ramanathan raju , md , a surgeon and former ceo of the cook county health system in illinois . [ sep ] illinois
the most well - known hospital in the hhc system is bellevue hospital , the oldest public hospital in the united states . bellevue is the designated hospital for treatment of the president of the united states and other world leaders if they become sick or injured while in new york city . the president of hhc is ramanathan raju , md , a surgeon and former ceo of the cook county health system in illinois . [ sep ] ceo
the college dropout was eventually issued by roc - a - fella in february 2004 , shooting to number two on the billboard 200 as his debut single , " through the wire " peaked at number fifteen on the billboard hot 100 chart for five weeks . " slow jamz " , his second single featuring twista and jamie foxx , became an even bigger success : it became the three musicians ' first number one hit . the college dropout received near - universal critical acclaim from contemporary music critics , was voted the top album of the year by two major music publications , and has consistently been ranked among the great hip - hop works and debut albums by artists . " jesus walks " , the album ' s fourth single , perhaps exposed west to a wider audience ; the song ' s subject matter concerns faith and christianity . the song nevertheless reached the top 20 of the billboard pop charts , despite industry executives ' predictions that a song containing such blatant declarations of faith would never make it to radio . the college dropout would eventually be certified triple platinum in the us , and garnered west 10 grammy nominations , including album of the year , and best rap album ( which it received ) . during this period , west also founded good music , a record label and management company that would go on to house affiliate artists and producers , such as no i . d . and john legend . at the time , the focal point of west ' s production style was the use of sped - up vocal samples from soul records . however , partly because of the acclaim of the college dropout , such sampling had been much copied by others ; with that overuse , and also because west felt he had become too dependent on the technique , he decided to find a new sound . [ sep ] february 2004
the college dropout was eventually issued by roc - a - fella in february 2004 , shooting to number two on the billboard 200 as his debut single , " through the wire " peaked at number fifteen on the billboard hot 100 chart for five weeks . " slow jamz " , his second single featuring twista and jamie foxx , became an even bigger success : it became the three musicians ' first number one hit . the college dropout received near - universal critical acclaim from contemporary music critics , was voted the top album of the year by two major music publications , and has consistently been ranked among the great hip - hop works and debut albums by artists . " jesus walks " , the album ' s fourth single , perhaps exposed west to a wider audience ; the song ' s subject matter concerns faith and christianity . the song nevertheless reached the top 20 of the billboard pop charts , despite industry executives ' predictions that a song containing such blatant declarations of faith would never make it to radio . the college dropout would eventually be certified triple platinum in the us , and garnered west 10 grammy nominations , including album of the year , and best rap album ( which it received ) . during this period , west also founded good music , a record label and management company that would go on to house affiliate artists and producers , such as no i . d . and john legend . at the time , the focal point of west ' s production style was the use of sped - up vocal samples from soul records . however , partly because of the acclaim of the college dropout , such sampling had been much copied by others ; with that overuse , and also because west felt he had become too dependent on the technique , he decided to find a new sound . [ sep ] " slow jamz "
the college dropout was eventually issued by roc - a - fella in february 2004 , shooting to number two on the billboard 200 as his debut single , " through the wire " peaked at number fifteen on the billboard hot 100 chart for five weeks . " slow jamz " , his second single featuring twista and jamie foxx , became an even bigger success : it became the three musicians ' first number one hit . the college dropout received near - universal critical acclaim from contemporary music critics , was voted the top album of the year by two major music publications , and has consistently been ranked among the great hip - hop works and debut albums by artists . " jesus walks " , the album ' s fourth single , perhaps exposed west to a wider audience ; the song ' s subject matter concerns faith and christianity . the song nevertheless reached the top 20 of the billboard pop charts , despite industry executives ' predictions that a song containing such blatant declarations of faith would never make it to radio . the college dropout would eventually be certified triple platinum in the us , and garnered west 10 grammy nominations , including album of the year , and best rap album ( which it received ) . during this period , west also founded good music , a record label and management company that would go on to house affiliate artists and producers , such as no i . d . and john legend . at the time , the focal point of west ' s production style was the use of sped - up vocal samples from soul records . however , partly because of the acclaim of the college dropout , such sampling had been much copied by others ; with that overuse , and also because west felt he had become too dependent on the technique , he decided to find a new sound . [ sep ] 10
the college dropout was eventually issued by roc - a - fella in february 2004 , shooting to number two on the billboard 200 as his debut single , " through the wire " peaked at number fifteen on the billboard hot 100 chart for five weeks . " slow jamz " , his second single featuring twista and jamie foxx , became an even bigger success : it became the three musicians ' first number one hit . the college dropout received near - universal critical acclaim from contemporary music critics , was voted the top album of the year by two major music publications , and has consistently been ranked among the great hip - hop works and debut albums by artists . " jesus walks " , the album ' s fourth single , perhaps exposed west to a wider audience ; the song ' s subject matter concerns faith and christianity . the song nevertheless reached the top 20 of the billboard pop charts , despite industry executives ' predictions that a song containing such blatant declarations of faith would never make it to radio . the college dropout would eventually be certified triple platinum in the us , and garnered west 10 grammy nominations , including album of the year , and best rap album ( which it received ) . during this period , west also founded good music , a record label and management company that would go on to house affiliate artists and producers , such as no i . d . and john legend . at the time , the focal point of west ' s production style was the use of sped - up vocal samples from soul records . however , partly because of the acclaim of the college dropout , such sampling had been much copied by others ; with that overuse , and also because west felt he had become too dependent on the technique , he decided to find a new sound . [ sep ] good music
the new york city police department ( nypd ) has been the largest police force in the united states by a significant margin , with over 35 , 000 sworn officers . members of the nypd are frequently referred to by politicians , the media , and their own police cars by the nickname , new york ' s finest . [ sep ] new york city police department
the new york city police department ( nypd ) has been the largest police force in the united states by a significant margin , with over 35 , 000 sworn officers . members of the nypd are frequently referred to by politicians , the media , and their own police cars by the nickname , new york ' s finest . [ sep ] 35 , 000
the new york city police department ( nypd ) has been the largest police force in the united states by a significant margin , with over 35 , 000 sworn officers . members of the nypd are frequently referred to by politicians , the media , and their own police cars by the nickname , new york ' s finest . [ sep ] new york ' s finest
beginning his second effort that fall , west would invest two million dollars and take over a year to craft his second album . west was significantly inspired by roseland nyc live , a 1998 live album by english trip hop group portishead , produced with the new york philharmonic orchestra . early in his career , the live album had inspired him to incorporate string arrangements into his hip - hop production . though west had not been able to afford many live instruments around the time of his debut album , the money from his commercial success enabled him to hire a string orchestra for his second album late registration . west collaborated with american film score composer jon brion , who served as the album ' s co - executive producer for several tracks . although brion had no prior experience in creating hip - hop records , he and west found that they could productively work together after their first afternoon in the studio where they discovered that neither confined his musical knowledge and vision to one specific genre . late registration sold over 2 . 3 million units in the united states alone by the end of 2005 and was considered by industry observers as the only successful major album release of the fall season , which had been plagued by steadily declining cd sales . [ sep ] portishead
beginning his second effort that fall , west would invest two million dollars and take over a year to craft his second album . west was significantly inspired by roseland nyc live , a 1998 live album by english trip hop group portishead , produced with the new york philharmonic orchestra . early in his career , the live album had inspired him to incorporate string arrangements into his hip - hop production . though west had not been able to afford many live instruments around the time of his debut album , the money from his commercial success enabled him to hire a string orchestra for his second album late registration . west collaborated with american film score composer jon brion , who served as the album ' s co - executive producer for several tracks . although brion had no prior experience in creating hip - hop records , he and west found that they could productively work together after their first afternoon in the studio where they discovered that neither confined his musical knowledge and vision to one specific genre . late registration sold over 2 . 3 million units in the united states alone by the end of 2005 and was considered by industry observers as the only successful major album release of the fall season , which had been plagued by steadily declining cd sales . [ sep ] late registration
beginning his second effort that fall , west would invest two million dollars and take over a year to craft his second album . west was significantly inspired by roseland nyc live , a 1998 live album by english trip hop group portishead , produced with the new york philharmonic orchestra . early in his career , the live album had inspired him to incorporate string arrangements into his hip - hop production . though west had not been able to afford many live instruments around the time of his debut album , the money from his commercial success enabled him to hire a string orchestra for his second album late registration . west collaborated with american film score composer jon brion , who served as the album ' s co - executive producer for several tracks . although brion had no prior experience in creating hip - hop records , he and west found that they could productively work together after their first afternoon in the studio where they discovered that neither confined his musical knowledge and vision to one specific genre . late registration sold over 2 . 3 million units in the united states alone by the end of 2005 and was considered by industry observers as the only successful major album release of the fall season , which had been plagued by steadily declining cd sales . [ sep ] 2 . 3 million
in 2012 , new york city had the lowest overall crime rate and the second lowest murder rate among the largest u . s . cities , having become significantly safer after a spike in crime in the 1970s through 1990s . violent crime in new york city decreased more than 75 % from 1993 to 2005 , and continued decreasing during periods when the nation as a whole saw increases . by 2002 , new york city ' s crime rate was similar to that of provo , utah , and was ranked 197th in crime among the 216 u . s . cities with populations greater than 100 , 000 . in 2005 the homicide rate was at its lowest level since 1966 , and in 2007 the city recorded fewer than 500 homicides for the first time ever since crime statistics were first published in 1963 . in the first six months of 2010 , 95 . 1 % of all murder victims and 95 . 9 % of all shooting victims in new york city were black or hispanic ; additionally , 90 . 2 percent of those arrested for murder and 96 . 7 percent of those arrested for shooting someone were black or hispanic . new york experienced a record low of 328 homicides in 2014 and has a far lower murder rate than other major american cities . [ sep ] 75 %
in 2012 , new york city had the lowest overall crime rate and the second lowest murder rate among the largest u . s . cities , having become significantly safer after a spike in crime in the 1970s through 1990s . violent crime in new york city decreased more than 75 % from 1993 to 2005 , and continued decreasing during periods when the nation as a whole saw increases . by 2002 , new york city ' s crime rate was similar to that of provo , utah , and was ranked 197th in crime among the 216 u . s . cities with populations greater than 100 , 000 . in 2005 the homicide rate was at its lowest level since 1966 , and in 2007 the city recorded fewer than 500 homicides for the first time ever since crime statistics were first published in 1963 . in the first six months of 2010 , 95 . 1 % of all murder victims and 95 . 9 % of all shooting victims in new york city were black or hispanic ; additionally , 90 . 2 percent of those arrested for murder and 96 . 7 percent of those arrested for shooting someone were black or hispanic . new york experienced a record low of 328 homicides in 2014 and has a far lower murder rate than other major american cities . [ sep ] provo , utah
in 2012 , new york city had the lowest overall crime rate and the second lowest murder rate among the largest u . s . cities , having become significantly safer after a spike in crime in the 1970s through 1990s . violent crime in new york city decreased more than 75 % from 1993 to 2005 , and continued decreasing during periods when the nation as a whole saw increases . by 2002 , new york city ' s crime rate was similar to that of provo , utah , and was ranked 197th in crime among the 216 u . s . cities with populations greater than 100 , 000 . in 2005 the homicide rate was at its lowest level since 1966 , and in 2007 the city recorded fewer than 500 homicides for the first time ever since crime statistics were first published in 1963 . in the first six months of 2010 , 95 . 1 % of all murder victims and 95 . 9 % of all shooting victims in new york city were black or hispanic ; additionally , 90 . 2 percent of those arrested for murder and 96 . 7 percent of those arrested for shooting someone were black or hispanic . new york experienced a record low of 328 homicides in 2014 and has a far lower murder rate than other major american cities . [ sep ] 2007
in 2012 , new york city had the lowest overall crime rate and the second lowest murder rate among the largest u . s . cities , having become significantly safer after a spike in crime in the 1970s through 1990s . violent crime in new york city decreased more than 75 % from 1993 to 2005 , and continued decreasing during periods when the nation as a whole saw increases . by 2002 , new york city ' s crime rate was similar to that of provo , utah , and was ranked 197th in crime among the 216 u . s . cities with populations greater than 100 , 000 . in 2005 the homicide rate was at its lowest level since 1966 , and in 2007 the city recorded fewer than 500 homicides for the first time ever since crime statistics were first published in 1963 . in the first six months of 2010 , 95 . 1 % of all murder victims and 95 . 9 % of all shooting victims in new york city were black or hispanic ; additionally , 90 . 2 percent of those arrested for murder and 96 . 7 percent of those arrested for shooting someone were black or hispanic . new york experienced a record low of 328 homicides in 2014 and has a far lower murder rate than other major american cities . [ sep ] 328
in 2012 , new york city had the lowest overall crime rate and the second lowest murder rate among the largest u . s . cities , having become significantly safer after a spike in crime in the 1970s through 1990s . violent crime in new york city decreased more than 75 % from 1993 to 2005 , and continued decreasing during periods when the nation as a whole saw increases . by 2002 , new york city ' s crime rate was similar to that of provo , utah , and was ranked 197th in crime among the 216 u . s . cities with populations greater than 100 , 000 . in 2005 the homicide rate was at its lowest level since 1966 , and in 2007 the city recorded fewer than 500 homicides for the first time ever since crime statistics were first published in 1963 . in the first six months of 2010 , 95 . 1 % of all murder victims and 95 . 9 % of all shooting victims in new york city were black or hispanic ; additionally , 90 . 2 percent of those arrested for murder and 96 . 7 percent of those arrested for shooting someone were black or hispanic . new york experienced a record low of 328 homicides in 2014 and has a far lower murder rate than other major american cities . [ sep ] 95 . 9 %
sociologists and criminologists have not reached consensus on the explanation for the dramatic decrease in the city ' s crime rate . some attribute the phenomenon to new tactics used by the nypd , including its use of compstat and the broken windows theory . others cite the end of the crack epidemic and demographic changes , including from immigration . another theory is that widespread exposure to lead pollution from automobile exhaust , which can lower intelligence and increase aggression levels , incited the initial crime wave in the mid - 20th century , most acutely affecting heavily trafficked cities like new york . a strong correlation was found demonstrating that violent crime rates in new york and other big cities began to fall after lead was removed from american gasoline in the 1970s . another theory cited to explain new york city ' s falling homicide rate is the inverse correlation between the number of murders and the increasingly wetter climate in the city . [ sep ] lead
sociologists and criminologists have not reached consensus on the explanation for the dramatic decrease in the city ' s crime rate . some attribute the phenomenon to new tactics used by the nypd , including its use of compstat and the broken windows theory . others cite the end of the crack epidemic and demographic changes , including from immigration . another theory is that widespread exposure to lead pollution from automobile exhaust , which can lower intelligence and increase aggression levels , incited the initial crime wave in the mid - 20th century , most acutely affecting heavily trafficked cities like new york . a strong correlation was found demonstrating that violent crime rates in new york and other big cities began to fall after lead was removed from american gasoline in the 1970s . another theory cited to explain new york city ' s falling homicide rate is the inverse correlation between the number of murders and the increasingly wetter climate in the city . [ sep ] crack
organized crime has long been associated with new york city , beginning with the forty thieves and the roach guards in the five points in the 1820s . the 20th century saw a rise in the mafia , dominated by the five families , as well as in gangs , including the black spades . the mafia presence has declined in the city in the 21st century . [ sep ] the five families
organized crime has long been associated with new york city , beginning with the forty thieves and the roach guards in the five points in the 1820s . the 20th century saw a rise in the mafia , dominated by the five families , as well as in gangs , including the black spades . the mafia presence has declined in the city in the 21st century . [ sep ] the five points
organized crime has long been associated with new york city , beginning with the forty thieves and the roach guards in the five points in the 1820s . the 20th century saw a rise in the mafia , dominated by the five families , as well as in gangs , including the black spades . the mafia presence has declined in the city in the 21st century . [ sep ] the black spades
while west had encountered controversy a year prior when he stormed out of the american music awards of 2004 after losing best new artist , the rapper ' s first large - scale controversy came just days following late registration ' s release , during a benefit concert for hurricane katrina victims . in september 2005 , nbc broadcast a concert for hurricane relief , and west was a featured speaker . when west was presenting alongside actor mike myers , he deviated from the prepared script . myers spoke next and continued to read the script . once it was west ' s turn to speak again , he said , " george bush doesn ' t care about black people . " west ' s comment reached much of the united states , leading to mixed reactions ; president bush would later call it one of the most " disgusting moments " of his presidency . west raised further controversy in january 2006 when he posed on the cover of rolling stone wearing a crown of thorns . [ sep ] best new artist
while west had encountered controversy a year prior when he stormed out of the american music awards of 2004 after losing best new artist , the rapper ' s first large - scale controversy came just days following late registration ' s release , during a benefit concert for hurricane katrina victims . in september 2005 , nbc broadcast a concert for hurricane relief , and west was a featured speaker . when west was presenting alongside actor mike myers , he deviated from the prepared script . myers spoke next and continued to read the script . once it was west ' s turn to speak again , he said , " george bush doesn ' t care about black people . " west ' s comment reached much of the united states , leading to mixed reactions ; president bush would later call it one of the most " disgusting moments " of his presidency . west raised further controversy in january 2006 when he posed on the cover of rolling stone wearing a crown of thorns . [ sep ] mike myers
while west had encountered controversy a year prior when he stormed out of the american music awards of 2004 after losing best new artist , the rapper ' s first large - scale controversy came just days following late registration ' s release , during a benefit concert for hurricane katrina victims . in september 2005 , nbc broadcast a concert for hurricane relief , and west was a featured speaker . when west was presenting alongside actor mike myers , he deviated from the prepared script . myers spoke next and continued to read the script . once it was west ' s turn to speak again , he said , " george bush doesn ' t care about black people . " west ' s comment reached much of the united states , leading to mixed reactions ; president bush would later call it one of the most " disgusting moments " of his presidency . west raised further controversy in january 2006 when he posed on the cover of rolling stone wearing a crown of thorns . [ sep ] rolling stone
while west had encountered controversy a year prior when he stormed out of the american music awards of 2004 after losing best new artist , the rapper ' s first large - scale controversy came just days following late registration ' s release , during a benefit concert for hurricane katrina victims . in september 2005 , nbc broadcast a concert for hurricane relief , and west was a featured speaker . when west was presenting alongside actor mike myers , he deviated from the prepared script . myers spoke next and continued to read the script . once it was west ' s turn to speak again , he said , " george bush doesn ' t care about black people . " west ' s comment reached much of the united states , leading to mixed reactions ; president bush would later call it one of the most " disgusting moments " of his presidency . west raised further controversy in january 2006 when he posed on the cover of rolling stone wearing a crown of thorns . [ sep ] a concert for hurricane relief
to kill a mockingbird is a novel by harper lee published in 1960 . it was immediately successful , winning the pulitzer prize , and has become a classic of modern american literature . the plot and characters are loosely based on the author ' s observations of her family and neighbors , as well as on an event that occurred near her hometown in 1936 , when she was 10 years old . [ sep ] harper lee
to kill a mockingbird is a novel by harper lee published in 1960 . it was immediately successful , winning the pulitzer prize , and has become a classic of modern american literature . the plot and characters are loosely based on the author ' s observations of her family and neighbors , as well as on an event that occurred near her hometown in 1936 , when she was 10 years old . [ sep ] 1960
to kill a mockingbird is a novel by harper lee published in 1960 . it was immediately successful , winning the pulitzer prize , and has become a classic of modern american literature . the plot and characters are loosely based on the author ' s observations of her family and neighbors , as well as on an event that occurred near her hometown in 1936 , when she was 10 years old . [ sep ] her family and neighbors
the new york city fire department ( fdny ) , provides fire protection , technical rescue , primary response to biological , chemical , and radioactive hazards , and emergency medical services for the five boroughs of new york city . the new york city fire department is the largest municipal fire department in the united states and the second largest in the world after the tokyo fire department . the fdny employs approximately 11 , 080 uniformed firefighters and over 3 , 300 uniformed emts and paramedics . the fdny ' s motto is new york ' s bravest . [ sep ] new york city fire department
the new york city fire department ( fdny ) , provides fire protection , technical rescue , primary response to biological , chemical , and radioactive hazards , and emergency medical services for the five boroughs of new york city . the new york city fire department is the largest municipal fire department in the united states and the second largest in the world after the tokyo fire department . the fdny employs approximately 11 , 080 uniformed firefighters and over 3 , 300 uniformed emts and paramedics . the fdny ' s motto is new york ' s bravest . [ sep ] tokyo
the new york city fire department ( fdny ) , provides fire protection , technical rescue , primary response to biological , chemical , and radioactive hazards , and emergency medical services for the five boroughs of new york city . the new york city fire department is the largest municipal fire department in the united states and the second largest in the world after the tokyo fire department . the fdny employs approximately 11 , 080 uniformed firefighters and over 3 , 300 uniformed emts and paramedics . the fdny ' s motto is new york ' s bravest . [ sep ] 11 , 080
the new york city fire department ( fdny ) , provides fire protection , technical rescue , primary response to biological , chemical , and radioactive hazards , and emergency medical services for the five boroughs of new york city . the new york city fire department is the largest municipal fire department in the united states and the second largest in the world after the tokyo fire department . the fdny employs approximately 11 , 080 uniformed firefighters and over 3 , 300 uniformed emts and paramedics . the fdny ' s motto is new york ' s bravest . [ sep ] 3 , 300
the new york city fire department ( fdny ) , provides fire protection , technical rescue , primary response to biological , chemical , and radioactive hazards , and emergency medical services for the five boroughs of new york city . the new york city fire department is the largest municipal fire department in the united states and the second largest in the world after the tokyo fire department . the fdny employs approximately 11 , 080 uniformed firefighters and over 3 , 300 uniformed emts and paramedics . the fdny ' s motto is new york ' s bravest . [ sep ] new york ' s bravest
the new york city fire department faces highly multifaceted firefighting challenges in many ways unique to new york . in addition to responding to building types that range from wood - frame single family homes to high - rise structures , there are many secluded bridges and tunnels , as well as large parks and wooded areas that can give rise to brush fires . new york is also home to one of the largest subway systems in the world , consisting of hundreds of miles of tunnel with electrified track . [ sep ] brush fires
the fdny headquarters is located at 9 metrotech center in downtown brooklyn , and the fdny fire academy is located on randalls island . there are three bureau of fire communications alarm offices which receive and dispatch alarms to appropriate units . one office , at 11 metrotech center in brooklyn , houses manhattan / citywide , brooklyn , and staten island fire communications . the bronx and queens offices are in separate buildings . [ sep ] 9 metrotech center
the fdny headquarters is located at 9 metrotech center in downtown brooklyn , and the fdny fire academy is located on randalls island . there are three bureau of fire communications alarm offices which receive and dispatch alarms to appropriate units . one office , at 11 metrotech center in brooklyn , houses manhattan / citywide , brooklyn , and staten island fire communications . the bronx and queens offices are in separate buildings . [ sep ] brooklyn
the fdny headquarters is located at 9 metrotech center in downtown brooklyn , and the fdny fire academy is located on randalls island . there are three bureau of fire communications alarm offices which receive and dispatch alarms to appropriate units . one office , at 11 metrotech center in brooklyn , houses manhattan / citywide , brooklyn , and staten island fire communications . the bronx and queens offices are in separate buildings . [ sep ] randalls island
the fdny headquarters is located at 9 metrotech center in downtown brooklyn , and the fdny fire academy is located on randalls island . there are three bureau of fire communications alarm offices which receive and dispatch alarms to appropriate units . one office , at 11 metrotech center in brooklyn , houses manhattan / citywide , brooklyn , and staten island fire communications . the bronx and queens offices are in separate buildings . [ sep ] 11 metrotech center
fresh off spending the previous year touring the world with u2 on their vertigo tour , west felt inspired to compose anthemic rap songs that could operate more efficiently in large arenas . to this end , west incorporated the synthesizer into his hip - hop production , utilized slower tempos , and experimented with electronic music and influenced by music of the 1980s . in addition to u2 , west drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as the rolling stones and led zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression . to make his next effort , the third in a planned tetralogy of education - themed studio albums , more introspective and personal in lyricism , west listened to folk and country singer - songwriters bob dylan and johnny cash in hopes of developing methods to augment his wordplay and storytelling ability . [ sep ] u2
fresh off spending the previous year touring the world with u2 on their vertigo tour , west felt inspired to compose anthemic rap songs that could operate more efficiently in large arenas . to this end , west incorporated the synthesizer into his hip - hop production , utilized slower tempos , and experimented with electronic music and influenced by music of the 1980s . in addition to u2 , west drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as the rolling stones and led zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression . to make his next effort , the third in a planned tetralogy of education - themed studio albums , more introspective and personal in lyricism , west listened to folk and country singer - songwriters bob dylan and johnny cash in hopes of developing methods to augment his wordplay and storytelling ability . [ sep ] 1980s
fresh off spending the previous year touring the world with u2 on their vertigo tour , west felt inspired to compose anthemic rap songs that could operate more efficiently in large arenas . to this end , west incorporated the synthesizer into his hip - hop production , utilized slower tempos , and experimented with electronic music and influenced by music of the 1980s . in addition to u2 , west drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as the rolling stones and led zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression . to make his next effort , the third in a planned tetralogy of education - themed studio albums , more introspective and personal in lyricism , west listened to folk and country singer - songwriters bob dylan and johnny cash in hopes of developing methods to augment his wordplay and storytelling ability . [ sep ] the rolling stones
fresh off spending the previous year touring the world with u2 on their vertigo tour , west felt inspired to compose anthemic rap songs that could operate more efficiently in large arenas . to this end , west incorporated the synthesizer into his hip - hop production , utilized slower tempos , and experimented with electronic music and influenced by music of the 1980s . in addition to u2 , west drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as the rolling stones and led zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression . to make his next effort , the third in a planned tetralogy of education - themed studio albums , more introspective and personal in lyricism , west listened to folk and country singer - songwriters bob dylan and johnny cash in hopes of developing methods to augment his wordplay and storytelling ability . [ sep ] bob dylan
the novel is renowned for its warmth and humor , despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality . the narrator ' s father , atticus finch , has served as a moral hero for many readers and as a model of integrity for lawyers . one critic explains the novel ' s impact by writing , " in the twentieth century , to kill a mockingbird is probably the most widely read book dealing with race in america , and its protagonist , atticus finch , the most enduring fictional image of racial heroism . " [ sep ] rape and racial inequality
the novel is renowned for its warmth and humor , despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality . the narrator ' s father , atticus finch , has served as a moral hero for many readers and as a model of integrity for lawyers . one critic explains the novel ' s impact by writing , " in the twentieth century , to kill a mockingbird is probably the most widely read book dealing with race in america , and its protagonist , atticus finch , the most enduring fictional image of racial heroism . " [ sep ] atticus finch
new york city has been described as the cultural capital of the world by the diplomatic consulates of iceland and latvia and by new york ' s baruch college . a book containing a series of essays titled new york , culture capital of the world , 1940 – 1965 has also been published as showcased by the national library of australia . in describing new york , author tom wolfe said , " culture just seems to be in the air , like part of the weather . " [ sep ] tom wolfe
new york city has been described as the cultural capital of the world by the diplomatic consulates of iceland and latvia and by new york ' s baruch college . a book containing a series of essays titled new york , culture capital of the world , 1940 – 1965 has also been published as showcased by the national library of australia . in describing new york , author tom wolfe said , " culture just seems to be in the air , like part of the weather . " [ sep ] the national library of australia
new york city has been described as the cultural capital of the world by the diplomatic consulates of iceland and latvia and by new york ' s baruch college . a book containing a series of essays titled new york , culture capital of the world , 1940 – 1965 has also been published as showcased by the national library of australia . in describing new york , author tom wolfe said , " culture just seems to be in the air , like part of the weather . " [ sep ] baruch college
new york city has been described as the cultural capital of the world by the diplomatic consulates of iceland and latvia and by new york ' s baruch college . a book containing a series of essays titled new york , culture capital of the world , 1940 – 1965 has also been published as showcased by the national library of australia . in describing new york , author tom wolfe said , " culture just seems to be in the air , like part of the weather . " [ sep ] iceland
numerous major american cultural movements began in the city , such as the harlem renaissance , which established the african - american literary canon in the united states . the city was a center of jazz in the 1940s , abstract expressionism in the 1950s , and the birthplace of hip hop in the 1970s . the city ' s punk and hardcore scenes were influential in the 1970s and 1980s . new york has long had a flourishing scene for jewish american literature . [ sep ] the harlem renaissance
numerous major american cultural movements began in the city , such as the harlem renaissance , which established the african - american literary canon in the united states . the city was a center of jazz in the 1940s , abstract expressionism in the 1950s , and the birthplace of hip hop in the 1970s . the city ' s punk and hardcore scenes were influential in the 1970s and 1980s . new york has long had a flourishing scene for jewish american literature . [ sep ] jazz
numerous major american cultural movements began in the city , such as the harlem renaissance , which established the african - american literary canon in the united states . the city was a center of jazz in the 1940s , abstract expressionism in the 1950s , and the birthplace of hip hop in the 1970s . the city ' s punk and hardcore scenes were influential in the 1970s and 1980s . new york has long had a flourishing scene for jewish american literature . [ sep ] abstract expressionism
numerous major american cultural movements began in the city , such as the harlem renaissance , which established the african - american literary canon in the united states . the city was a center of jazz in the 1940s , abstract expressionism in the 1950s , and the birthplace of hip hop in the 1970s . the city ' s punk and hardcore scenes were influential in the 1970s and 1980s . new york has long had a flourishing scene for jewish american literature . [ sep ] hip hop
west ' s third studio album , graduation , garnered major publicity when its release date pitted west in a sales competition against rapper 50 cent ' s curtis . upon their september 2007 releases , graduation outsold curtis by a large margin , debuting at number one on the u . s . billboard 200 chart and selling 957 , 000 copies in its first week . graduation once again continued the string of critical and commercial successes by west , and the album ' s lead single , " stronger " , garnered the rapper his third number - one hit . " stronger " , which samples french house duo daft punk , has been accredited to not only encouraging other hip - hop artists to incorporate house and electronica elements into their music , but also for playing a part in the revival of disco and electro - infused music in the late 2000s . ben detrick of xxl cited the outcome of the sales competition between 50 cent ' s curtis and west ' s graduation as being responsible for altering the direction of hip - hop and paving the way for new rappers who didn ' t follow the hardcore - gangster mold , writing , " if there was ever a watershed moment to indicate hip - hop ' s changing direction , it may have come when 50 cent competed with kanye in 2007 to see whose album would claim superior sales . " [ sep ] graduation
west ' s third studio album , graduation , garnered major publicity when its release date pitted west in a sales competition against rapper 50 cent ' s curtis . upon their september 2007 releases , graduation outsold curtis by a large margin , debuting at number one on the u . s . billboard 200 chart and selling 957 , 000 copies in its first week . graduation once again continued the string of critical and commercial successes by west , and the album ' s lead single , " stronger " , garnered the rapper his third number - one hit . " stronger " , which samples french house duo daft punk , has been accredited to not only encouraging other hip - hop artists to incorporate house and electronica elements into their music , but also for playing a part in the revival of disco and electro - infused music in the late 2000s . ben detrick of xxl cited the outcome of the sales competition between 50 cent ' s curtis and west ' s graduation as being responsible for altering the direction of hip - hop and paving the way for new rappers who didn ' t follow the hardcore - gangster mold , writing , " if there was ever a watershed moment to indicate hip - hop ' s changing direction , it may have come when 50 cent competed with kanye in 2007 to see whose album would claim superior sales . " [ sep ] 50 cent
west ' s third studio album , graduation , garnered major publicity when its release date pitted west in a sales competition against rapper 50 cent ' s curtis . upon their september 2007 releases , graduation outsold curtis by a large margin , debuting at number one on the u . s . billboard 200 chart and selling 957 , 000 copies in its first week . graduation once again continued the string of critical and commercial successes by west , and the album ' s lead single , " stronger " , garnered the rapper his third number - one hit . " stronger " , which samples french house duo daft punk , has been accredited to not only encouraging other hip - hop artists to incorporate house and electronica elements into their music , but also for playing a part in the revival of disco and electro - infused music in the late 2000s . ben detrick of xxl cited the outcome of the sales competition between 50 cent ' s curtis and west ' s graduation as being responsible for altering the direction of hip - hop and paving the way for new rappers who didn ' t follow the hardcore - gangster mold , writing , " if there was ever a watershed moment to indicate hip - hop ' s changing direction , it may have come when 50 cent competed with kanye in 2007 to see whose album would claim superior sales . " [ sep ] daft punk
the city is the birthplace of many cultural movements , including the harlem renaissance in literature and visual art ; abstract expressionism ( also known as the new york school ) in painting ; and hip hop , punk , salsa , disco , freestyle , tin pan alley , and jazz in music . new york city has been considered the dance capital of the world . the city is also widely celebrated in popular lore , frequently the setting for books , movies ( see list of films set in new york city ) , and television programs . new york fashion week is one of the world ' s preeminent fashion events and is afforded extensive coverage by the media . new york has also frequently been ranked the top fashion capital of the world on the annual list compiled by the global language monitor . [ sep ] the new york school
the city is the birthplace of many cultural movements , including the harlem renaissance in literature and visual art ; abstract expressionism ( also known as the new york school ) in painting ; and hip hop , punk , salsa , disco , freestyle , tin pan alley , and jazz in music . new york city has been considered the dance capital of the world . the city is also widely celebrated in popular lore , frequently the setting for books , movies ( see list of films set in new york city ) , and television programs . new york fashion week is one of the world ' s preeminent fashion events and is afforded extensive coverage by the media . new york has also frequently been ranked the top fashion capital of the world on the annual list compiled by the global language monitor . [ sep ] new york fashion week
the city is the birthplace of many cultural movements , including the harlem renaissance in literature and visual art ; abstract expressionism ( also known as the new york school ) in painting ; and hip hop , punk , salsa , disco , freestyle , tin pan alley , and jazz in music . new york city has been considered the dance capital of the world . the city is also widely celebrated in popular lore , frequently the setting for books , movies ( see list of films set in new york city ) , and television programs . new york fashion week is one of the world ' s preeminent fashion events and is afforded extensive coverage by the media . new york has also frequently been ranked the top fashion capital of the world on the annual list compiled by the global language monitor . [ sep ] the global language monitor
west ' s life took a different direction when his mother , donda west , died of complications from cosmetic surgery involving abdominoplasty and breast reduction in november 2007 . months later , west and fiancee alexis phifer ended their engagement and their long - term intermittent relationship , which had begun in 2002 . the events profoundly affected west , who set off for his 2008 glow in the dark tour shortly thereafter . purportedly because his emotions could not be conveyed through rapping , west decided to sing using the voice audio processor auto - tune , which would become a central part of his next effort . west had previously experimented with the technology on his debut album the college dropout for the background vocals of " jesus walks " and " never let me down . " recorded mostly in honolulu , hawaii in three weeks , west announced his fourth album , 808s & heartbreak , at the 2008 mtv video music awards , where he performed its lead single , " love lockdown " . music audiences were taken aback by the uncharacteristic production style and the presence of auto - tune , which typified the pre - release response to the record . [ sep ] 2007
west ' s life took a different direction when his mother , donda west , died of complications from cosmetic surgery involving abdominoplasty and breast reduction in november 2007 . months later , west and fiancee alexis phifer ended their engagement and their long - term intermittent relationship , which had begun in 2002 . the events profoundly affected west , who set off for his 2008 glow in the dark tour shortly thereafter . purportedly because his emotions could not be conveyed through rapping , west decided to sing using the voice audio processor auto - tune , which would become a central part of his next effort . west had previously experimented with the technology on his debut album the college dropout for the background vocals of " jesus walks " and " never let me down . " recorded mostly in honolulu , hawaii in three weeks , west announced his fourth album , 808s & heartbreak , at the 2008 mtv video music awards , where he performed its lead single , " love lockdown " . music audiences were taken aback by the uncharacteristic production style and the presence of auto - tune , which typified the pre - release response to the record . [ sep ] alexis phifer
west ' s life took a different direction when his mother , donda west , died of complications from cosmetic surgery involving abdominoplasty and breast reduction in november 2007 . months later , west and fiancee alexis phifer ended their engagement and their long - term intermittent relationship , which had begun in 2002 . the events profoundly affected west , who set off for his 2008 glow in the dark tour shortly thereafter . purportedly because his emotions could not be conveyed through rapping , west decided to sing using the voice audio processor auto - tune , which would become a central part of his next effort . west had previously experimented with the technology on his debut album the college dropout for the background vocals of " jesus walks " and " never let me down . " recorded mostly in honolulu , hawaii in three weeks , west announced his fourth album , 808s & heartbreak , at the 2008 mtv video music awards , where he performed its lead single , " love lockdown " . music audiences were taken aback by the uncharacteristic production style and the presence of auto - tune , which typified the pre - release response to the record . [ sep ] glow in the dark tour
west ' s life took a different direction when his mother , donda west , died of complications from cosmetic surgery involving abdominoplasty and breast reduction in november 2007 . months later , west and fiancee alexis phifer ended their engagement and their long - term intermittent relationship , which had begun in 2002 . the events profoundly affected west , who set off for his 2008 glow in the dark tour shortly thereafter . purportedly because his emotions could not be conveyed through rapping , west decided to sing using the voice audio processor auto - tune , which would become a central part of his next effort . west had previously experimented with the technology on his debut album the college dropout for the background vocals of " jesus walks " and " never let me down . " recorded mostly in honolulu , hawaii in three weeks , west announced his fourth album , 808s & heartbreak , at the 2008 mtv video music awards , where he performed its lead single , " love lockdown " . music audiences were taken aback by the uncharacteristic production style and the presence of auto - tune , which typified the pre - release response to the record . [ sep ] hawaii
west ' s life took a different direction when his mother , donda west , died of complications from cosmetic surgery involving abdominoplasty and breast reduction in november 2007 . months later , west and fiancee alexis phifer ended their engagement and their long - term intermittent relationship , which had begun in 2002 . the events profoundly affected west , who set off for his 2008 glow in the dark tour shortly thereafter . purportedly because his emotions could not be conveyed through rapping , west decided to sing using the voice audio processor auto - tune , which would become a central part of his next effort . west had previously experimented with the technology on his debut album the college dropout for the background vocals of " jesus walks " and " never let me down . " recorded mostly in honolulu , hawaii in three weeks , west announced his fourth album , 808s & heartbreak , at the 2008 mtv video music awards , where he performed its lead single , " love lockdown " . music audiences were taken aback by the uncharacteristic production style and the presence of auto - tune , which typified the pre - release response to the record . [ sep ] " love lockdown "
new york city has more than 2 , 000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries of all sizes . the city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the national endowment for the arts . wealthy business magnates in the 19th century built a network of major cultural institutions , such as the famed carnegie hall and the metropolitan museum of art , that would become internationally established . the advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theater productions , and in the 1880s , new york city theaters on broadway and along 42nd street began featuring a new stage form that became known as the broadway musical . strongly influenced by the city ' s immigrants , productions such as those of harrigan and hart , george m . cohan , and others used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition . [ sep ] 500
new york city has more than 2 , 000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries of all sizes . the city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the national endowment for the arts . wealthy business magnates in the 19th century built a network of major cultural institutions , such as the famed carnegie hall and the metropolitan museum of art , that would become internationally established . the advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theater productions , and in the 1880s , new york city theaters on broadway and along 42nd street began featuring a new stage form that became known as the broadway musical . strongly influenced by the city ' s immigrants , productions such as those of harrigan and hart , george m . cohan , and others used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition . [ sep ] 42nd street
new york city has more than 2 , 000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries of all sizes . the city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the national endowment for the arts . wealthy business magnates in the 19th century built a network of major cultural institutions , such as the famed carnegie hall and the metropolitan museum of art , that would become internationally established . the advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theater productions , and in the 1880s , new york city theaters on broadway and along 42nd street began featuring a new stage form that became known as the broadway musical . strongly influenced by the city ' s immigrants , productions such as those of harrigan and hart , george m . cohan , and others used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition . [ sep ] harrigan
new york city has more than 2 , 000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries of all sizes . the city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the national endowment for the arts . wealthy business magnates in the 19th century built a network of major cultural institutions , such as the famed carnegie hall and the metropolitan museum of art , that would become internationally established . the advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theater productions , and in the 1880s , new york city theaters on broadway and along 42nd street began featuring a new stage form that became known as the broadway musical . strongly influenced by the city ' s immigrants , productions such as those of harrigan and hart , george m . cohan , and others used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition . [ sep ] 2 , 000
new york city has more than 2 , 000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries of all sizes . the city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the national endowment for the arts . wealthy business magnates in the 19th century built a network of major cultural institutions , such as the famed carnegie hall and the metropolitan museum of art , that would become internationally established . the advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theater productions , and in the 1880s , new york city theaters on broadway and along 42nd street began featuring a new stage form that became known as the broadway musical . strongly influenced by the city ' s immigrants , productions such as those of harrigan and hart , george m . cohan , and others used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition . [ sep ] electric lighting
808s & heartbreak , which features extensive use of the eponymous roland tr - 808 drum machine and contains themes of love , loneliness , and heartache , was released by island def jam to capitalize on thanksgiving weekend in november 2008 . reviews were positive , though slightly more mixed than his previous efforts . despite this , the record ' s singles demonstrated outstanding chart performances . upon its release , the lead single " love lockdown " debuted at number three on the billboard hot 100 and became a " hot shot debut " , while follow - up single " heartless " performed similarly and became his second consecutive " hot shot debut " by debuting at number four on the billboard hot 100 . while it was criticized prior to release , 808s & heartbreak had a significant effect on hip - hop music , encouraging other rappers to take more creative risks with their productions . [ sep ] 808s & heartbreak
forty of the city ' s theaters , with more than 500 seats each , are collectively known as broadway , after the major thoroughfare that crosses the times square theater district , sometimes referred to as " the great white way " . according to the broadway league , broadway shows sold approximately us $ 1 . 27 billion worth of tickets in the 2013 – 2014 season , an 11 . 4 % increase from us $ 1 . 139 billion in the 2012 – 2013 season . attendance in 2013 – 2014 stood at 12 . 21 million , representing a 5 . 5 % increase from the 2012 – 2013 season ' s 11 . 57 million . [ sep ] the great white way
forty of the city ' s theaters , with more than 500 seats each , are collectively known as broadway , after the major thoroughfare that crosses the times square theater district , sometimes referred to as " the great white way " . according to the broadway league , broadway shows sold approximately us $ 1 . 27 billion worth of tickets in the 2013 – 2014 season , an 11 . 4 % increase from us $ 1 . 139 billion in the 2012 – 2013 season . attendance in 2013 – 2014 stood at 12 . 21 million , representing a 5 . 5 % increase from the 2012 – 2013 season ' s 11 . 57 million . [ sep ] us $ 1 . 27 billion
forty of the city ' s theaters , with more than 500 seats each , are collectively known as broadway , after the major thoroughfare that crosses the times square theater district , sometimes referred to as " the great white way " . according to the broadway league , broadway shows sold approximately us $ 1 . 27 billion worth of tickets in the 2013 – 2014 season , an 11 . 4 % increase from us $ 1 . 139 billion in the 2012 – 2013 season . attendance in 2013 – 2014 stood at 12 . 21 million , representing a 5 . 5 % increase from the 2012 – 2013 season ' s 11 . 57 million . [ sep ] 11 . 4 %
forty of the city ' s theaters , with more than 500 seats each , are collectively known as broadway , after the major thoroughfare that crosses the times square theater district , sometimes referred to as " the great white way " . according to the broadway league , broadway shows sold approximately us $ 1 . 27 billion worth of tickets in the 2013 – 2014 season , an 11 . 4 % increase from us $ 1 . 139 billion in the 2012 – 2013 season . attendance in 2013 – 2014 stood at 12 . 21 million , representing a 5 . 5 % increase from the 2012 – 2013 season ' s 11 . 57 million . [ sep ] 12 . 21 million
forty of the city ' s theaters , with more than 500 seats each , are collectively known as broadway , after the major thoroughfare that crosses the times square theater district , sometimes referred to as " the great white way " . according to the broadway league , broadway shows sold approximately us $ 1 . 27 billion worth of tickets in the 2013 – 2014 season , an 11 . 4 % increase from us $ 1 . 139 billion in the 2012 – 2013 season . attendance in 2013 – 2014 stood at 12 . 21 million , representing a 5 . 5 % increase from the 2012 – 2013 season ' s 11 . 57 million . [ sep ] 11 . 57 million
in 2012 , rolling stone journalist matthew trammell asserted that the record was ahead of its time and wrote , " now that popular music has finally caught up to it , 808s & heartbreak has revealed itself to be kanye ’ s most vulnerable work , and perhaps his most brilliant . " [ sep ] matthew trammell
west ' s controversial incident the following year at the 2009 mtv video music awards was arguably his biggest controversy , and led to widespread outrage throughout the music industry . during the ceremony , west crashed the stage and grabbed the microphone from winner taylor swift in order to proclaim that , instead , beyonce ' s video for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , nominated for the same award , was " one of the best videos of all time " . he was subsequently withdrawn from the remainder of the show for his actions . west ' s tour with lady gaga was cancelled in response to the controversy , and it was suggested that the incident was partially responsible for 808s & heartbreak ' s lack of nominations at the 52nd grammy awards . [ sep ] 2009
west ' s controversial incident the following year at the 2009 mtv video music awards was arguably his biggest controversy , and led to widespread outrage throughout the music industry . during the ceremony , west crashed the stage and grabbed the microphone from winner taylor swift in order to proclaim that , instead , beyonce ' s video for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , nominated for the same award , was " one of the best videos of all time " . he was subsequently withdrawn from the remainder of the show for his actions . west ' s tour with lady gaga was cancelled in response to the controversy , and it was suggested that the incident was partially responsible for 808s & heartbreak ' s lack of nominations at the 52nd grammy awards . [ sep ] beyonce
west ' s controversial incident the following year at the 2009 mtv video music awards was arguably his biggest controversy , and led to widespread outrage throughout the music industry . during the ceremony , west crashed the stage and grabbed the microphone from winner taylor swift in order to proclaim that , instead , beyonce ' s video for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , nominated for the same award , was " one of the best videos of all time " . he was subsequently withdrawn from the remainder of the show for his actions . west ' s tour with lady gaga was cancelled in response to the controversy , and it was suggested that the incident was partially responsible for 808s & heartbreak ' s lack of nominations at the 52nd grammy awards . [ sep ] lady gaga
west ' s controversial incident the following year at the 2009 mtv video music awards was arguably his biggest controversy , and led to widespread outrage throughout the music industry . during the ceremony , west crashed the stage and grabbed the microphone from winner taylor swift in order to proclaim that , instead , beyonce ' s video for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , nominated for the same award , was " one of the best videos of all time " . he was subsequently withdrawn from the remainder of the show for his actions . west ' s tour with lady gaga was cancelled in response to the controversy , and it was suggested that the incident was partially responsible for 808s & heartbreak ' s lack of nominations at the 52nd grammy awards . [ sep ] 52nd grammy awards
lincoln center for the performing arts , anchoring lincoln square on the upper west side of manhattan , is home to numerous influential arts organizations , including the metropolitan opera , new york city opera , new york philharmonic , and new york city ballet , as well as the vivian beaumont theater , the juilliard school , jazz at lincoln center , and alice tully hall . the lee strasberg theatre and film institute is in union square , and tisch school of the arts is based at new york university , while central park summerstage presents performances of free plays and music in central park . [ sep ] manhattan
lincoln center for the performing arts , anchoring lincoln square on the upper west side of manhattan , is home to numerous influential arts organizations , including the metropolitan opera , new york city opera , new york philharmonic , and new york city ballet , as well as the vivian beaumont theater , the juilliard school , jazz at lincoln center , and alice tully hall . the lee strasberg theatre and film institute is in union square , and tisch school of the arts is based at new york university , while central park summerstage presents performances of free plays and music in central park . [ sep ] upper west side
lincoln center for the performing arts , anchoring lincoln square on the upper west side of manhattan , is home to numerous influential arts organizations , including the metropolitan opera , new york city opera , new york philharmonic , and new york city ballet , as well as the vivian beaumont theater , the juilliard school , jazz at lincoln center , and alice tully hall . the lee strasberg theatre and film institute is in union square , and tisch school of the arts is based at new york university , while central park summerstage presents performances of free plays and music in central park . [ sep ] union square
lincoln center for the performing arts , anchoring lincoln square on the upper west side of manhattan , is home to numerous influential arts organizations , including the metropolitan opera , new york city opera , new york philharmonic , and new york city ballet , as well as the vivian beaumont theater , the juilliard school , jazz at lincoln center , and alice tully hall . the lee strasberg theatre and film institute is in union square , and tisch school of the arts is based at new york university , while central park summerstage presents performances of free plays and music in central park . [ sep ] new york university
lincoln center for the performing arts , anchoring lincoln square on the upper west side of manhattan , is home to numerous influential arts organizations , including the metropolitan opera , new york city opera , new york philharmonic , and new york city ballet , as well as the vivian beaumont theater , the juilliard school , jazz at lincoln center , and alice tully hall . the lee strasberg theatre and film institute is in union square , and tisch school of the arts is based at new york university , while central park summerstage presents performances of free plays and music in central park . [ sep ] central park
following the highly publicized incident , west took a brief break from music and threw himself into fashion , only to hole up in hawaii for the next few months writing and recording his next album . importing his favorite producers and artists to work on and inspire his recording , west kept engineers behind the boards 24 hours a day and slept only in increments . noah callahan - bever , a writer for complex , was present during the sessions and described the " communal " atmosphere as thus : " with the right songs and the right album , he can overcome any and all controversy , and we are here to contribute , challenge , and inspire . " a variety of artists contributed to the project , including close friends jay - z , kid cudi and pusha t , as well as off - the - wall collaborations , such as with justin vernon of bon iver . [ sep ] fashion
following the highly publicized incident , west took a brief break from music and threw himself into fashion , only to hole up in hawaii for the next few months writing and recording his next album . importing his favorite producers and artists to work on and inspire his recording , west kept engineers behind the boards 24 hours a day and slept only in increments . noah callahan - bever , a writer for complex , was present during the sessions and described the " communal " atmosphere as thus : " with the right songs and the right album , he can overcome any and all controversy , and we are here to contribute , challenge , and inspire . " a variety of artists contributed to the project , including close friends jay - z , kid cudi and pusha t , as well as off - the - wall collaborations , such as with justin vernon of bon iver . [ sep ] hawaii
new york city is home to hundreds of cultural institutions and historic sites , many of which are internationally known . museum mile is the name for a section of fifth avenue running from 82nd to 105th streets on the upper east side of manhattan , in an area sometimes called upper carnegie hill . the mile , which contains one of the densest displays of culture in the world , is actually three blocks longer than one mile ( 1 . 6 km ) . ten museums occupy the length of this section of fifth avenue . the tenth museum , the museum for african art , joined the ensemble in 2009 , however its museum at 110th street , the first new museum constructed on the mile since the guggenheim in 1959 , opened in late 2012 . in addition to other programming , the museums collaborate for the annual museum mile festival , held each year in june , to promote the museums and increase visitation . many of the world ' s most lucrative art auctions are held in new york city . [ sep ] fifth avenue
new york city is home to hundreds of cultural institutions and historic sites , many of which are internationally known . museum mile is the name for a section of fifth avenue running from 82nd to 105th streets on the upper east side of manhattan , in an area sometimes called upper carnegie hill . the mile , which contains one of the densest displays of culture in the world , is actually three blocks longer than one mile ( 1 . 6 km ) . ten museums occupy the length of this section of fifth avenue . the tenth museum , the museum for african art , joined the ensemble in 2009 , however its museum at 110th street , the first new museum constructed on the mile since the guggenheim in 1959 , opened in late 2012 . in addition to other programming , the museums collaborate for the annual museum mile festival , held each year in june , to promote the museums and increase visitation . many of the world ' s most lucrative art auctions are held in new york city . [ sep ] manhattan
new york city is home to hundreds of cultural institutions and historic sites , many of which are internationally known . museum mile is the name for a section of fifth avenue running from 82nd to 105th streets on the upper east side of manhattan , in an area sometimes called upper carnegie hill . the mile , which contains one of the densest displays of culture in the world , is actually three blocks longer than one mile ( 1 . 6 km ) . ten museums occupy the length of this section of fifth avenue . the tenth museum , the museum for african art , joined the ensemble in 2009 , however its museum at 110th street , the first new museum constructed on the mile since the guggenheim in 1959 , opened in late 2012 . in addition to other programming , the museums collaborate for the annual museum mile festival , held each year in june , to promote the museums and increase visitation . many of the world ' s most lucrative art auctions are held in new york city . [ sep ] 1959
new york city is home to hundreds of cultural institutions and historic sites , many of which are internationally known . museum mile is the name for a section of fifth avenue running from 82nd to 105th streets on the upper east side of manhattan , in an area sometimes called upper carnegie hill . the mile , which contains one of the densest displays of culture in the world , is actually three blocks longer than one mile ( 1 . 6 km ) . ten museums occupy the length of this section of fifth avenue . the tenth museum , the museum for african art , joined the ensemble in 2009 , however its museum at 110th street , the first new museum constructed on the mile since the guggenheim in 1959 , opened in late 2012 . in addition to other programming , the museums collaborate for the annual museum mile festival , held each year in june , to promote the museums and increase visitation . many of the world ' s most lucrative art auctions are held in new york city . [ sep ] 2012
new york city is home to hundreds of cultural institutions and historic sites , many of which are internationally known . museum mile is the name for a section of fifth avenue running from 82nd to 105th streets on the upper east side of manhattan , in an area sometimes called upper carnegie hill . the mile , which contains one of the densest displays of culture in the world , is actually three blocks longer than one mile ( 1 . 6 km ) . ten museums occupy the length of this section of fifth avenue . the tenth museum , the museum for african art , joined the ensemble in 2009 , however its museum at 110th street , the first new museum constructed on the mile since the guggenheim in 1959 , opened in late 2012 . in addition to other programming , the museums collaborate for the annual museum mile festival , held each year in june , to promote the museums and increase visitation . many of the world ' s most lucrative art auctions are held in new york city . [ sep ] upper east side
new york city ' s food culture includes a variety of international cuisines influenced by the city ' s immigrant history . central european and italian immigrants originally made the city famous for bagels , cheesecake , and new york - style pizza , while chinese and other asian restaurants , sandwich joints , trattorias , diners , and coffeehouses have become ubiquitous . some 4 , 000 mobile food vendors licensed by the city , many immigrant - owned , have made middle eastern foods such as falafel and kebabs popular examples of modern new york street food . the city is also home to nearly one thousand of the finest and most diverse haute cuisine restaurants in the world , according to michelin . the new york city department of health and mental hygiene assigns letter grades to the city ' s 24 , 000 restaurants based upon their inspection results . [ sep ] 4 , 000
new york city ' s food culture includes a variety of international cuisines influenced by the city ' s immigrant history . central european and italian immigrants originally made the city famous for bagels , cheesecake , and new york - style pizza , while chinese and other asian restaurants , sandwich joints , trattorias , diners , and coffeehouses have become ubiquitous . some 4 , 000 mobile food vendors licensed by the city , many immigrant - owned , have made middle eastern foods such as falafel and kebabs popular examples of modern new york street food . the city is also home to nearly one thousand of the finest and most diverse haute cuisine restaurants in the world , according to michelin . the new york city department of health and mental hygiene assigns letter grades to the city ' s 24 , 000 restaurants based upon their inspection results . [ sep ] 24 , 000
new york city ' s food culture includes a variety of international cuisines influenced by the city ' s immigrant history . central european and italian immigrants originally made the city famous for bagels , cheesecake , and new york - style pizza , while chinese and other asian restaurants , sandwich joints , trattorias , diners , and coffeehouses have become ubiquitous . some 4 , 000 mobile food vendors licensed by the city , many immigrant - owned , have made middle eastern foods such as falafel and kebabs popular examples of modern new york street food . the city is also home to nearly one thousand of the finest and most diverse haute cuisine restaurants in the world , according to michelin . the new york city department of health and mental hygiene assigns letter grades to the city ' s 24 , 000 restaurants based upon their inspection results . [ sep ] new york city department of health and mental hygiene
new york city ' s food culture includes a variety of international cuisines influenced by the city ' s immigrant history . central european and italian immigrants originally made the city famous for bagels , cheesecake , and new york - style pizza , while chinese and other asian restaurants , sandwich joints , trattorias , diners , and coffeehouses have become ubiquitous . some 4 , 000 mobile food vendors licensed by the city , many immigrant - owned , have made middle eastern foods such as falafel and kebabs popular examples of modern new york street food . the city is also home to nearly one thousand of the finest and most diverse haute cuisine restaurants in the world , according to michelin . the new york city department of health and mental hygiene assigns letter grades to the city ' s 24 , 000 restaurants based upon their inspection results . [ sep ] one thousand
my beautiful dark twisted fantasy , west ' s fifth studio album , was released in november 2010 to rave reviews from critics , many of whom described it as his best work that solidified his comeback . in stark contrast to his previous effort , which featured a minimalist sound , dark fantasy adopts a maximalist philosophy and deals with themes of celebrity and excess . the record included the international hit " all of the lights " , and billboard hits " power " , " monster " , and " runaway " , the latter of which accompanied a 35 - minute film of the same name . during this time , west initiated the free music program good fridays through his website , offering a free download of previously unreleased songs each friday , a portion of which were included on the album . this promotion ran from august 20 - december 17 , 2010 . dark fantasy went on to go platinum in the united states , but its omission as a contender for album of the year at the 54th grammy awards was viewed as a " snub " by several media outlets . [ sep ] my beautiful dark twisted fantasy
my beautiful dark twisted fantasy , west ' s fifth studio album , was released in november 2010 to rave reviews from critics , many of whom described it as his best work that solidified his comeback . in stark contrast to his previous effort , which featured a minimalist sound , dark fantasy adopts a maximalist philosophy and deals with themes of celebrity and excess . the record included the international hit " all of the lights " , and billboard hits " power " , " monster " , and " runaway " , the latter of which accompanied a 35 - minute film of the same name . during this time , west initiated the free music program good fridays through his website , offering a free download of previously unreleased songs each friday , a portion of which were included on the album . this promotion ran from august 20 - december 17 , 2010 . dark fantasy went on to go platinum in the united states , but its omission as a contender for album of the year at the 54th grammy awards was viewed as a " snub " by several media outlets . [ sep ] november 2010
my beautiful dark twisted fantasy , west ' s fifth studio album , was released in november 2010 to rave reviews from critics , many of whom described it as his best work that solidified his comeback . in stark contrast to his previous effort , which featured a minimalist sound , dark fantasy adopts a maximalist philosophy and deals with themes of celebrity and excess . the record included the international hit " all of the lights " , and billboard hits " power " , " monster " , and " runaway " , the latter of which accompanied a 35 - minute film of the same name . during this time , west initiated the free music program good fridays through his website , offering a free download of previously unreleased songs each friday , a portion of which were included on the album . this promotion ran from august 20 - december 17 , 2010 . dark fantasy went on to go platinum in the united states , but its omission as a contender for album of the year at the 54th grammy awards was viewed as a " snub " by several media outlets . [ sep ] " all of the lights "
my beautiful dark twisted fantasy , west ' s fifth studio album , was released in november 2010 to rave reviews from critics , many of whom described it as his best work that solidified his comeback . in stark contrast to his previous effort , which featured a minimalist sound , dark fantasy adopts a maximalist philosophy and deals with themes of celebrity and excess . the record included the international hit " all of the lights " , and billboard hits " power " , " monster " , and " runaway " , the latter of which accompanied a 35 - minute film of the same name . during this time , west initiated the free music program good fridays through his website , offering a free download of previously unreleased songs each friday , a portion of which were included on the album . this promotion ran from august 20 - december 17 , 2010 . dark fantasy went on to go platinum in the united states , but its omission as a contender for album of the year at the 54th grammy awards was viewed as a " snub " by several media outlets . [ sep ] good fridays
the new york area is home to a distinctive regional speech pattern called the new york dialect , alternatively known as brooklynese or new yorkese . it has generally been considered one of the most recognizable accents within american english . the classic version of this dialect is centered on middle and working - class people of european descent . however , the influx of non - european immigrants in recent decades has led to changes in this distinctive dialect , and the traditional form of this speech pattern is no longer as prevalent among general new yorkers as in the past . [ sep ] brooklynese
as a southern gothic novel and a bildungsroman , the primary themes of to kill a mockingbird involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence . scholars have noted that lee also addresses issues of class , courage , compassion , and gender roles in the american deep south . the book is widely taught in schools in the united states with lessons that emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice . despite its themes , to kill a mockingbird has been subject to campaigns for removal from public classrooms , often challenged for its use of racial epithets . [ sep ] deep south
as a southern gothic novel and a bildungsroman , the primary themes of to kill a mockingbird involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence . scholars have noted that lee also addresses issues of class , courage , compassion , and gender roles in the american deep south . the book is widely taught in schools in the united states with lessons that emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice . despite its themes , to kill a mockingbird has been subject to campaigns for removal from public classrooms , often challenged for its use of racial epithets . [ sep ] racial epithets
the traditional new york area accent is characterized as non - rhotic , so that the sound [ [unk] ] does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant ; hence the pronunciation of the city name as " new yawk . " there is no [ [unk] ] in words like park [ pɑək ] or [ [unk] ] ( with vowel backed and diphthongized due to the low - back chain shift ) , butter [ bʌɾə ] , or here [ hiə ] . in another feature called the low back chain shift , the [ ɔ ] vowel sound of words like talk , law , cross , chocolate , and coffee and the often homophonous [ ɔr ] in core and more are tensed and usually raised more than in general american . in the most old - fashioned and extreme versions of the new york dialect , the vowel sounds of words like " girl " and of words like " oil " became a diphthong [ [unk] ] . this would often be misperceived by speakers of other accents as a reversal of the er and oy sounds , so that girl is pronounced " goil " and oil is pronounced " erl " ; this leads to the caricature of new yorkers saying things like " joizey " ( jersey ) , " toidy - toid street " ( 33rd st . ) and " terlet " ( toilet ) . the character archie bunker from the 1970s sitcom all in the family ( played by carroll o ' connor ) was a notable example of having used this pattern of speech , which continues to fade in its overall presence . [ sep ] all in the family
the traditional new york area accent is characterized as non - rhotic , so that the sound [ [unk] ] does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant ; hence the pronunciation of the city name as " new yawk . " there is no [ [unk] ] in words like park [ pɑək ] or [ [unk] ] ( with vowel backed and diphthongized due to the low - back chain shift ) , butter [ bʌɾə ] , or here [ hiə ] . in another feature called the low back chain shift , the [ ɔ ] vowel sound of words like talk , law , cross , chocolate , and coffee and the often homophonous [ ɔr ] in core and more are tensed and usually raised more than in general american . in the most old - fashioned and extreme versions of the new york dialect , the vowel sounds of words like " girl " and of words like " oil " became a diphthong [ [unk] ] . this would often be misperceived by speakers of other accents as a reversal of the er and oy sounds , so that girl is pronounced " goil " and oil is pronounced " erl " ; this leads to the caricature of new yorkers saying things like " joizey " ( jersey ) , " toidy - toid street " ( 33rd st . ) and " terlet " ( toilet ) . the character archie bunker from the 1970s sitcom all in the family ( played by carroll o ' connor ) was a notable example of having used this pattern of speech , which continues to fade in its overall presence . [ sep ] carroll o ' connor
the traditional new york area accent is characterized as non - rhotic , so that the sound [ [unk] ] does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant ; hence the pronunciation of the city name as " new yawk . " there is no [ [unk] ] in words like park [ pɑək ] or [ [unk] ] ( with vowel backed and diphthongized due to the low - back chain shift ) , butter [ bʌɾə ] , or here [ hiə ] . in another feature called the low back chain shift , the [ ɔ ] vowel sound of words like talk , law , cross , chocolate , and coffee and the often homophonous [ ɔr ] in core and more are tensed and usually raised more than in general american . in the most old - fashioned and extreme versions of the new york dialect , the vowel sounds of words like " girl " and of words like " oil " became a diphthong [ [unk] ] . this would often be misperceived by speakers of other accents as a reversal of the er and oy sounds , so that girl is pronounced " goil " and oil is pronounced " erl " ; this leads to the caricature of new yorkers saying things like " joizey " ( jersey ) , " toidy - toid street " ( 33rd st . ) and " terlet " ( toilet ) . the character archie bunker from the 1970s sitcom all in the family ( played by carroll o ' connor ) was a notable example of having used this pattern of speech , which continues to fade in its overall presence . [ sep ] new yawk
following a headlining set at coachella 2011 that was described by the hollywood reporter as " one of greatest hip - hop sets of all time " , west released the collaborative album watch the throne with jay - z . by employing a sales strategy that released the album digitally weeks before its physical counterpart , watch the throne became one of the few major label albums in the internet age to avoid a leak . " niggas in paris " became the record ' s highest charting single , peaking at number five on the billboard hot 100 . in 2012 , west released the compilation album cruel summer , a collection of tracks by artists from west ' s record label good music . cruel summer produced four singles , two of which charted within the top twenty of the hot 100 : " mercy " and " clique " . west also directed a film of the same name that premiered at the 2012 cannes film festival in custom pyramid - shaped screening pavilion featuring seven screens . [ sep ] coachella
following a headlining set at coachella 2011 that was described by the hollywood reporter as " one of greatest hip - hop sets of all time " , west released the collaborative album watch the throne with jay - z . by employing a sales strategy that released the album digitally weeks before its physical counterpart , watch the throne became one of the few major label albums in the internet age to avoid a leak . " niggas in paris " became the record ' s highest charting single , peaking at number five on the billboard hot 100 . in 2012 , west released the compilation album cruel summer , a collection of tracks by artists from west ' s record label good music . cruel summer produced four singles , two of which charted within the top twenty of the hot 100 : " mercy " and " clique " . west also directed a film of the same name that premiered at the 2012 cannes film festival in custom pyramid - shaped screening pavilion featuring seven screens . [ sep ] watch the throne
following a headlining set at coachella 2011 that was described by the hollywood reporter as " one of greatest hip - hop sets of all time " , west released the collaborative album watch the throne with jay - z . by employing a sales strategy that released the album digitally weeks before its physical counterpart , watch the throne became one of the few major label albums in the internet age to avoid a leak . " niggas in paris " became the record ' s highest charting single , peaking at number five on the billboard hot 100 . in 2012 , west released the compilation album cruel summer , a collection of tracks by artists from west ' s record label good music . cruel summer produced four singles , two of which charted within the top twenty of the hot 100 : " mercy " and " clique " . west also directed a film of the same name that premiered at the 2012 cannes film festival in custom pyramid - shaped screening pavilion featuring seven screens . [ sep ] " niggas in paris "
following a headlining set at coachella 2011 that was described by the hollywood reporter as " one of greatest hip - hop sets of all time " , west released the collaborative album watch the throne with jay - z . by employing a sales strategy that released the album digitally weeks before its physical counterpart , watch the throne became one of the few major label albums in the internet age to avoid a leak . " niggas in paris " became the record ' s highest charting single , peaking at number five on the billboard hot 100 . in 2012 , west released the compilation album cruel summer , a collection of tracks by artists from west ' s record label good music . cruel summer produced four singles , two of which charted within the top twenty of the hot 100 : " mercy " and " clique " . west also directed a film of the same name that premiered at the 2012 cannes film festival in custom pyramid - shaped screening pavilion featuring seven screens . [ sep ] 2012
following a headlining set at coachella 2011 that was described by the hollywood reporter as " one of greatest hip - hop sets of all time " , west released the collaborative album watch the throne with jay - z . by employing a sales strategy that released the album digitally weeks before its physical counterpart , watch the throne became one of the few major label albums in the internet age to avoid a leak . " niggas in paris " became the record ' s highest charting single , peaking at number five on the billboard hot 100 . in 2012 , west released the compilation album cruel summer , a collection of tracks by artists from west ' s record label good music . cruel summer produced four singles , two of which charted within the top twenty of the hot 100 : " mercy " and " clique " . west also directed a film of the same name that premiered at the 2012 cannes film festival in custom pyramid - shaped screening pavilion featuring seven screens . [ sep ] 2012 cannes film festival
new york city is home to the headquarters of the national football league , major league baseball , the national basketball association , the national hockey league , and major league soccer . the new york metropolitan area hosts the most sports teams in these five professional leagues . participation in professional sports in the city predates all professional leagues , and the city has been continuously hosting professional sports since the birth of the brooklyn dodgers in 1882 . the city has played host to over forty major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing leagues , both current and historic . four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide ( metlife stadium , the new yankee stadium , madison square garden , and citi field ) are located in the new york metropolitan area . madison square garden , its predecessor , as well as the original yankee stadium and ebbets field , are some of the most famous sporting venues in the world , the latter two having been commemorated on u . s . postage stamps . [ sep ] 1882
new york city is home to the headquarters of the national football league , major league baseball , the national basketball association , the national hockey league , and major league soccer . the new york metropolitan area hosts the most sports teams in these five professional leagues . participation in professional sports in the city predates all professional leagues , and the city has been continuously hosting professional sports since the birth of the brooklyn dodgers in 1882 . the city has played host to over forty major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing leagues , both current and historic . four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide ( metlife stadium , the new yankee stadium , madison square garden , and citi field ) are located in the new york metropolitan area . madison square garden , its predecessor , as well as the original yankee stadium and ebbets field , are some of the most famous sporting venues in the world , the latter two having been commemorated on u . s . postage stamps . [ sep ] major league soccer
new york city is home to the headquarters of the national football league , major league baseball , the national basketball association , the national hockey league , and major league soccer . the new york metropolitan area hosts the most sports teams in these five professional leagues . participation in professional sports in the city predates all professional leagues , and the city has been continuously hosting professional sports since the birth of the brooklyn dodgers in 1882 . the city has played host to over forty major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing leagues , both current and historic . four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide ( metlife stadium , the new yankee stadium , madison square garden , and citi field ) are located in the new york metropolitan area . madison square garden , its predecessor , as well as the original yankee stadium and ebbets field , are some of the most famous sporting venues in the world , the latter two having been commemorated on u . s . postage stamps . [ sep ] five
new york city is home to the headquarters of the national football league , major league baseball , the national basketball association , the national hockey league , and major league soccer . the new york metropolitan area hosts the most sports teams in these five professional leagues . participation in professional sports in the city predates all professional leagues , and the city has been continuously hosting professional sports since the birth of the brooklyn dodgers in 1882 . the city has played host to over forty major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing leagues , both current and historic . four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide ( metlife stadium , the new yankee stadium , madison square garden , and citi field ) are located in the new york metropolitan area . madison square garden , its predecessor , as well as the original yankee stadium and ebbets field , are some of the most famous sporting venues in the world , the latter two having been commemorated on u . s . postage stamps . [ sep ] forty
new york has been described as the " capital of baseball " . there have been 35 major league baseball world series and 73 pennants won by new york teams . it is one of only five metro areas ( los angeles , chicago , baltimore – washington , and the san francisco bay area being the others ) to have two baseball teams . additionally , there have been 14 world series in which two new york city teams played each other , known as a subway series and occurring most recently in 2000 . no other metropolitan area has had this happen more than once ( chicago in 1906 , st . louis in 1944 , and the san francisco bay area in 1989 ) . the city ' s two current major league baseball teams are the new york mets , who play at citi field in queens , and the new york yankees , who play at yankee stadium in the bronx . who compete in six games of interleague play every regular season that has also come to be called the subway series . the yankees have won a record 27 championships , while the mets have won the world series twice . the city also was once home to the brooklyn dodgers ( now the los angeles dodgers ) , who won the world series once , and the new york giants ( now the san francisco giants ) , who won the world series five times . both teams moved to california in 1958 . there are also two minor league baseball teams in the city , the brooklyn cyclones and staten island yankees . [ sep ] 35
new york has been described as the " capital of baseball " . there have been 35 major league baseball world series and 73 pennants won by new york teams . it is one of only five metro areas ( los angeles , chicago , baltimore – washington , and the san francisco bay area being the others ) to have two baseball teams . additionally , there have been 14 world series in which two new york city teams played each other , known as a subway series and occurring most recently in 2000 . no other metropolitan area has had this happen more than once ( chicago in 1906 , st . louis in 1944 , and the san francisco bay area in 1989 ) . the city ' s two current major league baseball teams are the new york mets , who play at citi field in queens , and the new york yankees , who play at yankee stadium in the bronx . who compete in six games of interleague play every regular season that has also come to be called the subway series . the yankees have won a record 27 championships , while the mets have won the world series twice . the city also was once home to the brooklyn dodgers ( now the los angeles dodgers ) , who won the world series once , and the new york giants ( now the san francisco giants ) , who won the world series five times . both teams moved to california in 1958 . there are also two minor league baseball teams in the city , the brooklyn cyclones and staten island yankees . [ sep ] 73
new york has been described as the " capital of baseball " . there have been 35 major league baseball world series and 73 pennants won by new york teams . it is one of only five metro areas ( los angeles , chicago , baltimore – washington , and the san francisco bay area being the others ) to have two baseball teams . additionally , there have been 14 world series in which two new york city teams played each other , known as a subway series and occurring most recently in 2000 . no other metropolitan area has had this happen more than once ( chicago in 1906 , st . louis in 1944 , and the san francisco bay area in 1989 ) . the city ' s two current major league baseball teams are the new york mets , who play at citi field in queens , and the new york yankees , who play at yankee stadium in the bronx . who compete in six games of interleague play every regular season that has also come to be called the subway series . the yankees have won a record 27 championships , while the mets have won the world series twice . the city also was once home to the brooklyn dodgers ( now the los angeles dodgers ) , who won the world series once , and the new york giants ( now the san francisco giants ) , who won the world series five times . both teams moved to california in 1958 . there are also two minor league baseball teams in the city , the brooklyn cyclones and staten island yankees . [ sep ] two
new york has been described as the " capital of baseball " . there have been 35 major league baseball world series and 73 pennants won by new york teams . it is one of only five metro areas ( los angeles , chicago , baltimore – washington , and the san francisco bay area being the others ) to have two baseball teams . additionally , there have been 14 world series in which two new york city teams played each other , known as a subway series and occurring most recently in 2000 . no other metropolitan area has had this happen more than once ( chicago in 1906 , st . louis in 1944 , and the san francisco bay area in 1989 ) . the city ' s two current major league baseball teams are the new york mets , who play at citi field in queens , and the new york yankees , who play at yankee stadium in the bronx . who compete in six games of interleague play every regular season that has also come to be called the subway series . the yankees have won a record 27 championships , while the mets have won the world series twice . the city also was once home to the brooklyn dodgers ( now the los angeles dodgers ) , who won the world series once , and the new york giants ( now the san francisco giants ) , who won the world series five times . both teams moved to california in 1958 . there are also two minor league baseball teams in the city , the brooklyn cyclones and staten island yankees . [ sep ] 14
new york has been described as the " capital of baseball " . there have been 35 major league baseball world series and 73 pennants won by new york teams . it is one of only five metro areas ( los angeles , chicago , baltimore – washington , and the san francisco bay area being the others ) to have two baseball teams . additionally , there have been 14 world series in which two new york city teams played each other , known as a subway series and occurring most recently in 2000 . no other metropolitan area has had this happen more than once ( chicago in 1906 , st . louis in 1944 , and the san francisco bay area in 1989 ) . the city ' s two current major league baseball teams are the new york mets , who play at citi field in queens , and the new york yankees , who play at yankee stadium in the bronx . who compete in six games of interleague play every regular season that has also come to be called the subway series . the yankees have won a record 27 championships , while the mets have won the world series twice . the city also was once home to the brooklyn dodgers ( now the los angeles dodgers ) , who won the world series once , and the new york giants ( now the san francisco giants ) , who won the world series five times . both teams moved to california in 1958 . there are also two minor league baseball teams in the city , the brooklyn cyclones and staten island yankees . [ sep ] subway series
the city is represented in the national football league by the new york giants and the new york jets , although both teams play their home games at metlife stadium in nearby east rutherford , new jersey , which hosted super bowl xlviii in 2014 . [ sep ] new york giants
the city is represented in the national football league by the new york giants and the new york jets , although both teams play their home games at metlife stadium in nearby east rutherford , new jersey , which hosted super bowl xlviii in 2014 . [ sep ] metlife stadium
the city is represented in the national football league by the new york giants and the new york jets , although both teams play their home games at metlife stadium in nearby east rutherford , new jersey , which hosted super bowl xlviii in 2014 . [ sep ] east rutherford , new jersey
the city is represented in the national football league by the new york giants and the new york jets , although both teams play their home games at metlife stadium in nearby east rutherford , new jersey , which hosted super bowl xlviii in 2014 . [ sep ] super bowl xlviii
the city is represented in the national football league by the new york giants and the new york jets , although both teams play their home games at metlife stadium in nearby east rutherford , new jersey , which hosted super bowl xlviii in 2014 . [ sep ] 2014
the new york islanders and the new york rangers represent the city in the national hockey league . also within the metropolitan area are the new jersey devils , who play in nearby newark , new jersey . [ sep ] newark , new jersey
the new york islanders and the new york rangers represent the city in the national hockey league . also within the metropolitan area are the new jersey devils , who play in nearby newark , new jersey . [ sep ] hockey
the new york islanders and the new york rangers represent the city in the national hockey league . also within the metropolitan area are the new jersey devils , who play in nearby newark , new jersey . [ sep ] new york islanders
sessions for west ' s sixth solo effort begin to take shape in early 2013 in his own personal loft ' s living room at a paris hotel . determined to " undermine the commercial " , he once again brought together close collaborators and attempted to incorporate chicago drill , dancehall , acid house , and industrial music . primarily inspired by architecture , west ' s perfectionist tendencies led him to contact producer rick rubin fifteen days shy of its due date to strip down the record ' s sound in favor of a more minimalist approach . initial promotion of his sixth album included worldwide video projections of the album ' s music and live television performances . yeezus , west ' s sixth album , was released june 18 , 2013 to rave reviews from critics . it became the rapper ' s sixth consecutive number one debut , but also marked his lowest solo opening week sales . def jam issued " black skinhead " to radio in july 2013 as the album ' s lead single . on september 6 , 2013 , kanye west announced he would be headlining his first solo tour in five years , to support yeezus , with fellow american rapper kendrick lamar accompanying him along the way . [ sep ] 2013
sessions for west ' s sixth solo effort begin to take shape in early 2013 in his own personal loft ' s living room at a paris hotel . determined to " undermine the commercial " , he once again brought together close collaborators and attempted to incorporate chicago drill , dancehall , acid house , and industrial music . primarily inspired by architecture , west ' s perfectionist tendencies led him to contact producer rick rubin fifteen days shy of its due date to strip down the record ' s sound in favor of a more minimalist approach . initial promotion of his sixth album included worldwide video projections of the album ' s music and live television performances . yeezus , west ' s sixth album , was released june 18 , 2013 to rave reviews from critics . it became the rapper ' s sixth consecutive number one debut , but also marked his lowest solo opening week sales . def jam issued " black skinhead " to radio in july 2013 as the album ' s lead single . on september 6 , 2013 , kanye west announced he would be headlining his first solo tour in five years , to support yeezus , with fellow american rapper kendrick lamar accompanying him along the way . [ sep ] architecture
sessions for west ' s sixth solo effort begin to take shape in early 2013 in his own personal loft ' s living room at a paris hotel . determined to " undermine the commercial " , he once again brought together close collaborators and attempted to incorporate chicago drill , dancehall , acid house , and industrial music . primarily inspired by architecture , west ' s perfectionist tendencies led him to contact producer rick rubin fifteen days shy of its due date to strip down the record ' s sound in favor of a more minimalist approach . initial promotion of his sixth album included worldwide video projections of the album ' s music and live television performances . yeezus , west ' s sixth album , was released june 18 , 2013 to rave reviews from critics . it became the rapper ' s sixth consecutive number one debut , but also marked his lowest solo opening week sales . def jam issued " black skinhead " to radio in july 2013 as the album ' s lead single . on september 6 , 2013 , kanye west announced he would be headlining his first solo tour in five years , to support yeezus , with fellow american rapper kendrick lamar accompanying him along the way . [ sep ] yeezus
sessions for west ' s sixth solo effort begin to take shape in early 2013 in his own personal loft ' s living room at a paris hotel . determined to " undermine the commercial " , he once again brought together close collaborators and attempted to incorporate chicago drill , dancehall , acid house , and industrial music . primarily inspired by architecture , west ' s perfectionist tendencies led him to contact producer rick rubin fifteen days shy of its due date to strip down the record ' s sound in favor of a more minimalist approach . initial promotion of his sixth album included worldwide video projections of the album ' s music and live television performances . yeezus , west ' s sixth album , was released june 18 , 2013 to rave reviews from critics . it became the rapper ' s sixth consecutive number one debut , but also marked his lowest solo opening week sales . def jam issued " black skinhead " to radio in july 2013 as the album ' s lead single . on september 6 , 2013 , kanye west announced he would be headlining his first solo tour in five years , to support yeezus , with fellow american rapper kendrick lamar accompanying him along the way . [ sep ] june 18 , 2013
sessions for west ' s sixth solo effort begin to take shape in early 2013 in his own personal loft ' s living room at a paris hotel . determined to " undermine the commercial " , he once again brought together close collaborators and attempted to incorporate chicago drill , dancehall , acid house , and industrial music . primarily inspired by architecture , west ' s perfectionist tendencies led him to contact producer rick rubin fifteen days shy of its due date to strip down the record ' s sound in favor of a more minimalist approach . initial promotion of his sixth album included worldwide video projections of the album ' s music and live television performances . yeezus , west ' s sixth album , was released june 18 , 2013 to rave reviews from critics . it became the rapper ' s sixth consecutive number one debut , but also marked his lowest solo opening week sales . def jam issued " black skinhead " to radio in july 2013 as the album ' s lead single . on september 6 , 2013 , kanye west announced he would be headlining his first solo tour in five years , to support yeezus , with fellow american rapper kendrick lamar accompanying him along the way . [ sep ] kendrick lamar
the city ' s national basketball association teams are the brooklyn nets and the new york knicks , while the new york liberty is the city ' s women ' s national basketball association . the first national college - level basketball championship , the national invitation tournament , was held in new york in 1938 and remains in the city . the city is well known for its links to basketball , which is played in nearly every park in the city by local youth , many of whom have gone on to play for major college programs and in the nba . [ sep ] new york liberty
the city ' s national basketball association teams are the brooklyn nets and the new york knicks , while the new york liberty is the city ' s women ' s national basketball association . the first national college - level basketball championship , the national invitation tournament , was held in new york in 1938 and remains in the city . the city is well known for its links to basketball , which is played in nearly every park in the city by local youth , many of whom have gone on to play for major college programs and in the nba . [ sep ] national invitation tournament
the city ' s national basketball association teams are the brooklyn nets and the new york knicks , while the new york liberty is the city ' s women ' s national basketball association . the first national college - level basketball championship , the national invitation tournament , was held in new york in 1938 and remains in the city . the city is well known for its links to basketball , which is played in nearly every park in the city by local youth , many of whom have gone on to play for major college programs and in the nba . [ sep ] 1938
the city ' s national basketball association teams are the brooklyn nets and the new york knicks , while the new york liberty is the city ' s women ' s national basketball association . the first national college - level basketball championship , the national invitation tournament , was held in new york in 1938 and remains in the city . the city is well known for its links to basketball , which is played in nearly every park in the city by local youth , many of whom have gone on to play for major college programs and in the nba . [ sep ] new york knicks
in soccer , new york city is represented by new york city fc of major league soccer , who play their home games at yankee stadium . the new york red bulls play their home games at red bull arena in nearby harrison , new jersey . historically , the city is known for the new york cosmos , the highly successful former professional soccer team which was the american home of pele , one of the world ' s most famous soccer players . a new version of the new york cosmos was formed in 2010 , and began play in the second division north american soccer league in 2013 . the cosmos play their home games at james m . shuart stadium on the campus of hofstra university , just outside the new york city limits in hempstead , new york . [ sep ] new york city fc
in soccer , new york city is represented by new york city fc of major league soccer , who play their home games at yankee stadium . the new york red bulls play their home games at red bull arena in nearby harrison , new jersey . historically , the city is known for the new york cosmos , the highly successful former professional soccer team which was the american home of pele , one of the world ' s most famous soccer players . a new version of the new york cosmos was formed in 2010 , and began play in the second division north american soccer league in 2013 . the cosmos play their home games at james m . shuart stadium on the campus of hofstra university , just outside the new york city limits in hempstead , new york . [ sep ] yankee stadium
in soccer , new york city is represented by new york city fc of major league soccer , who play their home games at yankee stadium . the new york red bulls play their home games at red bull arena in nearby harrison , new jersey . historically , the city is known for the new york cosmos , the highly successful former professional soccer team which was the american home of pele , one of the world ' s most famous soccer players . a new version of the new york cosmos was formed in 2010 , and began play in the second division north american soccer league in 2013 . the cosmos play their home games at james m . shuart stadium on the campus of hofstra university , just outside the new york city limits in hempstead , new york . [ sep ] harrison , new jersey
in soccer , new york city is represented by new york city fc of major league soccer , who play their home games at yankee stadium . the new york red bulls play their home games at red bull arena in nearby harrison , new jersey . historically , the city is known for the new york cosmos , the highly successful former professional soccer team which was the american home of pele , one of the world ' s most famous soccer players . a new version of the new york cosmos was formed in 2010 , and began play in the second division north american soccer league in 2013 . the cosmos play their home games at james m . shuart stadium on the campus of hofstra university , just outside the new york city limits in hempstead , new york . [ sep ] pele
in soccer , new york city is represented by new york city fc of major league soccer , who play their home games at yankee stadium . the new york red bulls play their home games at red bull arena in nearby harrison , new jersey . historically , the city is known for the new york cosmos , the highly successful former professional soccer team which was the american home of pele , one of the world ' s most famous soccer players . a new version of the new york cosmos was formed in 2010 , and began play in the second division north american soccer league in 2013 . the cosmos play their home games at james m . shuart stadium on the campus of hofstra university , just outside the new york city limits in hempstead , new york . [ sep ] hofstra university
in june 2013 , west and television personality kim kardashian announced the birth of their first child , north . in october 2013 , the couple announced their engagement to widespread media attention . november 2013 , west stated that he was beginning work on his next studio album , hoping to release it by mid - 2014 , with production by rick rubin and q - tip . in december 2013 , adidas announced the beginning of an official apparel collaboration with west , to be premiered the following year . in may 2014 , west and kardashian were married in a private ceremony in florence , italy , with a variety of artists and celebrities in attendance . west released a single , " only one " , featuring paul mccartney , on december 31 , 2014 . " fourfiveseconds " , a single jointly produced with rihanna and mccartney , was released in january 2015 . west also appeared on the saturday night live 40th anniversary special , where he premiered a new song entitled " wolves " , featuring sia furler and fellow chicago rapper , vic mensa . in february 2015 , west premiered his clothing collaboration with adidas , entitled yeezy season 1 , to generally positive reviews . this would include west ' s yeezy boost sneakers . in march 2015 , west released the single " all day " featuring theophilus london , allan kingdom and paul mccartney . west performed the song at the 2015 brit awards with a number of us rappers and uk grime mc ' s including : skepta , wiley , novelist , fekky , krept & konan , stormzy , allan kingdom , theophilus london and vic mensa . he would premiere the second iteration of his clothing line , yeezy season 2 , in september 2015 at new york fashion week . [ sep ] kim kardashian
in june 2013 , west and television personality kim kardashian announced the birth of their first child , north . in october 2013 , the couple announced their engagement to widespread media attention . november 2013 , west stated that he was beginning work on his next studio album , hoping to release it by mid - 2014 , with production by rick rubin and q - tip . in december 2013 , adidas announced the beginning of an official apparel collaboration with west , to be premiered the following year . in may 2014 , west and kardashian were married in a private ceremony in florence , italy , with a variety of artists and celebrities in attendance . west released a single , " only one " , featuring paul mccartney , on december 31 , 2014 . " fourfiveseconds " , a single jointly produced with rihanna and mccartney , was released in january 2015 . west also appeared on the saturday night live 40th anniversary special , where he premiered a new song entitled " wolves " , featuring sia furler and fellow chicago rapper , vic mensa . in february 2015 , west premiered his clothing collaboration with adidas , entitled yeezy season 1 , to generally positive reviews . this would include west ' s yeezy boost sneakers . in march 2015 , west released the single " all day " featuring theophilus london , allan kingdom and paul mccartney . west performed the song at the 2015 brit awards with a number of us rappers and uk grime mc ' s including : skepta , wiley , novelist , fekky , krept & konan , stormzy , allan kingdom , theophilus london and vic mensa . he would premiere the second iteration of his clothing line , yeezy season 2 , in september 2015 at new york fashion week . [ sep ] north
in june 2013 , west and television personality kim kardashian announced the birth of their first child , north . in october 2013 , the couple announced their engagement to widespread media attention . november 2013 , west stated that he was beginning work on his next studio album , hoping to release it by mid - 2014 , with production by rick rubin and q - tip . in december 2013 , adidas announced the beginning of an official apparel collaboration with west , to be premiered the following year . in may 2014 , west and kardashian were married in a private ceremony in florence , italy , with a variety of artists and celebrities in attendance . west released a single , " only one " , featuring paul mccartney , on december 31 , 2014 . " fourfiveseconds " , a single jointly produced with rihanna and mccartney , was released in january 2015 . west also appeared on the saturday night live 40th anniversary special , where he premiered a new song entitled " wolves " , featuring sia furler and fellow chicago rapper , vic mensa . in february 2015 , west premiered his clothing collaboration with adidas , entitled yeezy season 1 , to generally positive reviews . this would include west ' s yeezy boost sneakers . in march 2015 , west released the single " all day " featuring theophilus london , allan kingdom and paul mccartney . west performed the song at the 2015 brit awards with a number of us rappers and uk grime mc ' s including : skepta , wiley , novelist , fekky , krept & konan , stormzy , allan kingdom , theophilus london and vic mensa . he would premiere the second iteration of his clothing line , yeezy season 2 , in september 2015 at new york fashion week . [ sep ] florence
in june 2013 , west and television personality kim kardashian announced the birth of their first child , north . in october 2013 , the couple announced their engagement to widespread media attention . november 2013 , west stated that he was beginning work on his next studio album , hoping to release it by mid - 2014 , with production by rick rubin and q - tip . in december 2013 , adidas announced the beginning of an official apparel collaboration with west , to be premiered the following year . in may 2014 , west and kardashian were married in a private ceremony in florence , italy , with a variety of artists and celebrities in attendance . west released a single , " only one " , featuring paul mccartney , on december 31 , 2014 . " fourfiveseconds " , a single jointly produced with rihanna and mccartney , was released in january 2015 . west also appeared on the saturday night live 40th anniversary special , where he premiered a new song entitled " wolves " , featuring sia furler and fellow chicago rapper , vic mensa . in february 2015 , west premiered his clothing collaboration with adidas , entitled yeezy season 1 , to generally positive reviews . this would include west ' s yeezy boost sneakers . in march 2015 , west released the single " all day " featuring theophilus london , allan kingdom and paul mccartney . west performed the song at the 2015 brit awards with a number of us rappers and uk grime mc ' s including : skepta , wiley , novelist , fekky , krept & konan , stormzy , allan kingdom , theophilus london and vic mensa . he would premiere the second iteration of his clothing line , yeezy season 2 , in september 2015 at new york fashion week . [ sep ] paul mccartney
in june 2013 , west and television personality kim kardashian announced the birth of their first child , north . in october 2013 , the couple announced their engagement to widespread media attention . november 2013 , west stated that he was beginning work on his next studio album , hoping to release it by mid - 2014 , with production by rick rubin and q - tip . in december 2013 , adidas announced the beginning of an official apparel collaboration with west , to be premiered the following year . in may 2014 , west and kardashian were married in a private ceremony in florence , italy , with a variety of artists and celebrities in attendance . west released a single , " only one " , featuring paul mccartney , on december 31 , 2014 . " fourfiveseconds " , a single jointly produced with rihanna and mccartney , was released in january 2015 . west also appeared on the saturday night live 40th anniversary special , where he premiered a new song entitled " wolves " , featuring sia furler and fellow chicago rapper , vic mensa . in february 2015 , west premiered his clothing collaboration with adidas , entitled yeezy season 1 , to generally positive reviews . this would include west ' s yeezy boost sneakers . in march 2015 , west released the single " all day " featuring theophilus london , allan kingdom and paul mccartney . west performed the song at the 2015 brit awards with a number of us rappers and uk grime mc ' s including : skepta , wiley , novelist , fekky , krept & konan , stormzy , allan kingdom , theophilus london and vic mensa . he would premiere the second iteration of his clothing line , yeezy season 2 , in september 2015 at new york fashion week . [ sep ] yeezy season 1
the annual united states open tennis championships is one of the world ' s four grand slam tennis tournaments and is held at the national tennis center in flushing meadows - corona park , queens . the new york marathon is one of the world ' s largest , and the 2004 – 2006 events hold the top three places in the marathons with the largest number of finishers , including 37 , 866 finishers in 2006 . the millrose games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the wanamaker mile . boxing is also a prominent part of the city ' s sporting scene , with events like the amateur boxing golden gloves being held at madison square garden each year . the city is also considered the host of the belmont stakes , the last , longest and oldest of horse racing ' s triple crown races , held just over the city ' s border at belmont park on the first or second sunday of june . the city also hosted the 1932 u . s . open golf tournament and the 1930 and 1939 pga championships , and has been host city for both events several times , most notably for nearby winged foot golf club . [ sep ] queens
the annual united states open tennis championships is one of the world ' s four grand slam tennis tournaments and is held at the national tennis center in flushing meadows - corona park , queens . the new york marathon is one of the world ' s largest , and the 2004 – 2006 events hold the top three places in the marathons with the largest number of finishers , including 37 , 866 finishers in 2006 . the millrose games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the wanamaker mile . boxing is also a prominent part of the city ' s sporting scene , with events like the amateur boxing golden gloves being held at madison square garden each year . the city is also considered the host of the belmont stakes , the last , longest and oldest of horse racing ' s triple crown races , held just over the city ' s border at belmont park on the first or second sunday of june . the city also hosted the 1932 u . s . open golf tournament and the 1930 and 1939 pga championships , and has been host city for both events several times , most notably for nearby winged foot golf club . [ sep ] united states open tennis championships
the annual united states open tennis championships is one of the world ' s four grand slam tennis tournaments and is held at the national tennis center in flushing meadows - corona park , queens . the new york marathon is one of the world ' s largest , and the 2004 – 2006 events hold the top three places in the marathons with the largest number of finishers , including 37 , 866 finishers in 2006 . the millrose games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the wanamaker mile . boxing is also a prominent part of the city ' s sporting scene , with events like the amateur boxing golden gloves being held at madison square garden each year . the city is also considered the host of the belmont stakes , the last , longest and oldest of horse racing ' s triple crown races , held just over the city ' s border at belmont park on the first or second sunday of june . the city also hosted the 1932 u . s . open golf tournament and the 1930 and 1939 pga championships , and has been host city for both events several times , most notably for nearby winged foot golf club . [ sep ] 37 , 866
the annual united states open tennis championships is one of the world ' s four grand slam tennis tournaments and is held at the national tennis center in flushing meadows - corona park , queens . the new york marathon is one of the world ' s largest , and the 2004 – 2006 events hold the top three places in the marathons with the largest number of finishers , including 37 , 866 finishers in 2006 . the millrose games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the wanamaker mile . boxing is also a prominent part of the city ' s sporting scene , with events like the amateur boxing golden gloves being held at madison square garden each year . the city is also considered the host of the belmont stakes , the last , longest and oldest of horse racing ' s triple crown races , held just over the city ' s border at belmont park on the first or second sunday of june . the city also hosted the 1932 u . s . open golf tournament and the 1930 and 1939 pga championships , and has been host city for both events several times , most notably for nearby winged foot golf club . [ sep ] millrose games
the annual united states open tennis championships is one of the world ' s four grand slam tennis tournaments and is held at the national tennis center in flushing meadows - corona park , queens . the new york marathon is one of the world ' s largest , and the 2004 – 2006 events hold the top three places in the marathons with the largest number of finishers , including 37 , 866 finishers in 2006 . the millrose games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the wanamaker mile . boxing is also a prominent part of the city ' s sporting scene , with events like the amateur boxing golden gloves being held at madison square garden each year . the city is also considered the host of the belmont stakes , the last , longest and oldest of horse racing ' s triple crown races , held just over the city ' s border at belmont park on the first or second sunday of june . the city also hosted the 1932 u . s . open golf tournament and the 1930 and 1939 pga championships , and has been host city for both events several times , most notably for nearby winged foot golf club . [ sep ] madison square garden
many sports are associated with new york ' s immigrant communities . stickball , a street version of baseball , was popularized by youths in the 1930s , and a street in the bronx was renamed stickball boulevard in the late 2000s to memorialize this . [ sep ] stickball boulevard
many sports are associated with new york ' s immigrant communities . stickball , a street version of baseball , was popularized by youths in the 1930s , and a street in the bronx was renamed stickball boulevard in the late 2000s to memorialize this . [ sep ] the bronx
having initially announced a new album entitled so help me god slated for a 2014 release , in march 2015 west announced that the album would instead be tentatively called swish . later that month , west was awarded an honorary doctorate by the school of the art institute of chicago for his contributions to music , fashion , and popular culture , officially making him an honorary dfa . the next month , west headlined at the glastonbury festival in the uk , despite a petition signed by almost 135 , 000 people against his appearance . at one point , he told the audience : " you are now watching the greatest living rock star on the planet . " media outlets , including social media sites such as twitter , were sharply divided on his performance . nme stated , " the decision to book west for the slot has proved controversial since its announcement , and the show itself appeared to polarise both glastonbury goers and those who tuned in to watch on their tvs . " the publication added that " he ' s letting his music speak for and prove itself . " the guardian said that " his set has a potent ferocity – but there are gaps and stutters , and he cuts a strangely lone figure in front of the vast crowd . " [ sep ] so help me god
having initially announced a new album entitled so help me god slated for a 2014 release , in march 2015 west announced that the album would instead be tentatively called swish . later that month , west was awarded an honorary doctorate by the school of the art institute of chicago for his contributions to music , fashion , and popular culture , officially making him an honorary dfa . the next month , west headlined at the glastonbury festival in the uk , despite a petition signed by almost 135 , 000 people against his appearance . at one point , he told the audience : " you are now watching the greatest living rock star on the planet . " media outlets , including social media sites such as twitter , were sharply divided on his performance . nme stated , " the decision to book west for the slot has proved controversial since its announcement , and the show itself appeared to polarise both glastonbury goers and those who tuned in to watch on their tvs . " the publication added that " he ' s letting his music speak for and prove itself . " the guardian said that " his set has a potent ferocity – but there are gaps and stutters , and he cuts a strangely lone figure in front of the vast crowd . " [ sep ] school of the art institute of chicago
having initially announced a new album entitled so help me god slated for a 2014 release , in march 2015 west announced that the album would instead be tentatively called swish . later that month , west was awarded an honorary doctorate by the school of the art institute of chicago for his contributions to music , fashion , and popular culture , officially making him an honorary dfa . the next month , west headlined at the glastonbury festival in the uk , despite a petition signed by almost 135 , 000 people against his appearance . at one point , he told the audience : " you are now watching the greatest living rock star on the planet . " media outlets , including social media sites such as twitter , were sharply divided on his performance . nme stated , " the decision to book west for the slot has proved controversial since its announcement , and the show itself appeared to polarise both glastonbury goers and those who tuned in to watch on their tvs . " the publication added that " he ' s letting his music speak for and prove itself . " the guardian said that " his set has a potent ferocity – but there are gaps and stutters , and he cuts a strangely lone figure in front of the vast crowd . " [ sep ] 135 , 000
mass transit in new york city , most of which runs 24 hours a day , accounts for one in every three users of mass transit in the united states , and two - thirds of the nation ' s rail riders live in the new york city metropolitan area . [ sep ] two - thirds
the iconic new york city subway system is the largest rapid transit system in the world when measured by stations in operation , with 469 , and by length of routes . new york ' s subway is notable for nearly the entire system remaining open 24 hours a day , in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to systems in most cities , including hong kong , london , paris , seoul , and tokyo . the new york city subway is also the busiest metropolitan rail transit system in the western hemisphere , with 1 . 75 billion passengers rides in 2014 , while grand central terminal , also popularly referred to as " grand central station " , is the world ' s largest railway station by number of train platforms . [ sep ] 1 . 75 billion
the iconic new york city subway system is the largest rapid transit system in the world when measured by stations in operation , with 469 , and by length of routes . new york ' s subway is notable for nearly the entire system remaining open 24 hours a day , in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to systems in most cities , including hong kong , london , paris , seoul , and tokyo . the new york city subway is also the busiest metropolitan rail transit system in the western hemisphere , with 1 . 75 billion passengers rides in 2014 , while grand central terminal , also popularly referred to as " grand central station " , is the world ' s largest railway station by number of train platforms . [ sep ] grand central station
in december 2015 , west released a song titled " facts " . he announced in january 2016 on twitter that swish would be released on february 11 , after releasing new song " real friends " and a snippet of " no more parties in l . a . " with kendrick lamar . this also revived the good fridays initiative in which kanye releases new singles every friday . on january 26 , 2016 , west revealed he had renamed the album from swish to waves , and also announced the premier of his yeezy season 3 clothing line at madison square garden . in early 2016 , several weeks prior to the release of his new album , west became embroiled in a short - lived social media altercation with rapper wiz khalifa on twitter that eventually involved their mutual ex - partner , amber rose , who protested to west ' s mention of her and khalifa ' s child . the feud involved allegations by rose concerning her sexual relationship with west , and received significant media attention . as of february 2 , 2016 , west and khalifa had reconciled . several days ahead of the album ' s release , west again changed the title , this time to the life of pablo . on february 11 , west premiered the album at madison square garden as part of the presentation of his yeezy season 3 clothing line . following the preview , west announced that he would be modifying the track list once more before its release to the public , and further delayed its release to finalize the recording of the track " waves " at the behest of co - writer chance the rapper . he released the album exclusively on tidal on 14 february 2016 following a performance on snl . [ sep ] " facts "
in december 2015 , west released a song titled " facts " . he announced in january 2016 on twitter that swish would be released on february 11 , after releasing new song " real friends " and a snippet of " no more parties in l . a . " with kendrick lamar . this also revived the good fridays initiative in which kanye releases new singles every friday . on january 26 , 2016 , west revealed he had renamed the album from swish to waves , and also announced the premier of his yeezy season 3 clothing line at madison square garden . in early 2016 , several weeks prior to the release of his new album , west became embroiled in a short - lived social media altercation with rapper wiz khalifa on twitter that eventually involved their mutual ex - partner , amber rose , who protested to west ' s mention of her and khalifa ' s child . the feud involved allegations by rose concerning her sexual relationship with west , and received significant media attention . as of february 2 , 2016 , west and khalifa had reconciled . several days ahead of the album ' s release , west again changed the title , this time to the life of pablo . on february 11 , west premiered the album at madison square garden as part of the presentation of his yeezy season 3 clothing line . following the preview , west announced that he would be modifying the track list once more before its release to the public , and further delayed its release to finalize the recording of the track " waves " at the behest of co - writer chance the rapper . he released the album exclusively on tidal on 14 february 2016 following a performance on snl . [ sep ] waves
in december 2015 , west released a song titled " facts " . he announced in january 2016 on twitter that swish would be released on february 11 , after releasing new song " real friends " and a snippet of " no more parties in l . a . " with kendrick lamar . this also revived the good fridays initiative in which kanye releases new singles every friday . on january 26 , 2016 , west revealed he had renamed the album from swish to waves , and also announced the premier of his yeezy season 3 clothing line at madison square garden . in early 2016 , several weeks prior to the release of his new album , west became embroiled in a short - lived social media altercation with rapper wiz khalifa on twitter that eventually involved their mutual ex - partner , amber rose , who protested to west ' s mention of her and khalifa ' s child . the feud involved allegations by rose concerning her sexual relationship with west , and received significant media attention . as of february 2 , 2016 , west and khalifa had reconciled . several days ahead of the album ' s release , west again changed the title , this time to the life of pablo . on february 11 , west premiered the album at madison square garden as part of the presentation of his yeezy season 3 clothing line . following the preview , west announced that he would be modifying the track list once more before its release to the public , and further delayed its release to finalize the recording of the track " waves " at the behest of co - writer chance the rapper . he released the album exclusively on tidal on 14 february 2016 following a performance on snl . [ sep ] wiz khalifa
in december 2015 , west released a song titled " facts " . he announced in january 2016 on twitter that swish would be released on february 11 , after releasing new song " real friends " and a snippet of " no more parties in l . a . " with kendrick lamar . this also revived the good fridays initiative in which kanye releases new singles every friday . on january 26 , 2016 , west revealed he had renamed the album from swish to waves , and also announced the premier of his yeezy season 3 clothing line at madison square garden . in early 2016 , several weeks prior to the release of his new album , west became embroiled in a short - lived social media altercation with rapper wiz khalifa on twitter that eventually involved their mutual ex - partner , amber rose , who protested to west ' s mention of her and khalifa ' s child . the feud involved allegations by rose concerning her sexual relationship with west , and received significant media attention . as of february 2 , 2016 , west and khalifa had reconciled . several days ahead of the album ' s release , west again changed the title , this time to the life of pablo . on february 11 , west premiered the album at madison square garden as part of the presentation of his yeezy season 3 clothing line . following the preview , west announced that he would be modifying the track list once more before its release to the public , and further delayed its release to finalize the recording of the track " waves " at the behest of co - writer chance the rapper . he released the album exclusively on tidal on 14 february 2016 following a performance on snl . [ sep ] yeezy season 3
west ' s musical career has been defined by frequent stylistic shifts , and has seen him develop and explore a variety of different musical approaches and genres throughout his work . when asked about his musical inspirations , he has named a tribe called quest , stevie wonder , michael jackson , george michael , ll cool j , phil collins and madonna as early interests . he has further described musician david bowie as one of his " most important inspirations , " and named producer puff daddy as the " most important cultural figure in my life . " early in his career , west pioneered a style of production dubbed " chipmunk soul " which utilized pitched - up vocal samples , usually from soul and r & b songs , along with his own drums and instrumentation . his first major release featuring his trademark soulful vocal sampling style was " this can ' t be life " , a track from jay - z ’ s the dynasty : roc la familia . west has said that wu - tang clan producer rza influenced him in his style , and has named wu - tang rappers ghostface killah and ol ' dirty bastard as inspirations . rza spoke positively of the comparisons , stating in an interview for rolling stone , " all good . i got super respect for kanye [ . . . ] [ he ] is going to inspire people to be like him . " west further developed his style on his 2004 debut album , the college dropout . after a rough version was leaked , he meticulously refined the production , adding string arrangements , gospel choirs , and improved drum programming . [ sep ] david bowie
west ' s musical career has been defined by frequent stylistic shifts , and has seen him develop and explore a variety of different musical approaches and genres throughout his work . when asked about his musical inspirations , he has named a tribe called quest , stevie wonder , michael jackson , george michael , ll cool j , phil collins and madonna as early interests . he has further described musician david bowie as one of his " most important inspirations , " and named producer puff daddy as the " most important cultural figure in my life . " early in his career , west pioneered a style of production dubbed " chipmunk soul " which utilized pitched - up vocal samples , usually from soul and r & b songs , along with his own drums and instrumentation . his first major release featuring his trademark soulful vocal sampling style was " this can ' t be life " , a track from jay - z ’ s the dynasty : roc la familia . west has said that wu - tang clan producer rza influenced him in his style , and has named wu - tang rappers ghostface killah and ol ' dirty bastard as inspirations . rza spoke positively of the comparisons , stating in an interview for rolling stone , " all good . i got super respect for kanye [ . . . ] [ he ] is going to inspire people to be like him . " west further developed his style on his 2004 debut album , the college dropout . after a rough version was leaked , he meticulously refined the production , adding string arrangements , gospel choirs , and improved drum programming . [ sep ] puff daddy
west ' s musical career has been defined by frequent stylistic shifts , and has seen him develop and explore a variety of different musical approaches and genres throughout his work . when asked about his musical inspirations , he has named a tribe called quest , stevie wonder , michael jackson , george michael , ll cool j , phil collins and madonna as early interests . he has further described musician david bowie as one of his " most important inspirations , " and named producer puff daddy as the " most important cultural figure in my life . " early in his career , west pioneered a style of production dubbed " chipmunk soul " which utilized pitched - up vocal samples , usually from soul and r & b songs , along with his own drums and instrumentation . his first major release featuring his trademark soulful vocal sampling style was " this can ' t be life " , a track from jay - z ’ s the dynasty : roc la familia . west has said that wu - tang clan producer rza influenced him in his style , and has named wu - tang rappers ghostface killah and ol ' dirty bastard as inspirations . rza spoke positively of the comparisons , stating in an interview for rolling stone , " all good . i got super respect for kanye [ . . . ] [ he ] is going to inspire people to be like him . " west further developed his style on his 2004 debut album , the college dropout . after a rough version was leaked , he meticulously refined the production , adding string arrangements , gospel choirs , and improved drum programming . [ sep ] " this can ' t be life "
for his second album , late registration ( 2005 ) , he collaborated with film score composer jon brion and drew influence from non - rap influences such as english trip hop group portishead . blending west ' s primary soulful hip hop production with brion ' s elaborate chamber pop orchestration , the album experimentally incorporated a wide array of different genres and prominent orchestral elements , including string arrangements , piano chords , brass flecks , and horn riffs among other symphonic instrumentation . it also incorporated a myriad of foreign and vintage instruments not typical in popular music , let alone hip hop , such as a celesta , harpsichord , chamberlin , cs - 80 analog synthesizer , chinese bells and berimbau , vibraphones , and marimba . rolling stone described late registration as west claiming " the whole world of music as hip - hop turf " chronicling the album as " his mad quest to explode every cliche about hip - hop identity . " critic robert christgau wrote that " there ' s never been hip - hop so complex and subtle musically . " for a period of time , kanye west stood as the sole current pop star to tour with a string section , as audible on his 2006 live album late orchestration . [ sep ] jon brion
for his second album , late registration ( 2005 ) , he collaborated with film score composer jon brion and drew influence from non - rap influences such as english trip hop group portishead . blending west ' s primary soulful hip hop production with brion ' s elaborate chamber pop orchestration , the album experimentally incorporated a wide array of different genres and prominent orchestral elements , including string arrangements , piano chords , brass flecks , and horn riffs among other symphonic instrumentation . it also incorporated a myriad of foreign and vintage instruments not typical in popular music , let alone hip hop , such as a celesta , harpsichord , chamberlin , cs - 80 analog synthesizer , chinese bells and berimbau , vibraphones , and marimba . rolling stone described late registration as west claiming " the whole world of music as hip - hop turf " chronicling the album as " his mad quest to explode every cliche about hip - hop identity . " critic robert christgau wrote that " there ' s never been hip - hop so complex and subtle musically . " for a period of time , kanye west stood as the sole current pop star to tour with a string section , as audible on his 2006 live album late orchestration . [ sep ] portishead
with his third album , graduation ( 2007 ) , west moved away from the sound of his previous releases and towards a more atmospheric , rock - tinged , electronic - influenced soundscape . the musical evolution arose from him listening to music genres encompassing european britpop and euro - disco , american alternative and indie - rock , and his native chicago house . towards this end , west retracted much of the live instrumentation that characterized his previous album and replaced it with heavy , gothic synthesizers , distorted synth - chords , rave stabs , house beats , electro - disco rhythms , and a wide array of modulated electronic noises and digital audio - effects . in addition , west drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as the rolling stones , u2 , and led zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression . [ sep ] 2007
west ' s fourth studio album , 808s & heartbreak ( 2008 ) , marked an even more radical departure from his previous releases , largely abandoning rap and hip hop stylings in favor of a stark electropop sound composed of virtual synthesis , the roland tr - 808 drum machine , and explicitly auto - tuned vocal tracks . drawing inspiration from artists such as gary numan , tj swan and boy george , and maintaining a " minimal but functional " approach towards the album ' s studio production , west explored the electronic feel produced by auto - tune and utilized the sounds created by the 808 , manipulating its pitch to produce a distorted , electronic sound ; he then sought to juxtapose mechanical sounds with the traditional sounds of taiko drums and choir monks . the album ' s music features austere production and elements such as dense drums , lengthy strings , droning synthesizers , and somber piano , and drew comparisons to the work of 1980s post - punk and new wave groups , with west himself later confessing an affinity with british post - punk group joy division . rolling stone journalist matthew trammell asserted that the record was ahead of its time and wrote in a 2012 article , " now that popular music has finally caught up to it , 808s & heartbreak has revealed itself to be kanye ’ s most vulnerable work , and perhaps his most brilliant . " [ sep ] boy george
west ' s fourth studio album , 808s & heartbreak ( 2008 ) , marked an even more radical departure from his previous releases , largely abandoning rap and hip hop stylings in favor of a stark electropop sound composed of virtual synthesis , the roland tr - 808 drum machine , and explicitly auto - tuned vocal tracks . drawing inspiration from artists such as gary numan , tj swan and boy george , and maintaining a " minimal but functional " approach towards the album ' s studio production , west explored the electronic feel produced by auto - tune and utilized the sounds created by the 808 , manipulating its pitch to produce a distorted , electronic sound ; he then sought to juxtapose mechanical sounds with the traditional sounds of taiko drums and choir monks . the album ' s music features austere production and elements such as dense drums , lengthy strings , droning synthesizers , and somber piano , and drew comparisons to the work of 1980s post - punk and new wave groups , with west himself later confessing an affinity with british post - punk group joy division . rolling stone journalist matthew trammell asserted that the record was ahead of its time and wrote in a 2012 article , " now that popular music has finally caught up to it , 808s & heartbreak has revealed itself to be kanye ’ s most vulnerable work , and perhaps his most brilliant . " [ sep ] post - punk
west ' s fourth studio album , 808s & heartbreak ( 2008 ) , marked an even more radical departure from his previous releases , largely abandoning rap and hip hop stylings in favor of a stark electropop sound composed of virtual synthesis , the roland tr - 808 drum machine , and explicitly auto - tuned vocal tracks . drawing inspiration from artists such as gary numan , tj swan and boy george , and maintaining a " minimal but functional " approach towards the album ' s studio production , west explored the electronic feel produced by auto - tune and utilized the sounds created by the 808 , manipulating its pitch to produce a distorted , electronic sound ; he then sought to juxtapose mechanical sounds with the traditional sounds of taiko drums and choir monks . the album ' s music features austere production and elements such as dense drums , lengthy strings , droning synthesizers , and somber piano , and drew comparisons to the work of 1980s post - punk and new wave groups , with west himself later confessing an affinity with british post - punk group joy division . rolling stone journalist matthew trammell asserted that the record was ahead of its time and wrote in a 2012 article , " now that popular music has finally caught up to it , 808s & heartbreak has revealed itself to be kanye ’ s most vulnerable work , and perhaps his most brilliant . " [ sep ] rolling stone
public transport is essential in new york city . 54 . 6 % of new yorkers commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit . this is in contrast to the rest of the united states , where about 90 % of commuters drive automobiles to their workplace . according to the us census bureau , new york city residents spend an average of 38 . 4 minutes a day getting to work , the longest commute time in the nation among large cities . new york is the only us city in which a majority ( 52 % ) of households do not have a car ; only 22 % of manhattanites own a car . due to their high usage of mass transit , new yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national average , saving $ 19 billion annually on transportation compared to other urban americans . [ sep ] 54 . 6 %
public transport is essential in new york city . 54 . 6 % of new yorkers commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit . this is in contrast to the rest of the united states , where about 90 % of commuters drive automobiles to their workplace . according to the us census bureau , new york city residents spend an average of 38 . 4 minutes a day getting to work , the longest commute time in the nation among large cities . new york is the only us city in which a majority ( 52 % ) of households do not have a car ; only 22 % of manhattanites own a car . due to their high usage of mass transit , new yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national average , saving $ 19 billion annually on transportation compared to other urban americans . [ sep ] 90 %
public transport is essential in new york city . 54 . 6 % of new yorkers commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit . this is in contrast to the rest of the united states , where about 90 % of commuters drive automobiles to their workplace . according to the us census bureau , new york city residents spend an average of 38 . 4 minutes a day getting to work , the longest commute time in the nation among large cities . new york is the only us city in which a majority ( 52 % ) of households do not have a car ; only 22 % of manhattanites own a car . due to their high usage of mass transit , new yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national average , saving $ 19 billion annually on transportation compared to other urban americans . [ sep ] 38 . 4
public transport is essential in new york city . 54 . 6 % of new yorkers commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit . this is in contrast to the rest of the united states , where about 90 % of commuters drive automobiles to their workplace . according to the us census bureau , new york city residents spend an average of 38 . 4 minutes a day getting to work , the longest commute time in the nation among large cities . new york is the only us city in which a majority ( 52 % ) of households do not have a car ; only 22 % of manhattanites own a car . due to their high usage of mass transit , new yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national average , saving $ 19 billion annually on transportation compared to other urban americans . [ sep ] 52 %
public transport is essential in new york city . 54 . 6 % of new yorkers commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit . this is in contrast to the rest of the united states , where about 90 % of commuters drive automobiles to their workplace . according to the us census bureau , new york city residents spend an average of 38 . 4 minutes a day getting to work , the longest commute time in the nation among large cities . new york is the only us city in which a majority ( 52 % ) of households do not have a car ; only 22 % of manhattanites own a car . due to their high usage of mass transit , new yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national average , saving $ 19 billion annually on transportation compared to other urban americans . [ sep ] 22 %
reaction to the novel varied widely upon publication . literary analysis of it is sparse , considering the number of copies sold and its widespread use in education . author mary mcdonough murphy , who collected individual impressions of to kill a mockingbird by several authors and public figures , calls the book , " an astonishing phenomenon " . in 2006 , british librarians ranked the book ahead of the bible as one " every adult should read before they die " . it was adapted into an oscar - winning film in 1962 by director robert mulligan , with a screenplay by horton foote . since 1990 , a play based on the novel has been performed annually in harper lee ' s hometown of monroeville , alabama . [ sep ] bible
reaction to the novel varied widely upon publication . literary analysis of it is sparse , considering the number of copies sold and its widespread use in education . author mary mcdonough murphy , who collected individual impressions of to kill a mockingbird by several authors and public figures , calls the book , " an astonishing phenomenon " . in 2006 , british librarians ranked the book ahead of the bible as one " every adult should read before they die " . it was adapted into an oscar - winning film in 1962 by director robert mulligan , with a screenplay by horton foote . since 1990 , a play based on the novel has been performed annually in harper lee ' s hometown of monroeville , alabama . [ sep ] horton foote
reaction to the novel varied widely upon publication . literary analysis of it is sparse , considering the number of copies sold and its widespread use in education . author mary mcdonough murphy , who collected individual impressions of to kill a mockingbird by several authors and public figures , calls the book , " an astonishing phenomenon " . in 2006 , british librarians ranked the book ahead of the bible as one " every adult should read before they die " . it was adapted into an oscar - winning film in 1962 by director robert mulligan , with a screenplay by horton foote . since 1990 , a play based on the novel has been performed annually in harper lee ' s hometown of monroeville , alabama . [ sep ] robert mulligan
reaction to the novel varied widely upon publication . literary analysis of it is sparse , considering the number of copies sold and its widespread use in education . author mary mcdonough murphy , who collected individual impressions of to kill a mockingbird by several authors and public figures , calls the book , " an astonishing phenomenon " . in 2006 , british librarians ranked the book ahead of the bible as one " every adult should read before they die " . it was adapted into an oscar - winning film in 1962 by director robert mulligan , with a screenplay by horton foote . since 1990 , a play based on the novel has been performed annually in harper lee ' s hometown of monroeville , alabama . [ sep ] monroeville , alabama
the legend of zelda : twilight princess ( japanese : [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] , hepburn : zeruda no densetsu : towairaito purinsesu ? ) is an action - adventure game developed and published by nintendo for the gamecube and wii home video game consoles . it is the thirteenth installment in the the legend of zelda series . originally planned for release on the gamecube in november 2005 , twilight princess was delayed by nintendo to allow its developers to refine the game , add more content , and port it to the wii . the wii version was released alongside the console in north america in november 2006 , and in japan , europe , and australia the following month . the gamecube version was released worldwide in december 2006 . [ b ] [ sep ] nintendo
the legend of zelda : twilight princess ( japanese : [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] , hepburn : zeruda no densetsu : towairaito purinsesu ? ) is an action - adventure game developed and published by nintendo for the gamecube and wii home video game consoles . it is the thirteenth installment in the the legend of zelda series . originally planned for release on the gamecube in november 2005 , twilight princess was delayed by nintendo to allow its developers to refine the game , add more content , and port it to the wii . the wii version was released alongside the console in north america in november 2006 , and in japan , europe , and australia the following month . the gamecube version was released worldwide in december 2006 . [ b ] [ sep ] 2005
the legend of zelda : twilight princess ( japanese : [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] , hepburn : zeruda no densetsu : towairaito purinsesu ? ) is an action - adventure game developed and published by nintendo for the gamecube and wii home video game consoles . it is the thirteenth installment in the the legend of zelda series . originally planned for release on the gamecube in november 2005 , twilight princess was delayed by nintendo to allow its developers to refine the game , add more content , and port it to the wii . the wii version was released alongside the console in north america in november 2006 , and in japan , europe , and australia the following month . the gamecube version was released worldwide in december 2006 . [ b ] [ sep ] 2006
new york city ' s commuter rail network is the largest in north america . the rail network , connecting new york city to its suburbs , consists of the long island rail road , metro - north railroad , and new jersey transit . the combined systems converge at grand central terminal and pennsylvania station and contain more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines . in queens , the elevated airtrain people mover system connects jfk international airport to the new york city subway and the long island rail road ; a separate airtrain system is planned alongside the grand central parkway to connect laguardia airport to these transit systems . for intercity rail , new york city is served by amtrak , whose busiest station by a significant margin is pennsylvania station on the west side of manhattan , from which amtrak provides connections to boston , philadelphia , and washington , d . c . along the northeast corridor , as well as long - distance train service to other north american cities . [ sep ] 20
new york city ' s commuter rail network is the largest in north america . the rail network , connecting new york city to its suburbs , consists of the long island rail road , metro - north railroad , and new jersey transit . the combined systems converge at grand central terminal and pennsylvania station and contain more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines . in queens , the elevated airtrain people mover system connects jfk international airport to the new york city subway and the long island rail road ; a separate airtrain system is planned alongside the grand central parkway to connect laguardia airport to these transit systems . for intercity rail , new york city is served by amtrak , whose busiest station by a significant margin is pennsylvania station on the west side of manhattan , from which amtrak provides connections to boston , philadelphia , and washington , d . c . along the northeast corridor , as well as long - distance train service to other north american cities . [ sep ] 250
new york city ' s commuter rail network is the largest in north america . the rail network , connecting new york city to its suburbs , consists of the long island rail road , metro - north railroad , and new jersey transit . the combined systems converge at grand central terminal and pennsylvania station and contain more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines . in queens , the elevated airtrain people mover system connects jfk international airport to the new york city subway and the long island rail road ; a separate airtrain system is planned alongside the grand central parkway to connect laguardia airport to these transit systems . for intercity rail , new york city is served by amtrak , whose busiest station by a significant margin is pennsylvania station on the west side of manhattan , from which amtrak provides connections to boston , philadelphia , and washington , d . c . along the northeast corridor , as well as long - distance train service to other north american cities . [ sep ] jfk international airport
new york city ' s commuter rail network is the largest in north america . the rail network , connecting new york city to its suburbs , consists of the long island rail road , metro - north railroad , and new jersey transit . the combined systems converge at grand central terminal and pennsylvania station and contain more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines . in queens , the elevated airtrain people mover system connects jfk international airport to the new york city subway and the long island rail road ; a separate airtrain system is planned alongside the grand central parkway to connect laguardia airport to these transit systems . for intercity rail , new york city is served by amtrak , whose busiest station by a significant margin is pennsylvania station on the west side of manhattan , from which amtrak provides connections to boston , philadelphia , and washington , d . c . along the northeast corridor , as well as long - distance train service to other north american cities . [ sep ] pennsylvania station
new york city ' s commuter rail network is the largest in north america . the rail network , connecting new york city to its suburbs , consists of the long island rail road , metro - north railroad , and new jersey transit . the combined systems converge at grand central terminal and pennsylvania station and contain more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines . in queens , the elevated airtrain people mover system connects jfk international airport to the new york city subway and the long island rail road ; a separate airtrain system is planned alongside the grand central parkway to connect laguardia airport to these transit systems . for intercity rail , new york city is served by amtrak , whose busiest station by a significant margin is pennsylvania station on the west side of manhattan , from which amtrak provides connections to boston , philadelphia , and washington , d . c . along the northeast corridor , as well as long - distance train service to other north american cities . [ sep ] manhattan
to kill a mockingbird was lee ' s only published book until go set a watchman , an earlier draft of to kill a mockingbird , was published on july 14 , 2015 . lee continued to respond to her work ' s impact until her death in february 2016 , although she had refused any personal publicity for herself or the novel since 1964 . [ sep ] go set a watchman
to kill a mockingbird was lee ' s only published book until go set a watchman , an earlier draft of to kill a mockingbird , was published on july 14 , 2015 . lee continued to respond to her work ' s impact until her death in february 2016 , although she had refused any personal publicity for herself or the novel since 1964 . [ sep ] july 14 , 2015
to kill a mockingbird was lee ' s only published book until go set a watchman , an earlier draft of to kill a mockingbird , was published on july 14 , 2015 . lee continued to respond to her work ' s impact until her death in february 2016 , although she had refused any personal publicity for herself or the novel since 1964 . [ sep ] february 2016
west ' s fifth album , my beautiful dark twisted fantasy , has been noted by writers for its maximalist aesthetic and its incorporation of elements from west ' s previous four albums . entertainment weekly ' s simon vozick - levinson perceives that such elements " all recur at various points " , namely " the luxurious soul of 2004 ' s the college dropout , the symphonic pomp of late registration , the gloss of 2007 ' s graduation , and the emotionally exhausted electro of 2008 ' s 808s & heartbreak " . sean fennessey of the village voice writes that west " absorb [ ed ] the gifts of his handpicked collaborators , and occasionally elevat [ ed ] them " on previous studio albums , noting collaborators and elements as jon brion for late registration , dj toomp for graduation , and kid cudi for 808s & heartbreak . [ sep ] jon brion
west ' s fifth album , my beautiful dark twisted fantasy , has been noted by writers for its maximalist aesthetic and its incorporation of elements from west ' s previous four albums . entertainment weekly ' s simon vozick - levinson perceives that such elements " all recur at various points " , namely " the luxurious soul of 2004 ' s the college dropout , the symphonic pomp of late registration , the gloss of 2007 ' s graduation , and the emotionally exhausted electro of 2008 ' s 808s & heartbreak " . sean fennessey of the village voice writes that west " absorb [ ed ] the gifts of his handpicked collaborators , and occasionally elevat [ ed ] them " on previous studio albums , noting collaborators and elements as jon brion for late registration , dj toomp for graduation , and kid cudi for 808s & heartbreak . [ sep ] dj toomp
west ' s fifth album , my beautiful dark twisted fantasy , has been noted by writers for its maximalist aesthetic and its incorporation of elements from west ' s previous four albums . entertainment weekly ' s simon vozick - levinson perceives that such elements " all recur at various points " , namely " the luxurious soul of 2004 ' s the college dropout , the symphonic pomp of late registration , the gloss of 2007 ' s graduation , and the emotionally exhausted electro of 2008 ' s 808s & heartbreak " . sean fennessey of the village voice writes that west " absorb [ ed ] the gifts of his handpicked collaborators , and occasionally elevat [ ed ] them " on previous studio albums , noting collaborators and elements as jon brion for late registration , dj toomp for graduation , and kid cudi for 808s & heartbreak . [ sep ] 808s & heartbreak
west ' s fifth album , my beautiful dark twisted fantasy , has been noted by writers for its maximalist aesthetic and its incorporation of elements from west ' s previous four albums . entertainment weekly ' s simon vozick - levinson perceives that such elements " all recur at various points " , namely " the luxurious soul of 2004 ' s the college dropout , the symphonic pomp of late registration , the gloss of 2007 ' s graduation , and the emotionally exhausted electro of 2008 ' s 808s & heartbreak " . sean fennessey of the village voice writes that west " absorb [ ed ] the gifts of his handpicked collaborators , and occasionally elevat [ ed ] them " on previous studio albums , noting collaborators and elements as jon brion for late registration , dj toomp for graduation , and kid cudi for 808s & heartbreak . [ sep ] my beautiful dark twisted fantasy
the story focuses on series protagonist link , who tries to prevent hyrule from being engulfed by a corrupted parallel dimension known as the twilight realm . to do so , he takes the form of both a hylian and a wolf , and is assisted by a mysterious creature named midna . the game takes place hundreds of years after ocarina of time and majora ' s mask , in an alternate timeline from the wind waker . [ sep ] link
the story focuses on series protagonist link , who tries to prevent hyrule from being engulfed by a corrupted parallel dimension known as the twilight realm . to do so , he takes the form of both a hylian and a wolf , and is assisted by a mysterious creature named midna . the game takes place hundreds of years after ocarina of time and majora ' s mask , in an alternate timeline from the wind waker . [ sep ] midna
the story focuses on series protagonist link , who tries to prevent hyrule from being engulfed by a corrupted parallel dimension known as the twilight realm . to do so , he takes the form of both a hylian and a wolf , and is assisted by a mysterious creature named midna . the game takes place hundreds of years after ocarina of time and majora ' s mask , in an alternate timeline from the wind waker . [ sep ] the wind waker
at the time of its release , twilight princess was considered the greatest entry in the zelda series by many critics , including writers for 1up . com , computer and video games , electronic gaming monthly , game informer , gamesradar , ign , and the washington post . it received several game of the year awards , and was the most critically acclaimed game of 2006 . in 2011 , the wii version was rereleased under the nintendo selects label . a high - definition port for the wii u , the legend of zelda : twilight princess hd , will be released in march 2016 . [ sep ] twilight princess
at the time of its release , twilight princess was considered the greatest entry in the zelda series by many critics , including writers for 1up . com , computer and video games , electronic gaming monthly , game informer , gamesradar , ign , and the washington post . it received several game of the year awards , and was the most critically acclaimed game of 2006 . in 2011 , the wii version was rereleased under the nintendo selects label . a high - definition port for the wii u , the legend of zelda : twilight princess hd , will be released in march 2016 . [ sep ] several
at the time of its release , twilight princess was considered the greatest entry in the zelda series by many critics , including writers for 1up . com , computer and video games , electronic gaming monthly , game informer , gamesradar , ign , and the washington post . it received several game of the year awards , and was the most critically acclaimed game of 2006 . in 2011 , the wii version was rereleased under the nintendo selects label . a high - definition port for the wii u , the legend of zelda : twilight princess hd , will be released in march 2016 . [ sep ] 2006
at the time of its release , twilight princess was considered the greatest entry in the zelda series by many critics , including writers for 1up . com , computer and video games , electronic gaming monthly , game informer , gamesradar , ign , and the washington post . it received several game of the year awards , and was the most critically acclaimed game of 2006 . in 2011 , the wii version was rereleased under the nintendo selects label . a high - definition port for the wii u , the legend of zelda : twilight princess hd , will be released in march 2016 . [ sep ] 2016
the staten island railway rapid transit system solely serves staten island , operating 24 hours a day . the port authority trans - hudson ( path train ) links midtown and lower manhattan to northeastern new jersey , primarily hoboken , jersey city , and newark . like the new york city subway , the path operates 24 hours a day ; meaning three of the six rapid transit systems in the world which operate on 24 - hour schedules are wholly or partly in new york ( the others are a portion of the chicago ' l ' , the patco speedline serving philadelphia , and the copenhagen metro ) . [ sep ] three
the staten island railway rapid transit system solely serves staten island , operating 24 hours a day . the port authority trans - hudson ( path train ) links midtown and lower manhattan to northeastern new jersey , primarily hoboken , jersey city , and newark . like the new york city subway , the path operates 24 hours a day ; meaning three of the six rapid transit systems in the world which operate on 24 - hour schedules are wholly or partly in new york ( the others are a portion of the chicago ' l ' , the patco speedline serving philadelphia , and the copenhagen metro ) . [ sep ] patco speedline
the staten island railway rapid transit system solely serves staten island , operating 24 hours a day . the port authority trans - hudson ( path train ) links midtown and lower manhattan to northeastern new jersey , primarily hoboken , jersey city , and newark . like the new york city subway , the path operates 24 hours a day ; meaning three of the six rapid transit systems in the world which operate on 24 - hour schedules are wholly or partly in new york ( the others are a portion of the chicago ' l ' , the patco speedline serving philadelphia , and the copenhagen metro ) . [ sep ] copenhagen metro
the staten island railway rapid transit system solely serves staten island , operating 24 hours a day . the port authority trans - hudson ( path train ) links midtown and lower manhattan to northeastern new jersey , primarily hoboken , jersey city , and newark . like the new york city subway , the path operates 24 hours a day ; meaning three of the six rapid transit systems in the world which operate on 24 - hour schedules are wholly or partly in new york ( the others are a portion of the chicago ' l ' , the patco speedline serving philadelphia , and the copenhagen metro ) . [ sep ] port authority trans - hudson
multibillion us $ heavy - rail transit projects under construction in new york city include the second avenue subway , the east side access project , and the 7 subway extension . [ sep ] the second avenue subway
describing his sixth studio album yeezus ( 2013 ) as " a protest to music , " west embraced an abrasive style that incorporated industrial music , acid house , dancehall , punk , electro , and chicago drill . inspired by the minimalist design of le corbusier and primarily electronic in nature , the album features distorted drum machines and " synthesizers that sound like they ' re malfunctioning , low - resolution samplers that add a pixelated digital aura to the most analog sounds . " to this end , the album incorporates glitches reminiscent of cd skips or corrupted mp3 ' s , and auto - tuned vocals are modulated to a point in which they are difficult to decipher . it also continues west ' s practice of eclectic samples : he employs a sample of nina simone ' s " strange fruit , " an obscure hindi sample on " i am a god " , and a sample of 1970s hungarian rock group omega on " new slaves " . " on sight " interpolates a melody from " sermon ( he ' ll give us what we really need ) " by the holy name of mary choral family . rolling stone called the album a " brilliant , obsessive - compulsive career auto - correct " . [ sep ] 2013
describing his sixth studio album yeezus ( 2013 ) as " a protest to music , " west embraced an abrasive style that incorporated industrial music , acid house , dancehall , punk , electro , and chicago drill . inspired by the minimalist design of le corbusier and primarily electronic in nature , the album features distorted drum machines and " synthesizers that sound like they ' re malfunctioning , low - resolution samplers that add a pixelated digital aura to the most analog sounds . " to this end , the album incorporates glitches reminiscent of cd skips or corrupted mp3 ' s , and auto - tuned vocals are modulated to a point in which they are difficult to decipher . it also continues west ' s practice of eclectic samples : he employs a sample of nina simone ' s " strange fruit , " an obscure hindi sample on " i am a god " , and a sample of 1970s hungarian rock group omega on " new slaves " . " on sight " interpolates a melody from " sermon ( he ' ll give us what we really need ) " by the holy name of mary choral family . rolling stone called the album a " brilliant , obsessive - compulsive career auto - correct " . [ sep ] yeezus
new york city ' s public bus fleet is the largest in north america , and the port authority bus terminal , the main intercity bus terminal of the city , serves 7 , 000 buses and 200 , 000 commuters daily , making it the busiest bus station in the world . [ sep ] 7 , 000
new york city ' s public bus fleet is the largest in north america , and the port authority bus terminal , the main intercity bus terminal of the city , serves 7 , 000 buses and 200 , 000 commuters daily , making it the busiest bus station in the world . [ sep ] 200 , 000
new york city ' s public bus fleet is the largest in north america , and the port authority bus terminal , the main intercity bus terminal of the city , serves 7 , 000 buses and 200 , 000 commuters daily , making it the busiest bus station in the world . [ sep ] port authority bus terminal
new york ' s airspace is the busiest in the united states and one of the world ' s busiest air transportation corridors . the three busiest airports in the new york metropolitan area include john f . kennedy international airport , newark liberty international airport , and laguardia airport ; 109 million travelers used these three airports in 2012 , and the city ' s airspace is the busiest in the nation . jfk and newark liberty were the busiest and fourth busiest u . s . gateways for international air passengers , respectively , in 2012 ; as of 2011 , jfk was the busiest airport for international passengers in north america . plans have advanced to expand passenger volume at a fourth airport , stewart international airport near newburgh , new york , by the port authority of new york and new jersey . plans were announced in july 2015 to entirely rebuild laguardia airport in a multibillion - dollar project to replace its aging facilities . [ sep ] newark liberty international airport
new york ' s airspace is the busiest in the united states and one of the world ' s busiest air transportation corridors . the three busiest airports in the new york metropolitan area include john f . kennedy international airport , newark liberty international airport , and laguardia airport ; 109 million travelers used these three airports in 2012 , and the city ' s airspace is the busiest in the nation . jfk and newark liberty were the busiest and fourth busiest u . s . gateways for international air passengers , respectively , in 2012 ; as of 2011 , jfk was the busiest airport for international passengers in north america . plans have advanced to expand passenger volume at a fourth airport , stewart international airport near newburgh , new york , by the port authority of new york and new jersey . plans were announced in july 2015 to entirely rebuild laguardia airport in a multibillion - dollar project to replace its aging facilities . [ sep ] john f . kennedy international airport
new york ' s airspace is the busiest in the united states and one of the world ' s busiest air transportation corridors . the three busiest airports in the new york metropolitan area include john f . kennedy international airport , newark liberty international airport , and laguardia airport ; 109 million travelers used these three airports in 2012 , and the city ' s airspace is the busiest in the nation . jfk and newark liberty were the busiest and fourth busiest u . s . gateways for international air passengers , respectively , in 2012 ; as of 2011 , jfk was the busiest airport for international passengers in north america . plans have advanced to expand passenger volume at a fourth airport , stewart international airport near newburgh , new york , by the port authority of new york and new jersey . plans were announced in july 2015 to entirely rebuild laguardia airport in a multibillion - dollar project to replace its aging facilities . [ sep ] newburgh , new york
new york ' s airspace is the busiest in the united states and one of the world ' s busiest air transportation corridors . the three busiest airports in the new york metropolitan area include john f . kennedy international airport , newark liberty international airport , and laguardia airport ; 109 million travelers used these three airports in 2012 , and the city ' s airspace is the busiest in the nation . jfk and newark liberty were the busiest and fourth busiest u . s . gateways for international air passengers , respectively , in 2012 ; as of 2011 , jfk was the busiest airport for international passengers in north america . plans have advanced to expand passenger volume at a fourth airport , stewart international airport near newburgh , new york , by the port authority of new york and new jersey . plans were announced in july 2015 to entirely rebuild laguardia airport in a multibillion - dollar project to replace its aging facilities . [ sep ] 109 million
in september 2005 , west announced that he would release his pastelle clothing line in spring 2006 , claiming " now that i have a grammy under my belt and late registration is finished , i am ready to launch my clothing line next spring . " the line was developed over the following four years – with multiple pieces teased by west himself – before the line was ultimately cancelled in 2009 . in 2009 , west collaborated with nike to release his own shoe , the air yeezys , with a second version released in 2012 . in january 2009 , west introduced his first shoe line designed for louis vuitton during paris fashion week . the line was released in summer 2009 . west has additionally designed shoewear for bape and italian shoemaker giuseppe zanotti . [ sep ] september 2005
in september 2005 , west announced that he would release his pastelle clothing line in spring 2006 , claiming " now that i have a grammy under my belt and late registration is finished , i am ready to launch my clothing line next spring . " the line was developed over the following four years – with multiple pieces teased by west himself – before the line was ultimately cancelled in 2009 . in 2009 , west collaborated with nike to release his own shoe , the air yeezys , with a second version released in 2012 . in january 2009 , west introduced his first shoe line designed for louis vuitton during paris fashion week . the line was released in summer 2009 . west has additionally designed shoewear for bape and italian shoemaker giuseppe zanotti . [ sep ] 2009
in september 2005 , west announced that he would release his pastelle clothing line in spring 2006 , claiming " now that i have a grammy under my belt and late registration is finished , i am ready to launch my clothing line next spring . " the line was developed over the following four years – with multiple pieces teased by west himself – before the line was ultimately cancelled in 2009 . in 2009 , west collaborated with nike to release his own shoe , the air yeezys , with a second version released in 2012 . in january 2009 , west introduced his first shoe line designed for louis vuitton during paris fashion week . the line was released in summer 2009 . west has additionally designed shoewear for bape and italian shoemaker giuseppe zanotti . [ sep ] nike
in september 2005 , west announced that he would release his pastelle clothing line in spring 2006 , claiming " now that i have a grammy under my belt and late registration is finished , i am ready to launch my clothing line next spring . " the line was developed over the following four years – with multiple pieces teased by west himself – before the line was ultimately cancelled in 2009 . in 2009 , west collaborated with nike to release his own shoe , the air yeezys , with a second version released in 2012 . in january 2009 , west introduced his first shoe line designed for louis vuitton during paris fashion week . the line was released in summer 2009 . west has additionally designed shoewear for bape and italian shoemaker giuseppe zanotti . [ sep ] louis vuitton
the legend of zelda : twilight princess is an action - adventure game focused on combat , exploration , and item collection . it uses the basic control scheme introduced in ocarina of time , including context - sensitive action buttons and l - targeting ( z - targeting on the wii ) , a system that allows the player to keep link ' s view focused on an enemy or important object while moving and attacking . link can walk , run , and attack , and will automatically jump when running off of or reaching for a ledge . [ c ] link uses a sword and shield in combat , complemented with secondary weapons and items , including a bow and arrows , a boomerang , bombs , and the clawshot ( similar to the hookshot introduced earlier in the the legend of zelda series ) . [ d ] while l - targeting , projectile - based weapons can be fired at a target without the need for manual aiming . [ c ] [ sep ] action - adventure
the legend of zelda : twilight princess is an action - adventure game focused on combat , exploration , and item collection . it uses the basic control scheme introduced in ocarina of time , including context - sensitive action buttons and l - targeting ( z - targeting on the wii ) , a system that allows the player to keep link ' s view focused on an enemy or important object while moving and attacking . link can walk , run , and attack , and will automatically jump when running off of or reaching for a ledge . [ c ] link uses a sword and shield in combat , complemented with secondary weapons and items , including a bow and arrows , a boomerang , bombs , and the clawshot ( similar to the hookshot introduced earlier in the the legend of zelda series ) . [ d ] while l - targeting , projectile - based weapons can be fired at a target without the need for manual aiming . [ c ] [ sep ] ocarina of time
the legend of zelda : twilight princess is an action - adventure game focused on combat , exploration , and item collection . it uses the basic control scheme introduced in ocarina of time , including context - sensitive action buttons and l - targeting ( z - targeting on the wii ) , a system that allows the player to keep link ' s view focused on an enemy or important object while moving and attacking . link can walk , run , and attack , and will automatically jump when running off of or reaching for a ledge . [ c ] link uses a sword and shield in combat , complemented with secondary weapons and items , including a bow and arrows , a boomerang , bombs , and the clawshot ( similar to the hookshot introduced earlier in the the legend of zelda series ) . [ d ] while l - targeting , projectile - based weapons can be fired at a target without the need for manual aiming . [ c ] [ sep ] sword and shield
the legend of zelda : twilight princess is an action - adventure game focused on combat , exploration , and item collection . it uses the basic control scheme introduced in ocarina of time , including context - sensitive action buttons and l - targeting ( z - targeting on the wii ) , a system that allows the player to keep link ' s view focused on an enemy or important object while moving and attacking . link can walk , run , and attack , and will automatically jump when running off of or reaching for a ledge . [ c ] link uses a sword and shield in combat , complemented with secondary weapons and items , including a bow and arrows , a boomerang , bombs , and the clawshot ( similar to the hookshot introduced earlier in the the legend of zelda series ) . [ d ] while l - targeting , projectile - based weapons can be fired at a target without the need for manual aiming . [ c ] [ sep ] l - targeting
the staten island ferry is the world ' s busiest ferry route , carrying approximately 20 million passengers on the 5 . 2 - mile ( 8 . 4 km ) route between staten island and lower manhattan and running 24 hours a day . other ferry systems shuttle commuters between manhattan and other locales within the city and the metropolitan area . [ sep ] 8 . 4
the staten island ferry is the world ' s busiest ferry route , carrying approximately 20 million passengers on the 5 . 2 - mile ( 8 . 4 km ) route between staten island and lower manhattan and running 24 hours a day . other ferry systems shuttle commuters between manhattan and other locales within the city and the metropolitan area . [ sep ] manhattan
the staten island ferry is the world ' s busiest ferry route , carrying approximately 20 million passengers on the 5 . 2 - mile ( 8 . 4 km ) route between staten island and lower manhattan and running 24 hours a day . other ferry systems shuttle commuters between manhattan and other locales within the city and the metropolitan area . [ sep ] 20 million
other features of the city ' s transportation infrastructure encompass more than 12 , 000 yellow taxicabs ; various competing startup transportation network companies ; and an aerial tramway that transports commuters between roosevelt island and manhattan island . [ sep ] 12 , 000
other features of the city ' s transportation infrastructure encompass more than 12 , 000 yellow taxicabs ; various competing startup transportation network companies ; and an aerial tramway that transports commuters between roosevelt island and manhattan island . [ sep ] manhattan island
on october 1 , 2011 , kanye west premiered his women ' s fashion label , dw kanye west at paris fashion week . he received support from dsquared2 duo dean and dan caten , olivier theyskens , jeremy scott , azzedine alaia , and the olsen twins , who were also in attendance during his show . his debut fashion show received mixed - to - negative reviews , ranging from reserved observations by style . com to excoriating commentary by the wall street journal , the new york times , the international herald tribune , elleuk . com , the daily telegraph , harper ' s bazaar and many others . on march 6 , 2012 , west premiered a second fashion line at paris fashion week . the line ' s reception was markedly improved from the previous presentation , with a number of critics heralding west for his " much improved " sophomore effort . [ sep ] october 1 , 2011
on october 1 , 2011 , kanye west premiered his women ' s fashion label , dw kanye west at paris fashion week . he received support from dsquared2 duo dean and dan caten , olivier theyskens , jeremy scott , azzedine alaia , and the olsen twins , who were also in attendance during his show . his debut fashion show received mixed - to - negative reviews , ranging from reserved observations by style . com to excoriating commentary by the wall street journal , the new york times , the international herald tribune , elleuk . com , the daily telegraph , harper ' s bazaar and many others . on march 6 , 2012 , west premiered a second fashion line at paris fashion week . the line ' s reception was markedly improved from the previous presentation , with a number of critics heralding west for his " much improved " sophomore effort . [ sep ] dw kanye west
the context - sensitive button mechanic allows one button to serve a variety of functions , such as talking , opening doors , and pushing , pulling , and throwing objects . [ e ] the on - screen display shows what action , if any , the button will trigger , determined by the situation . for example , if link is holding a rock , the context - sensitive button will cause link to throw the rock if he is moving or targeting an object or enemy , or place the rock on the ground if he is standing still . [ f ] [ sep ] context - sensitive button mechanic
the context - sensitive button mechanic allows one button to serve a variety of functions , such as talking , opening doors , and pushing , pulling , and throwing objects . [ e ] the on - screen display shows what action , if any , the button will trigger , determined by the situation . for example , if link is holding a rock , the context - sensitive button will cause link to throw the rock if he is moving or targeting an object or enemy , or place the rock on the ground if he is standing still . [ f ] [ sep ] on - screen display
despite new york ' s heavy reliance on its vast public transit system , streets are a defining feature of the city . manhattan ' s street grid plan greatly influenced the city ' s physical development . several of the city ' s streets and avenues , like broadway , wall street , madison avenue , and seventh avenue are also used as metonyms for national industries there : the theater , finance , advertising , and fashion organizations , respectively . [ sep ] the theater
despite new york ' s heavy reliance on its vast public transit system , streets are a defining feature of the city . manhattan ' s street grid plan greatly influenced the city ' s physical development . several of the city ' s streets and avenues , like broadway , wall street , madison avenue , and seventh avenue are also used as metonyms for national industries there : the theater , finance , advertising , and fashion organizations , respectively . [ sep ] finance
despite new york ' s heavy reliance on its vast public transit system , streets are a defining feature of the city . manhattan ' s street grid plan greatly influenced the city ' s physical development . several of the city ' s streets and avenues , like broadway , wall street , madison avenue , and seventh avenue are also used as metonyms for national industries there : the theater , finance , advertising , and fashion organizations , respectively . [ sep ] advertising
despite new york ' s heavy reliance on its vast public transit system , streets are a defining feature of the city . manhattan ' s street grid plan greatly influenced the city ' s physical development . several of the city ' s streets and avenues , like broadway , wall street , madison avenue , and seventh avenue are also used as metonyms for national industries there : the theater , finance , advertising , and fashion organizations , respectively . [ sep ] seventh avenue
new york city also has an extensive web of expressways and parkways , which link the city ' s boroughs to each other as well as to northern new jersey , westchester county , long island , and southwestern connecticut through various bridges and tunnels . because these highways serve millions of outer borough and suburban residents who commute into manhattan , it is quite common for motorists to be stranded for hours in traffic jams that are a daily occurrence , particularly during rush hour . [ sep ] rush hour
new york city also has an extensive web of expressways and parkways , which link the city ' s boroughs to each other as well as to northern new jersey , westchester county , long island , and southwestern connecticut through various bridges and tunnels . because these highways serve millions of outer borough and suburban residents who commute into manhattan , it is quite common for motorists to be stranded for hours in traffic jams that are a daily occurrence , particularly during rush hour . [ sep ] southwestern
new york city also has an extensive web of expressways and parkways , which link the city ' s boroughs to each other as well as to northern new jersey , westchester county , long island , and southwestern connecticut through various bridges and tunnels . because these highways serve millions of outer borough and suburban residents who commute into manhattan , it is quite common for motorists to be stranded for hours in traffic jams that are a daily occurrence , particularly during rush hour . [ sep ] northern
on december 3 , 2013 , adidas officially confirmed a new shoe collaboration deal with west . after months of anticipation and rumors , west confirmed the release of the adidas yeezy boosts with a twitter announcement directing fans to the domain yeezy . supply . in 2015 , west unveiled his yeezy season clothing line , premiering season 1 in collaboration with adidas early in the year . the release of the yeezy boosts and the full adidas collaboration was showcased in new york city on february 12 , 2015 , with free streaming to 50 cinemas in 13 countries around the world . an initial release of the adidas yeezy boosts was limited to 9000 pairs to be available only in new york city via the adidas smartphone app ; the adidas yeezy boosts were sold out within 10 minutes . the shoes released worldwide on february 28 , 2015 , were limited to select boutique stores and the adidas uk stores . he followed with season 2 later that year at new york fashion week . on february 11 , west premiered his yeezy season 3 clothing line at madison square garden in conjunction with the previewing of his album the life of pablo . [ sep ] adidas yeezy boosts
on december 3 , 2013 , adidas officially confirmed a new shoe collaboration deal with west . after months of anticipation and rumors , west confirmed the release of the adidas yeezy boosts with a twitter announcement directing fans to the domain yeezy . supply . in 2015 , west unveiled his yeezy season clothing line , premiering season 1 in collaboration with adidas early in the year . the release of the yeezy boosts and the full adidas collaboration was showcased in new york city on february 12 , 2015 , with free streaming to 50 cinemas in 13 countries around the world . an initial release of the adidas yeezy boosts was limited to 9000 pairs to be available only in new york city via the adidas smartphone app ; the adidas yeezy boosts were sold out within 10 minutes . the shoes released worldwide on february 28 , 2015 , were limited to select boutique stores and the adidas uk stores . he followed with season 2 later that year at new york fashion week . on february 11 , west premiered his yeezy season 3 clothing line at madison square garden in conjunction with the previewing of his album the life of pablo . [ sep ] 2015
on december 3 , 2013 , adidas officially confirmed a new shoe collaboration deal with west . after months of anticipation and rumors , west confirmed the release of the adidas yeezy boosts with a twitter announcement directing fans to the domain yeezy . supply . in 2015 , west unveiled his yeezy season clothing line , premiering season 1 in collaboration with adidas early in the year . the release of the yeezy boosts and the full adidas collaboration was showcased in new york city on february 12 , 2015 , with free streaming to 50 cinemas in 13 countries around the world . an initial release of the adidas yeezy boosts was limited to 9000 pairs to be available only in new york city via the adidas smartphone app ; the adidas yeezy boosts were sold out within 10 minutes . the shoes released worldwide on february 28 , 2015 , were limited to select boutique stores and the adidas uk stores . he followed with season 2 later that year at new york fashion week . on february 11 , west premiered his yeezy season 3 clothing line at madison square garden in conjunction with the previewing of his album the life of pablo . [ sep ] the life of pablo
born in 1926 , harper lee grew up in the southern town of monroeville , alabama , where she became close friends with soon - to - be famous writer truman capote . she attended huntingdon college in montgomery ( 1944 – 45 ) , and then studied law at the university of alabama ( 1945 – 49 ) . while attending college , she wrote for campus literary magazines : huntress at huntingdon and the humor magazine rammer jammer at the university of alabama . at both colleges , she wrote short stories and other works about racial injustice , a rarely mentioned topic on such campuses at the time . in 1950 , lee moved to new york city , where she worked as a reservation clerk for british overseas airways corporation ; there , she began writing a collection of essays and short stories about people in monroeville . hoping to be published , lee presented her writing in 1957 to a literary agent recommended by capote . an editor at j . b . lippincott , who bought the manuscript , advised her to quit the airline and concentrate on writing . donations from friends allowed her to write uninterrupted for a year . [ sep ] 1926
born in 1926 , harper lee grew up in the southern town of monroeville , alabama , where she became close friends with soon - to - be famous writer truman capote . she attended huntingdon college in montgomery ( 1944 – 45 ) , and then studied law at the university of alabama ( 1945 – 49 ) . while attending college , she wrote for campus literary magazines : huntress at huntingdon and the humor magazine rammer jammer at the university of alabama . at both colleges , she wrote short stories and other works about racial injustice , a rarely mentioned topic on such campuses at the time . in 1950 , lee moved to new york city , where she worked as a reservation clerk for british overseas airways corporation ; there , she began writing a collection of essays and short stories about people in monroeville . hoping to be published , lee presented her writing in 1957 to a literary agent recommended by capote . an editor at j . b . lippincott , who bought the manuscript , advised her to quit the airline and concentrate on writing . donations from friends allowed her to write uninterrupted for a year . [ sep ] truman capote
born in 1926 , harper lee grew up in the southern town of monroeville , alabama , where she became close friends with soon - to - be famous writer truman capote . she attended huntingdon college in montgomery ( 1944 – 45 ) , and then studied law at the university of alabama ( 1945 – 49 ) . while attending college , she wrote for campus literary magazines : huntress at huntingdon and the humor magazine rammer jammer at the university of alabama . at both colleges , she wrote short stories and other works about racial injustice , a rarely mentioned topic on such campuses at the time . in 1950 , lee moved to new york city , where she worked as a reservation clerk for british overseas airways corporation ; there , she began writing a collection of essays and short stories about people in monroeville . hoping to be published , lee presented her writing in 1957 to a literary agent recommended by capote . an editor at j . b . lippincott , who bought the manuscript , advised her to quit the airline and concentrate on writing . donations from friends allowed her to write uninterrupted for a year . [ sep ] huntingdon college
born in 1926 , harper lee grew up in the southern town of monroeville , alabama , where she became close friends with soon - to - be famous writer truman capote . she attended huntingdon college in montgomery ( 1944 – 45 ) , and then studied law at the university of alabama ( 1945 – 49 ) . while attending college , she wrote for campus literary magazines : huntress at huntingdon and the humor magazine rammer jammer at the university of alabama . at both colleges , she wrote short stories and other works about racial injustice , a rarely mentioned topic on such campuses at the time . in 1950 , lee moved to new york city , where she worked as a reservation clerk for british overseas airways corporation ; there , she began writing a collection of essays and short stories about people in monroeville . hoping to be published , lee presented her writing in 1957 to a literary agent recommended by capote . an editor at j . b . lippincott , who bought the manuscript , advised her to quit the airline and concentrate on writing . donations from friends allowed her to write uninterrupted for a year . [ sep ] university of alabama
born in 1926 , harper lee grew up in the southern town of monroeville , alabama , where she became close friends with soon - to - be famous writer truman capote . she attended huntingdon college in montgomery ( 1944 – 45 ) , and then studied law at the university of alabama ( 1945 – 49 ) . while attending college , she wrote for campus literary magazines : huntress at huntingdon and the humor magazine rammer jammer at the university of alabama . at both colleges , she wrote short stories and other works about racial injustice , a rarely mentioned topic on such campuses at the time . in 1950 , lee moved to new york city , where she worked as a reservation clerk for british overseas airways corporation ; there , she began writing a collection of essays and short stories about people in monroeville . hoping to be published , lee presented her writing in 1957 to a literary agent recommended by capote . an editor at j . b . lippincott , who bought the manuscript , advised her to quit the airline and concentrate on writing . donations from friends allowed her to write uninterrupted for a year . [ sep ] j . b . lippincott
the gamecube and wii versions feature several minor differences in their controls . the wii version of the game makes use of the motion sensors and built - in speaker of the wii remote . the speaker emits the sounds of a bowstring when shooting an arrow , midna ' s laugh when she gives advice to link , and the series ' trademark " chime " when discovering secrets . the player controls link ' s sword by swinging the wii remote . other attacks are triggered using similar gestures with the nunchuk . unique to the gamecube version is the ability for the player to control the camera freely , without entering a special " lookaround " mode required by the wii ; however , in the gamecube version , only two of link ' s secondary weapons can be equipped at a time , as opposed to four in the wii version . [ g ] [ sep ] motion
the gamecube and wii versions feature several minor differences in their controls . the wii version of the game makes use of the motion sensors and built - in speaker of the wii remote . the speaker emits the sounds of a bowstring when shooting an arrow , midna ' s laugh when she gives advice to link , and the series ' trademark " chime " when discovering secrets . the player controls link ' s sword by swinging the wii remote . other attacks are triggered using similar gestures with the nunchuk . unique to the gamecube version is the ability for the player to control the camera freely , without entering a special " lookaround " mode required by the wii ; however , in the gamecube version , only two of link ' s secondary weapons can be equipped at a time , as opposed to four in the wii version . [ g ] [ sep ] wii remote
the game features nine dungeons — large , contained areas where link battles enemies , collects items , and solves puzzles . link navigates these dungeons and fights a boss at the end in order to obtain an item or otherwise advance the plot . the dungeons are connected by a large overworld , across which link can travel on foot ; on his horse , epona ; or by teleporting . [ sep ] puzzles
the game features nine dungeons — large , contained areas where link battles enemies , collects items , and solves puzzles . link navigates these dungeons and fights a boss at the end in order to obtain an item or otherwise advance the plot . the dungeons are connected by a large overworld , across which link can travel on foot ; on his horse , epona ; or by teleporting . [ sep ] boss
the game features nine dungeons — large , contained areas where link battles enemies , collects items , and solves puzzles . link navigates these dungeons and fights a boss at the end in order to obtain an item or otherwise advance the plot . the dungeons are connected by a large overworld , across which link can travel on foot ; on his horse , epona ; or by teleporting . [ sep ] overworld
new york city is located on one of the world ' s largest natural harbors , and the boroughs of manhattan and staten island are ( primarily ) coterminous with islands of the same names , while queens and brooklyn are located at the west end of the larger long island , and the bronx is located at the southern tip of new york state ' s mainland . this situation of boroughs separated by water led to the development of an extensive infrastructure of bridges and tunnels . nearly all of the city ' s major bridges and tunnels are notable , and several have broken or set records . [ sep ] long island
new york city is located on one of the world ' s largest natural harbors , and the boroughs of manhattan and staten island are ( primarily ) coterminous with islands of the same names , while queens and brooklyn are located at the west end of the larger long island , and the bronx is located at the southern tip of new york state ' s mainland . this situation of boroughs separated by water led to the development of an extensive infrastructure of bridges and tunnels . nearly all of the city ' s major bridges and tunnels are notable , and several have broken or set records . [ sep ] the west end
new york city is located on one of the world ' s largest natural harbors , and the boroughs of manhattan and staten island are ( primarily ) coterminous with islands of the same names , while queens and brooklyn are located at the west end of the larger long island , and the bronx is located at the southern tip of new york state ' s mainland . this situation of boroughs separated by water led to the development of an extensive infrastructure of bridges and tunnels . nearly all of the city ' s major bridges and tunnels are notable , and several have broken or set records . [ sep ] staten island
in august 2008 , west revealed plans to open 10 fatburger restaurants in the chicago area ; the first was set to open in september 2008 in orland park . the second followed in january 2009 , while a third location is yet to be revealed , although the process is being finalized . his company , kw foods llc , bought the rights to the chain in chicago . ultimately , in 2009 , only two locations actually opened . in february 2011 , west shut down the fatburger located in orland park . later that year , the remaining beverly location also was shuttered . [ sep ] fatburger
in august 2008 , west revealed plans to open 10 fatburger restaurants in the chicago area ; the first was set to open in september 2008 in orland park . the second followed in january 2009 , while a third location is yet to be revealed , although the process is being finalized . his company , kw foods llc , bought the rights to the chain in chicago . ultimately , in 2009 , only two locations actually opened . in february 2011 , west shut down the fatburger located in orland park . later that year , the remaining beverly location also was shuttered . [ sep ] 2
in august 2008 , west revealed plans to open 10 fatburger restaurants in the chicago area ; the first was set to open in september 2008 in orland park . the second followed in january 2009 , while a third location is yet to be revealed , although the process is being finalized . his company , kw foods llc , bought the rights to the chain in chicago . ultimately , in 2009 , only two locations actually opened . in february 2011 , west shut down the fatburger located in orland park . later that year , the remaining beverly location also was shuttered . [ sep ] 2011
in august 2008 , west revealed plans to open 10 fatburger restaurants in the chicago area ; the first was set to open in september 2008 in orland park . the second followed in january 2009 , while a third location is yet to be revealed , although the process is being finalized . his company , kw foods llc , bought the rights to the chain in chicago . ultimately , in 2009 , only two locations actually opened . in february 2011 , west shut down the fatburger located in orland park . later that year , the remaining beverly location also was shuttered . [ sep ] kw foods llc
the george washington bridge is the world ' s busiest motor vehicle bridge , connecting manhattan to bergen county , new jersey . the verrazano - narrows bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the americas and one of the world ' s longest . the brooklyn bridge is an icon of the city itself . the towers of the brooklyn bridge are built of limestone , granite , and rosendale cement , and their architectural style is neo - gothic , with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers . this bridge was also the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903 , and is the first steel - wire suspension bridge . [ sep ] george washington bridge
the george washington bridge is the world ' s busiest motor vehicle bridge , connecting manhattan to bergen county , new jersey . the verrazano - narrows bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the americas and one of the world ' s longest . the brooklyn bridge is an icon of the city itself . the towers of the brooklyn bridge are built of limestone , granite , and rosendale cement , and their architectural style is neo - gothic , with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers . this bridge was also the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903 , and is the first steel - wire suspension bridge . [ sep ] bergen
the george washington bridge is the world ' s busiest motor vehicle bridge , connecting manhattan to bergen county , new jersey . the verrazano - narrows bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the americas and one of the world ' s longest . the brooklyn bridge is an icon of the city itself . the towers of the brooklyn bridge are built of limestone , granite , and rosendale cement , and their architectural style is neo - gothic , with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers . this bridge was also the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903 , and is the first steel - wire suspension bridge . [ sep ] verrazano - narrows bridge
the george washington bridge is the world ' s busiest motor vehicle bridge , connecting manhattan to bergen county , new jersey . the verrazano - narrows bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the americas and one of the world ' s longest . the brooklyn bridge is an icon of the city itself . the towers of the brooklyn bridge are built of limestone , granite , and rosendale cement , and their architectural style is neo - gothic , with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers . this bridge was also the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903 , and is the first steel - wire suspension bridge . [ sep ] neo - gothic
the george washington bridge is the world ' s busiest motor vehicle bridge , connecting manhattan to bergen county , new jersey . the verrazano - narrows bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the americas and one of the world ' s longest . the brooklyn bridge is an icon of the city itself . the towers of the brooklyn bridge are built of limestone , granite , and rosendale cement , and their architectural style is neo - gothic , with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers . this bridge was also the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903 , and is the first steel - wire suspension bridge . [ sep ] 1903
when link enters the twilight realm , the void that corrupts parts of hyrule , he transforms into a wolf . [ h ] he is eventually able to transform between his hylian and wolf forms at will . as a wolf , link loses the ability to use his sword , shield , or any secondary items ; he instead attacks by biting , and defends primarily by dodging attacks . however , " wolf link " gains several key advantages in return — he moves faster than he does as a human ( though riding epona is still faster ) and digs holes to create new passages and uncover buried items , and has improved senses , including the ability to follow scent trails . [ i ] he also carries midna , a small imp - like creature who gives him hints , uses an energy field to attack enemies , helps him jump long distances , and eventually allows link to " warp " to any of several preset locations throughout the overworld . [ j ] using link ' s wolf senses , the player can see and listen to the wandering spirits of those affected by the twilight , as well as hunt for enemy ghosts named poes . [ k ] [ sep ] wolf
when link enters the twilight realm , the void that corrupts parts of hyrule , he transforms into a wolf . [ h ] he is eventually able to transform between his hylian and wolf forms at will . as a wolf , link loses the ability to use his sword , shield , or any secondary items ; he instead attacks by biting , and defends primarily by dodging attacks . however , " wolf link " gains several key advantages in return — he moves faster than he does as a human ( though riding epona is still faster ) and digs holes to create new passages and uncover buried items , and has improved senses , including the ability to follow scent trails . [ i ] he also carries midna , a small imp - like creature who gives him hints , uses an energy field to attack enemies , helps him jump long distances , and eventually allows link to " warp " to any of several preset locations throughout the overworld . [ j ] using link ' s wolf senses , the player can see and listen to the wandering spirits of those affected by the twilight , as well as hunt for enemy ghosts named poes . [ k ] [ sep ] small imp - like creature
when link enters the twilight realm , the void that corrupts parts of hyrule , he transforms into a wolf . [ h ] he is eventually able to transform between his hylian and wolf forms at will . as a wolf , link loses the ability to use his sword , shield , or any secondary items ; he instead attacks by biting , and defends primarily by dodging attacks . however , " wolf link " gains several key advantages in return — he moves faster than he does as a human ( though riding epona is still faster ) and digs holes to create new passages and uncover buried items , and has improved senses , including the ability to follow scent trails . [ i ] he also carries midna , a small imp - like creature who gives him hints , uses an energy field to attack enemies , helps him jump long distances , and eventually allows link to " warp " to any of several preset locations throughout the overworld . [ j ] using link ' s wolf senses , the player can see and listen to the wandering spirits of those affected by the twilight , as well as hunt for enemy ghosts named poes . [ k ] [ sep ] enemy ghosts
after finishing the first draft and returning it to lippincott , the manuscript , at that point titled " go set a watchman " , fell into the hands of therese von hohoff torrey — known professionally as tay hohoff — a small , wiry veteran editor in her late 50s . hohoff was impressed . “ [ t ] he spark of the true writer flashed in every line , ” she would later recount in a corporate history of lippincott . but as hohoff saw it , the manuscript was by no means fit for publication . it was , as she described it , “ more a series of anecdotes than a fully conceived novel . ” during the next couple of years , she led lee from one draft to the next until the book finally achieved its finished form and was retitled to kill a mockingbird . [ sep ] therese von hohoff torrey
the queensboro bridge is an important piece of cantilever architecture . the manhattan bridge , throgs neck bridge , triborough bridge , and verrazano - narrows bridge are all examples of structural expressionism . [ sep ] structural expressionism
the queensboro bridge is an important piece of cantilever architecture . the manhattan bridge , throgs neck bridge , triborough bridge , and verrazano - narrows bridge are all examples of structural expressionism . [ sep ] cantilever
lee had lost her mother , who suffered from mental illness , six years before she met hohoff at lippincott ’ s offices . her father , a lawyer on whom atticus was modeled , would die two years after the publication of to kill a mockingbird . [ sep ] her father
west founded the record label and production company good music in 2004 , in conjunction with sony bmg , shortly after releasing his debut album , the college dropout . john legend , common , and west were the label ' s inaugural artists . the label houses artists including west , big sean , pusha t , teyana taylor , yasiin bey / mos def , d ' banj and john legend , and producers including hudson mohawke , q - tip , travis scott , no i . d . , jeff bhasker , and s1 . good music has released ten albums certified gold or higher by the recording industry association of america ( riaa ) . in november 2015 , west appointed pusha t the new president of good music . [ sep ] 2004
west founded the record label and production company good music in 2004 , in conjunction with sony bmg , shortly after releasing his debut album , the college dropout . john legend , common , and west were the label ' s inaugural artists . the label houses artists including west , big sean , pusha t , teyana taylor , yasiin bey / mos def , d ' banj and john legend , and producers including hudson mohawke , q - tip , travis scott , no i . d . , jeff bhasker , and s1 . good music has released ten albums certified gold or higher by the recording industry association of america ( riaa ) . in november 2015 , west appointed pusha t the new president of good music . [ sep ] john legend
west founded the record label and production company good music in 2004 , in conjunction with sony bmg , shortly after releasing his debut album , the college dropout . john legend , common , and west were the label ' s inaugural artists . the label houses artists including west , big sean , pusha t , teyana taylor , yasiin bey / mos def , d ' banj and john legend , and producers including hudson mohawke , q - tip , travis scott , no i . d . , jeff bhasker , and s1 . good music has released ten albums certified gold or higher by the recording industry association of america ( riaa ) . in november 2015 , west appointed pusha t the new president of good music . [ sep ] pusha t
manhattan island is linked to new york city ' s outer boroughs and new jersey by several tunnels as well . the lincoln tunnel , which carries 120 , 000 vehicles a day under the hudson river between new jersey and midtown manhattan , is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world . the tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and cargo ships that sailed through new york harbor and up the hudson river to manhattan ' s piers . the holland tunnel , connecting lower manhattan to jersey city , new jersey , was the world ' s first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel when it opened in 1927 . the queens - midtown tunnel , built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting manhattan with queens and brooklyn , was the largest non - federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940 . president franklin d . roosevelt was the first person to drive through it . the hugh l . carey tunnel runs underneath battery park and connects the financial district at the southern tip of manhattan to red hook in brooklyn . [ sep ] 120 , 000
manhattan island is linked to new york city ' s outer boroughs and new jersey by several tunnels as well . the lincoln tunnel , which carries 120 , 000 vehicles a day under the hudson river between new jersey and midtown manhattan , is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world . the tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and cargo ships that sailed through new york harbor and up the hudson river to manhattan ' s piers . the holland tunnel , connecting lower manhattan to jersey city , new jersey , was the world ' s first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel when it opened in 1927 . the queens - midtown tunnel , built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting manhattan with queens and brooklyn , was the largest non - federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940 . president franklin d . roosevelt was the first person to drive through it . the hugh l . carey tunnel runs underneath battery park and connects the financial district at the southern tip of manhattan to red hook in brooklyn . [ sep ] hudson river
manhattan island is linked to new york city ' s outer boroughs and new jersey by several tunnels as well . the lincoln tunnel , which carries 120 , 000 vehicles a day under the hudson river between new jersey and midtown manhattan , is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world . the tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and cargo ships that sailed through new york harbor and up the hudson river to manhattan ' s piers . the holland tunnel , connecting lower manhattan to jersey city , new jersey , was the world ' s first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel when it opened in 1927 . the queens - midtown tunnel , built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting manhattan with queens and brooklyn , was the largest non - federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940 . president franklin d . roosevelt was the first person to drive through it . the hugh l . carey tunnel runs underneath battery park and connects the financial district at the southern tip of manhattan to red hook in brooklyn . [ sep ] manhattan
manhattan island is linked to new york city ' s outer boroughs and new jersey by several tunnels as well . the lincoln tunnel , which carries 120 , 000 vehicles a day under the hudson river between new jersey and midtown manhattan , is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world . the tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and cargo ships that sailed through new york harbor and up the hudson river to manhattan ' s piers . the holland tunnel , connecting lower manhattan to jersey city , new jersey , was the world ' s first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel when it opened in 1927 . the queens - midtown tunnel , built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting manhattan with queens and brooklyn , was the largest non - federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940 . president franklin d . roosevelt was the first person to drive through it . the hugh l . carey tunnel runs underneath battery park and connects the financial district at the southern tip of manhattan to red hook in brooklyn . [ sep ] jersey city
manhattan island is linked to new york city ' s outer boroughs and new jersey by several tunnels as well . the lincoln tunnel , which carries 120 , 000 vehicles a day under the hudson river between new jersey and midtown manhattan , is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world . the tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and cargo ships that sailed through new york harbor and up the hudson river to manhattan ' s piers . the holland tunnel , connecting lower manhattan to jersey city , new jersey , was the world ' s first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel when it opened in 1927 . the queens - midtown tunnel , built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting manhattan with queens and brooklyn , was the largest non - federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940 . president franklin d . roosevelt was the first person to drive through it . the hugh l . carey tunnel runs underneath battery park and connects the financial district at the southern tip of manhattan to red hook in brooklyn . [ sep ] franklin d . roosevelt
new york city has focused on reducing its environmental impact and carbon footprint . mass transit use in new york city is the highest in the united states . also , by 2010 , the city had 3 , 715 hybrid taxis and other clean diesel vehicles , representing around 28 % of new york ' s taxi fleet in service , the most of any city in north america . [ sep ] 3 , 715
new york city has focused on reducing its environmental impact and carbon footprint . mass transit use in new york city is the highest in the united states . also , by 2010 , the city had 3 , 715 hybrid taxis and other clean diesel vehicles , representing around 28 % of new york ' s taxi fleet in service , the most of any city in north america . [ sep ] 28 %
on january 5 , 2012 , west announced his establishment of the creative content company donda , named after his late mother donda west . in his announcement , west proclaimed that the company would " pick up where steve jobs left off " ; donda would operate as " a design company which will galvanize amazing thinkers in a creative space to bounce their dreams and ideas " with the " goal to make products and experiences that people want and can afford . " west is notoriously secretive about the company ' s operations , maintaining neither an official website nor a social media presence . in stating donda ' s creative philosophy , west articulated the need to " put creatives in a room together with like minds " in order to " simplify and aesthetically improve everything we see , taste , touch , and feel . " . contemporary critics have noted the consistent minimalistic aesthetic exhibited throughout donda creative projects . [ sep ] mother donda west
on january 5 , 2012 , west announced his establishment of the creative content company donda , named after his late mother donda west . in his announcement , west proclaimed that the company would " pick up where steve jobs left off " ; donda would operate as " a design company which will galvanize amazing thinkers in a creative space to bounce their dreams and ideas " with the " goal to make products and experiences that people want and can afford . " west is notoriously secretive about the company ' s operations , maintaining neither an official website nor a social media presence . in stating donda ' s creative philosophy , west articulated the need to " put creatives in a room together with like minds " in order to " simplify and aesthetically improve everything we see , taste , touch , and feel . " . contemporary critics have noted the consistent minimalistic aesthetic exhibited throughout donda creative projects . [ sep ] january 5 , 2012
on march 30 , 2015 , it was announced that west is a co - owner , with various other music artists , in the music streaming service tidal . the service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos . jay z acquired the parent company of tidal , aspiro , in the first quarter of 2015 . including beyonce and jay - z , sixteen artist stakeholders ( such as rihanna , beyonce , madonna , chris martin , nicki minaj and more ) co - own tidal , with the majority owning a 3 % equity stake . the idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry , and to rival other streaming services such as spotify , which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties . " the challenge is to get everyone to respect music again , to recognize its value " , stated jay - z on the release of tidal . [ sep ] tidal
new york ' s high rate of public transit use , over 200 , 000 daily cyclists as of 2014 , and many pedestrian commuters make it the most energy - efficient major city in the united states . walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21 % of all modes for trips in the city ; nationally the rate for metro regions is about 8 % . in both its 2011 and 2015 rankings , walk score named new york city the most walkable large city in the united states . citibank sponsored the introduction of 10 , 000 public bicycles for the city ' s bike - share project in the summer of 2013 . research conducted by quinnipiac university showed that a majority of new yorkers support the initiative . new york city ' s numerical " in - season cycling indicator " of bicycling in the city hit an all - time high in 2013 . [ sep ] 200 , 000
new york ' s high rate of public transit use , over 200 , 000 daily cyclists as of 2014 , and many pedestrian commuters make it the most energy - efficient major city in the united states . walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21 % of all modes for trips in the city ; nationally the rate for metro regions is about 8 % . in both its 2011 and 2015 rankings , walk score named new york city the most walkable large city in the united states . citibank sponsored the introduction of 10 , 000 public bicycles for the city ' s bike - share project in the summer of 2013 . research conducted by quinnipiac university showed that a majority of new yorkers support the initiative . new york city ' s numerical " in - season cycling indicator " of bicycling in the city hit an all - time high in 2013 . [ sep ] 21 %
new york ' s high rate of public transit use , over 200 , 000 daily cyclists as of 2014 , and many pedestrian commuters make it the most energy - efficient major city in the united states . walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21 % of all modes for trips in the city ; nationally the rate for metro regions is about 8 % . in both its 2011 and 2015 rankings , walk score named new york city the most walkable large city in the united states . citibank sponsored the introduction of 10 , 000 public bicycles for the city ' s bike - share project in the summer of 2013 . research conducted by quinnipiac university showed that a majority of new yorkers support the initiative . new york city ' s numerical " in - season cycling indicator " of bicycling in the city hit an all - time high in 2013 . [ sep ] citibank
new york ' s high rate of public transit use , over 200 , 000 daily cyclists as of 2014 , and many pedestrian commuters make it the most energy - efficient major city in the united states . walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21 % of all modes for trips in the city ; nationally the rate for metro regions is about 8 % . in both its 2011 and 2015 rankings , walk score named new york city the most walkable large city in the united states . citibank sponsored the introduction of 10 , 000 public bicycles for the city ' s bike - share project in the summer of 2013 . research conducted by quinnipiac university showed that a majority of new yorkers support the initiative . new york city ' s numerical " in - season cycling indicator " of bicycling in the city hit an all - time high in 2013 . [ sep ] quinnipiac university
new york ' s high rate of public transit use , over 200 , 000 daily cyclists as of 2014 , and many pedestrian commuters make it the most energy - efficient major city in the united states . walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21 % of all modes for trips in the city ; nationally the rate for metro regions is about 8 % . in both its 2011 and 2015 rankings , walk score named new york city the most walkable large city in the united states . citibank sponsored the introduction of 10 , 000 public bicycles for the city ' s bike - share project in the summer of 2013 . research conducted by quinnipiac university showed that a majority of new yorkers support the initiative . new york city ' s numerical " in - season cycling indicator " of bicycling in the city hit an all - time high in 2013 . [ sep ] walk score
ultimately , lee spent over two and a half years writing to kill a mockingbird . the book was published on july 11 , 1960 . after rejecting the " watchman " title , it was initially re - titled atticus , but lee renamed it " to kill a mockingbird " to reflect that the story went beyond just a character portrait . the editorial team at lippincott warned lee that she would probably sell only several thousand copies . in 1964 , lee recalled her hopes for the book when she said , " i never expected any sort of success with ' mockingbird . ' . . . i was hoping for a quick and merciful death at the hands of the reviewers but , at the same time , i sort of hoped someone would like it enough to give me encouragement . public encouragement . i hoped for a little , as i said , but i got rather a whole lot , and in some ways this was just about as frightening as the quick , merciful death i ' d expected . " instead of a " quick and merciful death " , reader ' s digest condensed books chose the book for reprinting in part , which gave it a wide readership immediately . since the original publication , the book has never been out of print . [ sep ] over two and a half years
ultimately , lee spent over two and a half years writing to kill a mockingbird . the book was published on july 11 , 1960 . after rejecting the " watchman " title , it was initially re - titled atticus , but lee renamed it " to kill a mockingbird " to reflect that the story went beyond just a character portrait . the editorial team at lippincott warned lee that she would probably sell only several thousand copies . in 1964 , lee recalled her hopes for the book when she said , " i never expected any sort of success with ' mockingbird . ' . . . i was hoping for a quick and merciful death at the hands of the reviewers but , at the same time , i sort of hoped someone would like it enough to give me encouragement . public encouragement . i hoped for a little , as i said , but i got rather a whole lot , and in some ways this was just about as frightening as the quick , merciful death i ' d expected . " instead of a " quick and merciful death " , reader ' s digest condensed books chose the book for reprinting in part , which gave it a wide readership immediately . since the original publication , the book has never been out of print . [ sep ] reader ' s digest condensed books
the city government was a petitioner in the landmark massachusetts v . environmental protection agency supreme court case forcing the epa to regulate greenhouse gases as pollutants . the city is also a leader in the construction of energy - efficient green office buildings , including the hearst tower among others . mayor bill de blasio has committed to an 80 % reduction in greenhouse gas emissions between 2014 and 2050 to reduce the city ' s contributions to climate change , beginning with a comprehensive " green buildings " plan . [ sep ] 80 %
the city government was a petitioner in the landmark massachusetts v . environmental protection agency supreme court case forcing the epa to regulate greenhouse gases as pollutants . the city is also a leader in the construction of energy - efficient green office buildings , including the hearst tower among others . mayor bill de blasio has committed to an 80 % reduction in greenhouse gas emissions between 2014 and 2050 to reduce the city ' s contributions to climate change , beginning with a comprehensive " green buildings " plan . [ sep ] hearst tower
the city government was a petitioner in the landmark massachusetts v . environmental protection agency supreme court case forcing the epa to regulate greenhouse gases as pollutants . the city is also a leader in the construction of energy - efficient green office buildings , including the hearst tower among others . mayor bill de blasio has committed to an 80 % reduction in greenhouse gas emissions between 2014 and 2050 to reduce the city ' s contributions to climate change , beginning with a comprehensive " green buildings " plan . [ sep ] massachusetts v . environmental protection agency
new york city is supplied with drinking water by the protected catskill mountains watershed . as a result of the watershed ' s integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system , new york is one of only four major cities in the united states the majority of whose drinking water is pure enough not to require purification by water treatment plants . the croton watershed north of the city is undergoing construction of a us $ 3 . 2 billion water purification plant to augment new york city ' s water supply by an estimated 290 million gallons daily , representing a greater than 20 % addition to the city ' s current availability of water . the ongoing expansion of new york city water tunnel no . 3 , an integral part of the new york city water supply system , is the largest capital construction project in the city ' s history . [ sep ] catskill mountains
new york city is supplied with drinking water by the protected catskill mountains watershed . as a result of the watershed ' s integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system , new york is one of only four major cities in the united states the majority of whose drinking water is pure enough not to require purification by water treatment plants . the croton watershed north of the city is undergoing construction of a us $ 3 . 2 billion water purification plant to augment new york city ' s water supply by an estimated 290 million gallons daily , representing a greater than 20 % addition to the city ' s current availability of water . the ongoing expansion of new york city water tunnel no . 3 , an integral part of the new york city water supply system , is the largest capital construction project in the city ' s history . [ sep ] us $ 3 . 2 billion
new york city is supplied with drinking water by the protected catskill mountains watershed . as a result of the watershed ' s integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system , new york is one of only four major cities in the united states the majority of whose drinking water is pure enough not to require purification by water treatment plants . the croton watershed north of the city is undergoing construction of a us $ 3 . 2 billion water purification plant to augment new york city ' s water supply by an estimated 290 million gallons daily , representing a greater than 20 % addition to the city ' s current availability of water . the ongoing expansion of new york city water tunnel no . 3 , an integral part of the new york city water supply system , is the largest capital construction project in the city ' s history . [ sep ] 290 million gallons
new york city is supplied with drinking water by the protected catskill mountains watershed . as a result of the watershed ' s integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system , new york is one of only four major cities in the united states the majority of whose drinking water is pure enough not to require purification by water treatment plants . the croton watershed north of the city is undergoing construction of a us $ 3 . 2 billion water purification plant to augment new york city ' s water supply by an estimated 290 million gallons daily , representing a greater than 20 % addition to the city ' s current availability of water . the ongoing expansion of new york city water tunnel no . 3 , an integral part of the new york city water supply system , is the largest capital construction project in the city ' s history . [ sep ] 20 %
new york city is supplied with drinking water by the protected catskill mountains watershed . as a result of the watershed ' s integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system , new york is one of only four major cities in the united states the majority of whose drinking water is pure enough not to require purification by water treatment plants . the croton watershed north of the city is undergoing construction of a us $ 3 . 2 billion water purification plant to augment new york city ' s water supply by an estimated 290 million gallons daily , representing a greater than 20 % addition to the city ' s current availability of water . the ongoing expansion of new york city water tunnel no . 3 , an integral part of the new york city water supply system , is the largest capital construction project in the city ' s history . [ sep ] north
newtown creek , a 3 . 5 - mile ( 6 - kilometer ) a long estuary that forms part of the border between the boroughs of brooklyn and queens , has been designated a superfund site for environmental clean - up and remediation of the waterway ' s recreational and economic resources for many communities . one of the most heavily used bodies of water in the port of new york and new jersey , it had been one of the most contaminated industrial sites in the country , containing years of discarded toxins , an estimated 30 million us gallons ( 110 , 000 m3 ) of spilled oil , including the greenpoint oil spill , raw sewage from new york city ' s sewer system , and other accumulation . [ sep ] 6
newtown creek , a 3 . 5 - mile ( 6 - kilometer ) a long estuary that forms part of the border between the boroughs of brooklyn and queens , has been designated a superfund site for environmental clean - up and remediation of the waterway ' s recreational and economic resources for many communities . one of the most heavily used bodies of water in the port of new york and new jersey , it had been one of the most contaminated industrial sites in the country , containing years of discarded toxins , an estimated 30 million us gallons ( 110 , 000 m3 ) of spilled oil , including the greenpoint oil spill , raw sewage from new york city ' s sewer system , and other accumulation . [ sep ] 110 , 000
newtown creek , a 3 . 5 - mile ( 6 - kilometer ) a long estuary that forms part of the border between the boroughs of brooklyn and queens , has been designated a superfund site for environmental clean - up and remediation of the waterway ' s recreational and economic resources for many communities . one of the most heavily used bodies of water in the port of new york and new jersey , it had been one of the most contaminated industrial sites in the country , containing years of discarded toxins , an estimated 30 million us gallons ( 110 , 000 m3 ) of spilled oil , including the greenpoint oil spill , raw sewage from new york city ' s sewer system , and other accumulation . [ sep ] the greenpoint oil spill
new york city has been a metropolitan municipality with a mayor - council form of government since its consolidation in 1898 . the government of new york is more centralized than that of most other u . s . cities . in new york city , the city government is responsible for public education , correctional institutions , public safety , recreational facilities , sanitation , water supply , and welfare services . [ sep ] mayor - council
new york city has been a metropolitan municipality with a mayor - council form of government since its consolidation in 1898 . the government of new york is more centralized than that of most other u . s . cities . in new york city , the city government is responsible for public education , correctional institutions , public safety , recreational facilities , sanitation , water supply , and welfare services . [ sep ] 1898
west , alongside his mother , founded the " kanye west foundation " in chicago in 2003 , tasked with a mission to battle dropout and illiteracy rates , while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education . in 2007 , the west and the foundation partnered with strong american schools as part of their " ed in ' 08 " campaign . as spokesman for the campaign , west appeared in a series of psas for the organization , and hosted an inaugural benefit concert in august of that year . [ sep ] kanye west foundation
the mayor and council members are elected to four - year terms . the city council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries . each term for the mayor and council members lasts four years and has a three consecutive - term limit , but can resume after a four - year break . the new york city administrative code , the new york city rules , and the city record are the code of local laws , compilation of regulations , and official journal , respectively . [ sep ] four - year
the mayor and council members are elected to four - year terms . the city council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries . each term for the mayor and council members lasts four years and has a three consecutive - term limit , but can resume after a four - year break . the new york city administrative code , the new york city rules , and the city record are the code of local laws , compilation of regulations , and official journal , respectively . [ sep ] 51
the mayor and council members are elected to four - year terms . the city council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries . each term for the mayor and council members lasts four years and has a three consecutive - term limit , but can resume after a four - year break . the new york city administrative code , the new york city rules , and the city record are the code of local laws , compilation of regulations , and official journal , respectively . [ sep ] three
the mayor and council members are elected to four - year terms . the city council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries . each term for the mayor and council members lasts four years and has a three consecutive - term limit , but can resume after a four - year break . the new york city administrative code , the new york city rules , and the city record are the code of local laws , compilation of regulations , and official journal , respectively . [ sep ] the city record
the mayor and council members are elected to four - year terms . the city council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries . each term for the mayor and council members lasts four years and has a three consecutive - term limit , but can resume after a four - year break . the new york city administrative code , the new york city rules , and the city record are the code of local laws , compilation of regulations , and official journal , respectively . [ sep ] four
each borough is coextensive with a judicial district of the state unified court system , of which the criminal court and the civil court are the local courts , while the new york supreme court conducts major trials and appeals . manhattan hosts the first department of the supreme court , appellate division while brooklyn hosts the second department . there are also several extrajudicial administrative courts , which are executive agencies and not part of the state unified court system . [ sep ] second
each borough is coextensive with a judicial district of the state unified court system , of which the criminal court and the civil court are the local courts , while the new york supreme court conducts major trials and appeals . manhattan hosts the first department of the supreme court , appellate division while brooklyn hosts the second department . there are also several extrajudicial administrative courts , which are executive agencies and not part of the state unified court system . [ sep ] manhattan
each borough is coextensive with a judicial district of the state unified court system , of which the criminal court and the civil court are the local courts , while the new york supreme court conducts major trials and appeals . manhattan hosts the first department of the supreme court , appellate division while brooklyn hosts the second department . there are also several extrajudicial administrative courts , which are executive agencies and not part of the state unified court system . [ sep ] executive
the story takes place during three years ( 1933 – 35 ) of the great depression in the fictional " tired old town " of maycomb , alabama , the seat of maycomb county . it focuses on six - year - old jean louise finch ( scout ) , who lives with her older brother , jem , and their widowed father , atticus , a middle - aged lawyer . jem and scout befriend a boy named dill , who visits maycomb to stay with his aunt each summer . the three children are terrified of , and fascinated by , their neighbor , the reclusive arthur " boo " radley . the adults of maycomb are hesitant to talk about boo , and , for many years few have seen him . the children feed one another ' s imagination with rumors about his appearance and reasons for remaining hidden , and they fantasize about how to get him out of his house . after two summers of friendship with dill , scout and jem find that someone leaves them small gifts in a tree outside the radley place . several times the mysterious boo makes gestures of affection to the children , but , to their disappointment , he never appears in person . [ sep ] maycomb , alabama
the story takes place during three years ( 1933 – 35 ) of the great depression in the fictional " tired old town " of maycomb , alabama , the seat of maycomb county . it focuses on six - year - old jean louise finch ( scout ) , who lives with her older brother , jem , and their widowed father , atticus , a middle - aged lawyer . jem and scout befriend a boy named dill , who visits maycomb to stay with his aunt each summer . the three children are terrified of , and fascinated by , their neighbor , the reclusive arthur " boo " radley . the adults of maycomb are hesitant to talk about boo , and , for many years few have seen him . the children feed one another ' s imagination with rumors about his appearance and reasons for remaining hidden , and they fantasize about how to get him out of his house . after two summers of friendship with dill , scout and jem find that someone leaves them small gifts in a tree outside the radley place . several times the mysterious boo makes gestures of affection to the children , but , to their disappointment , he never appears in person . [ sep ] the great depression
the story takes place during three years ( 1933 – 35 ) of the great depression in the fictional " tired old town " of maycomb , alabama , the seat of maycomb county . it focuses on six - year - old jean louise finch ( scout ) , who lives with her older brother , jem , and their widowed father , atticus , a middle - aged lawyer . jem and scout befriend a boy named dill , who visits maycomb to stay with his aunt each summer . the three children are terrified of , and fascinated by , their neighbor , the reclusive arthur " boo " radley . the adults of maycomb are hesitant to talk about boo , and , for many years few have seen him . the children feed one another ' s imagination with rumors about his appearance and reasons for remaining hidden , and they fantasize about how to get him out of his house . after two summers of friendship with dill , scout and jem find that someone leaves them small gifts in a tree outside the radley place . several times the mysterious boo makes gestures of affection to the children , but , to their disappointment , he never appears in person . [ sep ] jean louise finch ( scout )
uniquely among major american cities , new york is divided between , and is host to the main branches of , two different us district courts : the district court for the southern district of new york , whose main courthouse is on foley square near city hall in manhattan and whose jurisdiction includes manhattan and the bronx , and the district court for the eastern district of new york , whose main courthouse is in brooklyn and whose jurisdiction includes brooklyn , queens , and staten island . the us court of appeals for the second circuit and us court of international trade are also based in new york , also on foley square in manhattan . [ sep ] manhattan
uniquely among major american cities , new york is divided between , and is host to the main branches of , two different us district courts : the district court for the southern district of new york , whose main courthouse is on foley square near city hall in manhattan and whose jurisdiction includes manhattan and the bronx , and the district court for the eastern district of new york , whose main courthouse is in brooklyn and whose jurisdiction includes brooklyn , queens , and staten island . the us court of appeals for the second circuit and us court of international trade are also based in new york , also on foley square in manhattan . [ sep ] the eastern district of new york
uniquely among major american cities , new york is divided between , and is host to the main branches of , two different us district courts : the district court for the southern district of new york , whose main courthouse is on foley square near city hall in manhattan and whose jurisdiction includes manhattan and the bronx , and the district court for the eastern district of new york , whose main courthouse is in brooklyn and whose jurisdiction includes brooklyn , queens , and staten island . the us court of appeals for the second circuit and us court of international trade are also based in new york , also on foley square in manhattan . [ sep ] foley square
uniquely among major american cities , new york is divided between , and is host to the main branches of , two different us district courts : the district court for the southern district of new york , whose main courthouse is on foley square near city hall in manhattan and whose jurisdiction includes manhattan and the bronx , and the district court for the eastern district of new york , whose main courthouse is in brooklyn and whose jurisdiction includes brooklyn , queens , and staten island . the us court of appeals for the second circuit and us court of international trade are also based in new york , also on foley square in manhattan . [ sep ] the district court for the eastern district of new york
uniquely among major american cities , new york is divided between , and is host to the main branches of , two different us district courts : the district court for the southern district of new york , whose main courthouse is on foley square near city hall in manhattan and whose jurisdiction includes manhattan and the bronx , and the district court for the eastern district of new york , whose main courthouse is in brooklyn and whose jurisdiction includes brooklyn , queens , and staten island . the us court of appeals for the second circuit and us court of international trade are also based in new york , also on foley square in manhattan . [ sep ] manhattan
within buddhism , samsara is defined as the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death that arises from ordinary beings ' grasping and fixating on a self and experiences . specifically , samsara refers to the process of cycling through one rebirth after another within the six realms of existence , [ note 2 ] where each realm can be understood as physical realm or a psychological state characterized by a particular type of suffering . samsara arises out of avidya ( ignorance ) and is characterized by dukkha ( suffering , anxiety , dissatisfaction ) . in the buddhist view , liberation from samsara is possible by following the buddhist path . [ sep ] samsara
within buddhism , samsara is defined as the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death that arises from ordinary beings ' grasping and fixating on a self and experiences . specifically , samsara refers to the process of cycling through one rebirth after another within the six realms of existence , [ note 2 ] where each realm can be understood as physical realm or a psychological state characterized by a particular type of suffering . samsara arises out of avidya ( ignorance ) and is characterized by dukkha ( suffering , anxiety , dissatisfaction ) . in the buddhist view , liberation from samsara is possible by following the buddhist path . [ sep ] six
within buddhism , samsara is defined as the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death that arises from ordinary beings ' grasping and fixating on a self and experiences . specifically , samsara refers to the process of cycling through one rebirth after another within the six realms of existence , [ note 2 ] where each realm can be understood as physical realm or a psychological state characterized by a particular type of suffering . samsara arises out of avidya ( ignorance ) and is characterized by dukkha ( suffering , anxiety , dissatisfaction ) . in the buddhist view , liberation from samsara is possible by following the buddhist path . [ sep ] ignorance
within buddhism , samsara is defined as the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death that arises from ordinary beings ' grasping and fixating on a self and experiences . specifically , samsara refers to the process of cycling through one rebirth after another within the six realms of existence , [ note 2 ] where each realm can be understood as physical realm or a psychological state characterized by a particular type of suffering . samsara arises out of avidya ( ignorance ) and is characterized by dukkha ( suffering , anxiety , dissatisfaction ) . in the buddhist view , liberation from samsara is possible by following the buddhist path . [ sep ] by following the buddhist path
the democratic party holds the majority of public offices . as of november 2008 , 67 % of registered voters in the city are democrats . new york city has not been carried by a republican in a statewide or presidential election since president calvin coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924 . in 2012 , democrat barack obama became the first presidential candidate of any party to receive more than 80 % of the overall vote in new york city , sweeping all five boroughs . party platforms center on affordable housing , education , and economic development , and labor politics are of importance in the city . [ sep ] democratic party
the democratic party holds the majority of public offices . as of november 2008 , 67 % of registered voters in the city are democrats . new york city has not been carried by a republican in a statewide or presidential election since president calvin coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924 . in 2012 , democrat barack obama became the first presidential candidate of any party to receive more than 80 % of the overall vote in new york city , sweeping all five boroughs . party platforms center on affordable housing , education , and economic development , and labor politics are of importance in the city . [ sep ] 67 %
the democratic party holds the majority of public offices . as of november 2008 , 67 % of registered voters in the city are democrats . new york city has not been carried by a republican in a statewide or presidential election since president calvin coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924 . in 2012 , democrat barack obama became the first presidential candidate of any party to receive more than 80 % of the overall vote in new york city , sweeping all five boroughs . party platforms center on affordable housing , education , and economic development , and labor politics are of importance in the city . [ sep ] 1924
the democratic party holds the majority of public offices . as of november 2008 , 67 % of registered voters in the city are democrats . new york city has not been carried by a republican in a statewide or presidential election since president calvin coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924 . in 2012 , democrat barack obama became the first presidential candidate of any party to receive more than 80 % of the overall vote in new york city , sweeping all five boroughs . party platforms center on affordable housing , education , and economic development , and labor politics are of importance in the city . [ sep ] five
the democratic party holds the majority of public offices . as of november 2008 , 67 % of registered voters in the city are democrats . new york city has not been carried by a republican in a statewide or presidential election since president calvin coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924 . in 2012 , democrat barack obama became the first presidential candidate of any party to receive more than 80 % of the overall vote in new york city , sweeping all five boroughs . party platforms center on affordable housing , education , and economic development , and labor politics are of importance in the city . [ sep ] republican
west has been an outspoken and controversial celebrity throughout his career , receiving both criticism and praise from many , including the mainstream media , other artists and entertainers , and two u . s . presidents . on september 2 , 2005 , during a benefit concert for hurricane katrina relief on nbc , a concert for hurricane relief , west ( a featured speaker ) accused president george w . bush of not " car [ ing ] about black people " . when west was presenting alongside actor mike myers , he deviated from the prepared script to criticize the media ' s portrayal of hurricane victims , saying : [ sep ] george w . bush
west has been an outspoken and controversial celebrity throughout his career , receiving both criticism and praise from many , including the mainstream media , other artists and entertainers , and two u . s . presidents . on september 2 , 2005 , during a benefit concert for hurricane katrina relief on nbc , a concert for hurricane relief , west ( a featured speaker ) accused president george w . bush of not " car [ ing ] about black people " . when west was presenting alongside actor mike myers , he deviated from the prepared script to criticize the media ' s portrayal of hurricane victims , saying : [ sep ] september 2 , 2005
new york is the most important source of political fundraising in the united states , as four of the top five zip codes in the nation for political contributions are in manhattan . the top zip code , 10021 on the upper east side , generated the most money for the 2004 presidential campaigns of george w . bush and john kerry . the city has a strong imbalance of payments with the national and state governments . it receives 83 cents in services for every $ 1 it sends to the federal government in taxes ( or annually sends $ 11 . 4 billion more than it receives back ) . the city also sends an additional $ 11 billion more each year to the state of new york than it receives back . [ sep ] manhattan
new york is the most important source of political fundraising in the united states , as four of the top five zip codes in the nation for political contributions are in manhattan . the top zip code , 10021 on the upper east side , generated the most money for the 2004 presidential campaigns of george w . bush and john kerry . the city has a strong imbalance of payments with the national and state governments . it receives 83 cents in services for every $ 1 it sends to the federal government in taxes ( or annually sends $ 11 . 4 billion more than it receives back ) . the city also sends an additional $ 11 billion more each year to the state of new york than it receives back . [ sep ] 10021
new york is the most important source of political fundraising in the united states , as four of the top five zip codes in the nation for political contributions are in manhattan . the top zip code , 10021 on the upper east side , generated the most money for the 2004 presidential campaigns of george w . bush and john kerry . the city has a strong imbalance of payments with the national and state governments . it receives 83 cents in services for every $ 1 it sends to the federal government in taxes ( or annually sends $ 11 . 4 billion more than it receives back ) . the city also sends an additional $ 11 billion more each year to the state of new york than it receives back . [ sep ] 83
new york is the most important source of political fundraising in the united states , as four of the top five zip codes in the nation for political contributions are in manhattan . the top zip code , 10021 on the upper east side , generated the most money for the 2004 presidential campaigns of george w . bush and john kerry . the city has a strong imbalance of payments with the national and state governments . it receives 83 cents in services for every $ 1 it sends to the federal government in taxes ( or annually sends $ 11 . 4 billion more than it receives back ) . the city also sends an additional $ 11 billion more each year to the state of new york than it receives back . [ sep ] $ 11 billion
new york is the most important source of political fundraising in the united states , as four of the top five zip codes in the nation for political contributions are in manhattan . the top zip code , 10021 on the upper east side , generated the most money for the 2004 presidential campaigns of george w . bush and john kerry . the city has a strong imbalance of payments with the national and state governments . it receives 83 cents in services for every $ 1 it sends to the federal government in taxes ( or annually sends $ 11 . 4 billion more than it receives back ) . the city also sends an additional $ 11 billion more each year to the state of new york than it receives back . [ sep ] $ 11 . 4 billion
judge taylor appoints atticus to defend tom robinson , a black man who has been accused of raping a young white woman , mayella ewell . although many of maycomb ' s citizens disapprove , atticus agrees to defend tom to the best of his ability . other children taunt jem and scout for atticus ' s actions , calling him a " nigger - lover " . scout is tempted to stand up for her father ' s honor by fighting , even though he has told her not to . atticus faces a group of men intent on lynching tom . this danger is averted when scout , jem , and dill shame the mob into dispersing by forcing them to view the situation from atticus ' and tom ' s points of view . [ sep ] tom robinson
judge taylor appoints atticus to defend tom robinson , a black man who has been accused of raping a young white woman , mayella ewell . although many of maycomb ' s citizens disapprove , atticus agrees to defend tom to the best of his ability . other children taunt jem and scout for atticus ' s actions , calling him a " nigger - lover " . scout is tempted to stand up for her father ' s honor by fighting , even though he has told her not to . atticus faces a group of men intent on lynching tom . this danger is averted when scout , jem , and dill shame the mob into dispersing by forcing them to view the situation from atticus ' and tom ' s points of view . [ sep ] scout , jem , and dill
in 2006 , the sister city program of the city of new york , inc . was restructured and renamed new york city global partners . new york city has expanded its international outreach via this program to a network of cities worldwide , promoting the exchange of ideas and innovation between their citizenry and policymakers , according to the city ' s website . new york ' s historic sister cities are denoted below by the year they joined new york city ' s partnership network . [ sep ] new york city global partners
in 2006 , the sister city program of the city of new york , inc . was restructured and renamed new york city global partners . new york city has expanded its international outreach via this program to a network of cities worldwide , promoting the exchange of ideas and innovation between their citizenry and policymakers , according to the city ' s website . new york ' s historic sister cities are denoted below by the year they joined new york city ' s partnership network . [ sep ] 2006
gautama was now determined to complete his spiritual quest . at the age of 35 , he famously sat in meditation under a ficus religiosa tree now called the bodhi tree in the town of bodh gaya and vowed not to rise before achieving enlightenment . after many days , he finally destroyed the fetters of his mind , thereby liberating himself from the cycle of suffering and rebirth , and arose as a fully enlightened being ( skt . samyaksambuddha ) . soon thereafter , he attracted a band of followers and instituted a monastic order . now , as the buddha , he spent the rest of his life teaching the path of awakening he had discovered , traveling throughout the northeastern part of the indian subcontinent , and died at the age of 80 ( 483 bce ) in kushinagar , india . the south branch of the original fig tree available only in anuradhapura sri lanka is known as jaya sri maha bodhi . [ sep ] ficus religiosa
gautama was now determined to complete his spiritual quest . at the age of 35 , he famously sat in meditation under a ficus religiosa tree now called the bodhi tree in the town of bodh gaya and vowed not to rise before achieving enlightenment . after many days , he finally destroyed the fetters of his mind , thereby liberating himself from the cycle of suffering and rebirth , and arose as a fully enlightened being ( skt . samyaksambuddha ) . soon thereafter , he attracted a band of followers and instituted a monastic order . now , as the buddha , he spent the rest of his life teaching the path of awakening he had discovered , traveling throughout the northeastern part of the indian subcontinent , and died at the age of 80 ( 483 bce ) in kushinagar , india . the south branch of the original fig tree available only in anuradhapura sri lanka is known as jaya sri maha bodhi . [ sep ] bodhi tree
gautama was now determined to complete his spiritual quest . at the age of 35 , he famously sat in meditation under a ficus religiosa tree now called the bodhi tree in the town of bodh gaya and vowed not to rise before achieving enlightenment . after many days , he finally destroyed the fetters of his mind , thereby liberating himself from the cycle of suffering and rebirth , and arose as a fully enlightened being ( skt . samyaksambuddha ) . soon thereafter , he attracted a band of followers and instituted a monastic order . now , as the buddha , he spent the rest of his life teaching the path of awakening he had discovered , traveling throughout the northeastern part of the indian subcontinent , and died at the age of 80 ( 483 bce ) in kushinagar , india . the south branch of the original fig tree available only in anuradhapura sri lanka is known as jaya sri maha bodhi . [ sep ] 80
atticus does not want jem and scout to be present at tom robinson ' s trial . no seat is available on the main floor , so by invitation of rev . sykes , jem , scout , and dill watch from the colored balcony . atticus establishes that the accusers — mayella and her father , bob ewell , the town drunk — are lying . it also becomes clear that the friendless mayella made sexual advances toward tom , and that her father caught her and beat her . despite significant evidence of tom ' s innocence , the jury convicts him . jem ' s faith in justice becomes badly shaken , as is atticus ' , when the hapless tom is shot and killed while trying to escape from prison . [ sep ] the colored balcony
atticus does not want jem and scout to be present at tom robinson ' s trial . no seat is available on the main floor , so by invitation of rev . sykes , jem , scout , and dill watch from the colored balcony . atticus establishes that the accusers — mayella and her father , bob ewell , the town drunk — are lying . it also becomes clear that the friendless mayella made sexual advances toward tom , and that her father caught her and beat her . despite significant evidence of tom ' s innocence , the jury convicts him . jem ' s faith in justice becomes badly shaken , as is atticus ' , when the hapless tom is shot and killed while trying to escape from prison . [ sep ] shot and killed
despite tom ' s conviction , bob ewell is humiliated by the events of the trial , atticus explaining that he " destroyed [ ewell ' s ] last shred of credibility at that trial . " ewell vows revenge , spitting in atticus ' face , trying to break into the judge ' s house , and menacing tom robinson ' s widow . finally , he attacks the defenseless jem and scout while they walk home on a dark night after the school halloween pageant . one of jem ' s arms is broken in the struggle , but amid the confusion someone comes to the children ' s rescue . the mysterious man carries jem home , where scout realizes that he is boo radley . [ sep ] bob ewell
despite tom ' s conviction , bob ewell is humiliated by the events of the trial , atticus explaining that he " destroyed [ ewell ' s ] last shred of credibility at that trial . " ewell vows revenge , spitting in atticus ' face , trying to break into the judge ' s house , and menacing tom robinson ' s widow . finally , he attacks the defenseless jem and scout while they walk home on a dark night after the school halloween pageant . one of jem ' s arms is broken in the struggle , but amid the confusion someone comes to the children ' s rescue . the mysterious man carries jem home , where scout realizes that he is boo radley . [ sep ] boo radley
myers spoke next and continued to read the script . once it was west ' s turn to speak again , he said , " george bush doesn ' t care about black people . " at this point , telethon producer rick kaplan cut off the microphone and then cut away to chris tucker , who was unaware of the cut for a few seconds . still , west ' s comment reached much of the united states . [ sep ] george bush
bush stated in an interview that the comment was " one of the most disgusting moments " of his presidency . in november 2010 , in a taped interview with matt lauer for the today show , west expressed regret for his criticism of bush . " i would tell george bush in my moment of frustration , i didn ' t have the grounds to call him a racist " , he told lauer . " i believe that in a situation of high emotion like that we as human beings don ' t always choose the right words . " the following day , bush reacted to the apology in a live interview with lauer saying he appreciated the rapper ' s remorse . " i ' m not a hater " , bush said . " i don ' t hate kanye west . i was talking about an environment in which people were willing to say things that hurt . nobody wants to be called a racist if in your heart you believe in equality of races . " reactions were mixed , but some felt that west had no need to apologize . " it was not the particulars of your words that mattered , it was the essence of a feeling of the insensitivity towards our communities that many of us have felt for far too long " , argued def jam co - founder russell simmons . bush himself was receptive to the apology , saying , " i appreciate that . it wasn ' t just kanye west who was talking like that during katrina , i cited him as an example , i cited others as an example as well . you know , i appreciate that . " [ sep ] matt lauer
in buddhism , karma ( from sanskrit : " action , work " ) is the force that drives samsara — the cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being . good , skillful deeds ( pali : " kusala " ) and bad , unskillful ( pali : " akusala " ) actions produce " seeds " in the mind that come to fruition either in this life or in a subsequent rebirth . the avoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions is called sila . karma specifically refers to those actions of body , speech or mind that spring from mental intent ( cetana ) , and bring about a consequence or phala " fruit " or vipaka " result " . [ sep ] action , work
in buddhism , karma ( from sanskrit : " action , work " ) is the force that drives samsara — the cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being . good , skillful deeds ( pali : " kusala " ) and bad , unskillful ( pali : " akusala " ) actions produce " seeds " in the mind that come to fruition either in this life or in a subsequent rebirth . the avoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions is called sila . karma specifically refers to those actions of body , speech or mind that spring from mental intent ( cetana ) , and bring about a consequence or phala " fruit " or vipaka " result " . [ sep ] sila
in buddhism , karma ( from sanskrit : " action , work " ) is the force that drives samsara — the cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being . good , skillful deeds ( pali : " kusala " ) and bad , unskillful ( pali : " akusala " ) actions produce " seeds " in the mind that come to fruition either in this life or in a subsequent rebirth . the avoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions is called sila . karma specifically refers to those actions of body , speech or mind that spring from mental intent ( cetana ) , and bring about a consequence or phala " fruit " or vipaka " result " . [ sep ] cetana
in buddhism , karma ( from sanskrit : " action , work " ) is the force that drives samsara — the cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being . good , skillful deeds ( pali : " kusala " ) and bad , unskillful ( pali : " akusala " ) actions produce " seeds " in the mind that come to fruition either in this life or in a subsequent rebirth . the avoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions is called sila . karma specifically refers to those actions of body , speech or mind that spring from mental intent ( cetana ) , and bring about a consequence or phala " fruit " or vipaka " result " . [ sep ] vipaka
sheriff tate arrives and discovers that bob ewell has died during the fight . the sheriff argues with atticus about the prudence and ethics of charging jem ( whom atticus believes to be responsible ) or boo ( whom tate believes to be responsible ) . atticus eventually accepts the sheriff ' s story that ewell simply fell on his own knife . boo asks scout to walk him home , and after she says goodbye to him at his front door he disappears again . while standing on the radley porch , scout imagines life from boo ' s perspective , and regrets that they had never repaid him for the gifts he had given them . [ sep ] fell on his own knife
in theravada buddhism there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for one ' s karma , since it is a purely impersonal process that is a part of the makeup of the universe . [ citation needed ] in mahayana buddhism , the texts of certain mahayana sutras ( such as the lotus sutra , the angulimaliya sutra and the mahayana mahaparinirvana sutra ) claim that the recitation or merely the hearing of their texts can expunge great swathes of negative karma . some forms of buddhism ( for example , vajrayana ) regard the recitation of mantras as a means for cutting off of previous negative karma . the japanese pure land teacher genshin taught that amitabha has the power to destroy the karma that would otherwise bind one in samsara . [ sep ] theravada buddhism
in theravada buddhism there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for one ' s karma , since it is a purely impersonal process that is a part of the makeup of the universe . [ citation needed ] in mahayana buddhism , the texts of certain mahayana sutras ( such as the lotus sutra , the angulimaliya sutra and the mahayana mahaparinirvana sutra ) claim that the recitation or merely the hearing of their texts can expunge great swathes of negative karma . some forms of buddhism ( for example , vajrayana ) regard the recitation of mantras as a means for cutting off of previous negative karma . the japanese pure land teacher genshin taught that amitabha has the power to destroy the karma that would otherwise bind one in samsara . [ sep ] amitabha
lee has said that to kill a mockingbird is not an autobiography , but rather an example of how an author " should write about what he knows and write truthfully " . nevertheless , several people and events from lee ' s childhood parallel those of the fictional scout . lee ' s father , amasa coleman lee , was an attorney , similar to atticus finch , and in 1919 , he defended two black men accused of murder . after they were convicted , hanged and mutilated , he never tried another criminal case . lee ' s father was also the editor and publisher of the monroeville newspaper . although more of a proponent of racial segregation than atticus , he gradually became more liberal in his later years . though scout ' s mother died when she was a baby , lee was 25 when her mother , frances cunningham finch , died . lee ' s mother was prone to a nervous condition that rendered her mentally and emotionally absent . lee had a brother named edwin , who — like the fictional jem — was four years older than his sister . as in the novel , a black housekeeper came daily to care for the lee house and family . [ sep ] editor and publisher
during a november 26 , 2013 radio interview , west explained why he believed that president obama had problems pushing policies in washington : " man , let me tell you something about george bush and oil money and obama and no money . people want to say obama can ' t make these moves or he ' s not executing . that ' s because he ain ' t got those connections . black people don ' t have the same level of connections as jewish people . . . we ain ' t jewish . we don ' t got family that got money like that . " in response to his comments , the anti - defamation league stated : " there it goes again , the age - old canard that jews are all - powerful and control the levers of power in government . " on december 21 , 2013 , west backed off of the original comment and told a chicago radio station that " i thought i was giving a compliment , but if anything it came off more ignorant . i don ’ t know how being told you have money is an insult . " [ sep ] november 26 , 2013
during a november 26 , 2013 radio interview , west explained why he believed that president obama had problems pushing policies in washington : " man , let me tell you something about george bush and oil money and obama and no money . people want to say obama can ' t make these moves or he ' s not executing . that ' s because he ain ' t got those connections . black people don ' t have the same level of connections as jewish people . . . we ain ' t jewish . we don ' t got family that got money like that . " in response to his comments , the anti - defamation league stated : " there it goes again , the age - old canard that jews are all - powerful and control the levers of power in government . " on december 21 , 2013 , west backed off of the original comment and told a chicago radio station that " i thought i was giving a compliment , but if anything it came off more ignorant . i don ’ t know how being told you have money is an insult . " [ sep ] december 21 , 2013
in february 2016 , west again became embroiled in controversy when he posted a tweet seemingly asserting bill cosby ' s innocence in the wake of over 50 women making allegations of sexual assault directed at cosby . [ sep ] bill cosby
rebirth refers to a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of sentient life , each running from conception to death . the doctrine of anatta ( sanskrit anatman ) rejects the concepts of a permanent self or an unchanging , eternal soul , as it is called in hinduism and christianity . according to buddhism there ultimately is no such thing as a self independent from the rest of the universe . buddhists also refer to themselves as the believers of the anatta doctrine — nairatmyavadin or anattavadin . rebirth in subsequent existences must be understood as the continuation of a dynamic , ever - changing process of pratityasamutpada ( " dependent arising " ) determined by the laws of cause and effect ( karma ) rather than that of one being , reincarnating from one existence to the next . [ sep ] from conception to death .
in 2004 , west had his first of a number of public incidents during his attendance at music award events . at the american music awards of 2004 , west stormed out of the auditorium after losing best new artist to country singer gretchen wilson . he later commented , " i felt like i was definitely robbed [ . . . ] i was the best new artist this year . " after the 2006 grammy nominations were released , west said he would " really have a problem " if he did not win the album of the year , saying , " i don ' t care what i do , i don ' t care how much i stunt – you can never take away from the amount of work i put into it . i don ' t want to hear all of that politically correct stuff . " on november 2 , 2006 , when his " touch the sky " failed to win best video at the mtv europe music awards , west went onto the stage as the award was being presented to justice and simian for " we are your friends " and argued that he should have won the award instead . hundreds of news outlets worldwide criticized the outburst . on november 7 , 2006 , west apologized for this outburst publicly during his performance as support act for u2 for their vertigo concert in brisbane . he later spoofed the incident on the 33rd season premiere of saturday night live in september 2007 . [ sep ] gretchen wilson
in 2004 , west had his first of a number of public incidents during his attendance at music award events . at the american music awards of 2004 , west stormed out of the auditorium after losing best new artist to country singer gretchen wilson . he later commented , " i felt like i was definitely robbed [ . . . ] i was the best new artist this year . " after the 2006 grammy nominations were released , west said he would " really have a problem " if he did not win the album of the year , saying , " i don ' t care what i do , i don ' t care how much i stunt – you can never take away from the amount of work i put into it . i don ' t want to hear all of that politically correct stuff . " on november 2 , 2006 , when his " touch the sky " failed to win best video at the mtv europe music awards , west went onto the stage as the award was being presented to justice and simian for " we are your friends " and argued that he should have won the award instead . hundreds of news outlets worldwide criticized the outburst . on november 7 , 2006 , west apologized for this outburst publicly during his performance as support act for u2 for their vertigo concert in brisbane . he later spoofed the incident on the 33rd season premiere of saturday night live in september 2007 . [ sep ] touch the sky
in 2004 , west had his first of a number of public incidents during his attendance at music award events . at the american music awards of 2004 , west stormed out of the auditorium after losing best new artist to country singer gretchen wilson . he later commented , " i felt like i was definitely robbed [ . . . ] i was the best new artist this year . " after the 2006 grammy nominations were released , west said he would " really have a problem " if he did not win the album of the year , saying , " i don ' t care what i do , i don ' t care how much i stunt – you can never take away from the amount of work i put into it . i don ' t want to hear all of that politically correct stuff . " on november 2 , 2006 , when his " touch the sky " failed to win best video at the mtv europe music awards , west went onto the stage as the award was being presented to justice and simian for " we are your friends " and argued that he should have won the award instead . hundreds of news outlets worldwide criticized the outburst . on november 7 , 2006 , west apologized for this outburst publicly during his performance as support act for u2 for their vertigo concert in brisbane . he later spoofed the incident on the 33rd season premiere of saturday night live in september 2007 . [ sep ] november 7 , 2006
in 2004 , west had his first of a number of public incidents during his attendance at music award events . at the american music awards of 2004 , west stormed out of the auditorium after losing best new artist to country singer gretchen wilson . he later commented , " i felt like i was definitely robbed [ . . . ] i was the best new artist this year . " after the 2006 grammy nominations were released , west said he would " really have a problem " if he did not win the album of the year , saying , " i don ' t care what i do , i don ' t care how much i stunt – you can never take away from the amount of work i put into it . i don ' t want to hear all of that politically correct stuff . " on november 2 , 2006 , when his " touch the sky " failed to win best video at the mtv europe music awards , west went onto the stage as the award was being presented to justice and simian for " we are your friends " and argued that he should have won the award instead . hundreds of news outlets worldwide criticized the outburst . on november 7 , 2006 , west apologized for this outburst publicly during his performance as support act for u2 for their vertigo concert in brisbane . he later spoofed the incident on the 33rd season premiere of saturday night live in september 2007 . [ sep ] saturday night live
the above are further subdivided into 31 planes of existence . [ web 4 ] rebirths in some of the higher heavens , known as the suddhavasa worlds or pure abodes , can be attained only by skilled buddhist practitioners known as anagamis ( non - returners ) . rebirths in the arupyadhatu ( formless realms ) can be attained by only those who can meditate on the arupajhanas , the highest object of meditation . [ sep ] 31
the above are further subdivided into 31 planes of existence . [ web 4 ] rebirths in some of the higher heavens , known as the suddhavasa worlds or pure abodes , can be attained only by skilled buddhist practitioners known as anagamis ( non - returners ) . rebirths in the arupyadhatu ( formless realms ) can be attained by only those who can meditate on the arupajhanas , the highest object of meditation . [ sep ] pure abodes
the above are further subdivided into 31 planes of existence . [ web 4 ] rebirths in some of the higher heavens , known as the suddhavasa worlds or pure abodes , can be attained only by skilled buddhist practitioners known as anagamis ( non - returners ) . rebirths in the arupyadhatu ( formless realms ) can be attained by only those who can meditate on the arupajhanas , the highest object of meditation . [ sep ] anagamis
the above are further subdivided into 31 planes of existence . [ web 4 ] rebirths in some of the higher heavens , known as the suddhavasa worlds or pure abodes , can be attained only by skilled buddhist practitioners known as anagamis ( non - returners ) . rebirths in the arupyadhatu ( formless realms ) can be attained by only those who can meditate on the arupajhanas , the highest object of meditation . [ sep ] formless realms
the above are further subdivided into 31 planes of existence . [ web 4 ] rebirths in some of the higher heavens , known as the suddhavasa worlds or pure abodes , can be attained only by skilled buddhist practitioners known as anagamis ( non - returners ) . rebirths in the arupyadhatu ( formless realms ) can be attained by only those who can meditate on the arupajhanas , the highest object of meditation . [ sep ] arupajhanas
the artificial intelligence ( ai ) of enemies in twilight princess is more advanced than that of enemies in the wind waker . enemies react to defeated companions and to arrows or slingshot pellets that pass by , and can detect link from a greater distance than was possible in previous games . [ sep ] artificial intelligence
the artificial intelligence ( ai ) of enemies in twilight princess is more advanced than that of enemies in the wind waker . enemies react to defeated companions and to arrows or slingshot pellets that pass by , and can detect link from a greater distance than was possible in previous games . [ sep ] link
on september 9 , 2007 , west suggested that his race had something to do with his being overlooked for opening the 2007 mtv video music awards ( vmas ) in favor of britney spears ; he claimed , " maybe my skin ’ s not right . " west was performing at the event ; that night , he lost all five awards that he was nominated for , including best male artist and video of the year . after the show , he was visibly upset that he had lost at the vmas two years in a row , stating that he would not come back to mtv ever again . he also appeared on several radio stations saying that when he made the song " stronger " that it was his dream to open the vmas with it . he has also stated that spears has not had a hit in a long period of time and that mtv exploited her for ratings . [ sep ] his race
on september 9 , 2007 , west suggested that his race had something to do with his being overlooked for opening the 2007 mtv video music awards ( vmas ) in favor of britney spears ; he claimed , " maybe my skin ’ s not right . " west was performing at the event ; that night , he lost all five awards that he was nominated for , including best male artist and video of the year . after the show , he was visibly upset that he had lost at the vmas two years in a row , stating that he would not come back to mtv ever again . he also appeared on several radio stations saying that when he made the song " stronger " that it was his dream to open the vmas with it . he has also stated that spears has not had a hit in a long period of time and that mtv exploited her for ratings . [ sep ] " stronger "
lee modeled the character of dill on her childhood friend , truman capote , known then as truman persons . just as dill lived next door to scout during the summer , capote lived next door to lee with his aunts while his mother visited new york city . like dill , capote had an impressive imagination and a gift for fascinating stories . both lee and capote were atypical children : both loved to read . lee was a scrappy tomboy who was quick to fight , but capote was ridiculed for his advanced vocabulary and lisp . she and capote made up and acted out stories they wrote on an old underwood typewriter lee ' s father gave them . they became good friends when both felt alienated from their peers ; capote called the two of them " apart people " . in 1960 , capote and lee traveled to kansas together to investigate the multiple murders that were the basis for capote ' s nonfiction novel in cold blood . [ sep ] truman capote
lee modeled the character of dill on her childhood friend , truman capote , known then as truman persons . just as dill lived next door to scout during the summer , capote lived next door to lee with his aunts while his mother visited new york city . like dill , capote had an impressive imagination and a gift for fascinating stories . both lee and capote were atypical children : both loved to read . lee was a scrappy tomboy who was quick to fight , but capote was ridiculed for his advanced vocabulary and lisp . she and capote made up and acted out stories they wrote on an old underwood typewriter lee ' s father gave them . they became good friends when both felt alienated from their peers ; capote called the two of them " apart people " . in 1960 , capote and lee traveled to kansas together to investigate the multiple murders that were the basis for capote ' s nonfiction novel in cold blood . [ sep ] old underwood typewriter
lee modeled the character of dill on her childhood friend , truman capote , known then as truman persons . just as dill lived next door to scout during the summer , capote lived next door to lee with his aunts while his mother visited new york city . like dill , capote had an impressive imagination and a gift for fascinating stories . both lee and capote were atypical children : both loved to read . lee was a scrappy tomboy who was quick to fight , but capote was ridiculed for his advanced vocabulary and lisp . she and capote made up and acted out stories they wrote on an old underwood typewriter lee ' s father gave them . they became good friends when both felt alienated from their peers ; capote called the two of them " apart people " . in 1960 , capote and lee traveled to kansas together to investigate the multiple murders that were the basis for capote ' s nonfiction novel in cold blood . [ sep ] apart people
on september 13 , 2009 , during the 2009 mtv video music awards while taylor swift was accepting her award for best female video for " you belong with me " , west went on stage and grabbed the microphone to proclaim that beyonce ' s video for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , nominated for the same award , was " one of the best videos of all time " . he was subsequently removed from the remainder of the show for his actions . when beyonce later won the award for best video of the year for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , she called swift up on stage so that she could finish her acceptance speech . west was criticized by various celebrities for the outburst , and by president barack obama , who called west a " jackass " . in addition , west ' s vma disruption sparked a large influx of internet photo memes with blogs , forums and " tweets " with the " let you finish " photo - jokes . he posted a tweet soon after the event where he stated , " everybody wanna booooo me but i ' m a fan of real pop culture . . . i ' m not crazy y ' all , i ' m just real . " he then posted two apologies for the outburst on his personal blog ; one on the night of the incident , and the other the following day , when he also apologized during an appearance on the jay leno show . after swift appeared on the view two days after the outburst , partly to discuss the matter , west called her to apologize personally . swift said she accepted his apology . [ sep ] president barack obama
there is very little voice acting in the game , as is the case in most zelda titles to date . link remains silent in conversation , but grunts when attacking or injured and gasps when surprised . his emotions and responses are largely indicated visually by nods and facial expressions . other characters have similar language - independent verbalizations , including laughter , surprised or fearful exclamations , and screams . the character of midna has the most voice acting — her on - screen dialog is often accompanied by a babble of pseudo - speech , which was produced by scrambling the phonemes of english phrases [ better source needed ] sampled by japanese voice actress akiko komoto . [ sep ] grunts
there is very little voice acting in the game , as is the case in most zelda titles to date . link remains silent in conversation , but grunts when attacking or injured and gasps when surprised . his emotions and responses are largely indicated visually by nods and facial expressions . other characters have similar language - independent verbalizations , including laughter , surprised or fearful exclamations , and screams . the character of midna has the most voice acting — her on - screen dialog is often accompanied by a babble of pseudo - speech , which was produced by scrambling the phonemes of english phrases [ better source needed ] sampled by japanese voice actress akiko komoto . [ sep ] nods and facial expressions
there is very little voice acting in the game , as is the case in most zelda titles to date . link remains silent in conversation , but grunts when attacking or injured and gasps when surprised . his emotions and responses are largely indicated visually by nods and facial expressions . other characters have similar language - independent verbalizations , including laughter , surprised or fearful exclamations , and screams . the character of midna has the most voice acting — her on - screen dialog is often accompanied by a babble of pseudo - speech , which was produced by scrambling the phonemes of english phrases [ better source needed ] sampled by japanese voice actress akiko komoto . [ sep ] midna
there is very little voice acting in the game , as is the case in most zelda titles to date . link remains silent in conversation , but grunts when attacking or injured and gasps when surprised . his emotions and responses are largely indicated visually by nods and facial expressions . other characters have similar language - independent verbalizations , including laughter , surprised or fearful exclamations , and screams . the character of midna has the most voice acting — her on - screen dialog is often accompanied by a babble of pseudo - speech , which was produced by scrambling the phonemes of english phrases [ better source needed ] sampled by japanese voice actress akiko komoto . [ sep ] akiko komoto
according to east asian and tibetan buddhism , there is an intermediate state ( tibetan " bardo " ) between one life and the next . the orthodox theravada position rejects this ; however there are passages in the samyutta nikaya of the pali canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the buddha taught of an intermediate stage between one life and the next . [ page needed ] [ sep ] bardo
according to east asian and tibetan buddhism , there is an intermediate state ( tibetan " bardo " ) between one life and the next . the orthodox theravada position rejects this ; however there are passages in the samyutta nikaya of the pali canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the buddha taught of an intermediate stage between one life and the next . [ page needed ] [ sep ] theravada
according to east asian and tibetan buddhism , there is an intermediate state ( tibetan " bardo " ) between one life and the next . the orthodox theravada position rejects this ; however there are passages in the samyutta nikaya of the pali canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the buddha taught of an intermediate stage between one life and the next . [ page needed ] [ sep ] samyutta nikaya
according to east asian and tibetan buddhism , there is an intermediate state ( tibetan " bardo " ) between one life and the next . the orthodox theravada position rejects this ; however there are passages in the samyutta nikaya of the pali canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the buddha taught of an intermediate stage between one life and the next . [ page needed ] [ sep ] east asian
in september 2010 , west wrote a series of apologetic tweets addressed to swift including " beyonce didn ' t need that . mtv didn ' t need that and taylor and her family friends and fans definitely didn ' t want or need that " and concluding with " i ' m sorry taylor . " he also revealed he had written a song for swift and if she did not accept the song , he would perform it himself . however , on november 8 , 2010 , in an interview with a minnesota radio station , he seemed to recant his past apologies by attempting to describe the act at the 2009 awards show as " selfless " and downgrade the perception of disrespect it created . in " famous , " a track from his 2016 album the life of pablo , west implies that this incident led to swift ' s stardom , rapping , " i feel like me and taylor might still have sex / why ? i made that bitch famous . " after some media backlash about the reference , west posted on twitter " i did not diss taylor swift and i ' ve never dissed her . . . first thing is i ' m an artist and as an artist i will express how i feel with no censorship . " he continued by adding that he had asked both swift and his wife , kim kardashian , for permission to publish the line . [ sep ] september 2010
in september 2010 , west wrote a series of apologetic tweets addressed to swift including " beyonce didn ' t need that . mtv didn ' t need that and taylor and her family friends and fans definitely didn ' t want or need that " and concluding with " i ' m sorry taylor . " he also revealed he had written a song for swift and if she did not accept the song , he would perform it himself . however , on november 8 , 2010 , in an interview with a minnesota radio station , he seemed to recant his past apologies by attempting to describe the act at the 2009 awards show as " selfless " and downgrade the perception of disrespect it created . in " famous , " a track from his 2016 album the life of pablo , west implies that this incident led to swift ' s stardom , rapping , " i feel like me and taylor might still have sex / why ? i made that bitch famous . " after some media backlash about the reference , west posted on twitter " i did not diss taylor swift and i ' ve never dissed her . . . first thing is i ' m an artist and as an artist i will express how i feel with no censorship . " he continued by adding that he had asked both swift and his wife , kim kardashian , for permission to publish the line . [ sep ] november 8 , 2010
in september 2010 , west wrote a series of apologetic tweets addressed to swift including " beyonce didn ' t need that . mtv didn ' t need that and taylor and her family friends and fans definitely didn ' t want or need that " and concluding with " i ' m sorry taylor . " he also revealed he had written a song for swift and if she did not accept the song , he would perform it himself . however , on november 8 , 2010 , in an interview with a minnesota radio station , he seemed to recant his past apologies by attempting to describe the act at the 2009 awards show as " selfless " and downgrade the perception of disrespect it created . in " famous , " a track from his 2016 album the life of pablo , west implies that this incident led to swift ' s stardom , rapping , " i feel like me and taylor might still have sex / why ? i made that bitch famous . " after some media backlash about the reference , west posted on twitter " i did not diss taylor swift and i ' ve never dissed her . . . first thing is i ' m an artist and as an artist i will express how i feel with no censorship . " he continued by adding that he had asked both swift and his wife , kim kardashian , for permission to publish the line . [ sep ] the life of pablo
twilight princess takes place several centuries after ocarina of time and majora ' s mask , and begins with a youth named link who is working as a ranch hand in ordon village . one day , the village is attacked by bulblins , who carry off the village ' s children with link in pursuit before he encounters a wall of twilight . a shadow beast pulls him beyond the wall into the realm of twilight , where he is transformed into a wolf and imprisoned . link is soon freed by an imp - like twilight being named midna , who dislikes link but agrees to help him if he obeys her unconditionally . she guides him to princess zelda . zelda explains that zant , the king of the twilight , has stolen the light from three of the four light spirits and conquered hyrule . in order to save hyrule , link must first restore the light spirits by entering the twilight - covered areas and , as a wolf , recover the spirits ' lost light . he must do this by collecting the multiple " tears of light " ; once all the tears of light are collected for one area , he restores that area ' s light spirit . as he restores them , the light spirits return link to his hylian form . [ sep ] ordon village
twilight princess takes place several centuries after ocarina of time and majora ' s mask , and begins with a youth named link who is working as a ranch hand in ordon village . one day , the village is attacked by bulblins , who carry off the village ' s children with link in pursuit before he encounters a wall of twilight . a shadow beast pulls him beyond the wall into the realm of twilight , where he is transformed into a wolf and imprisoned . link is soon freed by an imp - like twilight being named midna , who dislikes link but agrees to help him if he obeys her unconditionally . she guides him to princess zelda . zelda explains that zant , the king of the twilight , has stolen the light from three of the four light spirits and conquered hyrule . in order to save hyrule , link must first restore the light spirits by entering the twilight - covered areas and , as a wolf , recover the spirits ' lost light . he must do this by collecting the multiple " tears of light " ; once all the tears of light are collected for one area , he restores that area ' s light spirit . as he restores them , the light spirits return link to his hylian form . [ sep ] bulblins
twilight princess takes place several centuries after ocarina of time and majora ' s mask , and begins with a youth named link who is working as a ranch hand in ordon village . one day , the village is attacked by bulblins , who carry off the village ' s children with link in pursuit before he encounters a wall of twilight . a shadow beast pulls him beyond the wall into the realm of twilight , where he is transformed into a wolf and imprisoned . link is soon freed by an imp - like twilight being named midna , who dislikes link but agrees to help him if he obeys her unconditionally . she guides him to princess zelda . zelda explains that zant , the king of the twilight , has stolen the light from three of the four light spirits and conquered hyrule . in order to save hyrule , link must first restore the light spirits by entering the twilight - covered areas and , as a wolf , recover the spirits ' lost light . he must do this by collecting the multiple " tears of light " ; once all the tears of light are collected for one area , he restores that area ' s light spirit . as he restores them , the light spirits return link to his hylian form . [ sep ] tears of light
on february 8 , 2015 , at the 57th annual grammy awards , west walked on stage as beck was accepting his award for album of the year and then walked off stage , making everyone think he was joking around . after the awards show , west stated in an interview that he was not joking and that " beck needs to respect artistry , he should have given his award to beyonce " . on february 26 , 2015 , he publicly apologized to beck on twitter . [ sep ] beck
on february 8 , 2015 , at the 57th annual grammy awards , west walked on stage as beck was accepting his award for album of the year and then walked off stage , making everyone think he was joking around . after the awards show , west stated in an interview that he was not joking and that " beck needs to respect artistry , he should have given his award to beyonce " . on february 26 , 2015 , he publicly apologized to beck on twitter . [ sep ] february 26 , 2015
the teachings on the four noble truths are regarded as central to the teachings of buddhism , and are said to provide a conceptual framework for buddhist thought . these four truths explain the nature of dukkha ( suffering , anxiety , unsatisfactoriness ) , its causes , and how it can be overcome . the four truths are : [ note 4 ] [ sep ] the four noble truths
the teachings on the four noble truths are regarded as central to the teachings of buddhism , and are said to provide a conceptual framework for buddhist thought . these four truths explain the nature of dukkha ( suffering , anxiety , unsatisfactoriness ) , its causes , and how it can be overcome . the four truths are : [ note 4 ] [ sep ] suffering
during this time , link also helps midna find the fused shadows , fragments of a relic containing powerful dark magic . in return , she helps link find ordon village ' s children while helping the monkeys of faron , the gorons of eldin , and the zoras of lanayru . once link has restored the light spirits and midna has all the fused shadows , they are ambushed by zant . after he relieves midna of the fused shadow fragments , she ridicules him for abusing his tribe ' s magic , but zant reveals that his power comes from another source as he uses it to turn link back into a wolf , and then leaves midna in hyrule to die from the world ' s light . bringing a dying midna to zelda , link learns he needs the master sword to return to human form . zelda sacrifices herself to heal midna with her power before vanishing mysteriously . midna is moved by zelda ' s sacrifice , and begins to care more about link and the fate of the light world . [ sep ] fused shadows
during this time , link also helps midna find the fused shadows , fragments of a relic containing powerful dark magic . in return , she helps link find ordon village ' s children while helping the monkeys of faron , the gorons of eldin , and the zoras of lanayru . once link has restored the light spirits and midna has all the fused shadows , they are ambushed by zant . after he relieves midna of the fused shadow fragments , she ridicules him for abusing his tribe ' s magic , but zant reveals that his power comes from another source as he uses it to turn link back into a wolf , and then leaves midna in hyrule to die from the world ' s light . bringing a dying midna to zelda , link learns he needs the master sword to return to human form . zelda sacrifices herself to heal midna with her power before vanishing mysteriously . midna is moved by zelda ' s sacrifice , and begins to care more about link and the fate of the light world . [ sep ] zant
during this time , link also helps midna find the fused shadows , fragments of a relic containing powerful dark magic . in return , she helps link find ordon village ' s children while helping the monkeys of faron , the gorons of eldin , and the zoras of lanayru . once link has restored the light spirits and midna has all the fused shadows , they are ambushed by zant . after he relieves midna of the fused shadow fragments , she ridicules him for abusing his tribe ' s magic , but zant reveals that his power comes from another source as he uses it to turn link back into a wolf , and then leaves midna in hyrule to die from the world ' s light . bringing a dying midna to zelda , link learns he needs the master sword to return to human form . zelda sacrifices herself to heal midna with her power before vanishing mysteriously . midna is moved by zelda ' s sacrifice , and begins to care more about link and the fate of the light world . [ sep ] master sword
during this time , link also helps midna find the fused shadows , fragments of a relic containing powerful dark magic . in return , she helps link find ordon village ' s children while helping the monkeys of faron , the gorons of eldin , and the zoras of lanayru . once link has restored the light spirits and midna has all the fused shadows , they are ambushed by zant . after he relieves midna of the fused shadow fragments , she ridicules him for abusing his tribe ' s magic , but zant reveals that his power comes from another source as he uses it to turn link back into a wolf , and then leaves midna in hyrule to die from the world ' s light . bringing a dying midna to zelda , link learns he needs the master sword to return to human form . zelda sacrifices herself to heal midna with her power before vanishing mysteriously . midna is moved by zelda ' s sacrifice , and begins to care more about link and the fate of the light world . [ sep ] zelda
on august 30 , 2015 , west was presented with the michael jackson video vanguard award at the mtv video music awards . in his acceptance speech , he stated , " y ' all might be thinking right now , ' i wonder did he smoke something before he came out here ? ' and the answer is : ' yes , i rolled up a little something . i knocked the edge off . ' " at the end of his speech , he announced , " i have decided in 2020 to run for president . " [ sep ] michael jackson video vanguard award
music fans have turned to change . org around the globe to try and block west ' s participation at various events . the largest unsuccessful petition has been to the glastonbury festival 2015 with 133 , 000 + voters stating they would prefer a rock band to headline . on july 20 , 2015 , within five days of west ' s announcement as the headlining artist of the closing ceremonies of the 2015 pan american games , change . org user xyz collected over 50 , 000 signatures for west ' s removal as headliner citing the headlining artist should be canadian . in his pan american games closing ceremony performance , close to the end of his performance , west closed the show by tossing his faulty microphone in the air and walked off stage . [ sep ] change . org
music fans have turned to change . org around the globe to try and block west ' s participation at various events . the largest unsuccessful petition has been to the glastonbury festival 2015 with 133 , 000 + voters stating they would prefer a rock band to headline . on july 20 , 2015 , within five days of west ' s announcement as the headlining artist of the closing ceremonies of the 2015 pan american games , change . org user xyz collected over 50 , 000 signatures for west ' s removal as headliner citing the headlining artist should be canadian . in his pan american games closing ceremony performance , close to the end of his performance , west closed the show by tossing his faulty microphone in the air and walked off stage . [ sep ] glastonbury festival
music fans have turned to change . org around the globe to try and block west ' s participation at various events . the largest unsuccessful petition has been to the glastonbury festival 2015 with 133 , 000 + voters stating they would prefer a rock band to headline . on july 20 , 2015 , within five days of west ' s announcement as the headlining artist of the closing ceremonies of the 2015 pan american games , change . org user xyz collected over 50 , 000 signatures for west ' s removal as headliner citing the headlining artist should be canadian . in his pan american games closing ceremony performance , close to the end of his performance , west closed the show by tossing his faulty microphone in the air and walked off stage . [ sep ] 50 , 000
after gaining the master sword , link is cleansed of the magic that kept him in wolf form , obtaining the shadow crystal . now able to use it to switch between both forms at will , link is led by midna to the mirror of twilight located deep within the gerudo desert , the only known gateway between the twilight realm and hyrule . however , they discover that the mirror is broken . the sages there explain that zant tried to destroy it , but he was only able to shatter it into fragments ; only the true ruler of the twili can completely destroy the mirror of twilight . they also reveal that they used it a century ago to banish ganondorf , the gerudo leader who attempted to steal the triforce , to the twilight realm when executing him failed . assisted by an underground resistance group they meet in castle town , link and midna set out to retrieve the missing shards of the mirror , defeating those they infected . once the portal has been restored , midna is revealed to be the true ruler of the twilight realm , usurped by zant when he cursed her into her current form . confronting zant , link and midna learn that zant ' s coup was made possible when he forged a pact with ganondorf , who asked for zant ' s assistance in conquering hyrule . after link defeats zant , midna recovers the fused shadows , but destroys zant after learning that only ganondorf ' s death can release her from her curse . returning to hyrule , link and midna find ganondorf in hyrule castle , with a lifeless zelda suspended above his head . ganondorf fights link by possessing zelda ' s body and eventually by transforming into a beast , but link defeats him and midna is able to resurrect zelda . [ sep ] shadow crystal
after gaining the master sword , link is cleansed of the magic that kept him in wolf form , obtaining the shadow crystal . now able to use it to switch between both forms at will , link is led by midna to the mirror of twilight located deep within the gerudo desert , the only known gateway between the twilight realm and hyrule . however , they discover that the mirror is broken . the sages there explain that zant tried to destroy it , but he was only able to shatter it into fragments ; only the true ruler of the twili can completely destroy the mirror of twilight . they also reveal that they used it a century ago to banish ganondorf , the gerudo leader who attempted to steal the triforce , to the twilight realm when executing him failed . assisted by an underground resistance group they meet in castle town , link and midna set out to retrieve the missing shards of the mirror , defeating those they infected . once the portal has been restored , midna is revealed to be the true ruler of the twilight realm , usurped by zant when he cursed her into her current form . confronting zant , link and midna learn that zant ' s coup was made possible when he forged a pact with ganondorf , who asked for zant ' s assistance in conquering hyrule . after link defeats zant , midna recovers the fused shadows , but destroys zant after learning that only ganondorf ' s death can release her from her curse . returning to hyrule , link and midna find ganondorf in hyrule castle , with a lifeless zelda suspended above his head . ganondorf fights link by possessing zelda ' s body and eventually by transforming into a beast , but link defeats him and midna is able to resurrect zelda . [ sep ] gerudo desert
after gaining the master sword , link is cleansed of the magic that kept him in wolf form , obtaining the shadow crystal . now able to use it to switch between both forms at will , link is led by midna to the mirror of twilight located deep within the gerudo desert , the only known gateway between the twilight realm and hyrule . however , they discover that the mirror is broken . the sages there explain that zant tried to destroy it , but he was only able to shatter it into fragments ; only the true ruler of the twili can completely destroy the mirror of twilight . they also reveal that they used it a century ago to banish ganondorf , the gerudo leader who attempted to steal the triforce , to the twilight realm when executing him failed . assisted by an underground resistance group they meet in castle town , link and midna set out to retrieve the missing shards of the mirror , defeating those they infected . once the portal has been restored , midna is revealed to be the true ruler of the twilight realm , usurped by zant when he cursed her into her current form . confronting zant , link and midna learn that zant ' s coup was made possible when he forged a pact with ganondorf , who asked for zant ' s assistance in conquering hyrule . after link defeats zant , midna recovers the fused shadows , but destroys zant after learning that only ganondorf ' s death can release her from her curse . returning to hyrule , link and midna find ganondorf in hyrule castle , with a lifeless zelda suspended above his head . ganondorf fights link by possessing zelda ' s body and eventually by transforming into a beast , but link defeats him and midna is able to resurrect zelda . [ sep ] midna
after gaining the master sword , link is cleansed of the magic that kept him in wolf form , obtaining the shadow crystal . now able to use it to switch between both forms at will , link is led by midna to the mirror of twilight located deep within the gerudo desert , the only known gateway between the twilight realm and hyrule . however , they discover that the mirror is broken . the sages there explain that zant tried to destroy it , but he was only able to shatter it into fragments ; only the true ruler of the twili can completely destroy the mirror of twilight . they also reveal that they used it a century ago to banish ganondorf , the gerudo leader who attempted to steal the triforce , to the twilight realm when executing him failed . assisted by an underground resistance group they meet in castle town , link and midna set out to retrieve the missing shards of the mirror , defeating those they infected . once the portal has been restored , midna is revealed to be the true ruler of the twilight realm , usurped by zant when he cursed her into her current form . confronting zant , link and midna learn that zant ' s coup was made possible when he forged a pact with ganondorf , who asked for zant ' s assistance in conquering hyrule . after link defeats zant , midna recovers the fused shadows , but destroys zant after learning that only ganondorf ' s death can release her from her curse . returning to hyrule , link and midna find ganondorf in hyrule castle , with a lifeless zelda suspended above his head . ganondorf fights link by possessing zelda ' s body and eventually by transforming into a beast , but link defeats him and midna is able to resurrect zelda . [ sep ] ganondorf
after gaining the master sword , link is cleansed of the magic that kept him in wolf form , obtaining the shadow crystal . now able to use it to switch between both forms at will , link is led by midna to the mirror of twilight located deep within the gerudo desert , the only known gateway between the twilight realm and hyrule . however , they discover that the mirror is broken . the sages there explain that zant tried to destroy it , but he was only able to shatter it into fragments ; only the true ruler of the twili can completely destroy the mirror of twilight . they also reveal that they used it a century ago to banish ganondorf , the gerudo leader who attempted to steal the triforce , to the twilight realm when executing him failed . assisted by an underground resistance group they meet in castle town , link and midna set out to retrieve the missing shards of the mirror , defeating those they infected . once the portal has been restored , midna is revealed to be the true ruler of the twilight realm , usurped by zant when he cursed her into her current form . confronting zant , link and midna learn that zant ' s coup was made possible when he forged a pact with ganondorf , who asked for zant ' s assistance in conquering hyrule . after link defeats zant , midna recovers the fused shadows , but destroys zant after learning that only ganondorf ' s death can release her from her curse . returning to hyrule , link and midna find ganondorf in hyrule castle , with a lifeless zelda suspended above his head . ganondorf fights link by possessing zelda ' s body and eventually by transforming into a beast , but link defeats him and midna is able to resurrect zelda . [ sep ] beast
west began an on - and - off relationship with designer alexis phifer in 2002 , and they became engaged in august 2006 . the pair ended their 18 - month engagement in 2008 . west subsequently dated model amber rose from 2008 until the summer of 2010 . west began dating reality star and longtime friend kim kardashian in april 2012 . west and kardashian became engaged in october 2013 , and married on may 24 , 2014 at fort di belvedere in florence , italy . their private ceremony was subject to widespread mainstream coverage , with west taking issue with the couple ' s portrayal in the media . they have two children : daughter north " nori " west ( born june 15 , 2013 ) and son saint west ( born december 5 , 2015 ) . in april 2015 , west and kardashian traveled to jerusalem to have north baptized in the armenian apostolic church at the cathedral of st . james . the couple ' s high status and respective careers have resulted in their relationship becoming subject to heavy media coverage ; the new york times referred to their marriage as " a historic blizzard of celebrity . " [ sep ] 2002
west began an on - and - off relationship with designer alexis phifer in 2002 , and they became engaged in august 2006 . the pair ended their 18 - month engagement in 2008 . west subsequently dated model amber rose from 2008 until the summer of 2010 . west began dating reality star and longtime friend kim kardashian in april 2012 . west and kardashian became engaged in october 2013 , and married on may 24 , 2014 at fort di belvedere in florence , italy . their private ceremony was subject to widespread mainstream coverage , with west taking issue with the couple ' s portrayal in the media . they have two children : daughter north " nori " west ( born june 15 , 2013 ) and son saint west ( born december 5 , 2015 ) . in april 2015 , west and kardashian traveled to jerusalem to have north baptized in the armenian apostolic church at the cathedral of st . james . the couple ' s high status and respective careers have resulted in their relationship becoming subject to heavy media coverage ; the new york times referred to their marriage as " a historic blizzard of celebrity . " [ sep ] august 2006
west began an on - and - off relationship with designer alexis phifer in 2002 , and they became engaged in august 2006 . the pair ended their 18 - month engagement in 2008 . west subsequently dated model amber rose from 2008 until the summer of 2010 . west began dating reality star and longtime friend kim kardashian in april 2012 . west and kardashian became engaged in october 2013 , and married on may 24 , 2014 at fort di belvedere in florence , italy . their private ceremony was subject to widespread mainstream coverage , with west taking issue with the couple ' s portrayal in the media . they have two children : daughter north " nori " west ( born june 15 , 2013 ) and son saint west ( born december 5 , 2015 ) . in april 2015 , west and kardashian traveled to jerusalem to have north baptized in the armenian apostolic church at the cathedral of st . james . the couple ' s high status and respective careers have resulted in their relationship becoming subject to heavy media coverage ; the new york times referred to their marriage as " a historic blizzard of celebrity . " [ sep ] amber rose
west began an on - and - off relationship with designer alexis phifer in 2002 , and they became engaged in august 2006 . the pair ended their 18 - month engagement in 2008 . west subsequently dated model amber rose from 2008 until the summer of 2010 . west began dating reality star and longtime friend kim kardashian in april 2012 . west and kardashian became engaged in october 2013 , and married on may 24 , 2014 at fort di belvedere in florence , italy . their private ceremony was subject to widespread mainstream coverage , with west taking issue with the couple ' s portrayal in the media . they have two children : daughter north " nori " west ( born june 15 , 2013 ) and son saint west ( born december 5 , 2015 ) . in april 2015 , west and kardashian traveled to jerusalem to have north baptized in the armenian apostolic church at the cathedral of st . james . the couple ' s high status and respective careers have resulted in their relationship becoming subject to heavy media coverage ; the new york times referred to their marriage as " a historic blizzard of celebrity . " [ sep ] april 2012
west began an on - and - off relationship with designer alexis phifer in 2002 , and they became engaged in august 2006 . the pair ended their 18 - month engagement in 2008 . west subsequently dated model amber rose from 2008 until the summer of 2010 . west began dating reality star and longtime friend kim kardashian in april 2012 . west and kardashian became engaged in october 2013 , and married on may 24 , 2014 at fort di belvedere in florence , italy . their private ceremony was subject to widespread mainstream coverage , with west taking issue with the couple ' s portrayal in the media . they have two children : daughter north " nori " west ( born june 15 , 2013 ) and son saint west ( born december 5 , 2015 ) . in april 2015 , west and kardashian traveled to jerusalem to have north baptized in the armenian apostolic church at the cathedral of st . james . the couple ' s high status and respective careers have resulted in their relationship becoming subject to heavy media coverage ; the new york times referred to their marriage as " a historic blizzard of celebrity . " [ sep ] armenian apostolic church at the cathedral of st . james
ganondorf then revives , and midna teleports link and zelda outside the castle so she can hold him off with the fused shadows . however , as hyrule castle collapses , it is revealed that ganondorf was victorious as he crushes midna ' s helmet . ganondorf engages link on horseback , and , assisted by zelda and the light spirits , link eventually knocks ganondorf off his horse and they duel on foot before link strikes down ganondorf and plunges the master sword into his chest . with ganondorf dead , the light spirits not only bring midna back to life , but restore her to her true form . after bidding farewell to link and zelda , midna returns home before destroying the mirror of twilight with a tear to maintain balance between hyrule and the twilight realm . near the end , as hyrule castle is rebuilt , link is shown leaving ordon village heading to parts unknown . [ sep ] link and zelda
ganondorf then revives , and midna teleports link and zelda outside the castle so she can hold him off with the fused shadows . however , as hyrule castle collapses , it is revealed that ganondorf was victorious as he crushes midna ' s helmet . ganondorf engages link on horseback , and , assisted by zelda and the light spirits , link eventually knocks ganondorf off his horse and they duel on foot before link strikes down ganondorf and plunges the master sword into his chest . with ganondorf dead , the light spirits not only bring midna back to life , but restore her to her true form . after bidding farewell to link and zelda , midna returns home before destroying the mirror of twilight with a tear to maintain balance between hyrule and the twilight realm . near the end , as hyrule castle is rebuilt , link is shown leaving ordon village heading to parts unknown . [ sep ] midna ' s helmet
ganondorf then revives , and midna teleports link and zelda outside the castle so she can hold him off with the fused shadows . however , as hyrule castle collapses , it is revealed that ganondorf was victorious as he crushes midna ' s helmet . ganondorf engages link on horseback , and , assisted by zelda and the light spirits , link eventually knocks ganondorf off his horse and they duel on foot before link strikes down ganondorf and plunges the master sword into his chest . with ganondorf dead , the light spirits not only bring midna back to life , but restore her to her true form . after bidding farewell to link and zelda , midna returns home before destroying the mirror of twilight with a tear to maintain balance between hyrule and the twilight realm . near the end , as hyrule castle is rebuilt , link is shown leaving ordon village heading to parts unknown . [ sep ] mirror of twilight
on november 10 , 2007 , at approximately 7 : 35 pm , paramedics responding to an emergency call transported west ' s mother , donda west , to the nearby centinela freeman hospital in marina del rey , california . she was unresponsive in the emergency room , and after resuscitation attempts , doctors pronounced her dead at approximately 8 : 30 pm , at age 58 . the los angeles county coroner ' s office said in january 2008 that west had died of heart disease while suffering " multiple post - operative factors " after plastic surgery . she had undergone liposuction and breast reduction . beverly hills plastic surgeon andre aboolian had refused to do the surgery because west had a health condition that placed her at risk for a heart attack . aboolian referred her to an internist to investigate her cardiac issue . she never met with the doctor recommended by aboolian and had the procedures performed by a third doctor , jan adams . [ sep ] 7 : 35 pm
on november 10 , 2007 , at approximately 7 : 35 pm , paramedics responding to an emergency call transported west ' s mother , donda west , to the nearby centinela freeman hospital in marina del rey , california . she was unresponsive in the emergency room , and after resuscitation attempts , doctors pronounced her dead at approximately 8 : 30 pm , at age 58 . the los angeles county coroner ' s office said in january 2008 that west had died of heart disease while suffering " multiple post - operative factors " after plastic surgery . she had undergone liposuction and breast reduction . beverly hills plastic surgeon andre aboolian had refused to do the surgery because west had a health condition that placed her at risk for a heart attack . aboolian referred her to an internist to investigate her cardiac issue . she never met with the doctor recommended by aboolian and had the procedures performed by a third doctor , jan adams . [ sep ] heart disease
on november 10 , 2007 , at approximately 7 : 35 pm , paramedics responding to an emergency call transported west ' s mother , donda west , to the nearby centinela freeman hospital in marina del rey , california . she was unresponsive in the emergency room , and after resuscitation attempts , doctors pronounced her dead at approximately 8 : 30 pm , at age 58 . the los angeles county coroner ' s office said in january 2008 that west had died of heart disease while suffering " multiple post - operative factors " after plastic surgery . she had undergone liposuction and breast reduction . beverly hills plastic surgeon andre aboolian had refused to do the surgery because west had a health condition that placed her at risk for a heart attack . aboolian referred her to an internist to investigate her cardiac issue . she never met with the doctor recommended by aboolian and had the procedures performed by a third doctor , jan adams . [ sep ] andre aboolian
on november 10 , 2007 , at approximately 7 : 35 pm , paramedics responding to an emergency call transported west ' s mother , donda west , to the nearby centinela freeman hospital in marina del rey , california . she was unresponsive in the emergency room , and after resuscitation attempts , doctors pronounced her dead at approximately 8 : 30 pm , at age 58 . the los angeles county coroner ' s office said in january 2008 that west had died of heart disease while suffering " multiple post - operative factors " after plastic surgery . she had undergone liposuction and breast reduction . beverly hills plastic surgeon andre aboolian had refused to do the surgery because west had a health condition that placed her at risk for a heart attack . aboolian referred her to an internist to investigate her cardiac issue . she never met with the doctor recommended by aboolian and had the procedures performed by a third doctor , jan adams . [ sep ] jan adams
the origin of tom robinson is less clear , although many have speculated that his character was inspired by several models . when lee was 10 years old , a white woman near monroeville accused a black man named walter lett of raping her . the story and the trial were covered by her father ' s newspaper which reported that lett was convicted and sentenced to death . after a series of letters appeared claiming lett had been falsely accused , his sentence was commuted to life in prison . he died there of tuberculosis in 1937 . scholars believe that robinson ' s difficulties reflect the notorious case of the scottsboro boys , in which nine black men were convicted of raping two white women on negligible evidence . however , in 2005 , lee stated that she had in mind something less sensational , although the scottsboro case served " the same purpose " to display southern prejudices . emmett till , a black teenager who was murdered for flirting with a white woman in mississippi in 1955 , and whose death is credited as a catalyst for the civil rights movement , is also considered a model for tom robinson . [ sep ] display southern prejudices
the origin of tom robinson is less clear , although many have speculated that his character was inspired by several models . when lee was 10 years old , a white woman near monroeville accused a black man named walter lett of raping her . the story and the trial were covered by her father ' s newspaper which reported that lett was convicted and sentenced to death . after a series of letters appeared claiming lett had been falsely accused , his sentence was commuted to life in prison . he died there of tuberculosis in 1937 . scholars believe that robinson ' s difficulties reflect the notorious case of the scottsboro boys , in which nine black men were convicted of raping two white women on negligible evidence . however , in 2005 , lee stated that she had in mind something less sensational , although the scottsboro case served " the same purpose " to display southern prejudices . emmett till , a black teenager who was murdered for flirting with a white woman in mississippi in 1955 , and whose death is credited as a catalyst for the civil rights movement , is also considered a model for tom robinson . [ sep ] emmett till
on april 9 , 2007 , it was announced that apple had sold its one - hundred millionth ipod , making it the biggest selling digital music player of all time . in april 2007 , apple reported second quarter revenue of us $ 5 . 2 billion , of which 32 % was made from ipod sales . apple and several industry analysts suggest that ipod users are likely to purchase other apple products such as mac computers . [ sep ] 2007
on april 9 , 2007 , it was announced that apple had sold its one - hundred millionth ipod , making it the biggest selling digital music player of all time . in april 2007 , apple reported second quarter revenue of us $ 5 . 2 billion , of which 32 % was made from ipod sales . apple and several industry analysts suggest that ipod users are likely to purchase other apple products such as mac computers . [ sep ] 32 %
in 2003 , nintendo announced that a new the legend of zelda game was in the works for the gamecube by the same team that had created the cel - shaded the wind waker . at the following year ' s game developers conference , director eiji aonuma unintentionally revealed that the game ' s sequel was in development under the working title the wind waker 2 ; it was set to use a similar graphical style to that of its predecessor . nintendo of america told aonuma that north american sales of the wind waker were sluggish because its cartoon appearance created the impression that the game was designed for a young audience . concerned that the sequel would have the same problem , aonuma expressed to producer shigeru miyamoto that he wanted to create a realistic zelda game that would appeal to the north american market . miyamoto , hesitant about solely changing the game ' s presentation , suggested the team ' s focus should instead be on coming up with gameplay innovations . he advised that aonuma should start by doing what could not be done in ocarina of time , particularly horseback combat . [ l ] [ sep ] 2003
in 2003 , nintendo announced that a new the legend of zelda game was in the works for the gamecube by the same team that had created the cel - shaded the wind waker . at the following year ' s game developers conference , director eiji aonuma unintentionally revealed that the game ' s sequel was in development under the working title the wind waker 2 ; it was set to use a similar graphical style to that of its predecessor . nintendo of america told aonuma that north american sales of the wind waker were sluggish because its cartoon appearance created the impression that the game was designed for a young audience . concerned that the sequel would have the same problem , aonuma expressed to producer shigeru miyamoto that he wanted to create a realistic zelda game that would appeal to the north american market . miyamoto , hesitant about solely changing the game ' s presentation , suggested the team ' s focus should instead be on coming up with gameplay innovations . he advised that aonuma should start by doing what could not be done in ocarina of time , particularly horseback combat . [ l ] [ sep ] eiji aonuma
in 2003 , nintendo announced that a new the legend of zelda game was in the works for the gamecube by the same team that had created the cel - shaded the wind waker . at the following year ' s game developers conference , director eiji aonuma unintentionally revealed that the game ' s sequel was in development under the working title the wind waker 2 ; it was set to use a similar graphical style to that of its predecessor . nintendo of america told aonuma that north american sales of the wind waker were sluggish because its cartoon appearance created the impression that the game was designed for a young audience . concerned that the sequel would have the same problem , aonuma expressed to producer shigeru miyamoto that he wanted to create a realistic zelda game that would appeal to the north american market . miyamoto , hesitant about solely changing the game ' s presentation , suggested the team ' s focus should instead be on coming up with gameplay innovations . he advised that aonuma should start by doing what could not be done in ocarina of time , particularly horseback combat . [ l ] [ sep ] horseback combat
on october 22 , 2007 , apple reported quarterly revenue of us $ 6 . 22 billion , of which 30 . 69 % came from apple notebook sales , 19 . 22 % from desktop sales and 26 % from ipod sales . apple ' s 2007 year revenue increased to us $ 24 . 01 billion with us $ 3 . 5 billion in profits . apple ended the fiscal year 2007 with us $ 15 . 4 billion in cash and no debt . [ sep ] $ 3 . 5 billion
adams sent condolences to donda west ' s family but declined to publicly discuss the procedure , citing confidentiality . west ’ s family , through celebrity attorney ed mcpherson , filed complaints with the medical board against adams and aboolian for violating patient confidentiality following her death . adams had previously been under scrutiny by the medical board . he appeared on larry king live on november 20 , 2007 , but left before speaking . two days later , he appeared again , with his attorney , stating he was there to " defend himself " . he said that the recently released autopsy results " spoke for themselves " . the final coroner ' s report january 10 , 2008 , concluded that donda west died of " coronary artery disease and multiple post - operative factors due to or as a consequence of liposuction and mammoplasty " . [ sep ] ed mcpherson
adams sent condolences to donda west ' s family but declined to publicly discuss the procedure , citing confidentiality . west ’ s family , through celebrity attorney ed mcpherson , filed complaints with the medical board against adams and aboolian for violating patient confidentiality following her death . adams had previously been under scrutiny by the medical board . he appeared on larry king live on november 20 , 2007 , but left before speaking . two days later , he appeared again , with his attorney , stating he was there to " defend himself " . he said that the recently released autopsy results " spoke for themselves " . the final coroner ' s report january 10 , 2008 , concluded that donda west died of " coronary artery disease and multiple post - operative factors due to or as a consequence of liposuction and mammoplasty " . [ sep ] violating patient confidentiality
adams sent condolences to donda west ' s family but declined to publicly discuss the procedure , citing confidentiality . west ’ s family , through celebrity attorney ed mcpherson , filed complaints with the medical board against adams and aboolian for violating patient confidentiality following her death . adams had previously been under scrutiny by the medical board . he appeared on larry king live on november 20 , 2007 , but left before speaking . two days later , he appeared again , with his attorney , stating he was there to " defend himself " . he said that the recently released autopsy results " spoke for themselves " . the final coroner ' s report january 10 , 2008 , concluded that donda west died of " coronary artery disease and multiple post - operative factors due to or as a consequence of liposuction and mammoplasty " . [ sep ] larry king live
adams sent condolences to donda west ' s family but declined to publicly discuss the procedure , citing confidentiality . west ’ s family , through celebrity attorney ed mcpherson , filed complaints with the medical board against adams and aboolian for violating patient confidentiality following her death . adams had previously been under scrutiny by the medical board . he appeared on larry king live on november 20 , 2007 , but left before speaking . two days later , he appeared again , with his attorney , stating he was there to " defend himself " . he said that the recently released autopsy results " spoke for themselves " . the final coroner ' s report january 10 , 2008 , concluded that donda west died of " coronary artery disease and multiple post - operative factors due to or as a consequence of liposuction and mammoplasty " . [ sep ] january 10 , 2008
in four months , aonuma ' s team managed to present realistic horseback riding , [ l ] which nintendo later revealed to the public with a trailer at electronic entertainment expo 2004 . the game was scheduled to be released the next year , and was no longer a follow - up to the wind waker ; a true sequel to it was released for the nintendo ds in 2007 , in the form of phantom hourglass . miyamoto explained in interviews that the graphical style was chosen to satisfy demand , and that it better fit the theme of an older incarnation of link . the game runs on a modified the wind waker engine . [ sep ] 2004
on january 22 , 2008 , apple reported the best quarter revenue and earnings in apple ' s history so far . apple posted record revenue of us $ 9 . 6 billion and record net quarterly profit of us $ 1 . 58 billion . 42 % of apple ' s revenue for the first fiscal quarter of 2008 came from ipod sales , followed by 21 % from notebook sales and 16 % from desktop sales . [ sep ] 42 %
the funeral and burial for donda west was held in oklahoma city on november 20 , 2007 . west played his first concert following the funeral at the o2 in london on november 22 . he dedicated a performance of " hey mama " , as well as a cover of journey ' s " don ' t stop believin ' " , to his mother , and did so on all other dates of his glow in the dark tour . [ sep ] oklahoma city
the funeral and burial for donda west was held in oklahoma city on november 20 , 2007 . west played his first concert following the funeral at the o2 in london on november 22 . he dedicated a performance of " hey mama " , as well as a cover of journey ' s " don ' t stop believin ' " , to his mother , and did so on all other dates of his glow in the dark tour . [ sep ] november 20 , 2007
the funeral and burial for donda west was held in oklahoma city on november 20 , 2007 . west played his first concert following the funeral at the o2 in london on november 22 . he dedicated a performance of " hey mama " , as well as a cover of journey ' s " don ' t stop believin ' " , to his mother , and did so on all other dates of his glow in the dark tour . [ sep ] november 22
the funeral and burial for donda west was held in oklahoma city on november 20 , 2007 . west played his first concert following the funeral at the o2 in london on november 22 . he dedicated a performance of " hey mama " , as well as a cover of journey ' s " don ' t stop believin ' " , to his mother , and did so on all other dates of his glow in the dark tour . [ sep ] glow in the dark tour
at a december 2008 press conference in new zealand , west spoke about his mother ' s death for the first time . " it was like losing an arm and a leg and trying to walk through that " , he told reporters . [ sep ] new zealand
on october 21 , 2008 , apple reported that only 14 . 21 % of total revenue for fiscal quarter 4 of year 2008 came from ipods . at the september 9 , 2009 keynote presentation at the apple event , phil schiller announced total cumulative sales of ipods exceeded 220 million . the continual decline of ipod sales since 2009 has not been a surprising trend for the apple corporation , as apple cfo peter oppenheimer explained in june 2009 : " we expect our traditional mp3 players to decline over time as we cannibalize ourselves with the ipod touch and the iphone . " since 2009 , the company ' s ipod sales have continually decreased every financial quarter and in 2013 a new model was not introduced onto the market . [ sep ] 220 million
on october 21 , 2008 , apple reported that only 14 . 21 % of total revenue for fiscal quarter 4 of year 2008 came from ipods . at the september 9 , 2009 keynote presentation at the apple event , phil schiller announced total cumulative sales of ipods exceeded 220 million . the continual decline of ipod sales since 2009 has not been a surprising trend for the apple corporation , as apple cfo peter oppenheimer explained in june 2009 : " we expect our traditional mp3 players to decline over time as we cannibalize ourselves with the ipod touch and the iphone . " since 2009 , the company ' s ipod sales have continually decreased every financial quarter and in 2013 a new model was not introduced onto the market . [ sep ] 2013
prior zelda games have employed a theme of two separate , yet connected , worlds . in a link to the past , link travels between a " light world " and a " dark world " ; in ocarina of time , as well as in oracle of ages , link travels between two different time periods . the zelda team sought to reuse this motif in the series ' latest installment . it was suggested that link transform into a wolf , much like he metamorphoses into a rabbit in the dark world of a link to the past . [ m ] the story of the game was created by aonuma , and later underwent several changes by scenario writers mitsuhiro takano and aya kyogoku . takano created the script for the story scenes , while kyogoku and takayuki ikkaku handled the actual in - game script . aonuma left his team working on the new idea while he directed the minish cap for the game boy advance . when he returned , he found the twilight princess team struggling . emphasis on the parallel worlds and the wolf transformation had made link ' s character unbelievable . aonuma also felt the gameplay lacked the caliber of innovation found in phantom hourglass , which was being developed with touch controls for the nintendo ds . at the same time , the wii was under development with the code name " revolution " . miyamoto thought that the revolution ' s pointing device , the wii remote , was well suited for aiming arrows in zelda , and suggested that aonuma consider using it . [ n ] [ sep ] mitsuhiro takano
prior zelda games have employed a theme of two separate , yet connected , worlds . in a link to the past , link travels between a " light world " and a " dark world " ; in ocarina of time , as well as in oracle of ages , link travels between two different time periods . the zelda team sought to reuse this motif in the series ' latest installment . it was suggested that link transform into a wolf , much like he metamorphoses into a rabbit in the dark world of a link to the past . [ m ] the story of the game was created by aonuma , and later underwent several changes by scenario writers mitsuhiro takano and aya kyogoku . takano created the script for the story scenes , while kyogoku and takayuki ikkaku handled the actual in - game script . aonuma left his team working on the new idea while he directed the minish cap for the game boy advance . when he returned , he found the twilight princess team struggling . emphasis on the parallel worlds and the wolf transformation had made link ' s character unbelievable . aonuma also felt the gameplay lacked the caliber of innovation found in phantom hourglass , which was being developed with touch controls for the nintendo ds . at the same time , the wii was under development with the code name " revolution " . miyamoto thought that the revolution ' s pointing device , the wii remote , was well suited for aiming arrows in zelda , and suggested that aonuma consider using it . [ n ] [ sep ] wii remote
california governor arnold schwarzenegger signed the " donda west law " , legislation which makes it mandatory for patients to provide medical clearance for elective cosmetic surgery . [ sep ] arnold schwarzenegger
california governor arnold schwarzenegger signed the " donda west law " , legislation which makes it mandatory for patients to provide medical clearance for elective cosmetic surgery . [ sep ] " donda west law "
aonuma had anticipated creating a zelda game for what would later be called the wii , but had assumed that he would need to complete twilight princess first . his team began work developing a pointing - based interface for the bow and arrow , and aonuma found that aiming directly at the screen gave the game a new feel , just like the ds control scheme for phantom hourglass . aonuma felt confident this was the only way to proceed , but worried about consumers who had been anticipating a gamecube release . developing two versions would mean delaying the previously announced 2005 release , still disappointing the consumer . satoru iwata felt that having both versions would satisfy users in the end , even though they would have to wait for the finished product . aonuma then started working on both versions in parallel . [ o ] [ sep ] 2005
ipods have won several awards ranging from engineering excellence , [ not in citation given ] to most innovative audio product , to fourth best computer product of 2006 . ipods often receive favorable reviews ; scoring on looks , clean design , and ease of use . pc world says that ipod line has " altered the landscape for portable audio players " . several industries are modifying their products to work better with both the ipod line and the aac audio format . examples include cd copy - protection schemes , and mobile phones , such as phones from sony ericsson and nokia , which play aac files rather than wma . [ sep ] sony ericsson and nokia
ipods have won several awards ranging from engineering excellence , [ not in citation given ] to most innovative audio product , to fourth best computer product of 2006 . ipods often receive favorable reviews ; scoring on looks , clean design , and ease of use . pc world says that ipod line has " altered the landscape for portable audio players " . several industries are modifying their products to work better with both the ipod line and the aac audio format . examples include cd copy - protection schemes , and mobile phones , such as phones from sony ericsson and nokia , which play aac files rather than wma . [ sep ] pc world
transferring gamecube development to the wii was relatively simple , since the wii was being created to be compatible with the gamecube . [ o ] at e3 2005 , nintendo released a small number of nintendo ds game cards containing a preview trailer for twilight princess . they also announced that zelda would appear on the wii ( then codenamed " revolution " ) , but it was not clear to the media if this meant twilight princess or a different game . [ sep ] at e3 2005
in december 2006 , robert " evel " knievel sued west for trademark infringement in west ' s video for " touch the sky " . knievel took issue with a " sexually charged video " in which west takes on the persona of " evel kanyevel " and attempts flying a rocket over a canyon . the suit claimed infringement on knievel ' s trademarked name and likeness . knievel also claimed that the " vulgar and offensive " images depicted in the video damaged his reputation . the suit sought monetary damages and an injunction to stop distribution of the video . west ' s attorneys argued that the music video amounted to satire and therefore was covered under the first amendment . just days before his death in november 2007 , knievel amicably settled the suit after being paid a visit from west , saying , " i thought he was a wonderful guy and quite a gentleman . " [ sep ] robert " evel " knievel
in december 2006 , robert " evel " knievel sued west for trademark infringement in west ' s video for " touch the sky " . knievel took issue with a " sexually charged video " in which west takes on the persona of " evel kanyevel " and attempts flying a rocket over a canyon . the suit claimed infringement on knievel ' s trademarked name and likeness . knievel also claimed that the " vulgar and offensive " images depicted in the video damaged his reputation . the suit sought monetary damages and an injunction to stop distribution of the video . west ' s attorneys argued that the music video amounted to satire and therefore was covered under the first amendment . just days before his death in november 2007 , knievel amicably settled the suit after being paid a visit from west , saying , " i thought he was a wonderful guy and quite a gentleman . " [ sep ] evel kanyevel
in december 2006 , robert " evel " knievel sued west for trademark infringement in west ' s video for " touch the sky " . knievel took issue with a " sexually charged video " in which west takes on the persona of " evel kanyevel " and attempts flying a rocket over a canyon . the suit claimed infringement on knievel ' s trademarked name and likeness . knievel also claimed that the " vulgar and offensive " images depicted in the video damaged his reputation . the suit sought monetary damages and an injunction to stop distribution of the video . west ' s attorneys argued that the music video amounted to satire and therefore was covered under the first amendment . just days before his death in november 2007 , knievel amicably settled the suit after being paid a visit from west , saying , " i thought he was a wonderful guy and quite a gentleman . " [ sep ] november 2007
ipods have also gained popularity for use in education . apple offers more information on educational uses for ipods on their website , including a collection of lesson plans . there has also been academic research done in this area in nursing education and more general k - 16 education . duke university provided ipods to all incoming freshmen in the fall of 2004 , and the ipod program continues today with modifications . entertainment weekly put it on its end - of - the - decade , " best - of " list , saying , " yes , children , there really was a time when we roamed the earth without thousands of our favorite jams tucked comfortably into our hip pockets . weird . " [ sep ] duke
ipods have also gained popularity for use in education . apple offers more information on educational uses for ipods on their website , including a collection of lesson plans . there has also been academic research done in this area in nursing education and more general k - 16 education . duke university provided ipods to all incoming freshmen in the fall of 2004 , and the ipod program continues today with modifications . entertainment weekly put it on its end - of - the - decade , " best - of " list , saying , " yes , children , there really was a time when we roamed the earth without thousands of our favorite jams tucked comfortably into our hip pockets . weird . " [ sep ] entertainment weekly
the team worked on a wii control scheme , adapting camera control and the fighting mechanics to the new interface . a prototype was created that used a swinging gesture to control the sword from a first - person viewpoint , but was unable to show the variety of link ' s movements . when the third - person view was restored , aonuma thought it felt strange to swing the wii remote with the right hand to control the sword in link ' s left hand , so the entire wii version map was mirrored . [ p ] details about wii controls began to surface in december 2005 when british publication ngc magazine claimed that when a gamecube copy of twilight princess was played on the revolution , it would give the player the option of using the revolution controller . miyamoto confirmed the revolution controller - functionality in an interview with nintendo of europe and time reported this soon after . however , support for the wii controller did not make it into the gamecube release . at e3 2006 , nintendo announced that both versions would be available at the wii launch , and had a playable version of twilight princess for the wii . [ p ] later , the gamecube release was pushed back to a month after the launch of the wii . [ sep ] ngc magazine
the team worked on a wii control scheme , adapting camera control and the fighting mechanics to the new interface . a prototype was created that used a swinging gesture to control the sword from a first - person viewpoint , but was unable to show the variety of link ' s movements . when the third - person view was restored , aonuma thought it felt strange to swing the wii remote with the right hand to control the sword in link ' s left hand , so the entire wii version map was mirrored . [ p ] details about wii controls began to surface in december 2005 when british publication ngc magazine claimed that when a gamecube copy of twilight princess was played on the revolution , it would give the player the option of using the revolution controller . miyamoto confirmed the revolution controller - functionality in an interview with nintendo of europe and time reported this soon after . however , support for the wii controller did not make it into the gamecube release . at e3 2006 , nintendo announced that both versions would be available at the wii launch , and had a playable version of twilight princess for the wii . [ p ] later , the gamecube release was pushed back to a month after the launch of the wii . [ sep ] e3 2006
on september 11 , 2008 , west and his road manager / bodyguard don " don c . " crowley were arrested at los angeles international airport and booked on charges of felony vandalism after an altercation with the paparazzi in which west and crowley broke the photographers ' cameras . west was later released from the los angeles police department ' s pacific division station in culver city on $ 20 , 000 bail bond . on september 26 , 2008 , the los angeles county district attorney ' s office said it would not file felony counts against west over the incident . instead the case file was forwarded to the city attorney ' s office , which charged west with one count of misdemeanor vandalism , one count of grand theft and one count of battery and his manager with three counts of each on march 18 , 2009 . west ' s and crowley ' s arraignment was delayed from an original date of april 14 , 2009 . [ sep ] september 11 , 2008
on september 11 , 2008 , west and his road manager / bodyguard don " don c . " crowley were arrested at los angeles international airport and booked on charges of felony vandalism after an altercation with the paparazzi in which west and crowley broke the photographers ' cameras . west was later released from the los angeles police department ' s pacific division station in culver city on $ 20 , 000 bail bond . on september 26 , 2008 , the los angeles county district attorney ' s office said it would not file felony counts against west over the incident . instead the case file was forwarded to the city attorney ' s office , which charged west with one count of misdemeanor vandalism , one count of grand theft and one count of battery and his manager with three counts of each on march 18 , 2009 . west ' s and crowley ' s arraignment was delayed from an original date of april 14 , 2009 . [ sep ] felony vandalism
on september 11 , 2008 , west and his road manager / bodyguard don " don c . " crowley were arrested at los angeles international airport and booked on charges of felony vandalism after an altercation with the paparazzi in which west and crowley broke the photographers ' cameras . west was later released from the los angeles police department ' s pacific division station in culver city on $ 20 , 000 bail bond . on september 26 , 2008 , the los angeles county district attorney ' s office said it would not file felony counts against west over the incident . instead the case file was forwarded to the city attorney ' s office , which charged west with one count of misdemeanor vandalism , one count of grand theft and one count of battery and his manager with three counts of each on march 18 , 2009 . west ' s and crowley ' s arraignment was delayed from an original date of april 14 , 2009 . [ sep ] don " don c . " crowley
on september 11 , 2008 , west and his road manager / bodyguard don " don c . " crowley were arrested at los angeles international airport and booked on charges of felony vandalism after an altercation with the paparazzi in which west and crowley broke the photographers ' cameras . west was later released from the los angeles police department ' s pacific division station in culver city on $ 20 , 000 bail bond . on september 26 , 2008 , the los angeles county district attorney ' s office said it would not file felony counts against west over the incident . instead the case file was forwarded to the city attorney ' s office , which charged west with one count of misdemeanor vandalism , one count of grand theft and one count of battery and his manager with three counts of each on march 18 , 2009 . west ' s and crowley ' s arraignment was delayed from an original date of april 14 , 2009 . [ sep ] $ 20 , 000
the ipod has also been credited with accelerating shifts within the music industry . the ipod ' s popularization of digital music storage allows users to abandon listening to entire albums and instead be able to choose specific singles which hastened the end of the album era in popular music . [ sep ] the album era
west was arrested again on november 14 , 2008 at the hilton hotel near gateshead after another scuffle involving a photographer outside the famous tup tup palace nightclub in newcastle upon tyne . he was later released " with no further action " , according to a police spokesperson . [ sep ] november 14 , 2008
west was arrested again on november 14 , 2008 at the hilton hotel near gateshead after another scuffle involving a photographer outside the famous tup tup palace nightclub in newcastle upon tyne . he was later released " with no further action " , according to a police spokesperson . [ sep ] hilton hotel near gateshead
west was arrested again on november 14 , 2008 at the hilton hotel near gateshead after another scuffle involving a photographer outside the famous tup tup palace nightclub in newcastle upon tyne . he was later released " with no further action " , according to a police spokesperson . [ sep ] tup tup palace nightclub
nintendo staff members reported that demo users complained about the difficulty of the control scheme . aonuma realized that his team had implemented wii controls under the mindset of " forcing " users to adapt , instead of making the system intuitive and easy to use . he began rethinking the controls with miyamoto to focus on comfort and ease . [ q ] the camera movement was reworked and item controls were changed to avoid accidental button presses . [ r ] in addition , the new item system required use of the button that had previously been used for the sword . to solve this , sword controls were transferred back to gestures — something e3 attendees had commented they would like to see . this reintroduced the problem of using a right - handed swing to control a left - handed sword attack . the team did not have enough time before release to rework link ' s character model , so they instead flipped the entire game — everything was made a mirror image . [ s ] link was now right - handed , and references to " east " and " west " were switched around . the gamecube version , however , was left with the original orientation . the twilight princess player ' s guide focuses on the wii version , but has a section in the back with mirror - image maps for gamecube users . [ t ] [ sep ] comfort and ease
the advertised battery life on most models is different from the real - world achievable life . for example , the fifth generation 30 gb ipod is advertised as having up to 14 hours of music playback . an mp3 . com report stated that this was virtually unachievable under real - life usage conditions , with a writer for mp3 . com getting on average less than 8 hours from an ipod . in 2003 , class action lawsuits were brought against apple complaining that the battery charges lasted for shorter lengths of time than stated and that the battery degraded over time . the lawsuits were settled by offering individuals either us $ 50 store credit or a free battery replacement . [ sep ] battery life
the advertised battery life on most models is different from the real - world achievable life . for example , the fifth generation 30 gb ipod is advertised as having up to 14 hours of music playback . an mp3 . com report stated that this was virtually unachievable under real - life usage conditions , with a writer for mp3 . com getting on average less than 8 hours from an ipod . in 2003 , class action lawsuits were brought against apple complaining that the battery charges lasted for shorter lengths of time than stated and that the battery degraded over time . the lawsuits were settled by offering individuals either us $ 50 store credit or a free battery replacement . [ sep ] 8 hours
on july 19 , 2013 , west was leaving lax as he was surrounded by dozens of paparazzi . west became increasingly agitated as a photographer , daniel ramos , continued to ask him why people were not allowed to speak in his presence . west then says , " i told you don ' t talk to me , right ? you trying to get me in trouble so i steal off on you and have to pay you like $ 250 , 000 and shit . " then he allegedly charged the man and grabbed him and his camera . the incident captured by tmz , took place for a few seconds before a female voice can be heard telling west to stop . west then released the man , and his camera , and drove away from the scene . medics were later called to the scene on behalf of the photographer who was grabbed . it was reported west could be charged with felony attempted robbery behind the matter . however , the charges were reduced to misdemeanor criminal battery and attempted grand theft . in march 2014 , west was sentenced to serve two years ' probation for the misdemeanor battery conviction and required to attend 24 anger management sessions , perform 250 hours of community service and pay restitution to ramos . [ sep ] daniel ramos
on july 19 , 2013 , west was leaving lax as he was surrounded by dozens of paparazzi . west became increasingly agitated as a photographer , daniel ramos , continued to ask him why people were not allowed to speak in his presence . west then says , " i told you don ' t talk to me , right ? you trying to get me in trouble so i steal off on you and have to pay you like $ 250 , 000 and shit . " then he allegedly charged the man and grabbed him and his camera . the incident captured by tmz , took place for a few seconds before a female voice can be heard telling west to stop . west then released the man , and his camera , and drove away from the scene . medics were later called to the scene on behalf of the photographer who was grabbed . it was reported west could be charged with felony attempted robbery behind the matter . however , the charges were reduced to misdemeanor criminal battery and attempted grand theft . in march 2014 , west was sentenced to serve two years ' probation for the misdemeanor battery conviction and required to attend 24 anger management sessions , perform 250 hours of community service and pay restitution to ramos . [ sep ] 2
on july 19 , 2013 , west was leaving lax as he was surrounded by dozens of paparazzi . west became increasingly agitated as a photographer , daniel ramos , continued to ask him why people were not allowed to speak in his presence . west then says , " i told you don ' t talk to me , right ? you trying to get me in trouble so i steal off on you and have to pay you like $ 250 , 000 and shit . " then he allegedly charged the man and grabbed him and his camera . the incident captured by tmz , took place for a few seconds before a female voice can be heard telling west to stop . west then released the man , and his camera , and drove away from the scene . medics were later called to the scene on behalf of the photographer who was grabbed . it was reported west could be charged with felony attempted robbery behind the matter . however , the charges were reduced to misdemeanor criminal battery and attempted grand theft . in march 2014 , west was sentenced to serve two years ' probation for the misdemeanor battery conviction and required to attend 24 anger management sessions , perform 250 hours of community service and pay restitution to ramos . [ sep ] anger management
on july 19 , 2013 , west was leaving lax as he was surrounded by dozens of paparazzi . west became increasingly agitated as a photographer , daniel ramos , continued to ask him why people were not allowed to speak in his presence . west then says , " i told you don ' t talk to me , right ? you trying to get me in trouble so i steal off on you and have to pay you like $ 250 , 000 and shit . " then he allegedly charged the man and grabbed him and his camera . the incident captured by tmz , took place for a few seconds before a female voice can be heard telling west to stop . west then released the man , and his camera , and drove away from the scene . medics were later called to the scene on behalf of the photographer who was grabbed . it was reported west could be charged with felony attempted robbery behind the matter . however , the charges were reduced to misdemeanor criminal battery and attempted grand theft . in march 2014 , west was sentenced to serve two years ' probation for the misdemeanor battery conviction and required to attend 24 anger management sessions , perform 250 hours of community service and pay restitution to ramos . [ sep ] 250
the game ' s score was composed by toru minegishi and asuka ohta , with series regular koji kondo serving as the sound supervisor . minegishi took charge of composition and sound design in twilight princess , providing all field and dungeon music under the supervision of kondo . for the trailers , three pieces were written by different composers , two of which were created by mahito yokota and kondo . michiru oshima created orchestral arrangements for the three compositions , later to be performed by an ensemble conducted by yasuzo takemoto . kondo ' s piece was later chosen as music for the e3 2005 trailer and for the demo movie after the game ' s title screen . [ sep ] michiru oshima
the game ' s score was composed by toru minegishi and asuka ohta , with series regular koji kondo serving as the sound supervisor . minegishi took charge of composition and sound design in twilight princess , providing all field and dungeon music under the supervision of kondo . for the trailers , three pieces were written by different composers , two of which were created by mahito yokota and kondo . michiru oshima created orchestral arrangements for the three compositions , later to be performed by an ensemble conducted by yasuzo takemoto . kondo ' s piece was later chosen as music for the e3 2005 trailer and for the demo movie after the game ' s title screen . [ sep ] yasuzo takemoto
ipod batteries are not designed to be removed or replaced by the user , although some users have been able to open the case themselves , usually following instructions from third - party vendors of ipod replacement batteries . compounding the problem , apple initially would not replace worn - out batteries . the official policy was that the customer should buy a refurbished replacement ipod , at a cost almost equivalent to a brand new one . all lithium - ion batteries lose capacity during their lifetime even when not in use ( guidelines are available for prolonging life - span ) and this situation led to a market for third - party battery replacement kits . [ sep ] batteries
ipod batteries are not designed to be removed or replaced by the user , although some users have been able to open the case themselves , usually following instructions from third - party vendors of ipod replacement batteries . compounding the problem , apple initially would not replace worn - out batteries . the official policy was that the customer should buy a refurbished replacement ipod , at a cost almost equivalent to a brand new one . all lithium - ion batteries lose capacity during their lifetime even when not in use ( guidelines are available for prolonging life - span ) and this situation led to a market for third - party battery replacement kits . [ sep ] lithium - ion
the first truth explains the nature of dukkha . dukkha is commonly translated as " suffering " , " anxiety " , " unsatisfactoriness " , " unease " , etc . , and it is said to have the following three aspects : [ sep ] dukkha
the first truth explains the nature of dukkha . dukkha is commonly translated as " suffering " , " anxiety " , " unsatisfactoriness " , " unease " , etc . , and it is said to have the following three aspects : [ sep ] suffering
the first truth explains the nature of dukkha . dukkha is commonly translated as " suffering " , " anxiety " , " unsatisfactoriness " , " unease " , etc . , and it is said to have the following three aspects : [ sep ] anxiety
the first truth explains the nature of dukkha . dukkha is commonly translated as " suffering " , " anxiety " , " unsatisfactoriness " , " unease " , etc . , and it is said to have the following three aspects : [ sep ] three
the first truth explains the nature of dukkha . dukkha is commonly translated as " suffering " , " anxiety " , " unsatisfactoriness " , " unease " , etc . , and it is said to have the following three aspects : [ sep ] unsatisfactoriness
after the success of his song " jesus walks " from the album the college dropout , west was questioned on his beliefs and said , " i will say that i ' m spiritual . i have accepted jesus as my savior . and i will say that i fall short every day . " more recently , in september 2014 , west referred to himself as a christian during one of his concerts . [ sep ] the college dropout
after the success of his song " jesus walks " from the album the college dropout , west was questioned on his beliefs and said , " i will say that i ' m spiritual . i have accepted jesus as my savior . and i will say that i fall short every day . " more recently , in september 2014 , west referred to himself as a christian during one of his concerts . [ sep ] christian
apple announced a battery replacement program on november 14 , 2003 , a week before a high publicity stunt and website by the neistat brothers . the initial cost was us $ 99 , and it was lowered to us $ 59 in 2005 . one week later , apple offered an extended ipod warranty for us $ 59 . for the ipod nano , soldering tools are needed because the battery is soldered onto the main board . fifth generation ipods have their battery attached to the backplate with adhesive . [ sep ] 2003
apple announced a battery replacement program on november 14 , 2003 , a week before a high publicity stunt and website by the neistat brothers . the initial cost was us $ 99 , and it was lowered to us $ 59 in 2005 . one week later , apple offered an extended ipod warranty for us $ 59 . for the ipod nano , soldering tools are needed because the battery is soldered onto the main board . fifth generation ipods have their battery attached to the backplate with adhesive . [ sep ] $ 99
apple announced a battery replacement program on november 14 , 2003 , a week before a high publicity stunt and website by the neistat brothers . the initial cost was us $ 99 , and it was lowered to us $ 59 in 2005 . one week later , apple offered an extended ipod warranty for us $ 59 . for the ipod nano , soldering tools are needed because the battery is soldered onto the main board . fifth generation ipods have their battery attached to the backplate with adhesive . [ sep ] nano
media requests at the trade show prompted kondo to consider using orchestral music for the other tracks in the game as well , a notion reinforced by his preference for live instruments . he originally envisioned a full 50 - person orchestra for action sequences and a string quartet for more " lyrical moments " , though the final product used sequenced music instead . kondo later cited the lack of interactivity that comes with orchestral music as one of the main reasons for the decision . both six - and seven - track versions of the game ' s soundtrack were released on november 19 , 2006 , as part of a nintendo power promotion and bundled with replicas of the master sword and the hylian shield . [ sep ] media
media requests at the trade show prompted kondo to consider using orchestral music for the other tracks in the game as well , a notion reinforced by his preference for live instruments . he originally envisioned a full 50 - person orchestra for action sequences and a string quartet for more " lyrical moments " , though the final product used sequenced music instead . kondo later cited the lack of interactivity that comes with orchestral music as one of the main reasons for the decision . both six - and seven - track versions of the game ' s soundtrack were released on november 19 , 2006 , as part of a nintendo power promotion and bundled with replicas of the master sword and the hylian shield . [ sep ] november 19 , 2006
media requests at the trade show prompted kondo to consider using orchestral music for the other tracks in the game as well , a notion reinforced by his preference for live instruments . he originally envisioned a full 50 - person orchestra for action sequences and a string quartet for more " lyrical moments " , though the final product used sequenced music instead . kondo later cited the lack of interactivity that comes with orchestral music as one of the main reasons for the decision . both six - and seven - track versions of the game ' s soundtrack were released on november 19 , 2006 , as part of a nintendo power promotion and bundled with replicas of the master sword and the hylian shield . [ sep ] soundtrack
west is among the most critically acclaimed artists of the twenty - first century , receiving praise from music critics , fans , fellow musicians , artists , and wider cultural figures for his work . allmusic editor jason birchmeier writes of his impact , " as his career progressed throughout the early 21st century , west shattered certain stereotypes about rappers , becoming a superstar on his own terms without adapting his appearance , his rhetoric , or his music to fit any one musical mold . " jon caramanic of the new york times said that west has been " a frequent lightning rod for controversy , a bombastic figure who can count rankling two presidents among his achievements , along with being a reliably dyspeptic presence at award shows ( when he attends them ) . " village voice media senior editor ben westhoff dubbed him the greatest hip hop artist of all time , writing that " he ' s made the best albums and changed the game the most , and his music is the most likely to endure , " while complex called him the 21st century ' s " most important artist of any art form , of any genre . " the guardian has compared west to david bowie , arguing that " there is nobody else who can sell as many records as west does ( 30m - odd album sales and counting ) while remaining so resolutely experimental and capable of stirring things up culturally and politically . " [ sep ] jon caramanic
west is among the most critically acclaimed artists of the twenty - first century , receiving praise from music critics , fans , fellow musicians , artists , and wider cultural figures for his work . allmusic editor jason birchmeier writes of his impact , " as his career progressed throughout the early 21st century , west shattered certain stereotypes about rappers , becoming a superstar on his own terms without adapting his appearance , his rhetoric , or his music to fit any one musical mold . " jon caramanic of the new york times said that west has been " a frequent lightning rod for controversy , a bombastic figure who can count rankling two presidents among his achievements , along with being a reliably dyspeptic presence at award shows ( when he attends them ) . " village voice media senior editor ben westhoff dubbed him the greatest hip hop artist of all time , writing that " he ' s made the best albums and changed the game the most , and his music is the most likely to endure , " while complex called him the 21st century ' s " most important artist of any art form , of any genre . " the guardian has compared west to david bowie , arguing that " there is nobody else who can sell as many records as west does ( 30m - odd album sales and counting ) while remaining so resolutely experimental and capable of stirring things up culturally and politically . " [ sep ] ben westhoff
west is among the most critically acclaimed artists of the twenty - first century , receiving praise from music critics , fans , fellow musicians , artists , and wider cultural figures for his work . allmusic editor jason birchmeier writes of his impact , " as his career progressed throughout the early 21st century , west shattered certain stereotypes about rappers , becoming a superstar on his own terms without adapting his appearance , his rhetoric , or his music to fit any one musical mold . " jon caramanic of the new york times said that west has been " a frequent lightning rod for controversy , a bombastic figure who can count rankling two presidents among his achievements , along with being a reliably dyspeptic presence at award shows ( when he attends them ) . " village voice media senior editor ben westhoff dubbed him the greatest hip hop artist of all time , writing that " he ' s made the best albums and changed the game the most , and his music is the most likely to endure , " while complex called him the 21st century ' s " most important artist of any art form , of any genre . " the guardian has compared west to david bowie , arguing that " there is nobody else who can sell as many records as west does ( 30m - odd album sales and counting ) while remaining so resolutely experimental and capable of stirring things up culturally and politically . " [ sep ] the guardian
following the discovery of a buffer overflow vulnerability in the wii version of twilight princess , an exploit known as the " twilight hack " was developed , allowing the execution of custom code from a secure digital ( sd ) card on the console . a properly designed save file would cause the game to load unsigned code , which could include executable and linkable format ( elf ) programs and homebrew wii applications . versions 3 . 3 and 3 . 4 of the wii menu prevented copying exploited save files onto the console until circumvention methods were discovered , and version 4 . 0 of the wii menu patched the vulnerability . [ sep ] twilight hack
following the discovery of a buffer overflow vulnerability in the wii version of twilight princess , an exploit known as the " twilight hack " was developed , allowing the execution of custom code from a secure digital ( sd ) card on the console . a properly designed save file would cause the game to load unsigned code , which could include executable and linkable format ( elf ) programs and homebrew wii applications . versions 3 . 3 and 3 . 4 of the wii menu prevented copying exploited save files onto the console until circumvention methods were discovered , and version 4 . 0 of the wii menu patched the vulnerability . [ sep ] 3 . 3 and 3 . 4
following the discovery of a buffer overflow vulnerability in the wii version of twilight princess , an exploit known as the " twilight hack " was developed , allowing the execution of custom code from a secure digital ( sd ) card on the console . a properly designed save file would cause the game to load unsigned code , which could include executable and linkable format ( elf ) programs and homebrew wii applications . versions 3 . 3 and 3 . 4 of the wii menu prevented copying exploited save files onto the console until circumvention methods were discovered , and version 4 . 0 of the wii menu patched the vulnerability . [ sep ] 4 . 0
west ' s middle - class background , flamboyant fashion sense and outspokenness have additionally set him apart from other rappers . early in his career , he was among the first rappers to publicly criticize the preponderance of homophobia in hip hop . the sales competition between rapper 50 cent ' s curtis and west ' s graduation altered the direction of hip hop and helped pave the way for new rappers who did not follow the hardcore - gangster mold . rosie swash of the guardian viewed the sales competition as a historical moment in hip - hop , because it " highlighted the diverging facets of hip - hop in the last decade ; the former was gangsta rap for the noughties , while west was the thinking man ' s alternative . " rolling stone credited west with transforming hip hop ' s mainstream , " establishing a style of introspective yet glossy rap [ . . . ] " , and called him " as interesting and complicated a pop star as the 2000s produced — a rapper who mastered , upped and moved beyond the hip - hop game , a producer who created a signature sound and then abandoned it to his imitators , a flashy , free - spending sybarite with insightful things to say about college , culture and economics , an egomaniac with more than enough artistic firepower to back it up . " his 2008 album 808s & heartbreak polarized both listeners and critics upon its release , but was commercially successful and impacted hip hop and pop stylistically , as it laid the groundwork for a new wave of artists who generally eschewed typical rap braggadocio for intimate subject matter and introspection , including frank ocean , the weeknd , drake , future , kid cudi , childish gambino , lil durk , chief keef , and soulja boy . according to ben detrick of xxl magazine , west effectively led a new wave of artists , including kid cudi , wale , lupe fiasco , kidz in the hall , and drake , who lacked the interest or ability to rap about gunplay or drug - dealing . [ sep ] middle - class
west ' s middle - class background , flamboyant fashion sense and outspokenness have additionally set him apart from other rappers . early in his career , he was among the first rappers to publicly criticize the preponderance of homophobia in hip hop . the sales competition between rapper 50 cent ' s curtis and west ' s graduation altered the direction of hip hop and helped pave the way for new rappers who did not follow the hardcore - gangster mold . rosie swash of the guardian viewed the sales competition as a historical moment in hip - hop , because it " highlighted the diverging facets of hip - hop in the last decade ; the former was gangsta rap for the noughties , while west was the thinking man ' s alternative . " rolling stone credited west with transforming hip hop ' s mainstream , " establishing a style of introspective yet glossy rap [ . . . ] " , and called him " as interesting and complicated a pop star as the 2000s produced — a rapper who mastered , upped and moved beyond the hip - hop game , a producer who created a signature sound and then abandoned it to his imitators , a flashy , free - spending sybarite with insightful things to say about college , culture and economics , an egomaniac with more than enough artistic firepower to back it up . " his 2008 album 808s & heartbreak polarized both listeners and critics upon its release , but was commercially successful and impacted hip hop and pop stylistically , as it laid the groundwork for a new wave of artists who generally eschewed typical rap braggadocio for intimate subject matter and introspection , including frank ocean , the weeknd , drake , future , kid cudi , childish gambino , lil durk , chief keef , and soulja boy . according to ben detrick of xxl magazine , west effectively led a new wave of artists , including kid cudi , wale , lupe fiasco , kidz in the hall , and drake , who lacked the interest or ability to rap about gunplay or drug - dealing . [ sep ] 50 cent
west ' s middle - class background , flamboyant fashion sense and outspokenness have additionally set him apart from other rappers . early in his career , he was among the first rappers to publicly criticize the preponderance of homophobia in hip hop . the sales competition between rapper 50 cent ' s curtis and west ' s graduation altered the direction of hip hop and helped pave the way for new rappers who did not follow the hardcore - gangster mold . rosie swash of the guardian viewed the sales competition as a historical moment in hip - hop , because it " highlighted the diverging facets of hip - hop in the last decade ; the former was gangsta rap for the noughties , while west was the thinking man ' s alternative . " rolling stone credited west with transforming hip hop ' s mainstream , " establishing a style of introspective yet glossy rap [ . . . ] " , and called him " as interesting and complicated a pop star as the 2000s produced — a rapper who mastered , upped and moved beyond the hip - hop game , a producer who created a signature sound and then abandoned it to his imitators , a flashy , free - spending sybarite with insightful things to say about college , culture and economics , an egomaniac with more than enough artistic firepower to back it up . " his 2008 album 808s & heartbreak polarized both listeners and critics upon its release , but was commercially successful and impacted hip hop and pop stylistically , as it laid the groundwork for a new wave of artists who generally eschewed typical rap braggadocio for intimate subject matter and introspection , including frank ocean , the weeknd , drake , future , kid cudi , childish gambino , lil durk , chief keef , and soulja boy . according to ben detrick of xxl magazine , west effectively led a new wave of artists , including kid cudi , wale , lupe fiasco , kidz in the hall , and drake , who lacked the interest or ability to rap about gunplay or drug - dealing . [ sep ] ben detrick
a high - definition remaster of the game , the legend of zelda : twilight princess hd , is being developed by tantalus media for the wii u . officially announced during a nintendo direct presentation on november 12 , 2015 , it features enhanced graphics and amiibo functionality . the game will be released in north america and europe on march 4 , 2016 ; in australia on march 5 , 2016 ; and in japan on march 10 , 2016 . [ sep ] the legend of zelda : twilight princess hd
a high - definition remaster of the game , the legend of zelda : twilight princess hd , is being developed by tantalus media for the wii u . officially announced during a nintendo direct presentation on november 12 , 2015 , it features enhanced graphics and amiibo functionality . the game will be released in north america and europe on march 4 , 2016 ; in australia on march 5 , 2016 ; and in japan on march 10 , 2016 . [ sep ] tantalus media
a high - definition remaster of the game , the legend of zelda : twilight princess hd , is being developed by tantalus media for the wii u . officially announced during a nintendo direct presentation on november 12 , 2015 , it features enhanced graphics and amiibo functionality . the game will be released in north america and europe on march 4 , 2016 ; in australia on march 5 , 2016 ; and in japan on march 10 , 2016 . [ sep ] amiibo
a high - definition remaster of the game , the legend of zelda : twilight princess hd , is being developed by tantalus media for the wii u . officially announced during a nintendo direct presentation on november 12 , 2015 , it features enhanced graphics and amiibo functionality . the game will be released in north america and europe on march 4 , 2016 ; in australia on march 5 , 2016 ; and in japan on march 10 , 2016 . [ sep ] march 4 , 2016
the strongest element of style noted by critics and reviewers is lee ' s talent for narration , which in an early review in time was called " tactile brilliance " . writing a decade later , another scholar noted , " harper lee has a remarkable gift of story - telling . her art is visual , and with cinematographic fluidity and subtlety we see a scene melting into another scene without jolts of transition . " lee combines the narrator ' s voice of a child observing her surroundings with a grown woman ' s reflecting on her childhood , using the ambiguity of this voice combined with the narrative technique of flashback to play intricately with perspectives . this narrative method allows lee to tell a " delightfully deceptive " story that mixes the simplicity of childhood observation with adult situations complicated by hidden motivations and unquestioned tradition . however , at times the blending causes reviewers to question scout ' s preternatural vocabulary and depth of understanding . both harding lemay and the novelist and literary critic granville hicks expressed doubt that children as sheltered as scout and jem could understand the complexities and horrors involved in the trial for tom robinson ' s life . [ sep ] narration
the strongest element of style noted by critics and reviewers is lee ' s talent for narration , which in an early review in time was called " tactile brilliance " . writing a decade later , another scholar noted , " harper lee has a remarkable gift of story - telling . her art is visual , and with cinematographic fluidity and subtlety we see a scene melting into another scene without jolts of transition . " lee combines the narrator ' s voice of a child observing her surroundings with a grown woman ' s reflecting on her childhood , using the ambiguity of this voice combined with the narrative technique of flashback to play intricately with perspectives . this narrative method allows lee to tell a " delightfully deceptive " story that mixes the simplicity of childhood observation with adult situations complicated by hidden motivations and unquestioned tradition . however , at times the blending causes reviewers to question scout ' s preternatural vocabulary and depth of understanding . both harding lemay and the novelist and literary critic granville hicks expressed doubt that children as sheltered as scout and jem could understand the complexities and horrors involved in the trial for tom robinson ' s life . [ sep ] flashback
special bundles of the game contain a wolf link amiibo figurine , which unlocks a wii u - exclusive dungeon called the " cave of shadows " and can carry data over to the upcoming 2016 zelda game . other zelda - related amiibo figurines have distinct functions : link and toon link replenish arrows , zelda and sheik restore link ' s health , and ganondorf causes link to take twice as much damage . [ sep ] wolf link amiibo
special bundles of the game contain a wolf link amiibo figurine , which unlocks a wii u - exclusive dungeon called the " cave of shadows " and can carry data over to the upcoming 2016 zelda game . other zelda - related amiibo figurines have distinct functions : link and toon link replenish arrows , zelda and sheik restore link ' s health , and ganondorf causes link to take twice as much damage . [ sep ] cave of shadows
special bundles of the game contain a wolf link amiibo figurine , which unlocks a wii u - exclusive dungeon called the " cave of shadows " and can carry data over to the upcoming 2016 zelda game . other zelda - related amiibo figurines have distinct functions : link and toon link replenish arrows , zelda and sheik restore link ' s health , and ganondorf causes link to take twice as much damage . [ sep ] link and toon
special bundles of the game contain a wolf link amiibo figurine , which unlocks a wii u - exclusive dungeon called the " cave of shadows " and can carry data over to the upcoming 2016 zelda game . other zelda - related amiibo figurines have distinct functions : link and toon link replenish arrows , zelda and sheik restore link ' s health , and ganondorf causes link to take twice as much damage . [ sep ] zelda and sheik
ipods have been criticized for alleged short life - span and fragile hard drives . a 2005 survey conducted on the macintouch website found that the ipod line had an average failure rate of 13 . 7 % ( although they note that comments from respondents indicate that " the true ipod failure rate may be lower than it appears " ) . it concluded that some models were more durable than others . in particular , failure rates for ipods employing hard drives was usually above 20 % while those with flash memory had a failure rate below 10 % . in late 2005 , many users complained that the surface of the first generation ipod nano can become scratched easily , rendering the screen unusable . a class action lawsuit was also filed . apple initially considered the issue a minor defect , but later began shipping these ipods with protective sleeves . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] flash memory
ipods have been criticized for alleged short life - span and fragile hard drives . a 2005 survey conducted on the macintouch website found that the ipod line had an average failure rate of 13 . 7 % ( although they note that comments from respondents indicate that " the true ipod failure rate may be lower than it appears " ) . it concluded that some models were more durable than others . in particular , failure rates for ipods employing hard drives was usually above 20 % while those with flash memory had a failure rate below 10 % . in late 2005 , many users complained that the surface of the first generation ipod nano can become scratched easily , rendering the screen unusable . a class action lawsuit was also filed . apple initially considered the issue a minor defect , but later began shipping these ipods with protective sleeves . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] screen
a substantial number of artists and other figures have been influenced by , or complimented , west ' s work , including hip hop artists rza of wu - tang clan , chuck d of public enemy , and dj premier of gang starr . both drake and casey veggies have acknowledged being influenced directly by west . non - rap artists such as english singer - songwriters adele and lily allen , new zealand artist lorde , rock band arctic monkeys , pop singer halsey , sergio pizzorno of english rock band kasabian and american indie rock group mgmt have cited west as an influence . experimental and electronic artists such as james blake daniel lopatin , and tim hecker have also cited west ' s work as an inspiration . experimental rock pioneer and velvet underground founder lou reed , in a review of west ' s album yeezus , wrote that " the guy really , really , really is talented . he ' s really trying to raise the bar . no one ' s near doing what he ’ s doing , it ’ s not even on the same planet . " musicians such as paul mccartney and prince have also commended west ' s work . famed tesla motors ceo and inventor elon musk complimented west in a piece for time magazine ' s 100 most influential people list , writing that : [ sep ] inventor elon musk
a cd containing 20 musical selections from the game was available as a gamestop preorder bonus in the united states ; it is included in all bundles in japan , europe , and australia . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] cd
the second truth is that the origin of dukkha can be known . within the context of the four noble truths , the origin of dukkha is commonly explained as craving ( pali : tanha ) conditioned by ignorance ( pali : avijja ) . on a deeper level , the root cause of dukkha is identified as ignorance ( pali : avijja ) of the true nature of things . the third noble truth is that the complete cessation of dukkha is possible , and the fourth noble truth identifies a path to this cessation . [ note 7 ] [ sep ] dukkha can be known .
the second truth is that the origin of dukkha can be known . within the context of the four noble truths , the origin of dukkha is commonly explained as craving ( pali : tanha ) conditioned by ignorance ( pali : avijja ) . on a deeper level , the root cause of dukkha is identified as ignorance ( pali : avijja ) of the true nature of things . the third noble truth is that the complete cessation of dukkha is possible , and the fourth noble truth identifies a path to this cessation . [ note 7 ] [ sep ] craving
the second truth is that the origin of dukkha can be known . within the context of the four noble truths , the origin of dukkha is commonly explained as craving ( pali : tanha ) conditioned by ignorance ( pali : avijja ) . on a deeper level , the root cause of dukkha is identified as ignorance ( pali : avijja ) of the true nature of things . the third noble truth is that the complete cessation of dukkha is possible , and the fourth noble truth identifies a path to this cessation . [ note 7 ] [ sep ] ignorance
on june 11 , 2006 , the british tabloid the mail on sunday reported that ipods are mainly manufactured by workers who earn no more than us $ 50 per month and work 15 - hour shifts . apple investigated the case with independent auditors and found that , while some of the plant ' s labour practices met apple ' s code of conduct , others did not : employees worked over 60 hours a week for 35 % of the time , and worked more than six consecutive days for 25 % of the time . [ sep ] the mail
on june 11 , 2006 , the british tabloid the mail on sunday reported that ipods are mainly manufactured by workers who earn no more than us $ 50 per month and work 15 - hour shifts . apple investigated the case with independent auditors and found that , while some of the plant ' s labour practices met apple ' s code of conduct , others did not : employees worked over 60 hours a week for 35 % of the time , and worked more than six consecutive days for 25 % of the time . [ sep ] 35 %
twilight princess was released to universal critical acclaim and commercial success . it received perfect scores from major publications such as 1up . com , computer and video games , electronic gaming monthly , game informer , gamesradar , and gamespy . on the review aggregators gamerankings and metacritic , twilight princess has average scores of 95 % and 95 for the wii version and scores of 95 % and 96 for the gamecube version . gametrailers in their review called it one of the greatest games ever created . [ sep ] universal critical acclaim
twilight princess was released to universal critical acclaim and commercial success . it received perfect scores from major publications such as 1up . com , computer and video games , electronic gaming monthly , game informer , gamesradar , and gamespy . on the review aggregators gamerankings and metacritic , twilight princess has average scores of 95 % and 95 for the wii version and scores of 95 % and 96 for the gamecube version . gametrailers in their review called it one of the greatest games ever created . [ sep ] perfect
twilight princess was released to universal critical acclaim and commercial success . it received perfect scores from major publications such as 1up . com , computer and video games , electronic gaming monthly , game informer , gamesradar , and gamespy . on the review aggregators gamerankings and metacritic , twilight princess has average scores of 95 % and 95 for the wii version and scores of 95 % and 96 for the gamecube version . gametrailers in their review called it one of the greatest games ever created . [ sep ] 95
twilight princess was released to universal critical acclaim and commercial success . it received perfect scores from major publications such as 1up . com , computer and video games , electronic gaming monthly , game informer , gamesradar , and gamespy . on the review aggregators gamerankings and metacritic , twilight princess has average scores of 95 % and 95 for the wii version and scores of 95 % and 96 for the gamecube version . gametrailers in their review called it one of the greatest games ever created . [ sep ] gametrailers
foxconn , apple ' s manufacturer , initially denied the abuses , but when an auditing team from apple found that workers had been working longer hours than were allowed under chinese law , they promised to prevent workers working more hours than the code allowed . apple hired a workplace standards auditing company , verite , and joined the electronic industry code of conduct implementation group to oversee the measures . on december 31 , 2006 , workers at the foxconn factory in longhua , shenzhen formed a union affiliated with the all - china federation of trade unions , the chinese government - approved union umbrella organization . [ sep ] foxconn
foxconn , apple ' s manufacturer , initially denied the abuses , but when an auditing team from apple found that workers had been working longer hours than were allowed under chinese law , they promised to prevent workers working more hours than the code allowed . apple hired a workplace standards auditing company , verite , and joined the electronic industry code of conduct implementation group to oversee the measures . on december 31 , 2006 , workers at the foxconn factory in longhua , shenzhen formed a union affiliated with the all - china federation of trade unions , the chinese government - approved union umbrella organization . [ sep ] verite
foxconn , apple ' s manufacturer , initially denied the abuses , but when an auditing team from apple found that workers had been working longer hours than were allowed under chinese law , they promised to prevent workers working more hours than the code allowed . apple hired a workplace standards auditing company , verite , and joined the electronic industry code of conduct implementation group to oversee the measures . on december 31 , 2006 , workers at the foxconn factory in longhua , shenzhen formed a union affiliated with the all - china federation of trade unions , the chinese government - approved union umbrella organization . [ sep ] 2006
on release , twilight princess was considered to be the greatest zelda game ever made by many critics including writers for 1up . com , computer and video games , electronic gaming monthly , game informer , gamesradar , ign and the washington post . game informer called it " so creative that it rivals the best that hollywood has to offer " . gamesradar praised twilight princess as " a game that deserves nothing but the absolute highest recommendation " . cubed3 hailed twilight princess as " the single greatest videogame experience " . twilight princess ' s graphics were praised for the art style and animation , although the game was designed for the gamecube , which is technically lacking compared to the next generation consoles . both ign and gamespy pointed out the existence of blurry textures and low - resolution characters . despite these complaints , computer and video games felt the game ' s atmosphere was superior to that of any previous zelda game , and regarded twilight princess ' s hyrule as the best version ever created . palgn praised the game ' s cinematics , noting that " the cutscenes are the best ever in zelda games " . regarding the wii version , gamespot ' s jeff gerstmann said the wii controls felt " tacked - on " , although 1up . com said the remote - swinging sword attacks were " the most impressive in the entire series " . gaming nexus considered twilight princess ' s soundtrack to be the best of this generation , though ign criticized its midi - formatted songs for lacking " the punch and crispness " of their orchestrated counterparts . hyper ' s javier glickman commended the game for its " very long quests , superb wii controls and being able to save anytime " . however , he criticised it for " no voice acting , no orchestral score and slightly outdated graphics " . [ sep ] ign and gamespy
on release , twilight princess was considered to be the greatest zelda game ever made by many critics including writers for 1up . com , computer and video games , electronic gaming monthly , game informer , gamesradar , ign and the washington post . game informer called it " so creative that it rivals the best that hollywood has to offer " . gamesradar praised twilight princess as " a game that deserves nothing but the absolute highest recommendation " . cubed3 hailed twilight princess as " the single greatest videogame experience " . twilight princess ' s graphics were praised for the art style and animation , although the game was designed for the gamecube , which is technically lacking compared to the next generation consoles . both ign and gamespy pointed out the existence of blurry textures and low - resolution characters . despite these complaints , computer and video games felt the game ' s atmosphere was superior to that of any previous zelda game , and regarded twilight princess ' s hyrule as the best version ever created . palgn praised the game ' s cinematics , noting that " the cutscenes are the best ever in zelda games " . regarding the wii version , gamespot ' s jeff gerstmann said the wii controls felt " tacked - on " , although 1up . com said the remote - swinging sword attacks were " the most impressive in the entire series " . gaming nexus considered twilight princess ' s soundtrack to be the best of this generation , though ign criticized its midi - formatted songs for lacking " the punch and crispness " of their orchestrated counterparts . hyper ' s javier glickman commended the game for its " very long quests , superb wii controls and being able to save anytime " . however , he criticised it for " no voice acting , no orchestral score and slightly outdated graphics " . [ sep ] gaming nexus
on release , twilight princess was considered to be the greatest zelda game ever made by many critics including writers for 1up . com , computer and video games , electronic gaming monthly , game informer , gamesradar , ign and the washington post . game informer called it " so creative that it rivals the best that hollywood has to offer " . gamesradar praised twilight princess as " a game that deserves nothing but the absolute highest recommendation " . cubed3 hailed twilight princess as " the single greatest videogame experience " . twilight princess ' s graphics were praised for the art style and animation , although the game was designed for the gamecube , which is technically lacking compared to the next generation consoles . both ign and gamespy pointed out the existence of blurry textures and low - resolution characters . despite these complaints , computer and video games felt the game ' s atmosphere was superior to that of any previous zelda game , and regarded twilight princess ' s hyrule as the best version ever created . palgn praised the game ' s cinematics , noting that " the cutscenes are the best ever in zelda games " . regarding the wii version , gamespot ' s jeff gerstmann said the wii controls felt " tacked - on " , although 1up . com said the remote - swinging sword attacks were " the most impressive in the entire series " . gaming nexus considered twilight princess ' s soundtrack to be the best of this generation , though ign criticized its midi - formatted songs for lacking " the punch and crispness " of their orchestrated counterparts . hyper ' s javier glickman commended the game for its " very long quests , superb wii controls and being able to save anytime " . however , he criticised it for " no voice acting , no orchestral score and slightly outdated graphics " . [ sep ] javier glickman
in 2010 , a number of workers committed suicide at a foxconn operations in china . apple , hp , and others stated that they were investigating the situation . foxconn guards have been videotaped beating employees . another employee killed himself in 2009 when an apple prototype went missing , and claimed in messages to friends , that he had been beaten and interrogated . [ sep ] 2010
the noble eightfold path — the fourth of the buddha ' s noble truths — consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions , that when developed together , lead to the cessation of dukkha . these eight factors are : right view ( or right understanding ) , right intention ( or right thought ) , right speech , right action , right livelihood , right effort , right mindfulness , and right concentration . [ sep ] the fourth
the noble eightfold path — the fourth of the buddha ' s noble truths — consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions , that when developed together , lead to the cessation of dukkha . these eight factors are : right view ( or right understanding ) , right intention ( or right thought ) , right speech , right action , right livelihood , right effort , right mindfulness , and right concentration . [ sep ] eight
the noble eightfold path — the fourth of the buddha ' s noble truths — consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions , that when developed together , lead to the cessation of dukkha . these eight factors are : right view ( or right understanding ) , right intention ( or right thought ) , right speech , right action , right livelihood , right effort , right mindfulness , and right concentration . [ sep ] the cessation of dukkha
the noble eightfold path — the fourth of the buddha ' s noble truths — consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions , that when developed together , lead to the cessation of dukkha . these eight factors are : right view ( or right understanding ) , right intention ( or right thought ) , right speech , right action , right livelihood , right effort , right mindfulness , and right concentration . [ sep ] right action
twilight princess received the awards for best artistic design , best original score , and best use of sound from ign for its gamecube version . both ign and nintendo power gave twilight princess the awards for best graphics and best story . twilight princess received game of the year awards from gametrailers , 1up . com , electronic gaming monthly , game informer , games radar , gamespy , spacey awards , x - play and nintendo power . it was also given awards for best adventure game from the game critics awards , x - play , ign , gametrailers , 1up . com , and nintendo power . the game was considered the best console game by the game critics awards and gamespy . the game placed 16th in official nintendo magazine ' s list of the 100 greatest nintendo games of all time . ign ranked the game as the 4th - best wii game . nintendo power ranked the game as the third - best game to be released on a nintendo system in the 2000s decade . [ sep ] ign and nintendo power
twilight princess received the awards for best artistic design , best original score , and best use of sound from ign for its gamecube version . both ign and nintendo power gave twilight princess the awards for best graphics and best story . twilight princess received game of the year awards from gametrailers , 1up . com , electronic gaming monthly , game informer , games radar , gamespy , spacey awards , x - play and nintendo power . it was also given awards for best adventure game from the game critics awards , x - play , ign , gametrailers , 1up . com , and nintendo power . the game was considered the best console game by the game critics awards and gamespy . the game placed 16th in official nintendo magazine ' s list of the 100 greatest nintendo games of all time . ign ranked the game as the 4th - best wii game . nintendo power ranked the game as the third - best game to be released on a nintendo system in the 2000s decade . [ sep ] best console game
twilight princess received the awards for best artistic design , best original score , and best use of sound from ign for its gamecube version . both ign and nintendo power gave twilight princess the awards for best graphics and best story . twilight princess received game of the year awards from gametrailers , 1up . com , electronic gaming monthly , game informer , games radar , gamespy , spacey awards , x - play and nintendo power . it was also given awards for best adventure game from the game critics awards , x - play , ign , gametrailers , 1up . com , and nintendo power . the game was considered the best console game by the game critics awards and gamespy . the game placed 16th in official nintendo magazine ' s list of the 100 greatest nintendo games of all time . ign ranked the game as the 4th - best wii game . nintendo power ranked the game as the third - best game to be released on a nintendo system in the 2000s decade . [ sep ] 16th
twilight princess received the awards for best artistic design , best original score , and best use of sound from ign for its gamecube version . both ign and nintendo power gave twilight princess the awards for best graphics and best story . twilight princess received game of the year awards from gametrailers , 1up . com , electronic gaming monthly , game informer , games radar , gamespy , spacey awards , x - play and nintendo power . it was also given awards for best adventure game from the game critics awards , x - play , ign , gametrailers , 1up . com , and nintendo power . the game was considered the best console game by the game critics awards and gamespy . the game placed 16th in official nintendo magazine ' s list of the 100 greatest nintendo games of all time . ign ranked the game as the 4th - best wii game . nintendo power ranked the game as the third - best game to be released on a nintendo system in the 2000s decade . [ sep ] 4th
in the pal region , which covers most of africa , asia , europe , and oceania , twilight princess is the best - selling entry in the zelda series . during its first week , the game was sold with three of every four wii purchases . the game had sold 5 . 82 million copies on the wii as of march 31 , 2011 [ update ] , and 1 . 32 million on the gamecube as of march 31 , 2007 [ update ] . [ sep ] pal region
in the pal region , which covers most of africa , asia , europe , and oceania , twilight princess is the best - selling entry in the zelda series . during its first week , the game was sold with three of every four wii purchases . the game had sold 5 . 82 million copies on the wii as of march 31 , 2011 [ update ] , and 1 . 32 million on the gamecube as of march 31 , 2007 [ update ] . [ sep ] 5 . 82 million
in the pal region , which covers most of africa , asia , europe , and oceania , twilight princess is the best - selling entry in the zelda series . during its first week , the game was sold with three of every four wii purchases . the game had sold 5 . 82 million copies on the wii as of march 31 , 2011 [ update ] , and 1 . 32 million on the gamecube as of march 31 , 2007 [ update ] . [ sep ] 1 . 32 million
west ' s first six solo studio albums , all of which have gone platinum , have received numerous awards and critical acclaim . all of his albums have been commercially successful , with yeezus , his sixth solo album , becoming his fifth consecutive no . 1 album in the u . s . upon release . west has had six songs exceed 3 million in digital sales as of december 2012 , with " gold digger " selling 3 , 086 , 000 , " stronger " selling 4 , 402 , 000 , " heartless " selling 3 , 742 , 000 , " e . t . " selling over 4 , 000 , 000 , " love lockdown " selling over 3 , 000 , 000 , and " niggas in paris " selling over 3 , 000 , 000 , placing him third in overall digital sales of the past decade . he has sold over 30 million digital songs in the united states making him one of the best - selling digital artists of all - time . [ sep ] 6
west ' s first six solo studio albums , all of which have gone platinum , have received numerous awards and critical acclaim . all of his albums have been commercially successful , with yeezus , his sixth solo album , becoming his fifth consecutive no . 1 album in the u . s . upon release . west has had six songs exceed 3 million in digital sales as of december 2012 , with " gold digger " selling 3 , 086 , 000 , " stronger " selling 4 , 402 , 000 , " heartless " selling 3 , 742 , 000 , " e . t . " selling over 4 , 000 , 000 , " love lockdown " selling over 3 , 000 , 000 , and " niggas in paris " selling over 3 , 000 , 000 , placing him third in overall digital sales of the past decade . he has sold over 30 million digital songs in the united states making him one of the best - selling digital artists of all - time . [ sep ] yeezus
west ' s first six solo studio albums , all of which have gone platinum , have received numerous awards and critical acclaim . all of his albums have been commercially successful , with yeezus , his sixth solo album , becoming his fifth consecutive no . 1 album in the u . s . upon release . west has had six songs exceed 3 million in digital sales as of december 2012 , with " gold digger " selling 3 , 086 , 000 , " stronger " selling 4 , 402 , 000 , " heartless " selling 3 , 742 , 000 , " e . t . " selling over 4 , 000 , 000 , " love lockdown " selling over 3 , 000 , 000 , and " niggas in paris " selling over 3 , 000 , 000 , placing him third in overall digital sales of the past decade . he has sold over 30 million digital songs in the united states making him one of the best - selling digital artists of all - time . [ sep ] 3 , 086 , 000
west ' s first six solo studio albums , all of which have gone platinum , have received numerous awards and critical acclaim . all of his albums have been commercially successful , with yeezus , his sixth solo album , becoming his fifth consecutive no . 1 album in the u . s . upon release . west has had six songs exceed 3 million in digital sales as of december 2012 , with " gold digger " selling 3 , 086 , 000 , " stronger " selling 4 , 402 , 000 , " heartless " selling 3 , 742 , 000 , " e . t . " selling over 4 , 000 , 000 , " love lockdown " selling over 3 , 000 , 000 , and " niggas in paris " selling over 3 , 000 , 000 , placing him third in overall digital sales of the past decade . he has sold over 30 million digital songs in the united states making him one of the best - selling digital artists of all - time . [ sep ] third
west ' s first six solo studio albums , all of which have gone platinum , have received numerous awards and critical acclaim . all of his albums have been commercially successful , with yeezus , his sixth solo album , becoming his fifth consecutive no . 1 album in the u . s . upon release . west has had six songs exceed 3 million in digital sales as of december 2012 , with " gold digger " selling 3 , 086 , 000 , " stronger " selling 4 , 402 , 000 , " heartless " selling 3 , 742 , 000 , " e . t . " selling over 4 , 000 , 000 , " love lockdown " selling over 3 , 000 , 000 , and " niggas in paris " selling over 3 , 000 , 000 , placing him third in overall digital sales of the past decade . he has sold over 30 million digital songs in the united states making him one of the best - selling digital artists of all - time . [ sep ] 30 million
as of 2013 , west has won a total of 21 grammy awards , making him one of the most awarded artists of all - time . about . com ranked kanye west no . 8 on their " top 50 hip - hop producers " list . on may 16 , 2008 , kanye west was crowned by mtv as the year ' s no . 1 " hottest mc in the game . " on december 17 , 2010 , kanye west was voted as the mtv man of the year by mtv . billboard ranked kanye west no . 3 on their list of top 10 producers of the decade . west ties with bob dylan for having topped the annual pazz & jop critic poll the most number of times ever , with four number - one albums each . west has also been included twice in the time 100 annual lists of the most influential people in the world as well as being listed in a number of forbes annual lists . [ sep ] 21
as of 2013 , west has won a total of 21 grammy awards , making him one of the most awarded artists of all - time . about . com ranked kanye west no . 8 on their " top 50 hip - hop producers " list . on may 16 , 2008 , kanye west was crowned by mtv as the year ' s no . 1 " hottest mc in the game . " on december 17 , 2010 , kanye west was voted as the mtv man of the year by mtv . billboard ranked kanye west no . 3 on their list of top 10 producers of the decade . west ties with bob dylan for having topped the annual pazz & jop critic poll the most number of times ever , with four number - one albums each . west has also been included twice in the time 100 annual lists of the most influential people in the world as well as being listed in a number of forbes annual lists . [ sep ] 8
as of 2013 , west has won a total of 21 grammy awards , making him one of the most awarded artists of all - time . about . com ranked kanye west no . 8 on their " top 50 hip - hop producers " list . on may 16 , 2008 , kanye west was crowned by mtv as the year ' s no . 1 " hottest mc in the game . " on december 17 , 2010 , kanye west was voted as the mtv man of the year by mtv . billboard ranked kanye west no . 3 on their list of top 10 producers of the decade . west ties with bob dylan for having topped the annual pazz & jop critic poll the most number of times ever , with four number - one albums each . west has also been included twice in the time 100 annual lists of the most influential people in the world as well as being listed in a number of forbes annual lists . [ sep ] may 16 , 2008
as of 2013 , west has won a total of 21 grammy awards , making him one of the most awarded artists of all - time . about . com ranked kanye west no . 8 on their " top 50 hip - hop producers " list . on may 16 , 2008 , kanye west was crowned by mtv as the year ' s no . 1 " hottest mc in the game . " on december 17 , 2010 , kanye west was voted as the mtv man of the year by mtv . billboard ranked kanye west no . 3 on their list of top 10 producers of the decade . west ties with bob dylan for having topped the annual pazz & jop critic poll the most number of times ever , with four number - one albums each . west has also been included twice in the time 100 annual lists of the most influential people in the world as well as being listed in a number of forbes annual lists . [ sep ] mtv man of the year
as of 2013 , west has won a total of 21 grammy awards , making him one of the most awarded artists of all - time . about . com ranked kanye west no . 8 on their " top 50 hip - hop producers " list . on may 16 , 2008 , kanye west was crowned by mtv as the year ' s no . 1 " hottest mc in the game . " on december 17 , 2010 , kanye west was voted as the mtv man of the year by mtv . billboard ranked kanye west no . 3 on their list of top 10 producers of the decade . west ties with bob dylan for having topped the annual pazz & jop critic poll the most number of times ever , with four number - one albums each . west has also been included twice in the time 100 annual lists of the most influential people in the world as well as being listed in a number of forbes annual lists . [ sep ] bob dylan
in its 2012 list of " 500 greatest albums of all time , rolling stone included three of west ' s albums — the college dropout at number 298 , late registration at number 118 , and my beautiful dark twisted fantasy at number 353 . [ sep ] 3
the pitchfork online music publication ranked my beautiful dark twisted fantasy as the world ' s best album of the decade " so far " — between 2010 and 2014 — on august 19 , 2014 , while yeezus was ranked in the eighth position of a list of 100 albums . during the same week , the song " runaway " ( featuring pusha t ) was ranked in the third position in the publication ' s list of the 200 " best tracks " released since 2010 . [ sep ] the pitchfork
the pitchfork online music publication ranked my beautiful dark twisted fantasy as the world ' s best album of the decade " so far " — between 2010 and 2014 — on august 19 , 2014 , while yeezus was ranked in the eighth position of a list of 100 albums . during the same week , the song " runaway " ( featuring pusha t ) was ranked in the third position in the publication ' s list of the 200 " best tracks " released since 2010 . [ sep ] yeezus
the pitchfork online music publication ranked my beautiful dark twisted fantasy as the world ' s best album of the decade " so far " — between 2010 and 2014 — on august 19 , 2014 , while yeezus was ranked in the eighth position of a list of 100 albums . during the same week , the song " runaway " ( featuring pusha t ) was ranked in the third position in the publication ' s list of the 200 " best tracks " released since 2010 . [ sep ] " runaway "
writing about lee ' s style and use of humor in a tragic story , scholar jacqueline tavernier - courbin states : " laughter . . . [ exposes ] the gangrene under the beautiful surface but also by demeaning it ; one can hardly . . . be controlled by what one is able to laugh at . " scout ' s precocious observations about her neighbors and behavior inspire national endowment of the arts director david kipen to call her " hysterically funny " . to address complex issues , however , tavernier - courbin notes that lee uses parody , satire , and irony effectively by using a child ' s perspective . after dill promises to marry her , then spends too much time with jem , scout reasons the best way to get him to pay attention to her is to beat him up , which she does several times . scout ' s first day in school is a satirical treatment of education ; her teacher says she must undo the damage atticus has wrought in teaching her to read and write , and forbids atticus from teaching her further . lee treats the most unfunny situations with irony , however , as jem and scout try to understand how maycomb embraces racism and still tries sincerely to remain a decent society . satire and irony are used to such an extent that tavernier - courbin suggests one interpretation for the book ' s title : lee is doing the mocking — of education , the justice system , and her own society by using them as subjects of her humorous disapproval . [ sep ] parody , satire , and irony
critics also note the entertaining methods used to drive the plot . when atticus is out of town , jem locks a sunday school classmate in the church basement with the furnace during a game of shadrach . this prompts their black housekeeper calpurnia to escort scout and jem to her church , which allows the children a glimpse into her personal life , as well as tom robinson ' s . scout falls asleep during the halloween pageant and makes a tardy entrance onstage , causing the audience to laugh uproariously . she is so distracted and embarrassed that she prefers to go home in her ham costume , which saves her life . [ sep ] distracted and embarrassed
critics also note the entertaining methods used to drive the plot . when atticus is out of town , jem locks a sunday school classmate in the church basement with the furnace during a game of shadrach . this prompts their black housekeeper calpurnia to escort scout and jem to her church , which allows the children a glimpse into her personal life , as well as tom robinson ' s . scout falls asleep during the halloween pageant and makes a tardy entrance onstage , causing the audience to laugh uproariously . she is so distracted and embarrassed that she prefers to go home in her ham costume , which saves her life . [ sep ] ham costume
scholars have characterized to kill a mockingbird as both a southern gothic and coming - of - age or bildungsroman novel . the grotesque and near - supernatural qualities of boo radley and his house , and the element of racial injustice involving tom robinson contribute to the aura of the gothic in the novel . lee used the term " gothic " to describe the architecture of maycomb ' s courthouse and in regard to dill ' s exaggeratedly morbid performances as boo radley . outsiders are also an important element of southern gothic texts and scout and jem ' s questions about the hierarchy in the town cause scholars to compare the novel to catcher in the rye and adventures of huckleberry finn . despite challenging the town ' s systems , scout reveres atticus as an authority above all others , because he believes that following one ' s conscience is the highest priority , even when the result is social ostracism . however , scholars debate about the southern gothic classification , noting that boo radley is in fact human , protective , and benevolent . furthermore , in addressing themes such as alcoholism , incest , rape , and racial violence , lee wrote about her small town realistically rather than melodramatically . she portrays the problems of individual characters as universal underlying issues in every society . [ sep ] gothic
scholars have characterized to kill a mockingbird as both a southern gothic and coming - of - age or bildungsroman novel . the grotesque and near - supernatural qualities of boo radley and his house , and the element of racial injustice involving tom robinson contribute to the aura of the gothic in the novel . lee used the term " gothic " to describe the architecture of maycomb ' s courthouse and in regard to dill ' s exaggeratedly morbid performances as boo radley . outsiders are also an important element of southern gothic texts and scout and jem ' s questions about the hierarchy in the town cause scholars to compare the novel to catcher in the rye and adventures of huckleberry finn . despite challenging the town ' s systems , scout reveres atticus as an authority above all others , because he believes that following one ' s conscience is the highest priority , even when the result is social ostracism . however , scholars debate about the southern gothic classification , noting that boo radley is in fact human , protective , and benevolent . furthermore , in addressing themes such as alcoholism , incest , rape , and racial violence , lee wrote about her small town realistically rather than melodramatically . she portrays the problems of individual characters as universal underlying issues in every society . [ sep ] atticus
as children coming of age , scout and jem face hard realities and learn from them . lee seems to examine jem ' s sense of loss about how his neighbors have disappointed him more than scout ' s . jem says to their neighbor miss maudie the day after the trial , " it ' s like bein ' a caterpillar wrapped in a cocoon . . . i always thought maycomb folks were the best folks in the world , least that ' s what they seemed like " . this leads him to struggle with understanding the separations of race and class . just as the novel is an illustration of the changes jem faces , it is also an exploration of the realities scout must face as an atypical girl on the verge of womanhood . as one scholar writes , " to kill a mockingbird can be read as a feminist bildungsroman , for scout emerges from her childhood experiences with a clear sense of her place in her community and an awareness of her potential power as the woman she will one day be . " [ sep ] separations of race and class
harper lee has remained famously detached from interpreting the novel since the mid - 1960s . however , she gave some insight into her themes when , in a rare letter to the editor , she wrote in response to the passionate reaction her book caused : " surely it is plain to the simplest intelligence that to kill a mockingbird spells out in words of seldom more than two syllables a code of honor and conduct , christian in its ethic , that is the heritage of all southerners . " [ sep ] all southerners
when the book was released , reviewers noted that it was divided into two parts , and opinion was mixed about lee ' s ability to connect them . the first part of the novel concerns the children ' s fascination with boo radley and their feelings of safety and comfort in the neighborhood . reviewers were generally charmed by scout and jem ' s observations of their quirky neighbors . one writer was so impressed by lee ' s detailed explanations of the people of maycomb that he categorized the book as southern romantic regionalism . this sentimentalism can be seen in lee ' s representation of the southern caste system to explain almost every character ' s behavior in the novel . scout ' s aunt alexandra attributes maycomb ' s inhabitants ' faults and advantages to genealogy ( families that have gambling streaks and drinking streaks ) , and the narrator sets the action and characters amid a finely detailed background of the finch family history and the history of maycomb . this regionalist theme is further reflected in mayella ewell ' s apparent powerlessness to admit her advances toward tom robinson , and scout ' s definition of " fine folks " being people with good sense who do the best they can with what they have . the south itself , with its traditions and taboos , seems to drive the plot more than the characters . [ sep ] the neighborhood
when the book was released , reviewers noted that it was divided into two parts , and opinion was mixed about lee ' s ability to connect them . the first part of the novel concerns the children ' s fascination with boo radley and their feelings of safety and comfort in the neighborhood . reviewers were generally charmed by scout and jem ' s observations of their quirky neighbors . one writer was so impressed by lee ' s detailed explanations of the people of maycomb that he categorized the book as southern romantic regionalism . this sentimentalism can be seen in lee ' s representation of the southern caste system to explain almost every character ' s behavior in the novel . scout ' s aunt alexandra attributes maycomb ' s inhabitants ' faults and advantages to genealogy ( families that have gambling streaks and drinking streaks ) , and the narrator sets the action and characters amid a finely detailed background of the finch family history and the history of maycomb . this regionalist theme is further reflected in mayella ewell ' s apparent powerlessness to admit her advances toward tom robinson , and scout ' s definition of " fine folks " being people with good sense who do the best they can with what they have . the south itself , with its traditions and taboos , seems to drive the plot more than the characters . [ sep ] southern romantic regionalism
when the book was released , reviewers noted that it was divided into two parts , and opinion was mixed about lee ' s ability to connect them . the first part of the novel concerns the children ' s fascination with boo radley and their feelings of safety and comfort in the neighborhood . reviewers were generally charmed by scout and jem ' s observations of their quirky neighbors . one writer was so impressed by lee ' s detailed explanations of the people of maycomb that he categorized the book as southern romantic regionalism . this sentimentalism can be seen in lee ' s representation of the southern caste system to explain almost every character ' s behavior in the novel . scout ' s aunt alexandra attributes maycomb ' s inhabitants ' faults and advantages to genealogy ( families that have gambling streaks and drinking streaks ) , and the narrator sets the action and characters amid a finely detailed background of the finch family history and the history of maycomb . this regionalist theme is further reflected in mayella ewell ' s apparent powerlessness to admit her advances toward tom robinson , and scout ' s definition of " fine folks " being people with good sense who do the best they can with what they have . the south itself , with its traditions and taboos , seems to drive the plot more than the characters . [ sep ] fine folks
when the book was released , reviewers noted that it was divided into two parts , and opinion was mixed about lee ' s ability to connect them . the first part of the novel concerns the children ' s fascination with boo radley and their feelings of safety and comfort in the neighborhood . reviewers were generally charmed by scout and jem ' s observations of their quirky neighbors . one writer was so impressed by lee ' s detailed explanations of the people of maycomb that he categorized the book as southern romantic regionalism . this sentimentalism can be seen in lee ' s representation of the southern caste system to explain almost every character ' s behavior in the novel . scout ' s aunt alexandra attributes maycomb ' s inhabitants ' faults and advantages to genealogy ( families that have gambling streaks and drinking streaks ) , and the narrator sets the action and characters amid a finely detailed background of the finch family history and the history of maycomb . this regionalist theme is further reflected in mayella ewell ' s apparent powerlessness to admit her advances toward tom robinson , and scout ' s definition of " fine folks " being people with good sense who do the best they can with what they have . the south itself , with its traditions and taboos , seems to drive the plot more than the characters . [ sep ] the south itself
the second part of the novel deals with what book reviewer harding lemay termed " the spirit - corroding shame of the civilized white southerner in the treatment of the negro " . in the years following its release , many reviewers considered to kill a mockingbird a novel primarily concerned with race relations . claudia durst johnson considers it " reasonable to believe " that the novel was shaped by two events involving racial issues in alabama : rosa parks ' refusal to yield her seat on a city bus to a white person , which sparked the 1955 montgomery bus boycott , and the 1956 riots at the university of alabama after autherine lucy and polly myers were admitted ( myers eventually withdrew her application and lucy was expelled , but reinstated in 1980 ) . in writing about the historical context of the novel ' s construction , two other literary scholars remark : " to kill a mockingbird was written and published amidst the most significant and conflict - ridden social change in the south since the civil war and reconstruction . inevitably , despite its mid - 1930s setting , the story told from the perspective of the 1950s voices the conflicts , tensions , and fears induced by this transition . " [ sep ] race relations
scholar patrick chura , who suggests emmett till was a model for tom robinson , enumerates the injustices endured by the fictional tom that till also faced . chura notes the icon of the black rapist causing harm to the representation of the " mythologized vulnerable and sacred southern womanhood " . any transgressions by black males that merely hinted at sexual contact with white females during the time the novel was set often resulted in a punishment of death for the accused . tom robinson ' s trial was juried by poor white farmers who convicted him despite overwhelming evidence of his innocence , as more educated and moderate white townspeople supported the jury ' s decision . furthermore , the victim of racial injustice in to kill a mockingbird was physically impaired , which made him unable to commit the act he was accused of , but also crippled him in other ways . roslyn siegel includes tom robinson as an example of the recurring motif among white southern writers of the black man as " stupid , pathetic , defenseless , and dependent upon the fair dealing of the whites , rather than his own intelligence to save him " . although tom is spared from being lynched , he is killed with excessive violence during an attempted escape from prison , shot seventeen times . [ sep ] death
scholar patrick chura , who suggests emmett till was a model for tom robinson , enumerates the injustices endured by the fictional tom that till also faced . chura notes the icon of the black rapist causing harm to the representation of the " mythologized vulnerable and sacred southern womanhood " . any transgressions by black males that merely hinted at sexual contact with white females during the time the novel was set often resulted in a punishment of death for the accused . tom robinson ' s trial was juried by poor white farmers who convicted him despite overwhelming evidence of his innocence , as more educated and moderate white townspeople supported the jury ' s decision . furthermore , the victim of racial injustice in to kill a mockingbird was physically impaired , which made him unable to commit the act he was accused of , but also crippled him in other ways . roslyn siegel includes tom robinson as an example of the recurring motif among white southern writers of the black man as " stupid , pathetic , defenseless , and dependent upon the fair dealing of the whites , rather than his own intelligence to save him " . although tom is spared from being lynched , he is killed with excessive violence during an attempted escape from prison , shot seventeen times . [ sep ] poor white farmers
scholar patrick chura , who suggests emmett till was a model for tom robinson , enumerates the injustices endured by the fictional tom that till also faced . chura notes the icon of the black rapist causing harm to the representation of the " mythologized vulnerable and sacred southern womanhood " . any transgressions by black males that merely hinted at sexual contact with white females during the time the novel was set often resulted in a punishment of death for the accused . tom robinson ' s trial was juried by poor white farmers who convicted him despite overwhelming evidence of his innocence , as more educated and moderate white townspeople supported the jury ' s decision . furthermore , the victim of racial injustice in to kill a mockingbird was physically impaired , which made him unable to commit the act he was accused of , but also crippled him in other ways . roslyn siegel includes tom robinson as an example of the recurring motif among white southern writers of the black man as " stupid , pathetic , defenseless , and dependent upon the fair dealing of the whites , rather than his own intelligence to save him " . although tom is spared from being lynched , he is killed with excessive violence during an attempted escape from prison , shot seventeen times . [ sep ] seventeen
the theme of racial injustice appears symbolically in the novel as well . for example , atticus must shoot a rabid dog , even though it is not his job to do so . carolyn jones argues that the dog represents prejudice within the town of maycomb , and atticus , who waits on a deserted street to shoot the dog , must fight against the town ' s racism without help from other white citizens . he is also alone when he faces a group intending to lynch tom robinson and once more in the courthouse during tom ' s trial . lee even uses dreamlike imagery from the mad dog incident to describe some of the courtroom scenes . jones writes , " [ t ] he real mad dog in maycomb is the racism that denies the humanity of tom robinson . . . . when atticus makes his summation to the jury , he literally bares himself to the jury ' s and the town ' s anger . " [ sep ] fight against the town ' s racism
in a 1964 interview , lee remarked that her aspiration was " to be . . . the jane austen of south alabama . " both austen and lee challenged the social status quo and valued individual worth over social standing . when scout embarrasses her poorer classmate , walter cunningham , at the finch home one day , calpurnia , their black cook , chastises and punishes her for doing so . atticus respects calpurnia ' s judgment , and later in the book even stands up to his sister , the formidable aunt alexandra , when she strongly suggests they fire calpurnia . one writer notes that scout , " in austenian fashion " , satirizes women with whom she does not wish to identify . literary critic jean blackall lists the priorities shared by the two authors : " affirmation of order in society , obedience , courtesy , and respect for the individual without regard for status " . [ sep ] jane austen
in a 1964 interview , lee remarked that her aspiration was " to be . . . the jane austen of south alabama . " both austen and lee challenged the social status quo and valued individual worth over social standing . when scout embarrasses her poorer classmate , walter cunningham , at the finch home one day , calpurnia , their black cook , chastises and punishes her for doing so . atticus respects calpurnia ' s judgment , and later in the book even stands up to his sister , the formidable aunt alexandra , when she strongly suggests they fire calpurnia . one writer notes that scout , " in austenian fashion " , satirizes women with whom she does not wish to identify . literary critic jean blackall lists the priorities shared by the two authors : " affirmation of order in society , obedience , courtesy , and respect for the individual without regard for status " . [ sep ] individual worth
scholars argue that lee ' s approach to class and race was more complex " than ascribing racial prejudice primarily to ' poor white trash ' . . . lee demonstrates how issues of gender and class intensify prejudice , silence the voices that might challenge the existing order , and greatly complicate many americans ' conception of the causes of racism and segregation . " lee ' s use of the middle - class narrative voice is a literary device that allows an intimacy with the reader , regardless of class or cultural background , and fosters a sense of nostalgia . sharing scout and jem ' s perspective , the reader is allowed to engage in relationships with the conservative antebellum mrs . dubose ; the lower - class ewells , and the cunninghams who are equally poor but behave in vastly different ways ; the wealthy but ostracized mr . dolphus raymond ; and calpurnia and other members of the black community . the children internalize atticus ' admonition not to judge someone until they have walked around in that person ' s skin , gaining a greater understanding of people ' s motives and behavior . [ sep ] gender and class
scholars argue that lee ' s approach to class and race was more complex " than ascribing racial prejudice primarily to ' poor white trash ' . . . lee demonstrates how issues of gender and class intensify prejudice , silence the voices that might challenge the existing order , and greatly complicate many americans ' conception of the causes of racism and segregation . " lee ' s use of the middle - class narrative voice is a literary device that allows an intimacy with the reader , regardless of class or cultural background , and fosters a sense of nostalgia . sharing scout and jem ' s perspective , the reader is allowed to engage in relationships with the conservative antebellum mrs . dubose ; the lower - class ewells , and the cunninghams who are equally poor but behave in vastly different ways ; the wealthy but ostracized mr . dolphus raymond ; and calpurnia and other members of the black community . the children internalize atticus ' admonition not to judge someone until they have walked around in that person ' s skin , gaining a greater understanding of people ' s motives and behavior . [ sep ] people ' s motives and behavior
the novel has been noted for its poignant exploration of different forms of courage . scout ' s impulsive inclination to fight students who insult atticus reflects her attempt to stand up for him and defend him . atticus is the moral center of the novel , however , and he teaches jem one of the most significant lessons of courage . in a statement that foreshadows atticus ' motivation for defending tom robinson and describes mrs . dubose , who is determined to break herself of a morphine addiction , atticus tells jem that courage is " when you ' re licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what " . [ sep ] atticus
the novel has been noted for its poignant exploration of different forms of courage . scout ' s impulsive inclination to fight students who insult atticus reflects her attempt to stand up for him and defend him . atticus is the moral center of the novel , however , and he teaches jem one of the most significant lessons of courage . in a statement that foreshadows atticus ' motivation for defending tom robinson and describes mrs . dubose , who is determined to break herself of a morphine addiction , atticus tells jem that courage is " when you ' re licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what " . [ sep ] courage
buddhism / ˈbudɪzəm / is a nontheistic religion [ note 1 ] or philosophy ( sanskrit : धरम dharma ; pali : धमम dhamma ) that encompasses a variety of traditions , beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to gautama buddha , commonly known as the buddha ( " the awakened one " ) . according to buddhist tradition , the buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of the indian subcontinent , present - day nepal sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries bce . [ note 1 ] he is recognized by buddhists as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end their suffering through the elimination of ignorance and craving . buddhists believe that this is accomplished through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the four noble truths . [ sep ] gautama buddha
buddhism / ˈbudɪzəm / is a nontheistic religion [ note 1 ] or philosophy ( sanskrit : धरम dharma ; pali : धमम dhamma ) that encompasses a variety of traditions , beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to gautama buddha , commonly known as the buddha ( " the awakened one " ) . according to buddhist tradition , the buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of the indian subcontinent , present - day nepal sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries bce . [ note 1 ] he is recognized by buddhists as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end their suffering through the elimination of ignorance and craving . buddhists believe that this is accomplished through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the four noble truths . [ sep ] 4
buddhism / ˈbudɪzəm / is a nontheistic religion [ note 1 ] or philosophy ( sanskrit : धरम dharma ; pali : धमम dhamma ) that encompasses a variety of traditions , beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to gautama buddha , commonly known as the buddha ( " the awakened one " ) . according to buddhist tradition , the buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of the indian subcontinent , present - day nepal sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries bce . [ note 1 ] he is recognized by buddhists as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end their suffering through the elimination of ignorance and craving . buddhists believe that this is accomplished through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the four noble truths . [ sep ] indian
buddhism / ˈbudɪzəm / is a nontheistic religion [ note 1 ] or philosophy ( sanskrit : धरम dharma ; pali : धमम dhamma ) that encompasses a variety of traditions , beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to gautama buddha , commonly known as the buddha ( " the awakened one " ) . according to buddhist tradition , the buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of the indian subcontinent , present - day nepal sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries bce . [ note 1 ] he is recognized by buddhists as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end their suffering through the elimination of ignorance and craving . buddhists believe that this is accomplished through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the four noble truths . [ sep ] buddha
two major extant branches of buddhism are generally recognized by scholars : theravada ( " the school of the elders " ) and mahayana ( " the great vehicle " ) . vajrayana , a body of teachings attributed to indian siddhas , may be viewed as a third branch or merely a part of mahayana . theravada has a widespread following in sri lanka and southeast asia . mahayana which includes the traditions of pure land , zen , nichiren buddhism , shingon , and tiantai ( tendai ) is found throughout east asia . tibetan buddhism , which preserves the vajrayana teachings of eighth century india , is practiced in regions surrounding the himalayas , mongolia and kalmykia . buddhists number between an estimated 488 million [ web 1 ] and 535 million , making it one of the world ' s major religions . [ sep ] vajrayana
two major extant branches of buddhism are generally recognized by scholars : theravada ( " the school of the elders " ) and mahayana ( " the great vehicle " ) . vajrayana , a body of teachings attributed to indian siddhas , may be viewed as a third branch or merely a part of mahayana . theravada has a widespread following in sri lanka and southeast asia . mahayana which includes the traditions of pure land , zen , nichiren buddhism , shingon , and tiantai ( tendai ) is found throughout east asia . tibetan buddhism , which preserves the vajrayana teachings of eighth century india , is practiced in regions surrounding the himalayas , mongolia and kalmykia . buddhists number between an estimated 488 million [ web 1 ] and 535 million , making it one of the world ' s major religions . [ sep ] indian siddhas
two major extant branches of buddhism are generally recognized by scholars : theravada ( " the school of the elders " ) and mahayana ( " the great vehicle " ) . vajrayana , a body of teachings attributed to indian siddhas , may be viewed as a third branch or merely a part of mahayana . theravada has a widespread following in sri lanka and southeast asia . mahayana which includes the traditions of pure land , zen , nichiren buddhism , shingon , and tiantai ( tendai ) is found throughout east asia . tibetan buddhism , which preserves the vajrayana teachings of eighth century india , is practiced in regions surrounding the himalayas , mongolia and kalmykia . buddhists number between an estimated 488 million [ web 1 ] and 535 million , making it one of the world ' s major religions . [ sep ] the school of the elders
in theravada buddhism , the ultimate goal is the attainment of the sublime state of nirvana , achieved by practicing the noble eightfold path ( also known as the middle way ) , thus escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth . mahayana buddhism instead aspires to buddhahood via the bodhisattva path , a state wherein one remains in this cycle to help other beings reach awakening . tibetan buddhism aspires to buddhahood or rainbow body . [ sep ] theravada
in theravada buddhism , the ultimate goal is the attainment of the sublime state of nirvana , achieved by practicing the noble eightfold path ( also known as the middle way ) , thus escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth . mahayana buddhism instead aspires to buddhahood via the bodhisattva path , a state wherein one remains in this cycle to help other beings reach awakening . tibetan buddhism aspires to buddhahood or rainbow body . [ sep ] tibetan
in theravada buddhism , the ultimate goal is the attainment of the sublime state of nirvana , achieved by practicing the noble eightfold path ( also known as the middle way ) , thus escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth . mahayana buddhism instead aspires to buddhahood via the bodhisattva path , a state wherein one remains in this cycle to help other beings reach awakening . tibetan buddhism aspires to buddhahood or rainbow body . [ sep ] the middle way
in theravada buddhism , the ultimate goal is the attainment of the sublime state of nirvana , achieved by practicing the noble eightfold path ( also known as the middle way ) , thus escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth . mahayana buddhism instead aspires to buddhahood via the bodhisattva path , a state wherein one remains in this cycle to help other beings reach awakening . tibetan buddhism aspires to buddhahood or rainbow body . [ sep ] bodhisattva
in theravada buddhism , the ultimate goal is the attainment of the sublime state of nirvana , achieved by practicing the noble eightfold path ( also known as the middle way ) , thus escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth . mahayana buddhism instead aspires to buddhahood via the bodhisattva path , a state wherein one remains in this cycle to help other beings reach awakening . tibetan buddhism aspires to buddhahood or rainbow body . [ sep ] suffering and rebirth
buddhist schools vary on the exact nature of the path to liberation , the importance and canonicity of various teachings and scriptures , and especially their respective practices . buddhism denies a creator deity and posits that mundane deities such as mahabrahma are misperceived to be a creator . the foundations of buddhist tradition and practice are the three jewels : the buddha , the dharma ( the teachings ) , and the sangha ( the community ) . taking " refuge in the triple gem " has traditionally been a declaration and commitment to being on the buddhist path , and in general distinguishes a buddhist from a non - buddhist . other practices are ten meritorious deeds including , giving charity to reduce the greediness ; following ethical precepts ; renouncing conventional living and becoming a monastic ; the development of mindfulness and practice of meditation ; cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment ; study of scriptures ; devotional practices ; ceremonies ; and in the mahayana tradition , invocation of buddhas and bodhisattvas . [ sep ] creator
buddhist schools vary on the exact nature of the path to liberation , the importance and canonicity of various teachings and scriptures , and especially their respective practices . buddhism denies a creator deity and posits that mundane deities such as mahabrahma are misperceived to be a creator . the foundations of buddhist tradition and practice are the three jewels : the buddha , the dharma ( the teachings ) , and the sangha ( the community ) . taking " refuge in the triple gem " has traditionally been a declaration and commitment to being on the buddhist path , and in general distinguishes a buddhist from a non - buddhist . other practices are ten meritorious deeds including , giving charity to reduce the greediness ; following ethical precepts ; renouncing conventional living and becoming a monastic ; the development of mindfulness and practice of meditation ; cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment ; study of scriptures ; devotional practices ; ceremonies ; and in the mahayana tradition , invocation of buddhas and bodhisattvas . [ sep ] greediness
buddhist schools vary on the exact nature of the path to liberation , the importance and canonicity of various teachings and scriptures , and especially their respective practices . buddhism denies a creator deity and posits that mundane deities such as mahabrahma are misperceived to be a creator . the foundations of buddhist tradition and practice are the three jewels : the buddha , the dharma ( the teachings ) , and the sangha ( the community ) . taking " refuge in the triple gem " has traditionally been a declaration and commitment to being on the buddhist path , and in general distinguishes a buddhist from a non - buddhist . other practices are ten meritorious deeds including , giving charity to reduce the greediness ; following ethical precepts ; renouncing conventional living and becoming a monastic ; the development of mindfulness and practice of meditation ; cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment ; study of scriptures ; devotional practices ; ceremonies ; and in the mahayana tradition , invocation of buddhas and bodhisattvas . [ sep ] mahayana
this narrative draws on the nidanakatha of the jataka tales of the theravada , which is ascribed to buddhaghosa in the 5th century ce . earlier biographies such as the buddhacarita , the lokottaravadin mahavastu , and the sarvastivadin lalitavistara sutra , give different accounts . scholars are hesitant to make unqualified claims about the historical facts of the buddha ' s life . most accept that he lived , taught and founded a monastic order , but do not consistently accept all of the details contained in his biographies . [ sep ] buddha
this narrative draws on the nidanakatha of the jataka tales of the theravada , which is ascribed to buddhaghosa in the 5th century ce . earlier biographies such as the buddhacarita , the lokottaravadin mahavastu , and the sarvastivadin lalitavistara sutra , give different accounts . scholars are hesitant to make unqualified claims about the historical facts of the buddha ' s life . most accept that he lived , taught and founded a monastic order , but do not consistently accept all of the details contained in his biographies . [ sep ] monastic
this narrative draws on the nidanakatha of the jataka tales of the theravada , which is ascribed to buddhaghosa in the 5th century ce . earlier biographies such as the buddhacarita , the lokottaravadin mahavastu , and the sarvastivadin lalitavistara sutra , give different accounts . scholars are hesitant to make unqualified claims about the historical facts of the buddha ' s life . most accept that he lived , taught and founded a monastic order , but do not consistently accept all of the details contained in his biographies . [ sep ] 5th ce
according to author michael carrithers , while there are good reasons to doubt the traditional account , " the outline of the life must be true : birth , maturity , renunciation , search , awakening and liberation , teaching , death . " in writing her biography of the buddha , karen armstrong noted , " it is obviously difficult , therefore , to write a biography of the buddha that meets modern criteria , because we have very little information that can be considered historically sound . . . [ but ] we can be reasonably confident siddhatta gotama did indeed exist and that his disciples preserved the memory of his life and teachings as well as they could . " [ dubious – discuss ] [ sep ] michael carrithers
according to author michael carrithers , while there are good reasons to doubt the traditional account , " the outline of the life must be true : birth , maturity , renunciation , search , awakening and liberation , teaching , death . " in writing her biography of the buddha , karen armstrong noted , " it is obviously difficult , therefore , to write a biography of the buddha that meets modern criteria , because we have very little information that can be considered historically sound . . . [ but ] we can be reasonably confident siddhatta gotama did indeed exist and that his disciples preserved the memory of his life and teachings as well as they could . " [ dubious – discuss ] [ sep ] the buddha
according to author michael carrithers , while there are good reasons to doubt the traditional account , " the outline of the life must be true : birth , maturity , renunciation , search , awakening and liberation , teaching , death . " in writing her biography of the buddha , karen armstrong noted , " it is obviously difficult , therefore , to write a biography of the buddha that meets modern criteria , because we have very little information that can be considered historically sound . . . [ but ] we can be reasonably confident siddhatta gotama did indeed exist and that his disciples preserved the memory of his life and teachings as well as they could . " [ dubious – discuss ] [ sep ] siddhatta gotama
the evidence of the early texts suggests that siddhartha gautama was born in a community that was on the periphery , both geographically and culturally , of the northeastern indian subcontinent in the fifth century bce . it was either a small republic , in which case his father was an elected chieftain , or an oligarchy , in which case his father was an oligarch . [ sep ] siddhartha gautama
the evidence of the early texts suggests that siddhartha gautama was born in a community that was on the periphery , both geographically and culturally , of the northeastern indian subcontinent in the fifth century bce . it was either a small republic , in which case his father was an elected chieftain , or an oligarchy , in which case his father was an oligarch . [ sep ] elected chieftain
according to this narrative , shortly after the birth of young prince gautama , an astrologer named asita visited the young prince ' s father , suddhodana , and prophesied that siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man , depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls . [ sep ] asita
according to this narrative , shortly after the birth of young prince gautama , an astrologer named asita visited the young prince ' s father , suddhodana , and prophesied that siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man , depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls . [ sep ] suddhodana
according to this narrative , shortly after the birth of young prince gautama , an astrologer named asita visited the young prince ' s father , suddhodana , and prophesied that siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man , depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls . [ sep ] holy man
suddhodana was determined to see his son become a king , so he prevented him from leaving the palace grounds . but at age 29 , despite his father ' s efforts , gautama ventured beyond the palace several times . in a series of encounters — known in buddhist literature as the four sights — he learned of the suffering of ordinary people , encountering an old man , a sick man , a corpse and , finally , an ascetic holy man , apparently content and at peace with the world . these experiences prompted gautama to abandon royal life and take up a spiritual quest . [ sep ] a king
suddhodana was determined to see his son become a king , so he prevented him from leaving the palace grounds . but at age 29 , despite his father ' s efforts , gautama ventured beyond the palace several times . in a series of encounters — known in buddhist literature as the four sights — he learned of the suffering of ordinary people , encountering an old man , a sick man , a corpse and , finally , an ascetic holy man , apparently content and at peace with the world . these experiences prompted gautama to abandon royal life and take up a spiritual quest . [ sep ] 29
suddhodana was determined to see his son become a king , so he prevented him from leaving the palace grounds . but at age 29 , despite his father ' s efforts , gautama ventured beyond the palace several times . in a series of encounters — known in buddhist literature as the four sights — he learned of the suffering of ordinary people , encountering an old man , a sick man , a corpse and , finally , an ascetic holy man , apparently content and at peace with the world . these experiences prompted gautama to abandon royal life and take up a spiritual quest . [ sep ] four
suddhodana was determined to see his son become a king , so he prevented him from leaving the palace grounds . but at age 29 , despite his father ' s efforts , gautama ventured beyond the palace several times . in a series of encounters — known in buddhist literature as the four sights — he learned of the suffering of ordinary people , encountering an old man , a sick man , a corpse and , finally , an ascetic holy man , apparently content and at peace with the world . these experiences prompted gautama to abandon royal life and take up a spiritual quest . [ sep ] corpse
gautama first went to study with famous religious teachers of the day , and mastered the meditative attainments they taught . but he found that they did not provide a permanent end to suffering , so he continued his quest . he next attempted an extreme asceticism , which was a religious pursuit common among the sramanas , a religious culture distinct from the vedic one . gautama underwent prolonged fasting , breath - holding , and exposure to pain . he almost starved himself to death in the process . he realized that he had taken this kind of practice to its limit , and had not put an end to suffering . so in a pivotal moment he accepted milk and rice from a village girl and changed his approach . he devoted himself to anapanasati meditation , through which he discovered what buddhists call the middle way ( skt . madhyama - pratipad ) : a path of moderation between the extremes of self - indulgence and self - mortification . [ web 2 ] [ web 3 ] [ sep ] they did not provide a permanent end to suffering
gautama first went to study with famous religious teachers of the day , and mastered the meditative attainments they taught . but he found that they did not provide a permanent end to suffering , so he continued his quest . he next attempted an extreme asceticism , which was a religious pursuit common among the sramanas , a religious culture distinct from the vedic one . gautama underwent prolonged fasting , breath - holding , and exposure to pain . he almost starved himself to death in the process . he realized that he had taken this kind of practice to its limit , and had not put an end to suffering . so in a pivotal moment he accepted milk and rice from a village girl and changed his approach . he devoted himself to anapanasati meditation , through which he discovered what buddhists call the middle way ( skt . madhyama - pratipad ) : a path of moderation between the extremes of self - indulgence and self - mortification . [ web 2 ] [ web 3 ] [ sep ] milk and rice
gautama first went to study with famous religious teachers of the day , and mastered the meditative attainments they taught . but he found that they did not provide a permanent end to suffering , so he continued his quest . he next attempted an extreme asceticism , which was a religious pursuit common among the sramanas , a religious culture distinct from the vedic one . gautama underwent prolonged fasting , breath - holding , and exposure to pain . he almost starved himself to death in the process . he realized that he had taken this kind of practice to its limit , and had not put an end to suffering . so in a pivotal moment he accepted milk and rice from a village girl and changed his approach . he devoted himself to anapanasati meditation , through which he discovered what buddhists call the middle way ( skt . madhyama - pratipad ) : a path of moderation between the extremes of self - indulgence and self - mortification . [ web 2 ] [ web 3 ] [ sep ] anapanasati
gautama first went to study with famous religious teachers of the day , and mastered the meditative attainments they taught . but he found that they did not provide a permanent end to suffering , so he continued his quest . he next attempted an extreme asceticism , which was a religious pursuit common among the sramanas , a religious culture distinct from the vedic one . gautama underwent prolonged fasting , breath - holding , and exposure to pain . he almost starved himself to death in the process . he realized that he had taken this kind of practice to its limit , and had not put an end to suffering . so in a pivotal moment he accepted milk and rice from a village girl and changed his approach . he devoted himself to anapanasati meditation , through which he discovered what buddhists call the middle way ( skt . madhyama - pratipad ) : a path of moderation between the extremes of self - indulgence and self - mortification . [ web 2 ] [ web 3 ] [ sep ] the middle way
gautama was now determined to complete his spiritual quest . at the age of 35 , he famously sat in meditation under a ficus religiosa tree now called the bodhi tree in the town of bodh gaya and vowed not to rise before achieving enlightenment . after many days , he finally destroyed the fetters of his mind , thereby liberating himself from the cycle of suffering and rebirth , and arose as a fully enlightened being ( skt . samyaksambuddha ) . soon thereafter , he attracted a band of followers and instituted a monastic order . now , as the buddha , he spent the rest of his life teaching the path of awakening he had discovered , traveling throughout the northeastern part of the indian subcontinent , and died at the age of 80 ( 483 bce ) in kushinagar , india . the south branch of the original fig tree available only in anuradhapura sri lanka is known as jaya sri maha bodhi . [ sep ] bodhi tree
gautama was now determined to complete his spiritual quest . at the age of 35 , he famously sat in meditation under a ficus religiosa tree now called the bodhi tree in the town of bodh gaya and vowed not to rise before achieving enlightenment . after many days , he finally destroyed the fetters of his mind , thereby liberating himself from the cycle of suffering and rebirth , and arose as a fully enlightened being ( skt . samyaksambuddha ) . soon thereafter , he attracted a band of followers and instituted a monastic order . now , as the buddha , he spent the rest of his life teaching the path of awakening he had discovered , traveling throughout the northeastern part of the indian subcontinent , and died at the age of 80 ( 483 bce ) in kushinagar , india . the south branch of the original fig tree available only in anuradhapura sri lanka is known as jaya sri maha bodhi . [ sep ] ficus religiosa
gautama was now determined to complete his spiritual quest . at the age of 35 , he famously sat in meditation under a ficus religiosa tree now called the bodhi tree in the town of bodh gaya and vowed not to rise before achieving enlightenment . after many days , he finally destroyed the fetters of his mind , thereby liberating himself from the cycle of suffering and rebirth , and arose as a fully enlightened being ( skt . samyaksambuddha ) . soon thereafter , he attracted a band of followers and instituted a monastic order . now , as the buddha , he spent the rest of his life teaching the path of awakening he had discovered , traveling throughout the northeastern part of the indian subcontinent , and died at the age of 80 ( 483 bce ) in kushinagar , india . the south branch of the original fig tree available only in anuradhapura sri lanka is known as jaya sri maha bodhi . [ sep ] bodh gaya
gautama was now determined to complete his spiritual quest . at the age of 35 , he famously sat in meditation under a ficus religiosa tree now called the bodhi tree in the town of bodh gaya and vowed not to rise before achieving enlightenment . after many days , he finally destroyed the fetters of his mind , thereby liberating himself from the cycle of suffering and rebirth , and arose as a fully enlightened being ( skt . samyaksambuddha ) . soon thereafter , he attracted a band of followers and instituted a monastic order . now , as the buddha , he spent the rest of his life teaching the path of awakening he had discovered , traveling throughout the northeastern part of the indian subcontinent , and died at the age of 80 ( 483 bce ) in kushinagar , india . the south branch of the original fig tree available only in anuradhapura sri lanka is known as jaya sri maha bodhi . [ sep ] jaya sri maha bodhi
within buddhism , samsara is defined as the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death that arises from ordinary beings ' grasping and fixating on a self and experiences . specifically , samsara refers to the process of cycling through one rebirth after another within the six realms of existence , [ note 2 ] where each realm can be understood as physical realm or a psychological state characterized by a particular type of suffering . samsara arises out of avidya ( ignorance ) and is characterized by dukkha ( suffering , anxiety , dissatisfaction ) . in the buddhist view , liberation from samsara is possible by following the buddhist path . [ sep ] the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death
within buddhism , samsara is defined as the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death that arises from ordinary beings ' grasping and fixating on a self and experiences . specifically , samsara refers to the process of cycling through one rebirth after another within the six realms of existence , [ note 2 ] where each realm can be understood as physical realm or a psychological state characterized by a particular type of suffering . samsara arises out of avidya ( ignorance ) and is characterized by dukkha ( suffering , anxiety , dissatisfaction ) . in the buddhist view , liberation from samsara is possible by following the buddhist path . [ sep ] six
within buddhism , samsara is defined as the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death that arises from ordinary beings ' grasping and fixating on a self and experiences . specifically , samsara refers to the process of cycling through one rebirth after another within the six realms of existence , [ note 2 ] where each realm can be understood as physical realm or a psychological state characterized by a particular type of suffering . samsara arises out of avidya ( ignorance ) and is characterized by dukkha ( suffering , anxiety , dissatisfaction ) . in the buddhist view , liberation from samsara is possible by following the buddhist path . [ sep ] psychological
within buddhism , samsara is defined as the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death that arises from ordinary beings ' grasping and fixating on a self and experiences . specifically , samsara refers to the process of cycling through one rebirth after another within the six realms of existence , [ note 2 ] where each realm can be understood as physical realm or a psychological state characterized by a particular type of suffering . samsara arises out of avidya ( ignorance ) and is characterized by dukkha ( suffering , anxiety , dissatisfaction ) . in the buddhist view , liberation from samsara is possible by following the buddhist path . [ sep ] avidya
within buddhism , samsara is defined as the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death that arises from ordinary beings ' grasping and fixating on a self and experiences . specifically , samsara refers to the process of cycling through one rebirth after another within the six realms of existence , [ note 2 ] where each realm can be understood as physical realm or a psychological state characterized by a particular type of suffering . samsara arises out of avidya ( ignorance ) and is characterized by dukkha ( suffering , anxiety , dissatisfaction ) . in the buddhist view , liberation from samsara is possible by following the buddhist path . [ sep ] following the buddhist path
frederic francois chopin ( / ˈʃoʊpæn / ; french pronunciation : [ fʁe . de . ʁik fʁɑ . swa ʃɔ . pɛ ] ; 22 february or 1 march 1810 – 17 october 1849 ) , born fryderyk franciszek chopin , [ n 1 ] was a polish and french ( by citizenship and birth of father ) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the romantic era , who wrote primarily for the solo piano . he gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era , whose " poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation . " chopin was born in what was then the duchy of warsaw , and grew up in warsaw , which after 1815 became part of congress poland . a child prodigy , he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in warsaw before leaving poland at the age of 20 , less than a month before the outbreak of the november 1830 uprising . [ sep ] 1810
frederic francois chopin ( / ˈʃoʊpæn / ; french pronunciation : [ fʁe . de . ʁik fʁɑ . swa ʃɔ . pɛ ] ; 22 february or 1 march 1810 – 17 october 1849 ) , born fryderyk franciszek chopin , [ n 1 ] was a polish and french ( by citizenship and birth of father ) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the romantic era , who wrote primarily for the solo piano . he gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era , whose " poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation . " chopin was born in what was then the duchy of warsaw , and grew up in warsaw , which after 1815 became part of congress poland . a child prodigy , he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in warsaw before leaving poland at the age of 20 , less than a month before the outbreak of the november 1830 uprising . [ sep ] warsaw
frederic francois chopin ( / ˈʃoʊpæn / ; french pronunciation : [ fʁe . de . ʁik fʁɑ . swa ʃɔ . pɛ ] ; 22 february or 1 march 1810 – 17 october 1849 ) , born fryderyk franciszek chopin , [ n 1 ] was a polish and french ( by citizenship and birth of father ) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the romantic era , who wrote primarily for the solo piano . he gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era , whose " poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation . " chopin was born in what was then the duchy of warsaw , and grew up in warsaw , which after 1815 became part of congress poland . a child prodigy , he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in warsaw before leaving poland at the age of 20 , less than a month before the outbreak of the november 1830 uprising . [ sep ] 20
frederic francois chopin ( / ˈʃoʊpæn / ; french pronunciation : [ fʁe . de . ʁik fʁɑ . swa ʃɔ . pɛ ] ; 22 february or 1 march 1810 – 17 october 1849 ) , born fryderyk franciszek chopin , [ n 1 ] was a polish and french ( by citizenship and birth of father ) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the romantic era , who wrote primarily for the solo piano . he gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era , whose " poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation . " chopin was born in what was then the duchy of warsaw , and grew up in warsaw , which after 1815 became part of congress poland . a child prodigy , he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in warsaw before leaving poland at the age of 20 , less than a month before the outbreak of the november 1830 uprising . [ sep ] romantic
frederic francois chopin ( / ˈʃoʊpæn / ; french pronunciation : [ fʁe . de . ʁik fʁɑ . swa ʃɔ . pɛ ] ; 22 february or 1 march 1810 – 17 october 1849 ) , born fryderyk franciszek chopin , [ n 1 ] was a polish and french ( by citizenship and birth of father ) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the romantic era , who wrote primarily for the solo piano . he gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era , whose " poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation . " chopin was born in what was then the duchy of warsaw , and grew up in warsaw , which after 1815 became part of congress poland . a child prodigy , he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in warsaw before leaving poland at the age of 20 , less than a month before the outbreak of the november 1830 uprising . [ sep ] 1849
in buddhism , karma ( from sanskrit : " action , work " ) is the force that drives samsara — the cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being . good , skillful deeds ( pali : " kusala " ) and bad , unskillful ( pali : " akusala " ) actions produce " seeds " in the mind that come to fruition either in this life or in a subsequent rebirth . the avoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions is called sila . karma specifically refers to those actions of body , speech or mind that spring from mental intent ( cetana ) , and bring about a consequence or phala " fruit " or vipaka " result " . [ sep ] the force that drives samsara
in buddhism , karma ( from sanskrit : " action , work " ) is the force that drives samsara — the cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being . good , skillful deeds ( pali : " kusala " ) and bad , unskillful ( pali : " akusala " ) actions produce " seeds " in the mind that come to fruition either in this life or in a subsequent rebirth . the avoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions is called sila . karma specifically refers to those actions of body , speech or mind that spring from mental intent ( cetana ) , and bring about a consequence or phala " fruit " or vipaka " result " . [ sep ] sila
in buddhism , karma ( from sanskrit : " action , work " ) is the force that drives samsara — the cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being . good , skillful deeds ( pali : " kusala " ) and bad , unskillful ( pali : " akusala " ) actions produce " seeds " in the mind that come to fruition either in this life or in a subsequent rebirth . the avoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions is called sila . karma specifically refers to those actions of body , speech or mind that spring from mental intent ( cetana ) , and bring about a consequence or phala " fruit " or vipaka " result " . [ sep ] result
in theravada buddhism there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for one ' s karma , since it is a purely impersonal process that is a part of the makeup of the universe . [ citation needed ] in mahayana buddhism , the texts of certain mahayana sutras ( such as the lotus sutra , the angulimaliya sutra and the mahayana mahaparinirvana sutra ) claim that the recitation or merely the hearing of their texts can expunge great swathes of negative karma . some forms of buddhism ( for example , vajrayana ) regard the recitation of mantras as a means for cutting off of previous negative karma . the japanese pure land teacher genshin taught that amitabha has the power to destroy the karma that would otherwise bind one in samsara . [ sep ] mahayana
in theravada buddhism there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for one ' s karma , since it is a purely impersonal process that is a part of the makeup of the universe . [ citation needed ] in mahayana buddhism , the texts of certain mahayana sutras ( such as the lotus sutra , the angulimaliya sutra and the mahayana mahaparinirvana sutra ) claim that the recitation or merely the hearing of their texts can expunge great swathes of negative karma . some forms of buddhism ( for example , vajrayana ) regard the recitation of mantras as a means for cutting off of previous negative karma . the japanese pure land teacher genshin taught that amitabha has the power to destroy the karma that would otherwise bind one in samsara . [ sep ] negative
in theravada buddhism there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for one ' s karma , since it is a purely impersonal process that is a part of the makeup of the universe . [ citation needed ] in mahayana buddhism , the texts of certain mahayana sutras ( such as the lotus sutra , the angulimaliya sutra and the mahayana mahaparinirvana sutra ) claim that the recitation or merely the hearing of their texts can expunge great swathes of negative karma . some forms of buddhism ( for example , vajrayana ) regard the recitation of mantras as a means for cutting off of previous negative karma . the japanese pure land teacher genshin taught that amitabha has the power to destroy the karma that would otherwise bind one in samsara . [ sep ] genshin
in theravada buddhism there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for one ' s karma , since it is a purely impersonal process that is a part of the makeup of the universe . [ citation needed ] in mahayana buddhism , the texts of certain mahayana sutras ( such as the lotus sutra , the angulimaliya sutra and the mahayana mahaparinirvana sutra ) claim that the recitation or merely the hearing of their texts can expunge great swathes of negative karma . some forms of buddhism ( for example , vajrayana ) regard the recitation of mantras as a means for cutting off of previous negative karma . the japanese pure land teacher genshin taught that amitabha has the power to destroy the karma that would otherwise bind one in samsara . [ sep ] amitabha
at the age of 21 he settled in paris . thereafter , during the last 18 years of his life , he gave only some 30 public performances , preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon . he supported himself by selling his compositions and teaching piano , for which he was in high demand . chopin formed a friendship with franz liszt and was admired by many of his musical contemporaries , including robert schumann . in 1835 he obtained french citizenship . after a failed engagement to maria wodzinska , from 1837 to 1847 he maintained an often troubled relationship with the french writer george sand . a brief and unhappy visit to majorca with sand in 1838 – 39 was one of his most productive periods of composition . in his last years , he was financially supported by his admirer jane stirling , who also arranged for him to visit scotland in 1848 . through most of his life , chopin suffered from poor health . he died in paris in 1849 , probably of tuberculosis . [ sep ] 1835
at the age of 21 he settled in paris . thereafter , during the last 18 years of his life , he gave only some 30 public performances , preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon . he supported himself by selling his compositions and teaching piano , for which he was in high demand . chopin formed a friendship with franz liszt and was admired by many of his musical contemporaries , including robert schumann . in 1835 he obtained french citizenship . after a failed engagement to maria wodzinska , from 1837 to 1847 he maintained an often troubled relationship with the french writer george sand . a brief and unhappy visit to majorca with sand in 1838 – 39 was one of his most productive periods of composition . in his last years , he was financially supported by his admirer jane stirling , who also arranged for him to visit scotland in 1848 . through most of his life , chopin suffered from poor health . he died in paris in 1849 , probably of tuberculosis . [ sep ] jane stirling
at the age of 21 he settled in paris . thereafter , during the last 18 years of his life , he gave only some 30 public performances , preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon . he supported himself by selling his compositions and teaching piano , for which he was in high demand . chopin formed a friendship with franz liszt and was admired by many of his musical contemporaries , including robert schumann . in 1835 he obtained french citizenship . after a failed engagement to maria wodzinska , from 1837 to 1847 he maintained an often troubled relationship with the french writer george sand . a brief and unhappy visit to majorca with sand in 1838 – 39 was one of his most productive periods of composition . in his last years , he was financially supported by his admirer jane stirling , who also arranged for him to visit scotland in 1848 . through most of his life , chopin suffered from poor health . he died in paris in 1849 , probably of tuberculosis . [ sep ] tuberculosis
rebirth refers to a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of sentient life , each running from conception to death . the doctrine of anatta ( sanskrit anatman ) rejects the concepts of a permanent self or an unchanging , eternal soul , as it is called in hinduism and christianity . according to buddhism there ultimately is no such thing as a self independent from the rest of the universe . buddhists also refer to themselves as the believers of the anatta doctrine — nairatmyavadin or anattavadin . rebirth in subsequent existences must be understood as the continuation of a dynamic , ever - changing process of pratityasamutpada ( " dependent arising " ) determined by the laws of cause and effect ( karma ) rather than that of one being , reincarnating from one existence to the next . [ sep ] karma
rebirth refers to a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of sentient life , each running from conception to death . the doctrine of anatta ( sanskrit anatman ) rejects the concepts of a permanent self or an unchanging , eternal soul , as it is called in hinduism and christianity . according to buddhism there ultimately is no such thing as a self independent from the rest of the universe . buddhists also refer to themselves as the believers of the anatta doctrine — nairatmyavadin or anattavadin . rebirth in subsequent existences must be understood as the continuation of a dynamic , ever - changing process of pratityasamutpada ( " dependent arising " ) determined by the laws of cause and effect ( karma ) rather than that of one being , reincarnating from one existence to the next . [ sep ] rebirth
rebirth refers to a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of sentient life , each running from conception to death . the doctrine of anatta ( sanskrit anatman ) rejects the concepts of a permanent self or an unchanging , eternal soul , as it is called in hinduism and christianity . according to buddhism there ultimately is no such thing as a self independent from the rest of the universe . buddhists also refer to themselves as the believers of the anatta doctrine — nairatmyavadin or anattavadin . rebirth in subsequent existences must be understood as the continuation of a dynamic , ever - changing process of pratityasamutpada ( " dependent arising " ) determined by the laws of cause and effect ( karma ) rather than that of one being , reincarnating from one existence to the next . [ sep ] anatta
rebirth refers to a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of sentient life , each running from conception to death . the doctrine of anatta ( sanskrit anatman ) rejects the concepts of a permanent self or an unchanging , eternal soul , as it is called in hinduism and christianity . according to buddhism there ultimately is no such thing as a self independent from the rest of the universe . buddhists also refer to themselves as the believers of the anatta doctrine — nairatmyavadin or anattavadin . rebirth in subsequent existences must be understood as the continuation of a dynamic , ever - changing process of pratityasamutpada ( " dependent arising " ) determined by the laws of cause and effect ( karma ) rather than that of one being , reincarnating from one existence to the next . [ sep ] pratityasamutpada
rebirth refers to a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of sentient life , each running from conception to death . the doctrine of anatta ( sanskrit anatman ) rejects the concepts of a permanent self or an unchanging , eternal soul , as it is called in hinduism and christianity . according to buddhism there ultimately is no such thing as a self independent from the rest of the universe . buddhists also refer to themselves as the believers of the anatta doctrine — nairatmyavadin or anattavadin . rebirth in subsequent existences must be understood as the continuation of a dynamic , ever - changing process of pratityasamutpada ( " dependent arising " ) determined by the laws of cause and effect ( karma ) rather than that of one being , reincarnating from one existence to the next . [ sep ] eternal soul
the above are further subdivided into 31 planes of existence . [ web 4 ] rebirths in some of the higher heavens , known as the suddhavasa worlds or pure abodes , can be attained only by skilled buddhist practitioners known as anagamis ( non - returners ) . rebirths in the arupyadhatu ( formless realms ) can be attained by only those who can meditate on the arupajhanas , the highest object of meditation . [ sep ] 31
the above are further subdivided into 31 planes of existence . [ web 4 ] rebirths in some of the higher heavens , known as the suddhavasa worlds or pure abodes , can be attained only by skilled buddhist practitioners known as anagamis ( non - returners ) . rebirths in the arupyadhatu ( formless realms ) can be attained by only those who can meditate on the arupajhanas , the highest object of meditation . [ sep ] anagamis
the above are further subdivided into 31 planes of existence . [ web 4 ] rebirths in some of the higher heavens , known as the suddhavasa worlds or pure abodes , can be attained only by skilled buddhist practitioners known as anagamis ( non - returners ) . rebirths in the arupyadhatu ( formless realms ) can be attained by only those who can meditate on the arupajhanas , the highest object of meditation . [ sep ] arupajhanas
the above are further subdivided into 31 planes of existence . [ web 4 ] rebirths in some of the higher heavens , known as the suddhavasa worlds or pure abodes , can be attained only by skilled buddhist practitioners known as anagamis ( non - returners ) . rebirths in the arupyadhatu ( formless realms ) can be attained by only those who can meditate on the arupajhanas , the highest object of meditation . [ sep ] formless realms
all of chopin ' s compositions include the piano . most are for solo piano , though he also wrote two piano concertos , a few chamber pieces , and some songs to polish lyrics . his keyboard style is highly individual and often technically demanding ; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity . chopin invented the concept of instrumental ballade . his major piano works also include mazurkas , waltzes , nocturnes , polonaises , etudes , impromptus , scherzos , preludes and sonatas , some published only after his death . influences on his compositional style include polish folk music , the classical tradition of j . s . bach , mozart and schubert , the music of all of whom he admired , as well as the paris salons where he was a frequent guest . his innovations in style , musical form , and harmony , and his association of music with nationalism , were influential throughout and after the late romantic period . [ sep ] piano
all of chopin ' s compositions include the piano . most are for solo piano , though he also wrote two piano concertos , a few chamber pieces , and some songs to polish lyrics . his keyboard style is highly individual and often technically demanding ; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity . chopin invented the concept of instrumental ballade . his major piano works also include mazurkas , waltzes , nocturnes , polonaises , etudes , impromptus , scherzos , preludes and sonatas , some published only after his death . influences on his compositional style include polish folk music , the classical tradition of j . s . bach , mozart and schubert , the music of all of whom he admired , as well as the paris salons where he was a frequent guest . his innovations in style , musical form , and harmony , and his association of music with nationalism , were influential throughout and after the late romantic period . [ sep ] polish
all of chopin ' s compositions include the piano . most are for solo piano , though he also wrote two piano concertos , a few chamber pieces , and some songs to polish lyrics . his keyboard style is highly individual and often technically demanding ; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity . chopin invented the concept of instrumental ballade . his major piano works also include mazurkas , waltzes , nocturnes , polonaises , etudes , impromptus , scherzos , preludes and sonatas , some published only after his death . influences on his compositional style include polish folk music , the classical tradition of j . s . bach , mozart and schubert , the music of all of whom he admired , as well as the paris salons where he was a frequent guest . his innovations in style , musical form , and harmony , and his association of music with nationalism , were influential throughout and after the late romantic period . [ sep ] paris salons
according to east asian and tibetan buddhism , there is an intermediate state ( tibetan " bardo " ) between one life and the next . the orthodox theravada position rejects this ; however there are passages in the samyutta nikaya of the pali canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the buddha taught of an intermediate stage between one life and the next . [ page needed ] [ sep ] east asian and tibetan
according to east asian and tibetan buddhism , there is an intermediate state ( tibetan " bardo " ) between one life and the next . the orthodox theravada position rejects this ; however there are passages in the samyutta nikaya of the pali canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the buddha taught of an intermediate stage between one life and the next . [ page needed ] [ sep ] orthodox
according to east asian and tibetan buddhism , there is an intermediate state ( tibetan " bardo " ) between one life and the next . the orthodox theravada position rejects this ; however there are passages in the samyutta nikaya of the pali canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the buddha taught of an intermediate stage between one life and the next . [ page needed ] [ sep ] pali
the teachings on the four noble truths are regarded as central to the teachings of buddhism , and are said to provide a conceptual framework for buddhist thought . these four truths explain the nature of dukkha ( suffering , anxiety , unsatisfactoriness ) , its causes , and how it can be overcome . the four truths are : [ note 4 ] [ sep ] four noble truths
the teachings on the four noble truths are regarded as central to the teachings of buddhism , and are said to provide a conceptual framework for buddhist thought . these four truths explain the nature of dukkha ( suffering , anxiety , unsatisfactoriness ) , its causes , and how it can be overcome . the four truths are : [ note 4 ] [ sep ] dukkha
the first truth explains the nature of dukkha . dukkha is commonly translated as " suffering " , " anxiety " , " unsatisfactoriness " , " unease " , etc . , and it is said to have the following three aspects : [ sep ] dukkha
the first truth explains the nature of dukkha . dukkha is commonly translated as " suffering " , " anxiety " , " unsatisfactoriness " , " unease " , etc . , and it is said to have the following three aspects : [ sep ] three
the second truth is that the origin of dukkha can be known . within the context of the four noble truths , the origin of dukkha is commonly explained as craving ( pali : tanha ) conditioned by ignorance ( pali : avijja ) . on a deeper level , the root cause of dukkha is identified as ignorance ( pali : avijja ) of the true nature of things . the third noble truth is that the complete cessation of dukkha is possible , and the fourth noble truth identifies a path to this cessation . [ note 7 ] [ sep ] the origin of dukkha can be known
the second truth is that the origin of dukkha can be known . within the context of the four noble truths , the origin of dukkha is commonly explained as craving ( pali : tanha ) conditioned by ignorance ( pali : avijja ) . on a deeper level , the root cause of dukkha is identified as ignorance ( pali : avijja ) of the true nature of things . the third noble truth is that the complete cessation of dukkha is possible , and the fourth noble truth identifies a path to this cessation . [ note 7 ] [ sep ] ignorance
the second truth is that the origin of dukkha can be known . within the context of the four noble truths , the origin of dukkha is commonly explained as craving ( pali : tanha ) conditioned by ignorance ( pali : avijja ) . on a deeper level , the root cause of dukkha is identified as ignorance ( pali : avijja ) of the true nature of things . the third noble truth is that the complete cessation of dukkha is possible , and the fourth noble truth identifies a path to this cessation . [ note 7 ] [ sep ] true nature of things
the second truth is that the origin of dukkha can be known . within the context of the four noble truths , the origin of dukkha is commonly explained as craving ( pali : tanha ) conditioned by ignorance ( pali : avijja ) . on a deeper level , the root cause of dukkha is identified as ignorance ( pali : avijja ) of the true nature of things . the third noble truth is that the complete cessation of dukkha is possible , and the fourth noble truth identifies a path to this cessation . [ note 7 ] [ sep ] dukkha
fryderyk chopin was born in zelazowa wola , 46 kilometres ( 29 miles ) west of warsaw , in what was then the duchy of warsaw , a polish state established by napoleon . the parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 february 1810 , and cites his given names in the latin form fridericus franciscus ( in polish , he was fryderyk franciszek ) . however , the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 march , [ n 2 ] which is now generally accepted as the correct date . [ sep ] zelazowa wola
fryderyk chopin was born in zelazowa wola , 46 kilometres ( 29 miles ) west of warsaw , in what was then the duchy of warsaw , a polish state established by napoleon . the parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 february 1810 , and cites his given names in the latin form fridericus franciscus ( in polish , he was fryderyk franciszek ) . however , the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 march , [ n 2 ] which is now generally accepted as the correct date . [ sep ] napoleon
the noble eightfold path — the fourth of the buddha ' s noble truths — consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions , that when developed together , lead to the cessation of dukkha . these eight factors are : right view ( or right understanding ) , right intention ( or right thought ) , right speech , right action , right livelihood , right effort , right mindfulness , and right concentration . [ sep ] the fourth
the noble eightfold path — the fourth of the buddha ' s noble truths — consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions , that when developed together , lead to the cessation of dukkha . these eight factors are : right view ( or right understanding ) , right intention ( or right thought ) , right speech , right action , right livelihood , right effort , right mindfulness , and right concentration . [ sep ] eight
the noble eightfold path — the fourth of the buddha ' s noble truths — consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions , that when developed together , lead to the cessation of dukkha . these eight factors are : right view ( or right understanding ) , right intention ( or right thought ) , right speech , right action , right livelihood , right effort , right mindfulness , and right concentration . [ sep ] dukkha
fryderyk ' s father , nicolas chopin , was a frenchman from lorraine who had emigrated to poland in 1787 at the age of sixteen . nicolas tutored children of the polish aristocracy , and in 1806 married justyna krzyzanowska , a poor relative of the skarbeks , one of the families for whom he worked . fryderyk was baptized on easter sunday , 23 april 1810 , in the same church where his parents had married , in brochow . his eighteen - year - old godfather , for whom he was named , was fryderyk skarbek , a pupil of nicolas chopin . fryderyk was the couple ' s second child and only son ; he had an elder sister , ludwika ( 1807 – 55 ) , and two younger sisters , izabela ( 1811 – 81 ) and emilia ( 1812 – 27 ) . nicolas was devoted to his adopted homeland , and insisted on the use of the polish language in the household . [ sep ] nicolas
fryderyk ' s father , nicolas chopin , was a frenchman from lorraine who had emigrated to poland in 1787 at the age of sixteen . nicolas tutored children of the polish aristocracy , and in 1806 married justyna krzyzanowska , a poor relative of the skarbeks , one of the families for whom he worked . fryderyk was baptized on easter sunday , 23 april 1810 , in the same church where his parents had married , in brochow . his eighteen - year - old godfather , for whom he was named , was fryderyk skarbek , a pupil of nicolas chopin . fryderyk was the couple ' s second child and only son ; he had an elder sister , ludwika ( 1807 – 55 ) , and two younger sisters , izabela ( 1811 – 81 ) and emilia ( 1812 – 27 ) . nicolas was devoted to his adopted homeland , and insisted on the use of the polish language in the household . [ sep ] lorraine
fryderyk ' s father , nicolas chopin , was a frenchman from lorraine who had emigrated to poland in 1787 at the age of sixteen . nicolas tutored children of the polish aristocracy , and in 1806 married justyna krzyzanowska , a poor relative of the skarbeks , one of the families for whom he worked . fryderyk was baptized on easter sunday , 23 april 1810 , in the same church where his parents had married , in brochow . his eighteen - year - old godfather , for whom he was named , was fryderyk skarbek , a pupil of nicolas chopin . fryderyk was the couple ' s second child and only son ; he had an elder sister , ludwika ( 1807 – 55 ) , and two younger sisters , izabela ( 1811 – 81 ) and emilia ( 1812 – 27 ) . nicolas was devoted to his adopted homeland , and insisted on the use of the polish language in the household . [ sep ] ludwika
ajahn sucitto describes the path as " a mandala of interconnected factors that support and moderate each other . " the eight factors of the path are not to be understood as stages , in which each stage is completed before moving on to the next . rather , they are understood as eight significant dimensions of one ' s behaviour — mental , spoken , and bodily — that operate in dependence on one another ; taken together , they define a complete path , or way of living . [ sep ] mental , spoken , and bodily
ajahn sucitto describes the path as " a mandala of interconnected factors that support and moderate each other . " the eight factors of the path are not to be understood as stages , in which each stage is completed before moving on to the next . rather , they are understood as eight significant dimensions of one ' s behaviour — mental , spoken , and bodily — that operate in dependence on one another ; taken together , they define a complete path , or way of living . [ sep ] ajahn sucitto
in october 1810 , six months after fryderyk ' s birth , the family moved to warsaw , where his father acquired a post teaching french at the warsaw lyceum , then housed in the saxon palace . fryderyk lived with his family in the palace grounds . the father played the flute and violin ; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the chopins kept . chopin was of slight build , and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses . [ sep ] six months
in october 1810 , six months after fryderyk ' s birth , the family moved to warsaw , where his father acquired a post teaching french at the warsaw lyceum , then housed in the saxon palace . fryderyk lived with his family in the palace grounds . the father played the flute and violin ; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the chopins kept . chopin was of slight build , and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses . [ sep ] french
in october 1810 , six months after fryderyk ' s birth , the family moved to warsaw , where his father acquired a post teaching french at the warsaw lyceum , then housed in the saxon palace . fryderyk lived with his family in the palace grounds . the father played the flute and violin ; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the chopins kept . chopin was of slight build , and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses . [ sep ] flute and violin
in october 1810 , six months after fryderyk ' s birth , the family moved to warsaw , where his father acquired a post teaching french at the warsaw lyceum , then housed in the saxon palace . fryderyk lived with his family in the palace grounds . the father played the flute and violin ; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the chopins kept . chopin was of slight build , and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses . [ sep ] piano
in october 1810 , six months after fryderyk ' s birth , the family moved to warsaw , where his father acquired a post teaching french at the warsaw lyceum , then housed in the saxon palace . fryderyk lived with his family in the palace grounds . the father played the flute and violin ; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the chopins kept . chopin was of slight build , and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses . [ sep ] saxon palace .
while he searched for enlightenment , gautama combined the yoga practice of his teacher kalama with what later became known as " the immeasurables " . [ dubious – discuss ] gautama thus invented a new kind of human , one without egotism . [ dubious – discuss ] what thich nhat hanh calls the " four immeasurable minds " of love , compassion , joy , and equanimity [ full citation needed ] are also known as brahmaviharas , divine abodes , or simply as four immeasurables . [ web 5 ] pema chodron calls them the " four limitless ones " . of the four , metta or loving - kindness meditation is perhaps the best known . [ web 5 ] the four immeasurables are taught as a form of meditation that cultivates " wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings . " [ web 6 ] [ web 7 ] [ sep ] kalama
while he searched for enlightenment , gautama combined the yoga practice of his teacher kalama with what later became known as " the immeasurables " . [ dubious – discuss ] gautama thus invented a new kind of human , one without egotism . [ dubious – discuss ] what thich nhat hanh calls the " four immeasurable minds " of love , compassion , joy , and equanimity [ full citation needed ] are also known as brahmaviharas , divine abodes , or simply as four immeasurables . [ web 5 ] pema chodron calls them the " four limitless ones " . of the four , metta or loving - kindness meditation is perhaps the best known . [ web 5 ] the four immeasurables are taught as a form of meditation that cultivates " wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings . " [ web 6 ] [ web 7 ] [ sep ] egotism
while he searched for enlightenment , gautama combined the yoga practice of his teacher kalama with what later became known as " the immeasurables " . [ dubious – discuss ] gautama thus invented a new kind of human , one without egotism . [ dubious – discuss ] what thich nhat hanh calls the " four immeasurable minds " of love , compassion , joy , and equanimity [ full citation needed ] are also known as brahmaviharas , divine abodes , or simply as four immeasurables . [ web 5 ] pema chodron calls them the " four limitless ones " . of the four , metta or loving - kindness meditation is perhaps the best known . [ web 5 ] the four immeasurables are taught as a form of meditation that cultivates " wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings . " [ web 6 ] [ web 7 ] [ sep ] love , compassion , joy , and equanimity
while he searched for enlightenment , gautama combined the yoga practice of his teacher kalama with what later became known as " the immeasurables " . [ dubious – discuss ] gautama thus invented a new kind of human , one without egotism . [ dubious – discuss ] what thich nhat hanh calls the " four immeasurable minds " of love , compassion , joy , and equanimity [ full citation needed ] are also known as brahmaviharas , divine abodes , or simply as four immeasurables . [ web 5 ] pema chodron calls them the " four limitless ones " . of the four , metta or loving - kindness meditation is perhaps the best known . [ web 5 ] the four immeasurables are taught as a form of meditation that cultivates " wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings . " [ web 6 ] [ web 7 ] [ sep ] pema chodron
while he searched for enlightenment , gautama combined the yoga practice of his teacher kalama with what later became known as " the immeasurables " . [ dubious – discuss ] gautama thus invented a new kind of human , one without egotism . [ dubious – discuss ] what thich nhat hanh calls the " four immeasurable minds " of love , compassion , joy , and equanimity [ full citation needed ] are also known as brahmaviharas , divine abodes , or simply as four immeasurables . [ web 5 ] pema chodron calls them the " four limitless ones " . of the four , metta or loving - kindness meditation is perhaps the best known . [ web 5 ] the four immeasurables are taught as a form of meditation that cultivates " wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings . " [ web 6 ] [ web 7 ] [ sep ] meditation
an important guiding principle of buddhist practice is the middle way ( or middle path ) , which is said to have been discovered by gautama buddha prior to his enlightenment . the middle way has several definitions : [ sep ] the middle way
an important guiding principle of buddhist practice is the middle way ( or middle path ) , which is said to have been discovered by gautama buddha prior to his enlightenment . the middle way has several definitions : [ sep ] enlightenment
buddhist scholars have produced a number of intellectual theories , philosophies and world view concepts ( see , for example , abhidharma , buddhist philosophy and reality in buddhism ) . some schools of buddhism discourage doctrinal study , and some regard it as essential practice . [ sep ] buddhist scholars
buddhist scholars have produced a number of intellectual theories , philosophies and world view concepts ( see , for example , abhidharma , buddhist philosophy and reality in buddhism ) . some schools of buddhism discourage doctrinal study , and some regard it as essential practice . [ sep ] doctrinal
the concept of liberation ( nirvana ) — the goal of the buddhist path — is closely related to overcoming ignorance ( avidya ) , a fundamental misunderstanding or mis - perception of the nature of reality . in awakening to the true nature of the self and all phenomena one develops dispassion for the objects of clinging , and is liberated from suffering ( dukkha ) and the cycle of incessant rebirths ( samsara ) . to this end , the buddha recommended viewing things as characterized by the three marks of existence . [ sep ] nirvana
the concept of liberation ( nirvana ) — the goal of the buddhist path — is closely related to overcoming ignorance ( avidya ) , a fundamental misunderstanding or mis - perception of the nature of reality . in awakening to the true nature of the self and all phenomena one develops dispassion for the objects of clinging , and is liberated from suffering ( dukkha ) and the cycle of incessant rebirths ( samsara ) . to this end , the buddha recommended viewing things as characterized by the three marks of existence . [ sep ] nirvana
the concept of liberation ( nirvana ) — the goal of the buddhist path — is closely related to overcoming ignorance ( avidya ) , a fundamental misunderstanding or mis - perception of the nature of reality . in awakening to the true nature of the self and all phenomena one develops dispassion for the objects of clinging , and is liberated from suffering ( dukkha ) and the cycle of incessant rebirths ( samsara ) . to this end , the buddha recommended viewing things as characterized by the three marks of existence . [ sep ] objects
the concept of liberation ( nirvana ) — the goal of the buddhist path — is closely related to overcoming ignorance ( avidya ) , a fundamental misunderstanding or mis - perception of the nature of reality . in awakening to the true nature of the self and all phenomena one develops dispassion for the objects of clinging , and is liberated from suffering ( dukkha ) and the cycle of incessant rebirths ( samsara ) . to this end , the buddha recommended viewing things as characterized by the three marks of existence . [ sep ] three
impermanence ( pali : anicca ) expresses the buddhist notion that all compounded or conditioned phenomena ( all things and experiences ) are inconstant , unsteady , and impermanent . everything we can experience through our senses is made up of parts , and its existence is dependent on external conditions . everything is in constant flux , and so conditions and the thing itself are constantly changing . things are constantly coming into being , and ceasing to be . since nothing lasts , there is no inherent or fixed nature to any object or experience . according to the doctrine of impermanence , life embodies this flux in the aging process , the cycle of rebirth ( samsara ) , and in any experience of loss . the doctrine asserts that because things are impermanent , attachment to them is futile and leads to suffering ( dukkha ) . [ sep ] everything
impermanence ( pali : anicca ) expresses the buddhist notion that all compounded or conditioned phenomena ( all things and experiences ) are inconstant , unsteady , and impermanent . everything we can experience through our senses is made up of parts , and its existence is dependent on external conditions . everything is in constant flux , and so conditions and the thing itself are constantly changing . things are constantly coming into being , and ceasing to be . since nothing lasts , there is no inherent or fixed nature to any object or experience . according to the doctrine of impermanence , life embodies this flux in the aging process , the cycle of rebirth ( samsara ) , and in any experience of loss . the doctrine asserts that because things are impermanent , attachment to them is futile and leads to suffering ( dukkha ) . [ sep ] ceasing to be
impermanence ( pali : anicca ) expresses the buddhist notion that all compounded or conditioned phenomena ( all things and experiences ) are inconstant , unsteady , and impermanent . everything we can experience through our senses is made up of parts , and its existence is dependent on external conditions . everything is in constant flux , and so conditions and the thing itself are constantly changing . things are constantly coming into being , and ceasing to be . since nothing lasts , there is no inherent or fixed nature to any object or experience . according to the doctrine of impermanence , life embodies this flux in the aging process , the cycle of rebirth ( samsara ) , and in any experience of loss . the doctrine asserts that because things are impermanent , attachment to them is futile and leads to suffering ( dukkha ) . [ sep ] samsara
impermanence ( pali : anicca ) expresses the buddhist notion that all compounded or conditioned phenomena ( all things and experiences ) are inconstant , unsteady , and impermanent . everything we can experience through our senses is made up of parts , and its existence is dependent on external conditions . everything is in constant flux , and so conditions and the thing itself are constantly changing . things are constantly coming into being , and ceasing to be . since nothing lasts , there is no inherent or fixed nature to any object or experience . according to the doctrine of impermanence , life embodies this flux in the aging process , the cycle of rebirth ( samsara ) , and in any experience of loss . the doctrine asserts that because things are impermanent , attachment to them is futile and leads to suffering ( dukkha ) . [ sep ] suffering
suffering ( pali : [unk] dukkha ; sanskrit [unk] duhkha ) is also a central concept in buddhism . the word roughly corresponds to a number of terms in english including suffering , pain , unsatisfactoriness , sorrow , affliction , anxiety , dissatisfaction , discomfort , anguish , stress , misery , and frustration . although the term is often translated as " suffering " , its philosophical meaning is more analogous to " disquietude " as in the condition of being disturbed . as such , " suffering " is too narrow a translation with " negative emotional connotations " [ web 9 ] that can give the impression that the buddhist view is pessimistic , but buddhism seeks to be neither pessimistic nor optimistic , but realistic . in english - language buddhist literature translated from pali , " dukkha " is often left untranslated , so as to encompass its full range of meaning . [ note 8 ] [ sep ] buddhism
suffering ( pali : [unk] dukkha ; sanskrit [unk] duhkha ) is also a central concept in buddhism . the word roughly corresponds to a number of terms in english including suffering , pain , unsatisfactoriness , sorrow , affliction , anxiety , dissatisfaction , discomfort , anguish , stress , misery , and frustration . although the term is often translated as " suffering " , its philosophical meaning is more analogous to " disquietude " as in the condition of being disturbed . as such , " suffering " is too narrow a translation with " negative emotional connotations " [ web 9 ] that can give the impression that the buddhist view is pessimistic , but buddhism seeks to be neither pessimistic nor optimistic , but realistic . in english - language buddhist literature translated from pali , " dukkha " is often left untranslated , so as to encompass its full range of meaning . [ note 8 ] [ sep ] disquietude
suffering ( pali : [unk] dukkha ; sanskrit [unk] duhkha ) is also a central concept in buddhism . the word roughly corresponds to a number of terms in english including suffering , pain , unsatisfactoriness , sorrow , affliction , anxiety , dissatisfaction , discomfort , anguish , stress , misery , and frustration . although the term is often translated as " suffering " , its philosophical meaning is more analogous to " disquietude " as in the condition of being disturbed . as such , " suffering " is too narrow a translation with " negative emotional connotations " [ web 9 ] that can give the impression that the buddhist view is pessimistic , but buddhism seeks to be neither pessimistic nor optimistic , but realistic . in english - language buddhist literature translated from pali , " dukkha " is often left untranslated , so as to encompass its full range of meaning . [ note 8 ] [ sep ] disquietude
suffering ( pali : [unk] dukkha ; sanskrit [unk] duhkha ) is also a central concept in buddhism . the word roughly corresponds to a number of terms in english including suffering , pain , unsatisfactoriness , sorrow , affliction , anxiety , dissatisfaction , discomfort , anguish , stress , misery , and frustration . although the term is often translated as " suffering " , its philosophical meaning is more analogous to " disquietude " as in the condition of being disturbed . as such , " suffering " is too narrow a translation with " negative emotional connotations " [ web 9 ] that can give the impression that the buddhist view is pessimistic , but buddhism seeks to be neither pessimistic nor optimistic , but realistic . in english - language buddhist literature translated from pali , " dukkha " is often left untranslated , so as to encompass its full range of meaning . [ note 8 ] [ sep ] dukkha
not - self ( pali : anatta ; sanskrit : anatman ) is the third mark of existence . upon careful examination , one finds that no phenomenon is really " i " or " mine " ; these concepts are in fact constructed by the mind . in the nikayas anatta is not meant as a metaphysical assertion , but as an approach for gaining release from suffering . in fact , the buddha rejected both of the metaphysical assertions " i have a self " and " i have no self " as ontological views that bind one to suffering . [ note 9 ] when asked if the self was identical with the body , the buddha refused to answer . by analyzing the constantly changing physical and mental constituents ( skandhas ) of a person or object , the practitioner comes to the conclusion that neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self . [ sep ] not - self
not - self ( pali : anatta ; sanskrit : anatman ) is the third mark of existence . upon careful examination , one finds that no phenomenon is really " i " or " mine " ; these concepts are in fact constructed by the mind . in the nikayas anatta is not meant as a metaphysical assertion , but as an approach for gaining release from suffering . in fact , the buddha rejected both of the metaphysical assertions " i have a self " and " i have no self " as ontological views that bind one to suffering . [ note 9 ] when asked if the self was identical with the body , the buddha refused to answer . by analyzing the constantly changing physical and mental constituents ( skandhas ) of a person or object , the practitioner comes to the conclusion that neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self . [ sep ] nikayas
not - self ( pali : anatta ; sanskrit : anatman ) is the third mark of existence . upon careful examination , one finds that no phenomenon is really " i " or " mine " ; these concepts are in fact constructed by the mind . in the nikayas anatta is not meant as a metaphysical assertion , but as an approach for gaining release from suffering . in fact , the buddha rejected both of the metaphysical assertions " i have a self " and " i have no self " as ontological views that bind one to suffering . [ note 9 ] when asked if the self was identical with the body , the buddha refused to answer . by analyzing the constantly changing physical and mental constituents ( skandhas ) of a person or object , the practitioner comes to the conclusion that neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self . [ sep ] " i have no self "
not - self ( pali : anatta ; sanskrit : anatman ) is the third mark of existence . upon careful examination , one finds that no phenomenon is really " i " or " mine " ; these concepts are in fact constructed by the mind . in the nikayas anatta is not meant as a metaphysical assertion , but as an approach for gaining release from suffering . in fact , the buddha rejected both of the metaphysical assertions " i have a self " and " i have no self " as ontological views that bind one to suffering . [ note 9 ] when asked if the self was identical with the body , the buddha refused to answer . by analyzing the constantly changing physical and mental constituents ( skandhas ) of a person or object , the practitioner comes to the conclusion that neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self . [ sep ] skandhas
the doctrine of pratityasamutpada , ( sanskrit ; pali : paticcasamuppada ; tibetan wylie : rten cing ' brel bar ' byung ba ; chinese : [unk] [unk] ) is an important part of buddhist metaphysics . it states that phenomena arise together in a mutually interdependent web of cause and effect . it is variously rendered into english as " dependent origination " , " conditioned genesis " , " dependent relationship " , " dependent co - arising " , " interdependent arising " , or " contingency " . [ sep ] buddhist
the best - known application of the concept of pratityasamutpada is the scheme of twelve nidanas ( from pali " nidana " meaning " cause , foundation , source or origin " ) , which explain the continuation of the cycle of suffering and rebirth ( samsara ) in detail . [ note 10 ] [ sep ] twelve nidanas
the best - known application of the concept of pratityasamutpada is the scheme of twelve nidanas ( from pali " nidana " meaning " cause , foundation , source or origin " ) , which explain the continuation of the cycle of suffering and rebirth ( samsara ) in detail . [ note 10 ] [ sep ] cause , foundation , source or origin
the twelve nidanas describe a causal connection between the subsequent characteristics or conditions of cyclic existence , each one giving rise to the next : [ sep ] the twelve nidanas
sentient beings always suffer throughout samsara until they free themselves from this suffering ( dukkha ) by attaining nirvana . then the absence of the first nidana — ignorance — leads to the absence of the others . [ sep ] sentient beings
sentient beings always suffer throughout samsara until they free themselves from this suffering ( dukkha ) by attaining nirvana . then the absence of the first nidana — ignorance — leads to the absence of the others . [ sep ] dukkha
sentient beings always suffer throughout samsara until they free themselves from this suffering ( dukkha ) by attaining nirvana . then the absence of the first nidana — ignorance — leads to the absence of the others . [ sep ] attaining nirvana
sentient beings always suffer throughout samsara until they free themselves from this suffering ( dukkha ) by attaining nirvana . then the absence of the first nidana — ignorance — leads to the absence of the others . [ sep ] ignorance
mahayana buddhism received significant theoretical grounding from nagarjuna ( perhaps c . 150 – 250 ce ) , arguably the most influential scholar within the mahayana tradition . nagarjuna ' s primary contribution to buddhist philosophy was the systematic exposition of the concept of sunyata , or " emptiness " , widely attested in the prajnaparamita sutras that emerged in his era . the concept of emptiness brings together other key buddhist doctrines , particularly anatta and dependent origination , to refute the metaphysics of sarvastivada and sautrantika ( extinct non - mahayana schools ) . for nagarjuna , it is not merely sentient beings that are empty of atman ; all phenomena ( dharmas ) are without any svabhava ( literally " own - nature " or " self - nature " ) , and thus without any underlying essence ; they are " empty " of being independent ; thus the heterodox theories of svabhava circulating at the time were refuted on the basis of the doctrines of early buddhism . nagarjuna ' s school of thought is known as the madhyamaka . some of the writings attributed to nagarjuna made explicit references to mahayana texts , but his philosophy was argued within the parameters set out by the agamas . he may have arrived at his positions from a desire to achieve a consistent exegesis of the buddha ' s doctrine as recorded in the canon . in the eyes of nagarjuna the buddha was not merely a forerunner , but the very founder of the madhyamaka system . [ sep ] sunyata
mahayana buddhism received significant theoretical grounding from nagarjuna ( perhaps c . 150 – 250 ce ) , arguably the most influential scholar within the mahayana tradition . nagarjuna ' s primary contribution to buddhist philosophy was the systematic exposition of the concept of sunyata , or " emptiness " , widely attested in the prajnaparamita sutras that emerged in his era . the concept of emptiness brings together other key buddhist doctrines , particularly anatta and dependent origination , to refute the metaphysics of sarvastivada and sautrantika ( extinct non - mahayana schools ) . for nagarjuna , it is not merely sentient beings that are empty of atman ; all phenomena ( dharmas ) are without any svabhava ( literally " own - nature " or " self - nature " ) , and thus without any underlying essence ; they are " empty " of being independent ; thus the heterodox theories of svabhava circulating at the time were refuted on the basis of the doctrines of early buddhism . nagarjuna ' s school of thought is known as the madhyamaka . some of the writings attributed to nagarjuna made explicit references to mahayana texts , but his philosophy was argued within the parameters set out by the agamas . he may have arrived at his positions from a desire to achieve a consistent exegesis of the buddha ' s doctrine as recorded in the canon . in the eyes of nagarjuna the buddha was not merely a forerunner , but the very founder of the madhyamaka system . [ sep ] emptiness
mahayana buddhism received significant theoretical grounding from nagarjuna ( perhaps c . 150 – 250 ce ) , arguably the most influential scholar within the mahayana tradition . nagarjuna ' s primary contribution to buddhist philosophy was the systematic exposition of the concept of sunyata , or " emptiness " , widely attested in the prajnaparamita sutras that emerged in his era . the concept of emptiness brings together other key buddhist doctrines , particularly anatta and dependent origination , to refute the metaphysics of sarvastivada and sautrantika ( extinct non - mahayana schools ) . for nagarjuna , it is not merely sentient beings that are empty of atman ; all phenomena ( dharmas ) are without any svabhava ( literally " own - nature " or " self - nature " ) , and thus without any underlying essence ; they are " empty " of being independent ; thus the heterodox theories of svabhava circulating at the time were refuted on the basis of the doctrines of early buddhism . nagarjuna ' s school of thought is known as the madhyamaka . some of the writings attributed to nagarjuna made explicit references to mahayana texts , but his philosophy was argued within the parameters set out by the agamas . he may have arrived at his positions from a desire to achieve a consistent exegesis of the buddha ' s doctrine as recorded in the canon . in the eyes of nagarjuna the buddha was not merely a forerunner , but the very founder of the madhyamaka system . [ sep ] atman
mahayana buddhism received significant theoretical grounding from nagarjuna ( perhaps c . 150 – 250 ce ) , arguably the most influential scholar within the mahayana tradition . nagarjuna ' s primary contribution to buddhist philosophy was the systematic exposition of the concept of sunyata , or " emptiness " , widely attested in the prajnaparamita sutras that emerged in his era . the concept of emptiness brings together other key buddhist doctrines , particularly anatta and dependent origination , to refute the metaphysics of sarvastivada and sautrantika ( extinct non - mahayana schools ) . for nagarjuna , it is not merely sentient beings that are empty of atman ; all phenomena ( dharmas ) are without any svabhava ( literally " own - nature " or " self - nature " ) , and thus without any underlying essence ; they are " empty " of being independent ; thus the heterodox theories of svabhava circulating at the time were refuted on the basis of the doctrines of early buddhism . nagarjuna ' s school of thought is known as the madhyamaka . some of the writings attributed to nagarjuna made explicit references to mahayana texts , but his philosophy was argued within the parameters set out by the agamas . he may have arrived at his positions from a desire to achieve a consistent exegesis of the buddha ' s doctrine as recorded in the canon . in the eyes of nagarjuna the buddha was not merely a forerunner , but the very founder of the madhyamaka system . [ sep ] phenomena
sarvastivada teachings — which were criticized by nagarjuna — were reformulated by scholars such as vasubandhu and asanga and were adapted into the yogacara school . while the madhyamaka school held that asserting the existence or non - existence of any ultimately real thing was inappropriate , some exponents of yogacara asserted that the mind and only the mind is ultimately real ( a doctrine known as cittamatra ) . not all yogacarins asserted that mind was truly existent ; vasubandhu and asanga in particular did not . [ web 11 ] these two schools of thought , in opposition or synthesis , form the basis of subsequent mahayana metaphysics in the indo - tibetan tradition . [ sep ] sarvastivada teachings
sarvastivada teachings — which were criticized by nagarjuna — were reformulated by scholars such as vasubandhu and asanga and were adapted into the yogacara school . while the madhyamaka school held that asserting the existence or non - existence of any ultimately real thing was inappropriate , some exponents of yogacara asserted that the mind and only the mind is ultimately real ( a doctrine known as cittamatra ) . not all yogacarins asserted that mind was truly existent ; vasubandhu and asanga in particular did not . [ web 11 ] these two schools of thought , in opposition or synthesis , form the basis of subsequent mahayana metaphysics in the indo - tibetan tradition . [ sep ] vasubandhu and asanga
sarvastivada teachings — which were criticized by nagarjuna — were reformulated by scholars such as vasubandhu and asanga and were adapted into the yogacara school . while the madhyamaka school held that asserting the existence or non - existence of any ultimately real thing was inappropriate , some exponents of yogacara asserted that the mind and only the mind is ultimately real ( a doctrine known as cittamatra ) . not all yogacarins asserted that mind was truly existent ; vasubandhu and asanga in particular did not . [ web 11 ] these two schools of thought , in opposition or synthesis , form the basis of subsequent mahayana metaphysics in the indo - tibetan tradition . [ sep ] cittamatra
sarvastivada teachings — which were criticized by nagarjuna — were reformulated by scholars such as vasubandhu and asanga and were adapted into the yogacara school . while the madhyamaka school held that asserting the existence or non - existence of any ultimately real thing was inappropriate , some exponents of yogacara asserted that the mind and only the mind is ultimately real ( a doctrine known as cittamatra ) . not all yogacarins asserted that mind was truly existent ; vasubandhu and asanga in particular did not . [ web 11 ] these two schools of thought , in opposition or synthesis , form the basis of subsequent mahayana metaphysics in the indo - tibetan tradition . [ sep ] vasubandhu and asanga
besides emptiness , mahayana schools often place emphasis on the notions of perfected spiritual insight ( prajnaparamita ) and buddha - nature ( tathagatagarbha ) . there are conflicting interpretations of the tathagatagarbha in mahayana thought . the idea may be traced to abhidharma , and ultimately to statements of the buddha in the nikayas . in tibetan buddhism , according to the sakya school , tathagatagarbha is the inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one ' s mind . in nyingma , tathagatagarbha also generally refers to inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one ' s mind . according to the gelug school , it is the potential for sentient beings to awaken since they are empty ( i . e . dependently originated ) . according to the jonang school , it refers to the innate qualities of the mind that expresses themselves as omniscience etc . when adventitious obscurations are removed . the " tathagatagarbha sutras " are a collection of mahayana sutras that present a unique model of buddha - nature . even though this collection was generally ignored in india , east asian buddhism provides some significance to these texts . [ sep ] buddha - nature
besides emptiness , mahayana schools often place emphasis on the notions of perfected spiritual insight ( prajnaparamita ) and buddha - nature ( tathagatagarbha ) . there are conflicting interpretations of the tathagatagarbha in mahayana thought . the idea may be traced to abhidharma , and ultimately to statements of the buddha in the nikayas . in tibetan buddhism , according to the sakya school , tathagatagarbha is the inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one ' s mind . in nyingma , tathagatagarbha also generally refers to inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one ' s mind . according to the gelug school , it is the potential for sentient beings to awaken since they are empty ( i . e . dependently originated ) . according to the jonang school , it refers to the innate qualities of the mind that expresses themselves as omniscience etc . when adventitious obscurations are removed . the " tathagatagarbha sutras " are a collection of mahayana sutras that present a unique model of buddha - nature . even though this collection was generally ignored in india , east asian buddhism provides some significance to these texts . [ sep ] perfected spiritual insight
besides emptiness , mahayana schools often place emphasis on the notions of perfected spiritual insight ( prajnaparamita ) and buddha - nature ( tathagatagarbha ) . there are conflicting interpretations of the tathagatagarbha in mahayana thought . the idea may be traced to abhidharma , and ultimately to statements of the buddha in the nikayas . in tibetan buddhism , according to the sakya school , tathagatagarbha is the inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one ' s mind . in nyingma , tathagatagarbha also generally refers to inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one ' s mind . according to the gelug school , it is the potential for sentient beings to awaken since they are empty ( i . e . dependently originated ) . according to the jonang school , it refers to the innate qualities of the mind that expresses themselves as omniscience etc . when adventitious obscurations are removed . the " tathagatagarbha sutras " are a collection of mahayana sutras that present a unique model of buddha - nature . even though this collection was generally ignored in india , east asian buddhism provides some significance to these texts . [ sep ] sakya
besides emptiness , mahayana schools often place emphasis on the notions of perfected spiritual insight ( prajnaparamita ) and buddha - nature ( tathagatagarbha ) . there are conflicting interpretations of the tathagatagarbha in mahayana thought . the idea may be traced to abhidharma , and ultimately to statements of the buddha in the nikayas . in tibetan buddhism , according to the sakya school , tathagatagarbha is the inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one ' s mind . in nyingma , tathagatagarbha also generally refers to inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one ' s mind . according to the gelug school , it is the potential for sentient beings to awaken since they are empty ( i . e . dependently originated ) . according to the jonang school , it refers to the innate qualities of the mind that expresses themselves as omniscience etc . when adventitious obscurations are removed . the " tathagatagarbha sutras " are a collection of mahayana sutras that present a unique model of buddha - nature . even though this collection was generally ignored in india , east asian buddhism provides some significance to these texts . [ sep ] jonang
besides emptiness , mahayana schools often place emphasis on the notions of perfected spiritual insight ( prajnaparamita ) and buddha - nature ( tathagatagarbha ) . there are conflicting interpretations of the tathagatagarbha in mahayana thought . the idea may be traced to abhidharma , and ultimately to statements of the buddha in the nikayas . in tibetan buddhism , according to the sakya school , tathagatagarbha is the inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one ' s mind . in nyingma , tathagatagarbha also generally refers to inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one ' s mind . according to the gelug school , it is the potential for sentient beings to awaken since they are empty ( i . e . dependently originated ) . according to the jonang school , it refers to the innate qualities of the mind that expresses themselves as omniscience etc . when adventitious obscurations are removed . the " tathagatagarbha sutras " are a collection of mahayana sutras that present a unique model of buddha - nature . even though this collection was generally ignored in india , east asian buddhism provides some significance to these texts . [ sep ] tathagatagarbha
nirvana ( sanskrit ; pali : " nibbana " ) means " cessation " , " extinction " ( of craving and ignorance and therefore suffering and the cycle of involuntary rebirths ( samsara ) ) , " extinguished " , " quieted " , " calmed " ; it is also known as " awakening " or " enlightenment " in the west . the term for anybody who has achieved nirvana , including the buddha , is arahant . [ sep ] nirvana
nirvana ( sanskrit ; pali : " nibbana " ) means " cessation " , " extinction " ( of craving and ignorance and therefore suffering and the cycle of involuntary rebirths ( samsara ) ) , " extinguished " , " quieted " , " calmed " ; it is also known as " awakening " or " enlightenment " in the west . the term for anybody who has achieved nirvana , including the buddha , is arahant . [ sep ] nirvana
nirvana ( sanskrit ; pali : " nibbana " ) means " cessation " , " extinction " ( of craving and ignorance and therefore suffering and the cycle of involuntary rebirths ( samsara ) ) , " extinguished " , " quieted " , " calmed " ; it is also known as " awakening " or " enlightenment " in the west . the term for anybody who has achieved nirvana , including the buddha , is arahant . [ sep ] arahant
bodhi ( pali and sanskrit , in devanagari : [unk] ) is a term applied to the experience of awakening of arahants . bodhi literally means " awakening " , but it is more commonly translated into english as " enlightenment " . in early buddhism , bodhi carried a meaning synonymous to nirvana , using only some different metaphors to describe the experience , which implies the extinction of raga ( greed , craving ) , [ web 12 ] dosa ( hate , aversion ) [ web 13 ] and moha ( delusion ) . [ web 14 ] in the later school of mahayana buddhism , the status of nirvana was downgraded in some scriptures , coming to refer only to the extinction of greed and hate , implying that delusion was still present in one who attained nirvana , and that one needed to attain bodhi to eradicate delusion : [ sep ] bodhi
bodhi ( pali and sanskrit , in devanagari : [unk] ) is a term applied to the experience of awakening of arahants . bodhi literally means " awakening " , but it is more commonly translated into english as " enlightenment " . in early buddhism , bodhi carried a meaning synonymous to nirvana , using only some different metaphors to describe the experience , which implies the extinction of raga ( greed , craving ) , [ web 12 ] dosa ( hate , aversion ) [ web 13 ] and moha ( delusion ) . [ web 14 ] in the later school of mahayana buddhism , the status of nirvana was downgraded in some scriptures , coming to refer only to the extinction of greed and hate , implying that delusion was still present in one who attained nirvana , and that one needed to attain bodhi to eradicate delusion : [ sep ] nirvana
bodhi ( pali and sanskrit , in devanagari : [unk] ) is a term applied to the experience of awakening of arahants . bodhi literally means " awakening " , but it is more commonly translated into english as " enlightenment " . in early buddhism , bodhi carried a meaning synonymous to nirvana , using only some different metaphors to describe the experience , which implies the extinction of raga ( greed , craving ) , [ web 12 ] dosa ( hate , aversion ) [ web 13 ] and moha ( delusion ) . [ web 14 ] in the later school of mahayana buddhism , the status of nirvana was downgraded in some scriptures , coming to refer only to the extinction of greed and hate , implying that delusion was still present in one who attained nirvana , and that one needed to attain bodhi to eradicate delusion : [ sep ] raga
bodhi ( pali and sanskrit , in devanagari : [unk] ) is a term applied to the experience of awakening of arahants . bodhi literally means " awakening " , but it is more commonly translated into english as " enlightenment " . in early buddhism , bodhi carried a meaning synonymous to nirvana , using only some different metaphors to describe the experience , which implies the extinction of raga ( greed , craving ) , [ web 12 ] dosa ( hate , aversion ) [ web 13 ] and moha ( delusion ) . [ web 14 ] in the later school of mahayana buddhism , the status of nirvana was downgraded in some scriptures , coming to refer only to the extinction of greed and hate , implying that delusion was still present in one who attained nirvana , and that one needed to attain bodhi to eradicate delusion : [ sep ] dosa
bodhi ( pali and sanskrit , in devanagari : [unk] ) is a term applied to the experience of awakening of arahants . bodhi literally means " awakening " , but it is more commonly translated into english as " enlightenment " . in early buddhism , bodhi carried a meaning synonymous to nirvana , using only some different metaphors to describe the experience , which implies the extinction of raga ( greed , craving ) , [ web 12 ] dosa ( hate , aversion ) [ web 13 ] and moha ( delusion ) . [ web 14 ] in the later school of mahayana buddhism , the status of nirvana was downgraded in some scriptures , coming to refer only to the extinction of greed and hate , implying that delusion was still present in one who attained nirvana , and that one needed to attain bodhi to eradicate delusion : [ sep ] delusion
therefore , according to mahayana buddhism , the arahant has attained only nirvana , thus still being subject to delusion , while the bodhisattva not only achieves nirvana but full liberation from delusion as well . he thus attains bodhi and becomes a buddha . in theravada buddhism , bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning as in the early texts , that of being freed from greed , hate and delusion . [ sep ] bodhisattva
therefore , according to mahayana buddhism , the arahant has attained only nirvana , thus still being subject to delusion , while the bodhisattva not only achieves nirvana but full liberation from delusion as well . he thus attains bodhi and becomes a buddha . in theravada buddhism , bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning as in the early texts , that of being freed from greed , hate and delusion . [ sep ] a buddha
therefore , according to mahayana buddhism , the arahant has attained only nirvana , thus still being subject to delusion , while the bodhisattva not only achieves nirvana but full liberation from delusion as well . he thus attains bodhi and becomes a buddha . in theravada buddhism , bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning as in the early texts , that of being freed from greed , hate and delusion . [ sep ] nirvana
the term parinirvana is also encountered in buddhism , and this generally refers to the complete nirvana attained by the arahant at the moment of death , when the physical body expires . [ sep ] parinirvana
according to buddhist traditions a buddha is a fully awakened being who has completely purified his mind of the three poisons of desire , aversion and ignorance . a buddha is no longer bound by samsara and has ended the suffering which unawakened people experience in life . [ sep ] a buddha
according to buddhist traditions a buddha is a fully awakened being who has completely purified his mind of the three poisons of desire , aversion and ignorance . a buddha is no longer bound by samsara and has ended the suffering which unawakened people experience in life . [ sep ] samsara
according to buddhist traditions a buddha is a fully awakened being who has completely purified his mind of the three poisons of desire , aversion and ignorance . a buddha is no longer bound by samsara and has ended the suffering which unawakened people experience in life . [ sep ] suffering
buddhists do not consider siddhartha gautama to have been the only buddha . the pali canon refers to many previous ones ( see list of the 28 buddhas ) , while the mahayana tradition additionally has many buddhas of celestial , rather than historical , origin ( see amitabha or vairocana as examples , for lists of many thousands buddha names see taisho shinshu daizokyo numbers 439 – 448 ) . a common theravada and mahayana buddhist belief is that the next buddha will be one named maitreya ( pali : metteyya ) . [ sep ] 28
buddhists do not consider siddhartha gautama to have been the only buddha . the pali canon refers to many previous ones ( see list of the 28 buddhas ) , while the mahayana tradition additionally has many buddhas of celestial , rather than historical , origin ( see amitabha or vairocana as examples , for lists of many thousands buddha names see taisho shinshu daizokyo numbers 439 – 448 ) . a common theravada and mahayana buddhist belief is that the next buddha will be one named maitreya ( pali : metteyya ) . [ sep ] maitreya
buddhists do not consider siddhartha gautama to have been the only buddha . the pali canon refers to many previous ones ( see list of the 28 buddhas ) , while the mahayana tradition additionally has many buddhas of celestial , rather than historical , origin ( see amitabha or vairocana as examples , for lists of many thousands buddha names see taisho shinshu daizokyo numbers 439 – 448 ) . a common theravada and mahayana buddhist belief is that the next buddha will be one named maitreya ( pali : metteyya ) . [ sep ] celestial
in theravada doctrine , a person may awaken from the " sleep of ignorance " by directly realizing the true nature of reality ; such people are called arahants and occasionally buddhas . after numerous lifetimes of spiritual striving , they have reached the end of the cycle of rebirth , no longer reincarnating as human , animal , ghost , or other being . the commentaries to the pali canon classify these awakened beings into three types : [ sep ] reality
in theravada doctrine , a person may awaken from the " sleep of ignorance " by directly realizing the true nature of reality ; such people are called arahants and occasionally buddhas . after numerous lifetimes of spiritual striving , they have reached the end of the cycle of rebirth , no longer reincarnating as human , animal , ghost , or other being . the commentaries to the pali canon classify these awakened beings into three types : [ sep ] arahants
bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning , that of being freed from craving , hate , and delusion . in attaining bodhi , the arahant has overcome these obstacles . as a further distinction , the extinction of only hatred and greed ( in the sensory context ) with some residue of delusion , is called anagami . [ sep ] bodhi
bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning , that of being freed from craving , hate , and delusion . in attaining bodhi , the arahant has overcome these obstacles . as a further distinction , the extinction of only hatred and greed ( in the sensory context ) with some residue of delusion , is called anagami . [ sep ] anagami
in the mahayana , the buddha tends not to be viewed as merely human , but as the earthly projection of a beginningless and endless , omnipresent being ( see dharmakaya ) beyond the range and reach of thought . moreover , in certain mahayana sutras , the buddha , dharma and sangha are viewed essentially as one : all three are seen as the eternal buddha himself . [ sep ] buddha
in the mahayana , the buddha tends not to be viewed as merely human , but as the earthly projection of a beginningless and endless , omnipresent being ( see dharmakaya ) beyond the range and reach of thought . moreover , in certain mahayana sutras , the buddha , dharma and sangha are viewed essentially as one : all three are seen as the eternal buddha himself . [ sep ] buddha
in the mahayana , the buddha tends not to be viewed as merely human , but as the earthly projection of a beginningless and endless , omnipresent being ( see dharmakaya ) beyond the range and reach of thought . moreover , in certain mahayana sutras , the buddha , dharma and sangha are viewed essentially as one : all three are seen as the eternal buddha himself . [ sep ] mahayana
the buddha ' s death is seen as an illusion , he is living on in other planes of existence , and monks are therefore permitted to offer " new truths " based on his input . mahayana also differs from theravada in its concept of sunyata ( that ultimately nothing has existence ) , and in its belief in bodhisattvas ( enlightened people who vow to continue being reborn until all beings can be enlightened ) . [ sep ] existence
the buddha ' s death is seen as an illusion , he is living on in other planes of existence , and monks are therefore permitted to offer " new truths " based on his input . mahayana also differs from theravada in its concept of sunyata ( that ultimately nothing has existence ) , and in its belief in bodhisattvas ( enlightened people who vow to continue being reborn until all beings can be enlightened ) . [ sep ] monks
the buddha ' s death is seen as an illusion , he is living on in other planes of existence , and monks are therefore permitted to offer " new truths " based on his input . mahayana also differs from theravada in its concept of sunyata ( that ultimately nothing has existence ) , and in its belief in bodhisattvas ( enlightened people who vow to continue being reborn until all beings can be enlightened ) . [ sep ] sunyata
the buddha ' s death is seen as an illusion , he is living on in other planes of existence , and monks are therefore permitted to offer " new truths " based on his input . mahayana also differs from theravada in its concept of sunyata ( that ultimately nothing has existence ) , and in its belief in bodhisattvas ( enlightened people who vow to continue being reborn until all beings can be enlightened ) . [ sep ] bodhisattvas
the method of self - exertion or " self - power " — without reliance on an external force or being — stands in contrast to another major form of buddhism , pure land , which is characterized by utmost trust in the salvific " other - power " of amitabha buddha . pure land buddhism is a very widespread and perhaps the most faith - orientated manifestation of buddhism and centres upon the conviction that faith in amitabha buddha and the chanting of homage to his name liberates one at death into the blissful ( 安 [unk] ) , pure land ( [unk] 土 ) of amitabha buddha . this buddhic realm is variously construed as a foretaste of nirvana , or as essentially nirvana itself . the great vow of amitabha buddha to rescue all beings from samsaric suffering is viewed within pure land buddhism as universally efficacious , if only one has faith in the power of that vow or chants his name . [ sep ] pure land
the method of self - exertion or " self - power " — without reliance on an external force or being — stands in contrast to another major form of buddhism , pure land , which is characterized by utmost trust in the salvific " other - power " of amitabha buddha . pure land buddhism is a very widespread and perhaps the most faith - orientated manifestation of buddhism and centres upon the conviction that faith in amitabha buddha and the chanting of homage to his name liberates one at death into the blissful ( 安 [unk] ) , pure land ( [unk] 土 ) of amitabha buddha . this buddhic realm is variously construed as a foretaste of nirvana , or as essentially nirvana itself . the great vow of amitabha buddha to rescue all beings from samsaric suffering is viewed within pure land buddhism as universally efficacious , if only one has faith in the power of that vow or chants his name . [ sep ] pure land
the method of self - exertion or " self - power " — without reliance on an external force or being — stands in contrast to another major form of buddhism , pure land , which is characterized by utmost trust in the salvific " other - power " of amitabha buddha . pure land buddhism is a very widespread and perhaps the most faith - orientated manifestation of buddhism and centres upon the conviction that faith in amitabha buddha and the chanting of homage to his name liberates one at death into the blissful ( 安 [unk] ) , pure land ( [unk] 土 ) of amitabha buddha . this buddhic realm is variously construed as a foretaste of nirvana , or as essentially nirvana itself . the great vow of amitabha buddha to rescue all beings from samsaric suffering is viewed within pure land buddhism as universally efficacious , if only one has faith in the power of that vow or chants his name . [ sep ] amitabha
buddhists believe gautama buddha was the first to achieve enlightenment in this buddha era and is therefore credited with the establishment of buddhism . a buddha era is the stretch of history during which people remember and practice the teachings of the earliest known buddha . this buddha era will end when all the knowledge , evidence and teachings of gautama buddha have vanished . this belief therefore maintains that many buddha eras have started and ended throughout the course of human existence . [ web 15 ] [ web 16 ] the gautama buddha , therefore , is the buddha of this era , who taught directly or indirectly to all other buddhas in it ( see types of buddhas ) . [ sep ] gautama buddha
buddhists believe gautama buddha was the first to achieve enlightenment in this buddha era and is therefore credited with the establishment of buddhism . a buddha era is the stretch of history during which people remember and practice the teachings of the earliest known buddha . this buddha era will end when all the knowledge , evidence and teachings of gautama buddha have vanished . this belief therefore maintains that many buddha eras have started and ended throughout the course of human existence . [ web 15 ] [ web 16 ] the gautama buddha , therefore , is the buddha of this era , who taught directly or indirectly to all other buddhas in it ( see types of buddhas ) . [ sep ] a buddha era
buddhists believe gautama buddha was the first to achieve enlightenment in this buddha era and is therefore credited with the establishment of buddhism . a buddha era is the stretch of history during which people remember and practice the teachings of the earliest known buddha . this buddha era will end when all the knowledge , evidence and teachings of gautama buddha have vanished . this belief therefore maintains that many buddha eras have started and ended throughout the course of human existence . [ web 15 ] [ web 16 ] the gautama buddha , therefore , is the buddha of this era , who taught directly or indirectly to all other buddhas in it ( see types of buddhas ) . [ sep ] gautama buddha
buddhists believe gautama buddha was the first to achieve enlightenment in this buddha era and is therefore credited with the establishment of buddhism . a buddha era is the stretch of history during which people remember and practice the teachings of the earliest known buddha . this buddha era will end when all the knowledge , evidence and teachings of gautama buddha have vanished . this belief therefore maintains that many buddha eras have started and ended throughout the course of human existence . [ web 15 ] [ web 16 ] the gautama buddha , therefore , is the buddha of this era , who taught directly or indirectly to all other buddhas in it ( see types of buddhas ) . [ sep ] gautama buddha
in addition , mahayana buddhists believe there are innumerable other buddhas in other universes . a theravada commentary says that buddhas arise one at a time in this world element , and not at all in others . the understandings of this matter reflect widely differing interpretations of basic terms , such as " world realm " , between the various schools of buddhism . [ sep ] mahayana buddhists
in addition , mahayana buddhists believe there are innumerable other buddhas in other universes . a theravada commentary says that buddhas arise one at a time in this world element , and not at all in others . the understandings of this matter reflect widely differing interpretations of basic terms , such as " world realm " , between the various schools of buddhism . [ sep ] theravada
the idea of the decline and gradual disappearance of the teaching has been influential in east asian buddhism . pure land buddhism holds that it has declined to the point where few are capable of following the path , so it may be best to rely on the power of amitabha . [ sep ] pure land
bodhisattva means " enlightenment being " , and generally refers to one who is on the path to buddhahood . traditionally , a bodhisattva is anyone who , motivated by great compassion , has generated bodhicitta , which is a spontaneous wish to attain buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings . theravada buddhism primarily uses the term in relation to gautama buddha ' s previous existences , but has traditionally acknowledged and respected the bodhisattva path as well . [ web 17 ] [ sep ] enlightenment being
bodhisattva means " enlightenment being " , and generally refers to one who is on the path to buddhahood . traditionally , a bodhisattva is anyone who , motivated by great compassion , has generated bodhicitta , which is a spontaneous wish to attain buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings . theravada buddhism primarily uses the term in relation to gautama buddha ' s previous existences , but has traditionally acknowledged and respected the bodhisattva path as well . [ web 17 ] [ sep ] bodhicitta
according to jan nattier , the term mahayana " great vehicle " was originally even an honorary synonym for bodhisattvayana " bodhisattva vehicle . " the astasahasrika prajnaparamita sutra , an early and important mahayana text , contains a simple and brief definition for the term bodhisattva : " because he has enlightenment as his aim , a bodhisattva - mahasattva is so called . " [ sep ] mahayana
according to jan nattier , the term mahayana " great vehicle " was originally even an honorary synonym for bodhisattvayana " bodhisattva vehicle . " the astasahasrika prajnaparamita sutra , an early and important mahayana text , contains a simple and brief definition for the term bodhisattva : " because he has enlightenment as his aim , a bodhisattva - mahasattva is so called . " [ sep ] mahayana
according to jan nattier , the term mahayana " great vehicle " was originally even an honorary synonym for bodhisattvayana " bodhisattva vehicle . " the astasahasrika prajnaparamita sutra , an early and important mahayana text , contains a simple and brief definition for the term bodhisattva : " because he has enlightenment as his aim , a bodhisattva - mahasattva is so called . " [ sep ] mahayana
mahayana buddhism encourages everyone to become bodhisattvas and to take the bodhisattva vow , where the practitioner promises to work for the complete enlightenment of all beings by practicing the six paramitas . according to mahayana teachings , these perfections are : dana , sila , ksanti , virya , dhyana , and prajna . [ sep ] mahayana
mahayana buddhism encourages everyone to become bodhisattvas and to take the bodhisattva vow , where the practitioner promises to work for the complete enlightenment of all beings by practicing the six paramitas . according to mahayana teachings , these perfections are : dana , sila , ksanti , virya , dhyana , and prajna . [ sep ] bodhisattva vow
mahayana buddhism encourages everyone to become bodhisattvas and to take the bodhisattva vow , where the practitioner promises to work for the complete enlightenment of all beings by practicing the six paramitas . according to mahayana teachings , these perfections are : dana , sila , ksanti , virya , dhyana , and prajna . [ sep ] dana , sila , ksanti , virya , dhyana , and prajna
charles shields , who has written the only book - length biography of harper lee to date , offers the reason for the novel ' s enduring popularity and impact is that " its lessons of human dignity and respect for others remain fundamental and universal " . atticus ' lesson to scout that " you never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view — until you climb around in his skin and walk around in it " exemplifies his compassion . she ponders the comment when listening to mayella ewell ' s testimony . when mayella reacts with confusion to atticus ' question if she has any friends , scout offers that she must be lonelier than boo radley . having walked boo home after he saves their lives , scout stands on the radley porch and considers the events of the previous three years from boo ' s perspective . one writer remarks , " . . . [ w ] hile the novel concerns tragedy and injustice , heartache and loss , it also carries with it a strong sense [ of ] courage , compassion , and an awareness of history to be better human beings . " [ sep ] charles shields
charles shields , who has written the only book - length biography of harper lee to date , offers the reason for the novel ' s enduring popularity and impact is that " its lessons of human dignity and respect for others remain fundamental and universal " . atticus ' lesson to scout that " you never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view — until you climb around in his skin and walk around in it " exemplifies his compassion . she ponders the comment when listening to mayella ewell ' s testimony . when mayella reacts with confusion to atticus ' question if she has any friends , scout offers that she must be lonelier than boo radley . having walked boo home after he saves their lives , scout stands on the radley porch and considers the events of the previous three years from boo ' s perspective . one writer remarks , " . . . [ w ] hile the novel concerns tragedy and injustice , heartache and loss , it also carries with it a strong sense [ of ] courage , compassion , and an awareness of history to be better human beings . " [ sep ] human dignity and respect for others
charles shields , who has written the only book - length biography of harper lee to date , offers the reason for the novel ' s enduring popularity and impact is that " its lessons of human dignity and respect for others remain fundamental and universal " . atticus ' lesson to scout that " you never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view — until you climb around in his skin and walk around in it " exemplifies his compassion . she ponders the comment when listening to mayella ewell ' s testimony . when mayella reacts with confusion to atticus ' question if she has any friends , scout offers that she must be lonelier than boo radley . having walked boo home after he saves their lives , scout stands on the radley porch and considers the events of the previous three years from boo ' s perspective . one writer remarks , " . . . [ w ] hile the novel concerns tragedy and injustice , heartache and loss , it also carries with it a strong sense [ of ] courage , compassion , and an awareness of history to be better human beings . " [ sep ] mayella ewell
just as lee explores jem ' s development in coming to grips with a racist and unjust society , scout realizes what being female means , and several female characters influence her development . scout ' s primary identification with her father and older brother allows her to describe the variety and depth of female characters in the novel both as one of them and as an outsider . scout ' s primary female models are calpurnia and her neighbor miss maudie , both of whom are strong willed , independent , and protective . mayella ewell also has an influence ; scout watches her destroy an innocent man in order to hide her desire for him . the female characters who comment the most on scout ' s lack of willingness to adhere to a more feminine role are also those who promote the most racist and classist points of view . for example , mrs . dubose chastises scout for not wearing a dress and camisole , and indicates she is ruining the family name by not doing so , in addition to insulting atticus ' intentions to defend tom robinson . by balancing the masculine influences of atticus and jem with the feminine influences of calpurnia and miss maudie , one scholar writes , " lee gradually demonstrates that scout is becoming a feminist in the south , for with the use of first - person narration , she indicates that scout / jean louise still maintains the ambivalence about being a southern lady she possessed as a child . " [ sep ] calpurnia and miss maudie
just as lee explores jem ' s development in coming to grips with a racist and unjust society , scout realizes what being female means , and several female characters influence her development . scout ' s primary identification with her father and older brother allows her to describe the variety and depth of female characters in the novel both as one of them and as an outsider . scout ' s primary female models are calpurnia and her neighbor miss maudie , both of whom are strong willed , independent , and protective . mayella ewell also has an influence ; scout watches her destroy an innocent man in order to hide her desire for him . the female characters who comment the most on scout ' s lack of willingness to adhere to a more feminine role are also those who promote the most racist and classist points of view . for example , mrs . dubose chastises scout for not wearing a dress and camisole , and indicates she is ruining the family name by not doing so , in addition to insulting atticus ' intentions to defend tom robinson . by balancing the masculine influences of atticus and jem with the feminine influences of calpurnia and miss maudie , one scholar writes , " lee gradually demonstrates that scout is becoming a feminist in the south , for with the use of first - person narration , she indicates that scout / jean louise still maintains the ambivalence about being a southern lady she possessed as a child . " [ sep ] mrs . dubose
just as lee explores jem ' s development in coming to grips with a racist and unjust society , scout realizes what being female means , and several female characters influence her development . scout ' s primary identification with her father and older brother allows her to describe the variety and depth of female characters in the novel both as one of them and as an outsider . scout ' s primary female models are calpurnia and her neighbor miss maudie , both of whom are strong willed , independent , and protective . mayella ewell also has an influence ; scout watches her destroy an innocent man in order to hide her desire for him . the female characters who comment the most on scout ' s lack of willingness to adhere to a more feminine role are also those who promote the most racist and classist points of view . for example , mrs . dubose chastises scout for not wearing a dress and camisole , and indicates she is ruining the family name by not doing so , in addition to insulting atticus ' intentions to defend tom robinson . by balancing the masculine influences of atticus and jem with the feminine influences of calpurnia and miss maudie , one scholar writes , " lee gradually demonstrates that scout is becoming a feminist in the south , for with the use of first - person narration , she indicates that scout / jean louise still maintains the ambivalence about being a southern lady she possessed as a child . " [ sep ] feminist
fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother , but his first professional music tutor , from 1816 to 1821 , was the czech pianist wojciech zywny . his elder sister ludwika also took lessons from zywny , and occasionally played duets with her brother . it quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy . by the age of seven fryderyk had begun giving public concerts , and in 1817 he composed two polonaises , in g minor and b - flat major . his next work , a polonaise in a - flat major of 1821 , dedicated to zywny , is his earliest surviving musical manuscript . [ sep ] wojciech zywny
fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother , but his first professional music tutor , from 1816 to 1821 , was the czech pianist wojciech zywny . his elder sister ludwika also took lessons from zywny , and occasionally played duets with her brother . it quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy . by the age of seven fryderyk had begun giving public concerts , and in 1817 he composed two polonaises , in g minor and b - flat major . his next work , a polonaise in a - flat major of 1821 , dedicated to zywny , is his earliest surviving musical manuscript . [ sep ] ludwika
fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother , but his first professional music tutor , from 1816 to 1821 , was the czech pianist wojciech zywny . his elder sister ludwika also took lessons from zywny , and occasionally played duets with her brother . it quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy . by the age of seven fryderyk had begun giving public concerts , and in 1817 he composed two polonaises , in g minor and b - flat major . his next work , a polonaise in a - flat major of 1821 , dedicated to zywny , is his earliest surviving musical manuscript . [ sep ] 7
fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother , but his first professional music tutor , from 1816 to 1821 , was the czech pianist wojciech zywny . his elder sister ludwika also took lessons from zywny , and occasionally played duets with her brother . it quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy . by the age of seven fryderyk had begun giving public concerts , and in 1817 he composed two polonaises , in g minor and b - flat major . his next work , a polonaise in a - flat major of 1821 , dedicated to zywny , is his earliest surviving musical manuscript . [ sep ] wojciech zywny
in 1817 the saxon palace was requisitioned by warsaw ' s russian governor for military use , and the warsaw lyceum was reestablished in the kazimierz palace ( today the rectorate of warsaw university ) . fryderyk and his family moved to a building , which still survives , adjacent to the kazimierz palace . during this period , fryderyk was sometimes invited to the belweder palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of russian poland , grand duke constantine ; he played the piano for the duke and composed a march for him . julian ursyn niemcewicz , in his dramatic eclogue , " nasze przebiegi " ( " our discourses " , 1818 ) , attested to " little chopin ' s " popularity . [ sep ] belweder palace
in 1817 the saxon palace was requisitioned by warsaw ' s russian governor for military use , and the warsaw lyceum was reestablished in the kazimierz palace ( today the rectorate of warsaw university ) . fryderyk and his family moved to a building , which still survives , adjacent to the kazimierz palace . during this period , fryderyk was sometimes invited to the belweder palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of russian poland , grand duke constantine ; he played the piano for the duke and composed a march for him . julian ursyn niemcewicz , in his dramatic eclogue , " nasze przebiegi " ( " our discourses " , 1818 ) , attested to " little chopin ' s " popularity . [ sep ] grand duke constantine
in 1817 the saxon palace was requisitioned by warsaw ' s russian governor for military use , and the warsaw lyceum was reestablished in the kazimierz palace ( today the rectorate of warsaw university ) . fryderyk and his family moved to a building , which still survives , adjacent to the kazimierz palace . during this period , fryderyk was sometimes invited to the belweder palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of russian poland , grand duke constantine ; he played the piano for the duke and composed a march for him . julian ursyn niemcewicz , in his dramatic eclogue , " nasze przebiegi " ( " our discourses " , 1818 ) , attested to " little chopin ' s " popularity . [ sep ] a march
in 1817 the saxon palace was requisitioned by warsaw ' s russian governor for military use , and the warsaw lyceum was reestablished in the kazimierz palace ( today the rectorate of warsaw university ) . fryderyk and his family moved to a building , which still survives , adjacent to the kazimierz palace . during this period , fryderyk was sometimes invited to the belweder palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of russian poland , grand duke constantine ; he played the piano for the duke and composed a march for him . julian ursyn niemcewicz , in his dramatic eclogue , " nasze przebiegi " ( " our discourses " , 1818 ) , attested to " little chopin ' s " popularity . [ sep ] julian ursyn niemcewicz
a famous saying by the 8th - century indian buddhist scholar - saint shantideva , which the 14th dalai lama often cites as his favourite verse , summarizes the bodhisattva ' s intention ( bodhicitta ) as follows : " for as long as space endures , and for as long as living beings remain , until then may i too abide to dispel the misery of the world . " [ citation needed ] [ sep ] the 14th dalai lama
devotion is an important part of the practice of most buddhists . devotional practices include bowing , offerings , pilgrimage , and chanting . in pure land buddhism , devotion to the buddha amitabha is the main practice . in nichiren buddhism , devotion to the lotus sutra is the main practice . [ sep ] buddhists
devotion is an important part of the practice of most buddhists . devotional practices include bowing , offerings , pilgrimage , and chanting . in pure land buddhism , devotion to the buddha amitabha is the main practice . in nichiren buddhism , devotion to the lotus sutra is the main practice . [ sep ] bowing , offerings , pilgrimage , and chanting
buddhism traditionally incorporates states of meditative absorption ( pali : jhana ; skt : dhyana ) . the most ancient sustained expression of yogic ideas is found in the early sermons of the buddha . one key innovative teaching of the buddha was that meditative absorption must be combined with liberating cognition . the difference between the buddha ' s teaching and the yoga presented in early brahminic texts is striking . meditative states alone are not an end , for according to the buddha , even the highest meditative state is not liberating . instead of attaining a complete cessation of thought , some sort of mental activity must take place : a liberating cognition , based on the practice of mindful awareness . [ sep ] meditative
buddhism traditionally incorporates states of meditative absorption ( pali : jhana ; skt : dhyana ) . the most ancient sustained expression of yogic ideas is found in the early sermons of the buddha . one key innovative teaching of the buddha was that meditative absorption must be combined with liberating cognition . the difference between the buddha ' s teaching and the yoga presented in early brahminic texts is striking . meditative states alone are not an end , for according to the buddha , even the highest meditative state is not liberating . instead of attaining a complete cessation of thought , some sort of mental activity must take place : a liberating cognition , based on the practice of mindful awareness . [ sep ] the buddha
buddhism traditionally incorporates states of meditative absorption ( pali : jhana ; skt : dhyana ) . the most ancient sustained expression of yogic ideas is found in the early sermons of the buddha . one key innovative teaching of the buddha was that meditative absorption must be combined with liberating cognition . the difference between the buddha ' s teaching and the yoga presented in early brahminic texts is striking . meditative states alone are not an end , for according to the buddha , even the highest meditative state is not liberating . instead of attaining a complete cessation of thought , some sort of mental activity must take place : a liberating cognition , based on the practice of mindful awareness . [ sep ] brahminic
buddhism traditionally incorporates states of meditative absorption ( pali : jhana ; skt : dhyana ) . the most ancient sustained expression of yogic ideas is found in the early sermons of the buddha . one key innovative teaching of the buddha was that meditative absorption must be combined with liberating cognition . the difference between the buddha ' s teaching and the yoga presented in early brahminic texts is striking . meditative states alone are not an end , for according to the buddha , even the highest meditative state is not liberating . instead of attaining a complete cessation of thought , some sort of mental activity must take place : a liberating cognition , based on the practice of mindful awareness . [ sep ] liberating
meditation was an aspect of the practice of the yogis in the centuries preceding the buddha . the buddha built upon the yogis ' concern with introspection and developed their meditative techniques , but rejected their theories of liberation . in buddhism , mindfulness and clear awareness are to be developed at all times ; in pre - buddhist yogic practices there is no such injunction . a yogi in the brahmanical tradition is not to practice while defecating , for example , while a buddhist monastic should do so . [ sep ] the yogis
meditation was an aspect of the practice of the yogis in the centuries preceding the buddha . the buddha built upon the yogis ' concern with introspection and developed their meditative techniques , but rejected their theories of liberation . in buddhism , mindfulness and clear awareness are to be developed at all times ; in pre - buddhist yogic practices there is no such injunction . a yogi in the brahmanical tradition is not to practice while defecating , for example , while a buddhist monastic should do so . [ sep ] mindfulness and clear awareness
religious knowledge or " vision " was indicated as a result of practice both within and outside of the buddhist fold . according to the samannaphala sutta , this sort of vision arose for the buddhist adept as a result of the perfection of " meditation " coupled with the perfection of " discipline " ( pali sila ; skt . sila ) . some of the buddha ' s meditative techniques were shared with other traditions of his day , but the idea that ethics are causally related to the attainment of " transcendent wisdom " ( pali panna ; skt . prajna ) was original . [ web 18 ] [ sep ] vision
religious knowledge or " vision " was indicated as a result of practice both within and outside of the buddhist fold . according to the samannaphala sutta , this sort of vision arose for the buddhist adept as a result of the perfection of " meditation " coupled with the perfection of " discipline " ( pali sila ; skt . sila ) . some of the buddha ' s meditative techniques were shared with other traditions of his day , but the idea that ethics are causally related to the attainment of " transcendent wisdom " ( pali panna ; skt . prajna ) was original . [ web 18 ] [ sep ] meditative
religious knowledge or " vision " was indicated as a result of practice both within and outside of the buddhist fold . according to the samannaphala sutta , this sort of vision arose for the buddhist adept as a result of the perfection of " meditation " coupled with the perfection of " discipline " ( pali sila ; skt . sila ) . some of the buddha ' s meditative techniques were shared with other traditions of his day , but the idea that ethics are causally related to the attainment of " transcendent wisdom " ( pali panna ; skt . prajna ) was original . [ web 18 ] [ sep ] transcendent wisdom
the buddhist texts are probably the earliest describing meditation techniques . they describe meditative practices and states that existed before the buddha as well as those first developed within buddhism . two upanishads written after the rise of buddhism do contain full - fledged descriptions of yoga as a means to liberation . [ sep ] buddhist texts
the buddhist texts are probably the earliest describing meditation techniques . they describe meditative practices and states that existed before the buddha as well as those first developed within buddhism . two upanishads written after the rise of buddhism do contain full - fledged descriptions of yoga as a means to liberation . [ sep ] buddhist texts
the buddhist texts are probably the earliest describing meditation techniques . they describe meditative practices and states that existed before the buddha as well as those first developed within buddhism . two upanishads written after the rise of buddhism do contain full - fledged descriptions of yoga as a means to liberation . [ sep ] upanishads
while there is no convincing evidence for meditation in pre - buddhist early brahminic texts , wynne argues that formless meditation originated in the brahminic or shramanic tradition , based on strong parallels between upanishadic cosmological statements and the meditative goals of the two teachers of the buddha as recorded in the early buddhist texts . he mentions less likely possibilities as well . having argued that the cosmological statements in the upanishads also reflect a contemplative tradition , he argues that the nasadiya sukta contains evidence for a contemplative tradition , even as early as the late rig vedic period . [ sep ] meditation
while there is no convincing evidence for meditation in pre - buddhist early brahminic texts , wynne argues that formless meditation originated in the brahminic or shramanic tradition , based on strong parallels between upanishadic cosmological statements and the meditative goals of the two teachers of the buddha as recorded in the early buddhist texts . he mentions less likely possibilities as well . having argued that the cosmological statements in the upanishads also reflect a contemplative tradition , he argues that the nasadiya sukta contains evidence for a contemplative tradition , even as early as the late rig vedic period . [ sep ] contemplative
while there is no convincing evidence for meditation in pre - buddhist early brahminic texts , wynne argues that formless meditation originated in the brahminic or shramanic tradition , based on strong parallels between upanishadic cosmological statements and the meditative goals of the two teachers of the buddha as recorded in the early buddhist texts . he mentions less likely possibilities as well . having argued that the cosmological statements in the upanishads also reflect a contemplative tradition , he argues that the nasadiya sukta contains evidence for a contemplative tradition , even as early as the late rig vedic period . [ sep ] nasadiya sukta
traditionally , the first step in most buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the three jewels ( sanskrit : tri - ratna , pali : ti - ratana ) [ web 19 ] as the foundation of one ' s religious practice . the practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children is mentioned in the majjhima nikaya , recognized by most scholars as an early text ( cf . infant baptism ) . tibetan buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge , in the lama . in mahayana , the person who chooses the bodhisattva path makes a vow or pledge , considered the ultimate expression of compassion . in mahayana , too , the three jewels are perceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect : " the three jewels have the quality of excellence . just as real jewels never change their faculty and goodness , whether praised or reviled , so are the three jewels ( refuges ) , because they have an eternal and immutable essence . these three jewels bring a fruition that is changeless , for once one has reached buddhahood , there is no possibility of falling back to suffering . [ sep ] the three jewels
traditionally , the first step in most buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the three jewels ( sanskrit : tri - ratna , pali : ti - ratana ) [ web 19 ] as the foundation of one ' s religious practice . the practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children is mentioned in the majjhima nikaya , recognized by most scholars as an early text ( cf . infant baptism ) . tibetan buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge , in the lama . in mahayana , the person who chooses the bodhisattva path makes a vow or pledge , considered the ultimate expression of compassion . in mahayana , too , the three jewels are perceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect : " the three jewels have the quality of excellence . just as real jewels never change their faculty and goodness , whether praised or reviled , so are the three jewels ( refuges ) , because they have an eternal and immutable essence . these three jewels bring a fruition that is changeless , for once one has reached buddhahood , there is no possibility of falling back to suffering . [ sep ] majjhima nikaya
traditionally , the first step in most buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the three jewels ( sanskrit : tri - ratna , pali : ti - ratana ) [ web 19 ] as the foundation of one ' s religious practice . the practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children is mentioned in the majjhima nikaya , recognized by most scholars as an early text ( cf . infant baptism ) . tibetan buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge , in the lama . in mahayana , the person who chooses the bodhisattva path makes a vow or pledge , considered the ultimate expression of compassion . in mahayana , too , the three jewels are perceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect : " the three jewels have the quality of excellence . just as real jewels never change their faculty and goodness , whether praised or reviled , so are the three jewels ( refuges ) , because they have an eternal and immutable essence . these three jewels bring a fruition that is changeless , for once one has reached buddhahood , there is no possibility of falling back to suffering . [ sep ] tibetan
traditionally , the first step in most buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the three jewels ( sanskrit : tri - ratna , pali : ti - ratana ) [ web 19 ] as the foundation of one ' s religious practice . the practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children is mentioned in the majjhima nikaya , recognized by most scholars as an early text ( cf . infant baptism ) . tibetan buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge , in the lama . in mahayana , the person who chooses the bodhisattva path makes a vow or pledge , considered the ultimate expression of compassion . in mahayana , too , the three jewels are perceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect : " the three jewels have the quality of excellence . just as real jewels never change their faculty and goodness , whether praised or reviled , so are the three jewels ( refuges ) , because they have an eternal and immutable essence . these three jewels bring a fruition that is changeless , for once one has reached buddhahood , there is no possibility of falling back to suffering . [ sep ] essence .
traditionally , the first step in most buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the three jewels ( sanskrit : tri - ratna , pali : ti - ratana ) [ web 19 ] as the foundation of one ' s religious practice . the practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children is mentioned in the majjhima nikaya , recognized by most scholars as an early text ( cf . infant baptism ) . tibetan buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge , in the lama . in mahayana , the person who chooses the bodhisattva path makes a vow or pledge , considered the ultimate expression of compassion . in mahayana , too , the three jewels are perceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect : " the three jewels have the quality of excellence . just as real jewels never change their faculty and goodness , whether praised or reviled , so are the three jewels ( refuges ) , because they have an eternal and immutable essence . these three jewels bring a fruition that is changeless , for once one has reached buddhahood , there is no possibility of falling back to suffering . [ sep ] the three jewels
according to the scriptures , gautama buddha presented himself as a model . the dharma offers a refuge by providing guidelines for the alleviation of suffering and the attainment of nirvana . the sangha is considered to provide a refuge by preserving the authentic teachings of the buddha and providing further examples that the truth of the buddha ' s teachings is attainable . [ sep ] gautama buddha
according to the scriptures , gautama buddha presented himself as a model . the dharma offers a refuge by providing guidelines for the alleviation of suffering and the attainment of nirvana . the sangha is considered to provide a refuge by preserving the authentic teachings of the buddha and providing further examples that the truth of the buddha ' s teachings is attainable . [ sep ] dharma
according to the scriptures , gautama buddha presented himself as a model . the dharma offers a refuge by providing guidelines for the alleviation of suffering and the attainment of nirvana . the sangha is considered to provide a refuge by preserving the authentic teachings of the buddha and providing further examples that the truth of the buddha ' s teachings is attainable . [ sep ] sangha
american idol is an american singing competition series created by simon fuller and produced by 19 entertainment , and is distributed by fremantlemedia north america . it began airing on fox on june 11 , 2002 , as an addition to the idols format based on the british series pop idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of american television . the concept of the series is to find new solo recording artists , with the winner being determined by the viewers in america . winners chosen by viewers through telephone , internet , and sms text voting were kelly clarkson , ruben studdard , fantasia barrino , carrie underwood , taylor hicks , jordin sparks , david cook , kris allen , lee dewyze , scotty mccreery , phillip phillips , candice glover , caleb johnson , and nick fradiani . [ sep ] simon fuller
american idol is an american singing competition series created by simon fuller and produced by 19 entertainment , and is distributed by fremantlemedia north america . it began airing on fox on june 11 , 2002 , as an addition to the idols format based on the british series pop idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of american television . the concept of the series is to find new solo recording artists , with the winner being determined by the viewers in america . winners chosen by viewers through telephone , internet , and sms text voting were kelly clarkson , ruben studdard , fantasia barrino , carrie underwood , taylor hicks , jordin sparks , david cook , kris allen , lee dewyze , scotty mccreery , phillip phillips , candice glover , caleb johnson , and nick fradiani . [ sep ] 19 entertainment
american idol is an american singing competition series created by simon fuller and produced by 19 entertainment , and is distributed by fremantlemedia north america . it began airing on fox on june 11 , 2002 , as an addition to the idols format based on the british series pop idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of american television . the concept of the series is to find new solo recording artists , with the winner being determined by the viewers in america . winners chosen by viewers through telephone , internet , and sms text voting were kelly clarkson , ruben studdard , fantasia barrino , carrie underwood , taylor hicks , jordin sparks , david cook , kris allen , lee dewyze , scotty mccreery , phillip phillips , candice glover , caleb johnson , and nick fradiani . [ sep ] 2002
american idol is an american singing competition series created by simon fuller and produced by 19 entertainment , and is distributed by fremantlemedia north america . it began airing on fox on june 11 , 2002 , as an addition to the idols format based on the british series pop idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of american television . the concept of the series is to find new solo recording artists , with the winner being determined by the viewers in america . winners chosen by viewers through telephone , internet , and sms text voting were kelly clarkson , ruben studdard , fantasia barrino , carrie underwood , taylor hicks , jordin sparks , david cook , kris allen , lee dewyze , scotty mccreery , phillip phillips , candice glover , caleb johnson , and nick fradiani . [ sep ] pop idol
american idol is an american singing competition series created by simon fuller and produced by 19 entertainment , and is distributed by fremantlemedia north america . it began airing on fox on june 11 , 2002 , as an addition to the idols format based on the british series pop idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of american television . the concept of the series is to find new solo recording artists , with the winner being determined by the viewers in america . winners chosen by viewers through telephone , internet , and sms text voting were kelly clarkson , ruben studdard , fantasia barrino , carrie underwood , taylor hicks , jordin sparks , david cook , kris allen , lee dewyze , scotty mccreery , phillip phillips , candice glover , caleb johnson , and nick fradiani . [ sep ] fox
sila ( sanskrit ) or sila ( pali ) is usually translated into english as " virtuous behavior " , " morality " , " moral discipline " , " ethics " or " precept " . it is an action committed through the body , speech , or mind , and involves an intentional effort . it is one of the three practices ( sila , samadhi , and panna ) and the second paramita . it refers to moral purity of thought , word , and deed . the four conditions of sila are chastity , calmness , quiet , and extinguishment . [ sep ] sila
sila ( sanskrit ) or sila ( pali ) is usually translated into english as " virtuous behavior " , " morality " , " moral discipline " , " ethics " or " precept " . it is an action committed through the body , speech , or mind , and involves an intentional effort . it is one of the three practices ( sila , samadhi , and panna ) and the second paramita . it refers to moral purity of thought , word , and deed . the four conditions of sila are chastity , calmness , quiet , and extinguishment . [ sep ] paramita
american idol employs a panel of judges who critique the contestants ' performances . the original judges were record producer and music manager randy jackson , pop singer and choreographer paula abdul and music executive and manager simon cowell . the judging panel for the most recent season consisted of country singer keith urban , singer and actress jennifer lopez , and jazz singer harry connick , jr . the show was originally hosted by radio personality ryan seacrest and comedian brian dunkleman , with seacrest continuing on for the rest of the seasons . [ sep ] randy jackson
american idol employs a panel of judges who critique the contestants ' performances . the original judges were record producer and music manager randy jackson , pop singer and choreographer paula abdul and music executive and manager simon cowell . the judging panel for the most recent season consisted of country singer keith urban , singer and actress jennifer lopez , and jazz singer harry connick , jr . the show was originally hosted by radio personality ryan seacrest and comedian brian dunkleman , with seacrest continuing on for the rest of the seasons . [ sep ] brian dunkleman
american idol employs a panel of judges who critique the contestants ' performances . the original judges were record producer and music manager randy jackson , pop singer and choreographer paula abdul and music executive and manager simon cowell . the judging panel for the most recent season consisted of country singer keith urban , singer and actress jennifer lopez , and jazz singer harry connick , jr . the show was originally hosted by radio personality ryan seacrest and comedian brian dunkleman , with seacrest continuing on for the rest of the seasons . [ sep ] jennifer lopez
american idol employs a panel of judges who critique the contestants ' performances . the original judges were record producer and music manager randy jackson , pop singer and choreographer paula abdul and music executive and manager simon cowell . the judging panel for the most recent season consisted of country singer keith urban , singer and actress jennifer lopez , and jazz singer harry connick , jr . the show was originally hosted by radio personality ryan seacrest and comedian brian dunkleman , with seacrest continuing on for the rest of the seasons . [ sep ] ryan seacrest
from september 1823 to 1826 chopin attended the warsaw lyceum , where he received organ lessons from the czech musician wilhelm wurfel during his first year . in the autumn of 1826 he began a three - year course under the silesian composer jozef elsner at the warsaw conservatory , studying music theory , figured bass and composition . [ n 3 ] throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons in warsaw . he was engaged by the inventors of a mechanical organ , the " eolomelodicon " , and on this instrument in may 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by moscheles . the success of this concert led to an invitation to give a similar recital on the instrument before tsar alexander i , who was visiting warsaw ; the tsar presented him with a diamond ring . at a subsequent eolomelodicon concert on 10 june 1825 , chopin performed his rondo op . 1 . this was the first of his works to be commercially published and earned him his first mention in the foreign press , when the leipzig allgemeine musikalische zeitung praised his " wealth of musical ideas " . [ sep ] wilhelm wurfel
from september 1823 to 1826 chopin attended the warsaw lyceum , where he received organ lessons from the czech musician wilhelm wurfel during his first year . in the autumn of 1826 he began a three - year course under the silesian composer jozef elsner at the warsaw conservatory , studying music theory , figured bass and composition . [ n 3 ] throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons in warsaw . he was engaged by the inventors of a mechanical organ , the " eolomelodicon " , and on this instrument in may 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by moscheles . the success of this concert led to an invitation to give a similar recital on the instrument before tsar alexander i , who was visiting warsaw ; the tsar presented him with a diamond ring . at a subsequent eolomelodicon concert on 10 june 1825 , chopin performed his rondo op . 1 . this was the first of his works to be commercially published and earned him his first mention in the foreign press , when the leipzig allgemeine musikalische zeitung praised his " wealth of musical ideas " . [ sep ] jozef elsner
from september 1823 to 1826 chopin attended the warsaw lyceum , where he received organ lessons from the czech musician wilhelm wurfel during his first year . in the autumn of 1826 he began a three - year course under the silesian composer jozef elsner at the warsaw conservatory , studying music theory , figured bass and composition . [ n 3 ] throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons in warsaw . he was engaged by the inventors of a mechanical organ , the " eolomelodicon " , and on this instrument in may 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by moscheles . the success of this concert led to an invitation to give a similar recital on the instrument before tsar alexander i , who was visiting warsaw ; the tsar presented him with a diamond ring . at a subsequent eolomelodicon concert on 10 june 1825 , chopin performed his rondo op . 1 . this was the first of his works to be commercially published and earned him his first mention in the foreign press , when the leipzig allgemeine musikalische zeitung praised his " wealth of musical ideas " . [ sep ] eolomelodicon
from september 1823 to 1826 chopin attended the warsaw lyceum , where he received organ lessons from the czech musician wilhelm wurfel during his first year . in the autumn of 1826 he began a three - year course under the silesian composer jozef elsner at the warsaw conservatory , studying music theory , figured bass and composition . [ n 3 ] throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons in warsaw . he was engaged by the inventors of a mechanical organ , the " eolomelodicon " , and on this instrument in may 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by moscheles . the success of this concert led to an invitation to give a similar recital on the instrument before tsar alexander i , who was visiting warsaw ; the tsar presented him with a diamond ring . at a subsequent eolomelodicon concert on 10 june 1825 , chopin performed his rondo op . 1 . this was the first of his works to be commercially published and earned him his first mention in the foreign press , when the leipzig allgemeine musikalische zeitung praised his " wealth of musical ideas " . [ sep ] a diamond ring .
from september 1823 to 1826 chopin attended the warsaw lyceum , where he received organ lessons from the czech musician wilhelm wurfel during his first year . in the autumn of 1826 he began a three - year course under the silesian composer jozef elsner at the warsaw conservatory , studying music theory , figured bass and composition . [ n 3 ] throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons in warsaw . he was engaged by the inventors of a mechanical organ , the " eolomelodicon " , and on this instrument in may 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by moscheles . the success of this concert led to an invitation to give a similar recital on the instrument before tsar alexander i , who was visiting warsaw ; the tsar presented him with a diamond ring . at a subsequent eolomelodicon concert on 10 june 1825 , chopin performed his rondo op . 1 . this was the first of his works to be commercially published and earned him his first mention in the foreign press , when the leipzig allgemeine musikalische zeitung praised his " wealth of musical ideas " . [ sep ] rondo op . 1 .
sila is the foundation of samadhi / bhavana ( meditative cultivation ) or mind cultivation . keeping the precepts promotes not only the peace of mind of the cultivator , which is internal , but also peace in the community , which is external . according to the law of karma , keeping the precepts is meritorious and it acts as causes that would bring about peaceful and happy effects . keeping these precepts keeps the cultivator from rebirth in the four woeful realms of existence . [ sep ] keeping the precepts
sila is the foundation of samadhi / bhavana ( meditative cultivation ) or mind cultivation . keeping the precepts promotes not only the peace of mind of the cultivator , which is internal , but also peace in the community , which is external . according to the law of karma , keeping the precepts is meritorious and it acts as causes that would bring about peaceful and happy effects . keeping these precepts keeps the cultivator from rebirth in the four woeful realms of existence . [ sep ] sila
sila is the foundation of samadhi / bhavana ( meditative cultivation ) or mind cultivation . keeping the precepts promotes not only the peace of mind of the cultivator , which is internal , but also peace in the community , which is external . according to the law of karma , keeping the precepts is meritorious and it acts as causes that would bring about peaceful and happy effects . keeping these precepts keeps the cultivator from rebirth in the four woeful realms of existence . [ sep ] keeping the precepts
during 1824 – 28 chopin spent his vacations away from warsaw , at a number of locales . [ n 4 ] in 1824 and 1825 , at szafarnia , he was a guest of dominik dziewanowski , the father of a schoolmate . here for the first time he encountered polish rural folk music . his letters home from szafarnia ( to which he gave the title " the szafarnia courier " ) , written in a very modern and lively polish , amused his family with their spoofing of the warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster ' s literary gift . [ sep ] dominik dziewanowski
during 1824 – 28 chopin spent his vacations away from warsaw , at a number of locales . [ n 4 ] in 1824 and 1825 , at szafarnia , he was a guest of dominik dziewanowski , the father of a schoolmate . here for the first time he encountered polish rural folk music . his letters home from szafarnia ( to which he gave the title " the szafarnia courier " ) , written in a very modern and lively polish , amused his family with their spoofing of the warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster ' s literary gift . [ sep ] the szafarnia courier
during 1824 – 28 chopin spent his vacations away from warsaw , at a number of locales . [ n 4 ] in 1824 and 1825 , at szafarnia , he was a guest of dominik dziewanowski , the father of a schoolmate . here for the first time he encountered polish rural folk music . his letters home from szafarnia ( to which he gave the title " the szafarnia courier " ) , written in a very modern and lively polish , amused his family with their spoofing of the warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster ' s literary gift . [ sep ] szafarnia
the success of american idol has been described as " unparalleled in broadcasting history " . the series was also said by a rival tv executive to be " the most impactful show in the history of television " . it has become a recognized springboard for launching the career of many artists as bona fide stars . according to billboard magazine , in its first ten years , " idol has spawned 345 billboard chart - toppers and a platoon of pop idols , including kelly clarkson , carrie underwood , chris daughtry , fantasia , ruben studdard , jennifer hudson , clay aiken , adam lambert and jordin sparks while remaining a tv ratings juggernaut . " [ sep ] 345
the success of american idol has been described as " unparalleled in broadcasting history " . the series was also said by a rival tv executive to be " the most impactful show in the history of television " . it has become a recognized springboard for launching the career of many artists as bona fide stars . according to billboard magazine , in its first ten years , " idol has spawned 345 billboard chart - toppers and a platoon of pop idols , including kelly clarkson , carrie underwood , chris daughtry , fantasia , ruben studdard , jennifer hudson , clay aiken , adam lambert and jordin sparks while remaining a tv ratings juggernaut . " [ sep ] kelly clarkson
the success of american idol has been described as " unparalleled in broadcasting history " . the series was also said by a rival tv executive to be " the most impactful show in the history of television " . it has become a recognized springboard for launching the career of many artists as bona fide stars . according to billboard magazine , in its first ten years , " idol has spawned 345 billboard chart - toppers and a platoon of pop idols , including kelly clarkson , carrie underwood , chris daughtry , fantasia , ruben studdard , jennifer hudson , clay aiken , adam lambert and jordin sparks while remaining a tv ratings juggernaut . " [ sep ] a rival tv executive
the success of american idol has been described as " unparalleled in broadcasting history " . the series was also said by a rival tv executive to be " the most impactful show in the history of television " . it has become a recognized springboard for launching the career of many artists as bona fide stars . according to billboard magazine , in its first ten years , " idol has spawned 345 billboard chart - toppers and a platoon of pop idols , including kelly clarkson , carrie underwood , chris daughtry , fantasia , ruben studdard , jennifer hudson , clay aiken , adam lambert and jordin sparks while remaining a tv ratings juggernaut . " [ sep ] carrie underwood
the success of american idol has been described as " unparalleled in broadcasting history " . the series was also said by a rival tv executive to be " the most impactful show in the history of television " . it has become a recognized springboard for launching the career of many artists as bona fide stars . according to billboard magazine , in its first ten years , " idol has spawned 345 billboard chart - toppers and a platoon of pop idols , including kelly clarkson , carrie underwood , chris daughtry , fantasia , ruben studdard , jennifer hudson , clay aiken , adam lambert and jordin sparks while remaining a tv ratings juggernaut . " [ sep ] fantasia
for an unprecedented eight consecutive years , from the 2003 – 04 television season through the 2010 – 11 season , either its performance or result show had been ranked number one in u . s . television ratings . the popularity of american idol however declined , and on may 11 , 2015 , fox announced that the series would conclude its run in its fifteenth season . [ sep ] 2015
sila refers to overall principles of ethical behavior . there are several levels of sila , which correspond to " basic morality " ( five precepts ) , " basic morality with asceticism " ( eight precepts ) , " novice monkhood " ( ten precepts ) and " monkhood " ( vinaya or patimokkha ) . lay people generally undertake to live by the five precepts , which are common to all buddhist schools . if they wish , they can choose to undertake the eight precepts , which add basic asceticism . [ sep ] overall principles of ethical behavior
sila refers to overall principles of ethical behavior . there are several levels of sila , which correspond to " basic morality " ( five precepts ) , " basic morality with asceticism " ( eight precepts ) , " novice monkhood " ( ten precepts ) and " monkhood " ( vinaya or patimokkha ) . lay people generally undertake to live by the five precepts , which are common to all buddhist schools . if they wish , they can choose to undertake the eight precepts , which add basic asceticism . [ sep ] precepts
sila refers to overall principles of ethical behavior . there are several levels of sila , which correspond to " basic morality " ( five precepts ) , " basic morality with asceticism " ( eight precepts ) , " novice monkhood " ( ten precepts ) and " monkhood " ( vinaya or patimokkha ) . lay people generally undertake to live by the five precepts , which are common to all buddhist schools . if they wish , they can choose to undertake the eight precepts , which add basic asceticism . [ sep ] asceticism .
the precepts are not formulated as imperatives , but as training rules that laypeople undertake voluntarily to facilitate practice . in buddhist thought , the cultivation of dana and ethical conduct themselves refine consciousness to such a level that rebirth in one of the lower heavens is likely , even if there is no further buddhist practice . there is nothing improper or un - buddhist about limiting one ' s aims to this level of attainment . [ sep ] training rules
the precepts are not formulated as imperatives , but as training rules that laypeople undertake voluntarily to facilitate practice . in buddhist thought , the cultivation of dana and ethical conduct themselves refine consciousness to such a level that rebirth in one of the lower heavens is likely , even if there is no further buddhist practice . there is nothing improper or un - buddhist about limiting one ' s aims to this level of attainment . [ sep ] ethical
the precepts are not formulated as imperatives , but as training rules that laypeople undertake voluntarily to facilitate practice . in buddhist thought , the cultivation of dana and ethical conduct themselves refine consciousness to such a level that rebirth in one of the lower heavens is likely , even if there is no further buddhist practice . there is nothing improper or un - buddhist about limiting one ' s aims to this level of attainment . [ sep ] lower
in the eight precepts , the third precept on sexual misconduct is made more strict , and becomes a precept of celibacy . the three additional precepts are : [ sep ] third
in the eight precepts , the third precept on sexual misconduct is made more strict , and becomes a precept of celibacy . the three additional precepts are : [ sep ] a precept of celibacy
the complete list of ten precepts may be observed by laypeople for short periods . for the complete list , the seventh precept is partitioned into two , and a tenth added : [ sep ] ten
the complete list of ten precepts may be observed by laypeople for short periods . for the complete list , the seventh precept is partitioned into two , and a tenth added : [ sep ] seventh
vinaya is the specific moral code for monks and nuns . it includes the patimokkha , a set of 227 rules for monks in the theravadin recension . the precise content of the vinayapitaka ( scriptures on vinaya ) differs slightly according to different schools , and different schools or subschools set different standards for the degree of adherence to vinaya . novice - monks use the ten precepts , which are the basic precepts for monastics . [ sep ] the ten precepts
vinaya is the specific moral code for monks and nuns . it includes the patimokkha , a set of 227 rules for monks in the theravadin recension . the precise content of the vinayapitaka ( scriptures on vinaya ) differs slightly according to different schools , and different schools or subschools set different standards for the degree of adherence to vinaya . novice - monks use the ten precepts , which are the basic precepts for monastics . [ sep ] vinaya
vinaya is the specific moral code for monks and nuns . it includes the patimokkha , a set of 227 rules for monks in the theravadin recension . the precise content of the vinayapitaka ( scriptures on vinaya ) differs slightly according to different schools , and different schools or subschools set different standards for the degree of adherence to vinaya . novice - monks use the ten precepts , which are the basic precepts for monastics . [ sep ] 227
vinaya is the specific moral code for monks and nuns . it includes the patimokkha , a set of 227 rules for monks in the theravadin recension . the precise content of the vinayapitaka ( scriptures on vinaya ) differs slightly according to different schools , and different schools or subschools set different standards for the degree of adherence to vinaya . novice - monks use the ten precepts , which are the basic precepts for monastics . [ sep ] vinayapitaka
regarding the monastic rules , the buddha constantly reminds his hearers that it is the spirit that counts . on the other hand , the rules themselves are designed to assure a satisfying life , and provide a perfect springboard for the higher attainments . monastics are instructed by the buddha to live as " islands unto themselves " . in this sense , living life as the vinaya prescribes it is , as one scholar puts it : " more than merely a means to an end : it is very nearly the end in itself . " [ sep ] counts
regarding the monastic rules , the buddha constantly reminds his hearers that it is the spirit that counts . on the other hand , the rules themselves are designed to assure a satisfying life , and provide a perfect springboard for the higher attainments . monastics are instructed by the buddha to live as " islands unto themselves " . in this sense , living life as the vinaya prescribes it is , as one scholar puts it : " more than merely a means to an end : it is very nearly the end in itself . " [ sep ] life
regarding the monastic rules , the buddha constantly reminds his hearers that it is the spirit that counts . on the other hand , the rules themselves are designed to assure a satisfying life , and provide a perfect springboard for the higher attainments . monastics are instructed by the buddha to live as " islands unto themselves " . in this sense , living life as the vinaya prescribes it is , as one scholar puts it : " more than merely a means to an end : it is very nearly the end in itself . " [ sep ] higher attainments
regarding the monastic rules , the buddha constantly reminds his hearers that it is the spirit that counts . on the other hand , the rules themselves are designed to assure a satisfying life , and provide a perfect springboard for the higher attainments . monastics are instructed by the buddha to live as " islands unto themselves " . in this sense , living life as the vinaya prescribes it is , as one scholar puts it : " more than merely a means to an end : it is very nearly the end in itself . " [ sep ] islands unto themselves
in eastern buddhism , there is also a distinctive vinaya and ethics contained within the mahayana brahmajala sutra ( not to be confused with the pali text of that name ) for bodhisattvas , where , for example , the eating of meat is frowned upon and vegetarianism is actively encouraged ( see vegetarianism in buddhism ) . in japan , this has almost completely displaced the monastic vinaya , and allows clergy to marry . [ sep ] mahayana brahmajala
in eastern buddhism , there is also a distinctive vinaya and ethics contained within the mahayana brahmajala sutra ( not to be confused with the pali text of that name ) for bodhisattvas , where , for example , the eating of meat is frowned upon and vegetarianism is actively encouraged ( see vegetarianism in buddhism ) . in japan , this has almost completely displaced the monastic vinaya , and allows clergy to marry . [ sep ] meat
in eastern buddhism , there is also a distinctive vinaya and ethics contained within the mahayana brahmajala sutra ( not to be confused with the pali text of that name ) for bodhisattvas , where , for example , the eating of meat is frowned upon and vegetarianism is actively encouraged ( see vegetarianism in buddhism ) . in japan , this has almost completely displaced the monastic vinaya , and allows clergy to marry . [ sep ] japan
buddhist meditation is fundamentally concerned with two themes : transforming the mind and using it to explore itself and other phenomena . according to theravada buddhism the buddha taught two types of meditation , samatha meditation ( sanskrit : samatha ) and vipassana meditation ( sanskrit : vipasyana ) . in chinese buddhism , these exist ( translated chih kuan ) , but chan ( zen ) meditation is more popular . according to peter harvey , whenever buddhism has been healthy , not only monks , nuns , and married lamas , but also more committed lay people have practiced meditation . according to routledge ' s encyclopedia of buddhism , in contrast , throughout most of buddhist history before modern times , serious meditation by lay people has been unusual . the evidence of the early texts suggests that at the time of the buddha , many male and female lay practitioners did practice meditation , some even to the point of proficiency in all eight jhanas ( see the next section regarding these ) . [ note 11 ] [ sep ] zen
buddhist meditation is fundamentally concerned with two themes : transforming the mind and using it to explore itself and other phenomena . according to theravada buddhism the buddha taught two types of meditation , samatha meditation ( sanskrit : samatha ) and vipassana meditation ( sanskrit : vipasyana ) . in chinese buddhism , these exist ( translated chih kuan ) , but chan ( zen ) meditation is more popular . according to peter harvey , whenever buddhism has been healthy , not only monks , nuns , and married lamas , but also more committed lay people have practiced meditation . according to routledge ' s encyclopedia of buddhism , in contrast , throughout most of buddhist history before modern times , serious meditation by lay people has been unusual . the evidence of the early texts suggests that at the time of the buddha , many male and female lay practitioners did practice meditation , some even to the point of proficiency in all eight jhanas ( see the next section regarding these ) . [ note 11 ] [ sep ] jhanas
in the language of the noble eightfold path , samyaksamadhi is " right concentration " . the primary means of cultivating samadhi is meditation . upon development of samadhi , one ' s mind becomes purified of defilement , calm , tranquil , and luminous . [ sep ] right concentration
in the language of the noble eightfold path , samyaksamadhi is " right concentration " . the primary means of cultivating samadhi is meditation . upon development of samadhi , one ' s mind becomes purified of defilement , calm , tranquil , and luminous . [ sep ] samadhi
in the language of the noble eightfold path , samyaksamadhi is " right concentration " . the primary means of cultivating samadhi is meditation . upon development of samadhi , one ' s mind becomes purified of defilement , calm , tranquil , and luminous . [ sep ] defilement , calm , tranquil , and luminous
once the meditator achieves a strong and powerful concentration ( jhana , sanskrit धयान dhyana ) , his mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight ( vipassana ) into the ultimate nature of reality , eventually obtaining release from all suffering . the cultivation of mindfulness is essential to mental concentration , which is needed to achieve insight . [ sep ] jhana
once the meditator achieves a strong and powerful concentration ( jhana , sanskrit धयान dhyana ) , his mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight ( vipassana ) into the ultimate nature of reality , eventually obtaining release from all suffering . the cultivation of mindfulness is essential to mental concentration , which is needed to achieve insight . [ sep ] vipassana
once the meditator achieves a strong and powerful concentration ( jhana , sanskrit धयान dhyana ) , his mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight ( vipassana ) into the ultimate nature of reality , eventually obtaining release from all suffering . the cultivation of mindfulness is essential to mental concentration , which is needed to achieve insight . [ sep ] insight
samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or idea , which is expanded to one ' s body , mind and entire surroundings , leading to a state of total concentration and tranquility ( jhana ) . there are many variations in the style of meditation , from sitting cross - legged or kneeling to chanting or walking . the most common method of meditation is to concentrate on one ' s breath ( anapanasati ) , because this practice can lead to both samatha and vipassana ' . [ sep ] idea
samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or idea , which is expanded to one ' s body , mind and entire surroundings , leading to a state of total concentration and tranquility ( jhana ) . there are many variations in the style of meditation , from sitting cross - legged or kneeling to chanting or walking . the most common method of meditation is to concentrate on one ' s breath ( anapanasati ) , because this practice can lead to both samatha and vipassana ' . [ sep ] jhana
in buddhist practice , it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind , only vipassana meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with , which is what leads to insight knowledge ( jnana ; pali nana ) and understanding ( prajna pali panna ) , and thus can lead to nirvana ( pali nibbana ) . when one is in jhana , all defilements are suppressed temporarily . only understanding ( prajna or vipassana ) eradicates the defilements completely . jhanas are also states that arahants abide in order to rest . [ sep ] mind
in buddhist practice , it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind , only vipassana meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with , which is what leads to insight knowledge ( jnana ; pali nana ) and understanding ( prajna pali panna ) , and thus can lead to nirvana ( pali nibbana ) . when one is in jhana , all defilements are suppressed temporarily . only understanding ( prajna or vipassana ) eradicates the defilements completely . jhanas are also states that arahants abide in order to rest . [ sep ] disturbed
in buddhist practice , it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind , only vipassana meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with , which is what leads to insight knowledge ( jnana ; pali nana ) and understanding ( prajna pali panna ) , and thus can lead to nirvana ( pali nibbana ) . when one is in jhana , all defilements are suppressed temporarily . only understanding ( prajna or vipassana ) eradicates the defilements completely . jhanas are also states that arahants abide in order to rest . [ sep ] jnana
in buddhist practice , it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind , only vipassana meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with , which is what leads to insight knowledge ( jnana ; pali nana ) and understanding ( prajna pali panna ) , and thus can lead to nirvana ( pali nibbana ) . when one is in jhana , all defilements are suppressed temporarily . only understanding ( prajna or vipassana ) eradicates the defilements completely . jhanas are also states that arahants abide in order to rest . [ sep ] prajna
in buddhist practice , it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind , only vipassana meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with , which is what leads to insight knowledge ( jnana ; pali nana ) and understanding ( prajna pali panna ) , and thus can lead to nirvana ( pali nibbana ) . when one is in jhana , all defilements are suppressed temporarily . only understanding ( prajna or vipassana ) eradicates the defilements completely . jhanas are also states that arahants abide in order to rest . [ sep ] understanding
in theravada buddhism , the cause of human existence and suffering is identified as craving , which carries with it the various defilements . these various defilements are traditionally summed up as greed , hatred and delusion . these are believed deeply rooted afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress . to be free from suffering and stress , these defilements must be permanently uprooted through internal investigation , analyzing , experiencing , and understanding of the true nature of those defilements by using jhana , a technique of the noble eightfold path . it then leads the meditator to realize the four noble truths , enlightenment and nibbana . nibbana is the ultimate goal of theravadins . [ sep ] craving
in theravada buddhism , the cause of human existence and suffering is identified as craving , which carries with it the various defilements . these various defilements are traditionally summed up as greed , hatred and delusion . these are believed deeply rooted afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress . to be free from suffering and stress , these defilements must be permanently uprooted through internal investigation , analyzing , experiencing , and understanding of the true nature of those defilements by using jhana , a technique of the noble eightfold path . it then leads the meditator to realize the four noble truths , enlightenment and nibbana . nibbana is the ultimate goal of theravadins . [ sep ] defilements
in theravada buddhism , the cause of human existence and suffering is identified as craving , which carries with it the various defilements . these various defilements are traditionally summed up as greed , hatred and delusion . these are believed deeply rooted afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress . to be free from suffering and stress , these defilements must be permanently uprooted through internal investigation , analyzing , experiencing , and understanding of the true nature of those defilements by using jhana , a technique of the noble eightfold path . it then leads the meditator to realize the four noble truths , enlightenment and nibbana . nibbana is the ultimate goal of theravadins . [ sep ] suffering and stress
in theravada buddhism , the cause of human existence and suffering is identified as craving , which carries with it the various defilements . these various defilements are traditionally summed up as greed , hatred and delusion . these are believed deeply rooted afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress . to be free from suffering and stress , these defilements must be permanently uprooted through internal investigation , analyzing , experiencing , and understanding of the true nature of those defilements by using jhana , a technique of the noble eightfold path . it then leads the meditator to realize the four noble truths , enlightenment and nibbana . nibbana is the ultimate goal of theravadins . [ sep ] nibbana
prajna ( sanskrit ) or panna ( pali ) means wisdom that is based on a realization of dependent origination , the four noble truths and the three marks of existence . prajna is the wisdom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about bodhi . it is spoken of as the principal means of attaining nirvana , through its revelation of the true nature of all things as dukkha ( unsatisfactoriness ) , anicca ( impermanence ) and anatta ( not - self ) . prajna is also listed as the sixth of the six paramitas of the mahayana . [ sep ] four
prajna ( sanskrit ) or panna ( pali ) means wisdom that is based on a realization of dependent origination , the four noble truths and the three marks of existence . prajna is the wisdom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about bodhi . it is spoken of as the principal means of attaining nirvana , through its revelation of the true nature of all things as dukkha ( unsatisfactoriness ) , anicca ( impermanence ) and anatta ( not - self ) . prajna is also listed as the sixth of the six paramitas of the mahayana . [ sep ] bodhi
prajna ( sanskrit ) or panna ( pali ) means wisdom that is based on a realization of dependent origination , the four noble truths and the three marks of existence . prajna is the wisdom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about bodhi . it is spoken of as the principal means of attaining nirvana , through its revelation of the true nature of all things as dukkha ( unsatisfactoriness ) , anicca ( impermanence ) and anatta ( not - self ) . prajna is also listed as the sixth of the six paramitas of the mahayana . [ sep ] prajna
initially , prajna is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to sermons ( dharma talks ) , reading , studying , and sometimes reciting buddhist texts and engaging in discourse . once the conceptual understanding is attained , it is applied to daily life so that each buddhist can verify the truth of the buddha ' s teaching at a practical level . notably , one could in theory attain nirvana at any point of practice , whether deep in meditation , listening to a sermon , conducting the business of one ' s daily life , or any other activity . [ sep ] sermons
initially , prajna is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to sermons ( dharma talks ) , reading , studying , and sometimes reciting buddhist texts and engaging in discourse . once the conceptual understanding is attained , it is applied to daily life so that each buddhist can verify the truth of the buddha ' s teaching at a practical level . notably , one could in theory attain nirvana at any point of practice , whether deep in meditation , listening to a sermon , conducting the business of one ' s daily life , or any other activity . [ sep ] at any point
initially , prajna is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to sermons ( dharma talks ) , reading , studying , and sometimes reciting buddhist texts and engaging in discourse . once the conceptual understanding is attained , it is applied to daily life so that each buddhist can verify the truth of the buddha ' s teaching at a practical level . notably , one could in theory attain nirvana at any point of practice , whether deep in meditation , listening to a sermon , conducting the business of one ' s daily life , or any other activity . [ sep ] conceptual understanding
zen buddhism ( [unk] ) , pronounced chan in chinese , seon in korean or zen in japanese ( derived from the sanskrit term dhyana , meaning " meditation " ) is a form of buddhism that became popular in china , korea and japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation . [ note 12 ] zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth . [ sep ] seon
zen buddhism ( [unk] ) , pronounced chan in chinese , seon in korean or zen in japanese ( derived from the sanskrit term dhyana , meaning " meditation " ) is a form of buddhism that became popular in china , korea and japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation . [ note 12 ] zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth . [ sep ] zen
zen buddhism ( [unk] ) , pronounced chan in chinese , seon in korean or zen in japanese ( derived from the sanskrit term dhyana , meaning " meditation " ) is a form of buddhism that became popular in china , korea and japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation . [ note 12 ] zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth . [ sep ] zen
zen buddhism ( [unk] ) , pronounced chan in chinese , seon in korean or zen in japanese ( derived from the sanskrit term dhyana , meaning " meditation " ) is a form of buddhism that became popular in china , korea and japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation . [ note 12 ] zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth . [ sep ] spiritual
zen buddhism is divided into two main schools : rinzai ( [unk] [unk] [unk] ) and soto ( [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , the former greatly favouring the use in meditation on the koan ( 公 [unk] , a meditative riddle or puzzle ) as a device for spiritual break - through , and the latter ( while certainly employing koans ) focusing more on shikantaza or " just sitting " . [ note 13 ] [ sep ] two
zen buddhism is divided into two main schools : rinzai ( [unk] [unk] [unk] ) and soto ( [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , the former greatly favouring the use in meditation on the koan ( 公 [unk] , a meditative riddle or puzzle ) as a device for spiritual break - through , and the latter ( while certainly employing koans ) focusing more on shikantaza or " just sitting " . [ note 13 ] [ sep ] rinzai
zen buddhist teaching is often full of paradox , in order to loosen the grip of the ego and to facilitate the penetration into the realm of the true self or formless self , which is equated with the buddha himself . [ note 14 ] according to zen master kosho uchiyama , when thoughts and fixation on the little " i " are transcended , an awakening to a universal , non - dual self occurs : " when we let go of thoughts and wake up to the reality of life that is working beyond them , we discover the self that is living universal non - dual life ( before the separation into two ) that pervades all living creatures and all existence . " thinking and thought must therefore not be allowed to confine and bind one . [ sep ] zen
zen buddhist teaching is often full of paradox , in order to loosen the grip of the ego and to facilitate the penetration into the realm of the true self or formless self , which is equated with the buddha himself . [ note 14 ] according to zen master kosho uchiyama , when thoughts and fixation on the little " i " are transcended , an awakening to a universal , non - dual self occurs : " when we let go of thoughts and wake up to the reality of life that is working beyond them , we discover the self that is living universal non - dual life ( before the separation into two ) that pervades all living creatures and all existence . " thinking and thought must therefore not be allowed to confine and bind one . [ sep ] true self
zen buddhist teaching is often full of paradox , in order to loosen the grip of the ego and to facilitate the penetration into the realm of the true self or formless self , which is equated with the buddha himself . [ note 14 ] according to zen master kosho uchiyama , when thoughts and fixation on the little " i " are transcended , an awakening to a universal , non - dual self occurs : " when we let go of thoughts and wake up to the reality of life that is working beyond them , we discover the self that is living universal non - dual life ( before the separation into two ) that pervades all living creatures and all existence . " thinking and thought must therefore not be allowed to confine and bind one . [ sep ] thinking and thought
though based upon mahayana , tibeto - mongolian buddhism is one of the schools that practice vajrayana or " diamond vehicle " ( also referred to as mantrayana , tantrayana , tantric buddhism , or esoteric buddhism ) . it accepts all the basic concepts of mahayana , but also includes a vast array of spiritual and physical techniques designed to enhance buddhist practice . tantric buddhism is largely concerned with ritual and meditative practices . one component of the vajrayana is harnessing psycho - physical energy through ritual , visualization , physical exercises , and meditation as a means of developing the mind . using these techniques , it is claimed that a practitioner can achieve buddhahood in one lifetime , or even as little as three years . in the tibetan tradition , these practices can include sexual yoga , though only for some very advanced practitioners . [ sep ] mahayana
though based upon mahayana , tibeto - mongolian buddhism is one of the schools that practice vajrayana or " diamond vehicle " ( also referred to as mantrayana , tantrayana , tantric buddhism , or esoteric buddhism ) . it accepts all the basic concepts of mahayana , but also includes a vast array of spiritual and physical techniques designed to enhance buddhist practice . tantric buddhism is largely concerned with ritual and meditative practices . one component of the vajrayana is harnessing psycho - physical energy through ritual , visualization , physical exercises , and meditation as a means of developing the mind . using these techniques , it is claimed that a practitioner can achieve buddhahood in one lifetime , or even as little as three years . in the tibetan tradition , these practices can include sexual yoga , though only for some very advanced practitioners . [ sep ] diamond vehicle
though based upon mahayana , tibeto - mongolian buddhism is one of the schools that practice vajrayana or " diamond vehicle " ( also referred to as mantrayana , tantrayana , tantric buddhism , or esoteric buddhism ) . it accepts all the basic concepts of mahayana , but also includes a vast array of spiritual and physical techniques designed to enhance buddhist practice . tantric buddhism is largely concerned with ritual and meditative practices . one component of the vajrayana is harnessing psycho - physical energy through ritual , visualization , physical exercises , and meditation as a means of developing the mind . using these techniques , it is claimed that a practitioner can achieve buddhahood in one lifetime , or even as little as three years . in the tibetan tradition , these practices can include sexual yoga , though only for some very advanced practitioners . [ sep ] tantric
though based upon mahayana , tibeto - mongolian buddhism is one of the schools that practice vajrayana or " diamond vehicle " ( also referred to as mantrayana , tantrayana , tantric buddhism , or esoteric buddhism ) . it accepts all the basic concepts of mahayana , but also includes a vast array of spiritual and physical techniques designed to enhance buddhist practice . tantric buddhism is largely concerned with ritual and meditative practices . one component of the vajrayana is harnessing psycho - physical energy through ritual , visualization , physical exercises , and meditation as a means of developing the mind . using these techniques , it is claimed that a practitioner can achieve buddhahood in one lifetime , or even as little as three years . in the tibetan tradition , these practices can include sexual yoga , though only for some very advanced practitioners . [ sep ] ritual
historically , the roots of buddhism lie in the religious thought of ancient india during the second half of the first millennium bce . that was a period of social and religious turmoil , as there was significant discontent with the sacrifices and rituals of vedic brahmanism . [ note 15 ] it was challenged by numerous new ascetic religious and philosophical groups and teachings that broke with the brahmanic tradition and rejected the authority of the vedas and the brahmans . [ note 16 ] these groups , whose members were known as shramanas , were a continuation of a non - vedic strand of indian thought distinct from indo - aryan brahmanism . [ note 17 ] scholars have reasons to believe that ideas such as samsara , karma ( in the sense of the influence of morality on rebirth ) , and moksha originated in the shramanas , and were later adopted by brahmin orthodoxy . [ note 18 ] [ note 19 ] [ note 20 ] [ note 21 ] [ note 22 ] [ note 23 ] [ sep ] second half of the first millennium bce
historically , the roots of buddhism lie in the religious thought of ancient india during the second half of the first millennium bce . that was a period of social and religious turmoil , as there was significant discontent with the sacrifices and rituals of vedic brahmanism . [ note 15 ] it was challenged by numerous new ascetic religious and philosophical groups and teachings that broke with the brahmanic tradition and rejected the authority of the vedas and the brahmans . [ note 16 ] these groups , whose members were known as shramanas , were a continuation of a non - vedic strand of indian thought distinct from indo - aryan brahmanism . [ note 17 ] scholars have reasons to believe that ideas such as samsara , karma ( in the sense of the influence of morality on rebirth ) , and moksha originated in the shramanas , and were later adopted by brahmin orthodoxy . [ note 18 ] [ note 19 ] [ note 20 ] [ note 21 ] [ note 22 ] [ note 23 ] [ sep ] the shramanas
historically , the roots of buddhism lie in the religious thought of ancient india during the second half of the first millennium bce . that was a period of social and religious turmoil , as there was significant discontent with the sacrifices and rituals of vedic brahmanism . [ note 15 ] it was challenged by numerous new ascetic religious and philosophical groups and teachings that broke with the brahmanic tradition and rejected the authority of the vedas and the brahmans . [ note 16 ] these groups , whose members were known as shramanas , were a continuation of a non - vedic strand of indian thought distinct from indo - aryan brahmanism . [ note 17 ] scholars have reasons to believe that ideas such as samsara , karma ( in the sense of the influence of morality on rebirth ) , and moksha originated in the shramanas , and were later adopted by brahmin orthodoxy . [ note 18 ] [ note 19 ] [ note 20 ] [ note 21 ] [ note 22 ] [ note 23 ] [ sep ] shramanas
historically , the roots of buddhism lie in the religious thought of ancient india during the second half of the first millennium bce . that was a period of social and religious turmoil , as there was significant discontent with the sacrifices and rituals of vedic brahmanism . [ note 15 ] it was challenged by numerous new ascetic religious and philosophical groups and teachings that broke with the brahmanic tradition and rejected the authority of the vedas and the brahmans . [ note 16 ] these groups , whose members were known as shramanas , were a continuation of a non - vedic strand of indian thought distinct from indo - aryan brahmanism . [ note 17 ] scholars have reasons to believe that ideas such as samsara , karma ( in the sense of the influence of morality on rebirth ) , and moksha originated in the shramanas , and were later adopted by brahmin orthodoxy . [ note 18 ] [ note 19 ] [ note 20 ] [ note 21 ] [ note 22 ] [ note 23 ] [ sep ] non - vedic
this view is supported by a study of the region where these notions originated . buddhism arose in greater magadha , which stretched from sravasti , the capital of kosala in the north - west , to rajagrha in the south east . this land , to the east of aryavarta , the land of the aryas , was recognized as non - vedic . other vedic texts reveal a dislike of the people of magadha , in all probability because the magadhas at this time were not brahmanised . [ page needed ] it was not until the 2nd or 3rd centuries bce that the eastward spread of brahmanism into greater magadha became significant . ideas that developed in greater magadha prior to this were not subject to vedic influence . these include rebirth and karmic retribution that appear in a number of movements in greater magadha , including buddhism . these movements inherited notions of rebirth and karmic retribution from an earlier culture [ page needed ] [ sep ] greater magadha
this view is supported by a study of the region where these notions originated . buddhism arose in greater magadha , which stretched from sravasti , the capital of kosala in the north - west , to rajagrha in the south east . this land , to the east of aryavarta , the land of the aryas , was recognized as non - vedic . other vedic texts reveal a dislike of the people of magadha , in all probability because the magadhas at this time were not brahmanised . [ page needed ] it was not until the 2nd or 3rd centuries bce that the eastward spread of brahmanism into greater magadha became significant . ideas that developed in greater magadha prior to this were not subject to vedic influence . these include rebirth and karmic retribution that appear in a number of movements in greater magadha , including buddhism . these movements inherited notions of rebirth and karmic retribution from an earlier culture [ page needed ] [ sep ] rajagrha
this view is supported by a study of the region where these notions originated . buddhism arose in greater magadha , which stretched from sravasti , the capital of kosala in the north - west , to rajagrha in the south east . this land , to the east of aryavarta , the land of the aryas , was recognized as non - vedic . other vedic texts reveal a dislike of the people of magadha , in all probability because the magadhas at this time were not brahmanised . [ page needed ] it was not until the 2nd or 3rd centuries bce that the eastward spread of brahmanism into greater magadha became significant . ideas that developed in greater magadha prior to this were not subject to vedic influence . these include rebirth and karmic retribution that appear in a number of movements in greater magadha , including buddhism . these movements inherited notions of rebirth and karmic retribution from an earlier culture [ page needed ] [ sep ] 2nd or 3rd centuries
at the same time , these movements were influenced by , and in some respects continued , philosophical thought within the vedic tradition as reflected e . g . in the upanishads . these movements included , besides buddhism , various skeptics ( such as sanjaya belatthiputta ) , atomists ( such as pakudha kaccayana ) , materialists ( such as ajita kesakambali ) , antinomians ( such as purana kassapa ) ; the most important ones in the 5th century bce were the ajivikas , who emphasized the rule of fate , the lokayata ( materialists ) , the ajnanas ( agnostics ) and the jains , who stressed that the soul must be freed from matter . many of these new movements shared the same conceptual vocabulary — atman ( " self " ) , buddha ( " awakened one " ) , dhamma ( " rule " or " law " ) , karma ( " action " ) , nirvana ( " extinguishing " ) , samsara ( " eternal recurrence " ) and yoga ( " spiritual practice " ) . [ note 24 ] the shramanas rejected the veda , and the authority of the brahmans , who claimed they possessed revealed truths not knowable by any ordinary human means . moreover , they declared that the entire brahmanical system was fraudulent : a conspiracy of the brahmans to enrich themselves by charging exorbitant fees to perform bogus rites and give useless advice . [ sep ] in the upanishads
at the same time , these movements were influenced by , and in some respects continued , philosophical thought within the vedic tradition as reflected e . g . in the upanishads . these movements included , besides buddhism , various skeptics ( such as sanjaya belatthiputta ) , atomists ( such as pakudha kaccayana ) , materialists ( such as ajita kesakambali ) , antinomians ( such as purana kassapa ) ; the most important ones in the 5th century bce were the ajivikas , who emphasized the rule of fate , the lokayata ( materialists ) , the ajnanas ( agnostics ) and the jains , who stressed that the soul must be freed from matter . many of these new movements shared the same conceptual vocabulary — atman ( " self " ) , buddha ( " awakened one " ) , dhamma ( " rule " or " law " ) , karma ( " action " ) , nirvana ( " extinguishing " ) , samsara ( " eternal recurrence " ) and yoga ( " spiritual practice " ) . [ note 24 ] the shramanas rejected the veda , and the authority of the brahmans , who claimed they possessed revealed truths not knowable by any ordinary human means . moreover , they declared that the entire brahmanical system was fraudulent : a conspiracy of the brahmans to enrich themselves by charging exorbitant fees to perform bogus rites and give useless advice . [ sep ] pakudha kaccayana
at the same time , these movements were influenced by , and in some respects continued , philosophical thought within the vedic tradition as reflected e . g . in the upanishads . these movements included , besides buddhism , various skeptics ( such as sanjaya belatthiputta ) , atomists ( such as pakudha kaccayana ) , materialists ( such as ajita kesakambali ) , antinomians ( such as purana kassapa ) ; the most important ones in the 5th century bce were the ajivikas , who emphasized the rule of fate , the lokayata ( materialists ) , the ajnanas ( agnostics ) and the jains , who stressed that the soul must be freed from matter . many of these new movements shared the same conceptual vocabulary — atman ( " self " ) , buddha ( " awakened one " ) , dhamma ( " rule " or " law " ) , karma ( " action " ) , nirvana ( " extinguishing " ) , samsara ( " eternal recurrence " ) and yoga ( " spiritual practice " ) . [ note 24 ] the shramanas rejected the veda , and the authority of the brahmans , who claimed they possessed revealed truths not knowable by any ordinary human means . moreover , they declared that the entire brahmanical system was fraudulent : a conspiracy of the brahmans to enrich themselves by charging exorbitant fees to perform bogus rites and give useless advice . [ sep ] ajnanas
at the same time , these movements were influenced by , and in some respects continued , philosophical thought within the vedic tradition as reflected e . g . in the upanishads . these movements included , besides buddhism , various skeptics ( such as sanjaya belatthiputta ) , atomists ( such as pakudha kaccayana ) , materialists ( such as ajita kesakambali ) , antinomians ( such as purana kassapa ) ; the most important ones in the 5th century bce were the ajivikas , who emphasized the rule of fate , the lokayata ( materialists ) , the ajnanas ( agnostics ) and the jains , who stressed that the soul must be freed from matter . many of these new movements shared the same conceptual vocabulary — atman ( " self " ) , buddha ( " awakened one " ) , dhamma ( " rule " or " law " ) , karma ( " action " ) , nirvana ( " extinguishing " ) , samsara ( " eternal recurrence " ) and yoga ( " spiritual practice " ) . [ note 24 ] the shramanas rejected the veda , and the authority of the brahmans , who claimed they possessed revealed truths not knowable by any ordinary human means . moreover , they declared that the entire brahmanical system was fraudulent : a conspiracy of the brahmans to enrich themselves by charging exorbitant fees to perform bogus rites and give useless advice . [ sep ] jains
a particular criticism of the buddha was vedic animal sacrifice . [ web 18 ] he also mocked the vedic " hymn of the cosmic man " . however , the buddha was not anti - vedic , and declared that the veda in its true form was declared by " kashyapa " to certain rishis , who by severe penances had acquired the power to see by divine eyes . he names the vedic rishis , and declared that the original veda of the rishis [ note 25 ] was altered by a few brahmins who introduced animal sacrifices . the buddha says that it was on this alteration of the true veda that he refused to pay respect to the vedas of his time . however , he did not denounce the union with brahman , [ note 26 ] or the idea of the self uniting with the self . at the same time , the traditional hindu itself gradually underwent profound changes , transforming it into what is recognized as early hinduism . [ sep ] vedic animal sacrifice
a particular criticism of the buddha was vedic animal sacrifice . [ web 18 ] he also mocked the vedic " hymn of the cosmic man " . however , the buddha was not anti - vedic , and declared that the veda in its true form was declared by " kashyapa " to certain rishis , who by severe penances had acquired the power to see by divine eyes . he names the vedic rishis , and declared that the original veda of the rishis [ note 25 ] was altered by a few brahmins who introduced animal sacrifices . the buddha says that it was on this alteration of the true veda that he refused to pay respect to the vedas of his time . however , he did not denounce the union with brahman , [ note 26 ] or the idea of the self uniting with the self . at the same time , the traditional hindu itself gradually underwent profound changes , transforming it into what is recognized as early hinduism . [ sep ] hymn of the cosmic man
a particular criticism of the buddha was vedic animal sacrifice . [ web 18 ] he also mocked the vedic " hymn of the cosmic man " . however , the buddha was not anti - vedic , and declared that the veda in its true form was declared by " kashyapa " to certain rishis , who by severe penances had acquired the power to see by divine eyes . he names the vedic rishis , and declared that the original veda of the rishis [ note 25 ] was altered by a few brahmins who introduced animal sacrifices . the buddha says that it was on this alteration of the true veda that he refused to pay respect to the vedas of his time . however , he did not denounce the union with brahman , [ note 26 ] or the idea of the self uniting with the self . at the same time , the traditional hindu itself gradually underwent profound changes , transforming it into what is recognized as early hinduism . [ sep ] animal sacrifices
a particular criticism of the buddha was vedic animal sacrifice . [ web 18 ] he also mocked the vedic " hymn of the cosmic man " . however , the buddha was not anti - vedic , and declared that the veda in its true form was declared by " kashyapa " to certain rishis , who by severe penances had acquired the power to see by divine eyes . he names the vedic rishis , and declared that the original veda of the rishis [ note 25 ] was altered by a few brahmins who introduced animal sacrifices . the buddha says that it was on this alteration of the true veda that he refused to pay respect to the vedas of his time . however , he did not denounce the union with brahman , [ note 26 ] or the idea of the self uniting with the self . at the same time , the traditional hindu itself gradually underwent profound changes , transforming it into what is recognized as early hinduism . [ sep ] vedas
information of the oldest teachings may be obtained by analysis of the oldest texts . one method to obtain information on the oldest core of buddhism is to compare the oldest extant versions of the theravadin pali canon and other texts . [ note 27 ] the reliability of these sources , and the possibility to draw out a core of oldest teachings , is a matter of dispute . [ page needed ] [ page needed ] [ page needed ] [ page needed ] according to vetter , inconsistencies remain , and other methods must be applied to resolve those inconsistencies . [ note 28 ] [ sep ] the reliability
absent mothers and abusive fathers are another theme in the novel . scout and jem ' s mother died before scout could remember her , mayella ' s mother is dead , and mrs . radley is silent about boo ' s confinement to the house . apart from atticus , the fathers described are abusers . bob ewell , it is hinted , molested his daughter , and mr . radley imprisons his son in his house until boo is remembered only as a phantom . bob ewell and mr . radley represent a form of masculinity that atticus does not , and the novel suggests that such men as well as the traditionally feminine hypocrites at the missionary society can lead society astray . atticus stands apart as a unique model of masculinity ; as one scholar explains : " it is the job of real men who embody the traditional masculine qualities of heroic individualism , bravery , and an unshrinking knowledge of and dedication to social justice and morality , to set the society straight . " [ sep ] atticus
a core problem in the study of early buddhism is the relation between dhyana and insight . schmithausen , in his often - cited article on some aspects of descriptions or theories of ' liberating insight ' and ' enlightenment ' in early buddhism notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting " liberating insight " , which is attained after mastering the rupa jhanas , is a later addition to texts such as majjhima nikaya 36 . [ page needed ] [ sep ] insight
a core problem in the study of early buddhism is the relation between dhyana and insight . schmithausen , in his often - cited article on some aspects of descriptions or theories of ' liberating insight ' and ' enlightenment ' in early buddhism notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting " liberating insight " , which is attained after mastering the rupa jhanas , is a later addition to texts such as majjhima nikaya 36 . [ page needed ] [ sep ] rupa jhanas
a core problem in the study of early buddhism is the relation between dhyana and insight . schmithausen , in his often - cited article on some aspects of descriptions or theories of ' liberating insight ' and ' enlightenment ' in early buddhism notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting " liberating insight " , which is attained after mastering the rupa jhanas , is a later addition to texts such as majjhima nikaya 36 . [ page needed ] [ sep ] majjhima nikaya
allusions to legal issues in to kill a mockingbird , particularly in scenes outside of the courtroom , has drawn the attention from legal scholars . claudia durst johnson writes that " a greater volume of critical readings has been amassed by two legal scholars in law journals than by all the literary scholars in literary journals " . the opening quote by the 19th - century essayist charles lamb reads : " lawyers , i suppose , were children once . " johnson notes that even in scout and jem ' s childhood world , compromises and treaties are struck with each other by spitting on one ' s palm and laws are discussed by atticus and his children : is it right that bob ewell hunts and traps out of season ? many social codes are broken by people in symbolic courtrooms : mr . dolphus raymond has been exiled by society for taking a black woman as his common - law wife and having interracial children ; mayella ewell is beaten by her father in punishment for kissing tom robinson ; by being turned into a non - person , boo radley receives a punishment far greater than any court could have given him . scout repeatedly breaks codes and laws and reacts to her punishment for them . for example , she refuses to wear frilly clothes , saying that aunt alexandra ' s " fanatical " attempts to place her in them made her feel " a pink cotton penitentiary closing in on [ her ] " . johnson states , " [ t ] he novel is a study of how jem and scout begin to perceive the complexity of social codes and how the configuration of relationships dictated by or set off by those codes fails or nurtures the inhabitants of ( their ) small worlds . " [ sep ] lawyers
allusions to legal issues in to kill a mockingbird , particularly in scenes outside of the courtroom , has drawn the attention from legal scholars . claudia durst johnson writes that " a greater volume of critical readings has been amassed by two legal scholars in law journals than by all the literary scholars in literary journals " . the opening quote by the 19th - century essayist charles lamb reads : " lawyers , i suppose , were children once . " johnson notes that even in scout and jem ' s childhood world , compromises and treaties are struck with each other by spitting on one ' s palm and laws are discussed by atticus and his children : is it right that bob ewell hunts and traps out of season ? many social codes are broken by people in symbolic courtrooms : mr . dolphus raymond has been exiled by society for taking a black woman as his common - law wife and having interracial children ; mayella ewell is beaten by her father in punishment for kissing tom robinson ; by being turned into a non - person , boo radley receives a punishment far greater than any court could have given him . scout repeatedly breaks codes and laws and reacts to her punishment for them . for example , she refuses to wear frilly clothes , saying that aunt alexandra ' s " fanatical " attempts to place her in them made her feel " a pink cotton penitentiary closing in on [ her ] " . johnson states , " [ t ] he novel is a study of how jem and scout begin to perceive the complexity of social codes and how the configuration of relationships dictated by or set off by those codes fails or nurtures the inhabitants of ( their ) small worlds . " [ sep ] frilly clothes
songbirds and their associated symbolism appear throughout the novel . the family ' s last name of finch also shares lee ' s mother ' s maiden name . the titular mockingbird is a key motif of this theme , which first appears when atticus , having given his children air - rifles for christmas , allows their uncle jack to teach them to shoot . atticus warns them that , although they can " shoot all the bluejays they want " , they must remember that " it ' s a sin to kill a mockingbird " . confused , scout approaches her neighbor miss maudie , who explains that mockingbirds never harm other living creatures . she points out that mockingbirds simply provide pleasure with their songs , saying , " they don ' t do one thing but sing their hearts out for us . " writer edwin bruell summarized the symbolism when he wrote in 1964 , " ' to kill a mockingbird ' is to kill that which is innocent and harmless — like tom robinson . " scholars have noted that lee often returns to the mockingbird theme when trying to make a moral point . [ sep ] mockingbird
songbirds and their associated symbolism appear throughout the novel . the family ' s last name of finch also shares lee ' s mother ' s maiden name . the titular mockingbird is a key motif of this theme , which first appears when atticus , having given his children air - rifles for christmas , allows their uncle jack to teach them to shoot . atticus warns them that , although they can " shoot all the bluejays they want " , they must remember that " it ' s a sin to kill a mockingbird " . confused , scout approaches her neighbor miss maudie , who explains that mockingbirds never harm other living creatures . she points out that mockingbirds simply provide pleasure with their songs , saying , " they don ' t do one thing but sing their hearts out for us . " writer edwin bruell summarized the symbolism when he wrote in 1964 , " ' to kill a mockingbird ' is to kill that which is innocent and harmless — like tom robinson . " scholars have noted that lee often returns to the mockingbird theme when trying to make a moral point . [ sep ] mockingbird
songbirds and their associated symbolism appear throughout the novel . the family ' s last name of finch also shares lee ' s mother ' s maiden name . the titular mockingbird is a key motif of this theme , which first appears when atticus , having given his children air - rifles for christmas , allows their uncle jack to teach them to shoot . atticus warns them that , although they can " shoot all the bluejays they want " , they must remember that " it ' s a sin to kill a mockingbird " . confused , scout approaches her neighbor miss maudie , who explains that mockingbirds never harm other living creatures . she points out that mockingbirds simply provide pleasure with their songs , saying , " they don ' t do one thing but sing their hearts out for us . " writer edwin bruell summarized the symbolism when he wrote in 1964 , " ' to kill a mockingbird ' is to kill that which is innocent and harmless — like tom robinson . " scholars have noted that lee often returns to the mockingbird theme when trying to make a moral point . [ sep ] that which is innocent and harmless
bruce matthews notes that there is no cohesive presentation of karma in the sutta pitaka , which may mean that the doctrine was incidental to the main perspective of early buddhist soteriology . schmithausen is a notable scholar who has questioned whether karma already played a role in the theory of rebirth of earliest buddhism . [ page needed ] [ note 32 ] according to vetter , " the buddha at first sought " the deathless " ( amata / amrta ) , which is concerned with the here and now . according to vetter , only after this realization did he become acquainted with the doctrine of rebirth . " bronkhorst disagrees , and concludes that the buddha " introduced a concept of karma that differed considerably from the commonly held views of his time . " according to bronkhorst , not physical and mental activities as such were seen as responsible for rebirth , but intentions and desire . [ sep ] rebirth
bruce matthews notes that there is no cohesive presentation of karma in the sutta pitaka , which may mean that the doctrine was incidental to the main perspective of early buddhist soteriology . schmithausen is a notable scholar who has questioned whether karma already played a role in the theory of rebirth of earliest buddhism . [ page needed ] [ note 32 ] according to vetter , " the buddha at first sought " the deathless " ( amata / amrta ) , which is concerned with the here and now . according to vetter , only after this realization did he become acquainted with the doctrine of rebirth . " bronkhorst disagrees , and concludes that the buddha " introduced a concept of karma that differed considerably from the commonly held views of his time . " according to bronkhorst , not physical and mental activities as such were seen as responsible for rebirth , but intentions and desire . [ sep ] karma
according to tilmann vetter , the core of earliest buddhism is the practice of dhyana . bronkhorst agrees that dhyana was a buddhist invention , whereas norman notes that " the buddha ' s way to release [ . . . ] was by means of meditative practices . " discriminating insight into transiency as a separate path to liberation was a later development . [ sep ] dhyana
according to tilmann vetter , the core of earliest buddhism is the practice of dhyana . bronkhorst agrees that dhyana was a buddhist invention , whereas norman notes that " the buddha ' s way to release [ . . . ] was by means of meditative practices . " discriminating insight into transiency as a separate path to liberation was a later development . [ sep ] meditative
according to the mahasaccakasutta , [ note 33 ] from the fourth jhana the buddha gained bodhi . yet , it is not clear what he was awakened to . [ page needed ] " liberating insight " is a later addition to this text , and reflects a later development and understanding in early buddhism . [ page needed ] [ page needed ] the mentioning of the four truths as constituting " liberating insight " introduces a logical problem , since the four truths depict a linear path of practice , the knowledge of which is in itself not depicted as being liberating . [ note 34 ] [ sep ] fourth
according to the mahasaccakasutta , [ note 33 ] from the fourth jhana the buddha gained bodhi . yet , it is not clear what he was awakened to . [ page needed ] " liberating insight " is a later addition to this text , and reflects a later development and understanding in early buddhism . [ page needed ] [ page needed ] the mentioning of the four truths as constituting " liberating insight " introduces a logical problem , since the four truths depict a linear path of practice , the knowledge of which is in itself not depicted as being liberating . [ note 34 ] [ sep ] liberating insight
according to the mahasaccakasutta , [ note 33 ] from the fourth jhana the buddha gained bodhi . yet , it is not clear what he was awakened to . [ page needed ] " liberating insight " is a later addition to this text , and reflects a later development and understanding in early buddhism . [ page needed ] [ page needed ] the mentioning of the four truths as constituting " liberating insight " introduces a logical problem , since the four truths depict a linear path of practice , the knowledge of which is in itself not depicted as being liberating . [ note 34 ] [ sep ] linear
although " nibbana " ( sanskrit : nirvana ) is the common term for the desired goal of this practice , many other terms can be found throughout the nikayas , which are not specified . [ note 35 ] [ sep ] nirvana
although " nibbana " ( sanskrit : nirvana ) is the common term for the desired goal of this practice , many other terms can be found throughout the nikayas , which are not specified . [ note 35 ] [ sep ] nikayas
although " nibbana " ( sanskrit : nirvana ) is the common term for the desired goal of this practice , many other terms can be found throughout the nikayas , which are not specified . [ note 35 ] [ sep ] nirvana
according to vetter , the description of the buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term " the middle way " . in time , this short description was elaborated , resulting in the description of the eightfold path . [ sep ] the middle way
according to vetter , the description of the buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term " the middle way " . in time , this short description was elaborated , resulting in the description of the eightfold path . [ sep ] eightfold
tom robinson is the chief example among several innocents destroyed carelessly or deliberately throughout the novel . however , scholar christopher metress connects the mockingbird to boo radley : " instead of wanting to exploit boo for her own fun ( as she does in the beginning of the novel by putting on gothic plays about his history ) , scout comes to see him as a ' mockingbird ' — that is , as someone with an inner goodness that must be cherished . " the last pages of the book illustrate this as scout relates the moral of a story atticus has been reading to her , and in allusions to both boo radley and tom robinson states about a character who was misunderstood , " when they finally saw him , why he hadn ' t done any of those things . . . atticus , he was real nice , " to which he responds , " most people are , scout , when you finally see them . " [ sep ] tom robinson
tom robinson is the chief example among several innocents destroyed carelessly or deliberately throughout the novel . however , scholar christopher metress connects the mockingbird to boo radley : " instead of wanting to exploit boo for her own fun ( as she does in the beginning of the novel by putting on gothic plays about his history ) , scout comes to see him as a ' mockingbird ' — that is , as someone with an inner goodness that must be cherished . " the last pages of the book illustrate this as scout relates the moral of a story atticus has been reading to her , and in allusions to both boo radley and tom robinson states about a character who was misunderstood , " when they finally saw him , why he hadn ' t done any of those things . . . atticus , he was real nice , " to which he responds , " most people are , scout , when you finally see them . " [ sep ] boo radley
tom robinson is the chief example among several innocents destroyed carelessly or deliberately throughout the novel . however , scholar christopher metress connects the mockingbird to boo radley : " instead of wanting to exploit boo for her own fun ( as she does in the beginning of the novel by putting on gothic plays about his history ) , scout comes to see him as a ' mockingbird ' — that is , as someone with an inner goodness that must be cherished . " the last pages of the book illustrate this as scout relates the moral of a story atticus has been reading to her , and in allusions to both boo radley and tom robinson states about a character who was misunderstood , " when they finally saw him , why he hadn ' t done any of those things . . . atticus , he was real nice , " to which he responds , " most people are , scout , when you finally see them . " [ sep ] real nice
the novel exposes the loss of innocence so frequently that reviewer r . a . dave claims that because every character has to face , or even suffer defeat , the book takes on elements of a classical tragedy . in exploring how each character deals with his or her own personal defeat , lee builds a framework to judge whether the characters are heroes or fools . she guides the reader in such judgments , alternating between unabashed adoration and biting irony . scout ' s experience with the missionary society is an ironic juxtaposition of women who mock her , gossip , and " reflect a smug , colonialist attitude toward other races " while giving the " appearance of gentility , piety , and morality " . conversely , when atticus loses tom ' s case , he is last to leave the courtroom , except for his children and the black spectators in the colored balcony , who rise silently as he walks underneath them , to honor his efforts . [ sep ] classical tragedy
according to both bronkhorst and anderson , the four truths became a substitution for prajna , or " liberating insight " , in the suttas in those texts where " liberating insight " was preceded by the four jhanas . according to bronkhorst , the four truths may not have been formulated in earliest buddhism , and did not serve in earliest buddhism as a description of " liberating insight " . gotama ' s teachings may have been personal , " adjusted to the need of each person . " [ sep ] prajna
according to both bronkhorst and anderson , the four truths became a substitution for prajna , or " liberating insight " , in the suttas in those texts where " liberating insight " was preceded by the four jhanas . according to bronkhorst , the four truths may not have been formulated in earliest buddhism , and did not serve in earliest buddhism as a description of " liberating insight " . gotama ' s teachings may have been personal , " adjusted to the need of each person . " [ sep ] liberating insight
according to both bronkhorst and anderson , the four truths became a substitution for prajna , or " liberating insight " , in the suttas in those texts where " liberating insight " was preceded by the four jhanas . according to bronkhorst , the four truths may not have been formulated in earliest buddhism , and did not serve in earliest buddhism as a description of " liberating insight " . gotama ' s teachings may have been personal , " adjusted to the need of each person . " [ sep ] person
the three marks of existence may reflect upanishadic or other influences . k . r . norman supposes that the these terms were already in use at the buddha ' s time , and were familiair to his hearers . [ sep ] three
the history of indian buddhism may be divided into five periods : early buddhism ( occasionally called pre - sectarian buddhism ) , nikaya buddhism or sectarian buddhism : the period of the early buddhist schools , early mahayana buddhism , later mahayana buddhism , and esoteric buddhism ( also called vajrayana buddhism ) . [ sep ] five
the history of indian buddhism may be divided into five periods : early buddhism ( occasionally called pre - sectarian buddhism ) , nikaya buddhism or sectarian buddhism : the period of the early buddhist schools , early mahayana buddhism , later mahayana buddhism , and esoteric buddhism ( also called vajrayana buddhism ) . [ sep ] early buddhism
the history of indian buddhism may be divided into five periods : early buddhism ( occasionally called pre - sectarian buddhism ) , nikaya buddhism or sectarian buddhism : the period of the early buddhist schools , early mahayana buddhism , later mahayana buddhism , and esoteric buddhism ( also called vajrayana buddhism ) . [ sep ] sectarian
the history of indian buddhism may be divided into five periods : early buddhism ( occasionally called pre - sectarian buddhism ) , nikaya buddhism or sectarian buddhism : the period of the early buddhist schools , early mahayana buddhism , later mahayana buddhism , and esoteric buddhism ( also called vajrayana buddhism ) . [ sep ] esoteric buddhism
the history of indian buddhism may be divided into five periods : early buddhism ( occasionally called pre - sectarian buddhism ) , nikaya buddhism or sectarian buddhism : the period of the early buddhist schools , early mahayana buddhism , later mahayana buddhism , and esoteric buddhism ( also called vajrayana buddhism ) . [ sep ] vajrayana
pre - sectarian buddhism is the earliest phase of buddhism , recognized by nearly all scholars . its main scriptures are the vinaya pitaka and the four principal nikayas or agamas . certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout the early texts , so most scholars conclude that gautama buddha must have taught something similar to the three marks of existence , the five aggregates , dependent origination , karma and rebirth , the four noble truths , the noble eightfold path , and nirvana . some scholars disagree , and have proposed many other theories . [ sep ] pre - sectarian
pre - sectarian buddhism is the earliest phase of buddhism , recognized by nearly all scholars . its main scriptures are the vinaya pitaka and the four principal nikayas or agamas . certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout the early texts , so most scholars conclude that gautama buddha must have taught something similar to the three marks of existence , the five aggregates , dependent origination , karma and rebirth , the four noble truths , the noble eightfold path , and nirvana . some scholars disagree , and have proposed many other theories . [ sep ] rebirth
pre - sectarian buddhism is the earliest phase of buddhism , recognized by nearly all scholars . its main scriptures are the vinaya pitaka and the four principal nikayas or agamas . certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout the early texts , so most scholars conclude that gautama buddha must have taught something similar to the three marks of existence , the five aggregates , dependent origination , karma and rebirth , the four noble truths , the noble eightfold path , and nirvana . some scholars disagree , and have proposed many other theories . [ sep ] noble eightfold
according to the scriptures , soon after the parinirvana ( from sanskrit : " highest extinguishment " ) of gautama buddha , the first buddhist council was held . as with any ancient indian tradition , transmission of teaching was done orally . the primary purpose of the assembly was to collectively recite the teachings to ensure that no errors occurred in oral transmission . in the first council , ananda , a cousin of the buddha and his personal attendant , was called upon to recite the discourses ( sutras , pali suttas ) of the buddha , and , according to some sources , the abhidhamma . upali , another disciple , recited the monastic rules ( vinaya ) . most scholars regard the traditional accounts of the council as greatly exaggerated if not entirely fictitious . [ note 36 ] richard gombrich noted sariputta led communal recitations of the buddha ' s teaching for preservation in the buddha ' s lifetime in sangiti sutta ( digha nikaya # 33 ) , and something similar to the first council must have taken place to compose buddhist scriptures . [ sep ] buddhist
according to the scriptures , soon after the parinirvana ( from sanskrit : " highest extinguishment " ) of gautama buddha , the first buddhist council was held . as with any ancient indian tradition , transmission of teaching was done orally . the primary purpose of the assembly was to collectively recite the teachings to ensure that no errors occurred in oral transmission . in the first council , ananda , a cousin of the buddha and his personal attendant , was called upon to recite the discourses ( sutras , pali suttas ) of the buddha , and , according to some sources , the abhidhamma . upali , another disciple , recited the monastic rules ( vinaya ) . most scholars regard the traditional accounts of the council as greatly exaggerated if not entirely fictitious . [ note 36 ] richard gombrich noted sariputta led communal recitations of the buddha ' s teaching for preservation in the buddha ' s lifetime in sangiti sutta ( digha nikaya # 33 ) , and something similar to the first council must have taken place to compose buddhist scriptures . [ sep ] ananda
according to the scriptures , soon after the parinirvana ( from sanskrit : " highest extinguishment " ) of gautama buddha , the first buddhist council was held . as with any ancient indian tradition , transmission of teaching was done orally . the primary purpose of the assembly was to collectively recite the teachings to ensure that no errors occurred in oral transmission . in the first council , ananda , a cousin of the buddha and his personal attendant , was called upon to recite the discourses ( sutras , pali suttas ) of the buddha , and , according to some sources , the abhidhamma . upali , another disciple , recited the monastic rules ( vinaya ) . most scholars regard the traditional accounts of the council as greatly exaggerated if not entirely fictitious . [ note 36 ] richard gombrich noted sariputta led communal recitations of the buddha ' s teaching for preservation in the buddha ' s lifetime in sangiti sutta ( digha nikaya # 33 ) , and something similar to the first council must have taken place to compose buddhist scriptures . [ sep ] sutras
according to the scriptures , soon after the parinirvana ( from sanskrit : " highest extinguishment " ) of gautama buddha , the first buddhist council was held . as with any ancient indian tradition , transmission of teaching was done orally . the primary purpose of the assembly was to collectively recite the teachings to ensure that no errors occurred in oral transmission . in the first council , ananda , a cousin of the buddha and his personal attendant , was called upon to recite the discourses ( sutras , pali suttas ) of the buddha , and , according to some sources , the abhidhamma . upali , another disciple , recited the monastic rules ( vinaya ) . most scholars regard the traditional accounts of the council as greatly exaggerated if not entirely fictitious . [ note 36 ] richard gombrich noted sariputta led communal recitations of the buddha ' s teaching for preservation in the buddha ' s lifetime in sangiti sutta ( digha nikaya # 33 ) , and something similar to the first council must have taken place to compose buddhist scriptures . [ sep ] abhidhamma
despite her editors ' warnings that the book might not sell well , it quickly became a sensation , bringing acclaim to lee in literary circles , in her hometown of monroeville , and throughout alabama . the book went through numerous subsequent printings and became widely available through its inclusion in the book of the month club and editions released by reader ' s digest condensed books . [ sep ] book of the month club
according to most scholars , at some period after the second council the sangha began to break into separate factions . [ note 37 ] the various accounts differ as to when the actual schisms occurred . according to the dipavamsa of the pali tradition , they started immediately after the second council , the puggalavada tradition places it in 137 an , the sarvastivada tradition of vasumitra says it was in the time of ashoka and the mahasanghika tradition places it much later , nearly 100 bce . [ sep ] the second
according to most scholars , at some period after the second council the sangha began to break into separate factions . [ note 37 ] the various accounts differ as to when the actual schisms occurred . according to the dipavamsa of the pali tradition , they started immediately after the second council , the puggalavada tradition places it in 137 an , the sarvastivada tradition of vasumitra says it was in the time of ashoka and the mahasanghika tradition places it much later , nearly 100 bce . [ sep ] the second council
according to most scholars , at some period after the second council the sangha began to break into separate factions . [ note 37 ] the various accounts differ as to when the actual schisms occurred . according to the dipavamsa of the pali tradition , they started immediately after the second council , the puggalavada tradition places it in 137 an , the sarvastivada tradition of vasumitra says it was in the time of ashoka and the mahasanghika tradition places it much later , nearly 100 bce . [ sep ] 100 bce
the root schism was between the sthaviras and the mahasanghikas . the fortunate survival of accounts from both sides of the dispute reveals disparate traditions . the sthavira group offers two quite distinct reasons for the schism . the dipavamsa of the theravada says that the losing party in the second council dispute broke away in protest and formed the mahasanghika . this contradicts the mahasanghikas ' own vinaya , which shows them as on the same , winning side . the mahasanghikas argued that the sthaviras were trying to expand the vinaya and may also have challenged what they perceived were excessive claims or inhumanly high criteria for arhatship . both parties , therefore , appealed to tradition . [ sep ] mahasanghikas
the root schism was between the sthaviras and the mahasanghikas . the fortunate survival of accounts from both sides of the dispute reveals disparate traditions . the sthavira group offers two quite distinct reasons for the schism . the dipavamsa of the theravada says that the losing party in the second council dispute broke away in protest and formed the mahasanghika . this contradicts the mahasanghikas ' own vinaya , which shows them as on the same , winning side . the mahasanghikas argued that the sthaviras were trying to expand the vinaya and may also have challenged what they perceived were excessive claims or inhumanly high criteria for arhatship . both parties , therefore , appealed to tradition . [ sep ] mahasanghika
the root schism was between the sthaviras and the mahasanghikas . the fortunate survival of accounts from both sides of the dispute reveals disparate traditions . the sthavira group offers two quite distinct reasons for the schism . the dipavamsa of the theravada says that the losing party in the second council dispute broke away in protest and formed the mahasanghika . this contradicts the mahasanghikas ' own vinaya , which shows them as on the same , winning side . the mahasanghikas argued that the sthaviras were trying to expand the vinaya and may also have challenged what they perceived were excessive claims or inhumanly high criteria for arhatship . both parties , therefore , appealed to tradition . [ sep ] the vinaya
the sthaviras gave rise to several schools , one of which was the theravada school . originally , these schisms were caused by disputes over vinaya , and monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same monasteries , but eventually , by about 100 ce if not earlier , schisms were being caused by doctrinal disagreements too . [ sep ] sthaviras
the sthaviras gave rise to several schools , one of which was the theravada school . originally , these schisms were caused by disputes over vinaya , and monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same monasteries , but eventually , by about 100 ce if not earlier , schisms were being caused by doctrinal disagreements too . [ sep ] monasteries
the sthaviras gave rise to several schools , one of which was the theravada school . originally , these schisms were caused by disputes over vinaya , and monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same monasteries , but eventually , by about 100 ce if not earlier , schisms were being caused by doctrinal disagreements too . [ sep ] doctrinal
following ( or leading up to ) the schisms , each sangha started to accumulate an abhidharma , a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material appearing in the suttas , according to schematic classifications . these abhidharma texts do not contain systematic philosophical treatises , but summaries or numerical lists . scholars generally date these texts to around the 3rd century bce , 100 to 200 years after the death of the buddha . therefore the seven abhidharma works are generally claimed not to represent the words of the buddha himself , but those of disciples and great scholars . [ note 38 ] every school had its own version of the abhidharma , with different theories and different texts . the different abhidharmas of the various schools did not agree with each other . scholars disagree on whether the mahasanghika school had an abhidhamma pitaka or not . [ note 38 ] [ sep ] abhidharma
following ( or leading up to ) the schisms , each sangha started to accumulate an abhidharma , a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material appearing in the suttas , according to schematic classifications . these abhidharma texts do not contain systematic philosophical treatises , but summaries or numerical lists . scholars generally date these texts to around the 3rd century bce , 100 to 200 years after the death of the buddha . therefore the seven abhidharma works are generally claimed not to represent the words of the buddha himself , but those of disciples and great scholars . [ note 38 ] every school had its own version of the abhidharma , with different theories and different texts . the different abhidharmas of the various schools did not agree with each other . scholars disagree on whether the mahasanghika school had an abhidhamma pitaka or not . [ note 38 ] [ sep ] summaries or numerical lists
following ( or leading up to ) the schisms , each sangha started to accumulate an abhidharma , a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material appearing in the suttas , according to schematic classifications . these abhidharma texts do not contain systematic philosophical treatises , but summaries or numerical lists . scholars generally date these texts to around the 3rd century bce , 100 to 200 years after the death of the buddha . therefore the seven abhidharma works are generally claimed not to represent the words of the buddha himself , but those of disciples and great scholars . [ note 38 ] every school had its own version of the abhidharma , with different theories and different texts . the different abhidharmas of the various schools did not agree with each other . scholars disagree on whether the mahasanghika school had an abhidhamma pitaka or not . [ note 38 ] [ sep ] 3rd century bce
following ( or leading up to ) the schisms , each sangha started to accumulate an abhidharma , a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material appearing in the suttas , according to schematic classifications . these abhidharma texts do not contain systematic philosophical treatises , but summaries or numerical lists . scholars generally date these texts to around the 3rd century bce , 100 to 200 years after the death of the buddha . therefore the seven abhidharma works are generally claimed not to represent the words of the buddha himself , but those of disciples and great scholars . [ note 38 ] every school had its own version of the abhidharma , with different theories and different texts . the different abhidharmas of the various schools did not agree with each other . scholars disagree on whether the mahasanghika school had an abhidhamma pitaka or not . [ note 38 ] [ sep ] mahasanghika
several scholars have suggested that the prajnaparamita sutras , which are among the earliest mahayana sutras , developed among the mahasamghika along the krsna river in the andhra region of south india . [ sep ] prajnaparamita
several scholars have suggested that the prajnaparamita sutras , which are among the earliest mahayana sutras , developed among the mahasamghika along the krsna river in the andhra region of south india . [ sep ] andhra
the earliest mahayana sutras to include the very first versions of the prajnaparamita genre , along with texts concerning aksobhya buddha , which were probably written down in the 1st century bce in the south of india . guang xing states , " several scholars have suggested that the prajnaparamita probably developed among the mahasamghikas in southern india , in the andhra country , on the krsna river . " a . k . warder believes that " the mahayana originated in the south of india and almost certainly in the andhra country . " [ sep ] prajnaparamita
the earliest mahayana sutras to include the very first versions of the prajnaparamita genre , along with texts concerning aksobhya buddha , which were probably written down in the 1st century bce in the south of india . guang xing states , " several scholars have suggested that the prajnaparamita probably developed among the mahasamghikas in southern india , in the andhra country , on the krsna river . " a . k . warder believes that " the mahayana originated in the south of india and almost certainly in the andhra country . " [ sep ] 1st century bce
the earliest mahayana sutras to include the very first versions of the prajnaparamita genre , along with texts concerning aksobhya buddha , which were probably written down in the 1st century bce in the south of india . guang xing states , " several scholars have suggested that the prajnaparamita probably developed among the mahasamghikas in southern india , in the andhra country , on the krsna river . " a . k . warder believes that " the mahayana originated in the south of india and almost certainly in the andhra country . " [ sep ] andhra
anthony barber and sree padma note that " historians of buddhist thought have been aware for quite some time that such pivotally important mahayana buddhist thinkers as nagarjuna , dignaga , candrakirti , aryadeva , and bhavaviveka , among many others , formulated their theories while living in buddhist communities in andhra . " they note that the ancient buddhist sites in the lower krsna valley , including amaravati , nagarjunakonda and jaggayyapeta " can be traced to at least the third century bce , if not earlier . " akira hirakawa notes the " evidence suggests that many early mahayana scriptures originated in south india . " [ sep ] third
anthony barber and sree padma note that " historians of buddhist thought have been aware for quite some time that such pivotally important mahayana buddhist thinkers as nagarjuna , dignaga , candrakirti , aryadeva , and bhavaviveka , among many others , formulated their theories while living in buddhist communities in andhra . " they note that the ancient buddhist sites in the lower krsna valley , including amaravati , nagarjunakonda and jaggayyapeta " can be traced to at least the third century bce , if not earlier . " akira hirakawa notes the " evidence suggests that many early mahayana scriptures originated in south india . " [ sep ] south
there is no evidence that mahayana ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of buddhism , but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals , and later doctrines , for bodhisattvas . initially it was known as bodhisattvayana ( the " vehicle of the bodhisattvas " ) . paul williams has also noted that the mahayana never had nor ever attempted to have a separate vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of buddhism , and therefore each bhiksu or bhiksuni adhering to the mahayana formally belonged to an early school . this continues today with the dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in east asia , and the mulasarvastivada ordination lineage in tibetan buddhism . therefore mahayana was never a separate rival sect of the early schools . from chinese monks visiting india , we now know that both mahayana and non - mahayana monks in india often lived in the same monasteries side by side . [ sep ] buddhism
there is no evidence that mahayana ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of buddhism , but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals , and later doctrines , for bodhisattvas . initially it was known as bodhisattvayana ( the " vehicle of the bodhisattvas " ) . paul williams has also noted that the mahayana never had nor ever attempted to have a separate vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of buddhism , and therefore each bhiksu or bhiksuni adhering to the mahayana formally belonged to an early school . this continues today with the dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in east asia , and the mulasarvastivada ordination lineage in tibetan buddhism . therefore mahayana was never a separate rival sect of the early schools . from chinese monks visiting india , we now know that both mahayana and non - mahayana monks in india often lived in the same monasteries side by side . [ sep ] vinaya
there is no evidence that mahayana ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of buddhism , but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals , and later doctrines , for bodhisattvas . initially it was known as bodhisattvayana ( the " vehicle of the bodhisattvas " ) . paul williams has also noted that the mahayana never had nor ever attempted to have a separate vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of buddhism , and therefore each bhiksu or bhiksuni adhering to the mahayana formally belonged to an early school . this continues today with the dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in east asia , and the mulasarvastivada ordination lineage in tibetan buddhism . therefore mahayana was never a separate rival sect of the early schools . from chinese monks visiting india , we now know that both mahayana and non - mahayana monks in india often lived in the same monasteries side by side . [ sep ] monasteries
much of the early extant evidence for the origins of mahayana comes from early chinese translations of mahayana texts . these mahayana teachings were first propagated into china by lokaksema , the first translator of mahayana sutras into chinese during the 2nd century ce . [ note 39 ] some scholars have traditionally considered the earliest mahayana sutras to include the very first versions of the prajnaparamita series , along with texts concerning aksobhya buddha , which were probably composed in the 1st century bce in the south of india . [ note 40 ] [ sep ] chinese
much of the early extant evidence for the origins of mahayana comes from early chinese translations of mahayana texts . these mahayana teachings were first propagated into china by lokaksema , the first translator of mahayana sutras into chinese during the 2nd century ce . [ note 39 ] some scholars have traditionally considered the earliest mahayana sutras to include the very first versions of the prajnaparamita series , along with texts concerning aksobhya buddha , which were probably composed in the 1st century bce in the south of india . [ note 40 ] [ sep ] lokaksema
much of the early extant evidence for the origins of mahayana comes from early chinese translations of mahayana texts . these mahayana teachings were first propagated into china by lokaksema , the first translator of mahayana sutras into chinese during the 2nd century ce . [ note 39 ] some scholars have traditionally considered the earliest mahayana sutras to include the very first versions of the prajnaparamita series , along with texts concerning aksobhya buddha , which were probably composed in the 1st century bce in the south of india . [ note 40 ] [ sep ] prajnaparamita
much of the early extant evidence for the origins of mahayana comes from early chinese translations of mahayana texts . these mahayana teachings were first propagated into china by lokaksema , the first translator of mahayana sutras into chinese during the 2nd century ce . [ note 39 ] some scholars have traditionally considered the earliest mahayana sutras to include the very first versions of the prajnaparamita series , along with texts concerning aksobhya buddha , which were probably composed in the 1st century bce in the south of india . [ note 40 ] [ sep ] 1st
during the period of late mahayana buddhism , four major types of thought developed : madhyamaka , yogacara , tathagatagarbha , and buddhist logic as the last and most recent . in india , the two main philosophical schools of the mahayana were the madhyamaka and the later yogacara . according to dan lusthaus , madhyamaka and yogacara have a great deal in common , and the commonality stems from early buddhism . there were no great indian teachers associated with tathagatagarbha thought . [ sep ] madhyamaka , yogacara , tathagatagarbha , and buddhist logic
during the period of late mahayana buddhism , four major types of thought developed : madhyamaka , yogacara , tathagatagarbha , and buddhist logic as the last and most recent . in india , the two main philosophical schools of the mahayana were the madhyamaka and the later yogacara . according to dan lusthaus , madhyamaka and yogacara have a great deal in common , and the commonality stems from early buddhism . there were no great indian teachers associated with tathagatagarbha thought . [ sep ] buddhist logic
during the period of late mahayana buddhism , four major types of thought developed : madhyamaka , yogacara , tathagatagarbha , and buddhist logic as the last and most recent . in india , the two main philosophical schools of the mahayana were the madhyamaka and the later yogacara . according to dan lusthaus , madhyamaka and yogacara have a great deal in common , and the commonality stems from early buddhism . there were no great indian teachers associated with tathagatagarbha thought . [ sep ] yogacara
buddhism may have spread only slowly in india until the time of the mauryan emperor ashoka , who was a public supporter of the religion . the support of asoka and his descendants led to the construction of more stupas ( buddhist religious memorials ) and to efforts to spread buddhism throughout the enlarged maurya empire and even into neighboring lands — particularly to the iranian - speaking regions of afghanistan and central asia , beyond the mauryas ' northwest border , and to the island of sri lanka south of india . these two missions , in opposite directions , would ultimately lead , in the first case to the spread of buddhism into china , and in the second case , to the emergence of theravada buddhism and its spread from sri lanka to the coastal lands of southeast asia . [ sep ] ashoka
buddhism may have spread only slowly in india until the time of the mauryan emperor ashoka , who was a public supporter of the religion . the support of asoka and his descendants led to the construction of more stupas ( buddhist religious memorials ) and to efforts to spread buddhism throughout the enlarged maurya empire and even into neighboring lands — particularly to the iranian - speaking regions of afghanistan and central asia , beyond the mauryas ' northwest border , and to the island of sri lanka south of india . these two missions , in opposite directions , would ultimately lead , in the first case to the spread of buddhism into china , and in the second case , to the emergence of theravada buddhism and its spread from sri lanka to the coastal lands of southeast asia . [ sep ] stupas
buddhism may have spread only slowly in india until the time of the mauryan emperor ashoka , who was a public supporter of the religion . the support of asoka and his descendants led to the construction of more stupas ( buddhist religious memorials ) and to efforts to spread buddhism throughout the enlarged maurya empire and even into neighboring lands — particularly to the iranian - speaking regions of afghanistan and central asia , beyond the mauryas ' northwest border , and to the island of sri lanka south of india . these two missions , in opposite directions , would ultimately lead , in the first case to the spread of buddhism into china , and in the second case , to the emergence of theravada buddhism and its spread from sri lanka to the coastal lands of southeast asia . [ sep ] buddhist religious memorials
this period marks the first known spread of buddhism beyond india . according to the edicts of asoka , emissaries were sent to various countries west of india to spread buddhism ( dharma ) , particularly in eastern provinces of the neighboring seleucid empire , and even farther to hellenistic kingdoms of the mediterranean . it is a matter of disagreement among scholars whether or not these emissaries were accompanied by buddhist missionaries . [ sep ] west
this period marks the first known spread of buddhism beyond india . according to the edicts of asoka , emissaries were sent to various countries west of india to spread buddhism ( dharma ) , particularly in eastern provinces of the neighboring seleucid empire , and even farther to hellenistic kingdoms of the mediterranean . it is a matter of disagreement among scholars whether or not these emissaries were accompanied by buddhist missionaries . [ sep ] missionaries
this period marks the first known spread of buddhism beyond india . according to the edicts of asoka , emissaries were sent to various countries west of india to spread buddhism ( dharma ) , particularly in eastern provinces of the neighboring seleucid empire , and even farther to hellenistic kingdoms of the mediterranean . it is a matter of disagreement among scholars whether or not these emissaries were accompanied by buddhist missionaries . [ sep ] to spread buddhism
the gradual spread of buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups . during this period buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences , from persian and greek civilization , to changing trends in non - buddhist indian religions — themselves influenced by buddhism . striking examples of this syncretistic development can be seen in the emergence of greek - speaking buddhist monarchs in the indo - greek kingdom , and in the development of the greco - buddhist art of gandhara . a greek king , menander , has even been immortalized in the buddhist canon . [ sep ] persian and greek
the gradual spread of buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups . during this period buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences , from persian and greek civilization , to changing trends in non - buddhist indian religions — themselves influenced by buddhism . striking examples of this syncretistic development can be seen in the emergence of greek - speaking buddhist monarchs in the indo - greek kingdom , and in the development of the greco - buddhist art of gandhara . a greek king , menander , has even been immortalized in the buddhist canon . [ sep ] menander
the theravada school spread south from india in the 3rd century bce , to sri lanka and thailand and burma and later also indonesia . the dharmagupta school spread ( also in 3rd century bce ) north to kashmir , gandhara and bactria ( afghanistan ) . [ sep ] 3rd century
the theravada school spread south from india in the 3rd century bce , to sri lanka and thailand and burma and later also indonesia . the dharmagupta school spread ( also in 3rd century bce ) north to kashmir , gandhara and bactria ( afghanistan ) . [ sep ] 3rd century
the silk road transmission of buddhism to china is most commonly thought to have started in the late 2nd or the 1st century ce , though the literary sources are all open to question . [ note 41 ] the first documented translation efforts by foreign buddhist monks in china were in the 2nd century ce , probably as a consequence of the expansion of the kushan empire into the chinese territory of the tarim basin . [ sep ] 2nd century ce
in the 2nd century ce , mahayana sutras spread to china , and then to korea and japan , and were translated into chinese . during the indian period of esoteric buddhism ( from the 8th century onwards ) , buddhism spread from india to tibet and mongolia . [ sep ] 2nd century ce
in the 2nd century ce , mahayana sutras spread to china , and then to korea and japan , and were translated into chinese . during the indian period of esoteric buddhism ( from the 8th century onwards ) , buddhism spread from india to tibet and mongolia . [ sep ] korea and japan
in the 2nd century ce , mahayana sutras spread to china , and then to korea and japan , and were translated into chinese . during the indian period of esoteric buddhism ( from the 8th century onwards ) , buddhism spread from india to tibet and mongolia . [ sep ] 8th century onwards
by the late middle ages , buddhism had become virtually extinct in india , although it continued to exist in surrounding countries . it is now again gaining strength worldwide . china and india are now starting to fund buddhist shrines in various asian countries as they compete for influence in the region . [ web 20 ] [ sep ] buddhist
formal membership varies between communities , but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in the three jewels : the buddha , the dharma ( the teachings of the buddha ) , and the sangha ( the buddhist community ) . at the present time , the teachings of all three branches of buddhism have spread throughout the world , and buddhist texts are increasingly translated into local languages . while in the west buddhism is often seen as exotic and progressive , in the east it is regarded as familiar and traditional . buddhists in asia are frequently well organized and well funded . in countries such as cambodia and bhutan , it is recognized as the state religion and receives government support . modern influences increasingly lead to new forms of buddhism that significantly depart from traditional beliefs and practices . [ sep ] the teachings of the buddha
formal membership varies between communities , but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in the three jewels : the buddha , the dharma ( the teachings of the buddha ) , and the sangha ( the buddhist community ) . at the present time , the teachings of all three branches of buddhism have spread throughout the world , and buddhist texts are increasingly translated into local languages . while in the west buddhism is often seen as exotic and progressive , in the east it is regarded as familiar and traditional . buddhists in asia are frequently well organized and well funded . in countries such as cambodia and bhutan , it is recognized as the state religion and receives government support . modern influences increasingly lead to new forms of buddhism that significantly depart from traditional beliefs and practices . [ sep ] the buddhist community
formal membership varies between communities , but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in the three jewels : the buddha , the dharma ( the teachings of the buddha ) , and the sangha ( the buddhist community ) . at the present time , the teachings of all three branches of buddhism have spread throughout the world , and buddhist texts are increasingly translated into local languages . while in the west buddhism is often seen as exotic and progressive , in the east it is regarded as familiar and traditional . buddhists in asia are frequently well organized and well funded . in countries such as cambodia and bhutan , it is recognized as the state religion and receives government support . modern influences increasingly lead to new forms of buddhism that significantly depart from traditional beliefs and practices . [ sep ] progressive
formal membership varies between communities , but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in the three jewels : the buddha , the dharma ( the teachings of the buddha ) , and the sangha ( the buddhist community ) . at the present time , the teachings of all three branches of buddhism have spread throughout the world , and buddhist texts are increasingly translated into local languages . while in the west buddhism is often seen as exotic and progressive , in the east it is regarded as familiar and traditional . buddhists in asia are frequently well organized and well funded . in countries such as cambodia and bhutan , it is recognized as the state religion and receives government support . modern influences increasingly lead to new forms of buddhism that significantly depart from traditional beliefs and practices . [ sep ] modern influences
a number of modern movements or tendencies in buddhism emerged during the second half of the 20th century , including the dalit buddhist movement ( also sometimes called ' neo - buddhism ' ) , engaged buddhism , and the further development of various western buddhist traditions . [ sep ] second half of the 20th century
a number of modern movements or tendencies in buddhism emerged during the second half of the 20th century , including the dalit buddhist movement ( also sometimes called ' neo - buddhism ' ) , engaged buddhism , and the further development of various western buddhist traditions . [ sep ] neo - buddhism
in the second half of the 20th century a modern movement in nichiren buddhism : soka gakkai ( value creation society ) emerged in japan and spread further to other countries . soka gakkai international ( sgi ) is a lay buddhist movement linking more than 12 million people around the world , and is currently described as " the most diverse " and " the largest lay buddhist movement in the world " . [ web 21 ] [ sep ] nichiren buddhism : soka gakkai
in the second half of the 20th century a modern movement in nichiren buddhism : soka gakkai ( value creation society ) emerged in japan and spread further to other countries . soka gakkai international ( sgi ) is a lay buddhist movement linking more than 12 million people around the world , and is currently described as " the most diverse " and " the largest lay buddhist movement in the world " . [ web 21 ] [ sep ] value creation society
in the second half of the 20th century a modern movement in nichiren buddhism : soka gakkai ( value creation society ) emerged in japan and spread further to other countries . soka gakkai international ( sgi ) is a lay buddhist movement linking more than 12 million people around the world , and is currently described as " the most diverse " and " the largest lay buddhist movement in the world " . [ web 21 ] [ sep ] soka gakkai international
in the second half of the 20th century a modern movement in nichiren buddhism : soka gakkai ( value creation society ) emerged in japan and spread further to other countries . soka gakkai international ( sgi ) is a lay buddhist movement linking more than 12 million people around the world , and is currently described as " the most diverse " and " the largest lay buddhist movement in the world " . [ web 21 ] [ sep ] sgi
buddhism is practiced by an estimated 488 million , [ web 1 ] 495 million , or 535 million people as of the 2010s , representing 7 % to 8 % of the world ' s total population . [ sep ] buddhism
china is the country with the largest population of buddhists , approximately 244 million or 18 . 2 % of its total population . [ web 1 ] they are mostly followers of chinese schools of mahayana , making this the largest body of buddhist traditions . mahayana , also practiced in broader east asia , is followed by over half of world buddhists . [ web 1 ] [ sep ] china
china is the country with the largest population of buddhists , approximately 244 million or 18 . 2 % of its total population . [ web 1 ] they are mostly followers of chinese schools of mahayana , making this the largest body of buddhist traditions . mahayana , also practiced in broader east asia , is followed by over half of world buddhists . [ web 1 ] [ sep ] 244 million
according to a demographic analysis reported by peter harvey ( 2013 ) : mahayana has 360 million adherents ; theravada has 150 million adherents ; and vajrayana has 18 , 2 million adherents . seven million additional buddhists are found outside of asia . [ sep ] 360 million
according to a demographic analysis reported by peter harvey ( 2013 ) : mahayana has 360 million adherents ; theravada has 150 million adherents ; and vajrayana has 18 , 2 million adherents . seven million additional buddhists are found outside of asia . [ sep ] 150 million
according to a demographic analysis reported by peter harvey ( 2013 ) : mahayana has 360 million adherents ; theravada has 150 million adherents ; and vajrayana has 18 , 2 million adherents . seven million additional buddhists are found outside of asia . [ sep ] seven million
according to johnson and grim ( 2013 ) , buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910 , of which 137 million were in asia , to 495 million in 2010 , of which 487 million are in asia . according to them , there was a fast annual growth of buddhism in pakistan , saudi arabia , lebanon and several western european countries ( 1910 – 2010 ) . more recently ( 2000 – 2010 ) , the countries with highest growth rates are qatar , the united arab emirates , iran and some african countries . [ sep ] 138 million
according to johnson and grim ( 2013 ) , buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910 , of which 137 million were in asia , to 495 million in 2010 , of which 487 million are in asia . according to them , there was a fast annual growth of buddhism in pakistan , saudi arabia , lebanon and several western european countries ( 1910 – 2010 ) . more recently ( 2000 – 2010 ) , the countries with highest growth rates are qatar , the united arab emirates , iran and some african countries . [ sep ] 495 million
according to johnson and grim ( 2013 ) , buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910 , of which 137 million were in asia , to 495 million in 2010 , of which 487 million are in asia . according to them , there was a fast annual growth of buddhism in pakistan , saudi arabia , lebanon and several western european countries ( 1910 – 2010 ) . more recently ( 2000 – 2010 ) , the countries with highest growth rates are qatar , the united arab emirates , iran and some african countries . [ sep ] 487 million
some scholars [ note 44 ] use other schemes . buddhists themselves have a variety of other schemes . hinayana ( literally " lesser vehicle " ) is used by mahayana followers to name the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from which contemporary theravada emerged , but as this term is rooted in the mahayana viewpoint and can be considered derogatory , a variety of other terms are increasingly used instead , including sravakayana , nikaya buddhism , early buddhist schools , sectarian buddhism , conservative buddhism , mainstream buddhism and non - mahayana buddhism . [ sep ] lesser vehicle
some scholars [ note 44 ] use other schemes . buddhists themselves have a variety of other schemes . hinayana ( literally " lesser vehicle " ) is used by mahayana followers to name the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from which contemporary theravada emerged , but as this term is rooted in the mahayana viewpoint and can be considered derogatory , a variety of other terms are increasingly used instead , including sravakayana , nikaya buddhism , early buddhist schools , sectarian buddhism , conservative buddhism , mainstream buddhism and non - mahayana buddhism . [ sep ] hinayana
not all traditions of buddhism share the same philosophical outlook , or treat the same concepts as central . each tradition , however , does have its own core concepts , and some comparisons can be drawn between them . for example , according to one buddhist ecumenical organization , [ web 23 ] several concepts common to both major buddhist branches : [ sep ] concepts
not all traditions of buddhism share the same philosophical outlook , or treat the same concepts as central . each tradition , however , does have its own core concepts , and some comparisons can be drawn between them . for example , according to one buddhist ecumenical organization , [ web 23 ] several concepts common to both major buddhist branches : [ sep ] buddhist ecumenical organization
theravada ( " doctrine of the elders " , or " ancient doctrine " ) is the oldest surviving buddhist school . it is relatively conservative , and generally closest to early buddhism . the name theravada comes from the ancestral sthaviriya , one of the early buddhist schools , from which the theravadins claim descent . after unsuccessfully trying to modify the vinaya , a small group of " elderly members " , i . e . sthaviras , broke away from the majority mahasamghika during the second buddhist council , giving rise to the sthavira sect . sinhalese buddhist reformers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries portrayed the pali canon as the original version of scripture . they also emphasized theravada being rational and scientific . [ sep ] theravada
theravada ( " doctrine of the elders " , or " ancient doctrine " ) is the oldest surviving buddhist school . it is relatively conservative , and generally closest to early buddhism . the name theravada comes from the ancestral sthaviriya , one of the early buddhist schools , from which the theravadins claim descent . after unsuccessfully trying to modify the vinaya , a small group of " elderly members " , i . e . sthaviras , broke away from the majority mahasamghika during the second buddhist council , giving rise to the sthavira sect . sinhalese buddhist reformers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries portrayed the pali canon as the original version of scripture . they also emphasized theravada being rational and scientific . [ sep ] ancestral sthaviriya
theravada ( " doctrine of the elders " , or " ancient doctrine " ) is the oldest surviving buddhist school . it is relatively conservative , and generally closest to early buddhism . the name theravada comes from the ancestral sthaviriya , one of the early buddhist schools , from which the theravadins claim descent . after unsuccessfully trying to modify the vinaya , a small group of " elderly members " , i . e . sthaviras , broke away from the majority mahasamghika during the second buddhist council , giving rise to the sthavira sect . sinhalese buddhist reformers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries portrayed the pali canon as the original version of scripture . they also emphasized theravada being rational and scientific . [ sep ] pali canon
theravada is primarily practiced today in sri lanka , burma , laos , thailand , cambodia as well as small portions of china , vietnam , malaysia and bangladesh . it has a growing presence in the west . [ sep ] the west
theravadin buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth . monks follow the vinaya : meditating , teaching and serving their lay communities . laypersons can perform good actions , producing merit . [ sep ] theravadin
theravadin buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth . monks follow the vinaya : meditating , teaching and serving their lay communities . laypersons can perform good actions , producing merit . [ sep ] merit
mahayana buddhism flourished in india from the 5th century ce onwards , during the dynasty of the guptas . mahayana centres of learning were established , the most important one being the nalanda university in north - eastern india . [ sep ] nalanda university
mahayana schools recognize all or part of the mahayana sutras . some of these sutras became for mahayanists a manifestation of the buddha himself , and faith in and veneration of those texts are stated in some sutras ( e . g . the lotus sutra and the mahaparinirvana sutra ) to lay the foundations for the later attainment of buddhahood itself . [ sep ] mahayana sutras
mahayana schools recognize all or part of the mahayana sutras . some of these sutras became for mahayanists a manifestation of the buddha himself , and faith in and veneration of those texts are stated in some sutras ( e . g . the lotus sutra and the mahaparinirvana sutra ) to lay the foundations for the later attainment of buddhahood itself . [ sep ] the buddha
mahayana schools recognize all or part of the mahayana sutras . some of these sutras became for mahayanists a manifestation of the buddha himself , and faith in and veneration of those texts are stated in some sutras ( e . g . the lotus sutra and the mahaparinirvana sutra ) to lay the foundations for the later attainment of buddhahood itself . [ sep ] lotus sutra and the mahaparinirvana sutra
native mahayana buddhism is practiced today in china , japan , korea , singapore , parts of russia and most of vietnam ( also commonly referred to as " eastern buddhism " ) . the buddhism practiced in tibet , the himalayan regions , and mongolia is also mahayana in origin , but is discussed below under the heading of vajrayana ( also commonly referred to as " northern buddhism " ) . there are a variety of strands in eastern buddhism , of which " the pure land school of mahayana is the most widely practised today . " . in most of this area however , they are fused into a single unified form of buddhism . in japan in particular , they form separate denominations with the five major ones being : nichiren , peculiar to japan ; pure land ; shingon , a form of vajrayana ; tendai , and zen . in korea , nearly all buddhists belong to the chogye school , which is officially son ( zen ) , but with substantial elements from other traditions . [ sep ] eastern buddhism
native mahayana buddhism is practiced today in china , japan , korea , singapore , parts of russia and most of vietnam ( also commonly referred to as " eastern buddhism " ) . the buddhism practiced in tibet , the himalayan regions , and mongolia is also mahayana in origin , but is discussed below under the heading of vajrayana ( also commonly referred to as " northern buddhism " ) . there are a variety of strands in eastern buddhism , of which " the pure land school of mahayana is the most widely practised today . " . in most of this area however , they are fused into a single unified form of buddhism . in japan in particular , they form separate denominations with the five major ones being : nichiren , peculiar to japan ; pure land ; shingon , a form of vajrayana ; tendai , and zen . in korea , nearly all buddhists belong to the chogye school , which is officially son ( zen ) , but with substantial elements from other traditions . [ sep ] northern buddhism
native mahayana buddhism is practiced today in china , japan , korea , singapore , parts of russia and most of vietnam ( also commonly referred to as " eastern buddhism " ) . the buddhism practiced in tibet , the himalayan regions , and mongolia is also mahayana in origin , but is discussed below under the heading of vajrayana ( also commonly referred to as " northern buddhism " ) . there are a variety of strands in eastern buddhism , of which " the pure land school of mahayana is the most widely practised today . " . in most of this area however , they are fused into a single unified form of buddhism . in japan in particular , they form separate denominations with the five major ones being : nichiren , peculiar to japan ; pure land ; shingon , a form of vajrayana ; tendai , and zen . in korea , nearly all buddhists belong to the chogye school , which is officially son ( zen ) , but with substantial elements from other traditions . [ sep ] the pure land school of mahayana
various classes of vajrayana literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both buddhism and saivism . the manjusrimulakalpa , which later came to classified under kriyatantra , states that mantras taught in the saiva , garuda and vaisnava tantras will be effective if applied by buddhists since they were all taught originally by manjushri . the guhyasiddhi of padmavajra , a work associated with the guhyasamaja tradition , prescribes acting as a saiva guru and initiating members into saiva siddhanta scriptures and mandalas . the samvara tantra texts adopted the pitha list from the saiva text tantrasadbhava , introducing a copying error where a deity was mistaken for a place . [ sep ] saivism
various classes of vajrayana literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both buddhism and saivism . the manjusrimulakalpa , which later came to classified under kriyatantra , states that mantras taught in the saiva , garuda and vaisnava tantras will be effective if applied by buddhists since they were all taught originally by manjushri . the guhyasiddhi of padmavajra , a work associated with the guhyasamaja tradition , prescribes acting as a saiva guru and initiating members into saiva siddhanta scriptures and mandalas . the samvara tantra texts adopted the pitha list from the saiva text tantrasadbhava , introducing a copying error where a deity was mistaken for a place . [ sep ] buddhists
various classes of vajrayana literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both buddhism and saivism . the manjusrimulakalpa , which later came to classified under kriyatantra , states that mantras taught in the saiva , garuda and vaisnava tantras will be effective if applied by buddhists since they were all taught originally by manjushri . the guhyasiddhi of padmavajra , a work associated with the guhyasamaja tradition , prescribes acting as a saiva guru and initiating members into saiva siddhanta scriptures and mandalas . the samvara tantra texts adopted the pitha list from the saiva text tantrasadbhava , introducing a copying error where a deity was mistaken for a place . [ sep ] the guhyasiddhi of padmavajra
buddhist scriptures and other texts exist in great variety . different schools of buddhism place varying levels of value on learning the various texts . some schools venerate certain texts as religious objects in themselves , while others take a more scholastic approach . buddhist scriptures are mainly written in pali , tibetan , mongolian , and chinese . some texts still exist in sanskrit and buddhist hybrid sanskrit . [ sep ] buddhist
buddhist scriptures and other texts exist in great variety . different schools of buddhism place varying levels of value on learning the various texts . some schools venerate certain texts as religious objects in themselves , while others take a more scholastic approach . buddhist scriptures are mainly written in pali , tibetan , mongolian , and chinese . some texts still exist in sanskrit and buddhist hybrid sanskrit . [ sep ] objects
unlike many religions , buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions . however , some scholars have referred to the vinaya pitaka and the first four nikayas of the sutta pitaka as the common core of all buddhist traditions . [ page needed ] this could be considered misleading , as mahayana considers these merely a preliminary , and not a core , teaching . the tibetan buddhists have not even translated most of the agamas ( though theoretically they recognize them ) and they play no part in the religious life of either clergy or laity in china and japan . other scholars say there is no universally accepted common core . the size and complexity of the buddhist canons have been seen by some ( including buddhist social reformer babasaheb ambedkar ) as presenting barriers to the wider understanding of buddhist philosophy . [ sep ] text
unlike many religions , buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions . however , some scholars have referred to the vinaya pitaka and the first four nikayas of the sutta pitaka as the common core of all buddhist traditions . [ page needed ] this could be considered misleading , as mahayana considers these merely a preliminary , and not a core , teaching . the tibetan buddhists have not even translated most of the agamas ( though theoretically they recognize them ) and they play no part in the religious life of either clergy or laity in china and japan . other scholars say there is no universally accepted common core . the size and complexity of the buddhist canons have been seen by some ( including buddhist social reformer babasaheb ambedkar ) as presenting barriers to the wider understanding of buddhist philosophy . [ sep ] agamas
unlike many religions , buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions . however , some scholars have referred to the vinaya pitaka and the first four nikayas of the sutta pitaka as the common core of all buddhist traditions . [ page needed ] this could be considered misleading , as mahayana considers these merely a preliminary , and not a core , teaching . the tibetan buddhists have not even translated most of the agamas ( though theoretically they recognize them ) and they play no part in the religious life of either clergy or laity in china and japan . other scholars say there is no universally accepted common core . the size and complexity of the buddhist canons have been seen by some ( including buddhist social reformer babasaheb ambedkar ) as presenting barriers to the wider understanding of buddhist philosophy . [ sep ] core
unlike many religions , buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions . however , some scholars have referred to the vinaya pitaka and the first four nikayas of the sutta pitaka as the common core of all buddhist traditions . [ page needed ] this could be considered misleading , as mahayana considers these merely a preliminary , and not a core , teaching . the tibetan buddhists have not even translated most of the agamas ( though theoretically they recognize them ) and they play no part in the religious life of either clergy or laity in china and japan . other scholars say there is no universally accepted common core . the size and complexity of the buddhist canons have been seen by some ( including buddhist social reformer babasaheb ambedkar ) as presenting barriers to the wider understanding of buddhist philosophy . [ sep ] size and complexity of the buddhist canons
over the years , various attempts have been made to synthesize a single buddhist text that can encompass all of the major principles of buddhism . in the theravada tradition , condensed ' study texts ' were created that combined popular or influential scriptures into single volumes that could be studied by novice monks . later in sri lanka , the dhammapada was championed as a unifying scripture . [ sep ] dhammapada
over the years , various attempts have been made to synthesize a single buddhist text that can encompass all of the major principles of buddhism . in the theravada tradition , condensed ' study texts ' were created that combined popular or influential scriptures into single volumes that could be studied by novice monks . later in sri lanka , the dhammapada was championed as a unifying scripture . [ sep ] buddhism
over the years , various attempts have been made to synthesize a single buddhist text that can encompass all of the major principles of buddhism . in the theravada tradition , condensed ' study texts ' were created that combined popular or influential scriptures into single volumes that could be studied by novice monks . later in sri lanka , the dhammapada was championed as a unifying scripture . [ sep ] theravada
dwight goddard collected a sample of buddhist scriptures , with the emphasis on zen , along with other classics of eastern philosophy , such as the tao te ching , into his ' buddhist bible ' in the 1920s . more recently , dr . babasaheb ambedkar attempted to create a single , combined document of buddhist principles in " the buddha and his dhamma " . other such efforts have persisted to present day , but currently there is no single text that represents all buddhist traditions . [ sep ] zen
dwight goddard collected a sample of buddhist scriptures , with the emphasis on zen , along with other classics of eastern philosophy , such as the tao te ching , into his ' buddhist bible ' in the 1920s . more recently , dr . babasaheb ambedkar attempted to create a single , combined document of buddhist principles in " the buddha and his dhamma " . other such efforts have persisted to present day , but currently there is no single text that represents all buddhist traditions . [ sep ] the buddha and his dhamma
the pali tipitaka , which means " three baskets " , refers to the vinaya pitaka , the sutta pitaka , and the abhidhamma pitaka . the vinaya pitaka contains disciplinary rules for the buddhist monks and nuns , as well as explanations of why and how these rules were instituted , supporting material , and doctrinal clarification . the sutta pitaka contains discourses ascribed to gautama buddha . the abhidhamma pitaka contains material often described as systematic expositions of the gautama buddha ' s teachings . [ sep ] pali tipitaka
the pali tipitaka , which means " three baskets " , refers to the vinaya pitaka , the sutta pitaka , and the abhidhamma pitaka . the vinaya pitaka contains disciplinary rules for the buddhist monks and nuns , as well as explanations of why and how these rules were instituted , supporting material , and doctrinal clarification . the sutta pitaka contains discourses ascribed to gautama buddha . the abhidhamma pitaka contains material often described as systematic expositions of the gautama buddha ' s teachings . [ sep ] the vinaya pitaka , the sutta pitaka , and the abhidhamma pitaka
the pali tipitaka , which means " three baskets " , refers to the vinaya pitaka , the sutta pitaka , and the abhidhamma pitaka . the vinaya pitaka contains disciplinary rules for the buddhist monks and nuns , as well as explanations of why and how these rules were instituted , supporting material , and doctrinal clarification . the sutta pitaka contains discourses ascribed to gautama buddha . the abhidhamma pitaka contains material often described as systematic expositions of the gautama buddha ' s teachings . [ sep ] vinaya pitaka
the pali tipitaka , which means " three baskets " , refers to the vinaya pitaka , the sutta pitaka , and the abhidhamma pitaka . the vinaya pitaka contains disciplinary rules for the buddhist monks and nuns , as well as explanations of why and how these rules were instituted , supporting material , and doctrinal clarification . the sutta pitaka contains discourses ascribed to gautama buddha . the abhidhamma pitaka contains material often described as systematic expositions of the gautama buddha ' s teachings . [ sep ] the sutta pitaka
the pali tipitaka , which means " three baskets " , refers to the vinaya pitaka , the sutta pitaka , and the abhidhamma pitaka . the vinaya pitaka contains disciplinary rules for the buddhist monks and nuns , as well as explanations of why and how these rules were instituted , supporting material , and doctrinal clarification . the sutta pitaka contains discourses ascribed to gautama buddha . the abhidhamma pitaka contains material often described as systematic expositions of the gautama buddha ' s teachings . [ sep ] abhidhamma pitaka
the pali tipitaka is the only early tipitaka ( sanskrit : tripitaka ) to survive intact in its original language , but a number of early schools had their own recensions of the tipitaka featuring much of the same material . we have portions of the tipitakas of the sarvastivada , dharmaguptaka , sammitya , mahasanghika , kasyapiya , and mahisasaka schools , most of which survive in chinese translation only . according to some sources , some early schools of buddhism had five or seven pitakas . [ sep ] pali tipitaka
the pali tipitaka is the only early tipitaka ( sanskrit : tripitaka ) to survive intact in its original language , but a number of early schools had their own recensions of the tipitaka featuring much of the same material . we have portions of the tipitakas of the sarvastivada , dharmaguptaka , sammitya , mahasanghika , kasyapiya , and mahisasaka schools , most of which survive in chinese translation only . according to some sources , some early schools of buddhism had five or seven pitakas . [ sep ] five or seven
according to the scriptures , soon after the death of the buddha , the first buddhist council was held ; a monk named mahakasyapa ( pali : mahakassapa ) presided . the goal of the council was to record the buddha ' s teachings . upali recited the vinaya . ananda , the buddha ' s personal attendant , was called upon to recite the dhamma . these became the basis of the tripitaka . however , this record was initially transmitted orally in form of chanting , and was committed to text in the last century bce . both the sutras and the vinaya of every buddhist school contain a wide variety of elements including discourses on the dharma , commentaries on other teachings , cosmological and cosmogonical texts , stories of the gautama buddha ' s previous lives , and various other subjects . [ sep ] mahakasyapa
according to the scriptures , soon after the death of the buddha , the first buddhist council was held ; a monk named mahakasyapa ( pali : mahakassapa ) presided . the goal of the council was to record the buddha ' s teachings . upali recited the vinaya . ananda , the buddha ' s personal attendant , was called upon to recite the dhamma . these became the basis of the tripitaka . however , this record was initially transmitted orally in form of chanting , and was committed to text in the last century bce . both the sutras and the vinaya of every buddhist school contain a wide variety of elements including discourses on the dharma , commentaries on other teachings , cosmological and cosmogonical texts , stories of the gautama buddha ' s previous lives , and various other subjects . [ sep ] to record the buddha ' s teachings
according to the scriptures , soon after the death of the buddha , the first buddhist council was held ; a monk named mahakasyapa ( pali : mahakassapa ) presided . the goal of the council was to record the buddha ' s teachings . upali recited the vinaya . ananda , the buddha ' s personal attendant , was called upon to recite the dhamma . these became the basis of the tripitaka . however , this record was initially transmitted orally in form of chanting , and was committed to text in the last century bce . both the sutras and the vinaya of every buddhist school contain a wide variety of elements including discourses on the dharma , commentaries on other teachings , cosmological and cosmogonical texts , stories of the gautama buddha ' s previous lives , and various other subjects . [ sep ] upali
according to the scriptures , soon after the death of the buddha , the first buddhist council was held ; a monk named mahakasyapa ( pali : mahakassapa ) presided . the goal of the council was to record the buddha ' s teachings . upali recited the vinaya . ananda , the buddha ' s personal attendant , was called upon to recite the dhamma . these became the basis of the tripitaka . however , this record was initially transmitted orally in form of chanting , and was committed to text in the last century bce . both the sutras and the vinaya of every buddhist school contain a wide variety of elements including discourses on the dharma , commentaries on other teachings , cosmological and cosmogonical texts , stories of the gautama buddha ' s previous lives , and various other subjects . [ sep ] ananda
according to the scriptures , soon after the death of the buddha , the first buddhist council was held ; a monk named mahakasyapa ( pali : mahakassapa ) presided . the goal of the council was to record the buddha ' s teachings . upali recited the vinaya . ananda , the buddha ' s personal attendant , was called upon to recite the dhamma . these became the basis of the tripitaka . however , this record was initially transmitted orally in form of chanting , and was committed to text in the last century bce . both the sutras and the vinaya of every buddhist school contain a wide variety of elements including discourses on the dharma , commentaries on other teachings , cosmological and cosmogonical texts , stories of the gautama buddha ' s previous lives , and various other subjects . [ sep ] dhamma
much of the material in the canon is not specifically " theravadin " , but is instead the collection of teachings that this school preserved from the early , non - sectarian body of teachings . according to peter harvey , it contains material at odds with later theravadin orthodoxy . he states : " the theravadins , then , may have added texts to the canon for some time , but they do not appear to have tampered with what they already had from an earlier period . " [ sep ] theravadin
much of the material in the canon is not specifically " theravadin " , but is instead the collection of teachings that this school preserved from the early , non - sectarian body of teachings . according to peter harvey , it contains material at odds with later theravadin orthodoxy . he states : " the theravadins , then , may have added texts to the canon for some time , but they do not appear to have tampered with what they already had from an earlier period . " [ sep ] the theravadins
the mahayana sutras are a very broad genre of buddhist scriptures that the mahayana buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the buddha . some adherents of mahayana accept both the early teachings ( including in this the sarvastivada abhidharma , which was criticized by nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early buddhist thought ) and the mahayana sutras as authentic teachings of gautama buddha , and claim they were designed for different types of persons and different levels of spiritual understanding . [ sep ] mahayana sutras
the mahayana sutras are a very broad genre of buddhist scriptures that the mahayana buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the buddha . some adherents of mahayana accept both the early teachings ( including in this the sarvastivada abhidharma , which was criticized by nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early buddhist thought ) and the mahayana sutras as authentic teachings of gautama buddha , and claim they were designed for different types of persons and different levels of spiritual understanding . [ sep ] mahayana sutras
the mahayana sutras are a very broad genre of buddhist scriptures that the mahayana buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the buddha . some adherents of mahayana accept both the early teachings ( including in this the sarvastivada abhidharma , which was criticized by nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early buddhist thought ) and the mahayana sutras as authentic teachings of gautama buddha , and claim they were designed for different types of persons and different levels of spiritual understanding . [ sep ] sarvastivada abhidharma
the mahayana sutras often claim to articulate the buddha ' s deeper , more advanced doctrines , reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path . that path is explained as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings from unhappiness . hence the name mahayana ( lit . , the great vehicle ) . [ sep ] mahayana
the mahayana sutras often claim to articulate the buddha ' s deeper , more advanced doctrines , reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path . that path is explained as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings from unhappiness . hence the name mahayana ( lit . , the great vehicle ) . [ sep ] the great vehicle
the mahayana sutras often claim to articulate the buddha ' s deeper , more advanced doctrines , reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path . that path is explained as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings from unhappiness . hence the name mahayana ( lit . , the great vehicle ) . [ sep ] bodhisattva path
according to mahayana tradition , the mahayana sutras were transmitted in secret , came from other buddhas or bodhisattvas , or were preserved in non - human worlds because human beings at the time could not understand them : [ sep ] mahayana
according to mahayana tradition , the mahayana sutras were transmitted in secret , came from other buddhas or bodhisattvas , or were preserved in non - human worlds because human beings at the time could not understand them : [ sep ] mahayana
according to mahayana tradition , the mahayana sutras were transmitted in secret , came from other buddhas or bodhisattvas , or were preserved in non - human worlds because human beings at the time could not understand them : [ sep ] mahayana tradition
approximately six hundred mahayana sutras have survived in sanskrit or in chinese or tibetan translations . in addition , east asian buddhism recognizes some sutras regarded by scholars as of chinese rather than indian origin . [ sep ] six hundred
approximately six hundred mahayana sutras have survived in sanskrit or in chinese or tibetan translations . in addition , east asian buddhism recognizes some sutras regarded by scholars as of chinese rather than indian origin . [ sep ] east asian buddhism
generally , scholars conclude that the mahayana scriptures were composed from the 1st century ce onwards : " large numbers of mahayana sutras were being composed in the period between the beginning of the common era and the fifth century " , five centuries after the historical gautama buddha . some of these had their roots in other scriptures composed in the 1st century bce . it was not until after the 5th century ce that the mahayana sutras started to influence the behavior of mainstream buddhists in india : " but outside of texts , at least in india , at exactly the same period , very different — in fact seemingly older — ideas and aspirations appear to be motivating actual behavior , and old and established hinnayana groups appear to be the only ones that are patronized and supported . " these texts were apparently not universally accepted among indian buddhists when they appeared ; the pejorative label hinayana was applied by mahayana supporters to those who rejected the mahayana sutras . [ sep ] after the 5th century ce
generally , scholars conclude that the mahayana scriptures were composed from the 1st century ce onwards : " large numbers of mahayana sutras were being composed in the period between the beginning of the common era and the fifth century " , five centuries after the historical gautama buddha . some of these had their roots in other scriptures composed in the 1st century bce . it was not until after the 5th century ce that the mahayana sutras started to influence the behavior of mainstream buddhists in india : " but outside of texts , at least in india , at exactly the same period , very different — in fact seemingly older — ideas and aspirations appear to be motivating actual behavior , and old and established hinnayana groups appear to be the only ones that are patronized and supported . " these texts were apparently not universally accepted among indian buddhists when they appeared ; the pejorative label hinayana was applied by mahayana supporters to those who rejected the mahayana sutras . [ sep ] hinayana
only the theravada school does not include the mahayana scriptures in its canon . as the modern theravada school is descended from a branch of buddhism that diverged and established itself in sri lanka prior to the emergence of the mahayana texts , debate exists as to whether the theravada were historically included in the hinayana designation ; in the modern era , this label is seen as derogatory , and is generally avoided . [ sep ] the theravada
only the theravada school does not include the mahayana scriptures in its canon . as the modern theravada school is descended from a branch of buddhism that diverged and established itself in sri lanka prior to the emergence of the mahayana texts , debate exists as to whether the theravada were historically included in the hinayana designation ; in the modern era , this label is seen as derogatory , and is generally avoided . [ sep ] sri lanka
only the theravada school does not include the mahayana scriptures in its canon . as the modern theravada school is descended from a branch of buddhism that diverged and established itself in sri lanka prior to the emergence of the mahayana texts , debate exists as to whether the theravada were historically included in the hinayana designation ; in the modern era , this label is seen as derogatory , and is generally avoided . [ sep ] hinayana
scholar isabelle onians asserts that although " the mahayana . . . very occasionally referred contemptuously to earlier buddhism as the hinayana , the inferior way , " " the preponderance of this name in the secondary literature is far out of proportion to occurrences in the indian texts . " she notes that the term sravakayana was " the more politically correct and much more usual " term used by mahayanists . jonathan silk has argued that the term " hinayana " was used to refer to whomever one wanted to criticize on any given occasion , and did not refer to any definite grouping of buddhists . [ sep ] hinayana
scholar isabelle onians asserts that although " the mahayana . . . very occasionally referred contemptuously to earlier buddhism as the hinayana , the inferior way , " " the preponderance of this name in the secondary literature is far out of proportion to occurrences in the indian texts . " she notes that the term sravakayana was " the more politically correct and much more usual " term used by mahayanists . jonathan silk has argued that the term " hinayana " was used to refer to whomever one wanted to criticize on any given occasion , and did not refer to any definite grouping of buddhists . [ sep ] sravakayana
buddhism provides many opportunities for comparative study with a diverse range of subjects . for example , buddhism ' s emphasis on the middle way not only provides a unique guideline for ethics but has also allowed buddhism to peacefully coexist with various differing beliefs , customs and institutions in countries where it has resided throughout its history . also , its moral and spiritual parallels with other systems of thought — for example , with various tenets of christianity — have been subjects of close study . in addition , the buddhist concept of dependent origination has been compared to modern scientific thought , as well as western metaphysics . [ sep ] buddhism
buddhism provides many opportunities for comparative study with a diverse range of subjects . for example , buddhism ' s emphasis on the middle way not only provides a unique guideline for ethics but has also allowed buddhism to peacefully coexist with various differing beliefs , customs and institutions in countries where it has resided throughout its history . also , its moral and spiritual parallels with other systems of thought — for example , with various tenets of christianity — have been subjects of close study . in addition , the buddhist concept of dependent origination has been compared to modern scientific thought , as well as western metaphysics . [ sep ] ethics
buddhism provides many opportunities for comparative study with a diverse range of subjects . for example , buddhism ' s emphasis on the middle way not only provides a unique guideline for ethics but has also allowed buddhism to peacefully coexist with various differing beliefs , customs and institutions in countries where it has resided throughout its history . also , its moral and spiritual parallels with other systems of thought — for example , with various tenets of christianity — have been subjects of close study . in addition , the buddhist concept of dependent origination has been compared to modern scientific thought , as well as western metaphysics . [ sep ] moral and spiritual
buddhism provides many opportunities for comparative study with a diverse range of subjects . for example , buddhism ' s emphasis on the middle way not only provides a unique guideline for ethics but has also allowed buddhism to peacefully coexist with various differing beliefs , customs and institutions in countries where it has resided throughout its history . also , its moral and spiritual parallels with other systems of thought — for example , with various tenets of christianity — have been subjects of close study . in addition , the buddhist concept of dependent origination has been compared to modern scientific thought , as well as western metaphysics . [ sep ] christianity
buddhism provides many opportunities for comparative study with a diverse range of subjects . for example , buddhism ' s emphasis on the middle way not only provides a unique guideline for ethics but has also allowed buddhism to peacefully coexist with various differing beliefs , customs and institutions in countries where it has resided throughout its history . also , its moral and spiritual parallels with other systems of thought — for example , with various tenets of christianity — have been subjects of close study . in addition , the buddhist concept of dependent origination has been compared to modern scientific thought , as well as western metaphysics . [ sep ] scientific
there are differences of opinion on the question of whether or not buddhism should be considered a religion . many sources commonly refer to buddhism as a religion . for example : [ sep ] buddhism
there are differences of opinion on the question of whether or not buddhism should be considered a religion . many sources commonly refer to buddhism as a religion . for example : [ sep ] buddhism
in 1827 , soon after the death of chopin ' s youngest sister emilia , the family moved from the warsaw university building , adjacent to the kazimierz palace , to lodgings just across the street from the university , in the south annex of the krasinski palace on krakowskie przedmiescie , [ n 5 ] where chopin lived until he left warsaw in 1830 . [ n 6 ] here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students ; the chopin family parlour ( salonik chopinow ) became a museum in the 20th century . in 1829 the artist ambrozy mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of chopin family members , including the first known portrait of the composer . [ n 7 ] [ sep ] sister emilia
in 1827 , soon after the death of chopin ' s youngest sister emilia , the family moved from the warsaw university building , adjacent to the kazimierz palace , to lodgings just across the street from the university , in the south annex of the krasinski palace on krakowskie przedmiescie , [ n 5 ] where chopin lived until he left warsaw in 1830 . [ n 6 ] here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students ; the chopin family parlour ( salonik chopinow ) became a museum in the 20th century . in 1829 the artist ambrozy mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of chopin family members , including the first known portrait of the composer . [ n 7 ] [ sep ] 1830
in 1827 , soon after the death of chopin ' s youngest sister emilia , the family moved from the warsaw university building , adjacent to the kazimierz palace , to lodgings just across the street from the university , in the south annex of the krasinski palace on krakowskie przedmiescie , [ n 5 ] where chopin lived until he left warsaw in 1830 . [ n 6 ] here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students ; the chopin family parlour ( salonik chopinow ) became a museum in the 20th century . in 1829 the artist ambrozy mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of chopin family members , including the first known portrait of the composer . [ n 7 ] [ sep ] chopin family parlour
in 1827 , soon after the death of chopin ' s youngest sister emilia , the family moved from the warsaw university building , adjacent to the kazimierz palace , to lodgings just across the street from the university , in the south annex of the krasinski palace on krakowskie przedmiescie , [ n 5 ] where chopin lived until he left warsaw in 1830 . [ n 6 ] here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students ; the chopin family parlour ( salonik chopinow ) became a museum in the 20th century . in 1829 the artist ambrozy mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of chopin family members , including the first known portrait of the composer . [ n 7 ] [ sep ] ambrozy mieroszewski
in 1827 , soon after the death of chopin ' s youngest sister emilia , the family moved from the warsaw university building , adjacent to the kazimierz palace , to lodgings just across the street from the university , in the south annex of the krasinski palace on krakowskie przedmiescie , [ n 5 ] where chopin lived until he left warsaw in 1830 . [ n 6 ] here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students ; the chopin family parlour ( salonik chopinow ) became a museum in the 20th century . in 1829 the artist ambrozy mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of chopin family members , including the first known portrait of the composer . [ n 7 ] [ sep ] male
four boarders at his parents ' apartments became chopin ' s intimates : tytus woyciechowski , jan nepomucen białobłocki , jan matuszynski and julian fontana ; the latter two would become part of his paris milieu . he was friendly with members of warsaw ' s young artistic and intellectual world , including fontana , jozef bohdan zaleski and stefan witwicki . he was also attracted to the singing student konstancja gładkowska . in letters to woyciechowski , he indicated which of his works , and even which of their passages , were influenced by his fascination with her ; his letter of 15 may 1830 revealed that the slow movement ( larghetto ) of his piano concerto no . 1 ( in e minor ) was secretly dedicated to her – " it should be like dreaming in beautiful springtime – by moonlight . " his final conservatory report ( july 1829 ) read : " chopin f . , third - year student , exceptional talent , musical genius . " [ sep ] jan matuszynski and julian fontana
four boarders at his parents ' apartments became chopin ' s intimates : tytus woyciechowski , jan nepomucen białobłocki , jan matuszynski and julian fontana ; the latter two would become part of his paris milieu . he was friendly with members of warsaw ' s young artistic and intellectual world , including fontana , jozef bohdan zaleski and stefan witwicki . he was also attracted to the singing student konstancja gładkowska . in letters to woyciechowski , he indicated which of his works , and even which of their passages , were influenced by his fascination with her ; his letter of 15 may 1830 revealed that the slow movement ( larghetto ) of his piano concerto no . 1 ( in e minor ) was secretly dedicated to her – " it should be like dreaming in beautiful springtime – by moonlight . " his final conservatory report ( july 1829 ) read : " chopin f . , third - year student , exceptional talent , musical genius . " [ sep ] konstancja gładkowska
four boarders at his parents ' apartments became chopin ' s intimates : tytus woyciechowski , jan nepomucen białobłocki , jan matuszynski and julian fontana ; the latter two would become part of his paris milieu . he was friendly with members of warsaw ' s young artistic and intellectual world , including fontana , jozef bohdan zaleski and stefan witwicki . he was also attracted to the singing student konstancja gładkowska . in letters to woyciechowski , he indicated which of his works , and even which of their passages , were influenced by his fascination with her ; his letter of 15 may 1830 revealed that the slow movement ( larghetto ) of his piano concerto no . 1 ( in e minor ) was secretly dedicated to her – " it should be like dreaming in beautiful springtime – by moonlight . " his final conservatory report ( july 1829 ) read : " chopin f . , third - year student , exceptional talent , musical genius . " [ sep ] tytus woyciechowski
four boarders at his parents ' apartments became chopin ' s intimates : tytus woyciechowski , jan nepomucen białobłocki , jan matuszynski and julian fontana ; the latter two would become part of his paris milieu . he was friendly with members of warsaw ' s young artistic and intellectual world , including fontana , jozef bohdan zaleski and stefan witwicki . he was also attracted to the singing student konstancja gładkowska . in letters to woyciechowski , he indicated which of his works , and even which of their passages , were influenced by his fascination with her ; his letter of 15 may 1830 revealed that the slow movement ( larghetto ) of his piano concerto no . 1 ( in e minor ) was secretly dedicated to her – " it should be like dreaming in beautiful springtime – by moonlight . " his final conservatory report ( july 1829 ) read : " chopin f . , third - year student , exceptional talent , musical genius . " [ sep ] piano concerto no . 1 ( in e minor )
four boarders at his parents ' apartments became chopin ' s intimates : tytus woyciechowski , jan nepomucen białobłocki , jan matuszynski and julian fontana ; the latter two would become part of his paris milieu . he was friendly with members of warsaw ' s young artistic and intellectual world , including fontana , jozef bohdan zaleski and stefan witwicki . he was also attracted to the singing student konstancja gładkowska . in letters to woyciechowski , he indicated which of his works , and even which of their passages , were influenced by his fascination with her ; his letter of 15 may 1830 revealed that the slow movement ( larghetto ) of his piano concerto no . 1 ( in e minor ) was secretly dedicated to her – " it should be like dreaming in beautiful springtime – by moonlight . " his final conservatory report ( july 1829 ) read : " chopin f . , third - year student , exceptional talent , musical genius . " [ sep ] four
in september 1828 chopin , while still a student , visited berlin with a family friend , zoologist feliks jarocki , enjoying operas directed by gaspare spontini and attending concerts by carl friedrich zelter , felix mendelssohn and other celebrities . on an 1829 return trip to berlin , he was a guest of prince antoni radziwiłł , governor of the grand duchy of posen — himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist . for the prince and his pianist daughter wanda , he composed his introduction and polonaise brillante in c major for cello and piano , op . 3 . [ sep ] 1828
in september 1828 chopin , while still a student , visited berlin with a family friend , zoologist feliks jarocki , enjoying operas directed by gaspare spontini and attending concerts by carl friedrich zelter , felix mendelssohn and other celebrities . on an 1829 return trip to berlin , he was a guest of prince antoni radziwiłł , governor of the grand duchy of posen — himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist . for the prince and his pianist daughter wanda , he composed his introduction and polonaise brillante in c major for cello and piano , op . 3 . [ sep ] feliks jarocki
in september 1828 chopin , while still a student , visited berlin with a family friend , zoologist feliks jarocki , enjoying operas directed by gaspare spontini and attending concerts by carl friedrich zelter , felix mendelssohn and other celebrities . on an 1829 return trip to berlin , he was a guest of prince antoni radziwiłł , governor of the grand duchy of posen — himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist . for the prince and his pianist daughter wanda , he composed his introduction and polonaise brillante in c major for cello and piano , op . 3 . [ sep ] zoologist
in september 1828 chopin , while still a student , visited berlin with a family friend , zoologist feliks jarocki , enjoying operas directed by gaspare spontini and attending concerts by carl friedrich zelter , felix mendelssohn and other celebrities . on an 1829 return trip to berlin , he was a guest of prince antoni radziwiłł , governor of the grand duchy of posen — himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist . for the prince and his pianist daughter wanda , he composed his introduction and polonaise brillante in c major for cello and piano , op . 3 . [ sep ] gaspare spontini
in september 1828 chopin , while still a student , visited berlin with a family friend , zoologist feliks jarocki , enjoying operas directed by gaspare spontini and attending concerts by carl friedrich zelter , felix mendelssohn and other celebrities . on an 1829 return trip to berlin , he was a guest of prince antoni radziwiłł , governor of the grand duchy of posen — himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist . for the prince and his pianist daughter wanda , he composed his introduction and polonaise brillante in c major for cello and piano , op . 3 . [ sep ] 1829
back in warsaw that year , chopin heard niccolo paganini play the violin , and composed a set of variations , souvenir de paganini . it may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first etudes , ( 1829 – 32 ) , exploring the capacities of his own instrument . on 11 august , three weeks after completing his studies at the warsaw conservatory , he made his debut in vienna . he gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews — in addition to some commenting ( in chopin ' s own words ) that he was " too delicate for those accustomed to the piano - bashing of local artists " . in one of these concerts , he premiered his variations on la ci darem la mano , op . 2 ( variations on an aria from mozart ' s opera don giovanni ) for piano and orchestra . he returned to warsaw in september 1829 , where he premiered his piano concerto no . 2 in f minor , op . 21 on 17 march 1830 . [ sep ] niccolo paganini
back in warsaw that year , chopin heard niccolo paganini play the violin , and composed a set of variations , souvenir de paganini . it may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first etudes , ( 1829 – 32 ) , exploring the capacities of his own instrument . on 11 august , three weeks after completing his studies at the warsaw conservatory , he made his debut in vienna . he gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews — in addition to some commenting ( in chopin ' s own words ) that he was " too delicate for those accustomed to the piano - bashing of local artists " . in one of these concerts , he premiered his variations on la ci darem la mano , op . 2 ( variations on an aria from mozart ' s opera don giovanni ) for piano and orchestra . he returned to warsaw in september 1829 , where he premiered his piano concerto no . 2 in f minor , op . 21 on 17 march 1830 . [ sep ] vienna
back in warsaw that year , chopin heard niccolo paganini play the violin , and composed a set of variations , souvenir de paganini . it may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first etudes , ( 1829 – 32 ) , exploring the capacities of his own instrument . on 11 august , three weeks after completing his studies at the warsaw conservatory , he made his debut in vienna . he gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews — in addition to some commenting ( in chopin ' s own words ) that he was " too delicate for those accustomed to the piano - bashing of local artists " . in one of these concerts , he premiered his variations on la ci darem la mano , op . 2 ( variations on an aria from mozart ' s opera don giovanni ) for piano and orchestra . he returned to warsaw in september 1829 , where he premiered his piano concerto no . 2 in f minor , op . 21 on 17 march 1830 . [ sep ] two
back in warsaw that year , chopin heard niccolo paganini play the violin , and composed a set of variations , souvenir de paganini . it may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first etudes , ( 1829 – 32 ) , exploring the capacities of his own instrument . on 11 august , three weeks after completing his studies at the warsaw conservatory , he made his debut in vienna . he gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews — in addition to some commenting ( in chopin ' s own words ) that he was " too delicate for those accustomed to the piano - bashing of local artists " . in one of these concerts , he premiered his variations on la ci darem la mano , op . 2 ( variations on an aria from mozart ' s opera don giovanni ) for piano and orchestra . he returned to warsaw in september 1829 , where he premiered his piano concerto no . 2 in f minor , op . 21 on 17 march 1830 . [ sep ] three
chopin ' s successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western europe for him , and on 2 november 1830 , he set out , in the words of zdzisław jachimecki , " into the wide world , with no very clearly defined aim , forever . " with woyciechowski , he headed for austria , intending to go on to italy . later that month , in warsaw , the november 1830 uprising broke out , and woyciechowski returned to poland to enlist . chopin , now alone in vienna , was nostalgic for his homeland , and wrote to a friend , " i curse the moment of my departure . " when in september 1831 he learned , while travelling from vienna to paris , that the uprising had been crushed , he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal : " oh god ! . . . you are there , and yet you do not take vengeance ! " jachimecki ascribes to these events the composer ' s maturing " into an inspired national bard who intuited the past , present and future of his native poland . " [ sep ] western europe
chopin ' s successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western europe for him , and on 2 november 1830 , he set out , in the words of zdzisław jachimecki , " into the wide world , with no very clearly defined aim , forever . " with woyciechowski , he headed for austria , intending to go on to italy . later that month , in warsaw , the november 1830 uprising broke out , and woyciechowski returned to poland to enlist . chopin , now alone in vienna , was nostalgic for his homeland , and wrote to a friend , " i curse the moment of my departure . " when in september 1831 he learned , while travelling from vienna to paris , that the uprising had been crushed , he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal : " oh god ! . . . you are there , and yet you do not take vengeance ! " jachimecki ascribes to these events the composer ' s maturing " into an inspired national bard who intuited the past , present and future of his native poland . " [ sep ] woyciechowski
chopin ' s successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western europe for him , and on 2 november 1830 , he set out , in the words of zdzisław jachimecki , " into the wide world , with no very clearly defined aim , forever . " with woyciechowski , he headed for austria , intending to go on to italy . later that month , in warsaw , the november 1830 uprising broke out , and woyciechowski returned to poland to enlist . chopin , now alone in vienna , was nostalgic for his homeland , and wrote to a friend , " i curse the moment of my departure . " when in september 1831 he learned , while travelling from vienna to paris , that the uprising had been crushed , he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal : " oh god ! . . . you are there , and yet you do not take vengeance ! " jachimecki ascribes to these events the composer ' s maturing " into an inspired national bard who intuited the past , present and future of his native poland . " [ sep ] 1830
chopin ' s successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western europe for him , and on 2 november 1830 , he set out , in the words of zdzisław jachimecki , " into the wide world , with no very clearly defined aim , forever . " with woyciechowski , he headed for austria , intending to go on to italy . later that month , in warsaw , the november 1830 uprising broke out , and woyciechowski returned to poland to enlist . chopin , now alone in vienna , was nostalgic for his homeland , and wrote to a friend , " i curse the moment of my departure . " when in september 1831 he learned , while travelling from vienna to paris , that the uprising had been crushed , he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal : " oh god ! . . . you are there , and yet you do not take vengeance ! " jachimecki ascribes to these events the composer ' s maturing " into an inspired national bard who intuited the past , present and future of his native poland . " [ sep ] " i curse the moment of my departure . "
chopin ' s successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western europe for him , and on 2 november 1830 , he set out , in the words of zdzisław jachimecki , " into the wide world , with no very clearly defined aim , forever . " with woyciechowski , he headed for austria , intending to go on to italy . later that month , in warsaw , the november 1830 uprising broke out , and woyciechowski returned to poland to enlist . chopin , now alone in vienna , was nostalgic for his homeland , and wrote to a friend , " i curse the moment of my departure . " when in september 1831 he learned , while travelling from vienna to paris , that the uprising had been crushed , he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal : " oh god ! . . . you are there , and yet you do not take vengeance ! " jachimecki ascribes to these events the composer ' s maturing " into an inspired national bard who intuited the past , present and future of his native poland . " [ sep ] 1831
chopin arrived in paris in late september 1831 ; he would never return to poland , thus becoming one of many expatriates of the polish great emigration . in france he used the french versions of his given names , and after receiving french citizenship in 1835 , he travelled on a french passport . however , chopin remained close to his fellow poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking french . chopin ' s biographer adam zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be french , despite his father ' s french origins , and always saw himself as a pole . [ sep ] poland
chopin arrived in paris in late september 1831 ; he would never return to poland , thus becoming one of many expatriates of the polish great emigration . in france he used the french versions of his given names , and after receiving french citizenship in 1835 , he travelled on a french passport . however , chopin remained close to his fellow poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking french . chopin ' s biographer adam zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be french , despite his father ' s french origins , and always saw himself as a pole . [ sep ] france
chopin arrived in paris in late september 1831 ; he would never return to poland , thus becoming one of many expatriates of the polish great emigration . in france he used the french versions of his given names , and after receiving french citizenship in 1835 , he travelled on a french passport . however , chopin remained close to his fellow poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking french . chopin ' s biographer adam zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be french , despite his father ' s french origins , and always saw himself as a pole . [ sep ] french
chopin arrived in paris in late september 1831 ; he would never return to poland , thus becoming one of many expatriates of the polish great emigration . in france he used the french versions of his given names , and after receiving french citizenship in 1835 , he travelled on a french passport . however , chopin remained close to his fellow poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking french . chopin ' s biographer adam zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be french , despite his father ' s french origins , and always saw himself as a pole . [ sep ] adam zamoyski
chopin arrived in paris in late september 1831 ; he would never return to poland , thus becoming one of many expatriates of the polish great emigration . in france he used the french versions of his given names , and after receiving french citizenship in 1835 , he travelled on a french passport . however , chopin remained close to his fellow poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking french . chopin ' s biographer adam zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be french , despite his father ' s french origins , and always saw himself as a pole . [ sep ] polish great emigration
in paris , chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures , and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity . during his years in paris he was to become acquainted with , among many others , hector berlioz , franz liszt , ferdinand hiller , heinrich heine , eugene delacroix , and alfred de vigny . chopin was also acquainted with the poet adam mickiewicz , principal of the polish literary society , some of whose verses he set as songs . [ sep ] adam mickiewicz
in paris , chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures , and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity . during his years in paris he was to become acquainted with , among many others , hector berlioz , franz liszt , ferdinand hiller , heinrich heine , eugene delacroix , and alfred de vigny . chopin was also acquainted with the poet adam mickiewicz , principal of the polish literary society , some of whose verses he set as songs . [ sep ] principal of the polish literary society
two polish friends in paris were also to play important roles in chopin ' s life there . his fellow student at the warsaw conservatory , julian fontana , had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in england ; albert grzymała , who in paris became a wealthy financier and society figure , often acted as chopin ' s adviser and " gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [ his ] life . " fontana was to become , in the words of michałowski and samson , chopin ' s " general factotum and copyist " . [ sep ] england
two polish friends in paris were also to play important roles in chopin ' s life there . his fellow student at the warsaw conservatory , julian fontana , had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in england ; albert grzymała , who in paris became a wealthy financier and society figure , often acted as chopin ' s adviser and " gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [ his ] life . " fontana was to become , in the words of michałowski and samson , chopin ' s " general factotum and copyist " . [ sep ] albert grzymała
two polish friends in paris were also to play important roles in chopin ' s life there . his fellow student at the warsaw conservatory , julian fontana , had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in england ; albert grzymała , who in paris became a wealthy financier and society figure , often acted as chopin ' s adviser and " gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [ his ] life . " fontana was to become , in the words of michałowski and samson , chopin ' s " general factotum and copyist " . [ sep ] albert grzymała
two polish friends in paris were also to play important roles in chopin ' s life there . his fellow student at the warsaw conservatory , julian fontana , had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in england ; albert grzymała , who in paris became a wealthy financier and society figure , often acted as chopin ' s adviser and " gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [ his ] life . " fontana was to become , in the words of michałowski and samson , chopin ' s " general factotum and copyist " . [ sep ] julian fontana
two polish friends in paris were also to play important roles in chopin ' s life there . his fellow student at the warsaw conservatory , julian fontana , had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in england ; albert grzymała , who in paris became a wealthy financier and society figure , often acted as chopin ' s adviser and " gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [ his ] life . " fontana was to become , in the words of michałowski and samson , chopin ' s " general factotum and copyist " . [ sep ] warsaw conservatory
at the end of 1831 , chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when robert schumann , reviewing the op . 2 variations in the allgemeine musikalische zeitung ( his first published article on music ) , declared : " hats off , gentlemen ! a genius . " on 26 february 1832 chopin gave a debut paris concert at the salle pleyel which drew universal admiration . the critic francois - joseph fetis wrote in the revue et gazette musicale : " here is a young man who . . . taking no model , has found , if not a complete renewal of piano music , . . . an abundance of original ideas of a kind to be found nowhere else . . . " after this concert , chopin realized that his essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large concert spaces . later that year he was introduced to the wealthy rothschild banking family , whose patronage also opened doors for him to other private salons ( social gatherings of the aristocracy and artistic and literary elite ) . by the end of 1832 chopin had established himself among the parisian musical elite , and had earned the respect of his peers such as hiller , liszt , and berlioz . he no longer depended financially upon his father , and in the winter of 1832 he began earning a handsome income from publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students from all over europe . this freed him from the strains of public concert - giving , which he disliked . [ sep ] 1831
at the end of 1831 , chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when robert schumann , reviewing the op . 2 variations in the allgemeine musikalische zeitung ( his first published article on music ) , declared : " hats off , gentlemen ! a genius . " on 26 february 1832 chopin gave a debut paris concert at the salle pleyel which drew universal admiration . the critic francois - joseph fetis wrote in the revue et gazette musicale : " here is a young man who . . . taking no model , has found , if not a complete renewal of piano music , . . . an abundance of original ideas of a kind to be found nowhere else . . . " after this concert , chopin realized that his essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large concert spaces . later that year he was introduced to the wealthy rothschild banking family , whose patronage also opened doors for him to other private salons ( social gatherings of the aristocracy and artistic and literary elite ) . by the end of 1832 chopin had established himself among the parisian musical elite , and had earned the respect of his peers such as hiller , liszt , and berlioz . he no longer depended financially upon his father , and in the winter of 1832 he began earning a handsome income from publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students from all over europe . this freed him from the strains of public concert - giving , which he disliked . [ sep ] keyboard technique
at the end of 1831 , chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when robert schumann , reviewing the op . 2 variations in the allgemeine musikalische zeitung ( his first published article on music ) , declared : " hats off , gentlemen ! a genius . " on 26 february 1832 chopin gave a debut paris concert at the salle pleyel which drew universal admiration . the critic francois - joseph fetis wrote in the revue et gazette musicale : " here is a young man who . . . taking no model , has found , if not a complete renewal of piano music , . . . an abundance of original ideas of a kind to be found nowhere else . . . " after this concert , chopin realized that his essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large concert spaces . later that year he was introduced to the wealthy rothschild banking family , whose patronage also opened doors for him to other private salons ( social gatherings of the aristocracy and artistic and literary elite ) . by the end of 1832 chopin had established himself among the parisian musical elite , and had earned the respect of his peers such as hiller , liszt , and berlioz . he no longer depended financially upon his father , and in the winter of 1832 he began earning a handsome income from publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students from all over europe . this freed him from the strains of public concert - giving , which he disliked . [ sep ] publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students
chopin seldom performed publicly in paris . in later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the salle pleyel , a venue that seated three hundred . he played more frequently at salons , but preferred playing at his own paris apartment for small groups of friends . the musicologist arthur hedley has observed that " as a pianist chopin was unique in acquiring a reputation of the highest order on the basis of a minimum of public appearances — few more than thirty in the course of his lifetime . " the list of musicians who took part in some of his concerts provides an indication of the richness of parisian artistic life during this period . examples include a concert on 23 march 1833 , in which chopin , liszt and hiller performed ( on pianos ) a concerto by j . s . bach for three keyboards ; and , on 3 march 1838 , a concert in which chopin , his pupil adolphe gutmann , charles - valentin alkan , and alkan ' s teacher joseph zimmermann performed alkan ' s arrangement , for eight hands , of two movements from beethoven ' s 7th symphony . chopin was also involved in the composition of liszt ' s hexameron ; he wrote the sixth ( and final ) variation on bellini ' s theme . chopin ' s music soon found success with publishers , and in 1833 he contracted with maurice schlesinger , who arranged for it to be published not only in france but , through his family connections , also in germany and england . [ sep ] apartment
chopin seldom performed publicly in paris . in later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the salle pleyel , a venue that seated three hundred . he played more frequently at salons , but preferred playing at his own paris apartment for small groups of friends . the musicologist arthur hedley has observed that " as a pianist chopin was unique in acquiring a reputation of the highest order on the basis of a minimum of public appearances — few more than thirty in the course of his lifetime . " the list of musicians who took part in some of his concerts provides an indication of the richness of parisian artistic life during this period . examples include a concert on 23 march 1833 , in which chopin , liszt and hiller performed ( on pianos ) a concerto by j . s . bach for three keyboards ; and , on 3 march 1838 , a concert in which chopin , his pupil adolphe gutmann , charles - valentin alkan , and alkan ' s teacher joseph zimmermann performed alkan ' s arrangement , for eight hands , of two movements from beethoven ' s 7th symphony . chopin was also involved in the composition of liszt ' s hexameron ; he wrote the sixth ( and final ) variation on bellini ' s theme . chopin ' s music soon found success with publishers , and in 1833 he contracted with maurice schlesinger , who arranged for it to be published not only in france but , through his family connections , also in germany and england . [ sep ] liszt and hiller
chopin seldom performed publicly in paris . in later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the salle pleyel , a venue that seated three hundred . he played more frequently at salons , but preferred playing at his own paris apartment for small groups of friends . the musicologist arthur hedley has observed that " as a pianist chopin was unique in acquiring a reputation of the highest order on the basis of a minimum of public appearances — few more than thirty in the course of his lifetime . " the list of musicians who took part in some of his concerts provides an indication of the richness of parisian artistic life during this period . examples include a concert on 23 march 1833 , in which chopin , liszt and hiller performed ( on pianos ) a concerto by j . s . bach for three keyboards ; and , on 3 march 1838 , a concert in which chopin , his pupil adolphe gutmann , charles - valentin alkan , and alkan ' s teacher joseph zimmermann performed alkan ' s arrangement , for eight hands , of two movements from beethoven ' s 7th symphony . chopin was also involved in the composition of liszt ' s hexameron ; he wrote the sixth ( and final ) variation on bellini ' s theme . chopin ' s music soon found success with publishers , and in 1833 he contracted with maurice schlesinger , who arranged for it to be published not only in france but , through his family connections , also in germany and england . [ sep ] maurice schlesinger
in the spring of 1834 , chopin attended the lower rhenish music festival in aix - la - chapelle with hiller , and it was there that chopin met felix mendelssohn . after the festival , the three visited dusseldorf , where mendelssohn had been appointed musical director . they spent what mendelssohn described as " a very agreeable day " , playing and discussing music at his piano , and met friedrich wilhelm schadow , director of the academy of art , and some of his eminent pupils such as lessing , bendemann , hildebrandt and sohn . in 1835 chopin went to carlsbad , where he spent time with his parents ; it was the last time he would see them . on his way back to paris , he met old friends from warsaw , the wodzinskis . he had made the acquaintance of their daughter maria in poland five years earlier , when she was eleven . this meeting prompted him to stay for two weeks in dresden , when he had previously intended to return to paris via leipzig . the sixteen - year - old girl ' s portrait of the composer is considered , along with delacroix ' s , as among chopin ' s best likenesses . in october he finally reached leipzig , where he met schumann , clara wieck and felix mendelssohn , who organised for him a performance of his own oratorio st . paul , and who considered him " a perfect musician " . in july 1836 chopin travelled to marienbad and dresden to be with the wodzinski family , and in september he proposed to maria , whose mother countess wodzinska approved in principle . chopin went on to leipzig , where he presented schumann with his g minor ballade . at the end of 1836 he sent maria an album in which his sister ludwika had inscribed seven of his songs , and his 1835 nocturne in c - sharp minor , op . 27 , no . 1 . the anodyne thanks he received from maria proved to be the last letter he was to have from her . [ sep ] felix mendelssohn
in the spring of 1834 , chopin attended the lower rhenish music festival in aix - la - chapelle with hiller , and it was there that chopin met felix mendelssohn . after the festival , the three visited dusseldorf , where mendelssohn had been appointed musical director . they spent what mendelssohn described as " a very agreeable day " , playing and discussing music at his piano , and met friedrich wilhelm schadow , director of the academy of art , and some of his eminent pupils such as lessing , bendemann , hildebrandt and sohn . in 1835 chopin went to carlsbad , where he spent time with his parents ; it was the last time he would see them . on his way back to paris , he met old friends from warsaw , the wodzinskis . he had made the acquaintance of their daughter maria in poland five years earlier , when she was eleven . this meeting prompted him to stay for two weeks in dresden , when he had previously intended to return to paris via leipzig . the sixteen - year - old girl ' s portrait of the composer is considered , along with delacroix ' s , as among chopin ' s best likenesses . in october he finally reached leipzig , where he met schumann , clara wieck and felix mendelssohn , who organised for him a performance of his own oratorio st . paul , and who considered him " a perfect musician " . in july 1836 chopin travelled to marienbad and dresden to be with the wodzinski family , and in september he proposed to maria , whose mother countess wodzinska approved in principle . chopin went on to leipzig , where he presented schumann with his g minor ballade . at the end of 1836 he sent maria an album in which his sister ludwika had inscribed seven of his songs , and his 1835 nocturne in c - sharp minor , op . 27 , no . 1 . the anodyne thanks he received from maria proved to be the last letter he was to have from her . [ sep ] dusseldorf
in the spring of 1834 , chopin attended the lower rhenish music festival in aix - la - chapelle with hiller , and it was there that chopin met felix mendelssohn . after the festival , the three visited dusseldorf , where mendelssohn had been appointed musical director . they spent what mendelssohn described as " a very agreeable day " , playing and discussing music at his piano , and met friedrich wilhelm schadow , director of the academy of art , and some of his eminent pupils such as lessing , bendemann , hildebrandt and sohn . in 1835 chopin went to carlsbad , where he spent time with his parents ; it was the last time he would see them . on his way back to paris , he met old friends from warsaw , the wodzinskis . he had made the acquaintance of their daughter maria in poland five years earlier , when she was eleven . this meeting prompted him to stay for two weeks in dresden , when he had previously intended to return to paris via leipzig . the sixteen - year - old girl ' s portrait of the composer is considered , along with delacroix ' s , as among chopin ' s best likenesses . in october he finally reached leipzig , where he met schumann , clara wieck and felix mendelssohn , who organised for him a performance of his own oratorio st . paul , and who considered him " a perfect musician " . in july 1836 chopin travelled to marienbad and dresden to be with the wodzinski family , and in september he proposed to maria , whose mother countess wodzinska approved in principle . chopin went on to leipzig , where he presented schumann with his g minor ballade . at the end of 1836 he sent maria an album in which his sister ludwika had inscribed seven of his songs , and his 1835 nocturne in c - sharp minor , op . 27 , no . 1 . the anodyne thanks he received from maria proved to be the last letter he was to have from her . [ sep ] director of the academy of art
in the spring of 1834 , chopin attended the lower rhenish music festival in aix - la - chapelle with hiller , and it was there that chopin met felix mendelssohn . after the festival , the three visited dusseldorf , where mendelssohn had been appointed musical director . they spent what mendelssohn described as " a very agreeable day " , playing and discussing music at his piano , and met friedrich wilhelm schadow , director of the academy of art , and some of his eminent pupils such as lessing , bendemann , hildebrandt and sohn . in 1835 chopin went to carlsbad , where he spent time with his parents ; it was the last time he would see them . on his way back to paris , he met old friends from warsaw , the wodzinskis . he had made the acquaintance of their daughter maria in poland five years earlier , when she was eleven . this meeting prompted him to stay for two weeks in dresden , when he had previously intended to return to paris via leipzig . the sixteen - year - old girl ' s portrait of the composer is considered , along with delacroix ' s , as among chopin ' s best likenesses . in october he finally reached leipzig , where he met schumann , clara wieck and felix mendelssohn , who organised for him a performance of his own oratorio st . paul , and who considered him " a perfect musician " . in july 1836 chopin travelled to marienbad and dresden to be with the wodzinski family , and in september he proposed to maria , whose mother countess wodzinska approved in principle . chopin went on to leipzig , where he presented schumann with his g minor ballade . at the end of 1836 he sent maria an album in which his sister ludwika had inscribed seven of his songs , and his 1835 nocturne in c - sharp minor , op . 27 , no . 1 . the anodyne thanks he received from maria proved to be the last letter he was to have from her . [ sep ] maria
although it is not known exactly when chopin first met liszt after arriving in paris , on 12 december 1831 he mentioned in a letter to his friend woyciechowski that " i have met rossini , cherubini , baillot , etc . — also kalkbrenner . you would not believe how curious i was about herz , liszt , hiller , etc . " liszt was in attendance at chopin ' s parisian debut on 26 february 1832 at the salle pleyel , which led him to remark : " the most vigorous applause seemed not to suffice to our enthusiasm in the presence of this talented musician , who revealed a new phase of poetic sentiment combined with such happy innovation in the form of his art . " [ sep ] woyciechowski
although it is not known exactly when chopin first met liszt after arriving in paris , on 12 december 1831 he mentioned in a letter to his friend woyciechowski that " i have met rossini , cherubini , baillot , etc . — also kalkbrenner . you would not believe how curious i was about herz , liszt , hiller , etc . " liszt was in attendance at chopin ' s parisian debut on 26 february 1832 at the salle pleyel , which led him to remark : " the most vigorous applause seemed not to suffice to our enthusiasm in the presence of this talented musician , who revealed a new phase of poetic sentiment combined with such happy innovation in the form of his art . " [ sep ] the salle pleyel
the two became friends , and for many years lived in close proximity in paris , chopin at 38 rue de la chaussee - d ' antin , and liszt at the hotel de france on the rue lafitte , a few blocks away . they performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841 . the first , on 2 april 1833 , was at a benefit concert organized by hector berlioz for his bankrupt shakespearean actress wife harriet smithson , during which they played george onslow ' s sonata in f minor for piano duet . later joint appearances included a benefit concert for the benevolent association of polish ladies in paris . their last appearance together in public was for a charity concert conducted for the beethoven memorial in bonn , held at the salle pleyel and the paris conservatory on 25 and 26 april 1841 . [ sep ] the hotel de france on the rue lafitte
the two became friends , and for many years lived in close proximity in paris , chopin at 38 rue de la chaussee - d ' antin , and liszt at the hotel de france on the rue lafitte , a few blocks away . they performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841 . the first , on 2 april 1833 , was at a benefit concert organized by hector berlioz for his bankrupt shakespearean actress wife harriet smithson , during which they played george onslow ' s sonata in f minor for piano duet . later joint appearances included a benefit concert for the benevolent association of polish ladies in paris . their last appearance together in public was for a charity concert conducted for the beethoven memorial in bonn , held at the salle pleyel and the paris conservatory on 25 and 26 april 1841 . [ sep ] seven
the two became friends , and for many years lived in close proximity in paris , chopin at 38 rue de la chaussee - d ' antin , and liszt at the hotel de france on the rue lafitte , a few blocks away . they performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841 . the first , on 2 april 1833 , was at a benefit concert organized by hector berlioz for his bankrupt shakespearean actress wife harriet smithson , during which they played george onslow ' s sonata in f minor for piano duet . later joint appearances included a benefit concert for the benevolent association of polish ladies in paris . their last appearance together in public was for a charity concert conducted for the beethoven memorial in bonn , held at the salle pleyel and the paris conservatory on 25 and 26 april 1841 . [ sep ] harriet smithson
although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other , their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love - hate relationship . harold c . schonberg believes that chopin displayed a " tinge of jealousy and spite " towards liszt ' s virtuosity on the piano , and others have also argued that he had become enchanted with liszt ' s theatricality , showmanship and success . liszt was the dedicatee of chopin ' s op . 10 etudes , and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to hiller , " i should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies . " however , chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments , at which chopin remarked that he should play the music as written or not play it at all , forcing an apology . most biographers of chopin state that after this the two had little to do with each other , although in his letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as " my friend liszt " . some commentators point to events in the two men ' s romantic lives which led to a rift between them ; there are claims that liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress marie d ' agoult ' s obsession with chopin , while others believe that chopin had become concerned about liszt ' s growing relationship with george sand . [ sep ] liszt
although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other , their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love - hate relationship . harold c . schonberg believes that chopin displayed a " tinge of jealousy and spite " towards liszt ' s virtuosity on the piano , and others have also argued that he had become enchanted with liszt ' s theatricality , showmanship and success . liszt was the dedicatee of chopin ' s op . 10 etudes , and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to hiller , " i should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies . " however , chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments , at which chopin remarked that he should play the music as written or not play it at all , forcing an apology . most biographers of chopin state that after this the two had little to do with each other , although in his letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as " my friend liszt " . some commentators point to events in the two men ' s romantic lives which led to a rift between them ; there are claims that liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress marie d ' agoult ' s obsession with chopin , while others believe that chopin had become concerned about liszt ' s growing relationship with george sand . [ sep ] liszt
although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other , their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love - hate relationship . harold c . schonberg believes that chopin displayed a " tinge of jealousy and spite " towards liszt ' s virtuosity on the piano , and others have also argued that he had become enchanted with liszt ' s theatricality , showmanship and success . liszt was the dedicatee of chopin ' s op . 10 etudes , and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to hiller , " i should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies . " however , chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments , at which chopin remarked that he should play the music as written or not play it at all , forcing an apology . most biographers of chopin state that after this the two had little to do with each other , although in his letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as " my friend liszt " . some commentators point to events in the two men ' s romantic lives which led to a rift between them ; there are claims that liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress marie d ' agoult ' s obsession with chopin , while others believe that chopin had become concerned about liszt ' s growing relationship with george sand . [ sep ] marie d ' agoult
although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other , their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love - hate relationship . harold c . schonberg believes that chopin displayed a " tinge of jealousy and spite " towards liszt ' s virtuosity on the piano , and others have also argued that he had become enchanted with liszt ' s theatricality , showmanship and success . liszt was the dedicatee of chopin ' s op . 10 etudes , and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to hiller , " i should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies . " however , chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments , at which chopin remarked that he should play the music as written or not play it at all , forcing an apology . most biographers of chopin state that after this the two had little to do with each other , although in his letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as " my friend liszt " . some commentators point to events in the two men ' s romantic lives which led to a rift between them ; there are claims that liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress marie d ' agoult ' s obsession with chopin , while others believe that chopin had become concerned about liszt ' s growing relationship with george sand . [ sep ] hiller
although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other , their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love - hate relationship . harold c . schonberg believes that chopin displayed a " tinge of jealousy and spite " towards liszt ' s virtuosity on the piano , and others have also argued that he had become enchanted with liszt ' s theatricality , showmanship and success . liszt was the dedicatee of chopin ' s op . 10 etudes , and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to hiller , " i should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies . " however , chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments , at which chopin remarked that he should play the music as written or not play it at all , forcing an apology . most biographers of chopin state that after this the two had little to do with each other , although in his letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as " my friend liszt " . some commentators point to events in the two men ' s romantic lives which led to a rift between them ; there are claims that liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress marie d ' agoult ' s obsession with chopin , while others believe that chopin had become concerned about liszt ' s growing relationship with george sand . [ sep ] george sand
in 1836 , at a party hosted by marie d ' agoult , chopin met the french author george sand ( born [ amantine ] aurore [ lucile ] dupin ) . short ( under five feet , or 152 cm ) , dark , big - eyed and a cigar smoker , she initially repelled chopin , who remarked , " what an unattractive person la sand is . is she really a woman ? " however , by early 1837 maria wodzinska ' s mother had made it clear to chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed . it is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d ' agoult and sand . chopin finally placed the letters from maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote , in polish , " my tragedy " . sand , in a letter to grzymała of june 1838 , admitted strong feelings for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with chopin ; she asked grzymała to assess chopin ' s relationship with maria wodzinska , without realising that the affair , at least from maria ' s side , was over . [ sep ] marie d ' agoult
in 1836 , at a party hosted by marie d ' agoult , chopin met the french author george sand ( born [ amantine ] aurore [ lucile ] dupin ) . short ( under five feet , or 152 cm ) , dark , big - eyed and a cigar smoker , she initially repelled chopin , who remarked , " what an unattractive person la sand is . is she really a woman ? " however , by early 1837 maria wodzinska ' s mother had made it clear to chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed . it is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d ' agoult and sand . chopin finally placed the letters from maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote , in polish , " my tragedy " . sand , in a letter to grzymała of june 1838 , admitted strong feelings for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with chopin ; she asked grzymała to assess chopin ' s relationship with maria wodzinska , without realising that the affair , at least from maria ' s side , was over . [ sep ] 1837
in 1836 , at a party hosted by marie d ' agoult , chopin met the french author george sand ( born [ amantine ] aurore [ lucile ] dupin ) . short ( under five feet , or 152 cm ) , dark , big - eyed and a cigar smoker , she initially repelled chopin , who remarked , " what an unattractive person la sand is . is she really a woman ? " however , by early 1837 maria wodzinska ' s mother had made it clear to chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed . it is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d ' agoult and sand . chopin finally placed the letters from maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote , in polish , " my tragedy " . sand , in a letter to grzymała of june 1838 , admitted strong feelings for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with chopin ; she asked grzymała to assess chopin ' s relationship with maria wodzinska , without realising that the affair , at least from maria ' s side , was over . [ sep ] my tragedy
in 1836 , at a party hosted by marie d ' agoult , chopin met the french author george sand ( born [ amantine ] aurore [ lucile ] dupin ) . short ( under five feet , or 152 cm ) , dark , big - eyed and a cigar smoker , she initially repelled chopin , who remarked , " what an unattractive person la sand is . is she really a woman ? " however , by early 1837 maria wodzinska ' s mother had made it clear to chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed . it is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d ' agoult and sand . chopin finally placed the letters from maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote , in polish , " my tragedy " . sand , in a letter to grzymała of june 1838 , admitted strong feelings for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with chopin ; she asked grzymała to assess chopin ' s relationship with maria wodzinska , without realising that the affair , at least from maria ' s side , was over . [ sep ] grzymała
in june 1837 chopin visited london incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer camille pleyel where he played at a musical soiree at the house of english piano maker james broadwood . on his return to paris , his association with sand began in earnest , and by the end of june 1838 they had become lovers . sand , who was six years older than the composer , and who had had a series of lovers , wrote at this time : " i must say i was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me . . . i have still not recovered from my astonishment , and if i were a proud person i should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away . . . " the two spent a miserable winter on majorca ( 8 november 1838 to 13 february 1839 ) , where , together with sand ' s two children , they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of chopin and that of sand ' s 15 - year - old son maurice , and also to escape the threats of sand ' s former lover felicien mallefille . after discovering that the couple were not married , the deeply traditional catholic people of majorca became inhospitable , making accommodation difficult to find . this compelled the group to take lodgings in a former carthusian monastery in valldemossa , which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather . [ sep ] june 1838
in june 1837 chopin visited london incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer camille pleyel where he played at a musical soiree at the house of english piano maker james broadwood . on his return to paris , his association with sand began in earnest , and by the end of june 1838 they had become lovers . sand , who was six years older than the composer , and who had had a series of lovers , wrote at this time : " i must say i was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me . . . i have still not recovered from my astonishment , and if i were a proud person i should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away . . . " the two spent a miserable winter on majorca ( 8 november 1838 to 13 february 1839 ) , where , together with sand ' s two children , they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of chopin and that of sand ' s 15 - year - old son maurice , and also to escape the threats of sand ' s former lover felicien mallefille . after discovering that the couple were not married , the deeply traditional catholic people of majorca became inhospitable , making accommodation difficult to find . this compelled the group to take lodgings in a former carthusian monastery in valldemossa , which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather . [ sep ] majorca
in june 1837 chopin visited london incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer camille pleyel where he played at a musical soiree at the house of english piano maker james broadwood . on his return to paris , his association with sand began in earnest , and by the end of june 1838 they had become lovers . sand , who was six years older than the composer , and who had had a series of lovers , wrote at this time : " i must say i was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me . . . i have still not recovered from my astonishment , and if i were a proud person i should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away . . . " the two spent a miserable winter on majorca ( 8 november 1838 to 13 february 1839 ) , where , together with sand ' s two children , they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of chopin and that of sand ' s 15 - year - old son maurice , and also to escape the threats of sand ' s former lover felicien mallefille . after discovering that the couple were not married , the deeply traditional catholic people of majorca became inhospitable , making accommodation difficult to find . this compelled the group to take lodgings in a former carthusian monastery in valldemossa , which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather . [ sep ] sand ' s two children
in june 1837 chopin visited london incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer camille pleyel where he played at a musical soiree at the house of english piano maker james broadwood . on his return to paris , his association with sand began in earnest , and by the end of june 1838 they had become lovers . sand , who was six years older than the composer , and who had had a series of lovers , wrote at this time : " i must say i was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me . . . i have still not recovered from my astonishment , and if i were a proud person i should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away . . . " the two spent a miserable winter on majorca ( 8 november 1838 to 13 february 1839 ) , where , together with sand ' s two children , they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of chopin and that of sand ' s 15 - year - old son maurice , and also to escape the threats of sand ' s former lover felicien mallefille . after discovering that the couple were not married , the deeply traditional catholic people of majorca became inhospitable , making accommodation difficult to find . this compelled the group to take lodgings in a former carthusian monastery in valldemossa , which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather . [ sep ] felicien mallefille .
in june 1837 chopin visited london incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer camille pleyel where he played at a musical soiree at the house of english piano maker james broadwood . on his return to paris , his association with sand began in earnest , and by the end of june 1838 they had become lovers . sand , who was six years older than the composer , and who had had a series of lovers , wrote at this time : " i must say i was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me . . . i have still not recovered from my astonishment , and if i were a proud person i should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away . . . " the two spent a miserable winter on majorca ( 8 november 1838 to 13 february 1839 ) , where , together with sand ' s two children , they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of chopin and that of sand ' s 15 - year - old son maurice , and also to escape the threats of sand ' s former lover felicien mallefille . after discovering that the couple were not married , the deeply traditional catholic people of majorca became inhospitable , making accommodation difficult to find . this compelled the group to take lodgings in a former carthusian monastery in valldemossa , which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather . [ sep ] a former carthusian monastery
on 3 december , chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in majorca : " three doctors have visited me . . . the first said i was dead ; the second said i was dying ; and the third said i was about to die . " he also had problems having his pleyel piano sent to him . it finally arrived from paris in december . chopin wrote to pleyel in january 1839 : " i am sending you my preludes [ ( op . 28 ) ] . i finished them on your little piano , which arrived in the best possible condition in spite of the sea , the bad weather and the palma customs . " chopin was also able to undertake work on his ballade no . 2 , op . 38 ; two polonaises , op . 40 ; and the scherzo no . 3 , op . 39 . [ sep ] his bad health
on 3 december , chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in majorca : " three doctors have visited me . . . the first said i was dead ; the second said i was dying ; and the third said i was about to die . " he also had problems having his pleyel piano sent to him . it finally arrived from paris in december . chopin wrote to pleyel in january 1839 : " i am sending you my preludes [ ( op . 28 ) ] . i finished them on your little piano , which arrived in the best possible condition in spite of the sea , the bad weather and the palma customs . " chopin was also able to undertake work on his ballade no . 2 , op . 38 ; two polonaises , op . 40 ; and the scherzo no . 3 , op . 39 . [ sep ] his pleyel piano
on 3 december , chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in majorca : " three doctors have visited me . . . the first said i was dead ; the second said i was dying ; and the third said i was about to die . " he also had problems having his pleyel piano sent to him . it finally arrived from paris in december . chopin wrote to pleyel in january 1839 : " i am sending you my preludes [ ( op . 28 ) ] . i finished them on your little piano , which arrived in the best possible condition in spite of the sea , the bad weather and the palma customs . " chopin was also able to undertake work on his ballade no . 2 , op . 38 ; two polonaises , op . 40 ; and the scherzo no . 3 , op . 39 . [ sep ] december
on 3 december , chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in majorca : " three doctors have visited me . . . the first said i was dead ; the second said i was dying ; and the third said i was about to die . " he also had problems having his pleyel piano sent to him . it finally arrived from paris in december . chopin wrote to pleyel in january 1839 : " i am sending you my preludes [ ( op . 28 ) ] . i finished them on your little piano , which arrived in the best possible condition in spite of the sea , the bad weather and the palma customs . " chopin was also able to undertake work on his ballade no . 2 , op . 38 ; two polonaises , op . 40 ; and the scherzo no . 3 , op . 39 . [ sep ] pleyel
although this period had been productive , the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on chopin ' s health that sand determined to leave the island . to avoid further customs duties , sand sold the piano to a local french couple , the canuts . [ n 8 ] the group traveled first to barcelona , then to marseilles , where they stayed for a few months while chopin convalesced . in may 1839 they headed for the summer to sand ' s estate at nohant , where they spent most summers until 1846 . in autumn they returned to paris , where chopin ' s apartment at 5 rue tronchet was close to sand ' s rented accommodation at the rue pigalle . he frequently visited sand in the evenings , but both retained some independence . in 1842 he and sand moved to the square d ' orleans , living in adjacent buildings . [ sep ] the bad weather
although this period had been productive , the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on chopin ' s health that sand determined to leave the island . to avoid further customs duties , sand sold the piano to a local french couple , the canuts . [ n 8 ] the group traveled first to barcelona , then to marseilles , where they stayed for a few months while chopin convalesced . in may 1839 they headed for the summer to sand ' s estate at nohant , where they spent most summers until 1846 . in autumn they returned to paris , where chopin ' s apartment at 5 rue tronchet was close to sand ' s rented accommodation at the rue pigalle . he frequently visited sand in the evenings , but both retained some independence . in 1842 he and sand moved to the square d ' orleans , living in adjacent buildings . [ sep ] the canuts .
although this period had been productive , the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on chopin ' s health that sand determined to leave the island . to avoid further customs duties , sand sold the piano to a local french couple , the canuts . [ n 8 ] the group traveled first to barcelona , then to marseilles , where they stayed for a few months while chopin convalesced . in may 1839 they headed for the summer to sand ' s estate at nohant , where they spent most summers until 1846 . in autumn they returned to paris , where chopin ' s apartment at 5 rue tronchet was close to sand ' s rented accommodation at the rue pigalle . he frequently visited sand in the evenings , but both retained some independence . in 1842 he and sand moved to the square d ' orleans , living in adjacent buildings . [ sep ] marseilles
although this period had been productive , the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on chopin ' s health that sand determined to leave the island . to avoid further customs duties , sand sold the piano to a local french couple , the canuts . [ n 8 ] the group traveled first to barcelona , then to marseilles , where they stayed for a few months while chopin convalesced . in may 1839 they headed for the summer to sand ' s estate at nohant , where they spent most summers until 1846 . in autumn they returned to paris , where chopin ' s apartment at 5 rue tronchet was close to sand ' s rented accommodation at the rue pigalle . he frequently visited sand in the evenings , but both retained some independence . in 1842 he and sand moved to the square d ' orleans , living in adjacent buildings . [ sep ] square d ' orleans
although this period had been productive , the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on chopin ' s health that sand determined to leave the island . to avoid further customs duties , sand sold the piano to a local french couple , the canuts . [ n 8 ] the group traveled first to barcelona , then to marseilles , where they stayed for a few months while chopin convalesced . in may 1839 they headed for the summer to sand ' s estate at nohant , where they spent most summers until 1846 . in autumn they returned to paris , where chopin ' s apartment at 5 rue tronchet was close to sand ' s rented accommodation at the rue pigalle . he frequently visited sand in the evenings , but both retained some independence . in 1842 he and sand moved to the square d ' orleans , living in adjacent buildings . [ sep ] nohant
at the funeral of the tenor adolphe nourrit in paris in 1839 , chopin made a rare appearance at the organ , playing a transcription of franz schubert ' s lied die gestirne . on 26 july 1840 chopin and sand were present at the dress rehearsal of berlioz ' s grande symphonie funebre et triomphale , composed to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the july revolution . chopin was reportedly unimpressed with the composition . [ sep ] adolphe nourrit
at the funeral of the tenor adolphe nourrit in paris in 1839 , chopin made a rare appearance at the organ , playing a transcription of franz schubert ' s lied die gestirne . on 26 july 1840 chopin and sand were present at the dress rehearsal of berlioz ' s grande symphonie funebre et triomphale , composed to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the july revolution . chopin was reportedly unimpressed with the composition . [ sep ] franz schubert ' s lied die gestirne .
at the funeral of the tenor adolphe nourrit in paris in 1839 , chopin made a rare appearance at the organ , playing a transcription of franz schubert ' s lied die gestirne . on 26 july 1840 chopin and sand were present at the dress rehearsal of berlioz ' s grande symphonie funebre et triomphale , composed to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the july revolution . chopin was reportedly unimpressed with the composition . [ sep ] berlioz ' s grande symphonie funebre et triomphale
at the funeral of the tenor adolphe nourrit in paris in 1839 , chopin made a rare appearance at the organ , playing a transcription of franz schubert ' s lied die gestirne . on 26 july 1840 chopin and sand were present at the dress rehearsal of berlioz ' s grande symphonie funebre et triomphale , composed to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the july revolution . chopin was reportedly unimpressed with the composition . [ sep ] the july revolution .
during the summers at nohant , particularly in the years 1839 – 43 , chopin found quiet , productive days during which he composed many works , including his polonaise in a - flat major , op . 53 . among the visitors to nohant were delacroix and the mezzo - soprano pauline viardot , whom chopin had advised on piano technique and composition . delacroix gives an account of staying at nohant in a letter of 7 june 1842 : [ sep ] delacroix and the mezzo - soprano pauline viardot
during the summers at nohant , particularly in the years 1839 – 43 , chopin found quiet , productive days during which he composed many works , including his polonaise in a - flat major , op . 53 . among the visitors to nohant were delacroix and the mezzo - soprano pauline viardot , whom chopin had advised on piano technique and composition . delacroix gives an account of staying at nohant in a letter of 7 june 1842 : [ sep ] piano technique and composition .
during the summers at nohant , particularly in the years 1839 – 43 , chopin found quiet , productive days during which he composed many works , including his polonaise in a - flat major , op . 53 . among the visitors to nohant were delacroix and the mezzo - soprano pauline viardot , whom chopin had advised on piano technique and composition . delacroix gives an account of staying at nohant in a letter of 7 june 1842 : [ sep ] delacroix
from 1842 onwards , chopin showed signs of serious illness . after a solo recital in paris on 21 february 1842 , he wrote to grzymała : " i have to lie in bed all day long , my mouth and tonsils are aching so much . " he was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from alkan to participate in a repeat performance of the beethoven seventh symphony arrangement at erard ' s on 1 march 1843 . late in 1844 , charles halle visited chopin and found him " hardly able to move , bent like a half - opened penknife and evidently in great pain " , although his spirits returned when he started to play the piano for his visitor . chopin ' s health continued to deteriorate , particularly from this time onwards . modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses , he may also have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy . [ sep ] from 1842 onwards
from 1842 onwards , chopin showed signs of serious illness . after a solo recital in paris on 21 february 1842 , he wrote to grzymała : " i have to lie in bed all day long , my mouth and tonsils are aching so much . " he was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from alkan to participate in a repeat performance of the beethoven seventh symphony arrangement at erard ' s on 1 march 1843 . late in 1844 , charles halle visited chopin and found him " hardly able to move , bent like a half - opened penknife and evidently in great pain " , although his spirits returned when he started to play the piano for his visitor . chopin ' s health continued to deteriorate , particularly from this time onwards . modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses , he may also have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy . [ sep ] mouth and tonsils
from 1842 onwards , chopin showed signs of serious illness . after a solo recital in paris on 21 february 1842 , he wrote to grzymała : " i have to lie in bed all day long , my mouth and tonsils are aching so much . " he was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from alkan to participate in a repeat performance of the beethoven seventh symphony arrangement at erard ' s on 1 march 1843 . late in 1844 , charles halle visited chopin and found him " hardly able to move , bent like a half - opened penknife and evidently in great pain " , although his spirits returned when he started to play the piano for his visitor . chopin ' s health continued to deteriorate , particularly from this time onwards . modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses , he may also have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy . [ sep ] alkan
from 1842 onwards , chopin showed signs of serious illness . after a solo recital in paris on 21 february 1842 , he wrote to grzymała : " i have to lie in bed all day long , my mouth and tonsils are aching so much . " he was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from alkan to participate in a repeat performance of the beethoven seventh symphony arrangement at erard ' s on 1 march 1843 . late in 1844 , charles halle visited chopin and found him " hardly able to move , bent like a half - opened penknife and evidently in great pain " , although his spirits returned when he started to play the piano for his visitor . chopin ' s health continued to deteriorate , particularly from this time onwards . modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses , he may also have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy . [ sep ] charles halle
from 1842 onwards , chopin showed signs of serious illness . after a solo recital in paris on 21 february 1842 , he wrote to grzymała : " i have to lie in bed all day long , my mouth and tonsils are aching so much . " he was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from alkan to participate in a repeat performance of the beethoven seventh symphony arrangement at erard ' s on 1 march 1843 . late in 1844 , charles halle visited chopin and found him " hardly able to move , bent like a half - opened penknife and evidently in great pain " , although his spirits returned when he started to play the piano for his visitor . chopin ' s health continued to deteriorate , particularly from this time onwards . modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses , he may also have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy . [ sep ] temporal lobe epilepsy .
chopin ' s relations with sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter solange and solange ' s fiance , the young fortune - hunting sculptor auguste clesinger . the composer frequently took solange ' s side in quarrels with her mother ; he also faced jealousy from sand ' s son maurice . chopin was utterly indifferent to sand ' s radical political pursuits , while sand looked on his society friends with disdain . as the composer ' s illness progressed , sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to chopin , whom she called her " third child " . in letters to third parties , she vented her impatience , referring to him as a " child , " a " little angel " , a " sufferer " and a " beloved little corpse . " in 1847 sand published her novel lucrezia floriani , whose main characters — a rich actress and a prince in weak health — could be interpreted as sand and chopin ; the story was uncomplimentary to chopin , who could not have missed the allusions as he helped sand correct the printer ' s galleys . in 1847 he did not visit nohant , and he quietly ended their ten - year relationship following an angry correspondence which , in sand ' s words , made " a strange conclusion to nine years of exclusive friendship . " the two would never meet again . [ sep ] auguste clesinger .
chopin ' s relations with sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter solange and solange ' s fiance , the young fortune - hunting sculptor auguste clesinger . the composer frequently took solange ' s side in quarrels with her mother ; he also faced jealousy from sand ' s son maurice . chopin was utterly indifferent to sand ' s radical political pursuits , while sand looked on his society friends with disdain . as the composer ' s illness progressed , sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to chopin , whom she called her " third child " . in letters to third parties , she vented her impatience , referring to him as a " child , " a " little angel " , a " sufferer " and a " beloved little corpse . " in 1847 sand published her novel lucrezia floriani , whose main characters — a rich actress and a prince in weak health — could be interpreted as sand and chopin ; the story was uncomplimentary to chopin , who could not have missed the allusions as he helped sand correct the printer ' s galleys . in 1847 he did not visit nohant , and he quietly ended their ten - year relationship following an angry correspondence which , in sand ' s words , made " a strange conclusion to nine years of exclusive friendship . " the two would never meet again . [ sep ] nurse
chopin ' s relations with sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter solange and solange ' s fiance , the young fortune - hunting sculptor auguste clesinger . the composer frequently took solange ' s side in quarrels with her mother ; he also faced jealousy from sand ' s son maurice . chopin was utterly indifferent to sand ' s radical political pursuits , while sand looked on his society friends with disdain . as the composer ' s illness progressed , sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to chopin , whom she called her " third child " . in letters to third parties , she vented her impatience , referring to him as a " child , " a " little angel " , a " sufferer " and a " beloved little corpse . " in 1847 sand published her novel lucrezia floriani , whose main characters — a rich actress and a prince in weak health — could be interpreted as sand and chopin ; the story was uncomplimentary to chopin , who could not have missed the allusions as he helped sand correct the printer ' s galleys . in 1847 he did not visit nohant , and he quietly ended their ten - year relationship following an angry correspondence which , in sand ' s words , made " a strange conclusion to nine years of exclusive friendship . " the two would never meet again . [ sep ] lucrezia floriani
chopin ' s relations with sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter solange and solange ' s fiance , the young fortune - hunting sculptor auguste clesinger . the composer frequently took solange ' s side in quarrels with her mother ; he also faced jealousy from sand ' s son maurice . chopin was utterly indifferent to sand ' s radical political pursuits , while sand looked on his society friends with disdain . as the composer ' s illness progressed , sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to chopin , whom she called her " third child " . in letters to third parties , she vented her impatience , referring to him as a " child , " a " little angel " , a " sufferer " and a " beloved little corpse . " in 1847 sand published her novel lucrezia floriani , whose main characters — a rich actress and a prince in weak health — could be interpreted as sand and chopin ; the story was uncomplimentary to chopin , who could not have missed the allusions as he helped sand correct the printer ' s galleys . in 1847 he did not visit nohant , and he quietly ended their ten - year relationship following an angry correspondence which , in sand ' s words , made " a strange conclusion to nine years of exclusive friendship . " the two would never meet again . [ sep ] 1847
american idol is an american singing competition series created by simon fuller and produced by 19 entertainment , and is distributed by fremantlemedia north america . it began airing on fox on june 11 , 2002 , as an addition to the idols format based on the british series pop idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of american television . the concept of the series is to find new solo recording artists , with the winner being determined by the viewers in america . winners chosen by viewers through telephone , internet , and sms text voting were kelly clarkson , ruben studdard , fantasia barrino , carrie underwood , taylor hicks , jordin sparks , david cook , kris allen , lee dewyze , scotty mccreery , phillip phillips , candice glover , caleb johnson , and nick fradiani . [ sep ] 19 entertainment
american idol is an american singing competition series created by simon fuller and produced by 19 entertainment , and is distributed by fremantlemedia north america . it began airing on fox on june 11 , 2002 , as an addition to the idols format based on the british series pop idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of american television . the concept of the series is to find new solo recording artists , with the winner being determined by the viewers in america . winners chosen by viewers through telephone , internet , and sms text voting were kelly clarkson , ruben studdard , fantasia barrino , carrie underwood , taylor hicks , jordin sparks , david cook , kris allen , lee dewyze , scotty mccreery , phillip phillips , candice glover , caleb johnson , and nick fradiani . [ sep ] pop idol
american idol employs a panel of judges who critique the contestants ' performances . the original judges were record producer and music manager randy jackson , pop singer and choreographer paula abdul and music executive and manager simon cowell . the judging panel for the most recent season consisted of country singer keith urban , singer and actress jennifer lopez , and jazz singer harry connick , jr . the show was originally hosted by radio personality ryan seacrest and comedian brian dunkleman , with seacrest continuing on for the rest of the seasons . [ sep ] brian dunkleman
american idol employs a panel of judges who critique the contestants ' performances . the original judges were record producer and music manager randy jackson , pop singer and choreographer paula abdul and music executive and manager simon cowell . the judging panel for the most recent season consisted of country singer keith urban , singer and actress jennifer lopez , and jazz singer harry connick , jr . the show was originally hosted by radio personality ryan seacrest and comedian brian dunkleman , with seacrest continuing on for the rest of the seasons . [ sep ] paula abdul
american idol employs a panel of judges who critique the contestants ' performances . the original judges were record producer and music manager randy jackson , pop singer and choreographer paula abdul and music executive and manager simon cowell . the judging panel for the most recent season consisted of country singer keith urban , singer and actress jennifer lopez , and jazz singer harry connick , jr . the show was originally hosted by radio personality ryan seacrest and comedian brian dunkleman , with seacrest continuing on for the rest of the seasons . [ sep ] jennifer lopez
the success of american idol has been described as " unparalleled in broadcasting history " . the series was also said by a rival tv executive to be " the most impactful show in the history of television " . it has become a recognized springboard for launching the career of many artists as bona fide stars . according to billboard magazine , in its first ten years , " idol has spawned 345 billboard chart - toppers and a platoon of pop idols , including kelly clarkson , carrie underwood , chris daughtry , fantasia , ruben studdard , jennifer hudson , clay aiken , adam lambert and jordin sparks while remaining a tv ratings juggernaut . " [ sep ] carrie underwood
the success of american idol has been described as " unparalleled in broadcasting history " . the series was also said by a rival tv executive to be " the most impactful show in the history of television " . it has become a recognized springboard for launching the career of many artists as bona fide stars . according to billboard magazine , in its first ten years , " idol has spawned 345 billboard chart - toppers and a platoon of pop idols , including kelly clarkson , carrie underwood , chris daughtry , fantasia , ruben studdard , jennifer hudson , clay aiken , adam lambert and jordin sparks while remaining a tv ratings juggernaut . " [ sep ] fantasia
for an unprecedented eight consecutive years , from the 2003 – 04 television season through the 2010 – 11 season , either its performance or result show had been ranked number one in u . s . television ratings . the popularity of american idol however declined , and on may 11 , 2015 , fox announced that the series would conclude its run in its fifteenth season . [ sep ] 2015
for an unprecedented eight consecutive years , from the 2003 – 04 television season through the 2010 – 11 season , either its performance or result show had been ranked number one in u . s . television ratings . the popularity of american idol however declined , and on may 11 , 2015 , fox announced that the series would conclude its run in its fifteenth season . [ sep ] 15
american idol was based on the british show pop idol created by simon fuller , which was in turn inspired by the new zealand television singing competition popstars . television producer nigel lythgoe saw it in australia and helped bring it over to britain . fuller was inspired by the idea from popstars of employing a panel of judges to select singers in audition . he then added other elements , such as telephone voting by the viewing public ( which at the time was already in use in shows such as the eurovision song contest ) , the drama of backstories and real - life soap opera unfolding in real time . the show debuted in 2001 in britain with lythgoe as showrunner — the executive producer and production leader — and simon cowell as one of the judges , and was a big success with the viewing public . [ sep ] popstars
american idol was based on the british show pop idol created by simon fuller , which was in turn inspired by the new zealand television singing competition popstars . television producer nigel lythgoe saw it in australia and helped bring it over to britain . fuller was inspired by the idea from popstars of employing a panel of judges to select singers in audition . he then added other elements , such as telephone voting by the viewing public ( which at the time was already in use in shows such as the eurovision song contest ) , the drama of backstories and real - life soap opera unfolding in real time . the show debuted in 2001 in britain with lythgoe as showrunner — the executive producer and production leader — and simon cowell as one of the judges , and was a big success with the viewing public . [ sep ] simon fuller
american idol was based on the british show pop idol created by simon fuller , which was in turn inspired by the new zealand television singing competition popstars . television producer nigel lythgoe saw it in australia and helped bring it over to britain . fuller was inspired by the idea from popstars of employing a panel of judges to select singers in audition . he then added other elements , such as telephone voting by the viewing public ( which at the time was already in use in shows such as the eurovision song contest ) , the drama of backstories and real - life soap opera unfolding in real time . the show debuted in 2001 in britain with lythgoe as showrunner — the executive producer and production leader — and simon cowell as one of the judges , and was a big success with the viewing public . [ sep ] 2001
american idol was based on the british show pop idol created by simon fuller , which was in turn inspired by the new zealand television singing competition popstars . television producer nigel lythgoe saw it in australia and helped bring it over to britain . fuller was inspired by the idea from popstars of employing a panel of judges to select singers in audition . he then added other elements , such as telephone voting by the viewing public ( which at the time was already in use in shows such as the eurovision song contest ) , the drama of backstories and real - life soap opera unfolding in real time . the show debuted in 2001 in britain with lythgoe as showrunner — the executive producer and production leader — and simon cowell as one of the judges , and was a big success with the viewing public . [ sep ] simon cowell
american idol was based on the british show pop idol created by simon fuller , which was in turn inspired by the new zealand television singing competition popstars . television producer nigel lythgoe saw it in australia and helped bring it over to britain . fuller was inspired by the idea from popstars of employing a panel of judges to select singers in audition . he then added other elements , such as telephone voting by the viewing public ( which at the time was already in use in shows such as the eurovision song contest ) , the drama of backstories and real - life soap opera unfolding in real time . the show debuted in 2001 in britain with lythgoe as showrunner — the executive producer and production leader — and simon cowell as one of the judges , and was a big success with the viewing public . [ sep ] nigel lythgoe
in 2001 , fuller , cowell , and tv producer simon jones attempted to sell the pop idol format to the united states , but the idea was met with poor response from united states television networks . however , rupert murdoch , head of fox ' s parent company , was persuaded to buy the show by his daughter elisabeth , who was a fan of the british show . the show was renamed american idol : the search for a superstar and debuted in the summer of 2002 . cowell was initially offered the job as showrunner but refused ; lythgoe then took over that position . much to cowell ' s surprise , it became one of the hit shows for the summer that year . the show , with the personal engagement of the viewers with the contestants through voting , and the presence of the acid - tongued cowell as a judge , grew into a phenomenon . by 2004 , it had become the most - watched show in the u . s . , a position it then held on for seven consecutive seasons . [ sep ] seven
in 2001 , fuller , cowell , and tv producer simon jones attempted to sell the pop idol format to the united states , but the idea was met with poor response from united states television networks . however , rupert murdoch , head of fox ' s parent company , was persuaded to buy the show by his daughter elisabeth , who was a fan of the british show . the show was renamed american idol : the search for a superstar and debuted in the summer of 2002 . cowell was initially offered the job as showrunner but refused ; lythgoe then took over that position . much to cowell ' s surprise , it became one of the hit shows for the summer that year . the show , with the personal engagement of the viewers with the contestants through voting , and the presence of the acid - tongued cowell as a judge , grew into a phenomenon . by 2004 , it had become the most - watched show in the u . s . , a position it then held on for seven consecutive seasons . [ sep ] 2002
in 2001 , fuller , cowell , and tv producer simon jones attempted to sell the pop idol format to the united states , but the idea was met with poor response from united states television networks . however , rupert murdoch , head of fox ' s parent company , was persuaded to buy the show by his daughter elisabeth , who was a fan of the british show . the show was renamed american idol : the search for a superstar and debuted in the summer of 2002 . cowell was initially offered the job as showrunner but refused ; lythgoe then took over that position . much to cowell ' s surprise , it became one of the hit shows for the summer that year . the show , with the personal engagement of the viewers with the contestants through voting , and the presence of the acid - tongued cowell as a judge , grew into a phenomenon . by 2004 , it had become the most - watched show in the u . s . , a position it then held on for seven consecutive seasons . [ sep ] 2001
in 2001 , fuller , cowell , and tv producer simon jones attempted to sell the pop idol format to the united states , but the idea was met with poor response from united states television networks . however , rupert murdoch , head of fox ' s parent company , was persuaded to buy the show by his daughter elisabeth , who was a fan of the british show . the show was renamed american idol : the search for a superstar and debuted in the summer of 2002 . cowell was initially offered the job as showrunner but refused ; lythgoe then took over that position . much to cowell ' s surprise , it became one of the hit shows for the summer that year . the show , with the personal engagement of the viewers with the contestants through voting , and the presence of the acid - tongued cowell as a judge , grew into a phenomenon . by 2004 , it had become the most - watched show in the u . s . , a position it then held on for seven consecutive seasons . [ sep ] his daughter elisabeth
the show had originally planned on having four judges following the pop idol format ; however , only three judges had been found by the time of the audition round in the first season , namely randy jackson , paula abdul and simon cowell . a fourth judge , radio dj stryker , was originally chosen but he dropped out citing " image concerns " . in the second season , new york radio personality angie martinez had been hired as a fourth judge but withdrew only after a few days of auditions due to not being comfortable with giving out criticism . the show decided to continue with the three judges format until season eight . all three original judges stayed on the judging panel for eight seasons . [ sep ] eight
the show had originally planned on having four judges following the pop idol format ; however , only three judges had been found by the time of the audition round in the first season , namely randy jackson , paula abdul and simon cowell . a fourth judge , radio dj stryker , was originally chosen but he dropped out citing " image concerns " . in the second season , new york radio personality angie martinez had been hired as a fourth judge but withdrew only after a few days of auditions due to not being comfortable with giving out criticism . the show decided to continue with the three judges format until season eight . all three original judges stayed on the judging panel for eight seasons . [ sep ] four
the show had originally planned on having four judges following the pop idol format ; however , only three judges had been found by the time of the audition round in the first season , namely randy jackson , paula abdul and simon cowell . a fourth judge , radio dj stryker , was originally chosen but he dropped out citing " image concerns " . in the second season , new york radio personality angie martinez had been hired as a fourth judge but withdrew only after a few days of auditions due to not being comfortable with giving out criticism . the show decided to continue with the three judges format until season eight . all three original judges stayed on the judging panel for eight seasons . [ sep ] angie martinez
the show had originally planned on having four judges following the pop idol format ; however , only three judges had been found by the time of the audition round in the first season , namely randy jackson , paula abdul and simon cowell . a fourth judge , radio dj stryker , was originally chosen but he dropped out citing " image concerns " . in the second season , new york radio personality angie martinez had been hired as a fourth judge but withdrew only after a few days of auditions due to not being comfortable with giving out criticism . the show decided to continue with the three judges format until season eight . all three original judges stayed on the judging panel for eight seasons . [ sep ] stryker
in season eight , latin grammy award - nominated singer – songwriter and record producer kara dioguardi was added as a fourth judge . she stayed for two seasons and left the show before season ten . paula abdul left the show before season nine after failing to agree terms with the show producers . emmy award - winning talk show host ellen degeneres replaced paula abdul for that season , but left after just one season . on january 11 , 2010 , simon cowell announced that he was leaving the show to pursue introducing the american version of his show the x factor to the usa for 2011 . jennifer lopez and steven tyler joined the judging panel in season ten , but both left after two seasons . they were replaced by three new judges , mariah carey , nicki minaj and keith urban , who joined randy jackson in season 12 . however both carey and minaj left after one season , and randy jackson also announced that he would depart the show after twelve seasons as a judge but would return as a mentor . urban is the only judge from season 12 to return in season 13 . he was joined by previous judge jennifer lopez and former mentor harry connick , jr . . lopez , urban and connick , jr . all returned as judges for the show ' s fourteenth and fifteenth seasons . [ sep ] kara dioguardi
in season eight , latin grammy award - nominated singer – songwriter and record producer kara dioguardi was added as a fourth judge . she stayed for two seasons and left the show before season ten . paula abdul left the show before season nine after failing to agree terms with the show producers . emmy award - winning talk show host ellen degeneres replaced paula abdul for that season , but left after just one season . on january 11 , 2010 , simon cowell announced that he was leaving the show to pursue introducing the american version of his show the x factor to the usa for 2011 . jennifer lopez and steven tyler joined the judging panel in season ten , but both left after two seasons . they were replaced by three new judges , mariah carey , nicki minaj and keith urban , who joined randy jackson in season 12 . however both carey and minaj left after one season , and randy jackson also announced that he would depart the show after twelve seasons as a judge but would return as a mentor . urban is the only judge from season 12 to return in season 13 . he was joined by previous judge jennifer lopez and former mentor harry connick , jr . . lopez , urban and connick , jr . all returned as judges for the show ' s fourteenth and fifteenth seasons . [ sep ] ellen degeneres
in season eight , latin grammy award - nominated singer – songwriter and record producer kara dioguardi was added as a fourth judge . she stayed for two seasons and left the show before season ten . paula abdul left the show before season nine after failing to agree terms with the show producers . emmy award - winning talk show host ellen degeneres replaced paula abdul for that season , but left after just one season . on january 11 , 2010 , simon cowell announced that he was leaving the show to pursue introducing the american version of his show the x factor to the usa for 2011 . jennifer lopez and steven tyler joined the judging panel in season ten , but both left after two seasons . they were replaced by three new judges , mariah carey , nicki minaj and keith urban , who joined randy jackson in season 12 . however both carey and minaj left after one season , and randy jackson also announced that he would depart the show after twelve seasons as a judge but would return as a mentor . urban is the only judge from season 12 to return in season 13 . he was joined by previous judge jennifer lopez and former mentor harry connick , jr . . lopez , urban and connick , jr . all returned as judges for the show ' s fourteenth and fifteenth seasons . [ sep ] two
in season eight , latin grammy award - nominated singer – songwriter and record producer kara dioguardi was added as a fourth judge . she stayed for two seasons and left the show before season ten . paula abdul left the show before season nine after failing to agree terms with the show producers . emmy award - winning talk show host ellen degeneres replaced paula abdul for that season , but left after just one season . on january 11 , 2010 , simon cowell announced that he was leaving the show to pursue introducing the american version of his show the x factor to the usa for 2011 . jennifer lopez and steven tyler joined the judging panel in season ten , but both left after two seasons . they were replaced by three new judges , mariah carey , nicki minaj and keith urban , who joined randy jackson in season 12 . however both carey and minaj left after one season , and randy jackson also announced that he would depart the show after twelve seasons as a judge but would return as a mentor . urban is the only judge from season 12 to return in season 13 . he was joined by previous judge jennifer lopez and former mentor harry connick , jr . . lopez , urban and connick , jr . all returned as judges for the show ' s fourteenth and fifteenth seasons . [ sep ] 2010
in season eight , latin grammy award - nominated singer – songwriter and record producer kara dioguardi was added as a fourth judge . she stayed for two seasons and left the show before season ten . paula abdul left the show before season nine after failing to agree terms with the show producers . emmy award - winning talk show host ellen degeneres replaced paula abdul for that season , but left after just one season . on january 11 , 2010 , simon cowell announced that he was leaving the show to pursue introducing the american version of his show the x factor to the usa for 2011 . jennifer lopez and steven tyler joined the judging panel in season ten , but both left after two seasons . they were replaced by three new judges , mariah carey , nicki minaj and keith urban , who joined randy jackson in season 12 . however both carey and minaj left after one season , and randy jackson also announced that he would depart the show after twelve seasons as a judge but would return as a mentor . urban is the only judge from season 12 to return in season 13 . he was joined by previous judge jennifer lopez and former mentor harry connick , jr . . lopez , urban and connick , jr . all returned as judges for the show ' s fourteenth and fifteenth seasons . [ sep ] the x factor
guest judges may occasionally be introduced . in season two , guest judges such as lionel richie and robin gibb were used , and in season three donna summer , quentin tarantino and some of the mentors also joined as judges to critique the performances in the final rounds . guest judges were used in the audition rounds for seasons four , six , nine , and fourteen such as gene simmons and ll cool j in season four , jewel and olivia newton - john in season six , shania twain in season eight , neil patrick harris , avril lavigne and katy perry in season nine , and season eight runner - up , adam lambert , in season fourteen . [ sep ] season two
guest judges may occasionally be introduced . in season two , guest judges such as lionel richie and robin gibb were used , and in season three donna summer , quentin tarantino and some of the mentors also joined as judges to critique the performances in the final rounds . guest judges were used in the audition rounds for seasons four , six , nine , and fourteen such as gene simmons and ll cool j in season four , jewel and olivia newton - john in season six , shania twain in season eight , neil patrick harris , avril lavigne and katy perry in season nine , and season eight runner - up , adam lambert , in season fourteen . [ sep ] adam lambert
guest judges may occasionally be introduced . in season two , guest judges such as lionel richie and robin gibb were used , and in season three donna summer , quentin tarantino and some of the mentors also joined as judges to critique the performances in the final rounds . guest judges were used in the audition rounds for seasons four , six , nine , and fourteen such as gene simmons and ll cool j in season four , jewel and olivia newton - john in season six , shania twain in season eight , neil patrick harris , avril lavigne and katy perry in season nine , and season eight runner - up , adam lambert , in season fourteen . [ sep ] season three
guest judges may occasionally be introduced . in season two , guest judges such as lionel richie and robin gibb were used , and in season three donna summer , quentin tarantino and some of the mentors also joined as judges to critique the performances in the final rounds . guest judges were used in the audition rounds for seasons four , six , nine , and fourteen such as gene simmons and ll cool j in season four , jewel and olivia newton - john in season six , shania twain in season eight , neil patrick harris , avril lavigne and katy perry in season nine , and season eight runner - up , adam lambert , in season fourteen . [ sep ] season six
guest judges may occasionally be introduced . in season two , guest judges such as lionel richie and robin gibb were used , and in season three donna summer , quentin tarantino and some of the mentors also joined as judges to critique the performances in the final rounds . guest judges were used in the audition rounds for seasons four , six , nine , and fourteen such as gene simmons and ll cool j in season four , jewel and olivia newton - john in season six , shania twain in season eight , neil patrick harris , avril lavigne and katy perry in season nine , and season eight runner - up , adam lambert , in season fourteen . [ sep ] season nine
the first season was co - hosted by ryan seacrest and brian dunkleman . dunkleman quit thereafter , making seacrest the sole emcee of the show starting with season two . [ sep ] ryan seacrest
beginning in the tenth season [ citation needed ] , permanent mentors were brought in during the live shows to help guide the contestants with their song choice and performance . jimmy iovine was the mentor in the tenth through twelfth seasons , former judge randy jackson was the mentor for the thirteenth season and scott borchetta was the mentor for the fourteenth and fifteenth season . the mentors regularly bring in guest mentors to aid them , including akon , alicia keys , lady gaga , and current judge harry connick , jr . . [ sep ] randy jackson
beginning in the tenth season [ citation needed ] , permanent mentors were brought in during the live shows to help guide the contestants with their song choice and performance . jimmy iovine was the mentor in the tenth through twelfth seasons , former judge randy jackson was the mentor for the thirteenth season and scott borchetta was the mentor for the fourteenth and fifteenth season . the mentors regularly bring in guest mentors to aid them , including akon , alicia keys , lady gaga , and current judge harry connick , jr . . [ sep ] scott borchetta
the eligible age - range for contestants is currently fifteen to twenty - eight years old . the initial age limit was sixteen to twenty - four in the first three seasons , but the upper limit was raised to twenty - eight in season four , and the lower limit was reduced to fifteen in season ten . the contestants must be legal u . s . residents , cannot have advanced to particular stages of the competition in previous seasons ( varies depending on the season , currently by the semi - final stage until season thirteen ) , and must not hold any current recording or talent representation contract by the semi - final stage ( in previous years by the audition stage ) . [ sep ] twenty - eight
contestants go through at least three sets of cuts . the first is a brief audition with a few other contestants in front of selectors which may include one of the show ' s producers . although auditions can exceed 10 , 000 in each city , only a few hundred of these make it past the preliminary round of auditions . successful contestants then sing in front of producers , where more may be cut . only then can they proceed to audition in front of the judges , which is the only audition stage shown on television . those selected by the judges are sent to hollywood . between 10 – 60 people in each city may make it to hollywood [ citation needed ] . [ sep ] at least three
contestants go through at least three sets of cuts . the first is a brief audition with a few other contestants in front of selectors which may include one of the show ' s producers . although auditions can exceed 10 , 000 in each city , only a few hundred of these make it past the preliminary round of auditions . successful contestants then sing in front of producers , where more may be cut . only then can they proceed to audition in front of the judges , which is the only audition stage shown on television . those selected by the judges are sent to hollywood . between 10 – 60 people in each city may make it to hollywood [ citation needed ] . [ sep ] the judges
contestants go through at least three sets of cuts . the first is a brief audition with a few other contestants in front of selectors which may include one of the show ' s producers . although auditions can exceed 10 , 000 in each city , only a few hundred of these make it past the preliminary round of auditions . successful contestants then sing in front of producers , where more may be cut . only then can they proceed to audition in front of the judges , which is the only audition stage shown on television . those selected by the judges are sent to hollywood . between 10 – 60 people in each city may make it to hollywood [ citation needed ] . [ sep ] a few hundred
once in hollywood , the contestants perform individually or in groups in a series of rounds . until season ten , there were usually three rounds of eliminations in hollywood . in the first round the contestants emerged in groups but performed individually . for the next round , the contestants put themselves in small groups and perform a song together . in the final round , the contestants perform solo with a song of their choice a cappella or accompanied by a band — depending on the season . in seasons two and three , contestants were also asked to write original lyrics or melody in an additional round after the first round . in season seven , the group round was eliminated and contestants may , after a first solo performance and on judges approval , skip a second solo round and move directly to the final hollywood round . in season twelve , the executive producers split up the females and males and chose the members to form the groups in the group round . [ sep ] seven
once in hollywood , the contestants perform individually or in groups in a series of rounds . until season ten , there were usually three rounds of eliminations in hollywood . in the first round the contestants emerged in groups but performed individually . for the next round , the contestants put themselves in small groups and perform a song together . in the final round , the contestants perform solo with a song of their choice a cappella or accompanied by a band — depending on the season . in seasons two and three , contestants were also asked to write original lyrics or melody in an additional round after the first round . in season seven , the group round was eliminated and contestants may , after a first solo performance and on judges approval , skip a second solo round and move directly to the final hollywood round . in season twelve , the executive producers split up the females and males and chose the members to form the groups in the group round . [ sep ] two and three
once in hollywood , the contestants perform individually or in groups in a series of rounds . until season ten , there were usually three rounds of eliminations in hollywood . in the first round the contestants emerged in groups but performed individually . for the next round , the contestants put themselves in small groups and perform a song together . in the final round , the contestants perform solo with a song of their choice a cappella or accompanied by a band — depending on the season . in seasons two and three , contestants were also asked to write original lyrics or melody in an additional round after the first round . in season seven , the group round was eliminated and contestants may , after a first solo performance and on judges approval , skip a second solo round and move directly to the final hollywood round . in season twelve , the executive producers split up the females and males and chose the members to form the groups in the group round . [ sep ] usually three
once in hollywood , the contestants perform individually or in groups in a series of rounds . until season ten , there were usually three rounds of eliminations in hollywood . in the first round the contestants emerged in groups but performed individually . for the next round , the contestants put themselves in small groups and perform a song together . in the final round , the contestants perform solo with a song of their choice a cappella or accompanied by a band — depending on the season . in seasons two and three , contestants were also asked to write original lyrics or melody in an additional round after the first round . in season seven , the group round was eliminated and contestants may , after a first solo performance and on judges approval , skip a second solo round and move directly to the final hollywood round . in season twelve , the executive producers split up the females and males and chose the members to form the groups in the group round . [ sep ] twelve
in seasons ten and eleven , a further round was added in las vegas , where the contestants perform in groups based on a theme , followed by one final solo round to determine the semi - finalists . at the end of this stage of the competition , 24 to 36 contestants are selected to move on to the semi - final stage . in season twelve the las vegas round became a sudden death round , where the judges had to choose five guys and five girls each night ( four nights ) to make the top twenty . in season thirteen , a new round called " hollywood or home " was added , where if the judges were uncertain about some contestants , those contestants were required to perform soon after landing in los angeles , and those who failed to impress were sent back home before they reached hollywood . [ sep ] las vegas
in seasons ten and eleven , a further round was added in las vegas , where the contestants perform in groups based on a theme , followed by one final solo round to determine the semi - finalists . at the end of this stage of the competition , 24 to 36 contestants are selected to move on to the semi - final stage . in season twelve the las vegas round became a sudden death round , where the judges had to choose five guys and five girls each night ( four nights ) to make the top twenty . in season thirteen , a new round called " hollywood or home " was added , where if the judges were uncertain about some contestants , those contestants were required to perform soon after landing in los angeles , and those who failed to impress were sent back home before they reached hollywood . [ sep ] sudden death
in seasons ten and eleven , a further round was added in las vegas , where the contestants perform in groups based on a theme , followed by one final solo round to determine the semi - finalists . at the end of this stage of the competition , 24 to 36 contestants are selected to move on to the semi - final stage . in season twelve the las vegas round became a sudden death round , where the judges had to choose five guys and five girls each night ( four nights ) to make the top twenty . in season thirteen , a new round called " hollywood or home " was added , where if the judges were uncertain about some contestants , those contestants were required to perform soon after landing in los angeles , and those who failed to impress were sent back home before they reached hollywood . [ sep ] twelve
from the semi - finals onwards , the fate of the contestants is decided by public vote . during the contestant ' s performance as well as the recap at the end , a toll - free telephone number for each contestant is displayed on the screen . for a two - hour period after the episode ends ( up to four hours for the finale ) in each us time zone , viewers may call or send a text message to their preferred contestant ' s telephone number , and each call or text message is registered as a vote for that contestant . viewers are allowed to vote as many times as they can within the two - hour voting window . however , the show reserves the right to discard votes by power dialers . one or more of the least popular contestants may be eliminated in successive weeks until a winner emerges . over 110 million votes were cast in the first season , and by season ten the seasonal total had increased to nearly 750 million . voting via text messaging was made available in the second season when at & t wireless joined as a sponsor of the show , and 7 . 5 million text messages were sent to american idol that season . the number of text messages rapidly increased , reaching 178 million texts by season eight . online voting was offered for the first time in season ten . the votes are counted and verified by telescope inc . [ sep ] 178 million
from the semi - finals onwards , the fate of the contestants is decided by public vote . during the contestant ' s performance as well as the recap at the end , a toll - free telephone number for each contestant is displayed on the screen . for a two - hour period after the episode ends ( up to four hours for the finale ) in each us time zone , viewers may call or send a text message to their preferred contestant ' s telephone number , and each call or text message is registered as a vote for that contestant . viewers are allowed to vote as many times as they can within the two - hour voting window . however , the show reserves the right to discard votes by power dialers . one or more of the least popular contestants may be eliminated in successive weeks until a winner emerges . over 110 million votes were cast in the first season , and by season ten the seasonal total had increased to nearly 750 million . voting via text messaging was made available in the second season when at & t wireless joined as a sponsor of the show , and 7 . 5 million text messages were sent to american idol that season . the number of text messages rapidly increased , reaching 178 million texts by season eight . online voting was offered for the first time in season ten . the votes are counted and verified by telescope inc . [ sep ] ten
from the semi - finals onwards , the fate of the contestants is decided by public vote . during the contestant ' s performance as well as the recap at the end , a toll - free telephone number for each contestant is displayed on the screen . for a two - hour period after the episode ends ( up to four hours for the finale ) in each us time zone , viewers may call or send a text message to their preferred contestant ' s telephone number , and each call or text message is registered as a vote for that contestant . viewers are allowed to vote as many times as they can within the two - hour voting window . however , the show reserves the right to discard votes by power dialers . one or more of the least popular contestants may be eliminated in successive weeks until a winner emerges . over 110 million votes were cast in the first season , and by season ten the seasonal total had increased to nearly 750 million . voting via text messaging was made available in the second season when at & t wireless joined as a sponsor of the show , and 7 . 5 million text messages were sent to american idol that season . the number of text messages rapidly increased , reaching 178 million texts by season eight . online voting was offered for the first time in season ten . the votes are counted and verified by telescope inc . [ sep ] telescope inc
in the first three seasons , the semi - finalists were split into different groups to perform individually in their respective night . in season one , there were three groups of ten , with the top three contestants from each group making the finals . in seasons two and three , there were four groups of eight , and the top two of each selected . these seasons also featured a wildcard round , where contestants who failed to qualify were given another chance . in season one , only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the judges , giving a total of ten finalists . in seasons two and three , each of the three judges championed one contestant with the public advancing a fourth into the finals , making 12 finalists in all . [ sep ] ten
in the first three seasons , the semi - finalists were split into different groups to perform individually in their respective night . in season one , there were three groups of ten , with the top three contestants from each group making the finals . in seasons two and three , there were four groups of eight , and the top two of each selected . these seasons also featured a wildcard round , where contestants who failed to qualify were given another chance . in season one , only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the judges , giving a total of ten finalists . in seasons two and three , each of the three judges championed one contestant with the public advancing a fourth into the finals , making 12 finalists in all . [ sep ] wildcard
from seasons four to seven and nine , the twenty - four semi - finalists were divided by gender in order to ensure an equal gender division in the top twelve . the men and women sang separately on consecutive nights , and the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top twelve . [ sep ] twenty - four
from seasons four to seven and nine , the twenty - four semi - finalists were divided by gender in order to ensure an equal gender division in the top twelve . the men and women sang separately on consecutive nights , and the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top twelve . [ sep ] by gender
from seasons four to seven and nine , the twenty - four semi - finalists were divided by gender in order to ensure an equal gender division in the top twelve . the men and women sang separately on consecutive nights , and the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top twelve . [ sep ] six
from seasons four to seven and nine , the twenty - four semi - finalists were divided by gender in order to ensure an equal gender division in the top twelve . the men and women sang separately on consecutive nights , and the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top twelve . [ sep ] six
from seasons four to seven and nine , the twenty - four semi - finalists were divided by gender in order to ensure an equal gender division in the top twelve . the men and women sang separately on consecutive nights , and the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top twelve . [ sep ] twelve
the wildcard round returned in season eight , wherein there were three groups of twelve , with three contestants moving forward – the highest male , the highest female , and the next highest - placed singer - for each night , and four wildcards were chosen by the judges to produce a final 13 . starting season ten , the girls and boys perform on separate nights . in seasons ten and eleven , five of each gender were chosen , and three wildcards were chosen by the judges to form a final 13 . in season twelve , the top twenty semifinalists were split into gender groups , with five of each gender advancing to form the final 10 . in season thirteen , there were thirty semifinalists , but only twenty semifinalists ( ten for each gender ) were chosen by the judges to perform on the live shows , with five in each gender and three wildcards chosen by the judges composing the final 13 . [ sep ] four
the wildcard round returned in season eight , wherein there were three groups of twelve , with three contestants moving forward – the highest male , the highest female , and the next highest - placed singer - for each night , and four wildcards were chosen by the judges to produce a final 13 . starting season ten , the girls and boys perform on separate nights . in seasons ten and eleven , five of each gender were chosen , and three wildcards were chosen by the judges to form a final 13 . in season twelve , the top twenty semifinalists were split into gender groups , with five of each gender advancing to form the final 10 . in season thirteen , there were thirty semifinalists , but only twenty semifinalists ( ten for each gender ) were chosen by the judges to perform on the live shows , with five in each gender and three wildcards chosen by the judges composing the final 13 . [ sep ] three
the wildcard round returned in season eight , wherein there were three groups of twelve , with three contestants moving forward – the highest male , the highest female , and the next highest - placed singer - for each night , and four wildcards were chosen by the judges to produce a final 13 . starting season ten , the girls and boys perform on separate nights . in seasons ten and eleven , five of each gender were chosen , and three wildcards were chosen by the judges to form a final 13 . in season twelve , the top twenty semifinalists were split into gender groups , with five of each gender advancing to form the final 10 . in season thirteen , there were thirty semifinalists , but only twenty semifinalists ( ten for each gender ) were chosen by the judges to perform on the live shows , with five in each gender and three wildcards chosen by the judges composing the final 13 . [ sep ] five
the wildcard round returned in season eight , wherein there were three groups of twelve , with three contestants moving forward – the highest male , the highest female , and the next highest - placed singer - for each night , and four wildcards were chosen by the judges to produce a final 13 . starting season ten , the girls and boys perform on separate nights . in seasons ten and eleven , five of each gender were chosen , and three wildcards were chosen by the judges to form a final 13 . in season twelve , the top twenty semifinalists were split into gender groups , with five of each gender advancing to form the final 10 . in season thirteen , there were thirty semifinalists , but only twenty semifinalists ( ten for each gender ) were chosen by the judges to perform on the live shows , with five in each gender and three wildcards chosen by the judges composing the final 13 . [ sep ] thirteen
the finals are broadcast in prime time from cbs television city in los angeles , in front of a live studio audience . the finals lasted eight weeks in season one , eleven weeks in subsequent seasons until seasons ten and eleven which lasted twelve weeks except for season twelve , which lasted ten weeks , and season thirteen , which lasted for thirteen weeks . each finalist performs songs based on a weekly theme which may be a musical genre such as motown , disco , or big band , songs by artists such as michael jackson , elvis presley or the beatles , or more general themes such as billboard number 1 hits or songs from the contestant ' s year of birth . contestants usually work with a celebrity mentor related to the theme . in season ten , jimmy iovine was brought in as a mentor for the season . initially the contestants sing one song each week , but this is increased to two songs from top four or five onwards , then three songs for the top two or three . [ sep ] cbs television city
the finals are broadcast in prime time from cbs television city in los angeles , in front of a live studio audience . the finals lasted eight weeks in season one , eleven weeks in subsequent seasons until seasons ten and eleven which lasted twelve weeks except for season twelve , which lasted ten weeks , and season thirteen , which lasted for thirteen weeks . each finalist performs songs based on a weekly theme which may be a musical genre such as motown , disco , or big band , songs by artists such as michael jackson , elvis presley or the beatles , or more general themes such as billboard number 1 hits or songs from the contestant ' s year of birth . contestants usually work with a celebrity mentor related to the theme . in season ten , jimmy iovine was brought in as a mentor for the season . initially the contestants sing one song each week , but this is increased to two songs from top four or five onwards , then three songs for the top two or three . [ sep ] jimmy iovine
the finals are broadcast in prime time from cbs television city in los angeles , in front of a live studio audience . the finals lasted eight weeks in season one , eleven weeks in subsequent seasons until seasons ten and eleven which lasted twelve weeks except for season twelve , which lasted ten weeks , and season thirteen , which lasted for thirteen weeks . each finalist performs songs based on a weekly theme which may be a musical genre such as motown , disco , or big band , songs by artists such as michael jackson , elvis presley or the beatles , or more general themes such as billboard number 1 hits or songs from the contestant ' s year of birth . contestants usually work with a celebrity mentor related to the theme . in season ten , jimmy iovine was brought in as a mentor for the season . initially the contestants sing one song each week , but this is increased to two songs from top four or five onwards , then three songs for the top two or three . [ sep ] thirteen
the finals are broadcast in prime time from cbs television city in los angeles , in front of a live studio audience . the finals lasted eight weeks in season one , eleven weeks in subsequent seasons until seasons ten and eleven which lasted twelve weeks except for season twelve , which lasted ten weeks , and season thirteen , which lasted for thirteen weeks . each finalist performs songs based on a weekly theme which may be a musical genre such as motown , disco , or big band , songs by artists such as michael jackson , elvis presley or the beatles , or more general themes such as billboard number 1 hits or songs from the contestant ' s year of birth . contestants usually work with a celebrity mentor related to the theme . in season ten , jimmy iovine was brought in as a mentor for the season . initially the contestants sing one song each week , but this is increased to two songs from top four or five onwards , then three songs for the top two or three . [ sep ] eight
the most popular contestants are usually not revealed in the results show . instead , typically the three contestants ( two in later rounds ) who received the lowest number of votes are called to the center of the stage . one of these three is usually sent to safety ; however the two remaining are not necessarily the bottom two . the contestant with the fewest votes is then revealed and eliminated from the competition . a montage of the eliminated contestant ' s time on the show is played and they give their final performance . however , in season six , during the series ' first ever idol gives back episode , no contestant was eliminated , but on the following week , two were sent home . moreover , starting in season eight , the judges may overturn viewers ' decision with a " judges ' save " if they unanimously agree to . " the save " can only be used once , and only up through the top five . in the eighth , ninth , tenth , and fourteenth seasons , a double elimination then took place in the week following the activation of the save , but in the eleventh and thirteenth seasons , a regular single elimination took place . the save was not activated in the twelfth season and consequently , a non - elimination took place in the week after its expiration with the votes then carrying over into the following week . [ sep ] eight
the most popular contestants are usually not revealed in the results show . instead , typically the three contestants ( two in later rounds ) who received the lowest number of votes are called to the center of the stage . one of these three is usually sent to safety ; however the two remaining are not necessarily the bottom two . the contestant with the fewest votes is then revealed and eliminated from the competition . a montage of the eliminated contestant ' s time on the show is played and they give their final performance . however , in season six , during the series ' first ever idol gives back episode , no contestant was eliminated , but on the following week , two were sent home . moreover , starting in season eight , the judges may overturn viewers ' decision with a " judges ' save " if they unanimously agree to . " the save " can only be used once , and only up through the top five . in the eighth , ninth , tenth , and fourteenth seasons , a double elimination then took place in the week following the activation of the save , but in the eleventh and thirteenth seasons , a regular single elimination took place . the save was not activated in the twelfth season and consequently , a non - elimination took place in the week after its expiration with the votes then carrying over into the following week . [ sep ] once
the " fan save " was introduced in the fourteenth season . during the finals , viewers are given a five - minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination by using their twitter account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show , starting with the top 8 . [ sep ] fourteen
the " fan save " was introduced in the fourteenth season . during the finals , viewers are given a five - minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination by using their twitter account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show , starting with the top 8 . [ sep ] twitter
the finale is the two - hour last episode of the season , culminating in revealing the winner . for seasons one , three through six , and fourteen , it was broadcast from the dolby theatre , which has an audience capacity of approximately 3 , 400 . the finale for season two took place at the gibson amphitheatre , which has an audience capacity of over 6 , 000 . in seasons seven through thirteen , the venue was at the nokia theatre , which holds an audience of over 7 , 000 . [ sep ] the nokia theatre
the finale is the two - hour last episode of the season , culminating in revealing the winner . for seasons one , three through six , and fourteen , it was broadcast from the dolby theatre , which has an audience capacity of approximately 3 , 400 . the finale for season two took place at the gibson amphitheatre , which has an audience capacity of over 6 , 000 . in seasons seven through thirteen , the venue was at the nokia theatre , which holds an audience of over 7 , 000 . [ sep ] 3 , 400
the finale is the two - hour last episode of the season , culminating in revealing the winner . for seasons one , three through six , and fourteen , it was broadcast from the dolby theatre , which has an audience capacity of approximately 3 , 400 . the finale for season two took place at the gibson amphitheatre , which has an audience capacity of over 6 , 000 . in seasons seven through thirteen , the venue was at the nokia theatre , which holds an audience of over 7 , 000 . [ sep ] the finale
the winner receives a record deal with a major label , which may be for up to six albums , and secures a management contract with american idol - affiliated 19 management ( which has the right of first refusal to sign all contestants ) , as well as various lucrative contracts . all winners prior to season nine reportedly earned at least $ 1 million in their first year as winner . all the runners - up of the first ten seasons , as well as some of other finalists , have also received record deals with major labels . however , starting in season 11 , the runner - up may only be guaranteed a single - only deal . bmg / sony ( seasons 1 – 9 ) and umg ( season 10 – ) had the right of first refusal to sign contestants for three months after the season ' s finale . starting in the fourteenth season , the winner was signed with big machine records . prominent music mogul clive davis also produced some of the selected contestants ' albums , such as kelly clarkson , clay aiken , fantasia barrino and diana degarmo . all top 10 ( 11 in seasons 10 and 12 ) finalists earn the privilege of going on a tour , where the participants may each earn a six - figure sum . [ sep ] 19 management
the winner receives a record deal with a major label , which may be for up to six albums , and secures a management contract with american idol - affiliated 19 management ( which has the right of first refusal to sign all contestants ) , as well as various lucrative contracts . all winners prior to season nine reportedly earned at least $ 1 million in their first year as winner . all the runners - up of the first ten seasons , as well as some of other finalists , have also received record deals with major labels . however , starting in season 11 , the runner - up may only be guaranteed a single - only deal . bmg / sony ( seasons 1 – 9 ) and umg ( season 10 – ) had the right of first refusal to sign contestants for three months after the season ' s finale . starting in the fourteenth season , the winner was signed with big machine records . prominent music mogul clive davis also produced some of the selected contestants ' albums , such as kelly clarkson , clay aiken , fantasia barrino and diana degarmo . all top 10 ( 11 in seasons 10 and 12 ) finalists earn the privilege of going on a tour , where the participants may each earn a six - figure sum . [ sep ] big machine records
the winner receives a record deal with a major label , which may be for up to six albums , and secures a management contract with american idol - affiliated 19 management ( which has the right of first refusal to sign all contestants ) , as well as various lucrative contracts . all winners prior to season nine reportedly earned at least $ 1 million in their first year as winner . all the runners - up of the first ten seasons , as well as some of other finalists , have also received record deals with major labels . however , starting in season 11 , the runner - up may only be guaranteed a single - only deal . bmg / sony ( seasons 1 – 9 ) and umg ( season 10 – ) had the right of first refusal to sign contestants for three months after the season ' s finale . starting in the fourteenth season , the winner was signed with big machine records . prominent music mogul clive davis also produced some of the selected contestants ' albums , such as kelly clarkson , clay aiken , fantasia barrino and diana degarmo . all top 10 ( 11 in seasons 10 and 12 ) finalists earn the privilege of going on a tour , where the participants may each earn a six - figure sum . [ sep ] three months
each season premieres with the audition round , taking place in different cities . the audition episodes typically feature a mix of potential finalists , interesting characters and woefully inadequate contestants . each successful contestant receives a golden ticket to proceed on to the next round in hollywood . based on their performances during the hollywood round ( las vegas round for seasons 10 onwards ) , 24 to 36 contestants are selected by the judges to participate in the semifinals . from the semifinal onwards the contestants perform their songs live , with the judges making their critiques after each performance . the contestants are voted for by the viewing public , and the outcome of the public votes is then revealed in the results show typically on the following night . the results shows feature group performances by the contestants as well as guest performers . the top - three results show also features the homecoming events for the top 3 finalists . the season reaches its climax in a two - hour results finale show , where the winner of the season is revealed . [ sep ] a golden ticket
with the exception of seasons one and two , the contestants in the semifinals onwards perform in front of a studio audience . they perform with a full band in the finals . from season four to season nine , the american idol band was led by rickey minor ; from season ten onwards , ray chew . assistance may also be given by vocal coaches and song arrangers , such as michael orland and debra byrd to contestants behind the scene . starting with season seven , contestants may perform with a musical instrument from the hollywood rounds onwards . in the first nine seasons , performances were usually aired live on tuesday nights , followed by the results shows on wednesdays in the united states and canada , but moved to wednesdays and thursdays in season ten . [ sep ] seven
with the exception of seasons one and two , the contestants in the semifinals onwards perform in front of a studio audience . they perform with a full band in the finals . from season four to season nine , the american idol band was led by rickey minor ; from season ten onwards , ray chew . assistance may also be given by vocal coaches and song arrangers , such as michael orland and debra byrd to contestants behind the scene . starting with season seven , contestants may perform with a musical instrument from the hollywood rounds onwards . in the first nine seasons , performances were usually aired live on tuesday nights , followed by the results shows on wednesdays in the united states and canada , but moved to wednesdays and thursdays in season ten . [ sep ] ray chew
with the exception of seasons one and two , the contestants in the semifinals onwards perform in front of a studio audience . they perform with a full band in the finals . from season four to season nine , the american idol band was led by rickey minor ; from season ten onwards , ray chew . assistance may also be given by vocal coaches and song arrangers , such as michael orland and debra byrd to contestants behind the scene . starting with season seven , contestants may perform with a musical instrument from the hollywood rounds onwards . in the first nine seasons , performances were usually aired live on tuesday nights , followed by the results shows on wednesdays in the united states and canada , but moved to wednesdays and thursdays in season ten . [ sep ] ten
with the exception of seasons one and two , the contestants in the semifinals onwards perform in front of a studio audience . they perform with a full band in the finals . from season four to season nine , the american idol band was led by rickey minor ; from season ten onwards , ray chew . assistance may also be given by vocal coaches and song arrangers , such as michael orland and debra byrd to contestants behind the scene . starting with season seven , contestants may perform with a musical instrument from the hollywood rounds onwards . in the first nine seasons , performances were usually aired live on tuesday nights , followed by the results shows on wednesdays in the united states and canada , but moved to wednesdays and thursdays in season ten . [ sep ] rickey minor
the first season of american idol debuted as a summer replacement show in june 2002 on the fox network . it was co - hosted by ryan seacrest and brian dunkleman . [ sep ] fox
the first season of american idol debuted as a summer replacement show in june 2002 on the fox network . it was co - hosted by ryan seacrest and brian dunkleman . [ sep ] 2002
the first season of american idol debuted as a summer replacement show in june 2002 on the fox network . it was co - hosted by ryan seacrest and brian dunkleman . [ sep ] brian dunkleman
in the audition rounds , 121 contestants were selected from around 10 , 000 who attended the auditions . these were cut to 30 for the semifinal , with ten going on to the finals . one semifinalist , delano cagnolatti , was disqualified for lying to evade the show ' s age limit . one of the early favorites , tamyra gray , was eliminated at the top four , the first of several such shock eliminations that were to be repeated in later seasons . christina christian was hospitalized before the top six result show due to chest pains and palpitations , and she was eliminated while she was in the hospital . jim verraros was the first openly gay contestant on the show ; his sexual orientation was revealed in his online journal , however it was removed during the competition after a request from the show producers over concerns that it might be unfairly influencing votes . [ sep ] 121
in the audition rounds , 121 contestants were selected from around 10 , 000 who attended the auditions . these were cut to 30 for the semifinal , with ten going on to the finals . one semifinalist , delano cagnolatti , was disqualified for lying to evade the show ' s age limit . one of the early favorites , tamyra gray , was eliminated at the top four , the first of several such shock eliminations that were to be repeated in later seasons . christina christian was hospitalized before the top six result show due to chest pains and palpitations , and she was eliminated while she was in the hospital . jim verraros was the first openly gay contestant on the show ; his sexual orientation was revealed in his online journal , however it was removed during the competition after a request from the show producers over concerns that it might be unfairly influencing votes . [ sep ] around 10 , 000
in the audition rounds , 121 contestants were selected from around 10 , 000 who attended the auditions . these were cut to 30 for the semifinal , with ten going on to the finals . one semifinalist , delano cagnolatti , was disqualified for lying to evade the show ' s age limit . one of the early favorites , tamyra gray , was eliminated at the top four , the first of several such shock eliminations that were to be repeated in later seasons . christina christian was hospitalized before the top six result show due to chest pains and palpitations , and she was eliminated while she was in the hospital . jim verraros was the first openly gay contestant on the show ; his sexual orientation was revealed in his online journal , however it was removed during the competition after a request from the show producers over concerns that it might be unfairly influencing votes . [ sep ] jim verraros
in the audition rounds , 121 contestants were selected from around 10 , 000 who attended the auditions . these were cut to 30 for the semifinal , with ten going on to the finals . one semifinalist , delano cagnolatti , was disqualified for lying to evade the show ' s age limit . one of the early favorites , tamyra gray , was eliminated at the top four , the first of several such shock eliminations that were to be repeated in later seasons . christina christian was hospitalized before the top six result show due to chest pains and palpitations , and she was eliminated while she was in the hospital . jim verraros was the first openly gay contestant on the show ; his sexual orientation was revealed in his online journal , however it was removed during the competition after a request from the show producers over concerns that it might be unfairly influencing votes . [ sep ] tamyra gray
in the audition rounds , 121 contestants were selected from around 10 , 000 who attended the auditions . these were cut to 30 for the semifinal , with ten going on to the finals . one semifinalist , delano cagnolatti , was disqualified for lying to evade the show ' s age limit . one of the early favorites , tamyra gray , was eliminated at the top four , the first of several such shock eliminations that were to be repeated in later seasons . christina christian was hospitalized before the top six result show due to chest pains and palpitations , and she was eliminated while she was in the hospital . jim verraros was the first openly gay contestant on the show ; his sexual orientation was revealed in his online journal , however it was removed during the competition after a request from the show producers over concerns that it might be unfairly influencing votes . [ sep ] the hospital
the final showdown was between justin guarini , one of the early favorites , and kelly clarkson . clarkson was not initially thought of as a contender , but impressed the judges with some good performances in the final rounds , such as her performance of aretha franklin ' s " natural woman " , and betty hutton ' s " stuff like that there " , and eventually won the crown on september 4 , 2002 . [ sep ] 2002
the final showdown was between justin guarini , one of the early favorites , and kelly clarkson . clarkson was not initially thought of as a contender , but impressed the judges with some good performances in the final rounds , such as her performance of aretha franklin ' s " natural woman " , and betty hutton ' s " stuff like that there " , and eventually won the crown on september 4 , 2002 . [ sep ] justin guarini
the final showdown was between justin guarini , one of the early favorites , and kelly clarkson . clarkson was not initially thought of as a contender , but impressed the judges with some good performances in the final rounds , such as her performance of aretha franklin ' s " natural woman " , and betty hutton ' s " stuff like that there " , and eventually won the crown on september 4 , 2002 . [ sep ] september
in april , during the revolution of 1848 in paris , he left for london , where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses . this tour was suggested to him by his scottish pupil jane stirling and her elder sister . stirling also made all the logistical arrangements and provided much of the necessary funding . [ sep ] london
in april , during the revolution of 1848 in paris , he left for london , where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses . this tour was suggested to him by his scottish pupil jane stirling and her elder sister . stirling also made all the logistical arrangements and provided much of the necessary funding . [ sep ] jane stirling and her elder sister
in april , during the revolution of 1848 in paris , he left for london , where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses . this tour was suggested to him by his scottish pupil jane stirling and her elder sister . stirling also made all the logistical arrangements and provided much of the necessary funding . [ sep ] jane stirling
in april , during the revolution of 1848 in paris , he left for london , where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses . this tour was suggested to him by his scottish pupil jane stirling and her elder sister . stirling also made all the logistical arrangements and provided much of the necessary funding . [ sep ] revolution
in april , during the revolution of 1848 in paris , he left for london , where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses . this tour was suggested to him by his scottish pupil jane stirling and her elder sister . stirling also made all the logistical arrangements and provided much of the necessary funding . [ sep ] scottish
in what was to become a tradition , clarkson performed the coronation song during the finale , and released the song immediately after the season ended . the single , " a moment like this " , went on to break a 38 - year - old record held by the beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the billboard hot 100 . guarini did not release any song immediately after the show and remains the only runner - up not to do so . both clarkson and guarini made a musical film , from justin to kelly , which was released in 2003 but was widely panned . clarkson has since become the most successful idol contestant internationally , with worldwide album sales of more than 23 million . [ sep ] a moment like this
in what was to become a tradition , clarkson performed the coronation song during the finale , and released the song immediately after the season ended . the single , " a moment like this " , went on to break a 38 - year - old record held by the beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the billboard hot 100 . guarini did not release any song immediately after the show and remains the only runner - up not to do so . both clarkson and guarini made a musical film , from justin to kelly , which was released in 2003 but was widely panned . clarkson has since become the most successful idol contestant internationally , with worldwide album sales of more than 23 million . [ sep ] from justin to kelly
in what was to become a tradition , clarkson performed the coronation song during the finale , and released the song immediately after the season ended . the single , " a moment like this " , went on to break a 38 - year - old record held by the beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the billboard hot 100 . guarini did not release any song immediately after the show and remains the only runner - up not to do so . both clarkson and guarini made a musical film , from justin to kelly , which was released in 2003 but was widely panned . clarkson has since become the most successful idol contestant internationally , with worldwide album sales of more than 23 million . [ sep ] more than 23 million
in what was to become a tradition , clarkson performed the coronation song during the finale , and released the song immediately after the season ended . the single , " a moment like this " , went on to break a 38 - year - old record held by the beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the billboard hot 100 . guarini did not release any song immediately after the show and remains the only runner - up not to do so . both clarkson and guarini made a musical film , from justin to kelly , which was released in 2003 but was widely panned . clarkson has since become the most successful idol contestant internationally , with worldwide album sales of more than 23 million . [ sep ] a moment like this
following the success of season one , the second season was moved up to air in january 2003 . the number of episodes increased , as did the show ' s budget and the charge for commercial spots . dunkleman left the show , leaving seacrest as the lone host . kristin adams was a correspondent for this season . [ sep ] 2003
following the success of season one , the second season was moved up to air in january 2003 . the number of episodes increased , as did the show ' s budget and the charge for commercial spots . dunkleman left the show , leaving seacrest as the lone host . kristin adams was a correspondent for this season . [ sep ] kristin adams
corey clark was disqualified during the finals for having an undisclosed police record ; however , he later alleged that he and paula abdul had an affair while on the show and that this contributed to his expulsion . clark also claimed that abdul gave him preferential treatment on the show due to their affair . the allegations were dismissed by fox after an independent investigation . two semi - finalists were also disqualified that year – jaered andrews for an arrest on an assault charge , and frenchie davis for having previously modelled for an adult website . [ sep ] paula abdul
corey clark was disqualified during the finals for having an undisclosed police record ; however , he later alleged that he and paula abdul had an affair while on the show and that this contributed to his expulsion . clark also claimed that abdul gave him preferential treatment on the show due to their affair . the allegations were dismissed by fox after an independent investigation . two semi - finalists were also disqualified that year – jaered andrews for an arrest on an assault charge , and frenchie davis for having previously modelled for an adult website . [ sep ] frenchie davis
corey clark was disqualified during the finals for having an undisclosed police record ; however , he later alleged that he and paula abdul had an affair while on the show and that this contributed to his expulsion . clark also claimed that abdul gave him preferential treatment on the show due to their affair . the allegations were dismissed by fox after an independent investigation . two semi - finalists were also disqualified that year – jaered andrews for an arrest on an assault charge , and frenchie davis for having previously modelled for an adult website . [ sep ] corey clark
corey clark was disqualified during the finals for having an undisclosed police record ; however , he later alleged that he and paula abdul had an affair while on the show and that this contributed to his expulsion . clark also claimed that abdul gave him preferential treatment on the show due to their affair . the allegations were dismissed by fox after an independent investigation . two semi - finalists were also disqualified that year – jaered andrews for an arrest on an assault charge , and frenchie davis for having previously modelled for an adult website . [ sep ] jaered andrews
ruben studdard emerged as the winner , beating clay aiken by a small margin . out of a total of 24 million votes , studdard finished just 134 , 000 votes ahead of aiken . this slim margin of victory was controversial due to the large number of calls that failed to get through . in an interview prior to season five , executive producer nigel lythgoe indicated that aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale . [ sep ] ruben studdard
ruben studdard emerged as the winner , beating clay aiken by a small margin . out of a total of 24 million votes , studdard finished just 134 , 000 votes ahead of aiken . this slim margin of victory was controversial due to the large number of calls that failed to get through . in an interview prior to season five , executive producer nigel lythgoe indicated that aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale . [ sep ] 24 million
ruben studdard emerged as the winner , beating clay aiken by a small margin . out of a total of 24 million votes , studdard finished just 134 , 000 votes ahead of aiken . this slim margin of victory was controversial due to the large number of calls that failed to get through . in an interview prior to season five , executive producer nigel lythgoe indicated that aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale . [ sep ] clay aiken
ruben studdard emerged as the winner , beating clay aiken by a small margin . out of a total of 24 million votes , studdard finished just 134 , 000 votes ahead of aiken . this slim margin of victory was controversial due to the large number of calls that failed to get through . in an interview prior to season five , executive producer nigel lythgoe indicated that aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale . [ sep ] 134 , 000
ruben studdard emerged as the winner , beating clay aiken by a small margin . out of a total of 24 million votes , studdard finished just 134 , 000 votes ahead of aiken . this slim margin of victory was controversial due to the large number of calls that failed to get through . in an interview prior to season five , executive producer nigel lythgoe indicated that aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale . [ sep ] nigel lythgoe
both finalists found success after the show , but aiken out - performed studdard ' s coronation song " flying without wings " with his single release from the show " this is the night " , as well as in their subsequent album releases . the fourth - place finisher josh gracin also enjoyed some success as a country singer . [ sep ] flying without wings
both finalists found success after the show , but aiken out - performed studdard ' s coronation song " flying without wings " with his single release from the show " this is the night " , as well as in their subsequent album releases . the fourth - place finisher josh gracin also enjoyed some success as a country singer . [ sep ] josh gracin
both finalists found success after the show , but aiken out - performed studdard ' s coronation song " flying without wings " with his single release from the show " this is the night " , as well as in their subsequent album releases . the fourth - place finisher josh gracin also enjoyed some success as a country singer . [ sep ] this is the night
in london chopin took lodgings at dover street , where the firm of broadwood provided him with a grand piano . at his first engagement , on 15 may at stafford house , the audience included queen victoria and prince albert . the prince , who was himself a talented musician , moved close to the keyboard to view chopin ' s technique . broadwood also arranged concerts for him ; among those attending were thackeray and the singer jenny lind . chopin was also sought after for piano lessons , for which he charged the high fee of one guinea ( £1 . 05 in present british currency ) per hour , and for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas . at a concert on 7 july he shared the platform with viardot , who sang arrangements of some of his mazurkas to spanish texts . [ sep ] dover street
in london chopin took lodgings at dover street , where the firm of broadwood provided him with a grand piano . at his first engagement , on 15 may at stafford house , the audience included queen victoria and prince albert . the prince , who was himself a talented musician , moved close to the keyboard to view chopin ' s technique . broadwood also arranged concerts for him ; among those attending were thackeray and the singer jenny lind . chopin was also sought after for piano lessons , for which he charged the high fee of one guinea ( £1 . 05 in present british currency ) per hour , and for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas . at a concert on 7 july he shared the platform with viardot , who sang arrangements of some of his mazurkas to spanish texts . [ sep ] a grand piano .
in london chopin took lodgings at dover street , where the firm of broadwood provided him with a grand piano . at his first engagement , on 15 may at stafford house , the audience included queen victoria and prince albert . the prince , who was himself a talented musician , moved close to the keyboard to view chopin ' s technique . broadwood also arranged concerts for him ; among those attending were thackeray and the singer jenny lind . chopin was also sought after for piano lessons , for which he charged the high fee of one guinea ( £1 . 05 in present british currency ) per hour , and for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas . at a concert on 7 july he shared the platform with viardot , who sang arrangements of some of his mazurkas to spanish texts . [ sep ] queen victoria and prince albert .
in london chopin took lodgings at dover street , where the firm of broadwood provided him with a grand piano . at his first engagement , on 15 may at stafford house , the audience included queen victoria and prince albert . the prince , who was himself a talented musician , moved close to the keyboard to view chopin ' s technique . broadwood also arranged concerts for him ; among those attending were thackeray and the singer jenny lind . chopin was also sought after for piano lessons , for which he charged the high fee of one guinea ( £1 . 05 in present british currency ) per hour , and for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas . at a concert on 7 july he shared the platform with viardot , who sang arrangements of some of his mazurkas to spanish texts . [ sep ] piano lessons
in london chopin took lodgings at dover street , where the firm of broadwood provided him with a grand piano . at his first engagement , on 15 may at stafford house , the audience included queen victoria and prince albert . the prince , who was himself a talented musician , moved close to the keyboard to view chopin ' s technique . broadwood also arranged concerts for him ; among those attending were thackeray and the singer jenny lind . chopin was also sought after for piano lessons , for which he charged the high fee of one guinea ( £1 . 05 in present british currency ) per hour , and for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas . at a concert on 7 july he shared the platform with viardot , who sang arrangements of some of his mazurkas to spanish texts . [ sep ] viardot
season three premiered on january 19 , 2004 . one of the most talked - about contestants during the audition process was william hung whose off - key rendition of ricky martin ' s " she bangs " received widespread attention . his exposure on idol landed him a record deal and surprisingly he became the third best - selling singer from that season . [ sep ] 2004
season three premiered on january 19 , 2004 . one of the most talked - about contestants during the audition process was william hung whose off - key rendition of ricky martin ' s " she bangs " received widespread attention . his exposure on idol landed him a record deal and surprisingly he became the third best - selling singer from that season . [ sep ] william hung
season three premiered on january 19 , 2004 . one of the most talked - about contestants during the audition process was william hung whose off - key rendition of ricky martin ' s " she bangs " received widespread attention . his exposure on idol landed him a record deal and surprisingly he became the third best - selling singer from that season . [ sep ] william hung
much media attention on the season had been focused on the three black singers , fantasia barrino , latoya london , and jennifer hudson , dubbed the three divas . all three unexpectedly landed on the bottom three on the top seven result show , with hudson controversially eliminated . elton john , who was one of the mentors that season , called the results of the votes " incredibly racist " . the prolonged stays of john stevens and jasmine trias in the finals , despite negative comments from the judges , had aroused resentment , so much so that john stevens reportedly received a death threat , which he dismissed as a joke ' blown out of proportion ' . [ sep ] the three divas
much media attention on the season had been focused on the three black singers , fantasia barrino , latoya london , and jennifer hudson , dubbed the three divas . all three unexpectedly landed on the bottom three on the top seven result show , with hudson controversially eliminated . elton john , who was one of the mentors that season , called the results of the votes " incredibly racist " . the prolonged stays of john stevens and jasmine trias in the finals , despite negative comments from the judges , had aroused resentment , so much so that john stevens reportedly received a death threat , which he dismissed as a joke ' blown out of proportion ' . [ sep ] jennifer hudson
much media attention on the season had been focused on the three black singers , fantasia barrino , latoya london , and jennifer hudson , dubbed the three divas . all three unexpectedly landed on the bottom three on the top seven result show , with hudson controversially eliminated . elton john , who was one of the mentors that season , called the results of the votes " incredibly racist " . the prolonged stays of john stevens and jasmine trias in the finals , despite negative comments from the judges , had aroused resentment , so much so that john stevens reportedly received a death threat , which he dismissed as a joke ' blown out of proportion ' . [ sep ] elton john
much media attention on the season had been focused on the three black singers , fantasia barrino , latoya london , and jennifer hudson , dubbed the three divas . all three unexpectedly landed on the bottom three on the top seven result show , with hudson controversially eliminated . elton john , who was one of the mentors that season , called the results of the votes " incredibly racist " . the prolonged stays of john stevens and jasmine trias in the finals , despite negative comments from the judges , had aroused resentment , so much so that john stevens reportedly received a death threat , which he dismissed as a joke ' blown out of proportion ' . [ sep ] john stevens
the performance of " summertime " by barrino , later known simply as " fantasia " , at top 8 was widely praised , and simon cowell considered it as his favorite idol moment in the nine seasons he was on the show . fantasia and diana degarmo were the last two finalists , and fantasia was crowned as the winner . fantasia released as her coronation single " i believe " , a song co - written by season one finalist tamyra gray , and degarmo released " dreams " . fantasia went on to gain some successes as a recording artist , while hudson , who placed seventh , became the only idol contestant so far to win both an academy award and a grammy . [ sep ] diana degarmo
the performance of " summertime " by barrino , later known simply as " fantasia " , at top 8 was widely praised , and simon cowell considered it as his favorite idol moment in the nine seasons he was on the show . fantasia and diana degarmo were the last two finalists , and fantasia was crowned as the winner . fantasia released as her coronation single " i believe " , a song co - written by season one finalist tamyra gray , and degarmo released " dreams " . fantasia went on to gain some successes as a recording artist , while hudson , who placed seventh , became the only idol contestant so far to win both an academy award and a grammy . [ sep ] i believe
the performance of " summertime " by barrino , later known simply as " fantasia " , at top 8 was widely praised , and simon cowell considered it as his favorite idol moment in the nine seasons he was on the show . fantasia and diana degarmo were the last two finalists , and fantasia was crowned as the winner . fantasia released as her coronation single " i believe " , a song co - written by season one finalist tamyra gray , and degarmo released " dreams " . fantasia went on to gain some successes as a recording artist , while hudson , who placed seventh , became the only idol contestant so far to win both an academy award and a grammy . [ sep ] dreams
in late summer he was invited by jane stirling to visit scotland , where he stayed at calder house near edinburgh and at johnstone castle in renfrewshire , both owned by members of stirling ' s family . she clearly had a notion of going beyond mere friendship , and chopin was obliged to make it clear to her that this could not be so . he wrote at this time to grzymała " my scottish ladies are kind , but such bores " , and responding to a rumour about his involvement , answered that he was " closer to the grave than the nuptial bed . " he gave a public concert in glasgow on 27 september , and another in edinburgh , at the hopetoun rooms on queen street ( now erskine house ) on 4 october . in late october 1848 , while staying at 10 warriston crescent in edinburgh with the polish physician adam łyszczynski , he wrote out his last will and testament — " a kind of disposition to be made of my stuff in the future , if i should drop dead somewhere " , he wrote to grzymała . [ sep ] scotland
in late summer he was invited by jane stirling to visit scotland , where he stayed at calder house near edinburgh and at johnstone castle in renfrewshire , both owned by members of stirling ' s family . she clearly had a notion of going beyond mere friendship , and chopin was obliged to make it clear to her that this could not be so . he wrote at this time to grzymała " my scottish ladies are kind , but such bores " , and responding to a rumour about his involvement , answered that he was " closer to the grave than the nuptial bed . " he gave a public concert in glasgow on 27 september , and another in edinburgh , at the hopetoun rooms on queen street ( now erskine house ) on 4 october . in late october 1848 , while staying at 10 warriston crescent in edinburgh with the polish physician adam łyszczynski , he wrote out his last will and testament — " a kind of disposition to be made of my stuff in the future , if i should drop dead somewhere " , he wrote to grzymała . [ sep ] glasgow
in late summer he was invited by jane stirling to visit scotland , where he stayed at calder house near edinburgh and at johnstone castle in renfrewshire , both owned by members of stirling ' s family . she clearly had a notion of going beyond mere friendship , and chopin was obliged to make it clear to her that this could not be so . he wrote at this time to grzymała " my scottish ladies are kind , but such bores " , and responding to a rumour about his involvement , answered that he was " closer to the grave than the nuptial bed . " he gave a public concert in glasgow on 27 september , and another in edinburgh , at the hopetoun rooms on queen street ( now erskine house ) on 4 october . in late october 1848 , while staying at 10 warriston crescent in edinburgh with the polish physician adam łyszczynski , he wrote out his last will and testament — " a kind of disposition to be made of my stuff in the future , if i should drop dead somewhere " , he wrote to grzymała . [ sep ] will
the top 12 finalists originally included mario vazquez , but he dropped out citing ' personal reasons ' and was replaced by nikko smith . later , an employee of freemantle media , which produces the show , sued the company for wrongful termination , claiming that he was dismissed after complaining about lewd behavior by vazquez toward him during the show . [ sep ] nikko smith
during the top 11 week , due to a mix - up with the contestants ' telephone number , voting was repeated on what was normally the result night , with the result reveal postponed until the following night . [ sep ] top 11 week
in may 2005 , carrie underwood was announced the winner , with bice the runner - up . both underwood and bice released the coronation song " inside your heaven " . underwood has since sold 65 million records worldwide , and become the most successful idol contestant in the u . s . , selling over 14 million albums copies in the u . s . and has more underwood has won seven grammy awards , the most grammys by an " american idol " alumnus . [ sep ] 2005
in may 2005 , carrie underwood was announced the winner , with bice the runner - up . both underwood and bice released the coronation song " inside your heaven " . underwood has since sold 65 million records worldwide , and become the most successful idol contestant in the u . s . , selling over 14 million albums copies in the u . s . and has more underwood has won seven grammy awards , the most grammys by an " american idol " alumnus . [ sep ] 65 million
in may 2005 , carrie underwood was announced the winner , with bice the runner - up . both underwood and bice released the coronation song " inside your heaven " . underwood has since sold 65 million records worldwide , and become the most successful idol contestant in the u . s . , selling over 14 million albums copies in the u . s . and has more underwood has won seven grammy awards , the most grammys by an " american idol " alumnus . [ sep ] inside your heaven
in may 2005 , carrie underwood was announced the winner , with bice the runner - up . both underwood and bice released the coronation song " inside your heaven " . underwood has since sold 65 million records worldwide , and become the most successful idol contestant in the u . s . , selling over 14 million albums copies in the u . s . and has more underwood has won seven grammy awards , the most grammys by an " american idol " alumnus . [ sep ] carrie underwood
season five began on january 17 , 2006 . it remains the highest - rated season in the show ' s run so far . two of the more prominent contestants during the hollywood round were the brittenum twins who were later disqualified for identity theft . [ sep ] season five
season five began on january 17 , 2006 . it remains the highest - rated season in the show ' s run so far . two of the more prominent contestants during the hollywood round were the brittenum twins who were later disqualified for identity theft . [ sep ] the brittenum twins
chris daughtry ' s performance of fuel ' s " hemorrhage ( in my hands ) " on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as fuel ' s new lead singer , an invitation he declined . his performance of live ' s version of " i walk the line " was well received by the judges but later criticized in some quarters for not crediting the arrangement to live . he was eliminated at the top four in a shocking result . [ sep ] chris daughtry
chris daughtry ' s performance of fuel ' s " hemorrhage ( in my hands ) " on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as fuel ' s new lead singer , an invitation he declined . his performance of live ' s version of " i walk the line " was well received by the judges but later criticized in some quarters for not crediting the arrangement to live . he was eliminated at the top four in a shocking result . [ sep ] chris daughtry
chris daughtry ' s performance of fuel ' s " hemorrhage ( in my hands ) " on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as fuel ' s new lead singer , an invitation he declined . his performance of live ' s version of " i walk the line " was well received by the judges but later criticized in some quarters for not crediting the arrangement to live . he was eliminated at the top four in a shocking result . [ sep ] chris daughtry
on may 30 , 2006 , taylor hicks was named american idol , with katharine mcphee the runner - up . " do i make you proud " was released as hicks ' first single and mcphee ' s was " my destiny " . [ sep ] taylor hicks
on may 30 , 2006 , taylor hicks was named american idol , with katharine mcphee the runner - up . " do i make you proud " was released as hicks ' first single and mcphee ' s was " my destiny " . [ sep ] do i make you proud
on may 30 , 2006 , taylor hicks was named american idol , with katharine mcphee the runner - up . " do i make you proud " was released as hicks ' first single and mcphee ' s was " my destiny " . [ sep ] my destiny
despite being eliminated earlier in the season , chris daughtry ( as lead of the band daughtry ) became the most successful recording artist from this season . other contestants , such as hicks , mcphee , bucky covington , mandisa , kellie pickler , and elliott yamin have had varying levels of success . [ sep ] chris daughtry
despite being eliminated earlier in the season , chris daughtry ( as lead of the band daughtry ) became the most successful recording artist from this season . other contestants , such as hicks , mcphee , bucky covington , mandisa , kellie pickler , and elliott yamin have had varying levels of success . [ sep ] daughtry
season six began on tuesday , january 16 , 2007 . the premiere drew a massive audience of 37 . 3 million viewers , peaking in the last half hour with more than 41 million viewers . [ sep ] 2007
season six began on tuesday , january 16 , 2007 . the premiere drew a massive audience of 37 . 3 million viewers , peaking in the last half hour with more than 41 million viewers . [ sep ] 37 . 3 million
teenager sanjaya malakar was the season ' s most talked - about contestant for his unusual hairdo , and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog vote for the worst and satellite radio personality howard stern , who both encouraged fans to vote for him . however , on april 18 , sanjaya was voted off . [ sep ] sanjaya malakar
teenager sanjaya malakar was the season ' s most talked - about contestant for his unusual hairdo , and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog vote for the worst and satellite radio personality howard stern , who both encouraged fans to vote for him . however , on april 18 , sanjaya was voted off . [ sep ] howard stern
teenager sanjaya malakar was the season ' s most talked - about contestant for his unusual hairdo , and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog vote for the worst and satellite radio personality howard stern , who both encouraged fans to vote for him . however , on april 18 , sanjaya was voted off . [ sep ] vote for the worst
teenager sanjaya malakar was the season ' s most talked - about contestant for his unusual hairdo , and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog vote for the worst and satellite radio personality howard stern , who both encouraged fans to vote for him . however , on april 18 , sanjaya was voted off . [ sep ] april 18
teenager sanjaya malakar was the season ' s most talked - about contestant for his unusual hairdo , and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog vote for the worst and satellite radio personality howard stern , who both encouraged fans to vote for him . however , on april 18 , sanjaya was voted off . [ sep ] sanjaya malakar
chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at london ' s guildhall on 16 november 1848 , when , in a final patriotic gesture , he played for the benefit of polish refugees . by this time he was very seriously ill , weighing under 99 pounds ( i . e . less than 45 kg ) , and his doctors were aware that his sickness was at a terminal stage . [ sep ] polish refugees .
chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at london ' s guildhall on 16 november 1848 , when , in a final patriotic gesture , he played for the benefit of polish refugees . by this time he was very seriously ill , weighing under 99 pounds ( i . e . less than 45 kg ) , and his doctors were aware that his sickness was at a terminal stage . [ sep ] terminal
chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at london ' s guildhall on 16 november 1848 , when , in a final patriotic gesture , he played for the benefit of polish refugees . by this time he was very seriously ill , weighing under 99 pounds ( i . e . less than 45 kg ) , and his doctors were aware that his sickness was at a terminal stage . [ sep ] london ' s guildhall
this season saw the first idol gives back telethon - inspired event , which raised more than $ 76 million in corporate and viewer donations . no contestant was eliminated that week , but two ( phil stacey and chris richardson ) were eliminated the next . melinda doolittle was eliminated in the final three . [ sep ] idol gives back
this season saw the first idol gives back telethon - inspired event , which raised more than $ 76 million in corporate and viewer donations . no contestant was eliminated that week , but two ( phil stacey and chris richardson ) were eliminated the next . melinda doolittle was eliminated in the final three . [ sep ] $ 76 million
this season saw the first idol gives back telethon - inspired event , which raised more than $ 76 million in corporate and viewer donations . no contestant was eliminated that week , but two ( phil stacey and chris richardson ) were eliminated the next . melinda doolittle was eliminated in the final three . [ sep ] melinda doolittle
in the may 23 season finale , jordin sparks was declared the winner with the runner - up being blake lewis . sparks has had some success as a recording artist post - idol . [ sep ] jordin sparks
in the may 23 season finale , jordin sparks was declared the winner with the runner - up being blake lewis . sparks has had some success as a recording artist post - idol . [ sep ] blake lewis
in the may 23 season finale , jordin sparks was declared the winner with the runner - up being blake lewis . sparks has had some success as a recording artist post - idol . [ sep ] may 23
season four premiered on january 18 , 2005 ; this was the first season of the series to be aired in high definition , although the finale of season three was also aired in high definition . the number of those attending the auditions by now had increased to over 100 , 000 from the 10 , 000 of the first season . the age limit was raised to 28 in this season , and among those who benefited from this new rule were constantine maroulis and bo bice , the two rockers of the show . [ sep ] 2005
season four premiered on january 18 , 2005 ; this was the first season of the series to be aired in high definition , although the finale of season three was also aired in high definition . the number of those attending the auditions by now had increased to over 100 , 000 from the 10 , 000 of the first season . the age limit was raised to 28 in this season , and among those who benefited from this new rule were constantine maroulis and bo bice , the two rockers of the show . [ sep ] over 100 , 000
season four premiered on january 18 , 2005 ; this was the first season of the series to be aired in high definition , although the finale of season three was also aired in high definition . the number of those attending the auditions by now had increased to over 100 , 000 from the 10 , 000 of the first season . the age limit was raised to 28 in this season , and among those who benefited from this new rule were constantine maroulis and bo bice , the two rockers of the show . [ sep ] 28
season four premiered on january 18 , 2005 ; this was the first season of the series to be aired in high definition , although the finale of season three was also aired in high definition . the number of those attending the auditions by now had increased to over 100 , 000 from the 10 , 000 of the first season . the age limit was raised to 28 in this season , and among those who benefited from this new rule were constantine maroulis and bo bice , the two rockers of the show . [ sep ] season four
season four premiered on january 18 , 2005 ; this was the first season of the series to be aired in high definition , although the finale of season three was also aired in high definition . the number of those attending the auditions by now had increased to over 100 , 000 from the 10 , 000 of the first season . the age limit was raised to 28 in this season , and among those who benefited from this new rule were constantine maroulis and bo bice , the two rockers of the show . [ sep ] season four
this season also saw the launch of the american idol songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the " coronation song " . thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters , and 20 entries selected for the public vote . the winning song , " this is my now " , was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by sparks on may 24 , 2007 . [ sep ] 2007
this season also saw the launch of the american idol songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the " coronation song " . thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters , and 20 entries selected for the public vote . the winning song , " this is my now " , was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by sparks on may 24 , 2007 . [ sep ] this is my now
this season also saw the launch of the american idol songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the " coronation song " . thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters , and 20 entries selected for the public vote . the winning song , " this is my now " , was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by sparks on may 24 , 2007 . [ sep ] public vote
season seven premiered on january 15 , 2008 , for a two - day , four - hour premiere . the media focused on the professional status of the season seven contestants , the so - called ' ringers ' , many of whom , including kristy lee cook , brooke white , michael johns , and in particular carly smithson , had prior recording contracts . contestant david hernandez also attracted some attention due to his past employment as a stripper . [ sep ] 2008
season seven premiered on january 15 , 2008 , for a two - day , four - hour premiere . the media focused on the professional status of the season seven contestants , the so - called ' ringers ' , many of whom , including kristy lee cook , brooke white , michael johns , and in particular carly smithson , had prior recording contracts . contestant david hernandez also attracted some attention due to his past employment as a stripper . [ sep ] david hernandez
season seven premiered on january 15 , 2008 , for a two - day , four - hour premiere . the media focused on the professional status of the season seven contestants , the so - called ' ringers ' , many of whom , including kristy lee cook , brooke white , michael johns , and in particular carly smithson , had prior recording contracts . contestant david hernandez also attracted some attention due to his past employment as a stripper . [ sep ] carly smithson
for the finals , american idol debuted a new state - of - the - art set and stage on march 11 , 2008 , along with a new on - air look . david cook ' s performance of " billie jean " on top - ten night was lauded by the judges , but provoked controversy when they apparently mistook the chris cornell arrangement to be david cook ' s own even though the performance was introduced as cornell ' s version . cornell himself said he was ' flattered ' and praised david cook ' s performance . david cook was taken to the hospital after the top - nine performance show due to heart palpitations and high blood pressure . [ sep ] billie jean
for the finals , american idol debuted a new state - of - the - art set and stage on march 11 , 2008 , along with a new on - air look . david cook ' s performance of " billie jean " on top - ten night was lauded by the judges , but provoked controversy when they apparently mistook the chris cornell arrangement to be david cook ' s own even though the performance was introduced as cornell ' s version . cornell himself said he was ' flattered ' and praised david cook ' s performance . david cook was taken to the hospital after the top - nine performance show due to heart palpitations and high blood pressure . [ sep ] david cook
for the finals , american idol debuted a new state - of - the - art set and stage on march 11 , 2008 , along with a new on - air look . david cook ' s performance of " billie jean " on top - ten night was lauded by the judges , but provoked controversy when they apparently mistook the chris cornell arrangement to be david cook ' s own even though the performance was introduced as cornell ' s version . cornell himself said he was ' flattered ' and praised david cook ' s performance . david cook was taken to the hospital after the top - nine performance show due to heart palpitations and high blood pressure . [ sep ] chris cornell
for the finals , american idol debuted a new state - of - the - art set and stage on march 11 , 2008 , along with a new on - air look . david cook ' s performance of " billie jean " on top - ten night was lauded by the judges , but provoked controversy when they apparently mistook the chris cornell arrangement to be david cook ' s own even though the performance was introduced as cornell ' s version . cornell himself said he was ' flattered ' and praised david cook ' s performance . david cook was taken to the hospital after the top - nine performance show due to heart palpitations and high blood pressure . [ sep ] march 11 , 2008
david archuleta ' s performance of john lennon ' s " imagine " was considered by many as one of the best of the season . jennifer lopez , who was brought in as a judge in season ten , called it a beautiful song - moment that she will never forget . jason castro ' s semi - final performance of " hallelujah " also received considerable attention , and it propelled jeff buckley ' s version of the song to the top of the billboard digital song chart . this was the first season in which contestants ' recordings were released onto itunes after their performances , and although sales information was not released so as not to prejudice the contest , leaked information indicated that contestants ' songs frequently reached the top of itunes sales charts . [ sep ] david archuleta
david archuleta ' s performance of john lennon ' s " imagine " was considered by many as one of the best of the season . jennifer lopez , who was brought in as a judge in season ten , called it a beautiful song - moment that she will never forget . jason castro ' s semi - final performance of " hallelujah " also received considerable attention , and it propelled jeff buckley ' s version of the song to the top of the billboard digital song chart . this was the first season in which contestants ' recordings were released onto itunes after their performances , and although sales information was not released so as not to prejudice the contest , leaked information indicated that contestants ' songs frequently reached the top of itunes sales charts . [ sep ] season ten
david archuleta ' s performance of john lennon ' s " imagine " was considered by many as one of the best of the season . jennifer lopez , who was brought in as a judge in season ten , called it a beautiful song - moment that she will never forget . jason castro ' s semi - final performance of " hallelujah " also received considerable attention , and it propelled jeff buckley ' s version of the song to the top of the billboard digital song chart . this was the first season in which contestants ' recordings were released onto itunes after their performances , and although sales information was not released so as not to prejudice the contest , leaked information indicated that contestants ' songs frequently reached the top of itunes sales charts . [ sep ] hallelujah
david archuleta ' s performance of john lennon ' s " imagine " was considered by many as one of the best of the season . jennifer lopez , who was brought in as a judge in season ten , called it a beautiful song - moment that she will never forget . jason castro ' s semi - final performance of " hallelujah " also received considerable attention , and it propelled jeff buckley ' s version of the song to the top of the billboard digital song chart . this was the first season in which contestants ' recordings were released onto itunes after their performances , and although sales information was not released so as not to prejudice the contest , leaked information indicated that contestants ' songs frequently reached the top of itunes sales charts . [ sep ] jeff buckley
david archuleta ' s performance of john lennon ' s " imagine " was considered by many as one of the best of the season . jennifer lopez , who was brought in as a judge in season ten , called it a beautiful song - moment that she will never forget . jason castro ' s semi - final performance of " hallelujah " also received considerable attention , and it propelled jeff buckley ' s version of the song to the top of the billboard digital song chart . this was the first season in which contestants ' recordings were released onto itunes after their performances , and although sales information was not released so as not to prejudice the contest , leaked information indicated that contestants ' songs frequently reached the top of itunes sales charts . [ sep ] itunes
the finalists were cook and archuleta . david cook was announced the winner on may 21 , 2008 , the first rocker to win the show . both cook and archuleta had some success as recording artists with both selling over a million albums in the u . s . [ sep ] david cook
the finalists were cook and archuleta . david cook was announced the winner on may 21 , 2008 , the first rocker to win the show . both cook and archuleta had some success as recording artists with both selling over a million albums in the u . s . [ sep ] david cook
the american idol songwriter contest was also held this season . from ten of the most popular submissions , each of the final two contestants chose a song to perform , although neither of their selections was used as the " coronation song " . the winning song , " the time of my life " , was recorded by david cook and released on may 22 , 2008 . [ sep ] the time of my life
the american idol songwriter contest was also held this season . from ten of the most popular submissions , each of the final two contestants chose a song to perform , although neither of their selections was used as the " coronation song " . the winning song , " the time of my life " , was recorded by david cook and released on may 22 , 2008 . [ sep ] the american idol songwriter contest
the american idol songwriter contest was also held this season . from ten of the most popular submissions , each of the final two contestants chose a song to perform , although neither of their selections was used as the " coronation song " . the winning song , " the time of my life " , was recorded by david cook and released on may 22 , 2008 . [ sep ] 2008
season eight premiered on january 13 , 2009 . mike darnell , the president of alternative programming for fox , stated that the season would focus more on the contestants ' personal life . much early attention on the show was therefore focused on the widowhood of danny gokey . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] 2009
season eight premiered on january 13 , 2009 . mike darnell , the president of alternative programming for fox , stated that the season would focus more on the contestants ' personal life . much early attention on the show was therefore focused on the widowhood of danny gokey . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] danny gokey
season eight premiered on january 13 , 2009 . mike darnell , the president of alternative programming for fox , stated that the season would focus more on the contestants ' personal life . much early attention on the show was therefore focused on the widowhood of danny gokey . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] president of alternative programming
season eight premiered on january 13 , 2009 . mike darnell , the president of alternative programming for fox , stated that the season would focus more on the contestants ' personal life . much early attention on the show was therefore focused on the widowhood of danny gokey . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] january
in the first major change to the judging panel , a fourth judge , kara dioguardi , was introduced . this was also the first season without executive producer nigel lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show so you think you can dance . the hollywood round was moved to the kodak theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks . idol gives back was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time . [ sep ] kara dioguardi
in the first major change to the judging panel , a fourth judge , kara dioguardi , was introduced . this was also the first season without executive producer nigel lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show so you think you can dance . the hollywood round was moved to the kodak theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks . idol gives back was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time . [ sep ] two weeks
in the first major change to the judging panel , a fourth judge , kara dioguardi , was introduced . this was also the first season without executive producer nigel lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show so you think you can dance . the hollywood round was moved to the kodak theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks . idol gives back was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time . [ sep ] so you think you can dance
in the first major change to the judging panel , a fourth judge , kara dioguardi , was introduced . this was also the first season without executive producer nigel lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show so you think you can dance . the hollywood round was moved to the kodak theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks . idol gives back was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time . [ sep ] the kodak theatre
in the first major change to the judging panel , a fourth judge , kara dioguardi , was introduced . this was also the first season without executive producer nigel lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show so you think you can dance . the hollywood round was moved to the kodak theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks . idol gives back was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time . [ sep ] the global recession
there were 13 finalists this season , but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals . a new feature introduced was the " judges ' save " , and matt giraud was saved from elimination at the top seven by the judges when he received the fewest votes . the next week , lil rounds and anoop desai were eliminated . [ sep ] 13
there were 13 finalists this season , but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals . a new feature introduced was the " judges ' save " , and matt giraud was saved from elimination at the top seven by the judges when he received the fewest votes . the next week , lil rounds and anoop desai were eliminated . [ sep ] matt giraud
there were 13 finalists this season , but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals . a new feature introduced was the " judges ' save " , and matt giraud was saved from elimination at the top seven by the judges when he received the fewest votes . the next week , lil rounds and anoop desai were eliminated . [ sep ] two
there were 13 finalists this season , but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals . a new feature introduced was the " judges ' save " , and matt giraud was saved from elimination at the top seven by the judges when he received the fewest votes . the next week , lil rounds and anoop desai were eliminated . [ sep ] two
there were 13 finalists this season , but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals . a new feature introduced was the " judges ' save " , and matt giraud was saved from elimination at the top seven by the judges when he received the fewest votes . the next week , lil rounds and anoop desai were eliminated . [ sep ] lil rounds and anoop desai
the two finalists were kris allen and adam lambert , both of whom had previously landed in the bottom three at the top five . allen won the contest in the most controversial voting result since season two . it was claimed , later retracted , that 38 million of the 100 million votes cast on the night came from allen ' s home state of arkansas alone , and that at & t employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power - texting at viewing parties in arkansas . [ sep ] kris allen and adam lambert
the two finalists were kris allen and adam lambert , both of whom had previously landed in the bottom three at the top five . allen won the contest in the most controversial voting result since season two . it was claimed , later retracted , that 38 million of the 100 million votes cast on the night came from allen ' s home state of arkansas alone , and that at & t employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power - texting at viewing parties in arkansas . [ sep ] kris allen
the two finalists were kris allen and adam lambert , both of whom had previously landed in the bottom three at the top five . allen won the contest in the most controversial voting result since season two . it was claimed , later retracted , that 38 million of the 100 million votes cast on the night came from allen ' s home state of arkansas alone , and that at & t employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power - texting at viewing parties in arkansas . [ sep ] arkansas
the two finalists were kris allen and adam lambert , both of whom had previously landed in the bottom three at the top five . allen won the contest in the most controversial voting result since season two . it was claimed , later retracted , that 38 million of the 100 million votes cast on the night came from allen ' s home state of arkansas alone , and that at & t employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power - texting at viewing parties in arkansas . [ sep ] 100 million
both allen and lambert released the coronation song , " no boundaries " which was co - written by dioguardi . this is the first season in which the winner failed to achieve gold album status , and none from that season achieved platinum album status in the u . s . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] no boundaries
both allen and lambert released the coronation song , " no boundaries " which was co - written by dioguardi . this is the first season in which the winner failed to achieve gold album status , and none from that season achieved platinum album status in the u . s . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] dioguardi
season nine premiered on january 12 , 2010 . the upheaval at the judging panel continued . ellen degeneres joined as a judge to replace paula abdul at the start of hollywood week . [ sep ] 2010
season nine premiered on january 12 , 2010 . the upheaval at the judging panel continued . ellen degeneres joined as a judge to replace paula abdul at the start of hollywood week . [ sep ] ellen degeneres
season nine premiered on january 12 , 2010 . the upheaval at the judging panel continued . ellen degeneres joined as a judge to replace paula abdul at the start of hollywood week . [ sep ] hollywood week
crystal bowersox , who has type - i diabetes , fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis on the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week and was hospitalized . the schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead ; she later revealed that ken warwick , the show producer , wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show . [ sep ] crystal bowersox
crystal bowersox , who has type - i diabetes , fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis on the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week and was hospitalized . the schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead ; she later revealed that ken warwick , the show producer , wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show . [ sep ] ken warwick
crystal bowersox , who has type - i diabetes , fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis on the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week and was hospitalized . the schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead ; she later revealed that ken warwick , the show producer , wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show . [ sep ] diabetic ketoacidosis
michael lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the judges ' save . the next week katie stevens and andrew garcia were eliminated . that week , adam lambert was invited back to be a mentor , the first idol alum to do so . idol gives back returned this season on april 21 , 2010 , and raised $ 45 million . [ sep ] michael lynche
michael lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the judges ' save . the next week katie stevens and andrew garcia were eliminated . that week , adam lambert was invited back to be a mentor , the first idol alum to do so . idol gives back returned this season on april 21 , 2010 , and raised $ 45 million . [ sep ] top nine
michael lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the judges ' save . the next week katie stevens and andrew garcia were eliminated . that week , adam lambert was invited back to be a mentor , the first idol alum to do so . idol gives back returned this season on april 21 , 2010 , and raised $ 45 million . [ sep ] adam lambert
michael lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the judges ' save . the next week katie stevens and andrew garcia were eliminated . that week , adam lambert was invited back to be a mentor , the first idol alum to do so . idol gives back returned this season on april 21 , 2010 , and raised $ 45 million . [ sep ] $ 45 million
a special tribute to simon cowell was presented in the finale for his final season with the show . many figures from the show ' s past , including paula abdul , made an appearance . [ sep ] simon cowell
a special tribute to simon cowell was presented in the finale for his final season with the show . many figures from the show ' s past , including paula abdul , made an appearance . [ sep ] tribute to simon cowell
the final two contestants were lee dewyze and bowersox . dewyze was declared the winner during the may 26 finale . no new song was used as coronation song this year ; instead , the two finalists each released a cover song – dewyze chose u2 ' s " beautiful day " , and bowersox chose patty griffin ' s " up to the mountain " . this is the first season where neither finalist achieved significant album sales . [ sep ] lee dewyze
the final two contestants were lee dewyze and bowersox . dewyze was declared the winner during the may 26 finale . no new song was used as coronation song this year ; instead , the two finalists each released a cover song – dewyze chose u2 ' s " beautiful day " , and bowersox chose patty griffin ' s " up to the mountain " . this is the first season where neither finalist achieved significant album sales . [ sep ] beautiful day
season ten of the series premiered on january 19 , 2011 . many changes were introduced this season , from the format to the personnel of the show . jennifer lopez and steven tyler joined randy jackson as judges following the departures of simon cowell ( who left to launch the u . s . version of the x factor ) , kara dioguardi ( whose contract was not renewed ) and ellen degeneres , while nigel lythgoe returned as executive producer . jimmy iovine , chairman of the interscope geffen a & m label group , the new partner of american idol , acted as the in - house mentor in place of weekly guest mentors , although in later episodes special guest mentors such as beyonce , will . i . am and lady gaga were brought in . [ sep ] 2011
season ten of the series premiered on january 19 , 2011 . many changes were introduced this season , from the format to the personnel of the show . jennifer lopez and steven tyler joined randy jackson as judges following the departures of simon cowell ( who left to launch the u . s . version of the x factor ) , kara dioguardi ( whose contract was not renewed ) and ellen degeneres , while nigel lythgoe returned as executive producer . jimmy iovine , chairman of the interscope geffen a & m label group , the new partner of american idol , acted as the in - house mentor in place of weekly guest mentors , although in later episodes special guest mentors such as beyonce , will . i . am and lady gaga were brought in . [ sep ] ten
season ten of the series premiered on january 19 , 2011 . many changes were introduced this season , from the format to the personnel of the show . jennifer lopez and steven tyler joined randy jackson as judges following the departures of simon cowell ( who left to launch the u . s . version of the x factor ) , kara dioguardi ( whose contract was not renewed ) and ellen degeneres , while nigel lythgoe returned as executive producer . jimmy iovine , chairman of the interscope geffen a & m label group , the new partner of american idol , acted as the in - house mentor in place of weekly guest mentors , although in later episodes special guest mentors such as beyonce , will . i . am and lady gaga were brought in . [ sep ] jimmy iovine
season ten of the series premiered on january 19 , 2011 . many changes were introduced this season , from the format to the personnel of the show . jennifer lopez and steven tyler joined randy jackson as judges following the departures of simon cowell ( who left to launch the u . s . version of the x factor ) , kara dioguardi ( whose contract was not renewed ) and ellen degeneres , while nigel lythgoe returned as executive producer . jimmy iovine , chairman of the interscope geffen a & m label group , the new partner of american idol , acted as the in - house mentor in place of weekly guest mentors , although in later episodes special guest mentors such as beyonce , will . i . am and lady gaga were brought in . [ sep ] the x factor
season ten of the series premiered on january 19 , 2011 . many changes were introduced this season , from the format to the personnel of the show . jennifer lopez and steven tyler joined randy jackson as judges following the departures of simon cowell ( who left to launch the u . s . version of the x factor ) , kara dioguardi ( whose contract was not renewed ) and ellen degeneres , while nigel lythgoe returned as executive producer . jimmy iovine , chairman of the interscope geffen a & m label group , the new partner of american idol , acted as the in - house mentor in place of weekly guest mentors , although in later episodes special guest mentors such as beyonce , will . i . am and lady gaga were brought in . [ sep ] nigel lythgoe
season ten is the first to include online auditions where contestants could submit a 40 - second video audition via myspace . karen rodriguez was one such auditioner and reached the final rounds . [ sep ] season ten
season ten is the first to include online auditions where contestants could submit a 40 - second video audition via myspace . karen rodriguez was one such auditioner and reached the final rounds . [ sep ] myspace
season ten is the first to include online auditions where contestants could submit a 40 - second video audition via myspace . karen rodriguez was one such auditioner and reached the final rounds . [ sep ] myspace
one of the more prominent contestants this year was chris medina , whose story of caring for his brain - damaged fiancee received widespread coverage . medina was cut in the top 40 round . casey abrams , who suffers from ulcerative colitis , was hospitalized twice and missed the top 13 result show . the judges used their one save on abrams on the top 11 , and as a result this was the first season that 11 finalists went on tour instead of 10 . in the following week , naima adedapo and thia megia were both eliminated the following week . [ sep ] chris medina
one of the more prominent contestants this year was chris medina , whose story of caring for his brain - damaged fiancee received widespread coverage . medina was cut in the top 40 round . casey abrams , who suffers from ulcerative colitis , was hospitalized twice and missed the top 13 result show . the judges used their one save on abrams on the top 11 , and as a result this was the first season that 11 finalists went on tour instead of 10 . in the following week , naima adedapo and thia megia were both eliminated the following week . [ sep ] top 40
one of the more prominent contestants this year was chris medina , whose story of caring for his brain - damaged fiancee received widespread coverage . medina was cut in the top 40 round . casey abrams , who suffers from ulcerative colitis , was hospitalized twice and missed the top 13 result show . the judges used their one save on abrams on the top 11 , and as a result this was the first season that 11 finalists went on tour instead of 10 . in the following week , naima adedapo and thia megia were both eliminated the following week . [ sep ] casey abrams
one of the more prominent contestants this year was chris medina , whose story of caring for his brain - damaged fiancee received widespread coverage . medina was cut in the top 40 round . casey abrams , who suffers from ulcerative colitis , was hospitalized twice and missed the top 13 result show . the judges used their one save on abrams on the top 11 , and as a result this was the first season that 11 finalists went on tour instead of 10 . in the following week , naima adedapo and thia megia were both eliminated the following week . [ sep ] casey abrams
pia toscano , one of the presumed favorites to advance far in the season , was unexpectedly eliminated on april 7 , 2011 , finishing in ninth place . her elimination drew criticisms from some former idol contestants , as well as actor tom hanks . [ sep ] pia toscano
pia toscano , one of the presumed favorites to advance far in the season , was unexpectedly eliminated on april 7 , 2011 , finishing in ninth place . her elimination drew criticisms from some former idol contestants , as well as actor tom hanks . [ sep ] tom hanks
the two finalists in 2011 were lauren alaina and scotty mccreery , both teenage country singers . mccreery won the competition on may 25 , being the youngest male winner and the fourth male in a row to win american idol . mccreery released his first single , " i love you this big " , as his coronation song , and alaina released " like my mother does " . mccreery ' s debut album , clear as day , became the first debut album by an idol winner to reach no . 1 on the us billboard 200 since ruben studdard ' s soulful in 2003 , and he became the youngest male artist to reach no . 1 on the billboard 200 . [ sep ] country
the two finalists in 2011 were lauren alaina and scotty mccreery , both teenage country singers . mccreery won the competition on may 25 , being the youngest male winner and the fourth male in a row to win american idol . mccreery released his first single , " i love you this big " , as his coronation song , and alaina released " like my mother does " . mccreery ' s debut album , clear as day , became the first debut album by an idol winner to reach no . 1 on the us billboard 200 since ruben studdard ' s soulful in 2003 , and he became the youngest male artist to reach no . 1 on the billboard 200 . [ sep ] scotty mccreery
the two finalists in 2011 were lauren alaina and scotty mccreery , both teenage country singers . mccreery won the competition on may 25 , being the youngest male winner and the fourth male in a row to win american idol . mccreery released his first single , " i love you this big " , as his coronation song , and alaina released " like my mother does " . mccreery ' s debut album , clear as day , became the first debut album by an idol winner to reach no . 1 on the us billboard 200 since ruben studdard ' s soulful in 2003 , and he became the youngest male artist to reach no . 1 on the billboard 200 . [ sep ] i love you this big
the two finalists in 2011 were lauren alaina and scotty mccreery , both teenage country singers . mccreery won the competition on may 25 , being the youngest male winner and the fourth male in a row to win american idol . mccreery released his first single , " i love you this big " , as his coronation song , and alaina released " like my mother does " . mccreery ' s debut album , clear as day , became the first debut album by an idol winner to reach no . 1 on the us billboard 200 since ruben studdard ' s soulful in 2003 , and he became the youngest male artist to reach no . 1 on the billboard 200 . [ sep ] like my mother does
the two finalists in 2011 were lauren alaina and scotty mccreery , both teenage country singers . mccreery won the competition on may 25 , being the youngest male winner and the fourth male in a row to win american idol . mccreery released his first single , " i love you this big " , as his coronation song , and alaina released " like my mother does " . mccreery ' s debut album , clear as day , became the first debut album by an idol winner to reach no . 1 on the us billboard 200 since ruben studdard ' s soulful in 2003 , and he became the youngest male artist to reach no . 1 on the billboard 200 . [ sep ] soulful
season 11 premiered on january 18 , 2012 . on february 23 , it was announced that one more finalist would join the top 24 making it the top 25 , and that was jermaine jones . however , on march 14 , jones was disqualified in 12th place for concealing arrests and outstanding warrants . jones denied the accusation that he concealed his arrests . [ sep ] 2012
season 11 premiered on january 18 , 2012 . on february 23 , it was announced that one more finalist would join the top 24 making it the top 25 , and that was jermaine jones . however , on march 14 , jones was disqualified in 12th place for concealing arrests and outstanding warrants . jones denied the accusation that he concealed his arrests . [ sep ] 25
season 11 premiered on january 18 , 2012 . on february 23 , it was announced that one more finalist would join the top 24 making it the top 25 , and that was jermaine jones . however , on march 14 , jones was disqualified in 12th place for concealing arrests and outstanding warrants . jones denied the accusation that he concealed his arrests . [ sep ] jermaine jones
finalist phillip phillips suffered from kidney pain and was taken to the hospital before the top 13 results show , and later received medical procedure to alleviate a blockage caused by kidney stones . he was reported to have eight surgeries during his idol run , and had considered quitting the show due to the pain . he underwent surgery to remove the stones and reconstruct his kidney soon after the season had finished . [ sep ] phillip phillips
finalist phillip phillips suffered from kidney pain and was taken to the hospital before the top 13 results show , and later received medical procedure to alleviate a blockage caused by kidney stones . he was reported to have eight surgeries during his idol run , and had considered quitting the show due to the pain . he underwent surgery to remove the stones and reconstruct his kidney soon after the season had finished . [ sep ] kidney stones
finalist phillip phillips suffered from kidney pain and was taken to the hospital before the top 13 results show , and later received medical procedure to alleviate a blockage caused by kidney stones . he was reported to have eight surgeries during his idol run , and had considered quitting the show due to the pain . he underwent surgery to remove the stones and reconstruct his kidney soon after the season had finished . [ sep ] eight
finalist phillip phillips suffered from kidney pain and was taken to the hospital before the top 13 results show , and later received medical procedure to alleviate a blockage caused by kidney stones . he was reported to have eight surgeries during his idol run , and had considered quitting the show due to the pain . he underwent surgery to remove the stones and reconstruct his kidney soon after the season had finished . [ sep ] phillip phillips
jessica sanchez received the fewest number of votes during the top 7 week , and the judges decided to use their " save " option on her , making her the first female recipient of the save . the following week , unlike previous seasons , colton dixon was the only contestant sent home . sanchez later made the final two , the first season where a recipient of the save reached the finale . [ sep ] jessica sanchez
jessica sanchez received the fewest number of votes during the top 7 week , and the judges decided to use their " save " option on her , making her the first female recipient of the save . the following week , unlike previous seasons , colton dixon was the only contestant sent home . sanchez later made the final two , the first season where a recipient of the save reached the finale . [ sep ] jessica sanchez
jessica sanchez received the fewest number of votes during the top 7 week , and the judges decided to use their " save " option on her , making her the first female recipient of the save . the following week , unlike previous seasons , colton dixon was the only contestant sent home . sanchez later made the final two , the first season where a recipient of the save reached the finale . [ sep ] colton dixon
jessica sanchez received the fewest number of votes during the top 7 week , and the judges decided to use their " save " option on her , making her the first female recipient of the save . the following week , unlike previous seasons , colton dixon was the only contestant sent home . sanchez later made the final two , the first season where a recipient of the save reached the finale . [ sep ] final two
phillips became the winner , beating sanchez . prior to the announcement of the winner , season five finalist ace young proposed marriage to season three runner - up diana degarmo on stage – which she accepted . [ sep ] diana degarmo
phillips became the winner , beating sanchez . prior to the announcement of the winner , season five finalist ace young proposed marriage to season three runner - up diana degarmo on stage – which she accepted . [ sep ] five
phillips became the winner , beating sanchez . prior to the announcement of the winner , season five finalist ace young proposed marriage to season three runner - up diana degarmo on stage – which she accepted . [ sep ] three
phillips released " home " as his coronation song , while sanchez released " change nothing " . phillips ' " home " has since become the best selling of all coronation songs . [ sep ] home
phillips released " home " as his coronation song , while sanchez released " change nothing " . phillips ' " home " has since become the best selling of all coronation songs . [ sep ] change nothing
season 12 premiered on january 16 , 2013 . judges jennifer lopez and steven tyler left the show after two seasons . this season ' s judging panel consisted of randy jackson , along with mariah carey , keith urban and nicki minaj . this was the first season since season nine to have four judges on the panel . the pre - season buzz and the early episodes of the show were dominated by the feud between the judges minaj and carey after a video of their dispute was leaked to tmz . [ sep ] 2013
season 12 premiered on january 16 , 2013 . judges jennifer lopez and steven tyler left the show after two seasons . this season ' s judging panel consisted of randy jackson , along with mariah carey , keith urban and nicki minaj . this was the first season since season nine to have four judges on the panel . the pre - season buzz and the early episodes of the show were dominated by the feud between the judges minaj and carey after a video of their dispute was leaked to tmz . [ sep ] judges
season 12 premiered on january 16 , 2013 . judges jennifer lopez and steven tyler left the show after two seasons . this season ' s judging panel consisted of randy jackson , along with mariah carey , keith urban and nicki minaj . this was the first season since season nine to have four judges on the panel . the pre - season buzz and the early episodes of the show were dominated by the feud between the judges minaj and carey after a video of their dispute was leaked to tmz . [ sep ] tmz
the top 10 contestants started with five males and five females , however , the males were eliminated consecutively in the first five weeks , with lazaro arbos the last male to be eliminated . for the first time in the show ' s history , the top 5 contestants were all female . it was also the first time that the judges ' " save " was not used , the top four contestants were therefore given an extra week to perform again with their votes carried over with no elimination in the first week . [ sep ] five
the top 10 contestants started with five males and five females , however , the males were eliminated consecutively in the first five weeks , with lazaro arbos the last male to be eliminated . for the first time in the show ' s history , the top 5 contestants were all female . it was also the first time that the judges ' " save " was not used , the top four contestants were therefore given an extra week to perform again with their votes carried over with no elimination in the first week . [ sep ] lazaro arbos
23 - year - old candice glover won the season with kree harrison taking the runner - up spot . glover is the first female to win american idol since jordin sparks . glover released " i am beautiful " as a single while harrison released " all cried out " immediately after the show . glover sold poorly with her debut album , and this is also the first season that the runner - up was not signed by a music label . [ sep ] candice glover
23 - year - old candice glover won the season with kree harrison taking the runner - up spot . glover is the first female to win american idol since jordin sparks . glover released " i am beautiful " as a single while harrison released " all cried out " immediately after the show . glover sold poorly with her debut album , and this is also the first season that the runner - up was not signed by a music label . [ sep ] kree harrison
23 - year - old candice glover won the season with kree harrison taking the runner - up spot . glover is the first female to win american idol since jordin sparks . glover released " i am beautiful " as a single while harrison released " all cried out " immediately after the show . glover sold poorly with her debut album , and this is also the first season that the runner - up was not signed by a music label . [ sep ] i am beautiful
23 - year - old candice glover won the season with kree harrison taking the runner - up spot . glover is the first female to win american idol since jordin sparks . glover released " i am beautiful " as a single while harrison released " all cried out " immediately after the show . glover sold poorly with her debut album , and this is also the first season that the runner - up was not signed by a music label . [ sep ] all cried out
towards the end of the season , randy jackson , the last remaining of the original judges , announced that he would no longer serve as a judge to pursue other business ventures . both judges mariah carey and nicki minaj also decided to leave after one season to focus on their music careers . [ sep ] randy jackson
towards the end of the season , randy jackson , the last remaining of the original judges , announced that he would no longer serve as a judge to pursue other business ventures . both judges mariah carey and nicki minaj also decided to leave after one season to focus on their music careers . [ sep ] one
the thirteenth season premiered on january 15 , 2014 , with ryan seacrest returning as host . randy jackson and keith urban returned , though jackson moved from the judging panel to the role of in - mentor . mariah carey and nicki minaj left the panel after one season . former judge jennifer lopez and former mentor harry connick , jr . joined urban on the panel . also , nigel lythgoe and ken warwick were replaced as executive producers by per blankens , jesse ignjatovic and evan pragger . bill deronde replaced warwick as a director of the audition episodes , while louis j . horvitz replaced gregg gelfand as a director of the show . [ sep ] 2014
the thirteenth season premiered on january 15 , 2014 , with ryan seacrest returning as host . randy jackson and keith urban returned , though jackson moved from the judging panel to the role of in - mentor . mariah carey and nicki minaj left the panel after one season . former judge jennifer lopez and former mentor harry connick , jr . joined urban on the panel . also , nigel lythgoe and ken warwick were replaced as executive producers by per blankens , jesse ignjatovic and evan pragger . bill deronde replaced warwick as a director of the audition episodes , while louis j . horvitz replaced gregg gelfand as a director of the show . [ sep ] ryan seacrest
the thirteenth season premiered on january 15 , 2014 , with ryan seacrest returning as host . randy jackson and keith urban returned , though jackson moved from the judging panel to the role of in - mentor . mariah carey and nicki minaj left the panel after one season . former judge jennifer lopez and former mentor harry connick , jr . joined urban on the panel . also , nigel lythgoe and ken warwick were replaced as executive producers by per blankens , jesse ignjatovic and evan pragger . bill deronde replaced warwick as a director of the audition episodes , while louis j . horvitz replaced gregg gelfand as a director of the show . [ sep ] in - mentor
the thirteenth season premiered on january 15 , 2014 , with ryan seacrest returning as host . randy jackson and keith urban returned , though jackson moved from the judging panel to the role of in - mentor . mariah carey and nicki minaj left the panel after one season . former judge jennifer lopez and former mentor harry connick , jr . joined urban on the panel . also , nigel lythgoe and ken warwick were replaced as executive producers by per blankens , jesse ignjatovic and evan pragger . bill deronde replaced warwick as a director of the audition episodes , while louis j . horvitz replaced gregg gelfand as a director of the show . [ sep ] gregg gelfand
at the end of november , chopin returned to paris . he passed the winter in unremitting illness , but gave occasional lessons and was visited by friends , including delacroix and franchomme . occasionally he played , or accompanied the singing of delfina potocka , for his friends . during the summer of 1849 , his friends found him an apartment in chaillot , out of the centre of the city , for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer , princess obreskoff . here in june 1849 he was visited by jenny lind . [ sep ] november
at the end of november , chopin returned to paris . he passed the winter in unremitting illness , but gave occasional lessons and was visited by friends , including delacroix and franchomme . occasionally he played , or accompanied the singing of delfina potocka , for his friends . during the summer of 1849 , his friends found him an apartment in chaillot , out of the centre of the city , for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer , princess obreskoff . here in june 1849 he was visited by jenny lind . [ sep ] delfina potocka
at the end of november , chopin returned to paris . he passed the winter in unremitting illness , but gave occasional lessons and was visited by friends , including delacroix and franchomme . occasionally he played , or accompanied the singing of delfina potocka , for his friends . during the summer of 1849 , his friends found him an apartment in chaillot , out of the centre of the city , for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer , princess obreskoff . here in june 1849 he was visited by jenny lind . [ sep ] chaillot
at the end of november , chopin returned to paris . he passed the winter in unremitting illness , but gave occasional lessons and was visited by friends , including delacroix and franchomme . occasionally he played , or accompanied the singing of delfina potocka , for his friends . during the summer of 1849 , his friends found him an apartment in chaillot , out of the centre of the city , for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer , princess obreskoff . here in june 1849 he was visited by jenny lind . [ sep ] princess obreskoff .
at the end of november , chopin returned to paris . he passed the winter in unremitting illness , but gave occasional lessons and was visited by friends , including delacroix and franchomme . occasionally he played , or accompanied the singing of delfina potocka , for his friends . during the summer of 1849 , his friends found him an apartment in chaillot , out of the centre of the city , for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer , princess obreskoff . here in june 1849 he was visited by jenny lind . [ sep ] june 1849
this was the first season where the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves . in the top 8 , sam woolf received the fewest votes , but he was saved from elimination by the judges . the 500th episode of the series was the top 3 performance night . [ sep ] sam woolf
this was the first season where the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves . in the top 8 , sam woolf received the fewest votes , but he was saved from elimination by the judges . the 500th episode of the series was the top 3 performance night . [ sep ] top 3 performance night
caleb johnson was named the winner of the season , with jena irene as the runner - up . johnson released " as long as you love me " as his coronation single while irene released " we are one " . [ sep ] caleb johnson
caleb johnson was named the winner of the season , with jena irene as the runner - up . johnson released " as long as you love me " as his coronation single while irene released " we are one " . [ sep ] jena irene
caleb johnson was named the winner of the season , with jena irene as the runner - up . johnson released " as long as you love me " as his coronation single while irene released " we are one " . [ sep ] as long as you love me
caleb johnson was named the winner of the season , with jena irene as the runner - up . johnson released " as long as you love me " as his coronation single while irene released " we are one " . [ sep ] we are one
with his health further deteriorating , chopin desired to have a family member with him . in june 1849 his sister ludwika came to paris with her husband and daughter , and in september , supported by a loan from jane stirling , he took an apartment at place vendome 12 . after 15 october , when his condition took a marked turn for the worse , only a handful of his closest friends remained with him , although viardot remarked sardonically that " all the grand parisian ladies considered it de rigueur to faint in his room . " [ sep ] his sister
with his health further deteriorating , chopin desired to have a family member with him . in june 1849 his sister ludwika came to paris with her husband and daughter , and in september , supported by a loan from jane stirling , he took an apartment at place vendome 12 . after 15 october , when his condition took a marked turn for the worse , only a handful of his closest friends remained with him , although viardot remarked sardonically that " all the grand parisian ladies considered it de rigueur to faint in his room . " [ sep ] her husband and daughter
with his health further deteriorating , chopin desired to have a family member with him . in june 1849 his sister ludwika came to paris with her husband and daughter , and in september , supported by a loan from jane stirling , he took an apartment at place vendome 12 . after 15 october , when his condition took a marked turn for the worse , only a handful of his closest friends remained with him , although viardot remarked sardonically that " all the grand parisian ladies considered it de rigueur to faint in his room . " [ sep ] jane stirling
with his health further deteriorating , chopin desired to have a family member with him . in june 1849 his sister ludwika came to paris with her husband and daughter , and in september , supported by a loan from jane stirling , he took an apartment at place vendome 12 . after 15 october , when his condition took a marked turn for the worse , only a handful of his closest friends remained with him , although viardot remarked sardonically that " all the grand parisian ladies considered it de rigueur to faint in his room . " [ sep ] to faint
the fourteenth season premiered on january 7 , 2015 . ryan seacrest returned to host , while jennifer lopez , keith urban and harry connick , jr . returned for their respective fourth , third and second seasons as judges . eighth season runner - up adam lambert filled in for urban during the new york city auditions . randy jackson did not return as the in - house mentor for this season . [ sep ] 2015
the fourteenth season premiered on january 7 , 2015 . ryan seacrest returned to host , while jennifer lopez , keith urban and harry connick , jr . returned for their respective fourth , third and second seasons as judges . eighth season runner - up adam lambert filled in for urban during the new york city auditions . randy jackson did not return as the in - house mentor for this season . [ sep ] ryan seacrest
the fourteenth season premiered on january 7 , 2015 . ryan seacrest returned to host , while jennifer lopez , keith urban and harry connick , jr . returned for their respective fourth , third and second seasons as judges . eighth season runner - up adam lambert filled in for urban during the new york city auditions . randy jackson did not return as the in - house mentor for this season . [ sep ] adam lambert
the fourteenth season premiered on january 7 , 2015 . ryan seacrest returned to host , while jennifer lopez , keith urban and harry connick , jr . returned for their respective fourth , third and second seasons as judges . eighth season runner - up adam lambert filled in for urban during the new york city auditions . randy jackson did not return as the in - house mentor for this season . [ sep ] judges
the fourteenth season premiered on january 7 , 2015 . ryan seacrest returned to host , while jennifer lopez , keith urban and harry connick , jr . returned for their respective fourth , third and second seasons as judges . eighth season runner - up adam lambert filled in for urban during the new york city auditions . randy jackson did not return as the in - house mentor for this season . [ sep ] randy jackson
changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten . coca cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and ford motor company maintained a reduced role . the winner of the season also received a recording contract with big machine records . [ sep ] one
changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten . coca cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and ford motor company maintained a reduced role . the winner of the season also received a recording contract with big machine records . [ sep ] coca cola
changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten . coca cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and ford motor company maintained a reduced role . the winner of the season also received a recording contract with big machine records . [ sep ] ford motor company
changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten . coca cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and ford motor company maintained a reduced role . the winner of the season also received a recording contract with big machine records . [ sep ] big machine records
nick fradiani won the season , defeating clark beckham . by winning , fradiani became the first winner from the northeast region . fradiani released " beautiful life " as his coronation single while beckham released " champion " . jax , the third place finalist , also released a single called " forcefield " . [ sep ] nick fradiani
nick fradiani won the season , defeating clark beckham . by winning , fradiani became the first winner from the northeast region . fradiani released " beautiful life " as his coronation single while beckham released " champion " . jax , the third place finalist , also released a single called " forcefield " . [ sep ] clark beckham
nick fradiani won the season , defeating clark beckham . by winning , fradiani became the first winner from the northeast region . fradiani released " beautiful life " as his coronation single while beckham released " champion " . jax , the third place finalist , also released a single called " forcefield " . [ sep ] jax
nick fradiani won the season , defeating clark beckham . by winning , fradiani became the first winner from the northeast region . fradiani released " beautiful life " as his coronation single while beckham released " champion " . jax , the third place finalist , also released a single called " forcefield " . [ sep ] beautiful life
nick fradiani won the season , defeating clark beckham . by winning , fradiani became the first winner from the northeast region . fradiani released " beautiful life " as his coronation single while beckham released " champion " . jax , the third place finalist , also released a single called " forcefield " . [ sep ] forcefield
fox announced on may 11 , 2015 that the fifteenth season would be the final season of american idol ; as such , the season is expected to have an additional focus on the program ' s alumni . ryan seacrest returns as host , with harry connick jr . , keith urban , and jennifer lopez all returning for their respective third , fourth , and fifth seasons as judges . [ sep ] 2015
fox announced on may 11 , 2015 that the fifteenth season would be the final season of american idol ; as such , the season is expected to have an additional focus on the program ' s alumni . ryan seacrest returns as host , with harry connick jr . , keith urban , and jennifer lopez all returning for their respective third , fourth , and fifth seasons as judges . [ sep ] 15
fox announced on may 11 , 2015 that the fifteenth season would be the final season of american idol ; as such , the season is expected to have an additional focus on the program ' s alumni . ryan seacrest returns as host , with harry connick jr . , keith urban , and jennifer lopez all returning for their respective third , fourth , and fifth seasons as judges . [ sep ] 5
fox announced on may 11 , 2015 that the fifteenth season would be the final season of american idol ; as such , the season is expected to have an additional focus on the program ' s alumni . ryan seacrest returns as host , with harry connick jr . , keith urban , and jennifer lopez all returning for their respective third , fourth , and fifth seasons as judges . [ sep ] judges
fox announced on may 11 , 2015 that the fifteenth season would be the final season of american idol ; as such , the season is expected to have an additional focus on the program ' s alumni . ryan seacrest returns as host , with harry connick jr . , keith urban , and jennifer lopez all returning for their respective third , fourth , and fifth seasons as judges . [ sep ] ryan seacrest
since the show ' s inception in 2002 , ten of the fourteen idol winners , including its first five , have come from the southern united states . a large number of other notable finalists during the series ' run have also hailed from the american south , including clay aiken , kellie pickler , and chris daughtry , who are all from north carolina . in 2012 , an analysis of the 131 contestants who have appeared in the finals of all seasons of the show up to that point found that 48 % have some connection to the southern united states . [ sep ] 131
since the show ' s inception in 2002 , ten of the fourteen idol winners , including its first five , have come from the southern united states . a large number of other notable finalists during the series ' run have also hailed from the american south , including clay aiken , kellie pickler , and chris daughtry , who are all from north carolina . in 2012 , an analysis of the 131 contestants who have appeared in the finals of all seasons of the show up to that point found that 48 % have some connection to the southern united states . [ sep ] 2002
since the show ' s inception in 2002 , ten of the fourteen idol winners , including its first five , have come from the southern united states . a large number of other notable finalists during the series ' run have also hailed from the american south , including clay aiken , kellie pickler , and chris daughtry , who are all from north carolina . in 2012 , an analysis of the 131 contestants who have appeared in the finals of all seasons of the show up to that point found that 48 % have some connection to the southern united states . [ sep ] southern
since the show ' s inception in 2002 , ten of the fourteen idol winners , including its first five , have come from the southern united states . a large number of other notable finalists during the series ' run have also hailed from the american south , including clay aiken , kellie pickler , and chris daughtry , who are all from north carolina . in 2012 , an analysis of the 131 contestants who have appeared in the finals of all seasons of the show up to that point found that 48 % have some connection to the southern united states . [ sep ] north carolina
since the show ' s inception in 2002 , ten of the fourteen idol winners , including its first five , have come from the southern united states . a large number of other notable finalists during the series ' run have also hailed from the american south , including clay aiken , kellie pickler , and chris daughtry , who are all from north carolina . in 2012 , an analysis of the 131 contestants who have appeared in the finals of all seasons of the show up to that point found that 48 % have some connection to the southern united states . [ sep ] north carolina
the show itself is popular in the southern united states , with households in the southeastern united states 10 % more likely to watch american idol during the eighth season in 2009 , and those in the east central region , such as kentucky , were 16 percent more likely to tune into the series . data from nielsen soundscan , a music - sales tracking service , showed that of the 47 million cds sold by idol contestants through january 2010 , 85 percent were by contestants with ties to the american south . [ sep ] 47 million
theories given for the success of southerners on idol have been : more versatility with musical genres , as the southern u . s . is home to several music genre scenes ; not having as many opportunities to break into the pop music business ; text - voting due to the south having the highest percentage of cell - phone only households ; and the strong heritage of music and singing , which is notable in the bible belt , where it is in church that many people get their start in public singing . others also suggest that the southern character of these contestants appeal to the south , as well as local pride . according to season five winner taylor hicks , who is from the state of alabama , " people in the south have a lot of pride . . . so , they ' re adamant about supporting the contestants who do well from their state or region . " [ sep ] taylor hicks
theories given for the success of southerners on idol have been : more versatility with musical genres , as the southern u . s . is home to several music genre scenes ; not having as many opportunities to break into the pop music business ; text - voting due to the south having the highest percentage of cell - phone only households ; and the strong heritage of music and singing , which is notable in the bible belt , where it is in church that many people get their start in public singing . others also suggest that the southern character of these contestants appeal to the south , as well as local pride . according to season five winner taylor hicks , who is from the state of alabama , " people in the south have a lot of pride . . . so , they ' re adamant about supporting the contestants who do well from their state or region . " [ sep ] alabama
theories given for the success of southerners on idol have been : more versatility with musical genres , as the southern u . s . is home to several music genre scenes ; not having as many opportunities to break into the pop music business ; text - voting due to the south having the highest percentage of cell - phone only households ; and the strong heritage of music and singing , which is notable in the bible belt , where it is in church that many people get their start in public singing . others also suggest that the southern character of these contestants appeal to the south , as well as local pride . according to season five winner taylor hicks , who is from the state of alabama , " people in the south have a lot of pride . . . so , they ' re adamant about supporting the contestants who do well from their state or region . " [ sep ] church
for five consecutive seasons , starting in season seven , the title was given to a white male who plays the guitar – a trend that idol pundits call the " white guy with guitar " or " wgwg " factor . just hours before the season eleven finale , where phillip phillips was named the winner , richard rushfield , author of the book american idol : the untold story , said , " you have this alliance between young girls and grandmas and they see it , not necessarily as a contest to create a pop star competing on the contemporary radio , but as . . . . who ' s the nicest guy in a popularity contest , " he says , " and that has led to this dynasty of four , and possibly now five , consecutive , affable , very nice , good - looking white boys . " [ sep ] white guy with guitar
for five consecutive seasons , starting in season seven , the title was given to a white male who plays the guitar – a trend that idol pundits call the " white guy with guitar " or " wgwg " factor . just hours before the season eleven finale , where phillip phillips was named the winner , richard rushfield , author of the book american idol : the untold story , said , " you have this alliance between young girls and grandmas and they see it , not necessarily as a contest to create a pop star competing on the contemporary radio , but as . . . . who ' s the nicest guy in a popularity contest , " he says , " and that has led to this dynasty of four , and possibly now five , consecutive , affable , very nice , good - looking white boys . " [ sep ] phillip phillips
for five consecutive seasons , starting in season seven , the title was given to a white male who plays the guitar – a trend that idol pundits call the " white guy with guitar " or " wgwg " factor . just hours before the season eleven finale , where phillip phillips was named the winner , richard rushfield , author of the book american idol : the untold story , said , " you have this alliance between young girls and grandmas and they see it , not necessarily as a contest to create a pop star competing on the contemporary radio , but as . . . . who ' s the nicest guy in a popularity contest , " he says , " and that has led to this dynasty of four , and possibly now five , consecutive , affable , very nice , good - looking white boys . " [ sep ] american idol : the untold story
for five consecutive seasons , starting in season seven , the title was given to a white male who plays the guitar – a trend that idol pundits call the " white guy with guitar " or " wgwg " factor . just hours before the season eleven finale , where phillip phillips was named the winner , richard rushfield , author of the book american idol : the untold story , said , " you have this alliance between young girls and grandmas and they see it , not necessarily as a contest to create a pop star competing on the contemporary radio , but as . . . . who ' s the nicest guy in a popularity contest , " he says , " and that has led to this dynasty of four , and possibly now five , consecutive , affable , very nice , good - looking white boys . " [ sep ] five
the show had been criticized in earlier seasons over the onerous contract contestants had to sign that gave excessive control to 19 entertainment over their future career , and handed a large part of their future earnings to the management . [ sep ] 19 entertainment
voting results have been a consistent source of controversy . the mechanism of voting had also aroused considerable criticisms , most notably in season two when ruben studdard beat clay aiken in a close vote , and in season eight , when the massive increase in text votes ( 100 million more text votes than season 7 ) fueled the texting controversy . concerns about power voting have been expressed from the very first season . since 2004 , votes also have been affected to a limited degree by online communities such as dialidol , vote for the worst ( closed in 2013 ) , and vote for the girls ( started 2010 ) . [ sep ] ruben studdard
voting results have been a consistent source of controversy . the mechanism of voting had also aroused considerable criticisms , most notably in season two when ruben studdard beat clay aiken in a close vote , and in season eight , when the massive increase in text votes ( 100 million more text votes than season 7 ) fueled the texting controversy . concerns about power voting have been expressed from the very first season . since 2004 , votes also have been affected to a limited degree by online communities such as dialidol , vote for the worst ( closed in 2013 ) , and vote for the girls ( started 2010 ) . [ sep ] clay aiken
voting results have been a consistent source of controversy . the mechanism of voting had also aroused considerable criticisms , most notably in season two when ruben studdard beat clay aiken in a close vote , and in season eight , when the massive increase in text votes ( 100 million more text votes than season 7 ) fueled the texting controversy . concerns about power voting have been expressed from the very first season . since 2004 , votes also have been affected to a limited degree by online communities such as dialidol , vote for the worst ( closed in 2013 ) , and vote for the girls ( started 2010 ) . [ sep ] 2013
voting results have been a consistent source of controversy . the mechanism of voting had also aroused considerable criticisms , most notably in season two when ruben studdard beat clay aiken in a close vote , and in season eight , when the massive increase in text votes ( 100 million more text votes than season 7 ) fueled the texting controversy . concerns about power voting have been expressed from the very first season . since 2004 , votes also have been affected to a limited degree by online communities such as dialidol , vote for the worst ( closed in 2013 ) , and vote for the girls ( started 2010 ) . [ sep ] 100 million
idol gives back is a special charity event started in season six featuring performances by celebrities and various fund - raising initiatives . this event was also held in seasons seven and nine and has raised nearly $ 185 million in total . [ sep ] idol gives back
idol gives back is a special charity event started in season six featuring performances by celebrities and various fund - raising initiatives . this event was also held in seasons seven and nine and has raised nearly $ 185 million in total . [ sep ] $ 185 million
american idol premiered in june 2002 and became the surprise summer hit show of 2002 . the first show drew 9 . 9 million viewers , giving fox the best viewing figure for the 8 . 30 pm spot in over a year . the audience steadily grew , and by finale night , the audience had averaged 23 million , with more than 40 million watching some part of that show . that episode was placed third amongst all age groups , but more importantly it led in the 18 – 49 demographic , the age group most valued by advertisers . [ sep ] 2002
american idol premiered in june 2002 and became the surprise summer hit show of 2002 . the first show drew 9 . 9 million viewers , giving fox the best viewing figure for the 8 . 30 pm spot in over a year . the audience steadily grew , and by finale night , the audience had averaged 23 million , with more than 40 million watching some part of that show . that episode was placed third amongst all age groups , but more importantly it led in the 18 – 49 demographic , the age group most valued by advertisers . [ sep ] 9 . 9 million
american idol premiered in june 2002 and became the surprise summer hit show of 2002 . the first show drew 9 . 9 million viewers , giving fox the best viewing figure for the 8 . 30 pm spot in over a year . the audience steadily grew , and by finale night , the audience had averaged 23 million , with more than 40 million watching some part of that show . that episode was placed third amongst all age groups , but more importantly it led in the 18 – 49 demographic , the age group most valued by advertisers . [ sep ] 23 million
american idol premiered in june 2002 and became the surprise summer hit show of 2002 . the first show drew 9 . 9 million viewers , giving fox the best viewing figure for the 8 . 30 pm spot in over a year . the audience steadily grew , and by finale night , the audience had averaged 23 million , with more than 40 million watching some part of that show . that episode was placed third amongst all age groups , but more importantly it led in the 18 – 49 demographic , the age group most valued by advertisers . [ sep ] summer
the growth continued into the next season , starting with a season premiere of 26 . 5 million . the season attracted an average of 21 . 7 million viewers , and was placed second overall amongst the 18 – 49 age group . the finale night when ruben studdard won over clay aiken was also the highest - rated ever american idol episode at 38 . 1 million for the final hour . by season three , the show had become the top show in the 18 – 49 demographic a position it has held for all subsequent years up to and including season ten , and its competition stages ranked first in the nationwide overall ratings . by season four , american idol had become the most watched series amongst all viewers on american tv for the first time , with an average viewership of 26 . 8 million . the show reached its peak in season five with numbers averaging 30 . 6 million per episode , and season five remains the highest - rated season of the series . [ sep ] 26 . 5 million
the growth continued into the next season , starting with a season premiere of 26 . 5 million . the season attracted an average of 21 . 7 million viewers , and was placed second overall amongst the 18 – 49 age group . the finale night when ruben studdard won over clay aiken was also the highest - rated ever american idol episode at 38 . 1 million for the final hour . by season three , the show had become the top show in the 18 – 49 demographic a position it has held for all subsequent years up to and including season ten , and its competition stages ranked first in the nationwide overall ratings . by season four , american idol had become the most watched series amongst all viewers on american tv for the first time , with an average viewership of 26 . 8 million . the show reached its peak in season five with numbers averaging 30 . 6 million per episode , and season five remains the highest - rated season of the series . [ sep ] 21 . 7 million
the growth continued into the next season , starting with a season premiere of 26 . 5 million . the season attracted an average of 21 . 7 million viewers , and was placed second overall amongst the 18 – 49 age group . the finale night when ruben studdard won over clay aiken was also the highest - rated ever american idol episode at 38 . 1 million for the final hour . by season three , the show had become the top show in the 18 – 49 demographic a position it has held for all subsequent years up to and including season ten , and its competition stages ranked first in the nationwide overall ratings . by season four , american idol had become the most watched series amongst all viewers on american tv for the first time , with an average viewership of 26 . 8 million . the show reached its peak in season five with numbers averaging 30 . 6 million per episode , and season five remains the highest - rated season of the series . [ sep ] ruben studdard
the growth continued into the next season , starting with a season premiere of 26 . 5 million . the season attracted an average of 21 . 7 million viewers , and was placed second overall amongst the 18 – 49 age group . the finale night when ruben studdard won over clay aiken was also the highest - rated ever american idol episode at 38 . 1 million for the final hour . by season three , the show had become the top show in the 18 – 49 demographic a position it has held for all subsequent years up to and including season ten , and its competition stages ranked first in the nationwide overall ratings . by season four , american idol had become the most watched series amongst all viewers on american tv for the first time , with an average viewership of 26 . 8 million . the show reached its peak in season five with numbers averaging 30 . 6 million per episode , and season five remains the highest - rated season of the series . [ sep ] season four
the growth continued into the next season , starting with a season premiere of 26 . 5 million . the season attracted an average of 21 . 7 million viewers , and was placed second overall amongst the 18 – 49 age group . the finale night when ruben studdard won over clay aiken was also the highest - rated ever american idol episode at 38 . 1 million for the final hour . by season three , the show had become the top show in the 18 – 49 demographic a position it has held for all subsequent years up to and including season ten , and its competition stages ranked first in the nationwide overall ratings . by season four , american idol had become the most watched series amongst all viewers on american tv for the first time , with an average viewership of 26 . 8 million . the show reached its peak in season five with numbers averaging 30 . 6 million per episode , and season five remains the highest - rated season of the series . [ sep ] season five
season six premiered with the series ' highest - rated debut episode and a few of its succeeding episodes rank among the most watched episodes of american idol . during this time , many television executives begun to regard the show as a programming force unlike any seen before , as its consistent dominance of up to two hours two or three nights a week exceeded the 30 - or 60 - minute reach of previous hits such as nbc ' s the cosby show . the show was dubbed " the death star " , and competing networks often rearranged their schedules in order to minimize losses . however , season six also showed a steady decline in viewership over the course of the season . the season finale saw a drop in ratings of 16 % from the previous year . season six was the first season wherein the average results show rated higher than the competition stages ( unlike in the previous seasons ) , and became the second highest - rated of the series after the preceding season . [ sep ] season six
season six premiered with the series ' highest - rated debut episode and a few of its succeeding episodes rank among the most watched episodes of american idol . during this time , many television executives begun to regard the show as a programming force unlike any seen before , as its consistent dominance of up to two hours two or three nights a week exceeded the 30 - or 60 - minute reach of previous hits such as nbc ' s the cosby show . the show was dubbed " the death star " , and competing networks often rearranged their schedules in order to minimize losses . however , season six also showed a steady decline in viewership over the course of the season . the season finale saw a drop in ratings of 16 % from the previous year . season six was the first season wherein the average results show rated higher than the competition stages ( unlike in the previous seasons ) , and became the second highest - rated of the series after the preceding season . [ sep ] season six
season six premiered with the series ' highest - rated debut episode and a few of its succeeding episodes rank among the most watched episodes of american idol . during this time , many television executives begun to regard the show as a programming force unlike any seen before , as its consistent dominance of up to two hours two or three nights a week exceeded the 30 - or 60 - minute reach of previous hits such as nbc ' s the cosby show . the show was dubbed " the death star " , and competing networks often rearranged their schedules in order to minimize losses . however , season six also showed a steady decline in viewership over the course of the season . the season finale saw a drop in ratings of 16 % from the previous year . season six was the first season wherein the average results show rated higher than the competition stages ( unlike in the previous seasons ) , and became the second highest - rated of the series after the preceding season . [ sep ] the death star
season six premiered with the series ' highest - rated debut episode and a few of its succeeding episodes rank among the most watched episodes of american idol . during this time , many television executives begun to regard the show as a programming force unlike any seen before , as its consistent dominance of up to two hours two or three nights a week exceeded the 30 - or 60 - minute reach of previous hits such as nbc ' s the cosby show . the show was dubbed " the death star " , and competing networks often rearranged their schedules in order to minimize losses . however , season six also showed a steady decline in viewership over the course of the season . the season finale saw a drop in ratings of 16 % from the previous year . season six was the first season wherein the average results show rated higher than the competition stages ( unlike in the previous seasons ) , and became the second highest - rated of the series after the preceding season . [ sep ] nbc
the loss of viewers continued into season seven . the premiere was down 11 % among total viewers , and the results show in which kristy lee cook was eliminated delivered its lowest - rated wednesday show among the 18 – 34 demo since the first season in 2002 . however , the ratings rebounded for the season seven finale with the excitement over the battle of the davids , and improved over season six as the series ' third most watched finale . the strong finish of season seven also helped fox become the most watched tv network in the country for the first time since its inception , a first ever in american television history for a non - big three major broadcast network . overall ratings for the season were down 10 % from season six , which is in line with the fall in viewership across all networks due in part to the 2007 – 2008 writers guild of america strike . [ sep ] season seven
the loss of viewers continued into season seven . the premiere was down 11 % among total viewers , and the results show in which kristy lee cook was eliminated delivered its lowest - rated wednesday show among the 18 – 34 demo since the first season in 2002 . however , the ratings rebounded for the season seven finale with the excitement over the battle of the davids , and improved over season six as the series ' third most watched finale . the strong finish of season seven also helped fox become the most watched tv network in the country for the first time since its inception , a first ever in american television history for a non - big three major broadcast network . overall ratings for the season were down 10 % from season six , which is in line with the fall in viewership across all networks due in part to the 2007 – 2008 writers guild of america strike . [ sep ] writers guild of america strike
the loss of viewers continued into season seven . the premiere was down 11 % among total viewers , and the results show in which kristy lee cook was eliminated delivered its lowest - rated wednesday show among the 18 – 34 demo since the first season in 2002 . however , the ratings rebounded for the season seven finale with the excitement over the battle of the davids , and improved over season six as the series ' third most watched finale . the strong finish of season seven also helped fox become the most watched tv network in the country for the first time since its inception , a first ever in american television history for a non - big three major broadcast network . overall ratings for the season were down 10 % from season six , which is in line with the fall in viewership across all networks due in part to the 2007 – 2008 writers guild of america strike . [ sep ] season seven
the declining trend however continued into season eight , as total viewers numbers fell by 5 – 10 % for early episodes compared to season seven , and by 9 % for the finale . in season nine , idol ' s six - year extended streak of perfection in the ratings was broken , when nbc ' s coverage of the 2010 winter olympics on february 17 beat idol in the same time slot with 30 . 1 million viewers over idol ' s 18 . 4 million . nevertheless , american idol overall finished its ninth season as the most watched tv series for the sixth year running , breaking the previous record of five consecutive seasons achieved by cbs ' all in the family and nbc ' s the cosby show . [ sep ] nbc
the declining trend however continued into season eight , as total viewers numbers fell by 5 – 10 % for early episodes compared to season seven , and by 9 % for the finale . in season nine , idol ' s six - year extended streak of perfection in the ratings was broken , when nbc ' s coverage of the 2010 winter olympics on february 17 beat idol in the same time slot with 30 . 1 million viewers over idol ' s 18 . 4 million . nevertheless , american idol overall finished its ninth season as the most watched tv series for the sixth year running , breaking the previous record of five consecutive seasons achieved by cbs ' all in the family and nbc ' s the cosby show . [ sep ] cbs
the declining trend however continued into season eight , as total viewers numbers fell by 5 – 10 % for early episodes compared to season seven , and by 9 % for the finale . in season nine , idol ' s six - year extended streak of perfection in the ratings was broken , when nbc ' s coverage of the 2010 winter olympics on february 17 beat idol in the same time slot with 30 . 1 million viewers over idol ' s 18 . 4 million . nevertheless , american idol overall finished its ninth season as the most watched tv series for the sixth year running , breaking the previous record of five consecutive seasons achieved by cbs ' all in the family and nbc ' s the cosby show . [ sep ] 2010
in season ten , the total viewer numbers for the first week of shows fell 12 – 13 % , and by up to 23 % in the 18 – 49 demo compared to season nine . later episodes , however , retained viewers better , and the season ended on a high with a significant increase in viewership for the finale – up 12 % for the adults 18 – 49 demo and a 21 % increase in total viewers from the season nine finale . while the overall viewer number has increased this season , its viewer demographics have continued to age year on year – the median age this season was 47 . 2 compared to a median age of 32 . 1 in its first season . by the time of the 2010 – 11 television season , fox was in its seventh consecutive season of victory overall in the 18 – 49 demographic ratings in the united states . [ sep ] 32 . 1
in season ten , the total viewer numbers for the first week of shows fell 12 – 13 % , and by up to 23 % in the 18 – 49 demo compared to season nine . later episodes , however , retained viewers better , and the season ended on a high with a significant increase in viewership for the finale – up 12 % for the adults 18 – 49 demo and a 21 % increase in total viewers from the season nine finale . while the overall viewer number has increased this season , its viewer demographics have continued to age year on year – the median age this season was 47 . 2 compared to a median age of 32 . 1 in its first season . by the time of the 2010 – 11 television season , fox was in its seventh consecutive season of victory overall in the 18 – 49 demographic ratings in the united states . [ sep ] 47 . 2
season eleven , however , suffered a steep drop in ratings , a drop attributed by some to the arrival of new shows such as the voice and the x - factor . the ratings for the first two episodes of season eleven fell 16 – 21 % in overall viewer numbers and 24 – 27 % in the 18 / 49 demo , while the season finale fell 27 % in total viewer number and 30 % in the 18 - 49 demo . the average viewership for the season fell below 20 million viewers the first time since 2003 , a drop of 23 % in total viewers and 30 % in the 18 / 49 demo . for the first time in eight years , american idol lost the leading position in both the total viewers number and the 18 / 49 demo , coming in second to nbc sunday night football , although the strengths of idol in its second year in the wednesday - thursday primetime slots helped fox achieve the longest period of 18 - 49 demographic victory in the nielsen ratings , standing at 8 straight years from 2004 to 2012 . [ sep ] eight
the loss of viewers continued into season 12 , which saw the show hitting a number of series low in the 18 - 49 demo . the finale had 7 . 2 million fewer viewers than the previous season , and saw a drop of 44 % in the 18 - 49 demo . the season viewers averaged at 13 . 3 million , a drop of 24 % from the previous season . the thirteenth season suffered a huge decline in the 18 – 49 demographic , a drop of 28 % from the twelfth season , and american idol lost its top 10 position in the nielsen ratings by the end of the 2013 – 14 television season for the first time since its entry to the rankings in 2003 as a result , although the entire series to date had not yet been dropped from the nielsen top 30 rankings since its inception in 2002 . [ sep ] 13 . 3 million
the loss of viewers continued into season 12 , which saw the show hitting a number of series low in the 18 - 49 demo . the finale had 7 . 2 million fewer viewers than the previous season , and saw a drop of 44 % in the 18 - 49 demo . the season viewers averaged at 13 . 3 million , a drop of 24 % from the previous season . the thirteenth season suffered a huge decline in the 18 – 49 demographic , a drop of 28 % from the twelfth season , and american idol lost its top 10 position in the nielsen ratings by the end of the 2013 – 14 television season for the first time since its entry to the rankings in 2003 as a result , although the entire series to date had not yet been dropped from the nielsen top 30 rankings since its inception in 2002 . [ sep ] 13
the loss of viewers continued into season 12 , which saw the show hitting a number of series low in the 18 - 49 demo . the finale had 7 . 2 million fewer viewers than the previous season , and saw a drop of 44 % in the 18 - 49 demo . the season viewers averaged at 13 . 3 million , a drop of 24 % from the previous season . the thirteenth season suffered a huge decline in the 18 – 49 demographic , a drop of 28 % from the twelfth season , and american idol lost its top 10 position in the nielsen ratings by the end of the 2013 – 14 television season for the first time since its entry to the rankings in 2003 as a result , although the entire series to date had not yet been dropped from the nielsen top 30 rankings since its inception in 2002 . [ sep ] 2002
the continuing decline influenced further changes for season 14 , including the loss of coca - cola as the show ' s major sponsor , and a decision to only broadcast one , two - hour show per week during the top 12 rounds ( with results from the previous week integrated into the performance show , rather than having a separate results show ) . on may 11 , 2015 , prior to the fourteenth season finale , fox announced that the fifteenth season of american idol would be its last . despite these changes , the show ' s ratings would decline more sharply . the fourteenth season finale was the lowest - rated finale ever , with an average of only 8 . 03 million viewers watching the finale . [ sep ] coca - cola
the continuing decline influenced further changes for season 14 , including the loss of coca - cola as the show ' s major sponsor , and a decision to only broadcast one , two - hour show per week during the top 12 rounds ( with results from the previous week integrated into the performance show , rather than having a separate results show ) . on may 11 , 2015 , prior to the fourteenth season finale , fox announced that the fifteenth season of american idol would be its last . despite these changes , the show ' s ratings would decline more sharply . the fourteenth season finale was the lowest - rated finale ever , with an average of only 8 . 03 million viewers watching the finale . [ sep ] 8 . 03 million
the continuing decline influenced further changes for season 14 , including the loss of coca - cola as the show ' s major sponsor , and a decision to only broadcast one , two - hour show per week during the top 12 rounds ( with results from the previous week integrated into the performance show , rather than having a separate results show ) . on may 11 , 2015 , prior to the fourteenth season finale , fox announced that the fifteenth season of american idol would be its last . despite these changes , the show ' s ratings would decline more sharply . the fourteenth season finale was the lowest - rated finale ever , with an average of only 8 . 03 million viewers watching the finale . [ sep ] 15
the enormous success of the show and the revenue it generated was transformative for fox broadcasting company . american idol and fellow competing shows survivor and who wants to be a millionaire were altogether credited for expanding reality television programming in the united states in the 1990s and 2000s , and idol became the most watched non - scripted primetime television series for almost a decade , from 2003 to 2012 , breaking records on u . s . television ( dominated by drama shows and sitcoms in the preceding decades ) . [ sep ] 9
the show pushed fox to become the number one u . s . tv network amongst adults 18 – 49 , the key demographic coveted by advertisers , for an unprecedented eight consecutive years by 2012 . its success also helped lift the ratings of other shows that were scheduled around it such as house and bones , and idol , for years , had become fox ' s strongest platform primetime television program for promoting eventual hit shows of the 2010s ( of the same network ) such as glee and new girl . the show , its creator simon fuller claimed , " saved fox " . [ sep ] 8
the show pushed fox to become the number one u . s . tv network amongst adults 18 – 49 , the key demographic coveted by advertisers , for an unprecedented eight consecutive years by 2012 . its success also helped lift the ratings of other shows that were scheduled around it such as house and bones , and idol , for years , had become fox ' s strongest platform primetime television program for promoting eventual hit shows of the 2010s ( of the same network ) such as glee and new girl . the show , its creator simon fuller claimed , " saved fox " . [ sep ] fox
the show pushed fox to become the number one u . s . tv network amongst adults 18 – 49 , the key demographic coveted by advertisers , for an unprecedented eight consecutive years by 2012 . its success also helped lift the ratings of other shows that were scheduled around it such as house and bones , and idol , for years , had become fox ' s strongest platform primetime television program for promoting eventual hit shows of the 2010s ( of the same network ) such as glee and new girl . the show , its creator simon fuller claimed , " saved fox " . [ sep ] fox
the show pushed fox to become the number one u . s . tv network amongst adults 18 – 49 , the key demographic coveted by advertisers , for an unprecedented eight consecutive years by 2012 . its success also helped lift the ratings of other shows that were scheduled around it such as house and bones , and idol , for years , had become fox ' s strongest platform primetime television program for promoting eventual hit shows of the 2010s ( of the same network ) such as glee and new girl . the show , its creator simon fuller claimed , " saved fox " . [ sep ] simon fuller
the show ' s massive success in the mid - 2000s and early 2010s spawned a number of imitating singing - competition shows , such as rock star , nashville star , the voice , rising star , the sing - off , and the x factor . its format also served as a blueprint for non - singing tv shows such as dancing with the stars and so you think you can dance , most of which contribute to the current highly competitive reality tv landscape on american television . [ sep ] dancing with the stars
the show ' s massive success in the mid - 2000s and early 2010s spawned a number of imitating singing - competition shows , such as rock star , nashville star , the voice , rising star , the sing - off , and the x factor . its format also served as a blueprint for non - singing tv shows such as dancing with the stars and so you think you can dance , most of which contribute to the current highly competitive reality tv landscape on american television . [ sep ] the voice
as one of the most successful shows on u . s . television history , american idol has a strong impact not just on television , but also in the wider world of entertainment . it helped create a number of highly successful recording artists , such as kelly clarkson , daughtry and carrie underwood , as well as others of varying notability . [ sep ] american idol
as one of the most successful shows on u . s . television history , american idol has a strong impact not just on television , but also in the wider world of entertainment . it helped create a number of highly successful recording artists , such as kelly clarkson , daughtry and carrie underwood , as well as others of varying notability . [ sep ] american idol
as one of the most successful shows on u . s . television history , american idol has a strong impact not just on television , but also in the wider world of entertainment . it helped create a number of highly successful recording artists , such as kelly clarkson , daughtry and carrie underwood , as well as others of varying notability . [ sep ] american idol
various american idol alumni had success on various record charts around the world ; in the u . s . they had achieved 345 number ones on the billboard charts in its first ten years . according to fred bronson , author of books on the billboard charts , no other entity has ever created as many hit - making artists and best - selling albums and singles . in 2007 , american idol alums accounted for 2 . 1 % of all music sales . its alumni have a massive impact on radio ; in 2007 , american idol had become " a dominant force in radio " according to the president of the research company mediabase which monitors radio stations rich meyer . by 2010 , four winners each had more than a million radio spins , with kelly clarkson leading the field with over four million spins . [ sep ] 345
various american idol alumni had success on various record charts around the world ; in the u . s . they had achieved 345 number ones on the billboard charts in its first ten years . according to fred bronson , author of books on the billboard charts , no other entity has ever created as many hit - making artists and best - selling albums and singles . in 2007 , american idol alums accounted for 2 . 1 % of all music sales . its alumni have a massive impact on radio ; in 2007 , american idol had become " a dominant force in radio " according to the president of the research company mediabase which monitors radio stations rich meyer . by 2010 , four winners each had more than a million radio spins , with kelly clarkson leading the field with over four million spins . [ sep ] rich meyer
various american idol alumni had success on various record charts around the world ; in the u . s . they had achieved 345 number ones on the billboard charts in its first ten years . according to fred bronson , author of books on the billboard charts , no other entity has ever created as many hit - making artists and best - selling albums and singles . in 2007 , american idol alums accounted for 2 . 1 % of all music sales . its alumni have a massive impact on radio ; in 2007 , american idol had become " a dominant force in radio " according to the president of the research company mediabase which monitors radio stations rich meyer . by 2010 , four winners each had more than a million radio spins , with kelly clarkson leading the field with over four million spins . [ sep ] kelly clarkson
as of 2013 , the american idol alumni in their post - idol careers have amassed over 59 million albums and 120 million singles and digital track downloads in the united states alone . [ sep ] 59 million
as of 2013 , the american idol alumni in their post - idol careers have amassed over 59 million albums and 120 million singles and digital track downloads in the united states alone . [ sep ] 120 million
the impact of american idol is also strongly felt in musical theatre , where many of idol alumni have forged successful careers . the striking effect of former american idol contestants on broadway has been noted and commented on . the casting of a popular idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales . other alumni have gone on to work in television and films , the most notable being jennifer hudson who , on the recommendation of the idol vocal coach debra byrd , won a role in dreamgirls and subsequently received an academy award for her performance . [ sep ] jennifer hudson
the impact of american idol is also strongly felt in musical theatre , where many of idol alumni have forged successful careers . the striking effect of former american idol contestants on broadway has been noted and commented on . the casting of a popular idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales . other alumni have gone on to work in television and films , the most notable being jennifer hudson who , on the recommendation of the idol vocal coach debra byrd , won a role in dreamgirls and subsequently received an academy award for her performance . [ sep ] vocal coach
early reviews were mixed in their assessment . ken tucker of entertainment weekly considered that " as tv , american idol is crazily entertaining ; as music , it ' s dust - mote inconsequential " . others , however , thought that " the most striking aspect of the series was the genuine talent it revealed " . it was also described as a " sadistic musical bake - off " , and " a romp in humiliation " . other aspects of the show have attracted criticisms . the product placement in the show in particular was noted , and some critics were harsh about what they perceived as its blatant commercial calculations – karla peterson of the san diego union - tribune charged that american idol is " a conniving multimedia monster " that has " absorbed the sin of our debauched culture and spit them out in a lump of reconstituted evil " . the decision to send the season one winner to sing the national anthem at the lincoln memorial on the first anniversary of the september 11 attacks in 2002 was also poorly received by many . lisa de moraes of the washington post noted sarcastically that " the terrorists have won " and , with a sideswipe at the show ' s commercialism and voting process , that the decision as to who " gets to turn this important site into just another cog in the ' great american idol marketing mandala ' is in the hands of the millions of girls who have made american idol a hit . them and a handful of phone - redialer geeks who have been clocking up to 10 , 000 calls each week for their contestant of choice ( but who , according to fox , are in absolutely no way skewing the outcome ) . " [ sep ] entertainment weekly
early reviews were mixed in their assessment . ken tucker of entertainment weekly considered that " as tv , american idol is crazily entertaining ; as music , it ' s dust - mote inconsequential " . others , however , thought that " the most striking aspect of the series was the genuine talent it revealed " . it was also described as a " sadistic musical bake - off " , and " a romp in humiliation " . other aspects of the show have attracted criticisms . the product placement in the show in particular was noted , and some critics were harsh about what they perceived as its blatant commercial calculations – karla peterson of the san diego union - tribune charged that american idol is " a conniving multimedia monster " that has " absorbed the sin of our debauched culture and spit them out in a lump of reconstituted evil " . the decision to send the season one winner to sing the national anthem at the lincoln memorial on the first anniversary of the september 11 attacks in 2002 was also poorly received by many . lisa de moraes of the washington post noted sarcastically that " the terrorists have won " and , with a sideswipe at the show ' s commercialism and voting process , that the decision as to who " gets to turn this important site into just another cog in the ' great american idol marketing mandala ' is in the hands of the millions of girls who have made american idol a hit . them and a handful of phone - redialer geeks who have been clocking up to 10 , 000 calls each week for their contestant of choice ( but who , according to fox , are in absolutely no way skewing the outcome ) . " [ sep ] the national anthem
some of the later writers about the show were more positive , michael slezak , again of entertainment weekly , thought that " for all its bloated , synthetic , product - shilling , money - making trappings , idol provides a once - a - year chance for the average american to combat the evils of today ' s music business . " singer sheryl crow , who was later to act as a mentor on the show , however took the view that the show " undermines art in every way and promotes commercialism " . pop music critic ann powers nevertheless suggested that idol has " reshaped the american songbook " , " led us toward a new way of viewing ourselves in relationship to mainstream popular culture " , and connects " the classic hollywood dream to the multicentered popular culture of the future . " others focused on the personalities in the show ; ramin setoodeh of newsweek accused judge simon cowell ' s cruel critiques in the show of helping to establish in the wider world a culture of meanness , that " simon cowell has dragged the rest of us in the mud with him . " some such as singer john mayer disparaged the contestants , suggesting that those who appeared on idol are not real artists with self - respect . [ sep ] entertainment weekly
some of the later writers about the show were more positive , michael slezak , again of entertainment weekly , thought that " for all its bloated , synthetic , product - shilling , money - making trappings , idol provides a once - a - year chance for the average american to combat the evils of today ' s music business . " singer sheryl crow , who was later to act as a mentor on the show , however took the view that the show " undermines art in every way and promotes commercialism " . pop music critic ann powers nevertheless suggested that idol has " reshaped the american songbook " , " led us toward a new way of viewing ourselves in relationship to mainstream popular culture " , and connects " the classic hollywood dream to the multicentered popular culture of the future . " others focused on the personalities in the show ; ramin setoodeh of newsweek accused judge simon cowell ' s cruel critiques in the show of helping to establish in the wider world a culture of meanness , that " simon cowell has dragged the rest of us in the mud with him . " some such as singer john mayer disparaged the contestants , suggesting that those who appeared on idol are not real artists with self - respect . [ sep ] simon cowell
some of the later writers about the show were more positive , michael slezak , again of entertainment weekly , thought that " for all its bloated , synthetic , product - shilling , money - making trappings , idol provides a once - a - year chance for the average american to combat the evils of today ' s music business . " singer sheryl crow , who was later to act as a mentor on the show , however took the view that the show " undermines art in every way and promotes commercialism " . pop music critic ann powers nevertheless suggested that idol has " reshaped the american songbook " , " led us toward a new way of viewing ourselves in relationship to mainstream popular culture " , and connects " the classic hollywood dream to the multicentered popular culture of the future . " others focused on the personalities in the show ; ramin setoodeh of newsweek accused judge simon cowell ' s cruel critiques in the show of helping to establish in the wider world a culture of meanness , that " simon cowell has dragged the rest of us in the mud with him . " some such as singer john mayer disparaged the contestants , suggesting that those who appeared on idol are not real artists with self - respect . [ sep ] john mayer
some of the later writers about the show were more positive , michael slezak , again of entertainment weekly , thought that " for all its bloated , synthetic , product - shilling , money - making trappings , idol provides a once - a - year chance for the average american to combat the evils of today ' s music business . " singer sheryl crow , who was later to act as a mentor on the show , however took the view that the show " undermines art in every way and promotes commercialism " . pop music critic ann powers nevertheless suggested that idol has " reshaped the american songbook " , " led us toward a new way of viewing ourselves in relationship to mainstream popular culture " , and connects " the classic hollywood dream to the multicentered popular culture of the future . " others focused on the personalities in the show ; ramin setoodeh of newsweek accused judge simon cowell ' s cruel critiques in the show of helping to establish in the wider world a culture of meanness , that " simon cowell has dragged the rest of us in the mud with him . " some such as singer john mayer disparaged the contestants , suggesting that those who appeared on idol are not real artists with self - respect . [ sep ] newsweek
some in the entertainment industry were critical of the star - making aspect of the show . usher , a mentor on the show , bemoaning the loss of the " true art form of music " , thought that shows like american idol made it seem " so easy that everyone can do it , and that it can happen overnight " , and that " television is a lie " . musician michael feinstein , while acknowledging that the show had uncovered promising performers , said that american idol " isn ' t really about music . it ' s about all the bad aspects of the music business – the arrogance of commerce , this sense of ' i know what will make this person a star ; artists themselves don ' t know . ' " that american idol is seen to be a fast track to success for its contestants has been a cause of resentment for some in the industry . leann rimes , commenting on carrie underwood winning best female artist in country music awards over faith hill in 2006 , said that " carrie has not paid her dues long enough to fully deserve that award " . it is a common theme that has been echoed by many others . elton john , who had appeared as a mentor in the show but turned down an offer to be a judge on american idol , commenting on talent shows in general , said that " there have been some good acts but the only way to sustain a career is to pay your dues in small clubs " . [ sep ] elton john
some in the entertainment industry were critical of the star - making aspect of the show . usher , a mentor on the show , bemoaning the loss of the " true art form of music " , thought that shows like american idol made it seem " so easy that everyone can do it , and that it can happen overnight " , and that " television is a lie " . musician michael feinstein , while acknowledging that the show had uncovered promising performers , said that american idol " isn ' t really about music . it ' s about all the bad aspects of the music business – the arrogance of commerce , this sense of ' i know what will make this person a star ; artists themselves don ' t know . ' " that american idol is seen to be a fast track to success for its contestants has been a cause of resentment for some in the industry . leann rimes , commenting on carrie underwood winning best female artist in country music awards over faith hill in 2006 , said that " carrie has not paid her dues long enough to fully deserve that award " . it is a common theme that has been echoed by many others . elton john , who had appeared as a mentor in the show but turned down an offer to be a judge on american idol , commenting on talent shows in general , said that " there have been some good acts but the only way to sustain a career is to pay your dues in small clubs " . [ sep ] 2006
some in the entertainment industry were critical of the star - making aspect of the show . usher , a mentor on the show , bemoaning the loss of the " true art form of music " , thought that shows like american idol made it seem " so easy that everyone can do it , and that it can happen overnight " , and that " television is a lie " . musician michael feinstein , while acknowledging that the show had uncovered promising performers , said that american idol " isn ' t really about music . it ' s about all the bad aspects of the music business – the arrogance of commerce , this sense of ' i know what will make this person a star ; artists themselves don ' t know . ' " that american idol is seen to be a fast track to success for its contestants has been a cause of resentment for some in the industry . leann rimes , commenting on carrie underwood winning best female artist in country music awards over faith hill in 2006 , said that " carrie has not paid her dues long enough to fully deserve that award " . it is a common theme that has been echoed by many others . elton john , who had appeared as a mentor in the show but turned down an offer to be a judge on american idol , commenting on talent shows in general , said that " there have been some good acts but the only way to sustain a career is to pay your dues in small clubs " . [ sep ] leann rimes
the success of the show ' s alumni however has led to a more positive assessment of the show , and the show was described as having " proven it has a valid way to pick talent and a proven way to sell records " . while the industry is divided on the show success , its impact is felt particularly strongly in the country music format . according to a cmt exec , reflecting on the success of idol alumni in the country genre , " if you want to try and get famous fast by going to a cattle call audition on tv , idol reasonably remains the first choice for anyone , " and that country music and idol " go together well " . [ sep ] country
some of his friends provided music at his request ; among them , potocka sang and franchomme played the cello . chopin requested that his body be opened after death ( for fear of being buried alive ) and his heart returned to warsaw where it rests at the church of the holy cross . he also bequeathed his unfinished notes on a piano tuition method , projet de methode , to alkan for completion . on 17 october , after midnight , the physician leaned over him and asked whether he was suffering greatly . " no longer " , he replied . he died a few minutes before two o ' clock in the morning . those present at the deathbed appear to have included his sister ludwika , princess marcelina czartoryska , sand ' s daughter solange , and his close friend thomas albrecht . later that morning , solange ' s husband clesinger made chopin ' s death mask and a cast of his left hand . [ sep ] fear of being buried alive
some of his friends provided music at his request ; among them , potocka sang and franchomme played the cello . chopin requested that his body be opened after death ( for fear of being buried alive ) and his heart returned to warsaw where it rests at the church of the holy cross . he also bequeathed his unfinished notes on a piano tuition method , projet de methode , to alkan for completion . on 17 october , after midnight , the physician leaned over him and asked whether he was suffering greatly . " no longer " , he replied . he died a few minutes before two o ' clock in the morning . those present at the deathbed appear to have included his sister ludwika , princess marcelina czartoryska , sand ' s daughter solange , and his close friend thomas albrecht . later that morning , solange ' s husband clesinger made chopin ' s death mask and a cast of his left hand . [ sep ] a cast of his left hand .
chopin ' s disease and the cause of his death have since been a matter of discussion . his death certificate gave the cause as tuberculosis , and his physician , jean cruveilhier , was then the leading french authority on this disease . other possibilities have been advanced including cystic fibrosis , cirrhosis and alpha 1 - antitrypsin deficiency . however , the attribution of tuberculosis as principal cause of death has not been disproved . permission for dna testing , which could put the matter to rest , has been denied by the polish government . [ sep ] tuberculosis
chopin ' s disease and the cause of his death have since been a matter of discussion . his death certificate gave the cause as tuberculosis , and his physician , jean cruveilhier , was then the leading french authority on this disease . other possibilities have been advanced including cystic fibrosis , cirrhosis and alpha 1 - antitrypsin deficiency . however , the attribution of tuberculosis as principal cause of death has not been disproved . permission for dna testing , which could put the matter to rest , has been denied by the polish government . [ sep ] jean cruveilhier
chopin ' s disease and the cause of his death have since been a matter of discussion . his death certificate gave the cause as tuberculosis , and his physician , jean cruveilhier , was then the leading french authority on this disease . other possibilities have been advanced including cystic fibrosis , cirrhosis and alpha 1 - antitrypsin deficiency . however , the attribution of tuberculosis as principal cause of death has not been disproved . permission for dna testing , which could put the matter to rest , has been denied by the polish government . [ sep ] cystic fibrosis
chopin ' s disease and the cause of his death have since been a matter of discussion . his death certificate gave the cause as tuberculosis , and his physician , jean cruveilhier , was then the leading french authority on this disease . other possibilities have been advanced including cystic fibrosis , cirrhosis and alpha 1 - antitrypsin deficiency . however , the attribution of tuberculosis as principal cause of death has not been disproved . permission for dna testing , which could put the matter to rest , has been denied by the polish government . [ sep ] the polish government .
american idol was nominated for the emmy ' s outstanding reality competition program for nine years but never won . director bruce gower won a primetime emmy award for outstanding directing for a variety , music or comedy series in 2009 , and the show won a creative arts emmys each in 2007 and 2008 , three in 2009 , and two in 2011 , as well as a governor ' s award in 2007 for its idol gives back edition . it won the people ' s choice award , which honors the popular culture of the previous year as voted by the public , for favorite competition / reality show in 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2011 and 2012 . it won the first critics ' choice television award in 2011 for best reality competition . [ sep ] 9
american idol was nominated for the emmy ' s outstanding reality competition program for nine years but never won . director bruce gower won a primetime emmy award for outstanding directing for a variety , music or comedy series in 2009 , and the show won a creative arts emmys each in 2007 and 2008 , three in 2009 , and two in 2011 , as well as a governor ' s award in 2007 for its idol gives back edition . it won the people ' s choice award , which honors the popular culture of the previous year as voted by the public , for favorite competition / reality show in 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2011 and 2012 . it won the first critics ' choice television award in 2011 for best reality competition . [ sep ] bruce gower
american idol was nominated for the emmy ' s outstanding reality competition program for nine years but never won . director bruce gower won a primetime emmy award for outstanding directing for a variety , music or comedy series in 2009 , and the show won a creative arts emmys each in 2007 and 2008 , three in 2009 , and two in 2011 , as well as a governor ' s award in 2007 for its idol gives back edition . it won the people ' s choice award , which honors the popular culture of the previous year as voted by the public , for favorite competition / reality show in 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2011 and 2012 . it won the first critics ' choice television award in 2011 for best reality competition . [ sep ] 8
american idol was nominated for the emmy ' s outstanding reality competition program for nine years but never won . director bruce gower won a primetime emmy award for outstanding directing for a variety , music or comedy series in 2009 , and the show won a creative arts emmys each in 2007 and 2008 , three in 2009 , and two in 2011 , as well as a governor ' s award in 2007 for its idol gives back edition . it won the people ' s choice award , which honors the popular culture of the previous year as voted by the public , for favorite competition / reality show in 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2011 and 2012 . it won the first critics ' choice television award in 2011 for best reality competition . [ sep ] idol gives back
the dominance of american idol in the ratings had made it the most profitable show in u . s . tv for many years . the show was estimated to generate $ 900 million for the year 2004 through sales of tv ads , albums , merchandise and concert tickets . by season seven , the show was estimated to earn around $ 900 million from its ad revenue alone , not including ancillary sponsorship deals and other income . one estimate puts the total tv revenue for the first eight seasons of american at $ 6 . 4 billion . sponsors that bought fully integrated packages can expect a variety of promotions of their products on the show , such as product placement , adverts and product promotion integrated into the show , and various promotional opportunities . other off - air promotional partners pay for the rights to feature " idol " branding on their packaging , products and marketing programs . american idol also partnered with disney in its theme park attraction the american idol experience . [ sep ] $ 900 million
the dominance of american idol in the ratings had made it the most profitable show in u . s . tv for many years . the show was estimated to generate $ 900 million for the year 2004 through sales of tv ads , albums , merchandise and concert tickets . by season seven , the show was estimated to earn around $ 900 million from its ad revenue alone , not including ancillary sponsorship deals and other income . one estimate puts the total tv revenue for the first eight seasons of american at $ 6 . 4 billion . sponsors that bought fully integrated packages can expect a variety of promotions of their products on the show , such as product placement , adverts and product promotion integrated into the show , and various promotional opportunities . other off - air promotional partners pay for the rights to feature " idol " branding on their packaging , products and marketing programs . american idol also partnered with disney in its theme park attraction the american idol experience . [ sep ] $ 6 . 4 billion
the dominance of american idol in the ratings had made it the most profitable show in u . s . tv for many years . the show was estimated to generate $ 900 million for the year 2004 through sales of tv ads , albums , merchandise and concert tickets . by season seven , the show was estimated to earn around $ 900 million from its ad revenue alone , not including ancillary sponsorship deals and other income . one estimate puts the total tv revenue for the first eight seasons of american at $ 6 . 4 billion . sponsors that bought fully integrated packages can expect a variety of promotions of their products on the show , such as product placement , adverts and product promotion integrated into the show , and various promotional opportunities . other off - air promotional partners pay for the rights to feature " idol " branding on their packaging , products and marketing programs . american idol also partnered with disney in its theme park attraction the american idol experience . [ sep ] the american idol experience
the dominance of american idol in the ratings had made it the most profitable show in u . s . tv for many years . the show was estimated to generate $ 900 million for the year 2004 through sales of tv ads , albums , merchandise and concert tickets . by season seven , the show was estimated to earn around $ 900 million from its ad revenue alone , not including ancillary sponsorship deals and other income . one estimate puts the total tv revenue for the first eight seasons of american at $ 6 . 4 billion . sponsors that bought fully integrated packages can expect a variety of promotions of their products on the show , such as product placement , adverts and product promotion integrated into the show , and various promotional opportunities . other off - air promotional partners pay for the rights to feature " idol " branding on their packaging , products and marketing programs . american idol also partnered with disney in its theme park attraction the american idol experience . [ sep ] $ 900 million
the funeral , held at the church of the madeleine in paris , was delayed almost two weeks , until 30 october . entrance was restricted to ticket holders as many people were expected to attend . over 3 , 000 people arrived without invitations , from as far as london , berlin and vienna , and were excluded . [ sep ] the church of the madeleine in paris
the funeral , held at the church of the madeleine in paris , was delayed almost two weeks , until 30 october . entrance was restricted to ticket holders as many people were expected to attend . over 3 , 000 people arrived without invitations , from as far as london , berlin and vienna , and were excluded . [ sep ] two weeks
the funeral , held at the church of the madeleine in paris , was delayed almost two weeks , until 30 october . entrance was restricted to ticket holders as many people were expected to attend . over 3 , 000 people arrived without invitations , from as far as london , berlin and vienna , and were excluded . [ sep ] over 3 , 000
american idol became the most expensive series on broadcast networks for advertisers starting season four , and by the next season , it had broken the record in advertising rate for a regularly scheduled prime - time network series , selling over $ 700 , 000 for a 30 - seconds slot , and reaching up to $ 1 . 3 million for the finale . its ad prices reached a peak in season seven at $ 737 , 000 . estimated revenue more than doubled from $ 404 million in season three to $ 870 million in season six . while that declined from season eight onwards , it still earned significantly more than its nearest competitor , with advertising revenue topping $ 800 million annually the next few seasons . however , the sharp drop in ratings in season eleven also resulted in a sharp drop in advertising rate for season twelve , and the show lost its leading position as the costliest show for advertisers . by 2014 , ad revenue from had fallen to $ 427 million where a 30 - second spot went for less than $ 300 , 000 . [ sep ] season four
american idol became the most expensive series on broadcast networks for advertisers starting season four , and by the next season , it had broken the record in advertising rate for a regularly scheduled prime - time network series , selling over $ 700 , 000 for a 30 - seconds slot , and reaching up to $ 1 . 3 million for the finale . its ad prices reached a peak in season seven at $ 737 , 000 . estimated revenue more than doubled from $ 404 million in season three to $ 870 million in season six . while that declined from season eight onwards , it still earned significantly more than its nearest competitor , with advertising revenue topping $ 800 million annually the next few seasons . however , the sharp drop in ratings in season eleven also resulted in a sharp drop in advertising rate for season twelve , and the show lost its leading position as the costliest show for advertisers . by 2014 , ad revenue from had fallen to $ 427 million where a 30 - second spot went for less than $ 300 , 000 . [ sep ] $ 1 . 3 million
american idol became the most expensive series on broadcast networks for advertisers starting season four , and by the next season , it had broken the record in advertising rate for a regularly scheduled prime - time network series , selling over $ 700 , 000 for a 30 - seconds slot , and reaching up to $ 1 . 3 million for the finale . its ad prices reached a peak in season seven at $ 737 , 000 . estimated revenue more than doubled from $ 404 million in season three to $ 870 million in season six . while that declined from season eight onwards , it still earned significantly more than its nearest competitor , with advertising revenue topping $ 800 million annually the next few seasons . however , the sharp drop in ratings in season eleven also resulted in a sharp drop in advertising rate for season twelve , and the show lost its leading position as the costliest show for advertisers . by 2014 , ad revenue from had fallen to $ 427 million where a 30 - second spot went for less than $ 300 , 000 . [ sep ] less than $ 300 , 000
american idol became the most expensive series on broadcast networks for advertisers starting season four , and by the next season , it had broken the record in advertising rate for a regularly scheduled prime - time network series , selling over $ 700 , 000 for a 30 - seconds slot , and reaching up to $ 1 . 3 million for the finale . its ad prices reached a peak in season seven at $ 737 , 000 . estimated revenue more than doubled from $ 404 million in season three to $ 870 million in season six . while that declined from season eight onwards , it still earned significantly more than its nearest competitor , with advertising revenue topping $ 800 million annually the next few seasons . however , the sharp drop in ratings in season eleven also resulted in a sharp drop in advertising rate for season twelve , and the show lost its leading position as the costliest show for advertisers . by 2014 , ad revenue from had fallen to $ 427 million where a 30 - second spot went for less than $ 300 , 000 . [ sep ] $ 737 , 000
ford motor company and coca - cola were two of the first sponsors of american idol in its first season . the sponsorship deal cost around $ 10 million in season one , rising to $ 35 million by season 7 , and between $ 50 to $ 60 million in season 10 . the third major sponsor at & t wireless joined in the second season but ended after season 12 , and coca - cola officially ended its sponsorship after season 13 amidst the declining ratings of idol in the mid - 2010s . itunes sponsored the show since season seven . [ sep ] season one
ford motor company and coca - cola were two of the first sponsors of american idol in its first season . the sponsorship deal cost around $ 10 million in season one , rising to $ 35 million by season 7 , and between $ 50 to $ 60 million in season 10 . the third major sponsor at & t wireless joined in the second season but ended after season 12 , and coca - cola officially ended its sponsorship after season 13 amidst the declining ratings of idol in the mid - 2010s . itunes sponsored the show since season seven . [ sep ] season one
ford motor company and coca - cola were two of the first sponsors of american idol in its first season . the sponsorship deal cost around $ 10 million in season one , rising to $ 35 million by season 7 , and between $ 50 to $ 60 million in season 10 . the third major sponsor at & t wireless joined in the second season but ended after season 12 , and coca - cola officially ended its sponsorship after season 13 amidst the declining ratings of idol in the mid - 2010s . itunes sponsored the show since season seven . [ sep ] at & t wireless
ford motor company and coca - cola were two of the first sponsors of american idol in its first season . the sponsorship deal cost around $ 10 million in season one , rising to $ 35 million by season 7 , and between $ 50 to $ 60 million in season 10 . the third major sponsor at & t wireless joined in the second season but ended after season 12 , and coca - cola officially ended its sponsorship after season 13 amidst the declining ratings of idol in the mid - 2010s . itunes sponsored the show since season seven . [ sep ] after season 13
ford motor company and coca - cola were two of the first sponsors of american idol in its first season . the sponsorship deal cost around $ 10 million in season one , rising to $ 35 million by season 7 , and between $ 50 to $ 60 million in season 10 . the third major sponsor at & t wireless joined in the second season but ended after season 12 , and coca - cola officially ended its sponsorship after season 13 amidst the declining ratings of idol in the mid - 2010s . itunes sponsored the show since season seven . [ sep ] seven
mozart ' s requiem was sung at the funeral ; the soloists were the soprano jeanne - anais castellan , the mezzo - soprano pauline viardot , the tenor alexis dupont , and the bass luigi lablache ; chopin ' s preludes no . 4 in e minor and no . 6 in b minor were also played . the organist at the funeral was louis lefebure - wely . the funeral procession to pere lachaise cemetery , which included chopin ' s sister ludwika , was led by the aged prince adam czartoryski . the pallbearers included delacroix , franchomme , and camille pleyel . at the graveside , the funeral march from chopin ' s piano sonata no . 2 was played , in reber ' s instrumentation . [ sep ] mozart ' s requiem
mozart ' s requiem was sung at the funeral ; the soloists were the soprano jeanne - anais castellan , the mezzo - soprano pauline viardot , the tenor alexis dupont , and the bass luigi lablache ; chopin ' s preludes no . 4 in e minor and no . 6 in b minor were also played . the organist at the funeral was louis lefebure - wely . the funeral procession to pere lachaise cemetery , which included chopin ' s sister ludwika , was led by the aged prince adam czartoryski . the pallbearers included delacroix , franchomme , and camille pleyel . at the graveside , the funeral march from chopin ' s piano sonata no . 2 was played , in reber ' s instrumentation . [ sep ] louis lefebure - wely
mozart ' s requiem was sung at the funeral ; the soloists were the soprano jeanne - anais castellan , the mezzo - soprano pauline viardot , the tenor alexis dupont , and the bass luigi lablache ; chopin ' s preludes no . 4 in e minor and no . 6 in b minor were also played . the organist at the funeral was louis lefebure - wely . the funeral procession to pere lachaise cemetery , which included chopin ' s sister ludwika , was led by the aged prince adam czartoryski . the pallbearers included delacroix , franchomme , and camille pleyel . at the graveside , the funeral march from chopin ' s piano sonata no . 2 was played , in reber ' s instrumentation . [ sep ] pere lachaise cemetery
mozart ' s requiem was sung at the funeral ; the soloists were the soprano jeanne - anais castellan , the mezzo - soprano pauline viardot , the tenor alexis dupont , and the bass luigi lablache ; chopin ' s preludes no . 4 in e minor and no . 6 in b minor were also played . the organist at the funeral was louis lefebure - wely . the funeral procession to pere lachaise cemetery , which included chopin ' s sister ludwika , was led by the aged prince adam czartoryski . the pallbearers included delacroix , franchomme , and camille pleyel . at the graveside , the funeral march from chopin ' s piano sonata no . 2 was played , in reber ' s instrumentation . [ sep ] prince adam czartoryski
mozart ' s requiem was sung at the funeral ; the soloists were the soprano jeanne - anais castellan , the mezzo - soprano pauline viardot , the tenor alexis dupont , and the bass luigi lablache ; chopin ' s preludes no . 4 in e minor and no . 6 in b minor were also played . the organist at the funeral was louis lefebure - wely . the funeral procession to pere lachaise cemetery , which included chopin ' s sister ludwika , was led by the aged prince adam czartoryski . the pallbearers included delacroix , franchomme , and camille pleyel . at the graveside , the funeral march from chopin ' s piano sonata no . 2 was played , in reber ' s instrumentation . [ sep ] the funeral march from chopin ' s piano sonata no . 2
american idol prominent display of its sponsors ' logo and products had been noted since the early seasons . by season six , idol showed 4 , 349 product placements according to nielsen media research . the branded entertainment integration proved beneficial to its advertisers – promotion of at & t text - messaging as a means to vote successfully introduced the technology into the wider culture , and coca - cola has seen its equity increased during the show . [ sep ] text - messaging
coca - cola ' s archrival pepsico declined to sponsor american idol at the show ' s start . what the los angeles times later called " missing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation " contributed to pepsi losing market share , by 2010 falling to third place from second in the united states . pepsico sponsored the american version of cowell ' s the x factor in hopes of not repeating its idol mistake until its cancellation . [ sep ] pepsico
coca - cola ' s archrival pepsico declined to sponsor american idol at the show ' s start . what the los angeles times later called " missing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation " contributed to pepsi losing market share , by 2010 falling to third place from second in the united states . pepsico sponsored the american version of cowell ' s the x factor in hopes of not repeating its idol mistake until its cancellation . [ sep ] the x factor
the top ten ( eleven in season ten ) toured at the end of every season . in the season twelve tour a semi - finalist who won a sing - off was also added to the tour . kellogg ' s pop - tarts was the sponsor for the first seven seasons , and guitar hero was added for the season seven tour . m & m ' s pretzel chocolate candies was a sponsor of the season nine tour . the season five tour was the most successful tour with gross of over $ 35 million . [ sep ] season five
the top ten ( eleven in season ten ) toured at the end of every season . in the season twelve tour a semi - finalist who won a sing - off was also added to the tour . kellogg ' s pop - tarts was the sponsor for the first seven seasons , and guitar hero was added for the season seven tour . m & m ' s pretzel chocolate candies was a sponsor of the season nine tour . the season five tour was the most successful tour with gross of over $ 35 million . [ sep ] m & m ' s pretzel chocolate candies
chopin ' s tombstone , featuring the muse of music , euterpe , weeping over a broken lyre , was designed and sculpted by clesinger . the expenses of the funeral and monument , amounting to 5 , 000 francs , were covered by jane stirling , who also paid for the return of the composer ' s sister ludwika to warsaw . ludwika took chopin ' s heart in an urn , preserved in alcohol , back to poland in 1850 . [ n 9 ] she also took a collection of two hundred letters from sand to chopin ; after 1851 these were returned to sand , who seems to have destroyed them . [ sep ] clesinger .
chopin ' s tombstone , featuring the muse of music , euterpe , weeping over a broken lyre , was designed and sculpted by clesinger . the expenses of the funeral and monument , amounting to 5 , 000 francs , were covered by jane stirling , who also paid for the return of the composer ' s sister ludwika to warsaw . ludwika took chopin ' s heart in an urn , preserved in alcohol , back to poland in 1850 . [ n 9 ] she also took a collection of two hundred letters from sand to chopin ; after 1851 these were returned to sand , who seems to have destroyed them . [ sep ] 5 , 000 francs
chopin ' s tombstone , featuring the muse of music , euterpe , weeping over a broken lyre , was designed and sculpted by clesinger . the expenses of the funeral and monument , amounting to 5 , 000 francs , were covered by jane stirling , who also paid for the return of the composer ' s sister ludwika to warsaw . ludwika took chopin ' s heart in an urn , preserved in alcohol , back to poland in 1850 . [ n 9 ] she also took a collection of two hundred letters from sand to chopin ; after 1851 these were returned to sand , who seems to have destroyed them . [ sep ] jane stirling
chopin ' s tombstone , featuring the muse of music , euterpe , weeping over a broken lyre , was designed and sculpted by clesinger . the expenses of the funeral and monument , amounting to 5 , 000 francs , were covered by jane stirling , who also paid for the return of the composer ' s sister ludwika to warsaw . ludwika took chopin ' s heart in an urn , preserved in alcohol , back to poland in 1850 . [ n 9 ] she also took a collection of two hundred letters from sand to chopin ; after 1851 these were returned to sand , who seems to have destroyed them . [ sep ] sister
chopin ' s tombstone , featuring the muse of music , euterpe , weeping over a broken lyre , was designed and sculpted by clesinger . the expenses of the funeral and monument , amounting to 5 , 000 francs , were covered by jane stirling , who also paid for the return of the composer ' s sister ludwika to warsaw . ludwika took chopin ' s heart in an urn , preserved in alcohol , back to poland in 1850 . [ n 9 ] she also took a collection of two hundred letters from sand to chopin ; after 1851 these were returned to sand , who seems to have destroyed them . [ sep ] sand
american idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants ' performances as well as the winner ' s coronation single for sale . for the first five seasons , the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season . all five of these albums reached the top ten in billboard 200 which made then american idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program . starting late in season five , individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads , initially from the american idol official website only . in season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from itunes when it joined as a sponsor . in season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night . [ sep ] season seven
american idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants ' performances as well as the winner ' s coronation single for sale . for the first five seasons , the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season . all five of these albums reached the top ten in billboard 200 which made then american idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program . starting late in season five , individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads , initially from the american idol official website only . in season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from itunes when it joined as a sponsor . in season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night . [ sep ] five
american idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants ' performances as well as the winner ' s coronation single for sale . for the first five seasons , the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season . all five of these albums reached the top ten in billboard 200 which made then american idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program . starting late in season five , individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads , initially from the american idol official website only . in season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from itunes when it joined as a sponsor . in season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night . [ sep ] itunes
over 230 works of chopin survive ; some compositions from early childhood have been lost . all his known works involve the piano , and only a few range beyond solo piano music , as either piano concertos , songs or chamber music . [ sep ] over 230
over 230 works of chopin survive ; some compositions from early childhood have been lost . all his known works involve the piano , and only a few range beyond solo piano music , as either piano concertos , songs or chamber music . [ sep ] chamber music .
19 recordings , a recording label owned by 19 entertainment , currently hold the rights to phonographic material recorded by all the contestants . 19 originally partnered with bertelsmann music group ( bmg ) to promote and distribute the recordings through its labels rca records , arista records , j records , jive records . in 2005 - 2007 , bmg partnered with sony music entertainment to form a joint venture known as sony bmg music entertainment . from 2008 - 2010 , sony music handled the distribution following their acquisition of bmg . sony music was partnered with american idol and distribute its music , and in 2010 , sony was replaced by as the music label for american idol by umg ' s interscope - geffen - a & m records . [ sep ] 19 recordings
19 recordings , a recording label owned by 19 entertainment , currently hold the rights to phonographic material recorded by all the contestants . 19 originally partnered with bertelsmann music group ( bmg ) to promote and distribute the recordings through its labels rca records , arista records , j records , jive records . in 2005 - 2007 , bmg partnered with sony music entertainment to form a joint venture known as sony bmg music entertainment . from 2008 - 2010 , sony music handled the distribution following their acquisition of bmg . sony music was partnered with american idol and distribute its music , and in 2010 , sony was replaced by as the music label for american idol by umg ' s interscope - geffen - a & m records . [ sep ] umg
19 recordings , a recording label owned by 19 entertainment , currently hold the rights to phonographic material recorded by all the contestants . 19 originally partnered with bertelsmann music group ( bmg ) to promote and distribute the recordings through its labels rca records , arista records , j records , jive records . in 2005 - 2007 , bmg partnered with sony music entertainment to form a joint venture known as sony bmg music entertainment . from 2008 - 2010 , sony music handled the distribution following their acquisition of bmg . sony music was partnered with american idol and distribute its music , and in 2010 , sony was replaced by as the music label for american idol by umg ' s interscope - geffen - a & m records . [ sep ] bmg
on february 14 , 2009 , the walt disney company debuted " the american idol experience " at its disney ' s hollywood studios theme park at the walt disney world resort in florida . in this live production , co - produced by 19 entertainment , park guests chose from a list of songs and auditioned privately for disney cast members . those selected then performed on a stage in a 1000 - seat theater replicating the idol set . three judges , whose mannerisms and style mimicked those of the real idol judges , critiqued the performances . audience members then voted for their favorite performer . there were several preliminary - round shows during the day that culminated in a " finals " show in the evening where one of the winners of the previous rounds that day was selected as the overall winner . the winner of the finals show received a " dream ticket " that granted them front - of - the - line privileges at any future american idol audition . the attraction closed on august 30 , 2014 . [ sep ] the walt disney company
on february 14 , 2009 , the walt disney company debuted " the american idol experience " at its disney ' s hollywood studios theme park at the walt disney world resort in florida . in this live production , co - produced by 19 entertainment , park guests chose from a list of songs and auditioned privately for disney cast members . those selected then performed on a stage in a 1000 - seat theater replicating the idol set . three judges , whose mannerisms and style mimicked those of the real idol judges , critiqued the performances . audience members then voted for their favorite performer . there were several preliminary - round shows during the day that culminated in a " finals " show in the evening where one of the winners of the previous rounds that day was selected as the overall winner . the winner of the finals show received a " dream ticket " that granted them front - of - the - line privileges at any future american idol audition . the attraction closed on august 30 , 2014 . [ sep ] 2009
on february 14 , 2009 , the walt disney company debuted " the american idol experience " at its disney ' s hollywood studios theme park at the walt disney world resort in florida . in this live production , co - produced by 19 entertainment , park guests chose from a list of songs and auditioned privately for disney cast members . those selected then performed on a stage in a 1000 - seat theater replicating the idol set . three judges , whose mannerisms and style mimicked those of the real idol judges , critiqued the performances . audience members then voted for their favorite performer . there were several preliminary - round shows during the day that culminated in a " finals " show in the evening where one of the winners of the previous rounds that day was selected as the overall winner . the winner of the finals show received a " dream ticket " that granted them front - of - the - line privileges at any future american idol audition . the attraction closed on august 30 , 2014 . [ sep ] 2014
on february 14 , 2009 , the walt disney company debuted " the american idol experience " at its disney ' s hollywood studios theme park at the walt disney world resort in florida . in this live production , co - produced by 19 entertainment , park guests chose from a list of songs and auditioned privately for disney cast members . those selected then performed on a stage in a 1000 - seat theater replicating the idol set . three judges , whose mannerisms and style mimicked those of the real idol judges , critiqued the performances . audience members then voted for their favorite performer . there were several preliminary - round shows during the day that culminated in a " finals " show in the evening where one of the winners of the previous rounds that day was selected as the overall winner . the winner of the finals show received a " dream ticket " that granted them front - of - the - line privileges at any future american idol audition . the attraction closed on august 30 , 2014 . [ sep ] 19 entertainment
chopin was educated in the tradition of beethoven , haydn , mozart and clementi ; he used clementi ' s piano method with his own students . he was also influenced by hummel ' s development of virtuoso , yet mozartian , piano technique . he cited bach and mozart as the two most important composers in shaping his musical outlook . chopin ' s early works are in the style of the " brilliant " keyboard pieces of his era as exemplified by the works of ignaz moscheles , friedrich kalkbrenner , and others . less direct in the earlier period are the influences of polish folk music and of italian opera . much of what became his typical style of ornamentation ( for example , his fioriture ) is taken from singing . his melodic lines were increasingly reminiscent of the modes and features of the music of his native country , such as drones . [ sep ] clementi
chopin was educated in the tradition of beethoven , haydn , mozart and clementi ; he used clementi ' s piano method with his own students . he was also influenced by hummel ' s development of virtuoso , yet mozartian , piano technique . he cited bach and mozart as the two most important composers in shaping his musical outlook . chopin ' s early works are in the style of the " brilliant " keyboard pieces of his era as exemplified by the works of ignaz moscheles , friedrich kalkbrenner , and others . less direct in the earlier period are the influences of polish folk music and of italian opera . much of what became his typical style of ornamentation ( for example , his fioriture ) is taken from singing . his melodic lines were increasingly reminiscent of the modes and features of the music of his native country , such as drones . [ sep ] bach and mozart
chopin was educated in the tradition of beethoven , haydn , mozart and clementi ; he used clementi ' s piano method with his own students . he was also influenced by hummel ' s development of virtuoso , yet mozartian , piano technique . he cited bach and mozart as the two most important composers in shaping his musical outlook . chopin ' s early works are in the style of the " brilliant " keyboard pieces of his era as exemplified by the works of ignaz moscheles , friedrich kalkbrenner , and others . less direct in the earlier period are the influences of polish folk music and of italian opera . much of what became his typical style of ornamentation ( for example , his fioriture ) is taken from singing . his melodic lines were increasingly reminiscent of the modes and features of the music of his native country , such as drones . [ sep ] haydn
american idol is broadcast to over 100 nations outside of the united states . in most nations these are not live broadcasts and may be tape delayed by several days or weeks . in canada , the first thirteen seasons of american idol were aired live by ctv and / or ctv two , in simulcast with fox . ctv dropped idol after its thirteenth season and in august 2014 , yes tv announced that it had picked up canadian rights to american idol beginning in its 2015 season . [ sep ] over 100
american idol is broadcast to over 100 nations outside of the united states . in most nations these are not live broadcasts and may be tape delayed by several days or weeks . in canada , the first thirteen seasons of american idol were aired live by ctv and / or ctv two , in simulcast with fox . ctv dropped idol after its thirteenth season and in august 2014 , yes tv announced that it had picked up canadian rights to american idol beginning in its 2015 season . [ sep ] ctv
american idol is broadcast to over 100 nations outside of the united states . in most nations these are not live broadcasts and may be tape delayed by several days or weeks . in canada , the first thirteen seasons of american idol were aired live by ctv and / or ctv two , in simulcast with fox . ctv dropped idol after its thirteenth season and in august 2014 , yes tv announced that it had picked up canadian rights to american idol beginning in its 2015 season . [ sep ] 2014
american idol is broadcast to over 100 nations outside of the united states . in most nations these are not live broadcasts and may be tape delayed by several days or weeks . in canada , the first thirteen seasons of american idol were aired live by ctv and / or ctv two , in simulcast with fox . ctv dropped idol after its thirteenth season and in august 2014 , yes tv announced that it had picked up canadian rights to american idol beginning in its 2015 season . [ sep ] yes tv
in latin america , the show is broadcast and subtitled by sony entertainment television . in southeast asia , it is broadcast by star world every thursday and friday nine or ten hours after . in philippines , it is aired every thursday and friday nine or ten hours after its united states telecast ; from 2002 to 2007 on abc 5 ; 2008 – 11 on qtv , then gma news tv ; and since 2012 on etc . on philippine television history . in australia , it is aired a few hours after the u . s . telecast . it was aired on network ten from 2002 to 2007 and then again in 2013 , from 2008 to 2012 on fox8 , from season 13 onwards it airs on digital channel , eleven , a sister channel to network ten . in the united kingdom , episodes are aired one day after the u . s . broadcast on digital channel itv2 . as of season 12 , the episodes air on 5 * . it is also aired in ireland on tv3 two days after the telecast . in brazil and israel , the show airs two days after its original broadcast . in the instances where the airing is delayed , the shows may sometimes be combined into one episode to summarize the results . in italy , the twelfth season was broadcast by la3 . [ sep ] la3
in latin america , the show is broadcast and subtitled by sony entertainment television . in southeast asia , it is broadcast by star world every thursday and friday nine or ten hours after . in philippines , it is aired every thursday and friday nine or ten hours after its united states telecast ; from 2002 to 2007 on abc 5 ; 2008 – 11 on qtv , then gma news tv ; and since 2012 on etc . on philippine television history . in australia , it is aired a few hours after the u . s . telecast . it was aired on network ten from 2002 to 2007 and then again in 2013 , from 2008 to 2012 on fox8 , from season 13 onwards it airs on digital channel , eleven , a sister channel to network ten . in the united kingdom , episodes are aired one day after the u . s . broadcast on digital channel itv2 . as of season 12 , the episodes air on 5 * . it is also aired in ireland on tv3 two days after the telecast . in brazil and israel , the show airs two days after its original broadcast . in the instances where the airing is delayed , the shows may sometimes be combined into one episode to summarize the results . in italy , the twelfth season was broadcast by la3 . [ sep ] one
in latin america , the show is broadcast and subtitled by sony entertainment television . in southeast asia , it is broadcast by star world every thursday and friday nine or ten hours after . in philippines , it is aired every thursday and friday nine or ten hours after its united states telecast ; from 2002 to 2007 on abc 5 ; 2008 – 11 on qtv , then gma news tv ; and since 2012 on etc . on philippine television history . in australia , it is aired a few hours after the u . s . telecast . it was aired on network ten from 2002 to 2007 and then again in 2013 , from 2008 to 2012 on fox8 , from season 13 onwards it airs on digital channel , eleven , a sister channel to network ten . in the united kingdom , episodes are aired one day after the u . s . broadcast on digital channel itv2 . as of season 12 , the episodes air on 5 * . it is also aired in ireland on tv3 two days after the telecast . in brazil and israel , the show airs two days after its original broadcast . in the instances where the airing is delayed , the shows may sometimes be combined into one episode to summarize the results . in italy , the twelfth season was broadcast by la3 . [ sep ] star world
in latin america , the show is broadcast and subtitled by sony entertainment television . in southeast asia , it is broadcast by star world every thursday and friday nine or ten hours after . in philippines , it is aired every thursday and friday nine or ten hours after its united states telecast ; from 2002 to 2007 on abc 5 ; 2008 – 11 on qtv , then gma news tv ; and since 2012 on etc . on philippine television history . in australia , it is aired a few hours after the u . s . telecast . it was aired on network ten from 2002 to 2007 and then again in 2013 , from 2008 to 2012 on fox8 , from season 13 onwards it airs on digital channel , eleven , a sister channel to network ten . in the united kingdom , episodes are aired one day after the u . s . broadcast on digital channel itv2 . as of season 12 , the episodes air on 5 * . it is also aired in ireland on tv3 two days after the telecast . in brazil and israel , the show airs two days after its original broadcast . in the instances where the airing is delayed , the shows may sometimes be combined into one episode to summarize the results . in italy , the twelfth season was broadcast by la3 . [ sep ] thursday and friday
chopin took the new salon genre of the nocturne , invented by the irish composer john field , to a deeper level of sophistication . he was the first to write ballades and scherzi as individual concert pieces . he essentially established a new genre with his own set of free - standing preludes ( op . 28 , published 1839 ) . he exploited the poetic potential of the concept of the concert etude , already being developed in the 1820s and 1830s by liszt , clementi and moscheles , in his two sets of studies ( op . 10 published in 1833 , op . 25 in 1837 ) . [ sep ] nocturne
chopin took the new salon genre of the nocturne , invented by the irish composer john field , to a deeper level of sophistication . he was the first to write ballades and scherzi as individual concert pieces . he essentially established a new genre with his own set of free - standing preludes ( op . 28 , published 1839 ) . he exploited the poetic potential of the concept of the concert etude , already being developed in the 1820s and 1830s by liszt , clementi and moscheles , in his two sets of studies ( op . 10 published in 1833 , op . 25 in 1837 ) . [ sep ] ballades and scherzi
chopin took the new salon genre of the nocturne , invented by the irish composer john field , to a deeper level of sophistication . he was the first to write ballades and scherzi as individual concert pieces . he essentially established a new genre with his own set of free - standing preludes ( op . 28 , published 1839 ) . he exploited the poetic potential of the concept of the concert etude , already being developed in the 1820s and 1830s by liszt , clementi and moscheles , in his two sets of studies ( op . 10 published in 1833 , op . 25 in 1837 ) . [ sep ] concert etude
chopin took the new salon genre of the nocturne , invented by the irish composer john field , to a deeper level of sophistication . he was the first to write ballades and scherzi as individual concert pieces . he essentially established a new genre with his own set of free - standing preludes ( op . 28 , published 1839 ) . he exploited the poetic potential of the concept of the concert etude , already being developed in the 1820s and 1830s by liszt , clementi and moscheles , in his two sets of studies ( op . 10 published in 1833 , op . 25 in 1837 ) . [ sep ] liszt , clementi and moscheles
chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression . chopin ' s mazurkas , while originating in the traditional polish dance ( the mazurek ) , differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall ; " it was chopin who put the mazurka on the european musical map . " the series of seven polonaises published in his lifetime ( another nine were published posthumously ) , beginning with the op . 26 pair ( published 1836 ) , set a new standard for music in the form . his waltzes were also written specifically for the salon recital rather than the ballroom and are frequently at rather faster tempos than their dance - floor equivalents . [ sep ] greater range of melody and expression .
chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression . chopin ' s mazurkas , while originating in the traditional polish dance ( the mazurek ) , differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall ; " it was chopin who put the mazurka on the european musical map . " the series of seven polonaises published in his lifetime ( another nine were published posthumously ) , beginning with the op . 26 pair ( published 1836 ) , set a new standard for music in the form . his waltzes were also written specifically for the salon recital rather than the ballroom and are frequently at rather faster tempos than their dance - floor equivalents . [ sep ] concert hall
chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression . chopin ' s mazurkas , while originating in the traditional polish dance ( the mazurek ) , differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall ; " it was chopin who put the mazurka on the european musical map . " the series of seven polonaises published in his lifetime ( another nine were published posthumously ) , beginning with the op . 26 pair ( published 1836 ) , set a new standard for music in the form . his waltzes were also written specifically for the salon recital rather than the ballroom and are frequently at rather faster tempos than their dance - floor equivalents . [ sep ] the mazurka
chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression . chopin ' s mazurkas , while originating in the traditional polish dance ( the mazurek ) , differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall ; " it was chopin who put the mazurka on the european musical map . " the series of seven polonaises published in his lifetime ( another nine were published posthumously ) , beginning with the op . 26 pair ( published 1836 ) , set a new standard for music in the form . his waltzes were also written specifically for the salon recital rather than the ballroom and are frequently at rather faster tempos than their dance - floor equivalents . [ sep ] nine
chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression . chopin ' s mazurkas , while originating in the traditional polish dance ( the mazurek ) , differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall ; " it was chopin who put the mazurka on the european musical map . " the series of seven polonaises published in his lifetime ( another nine were published posthumously ) , beginning with the op . 26 pair ( published 1836 ) , set a new standard for music in the form . his waltzes were also written specifically for the salon recital rather than the ballroom and are frequently at rather faster tempos than their dance - floor equivalents . [ sep ] waltzes
some of chopin ' s well - known pieces have acquired descriptive titles , such as the revolutionary etude ( op . 10 , no . 12 ) , and the minute waltz ( op . 64 , no . 1 ) . however , with the exception of his funeral march , the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number , leaving all potential extramusical associations to the listener ; the names by which many of his pieces are known were invented by others . there is no evidence to suggest that the revolutionary etude was written with the failed polish uprising against russia in mind ; it merely appeared at that time . the funeral march , the third movement of his sonata no . 2 ( op . 35 ) , the one case where he did give a title , was written before the rest of the sonata , but no specific event or death is known to have inspired it . [ sep ] one
some of chopin ' s well - known pieces have acquired descriptive titles , such as the revolutionary etude ( op . 10 , no . 12 ) , and the minute waltz ( op . 64 , no . 1 ) . however , with the exception of his funeral march , the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number , leaving all potential extramusical associations to the listener ; the names by which many of his pieces are known were invented by others . there is no evidence to suggest that the revolutionary etude was written with the failed polish uprising against russia in mind ; it merely appeared at that time . the funeral march , the third movement of his sonata no . 2 ( op . 35 ) , the one case where he did give a title , was written before the rest of the sonata , but no specific event or death is known to have inspired it . [ sep ] revolutionary etude
some of chopin ' s well - known pieces have acquired descriptive titles , such as the revolutionary etude ( op . 10 , no . 12 ) , and the minute waltz ( op . 64 , no . 1 ) . however , with the exception of his funeral march , the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number , leaving all potential extramusical associations to the listener ; the names by which many of his pieces are known were invented by others . there is no evidence to suggest that the revolutionary etude was written with the failed polish uprising against russia in mind ; it merely appeared at that time . the funeral march , the third movement of his sonata no . 2 ( op . 35 ) , the one case where he did give a title , was written before the rest of the sonata , but no specific event or death is known to have inspired it . [ sep ] minute waltz
the last opus number that chopin himself used was 65 , allocated to the cello sonata in g minor . he expressed a deathbed wish that all his unpublished manuscripts be destroyed . at the request of the composer ' s mother and sisters , however , his musical executor julian fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and grouped them into eight further opus numbers ( opp . 66 – 73 ) , published in 1855 . in 1857 , 17 polish songs that chopin wrote at various stages of his life were collected and published as op . 74 , though their order within the opus did not reflect the order of composition . [ sep ] 65
the last opus number that chopin himself used was 65 , allocated to the cello sonata in g minor . he expressed a deathbed wish that all his unpublished manuscripts be destroyed . at the request of the composer ' s mother and sisters , however , his musical executor julian fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and grouped them into eight further opus numbers ( opp . 66 – 73 ) , published in 1855 . in 1857 , 17 polish songs that chopin wrote at various stages of his life were collected and published as op . 74 , though their order within the opus did not reflect the order of composition . [ sep ] julian fontana
the last opus number that chopin himself used was 65 , allocated to the cello sonata in g minor . he expressed a deathbed wish that all his unpublished manuscripts be destroyed . at the request of the composer ' s mother and sisters , however , his musical executor julian fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and grouped them into eight further opus numbers ( opp . 66 – 73 ) , published in 1855 . in 1857 , 17 polish songs that chopin wrote at various stages of his life were collected and published as op . 74 , though their order within the opus did not reflect the order of composition . [ sep ] 1857
works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers . the present standard musicological reference for chopin ' s works is the kobylanska catalogue ( usually represented by the initials ' kk ' ) , named for its compiler , the polish musicologist krystyna kobylanska . [ sep ] alternative catalogue designations
works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers . the present standard musicological reference for chopin ' s works is the kobylanska catalogue ( usually represented by the initials ' kk ' ) , named for its compiler , the polish musicologist krystyna kobylanska . [ sep ] the kobylanska catalogue
works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers . the present standard musicological reference for chopin ' s works is the kobylanska catalogue ( usually represented by the initials ' kk ' ) , named for its compiler , the polish musicologist krystyna kobylanska . [ sep ] kk
works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers . the present standard musicological reference for chopin ' s works is the kobylanska catalogue ( usually represented by the initials ' kk ' ) , named for its compiler , the polish musicologist krystyna kobylanska . [ sep ] krystyna kobylanska .
initial reactions to the novel were varied . the new yorker declared it " skilled , unpretentious , and totally ingenious " , and the atlantic monthly ' s reviewer rated it as " pleasant , undemanding reading " , but found the narrative voice — " a six - year - old girl with the prose style of a well - educated adult " — to be implausible . time magazine ' s 1960 review of the book states that it " teaches the reader an astonishing number of useful truths about little girls and about southern life " and calls scout finch " the most appealing child since carson mccullers ' frankie got left behind at the wedding " . the chicago sunday tribune noted the even - handed approach to the narration of the novel ' s events , writing : " this is in no way a sociological novel . it underlines no cause . . . to kill a mockingbird is a novel of strong contemporary national significance . " [ sep ] the chicago sunday tribune
not all reviewers were enthusiastic . some lamented the use of poor white southerners , and one - dimensional black victims , and granville hicks labeled the book " melodramatic and contrived " . when the book was first released , southern writer flannery o ' connor commented , " i think for a child ' s book it does all right . it ' s interesting that all the folks that are buying it don ' t know they ' re reading a child ' s book . somebody ought to say what it is . " carson mccullers apparently agreed with the time magazine review , writing to a cousin : " well , honey , one thing we know is that she ' s been poaching on my literary preserves . " [ sep ] granville hicks
not all reviewers were enthusiastic . some lamented the use of poor white southerners , and one - dimensional black victims , and granville hicks labeled the book " melodramatic and contrived " . when the book was first released , southern writer flannery o ' connor commented , " i think for a child ' s book it does all right . it ' s interesting that all the folks that are buying it don ' t know they ' re reading a child ' s book . somebody ought to say what it is . " carson mccullers apparently agreed with the time magazine review , writing to a cousin : " well , honey , one thing we know is that she ' s been poaching on my literary preserves . " [ sep ] flannery o ' connor
one year after its publication to kill a mockingbird had been translated into ten languages . in the years since , it has sold more than 30 million copies and been translated into more than 40 languages . the novel has never been out of print in hardcover or paperback , and has become part of the standard literature curriculum . a 2008 survey of secondary books read by students between grades 9 – 12 in the u . s . indicates the novel is the most widely read book in these grades . a 1991 survey by the book of the month club and the library of congress center for the book found that to kill a mockingbird was rated behind only the bible in books that are " most often cited as making a difference " . [ note 1 ] it is considered by some to be the great american novel . [ sep ] more than 30 million
one year after its publication to kill a mockingbird had been translated into ten languages . in the years since , it has sold more than 30 million copies and been translated into more than 40 languages . the novel has never been out of print in hardcover or paperback , and has become part of the standard literature curriculum . a 2008 survey of secondary books read by students between grades 9 – 12 in the u . s . indicates the novel is the most widely read book in these grades . a 1991 survey by the book of the month club and the library of congress center for the book found that to kill a mockingbird was rated behind only the bible in books that are " most often cited as making a difference " . [ note 1 ] it is considered by some to be the great american novel . [ sep ] more than 40
chopin ' s original publishers included maurice schlesinger and camille pleyel . his works soon began to appear in popular 19th - century piano anthologies . the first collected edition was by breitkopf & hartel ( 1878 – 1902 ) . among modern scholarly editions of chopin ' s works are the version under the name of paderewski published between 1937 and 1966 and the more recent polish " national edition " , edited by jan ekier , both of which contain detailed explanations and discussions regarding choices and sources . [ sep ] original publishers
chopin ' s original publishers included maurice schlesinger and camille pleyel . his works soon began to appear in popular 19th - century piano anthologies . the first collected edition was by breitkopf & hartel ( 1878 – 1902 ) . among modern scholarly editions of chopin ' s works are the version under the name of paderewski published between 1937 and 1966 and the more recent polish " national edition " , edited by jan ekier , both of which contain detailed explanations and discussions regarding choices and sources . [ sep ] popular 19th - century piano anthologies .
chopin ' s original publishers included maurice schlesinger and camille pleyel . his works soon began to appear in popular 19th - century piano anthologies . the first collected edition was by breitkopf & hartel ( 1878 – 1902 ) . among modern scholarly editions of chopin ' s works are the version under the name of paderewski published between 1937 and 1966 and the more recent polish " national edition " , edited by jan ekier , both of which contain detailed explanations and discussions regarding choices and sources . [ sep ] paderewski
chopin ' s original publishers included maurice schlesinger and camille pleyel . his works soon began to appear in popular 19th - century piano anthologies . the first collected edition was by breitkopf & hartel ( 1878 – 1902 ) . among modern scholarly editions of chopin ' s works are the version under the name of paderewski published between 1937 and 1966 and the more recent polish " national edition " , edited by jan ekier , both of which contain detailed explanations and discussions regarding choices and sources . [ sep ] jan ekier
the 50th anniversary of the novel ' s release was met with celebrations and reflections on its impact . eric zorn of the chicago tribune praises lee ' s " rich use of language " but writes that the central lesson is that " courage isn ' t always flashy , isn ' t always enough , but is always in style " . jane sullivan in the sydney morning herald agrees , stating that the book " still rouses fresh and horrified indignation " as it examines morality , a topic that has recently become unfashionable . chimamanda ngozi adichie writing in the guardian states that lee , rare among american novelists , writes with " a fiercely progressive ink , in which there is nothing inevitable about racism and its very foundation is open to question " , comparing her to william faulkner , who wrote about racism as an inevitability . literary critic rosemary goring in scotland ' s the herald notes the connections between lee and jane austen , stating the book ' s central theme , that " one ’ s moral convictions are worth fighting for , even at the risk of being reviled " is eloquently discussed . [ sep ] william faulkner
the 50th anniversary of the novel ' s release was met with celebrations and reflections on its impact . eric zorn of the chicago tribune praises lee ' s " rich use of language " but writes that the central lesson is that " courage isn ' t always flashy , isn ' t always enough , but is always in style " . jane sullivan in the sydney morning herald agrees , stating that the book " still rouses fresh and horrified indignation " as it examines morality , a topic that has recently become unfashionable . chimamanda ngozi adichie writing in the guardian states that lee , rare among american novelists , writes with " a fiercely progressive ink , in which there is nothing inevitable about racism and its very foundation is open to question " , comparing her to william faulkner , who wrote about racism as an inevitability . literary critic rosemary goring in scotland ' s the herald notes the connections between lee and jane austen , stating the book ' s central theme , that " one ’ s moral convictions are worth fighting for , even at the risk of being reviled " is eloquently discussed . [ sep ] jane austen
native alabamian allen barra sharply criticized lee and the novel in the wall street journal calling atticus a " repository of cracker - barrel epigrams " and the novel represents a " sugar - coated myth " of alabama history . barra writes , " it ' s time to stop pretending that to kill a mockingbird is some kind of timeless classic that ranks with the great works of american literature . its bloodless liberal humanism is sadly dated " . thomas mallon in the new yorker criticizes atticus ' stiff and self - righteous demeanor , and calls scout " a kind of highly constructed doll " whose speech and actions are improbable . although acknowledging that the novel works , mallon blasts lee ' s " wildly unstable " narrative voice for developing a story about a content neighborhood until it begins to impart morals in the courtroom drama , following with his observation that " the book has begun to cherish its own goodness " by the time the case is over . [ note 2 ] defending the book , akin ajayi writes that justice " is often complicated , but must always be founded upon the notion of equality and fairness for all . " ajayi states that the book forces readers to question issues about race , class , and society , but that it was not written to resolve them . [ sep ] allen barra
native alabamian allen barra sharply criticized lee and the novel in the wall street journal calling atticus a " repository of cracker - barrel epigrams " and the novel represents a " sugar - coated myth " of alabama history . barra writes , " it ' s time to stop pretending that to kill a mockingbird is some kind of timeless classic that ranks with the great works of american literature . its bloodless liberal humanism is sadly dated " . thomas mallon in the new yorker criticizes atticus ' stiff and self - righteous demeanor , and calls scout " a kind of highly constructed doll " whose speech and actions are improbable . although acknowledging that the novel works , mallon blasts lee ' s " wildly unstable " narrative voice for developing a story about a content neighborhood until it begins to impart morals in the courtroom drama , following with his observation that " the book has begun to cherish its own goodness " by the time the case is over . [ note 2 ] defending the book , akin ajayi writes that justice " is often complicated , but must always be founded upon the notion of equality and fairness for all . " ajayi states that the book forces readers to question issues about race , class , and society , but that it was not written to resolve them . [ sep ] akin ajayi
improvisation stands at the centre of chopin ' s creative processes . however , this does not imply impulsive rambling : nicholas temperley writes that " improvisation is designed for an audience , and its starting - point is that audience ' s expectations , which include the current conventions of musical form . " the works for piano and orchestra , including the two concertos , are held by temperley to be " merely vehicles for brilliant piano playing . . . formally longwinded and extremely conservative " . after the piano concertos ( which are both early , dating from 1830 ) , chopin made no attempts at large - scale multi - movement forms , save for his late sonatas for piano and for cello ; " instead he achieved near - perfection in pieces of simple general design but subtle and complex cell - structure . " rosen suggests that an important aspect of chopin ' s individuality is his flexible handling of the four - bar phrase as a structural unit . [ sep ] improvisation
improvisation stands at the centre of chopin ' s creative processes . however , this does not imply impulsive rambling : nicholas temperley writes that " improvisation is designed for an audience , and its starting - point is that audience ' s expectations , which include the current conventions of musical form . " the works for piano and orchestra , including the two concertos , are held by temperley to be " merely vehicles for brilliant piano playing . . . formally longwinded and extremely conservative " . after the piano concertos ( which are both early , dating from 1830 ) , chopin made no attempts at large - scale multi - movement forms , save for his late sonatas for piano and for cello ; " instead he achieved near - perfection in pieces of simple general design but subtle and complex cell - structure . " rosen suggests that an important aspect of chopin ' s individuality is his flexible handling of the four - bar phrase as a structural unit . [ sep ] nicholas temperley
improvisation stands at the centre of chopin ' s creative processes . however , this does not imply impulsive rambling : nicholas temperley writes that " improvisation is designed for an audience , and its starting - point is that audience ' s expectations , which include the current conventions of musical form . " the works for piano and orchestra , including the two concertos , are held by temperley to be " merely vehicles for brilliant piano playing . . . formally longwinded and extremely conservative " . after the piano concertos ( which are both early , dating from 1830 ) , chopin made no attempts at large - scale multi - movement forms , save for his late sonatas for piano and for cello ; " instead he achieved near - perfection in pieces of simple general design but subtle and complex cell - structure . " rosen suggests that an important aspect of chopin ' s individuality is his flexible handling of the four - bar phrase as a structural unit . [ sep ] his flexible handling of the four - bar phrase as a structural unit .
many writers compare their perceptions of to kill a mockingbird as adults with when they first read it as children . mary mcdonagh murphy interviewed celebrities including oprah winfrey , rosanne cash , tom brokaw , and harper ' s sister alice lee , who read the novel and compiled their impressions of it as children and adults into a book titled scout , atticus , and boo . [ sep ] scout , atticus , and boo
j . barrie jones suggests that " amongst the works that chopin intended for concert use , the four ballades and four scherzos stand supreme " , and adds that " the barcarolle op . 60 stands apart as an example of chopin ' s rich harmonic palette coupled with an italianate warmth of melody . " temperley opines that these works , which contain " immense variety of mood , thematic material and structural detail " , are based on an extended " departure and return " form ; " the more the middle section is extended , and the further it departs in key , mood and theme , from the opening idea , the more important and dramatic is the reprise when it at last comes . " [ sep ] the four ballades and four scherzos
j . barrie jones suggests that " amongst the works that chopin intended for concert use , the four ballades and four scherzos stand supreme " , and adds that " the barcarolle op . 60 stands apart as an example of chopin ' s rich harmonic palette coupled with an italianate warmth of melody . " temperley opines that these works , which contain " immense variety of mood , thematic material and structural detail " , are based on an extended " departure and return " form ; " the more the middle section is extended , and the further it departs in key , mood and theme , from the opening idea , the more important and dramatic is the reprise when it at last comes . " [ sep ] departure and return
chopin ' s mazurkas and waltzes are all in straightforward ternary or episodic form , sometimes with a coda . the mazurkas often show more folk features than many of his other works , sometimes including modal scales and harmonies and the use of drone basses . however , some also show unusual sophistication , for example op . 63 no . 3 , which includes a canon at one beat ' s distance , a great rarity in music . [ sep ] straightforward ternary or episodic form , sometimes with a coda .
chopin ' s mazurkas and waltzes are all in straightforward ternary or episodic form , sometimes with a coda . the mazurkas often show more folk features than many of his other works , sometimes including modal scales and harmonies and the use of drone basses . however , some also show unusual sophistication , for example op . 63 no . 3 , which includes a canon at one beat ' s distance , a great rarity in music . [ sep ] mazurkas
chopin ' s mazurkas and waltzes are all in straightforward ternary or episodic form , sometimes with a coda . the mazurkas often show more folk features than many of his other works , sometimes including modal scales and harmonies and the use of drone basses . however , some also show unusual sophistication , for example op . 63 no . 3 , which includes a canon at one beat ' s distance , a great rarity in music . [ sep ] drone bass
chopin ' s mazurkas and waltzes are all in straightforward ternary or episodic form , sometimes with a coda . the mazurkas often show more folk features than many of his other works , sometimes including modal scales and harmonies and the use of drone basses . however , some also show unusual sophistication , for example op . 63 no . 3 , which includes a canon at one beat ' s distance , a great rarity in music . [ sep ] a canon at one beat ' s distance
one of the most significant impacts to kill a mockingbird has had is atticus finch ' s model of integrity for the legal profession . as scholar alice petry explains , " atticus has become something of a folk hero in legal circles and is treated almost as if he were an actual person . " morris dees of the southern poverty law center cites atticus finch as the reason he became a lawyer , and richard matsch , the federal judge who presided over the timothy mcveigh trial , counts atticus as a major judicial influence . one law professor at the university of notre dame stated that the most influential textbook he taught from was to kill a mockingbird , and an article in the michigan law review claims , " no real - life lawyer has done more for the self - image or public perception of the legal profession , " before questioning whether , " atticus finch is a paragon of honor or an especially slick hired gun " . [ sep ] integrity
chopin ' s polonaises show a marked advance on those of his polish predecessors in the form ( who included his teachers zywny and elsner ) . as with the traditional polonaise , chopin ' s works are in triple time and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies , accompaniments and cadences . unlike most of their precursors , they also require a formidable playing technique . [ sep ] elsner
chopin ' s polonaises show a marked advance on those of his polish predecessors in the form ( who included his teachers zywny and elsner ) . as with the traditional polonaise , chopin ' s works are in triple time and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies , accompaniments and cadences . unlike most of their precursors , they also require a formidable playing technique . [ sep ] martial
chopin ' s polonaises show a marked advance on those of his polish predecessors in the form ( who included his teachers zywny and elsner ) . as with the traditional polonaise , chopin ' s works are in triple time and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies , accompaniments and cadences . unlike most of their precursors , they also require a formidable playing technique . [ sep ] formidable
in 1992 , an alabama editorial called for the death of atticus , saying that as liberal as atticus was , he still worked within a system of institutionalized racism and sexism and should not be revered . the editorial sparked a flurry of responses from attorneys who entered the profession because of him and esteemed him as a hero . critics of atticus maintain he is morally ambiguous and does not use his legal skills to challenge the racist status quo in maycomb . however , in 1997 , the alabama state bar erected a monument to atticus in monroeville , marking his existence as the " first commemorative milestone in the state ' s judicial history " . in 2008 , lee herself received an honorary special membership to the alabama state bar for creating atticus who " has become the personification of the exemplary lawyer in serving the legal needs of the poor " . [ sep ] honorary special membership
the 21 nocturnes are more structured , and of greater emotional depth , than those of field ( whom chopin met in 1833 ) . many of the chopin nocturnes have middle sections marked by agitated expression ( and often making very difficult demands on the performer ) which heightens their dramatic character . [ sep ] field
the 21 nocturnes are more structured , and of greater emotional depth , than those of field ( whom chopin met in 1833 ) . many of the chopin nocturnes have middle sections marked by agitated expression ( and often making very difficult demands on the performer ) which heightens their dramatic character . [ sep ] 1833
the 21 nocturnes are more structured , and of greater emotional depth , than those of field ( whom chopin met in 1833 ) . many of the chopin nocturnes have middle sections marked by agitated expression ( and often making very difficult demands on the performer ) which heightens their dramatic character . [ sep ] nocturnes
chopin ' s etudes are largely in straightforward ternary form . he used them to teach his own technique of piano playing — for instance playing double thirds ( op . 25 , no . 6 ) , playing in octaves ( op . 25 , no . 10 ) , and playing repeated notes ( op . 10 , no . 7 ) . [ sep ] straightforward ternary
chopin ' s etudes are largely in straightforward ternary form . he used them to teach his own technique of piano playing — for instance playing double thirds ( op . 25 , no . 6 ) , playing in octaves ( op . 25 , no . 10 ) , and playing repeated notes ( op . 10 , no . 7 ) . [ sep ] etudes
the preludes , many of which are very brief ( some consisting of simple statements and developments of a single theme or figure ) , were described by schumann as " the beginnings of studies " . inspired by j . s . bach ' s the well - tempered clavier , chopin ' s preludes move up the circle of fifths ( rather than bach ' s chromatic scale sequence ) to create a prelude in each major and minor tonality . the preludes were perhaps not intended to be played as a group , and may even have been used by him and later pianists as generic preludes to others of his pieces , or even to music by other composers , as kenneth hamilton suggests : he has noted a recording by ferruccio busoni of 1922 , in which the prelude op . 28 no . 7 is followed by the etude op . 10 no . 5 . [ sep ] the preludes
the preludes , many of which are very brief ( some consisting of simple statements and developments of a single theme or figure ) , were described by schumann as " the beginnings of studies " . inspired by j . s . bach ' s the well - tempered clavier , chopin ' s preludes move up the circle of fifths ( rather than bach ' s chromatic scale sequence ) to create a prelude in each major and minor tonality . the preludes were perhaps not intended to be played as a group , and may even have been used by him and later pianists as generic preludes to others of his pieces , or even to music by other composers , as kenneth hamilton suggests : he has noted a recording by ferruccio busoni of 1922 , in which the prelude op . 28 no . 7 is followed by the etude op . 10 no . 5 . [ sep ] j . s . bach ' s the well - tempered clavier
the preludes , many of which are very brief ( some consisting of simple statements and developments of a single theme or figure ) , were described by schumann as " the beginnings of studies " . inspired by j . s . bach ' s the well - tempered clavier , chopin ' s preludes move up the circle of fifths ( rather than bach ' s chromatic scale sequence ) to create a prelude in each major and minor tonality . the preludes were perhaps not intended to be played as a group , and may even have been used by him and later pianists as generic preludes to others of his pieces , or even to music by other composers , as kenneth hamilton suggests : he has noted a recording by ferruccio busoni of 1922 , in which the prelude op . 28 no . 7 is followed by the etude op . 10 no . 5 . [ sep ] generic preludes to others of his pieces
the preludes , many of which are very brief ( some consisting of simple statements and developments of a single theme or figure ) , were described by schumann as " the beginnings of studies " . inspired by j . s . bach ' s the well - tempered clavier , chopin ' s preludes move up the circle of fifths ( rather than bach ' s chromatic scale sequence ) to create a prelude in each major and minor tonality . the preludes were perhaps not intended to be played as a group , and may even have been used by him and later pianists as generic preludes to others of his pieces , or even to music by other composers , as kenneth hamilton suggests : he has noted a recording by ferruccio busoni of 1922 , in which the prelude op . 28 no . 7 is followed by the etude op . 10 no . 5 . [ sep ] ferruccio busoni
to kill a mockingbird has been a source of significant controversy since its being the subject of classroom study as early as 1963 . the book ' s racial slurs , profanity , and frank discussion of rape have led people to challenge its appropriateness in libraries and classrooms across the united states . the american library association reported that to kill a mockingbird was number 21 of the 100 most frequently challenged books of 2000 – 2009 . [ sep ] 1963
to kill a mockingbird has been a source of significant controversy since its being the subject of classroom study as early as 1963 . the book ' s racial slurs , profanity , and frank discussion of rape have led people to challenge its appropriateness in libraries and classrooms across the united states . the american library association reported that to kill a mockingbird was number 21 of the 100 most frequently challenged books of 2000 – 2009 . [ sep ] 21
the two mature piano sonatas ( no . 2 , op . 35 , written in 1839 and no . 3 , op . 58 , written in 1844 ) are in four movements . in op . 35 , chopin was able to combine within a formal large musical structure many elements of his virtuosic piano technique — " a kind of dialogue between the public pianism of the brilliant style and the german sonata principle " . the last movement , a brief ( 75 - bar ) perpetuum mobile in which the hands play in unmodified octave unison throughout , was found shocking and unmusical by contemporaries , including schumann . the op . 58 sonata is closer to the german tradition , including many passages of complex counterpoint , " worthy of brahms " according to the music historians kornel michałowski and jim samson . [ sep ] four
the two mature piano sonatas ( no . 2 , op . 35 , written in 1839 and no . 3 , op . 58 , written in 1844 ) are in four movements . in op . 35 , chopin was able to combine within a formal large musical structure many elements of his virtuosic piano technique — " a kind of dialogue between the public pianism of the brilliant style and the german sonata principle " . the last movement , a brief ( 75 - bar ) perpetuum mobile in which the hands play in unmodified octave unison throughout , was found shocking and unmusical by contemporaries , including schumann . the op . 58 sonata is closer to the german tradition , including many passages of complex counterpoint , " worthy of brahms " according to the music historians kornel michałowski and jim samson . [ sep ] the last movement
the two mature piano sonatas ( no . 2 , op . 35 , written in 1839 and no . 3 , op . 58 , written in 1844 ) are in four movements . in op . 35 , chopin was able to combine within a formal large musical structure many elements of his virtuosic piano technique — " a kind of dialogue between the public pianism of the brilliant style and the german sonata principle " . the last movement , a brief ( 75 - bar ) perpetuum mobile in which the hands play in unmodified octave unison throughout , was found shocking and unmusical by contemporaries , including schumann . the op . 58 sonata is closer to the german tradition , including many passages of complex counterpoint , " worthy of brahms " according to the music historians kornel michałowski and jim samson . [ sep ] op . 58
chopin ' s harmonic innovations may have arisen partly from his keyboard improvisation technique . temperley says that in his works " novel harmonic effects frequently result from the combination of ordinary appoggiaturas or passing notes with melodic figures of accompaniment " , and cadences are delayed by the use of chords outside the home key ( neapolitan sixths and diminished sevenths ) , or by sudden shifts to remote keys . chord progressions sometimes anticipate the shifting tonality of later composers such as claude debussy , as does chopin ' s use of modal harmony . [ sep ] harmonic innovations
chopin ' s harmonic innovations may have arisen partly from his keyboard improvisation technique . temperley says that in his works " novel harmonic effects frequently result from the combination of ordinary appoggiaturas or passing notes with melodic figures of accompaniment " , and cadences are delayed by the use of chords outside the home key ( neapolitan sixths and diminished sevenths ) , or by sudden shifts to remote keys . chord progressions sometimes anticipate the shifting tonality of later composers such as claude debussy , as does chopin ' s use of modal harmony . [ sep ] temperley
in 1841 , leon escudier wrote of a recital given by chopin that year , " one may say that chopin is the creator of a school of piano and a school of composition . in truth , nothing equals the lightness , the sweetness with which the composer preludes on the piano ; moreover nothing may be compared to his works full of originality , distinction and grace . " chopin refused to conform to a standard method of playing and believed that there was no set technique for playing well . his style was based extensively on his use of very independent finger technique . in his projet de methode he wrote : " everything is a matter of knowing good fingering . . . we need no less to use the rest of the hand , the wrist , the forearm and the upper arm . " he further stated : " one needs only to study a certain position of the hand in relation to the keys to obtain with ease the most beautiful quality of sound , to know how to play short notes and long notes , and [ to attain ] unlimited dexterity . " the consequences of this approach to technique in chopin ' s music include the frequent use of the entire range of the keyboard , passages in double octaves and other chord groupings , swiftly repeated notes , the use of grace notes , and the use of contrasting rhythms ( four against three , for example ) between the hands . [ sep ] leon escudier
in 1841 , leon escudier wrote of a recital given by chopin that year , " one may say that chopin is the creator of a school of piano and a school of composition . in truth , nothing equals the lightness , the sweetness with which the composer preludes on the piano ; moreover nothing may be compared to his works full of originality , distinction and grace . " chopin refused to conform to a standard method of playing and believed that there was no set technique for playing well . his style was based extensively on his use of very independent finger technique . in his projet de methode he wrote : " everything is a matter of knowing good fingering . . . we need no less to use the rest of the hand , the wrist , the forearm and the upper arm . " he further stated : " one needs only to study a certain position of the hand in relation to the keys to obtain with ease the most beautiful quality of sound , to know how to play short notes and long notes , and [ to attain ] unlimited dexterity . " the consequences of this approach to technique in chopin ' s music include the frequent use of the entire range of the keyboard , passages in double octaves and other chord groupings , swiftly repeated notes , the use of grace notes , and the use of contrasting rhythms ( four against three , for example ) between the hands . [ sep ] his projet de methode
one of the first incidents of the book being challenged was in hanover , virginia , in 1966 : a parent protested that the use of rape as a plot device was immoral . johnson cites examples of letters to local newspapers , which ranged from amusement to fury ; those letters expressing the most outrage , however , complained about mayella ewell ' s attraction to tom robinson over the depictions of rape . upon learning the school administrators were holding hearings to decide the book ' s appropriateness for the classroom , harper lee sent $ 10 to the richmond news leader suggesting it to be used toward the enrollment of " the hanover county school board in any first grade of its choice " . the national education association in 1968 placed the novel second on a list of books receiving the most complaints from private organizations — after little black sambo . [ sep ] mayella ewell ' s attraction to tom robinson
one of the first incidents of the book being challenged was in hanover , virginia , in 1966 : a parent protested that the use of rape as a plot device was immoral . johnson cites examples of letters to local newspapers , which ranged from amusement to fury ; those letters expressing the most outrage , however , complained about mayella ewell ' s attraction to tom robinson over the depictions of rape . upon learning the school administrators were holding hearings to decide the book ' s appropriateness for the classroom , harper lee sent $ 10 to the richmond news leader suggesting it to be used toward the enrollment of " the hanover county school board in any first grade of its choice " . the national education association in 1968 placed the novel second on a list of books receiving the most complaints from private organizations — after little black sambo . [ sep ] little black sambo
jonathan bellman writes that modern concert performance style — set in the " conservatory " tradition of late 19th - and 20th - century music schools , and suitable for large auditoria or recordings — militates against what is known of chopin ' s more intimate performance technique . the composer himself said to a pupil that " concerts are never real music , you have to give up the idea of hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art . " contemporary accounts indicate that in performance , chopin avoided rigid procedures sometimes incorrectly attributed to him , such as " always crescendo to a high note " , but that he was concerned with expressive phrasing , rhythmic consistency and sensitive colouring . berlioz wrote in 1853 that chopin " has created a kind of chromatic embroidery . . . whose effect is so strange and piquant as to be impossible to describe . . . virtually nobody but chopin himself can play this music and give it this unusual turn " . hiller wrote that " what in the hands of others was elegant embellishment , in his hands became a colourful wreath of flowers . " [ sep ] hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art
jonathan bellman writes that modern concert performance style — set in the " conservatory " tradition of late 19th - and 20th - century music schools , and suitable for large auditoria or recordings — militates against what is known of chopin ' s more intimate performance technique . the composer himself said to a pupil that " concerts are never real music , you have to give up the idea of hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art . " contemporary accounts indicate that in performance , chopin avoided rigid procedures sometimes incorrectly attributed to him , such as " always crescendo to a high note " , but that he was concerned with expressive phrasing , rhythmic consistency and sensitive colouring . berlioz wrote in 1853 that chopin " has created a kind of chromatic embroidery . . . whose effect is so strange and piquant as to be impossible to describe . . . virtually nobody but chopin himself can play this music and give it this unusual turn " . hiller wrote that " what in the hands of others was elegant embellishment , in his hands became a colourful wreath of flowers . " [ sep ] berlioz
jonathan bellman writes that modern concert performance style — set in the " conservatory " tradition of late 19th - and 20th - century music schools , and suitable for large auditoria or recordings — militates against what is known of chopin ' s more intimate performance technique . the composer himself said to a pupil that " concerts are never real music , you have to give up the idea of hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art . " contemporary accounts indicate that in performance , chopin avoided rigid procedures sometimes incorrectly attributed to him , such as " always crescendo to a high note " , but that he was concerned with expressive phrasing , rhythmic consistency and sensitive colouring . berlioz wrote in 1853 that chopin " has created a kind of chromatic embroidery . . . whose effect is so strange and piquant as to be impossible to describe . . . virtually nobody but chopin himself can play this music and give it this unusual turn " . hiller wrote that " what in the hands of others was elegant embellishment , in his hands became a colourful wreath of flowers . " [ sep ] hiller
chopin ' s music is frequently played with rubato , " the practice in performance of disregarding strict time , ' robbing ' some note - values for expressive effect " . there are differing opinions as to how much , and what type , of rubato is appropriate for his works . charles rosen comments that " most of the written - out indications of rubato in chopin are to be found in his mazurkas . . . it is probable that chopin used the older form of rubato so important to mozart . . . [ where ] the melody note in the right hand is delayed until after the note in the bass . . . an allied form of this rubato is the arpeggiation of the chords thereby delaying the melody note ; according to chopin ' s pupil , karol mikuli , chopin was firmly opposed to this practice . " [ sep ] rubato
chopin ' s music is frequently played with rubato , " the practice in performance of disregarding strict time , ' robbing ' some note - values for expressive effect " . there are differing opinions as to how much , and what type , of rubato is appropriate for his works . charles rosen comments that " most of the written - out indications of rubato in chopin are to be found in his mazurkas . . . it is probable that chopin used the older form of rubato so important to mozart . . . [ where ] the melody note in the right hand is delayed until after the note in the bass . . . an allied form of this rubato is the arpeggiation of the chords thereby delaying the melody note ; according to chopin ' s pupil , karol mikuli , chopin was firmly opposed to this practice . " [ sep ] mazurkas
friederike muller , a pupil of chopin , wrote : " [ his ] playing was always noble and beautiful ; his tones sang , whether in full forte or softest piano . he took infinite pains to teach his pupils this legato , cantabile style of playing . his most severe criticism was ' he — or she — does not know how to join two notes together . ' he also demanded the strictest adherence to rhythm . he hated all lingering and dragging , misplaced rubatos , as well as exaggerated ritardandos . . . and it is precisely in this respect that people make such terrible errors in playing his works . " [ sep ] friederike muller
friederike muller , a pupil of chopin , wrote : " [ his ] playing was always noble and beautiful ; his tones sang , whether in full forte or softest piano . he took infinite pains to teach his pupils this legato , cantabile style of playing . his most severe criticism was ' he — or she — does not know how to join two notes together . ' he also demanded the strictest adherence to rhythm . he hated all lingering and dragging , misplaced rubatos , as well as exaggerated ritardandos . . . and it is precisely in this respect that people make such terrible errors in playing his works . " [ sep ] rhythm .
with his mazurkas and polonaises , chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism . schumann , in his 1836 review of the piano concertos , highlighted the composer ' s strong feelings for his native poland , writing that " now that the poles are in deep mourning [ after the failure of the november 1830 rising ] , their appeal to us artists is even stronger . . . if the mighty autocrat in the north [ i . e . nicholas i of russia ] could know that in chopin ' s works , in the simple strains of his mazurkas , there lurks a dangerous enemy , he would place a ban on his music . chopin ' s works are cannon buried in flowers ! " the biography of chopin published in 1863 under the name of franz liszt ( but probably written by carolyne zu sayn - wittgenstein ) claims that chopin " must be ranked first among the first musicians . . . individualizing in themselves the poetic sense of an entire nation . " [ sep ] polonaises
with his mazurkas and polonaises , chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism . schumann , in his 1836 review of the piano concertos , highlighted the composer ' s strong feelings for his native poland , writing that " now that the poles are in deep mourning [ after the failure of the november 1830 rising ] , their appeal to us artists is even stronger . . . if the mighty autocrat in the north [ i . e . nicholas i of russia ] could know that in chopin ' s works , in the simple strains of his mazurkas , there lurks a dangerous enemy , he would place a ban on his music . chopin ' s works are cannon buried in flowers ! " the biography of chopin published in 1863 under the name of franz liszt ( but probably written by carolyne zu sayn - wittgenstein ) claims that chopin " must be ranked first among the first musicians . . . individualizing in themselves the poetic sense of an entire nation . " [ sep ] schumann
with his mazurkas and polonaises , chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism . schumann , in his 1836 review of the piano concertos , highlighted the composer ' s strong feelings for his native poland , writing that " now that the poles are in deep mourning [ after the failure of the november 1830 rising ] , their appeal to us artists is even stronger . . . if the mighty autocrat in the north [ i . e . nicholas i of russia ] could know that in chopin ' s works , in the simple strains of his mazurkas , there lurks a dangerous enemy , he would place a ban on his music . chopin ' s works are cannon buried in flowers ! " the biography of chopin published in 1863 under the name of franz liszt ( but probably written by carolyne zu sayn - wittgenstein ) claims that chopin " must be ranked first among the first musicians . . . individualizing in themselves the poetic sense of an entire nation . " [ sep ] flowers
with his mazurkas and polonaises , chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism . schumann , in his 1836 review of the piano concertos , highlighted the composer ' s strong feelings for his native poland , writing that " now that the poles are in deep mourning [ after the failure of the november 1830 rising ] , their appeal to us artists is even stronger . . . if the mighty autocrat in the north [ i . e . nicholas i of russia ] could know that in chopin ' s works , in the simple strains of his mazurkas , there lurks a dangerous enemy , he would place a ban on his music . chopin ' s works are cannon buried in flowers ! " the biography of chopin published in 1863 under the name of franz liszt ( but probably written by carolyne zu sayn - wittgenstein ) claims that chopin " must be ranked first among the first musicians . . . individualizing in themselves the poetic sense of an entire nation . " [ sep ] carolyne zu sayn - wittgenstein
some modern commentators have argued against exaggerating chopin ' s primacy as a " nationalist " or " patriotic " composer . george golos refers to earlier " nationalist " composers in central europe , including poland ' s michał kleofas oginski and franciszek lessel , who utilised polonaise and mazurka forms . barbara milewski suggests that chopin ' s experience of polish music came more from " urbanised " warsaw versions than from folk music , and that attempts ( by jachimecki and others ) to demonstrate genuine folk music in his works are without basis . richard taruskin impugns schumann ' s attitude toward chopin ' s works as patronizing and comments that chopin " felt his polish patriotism deeply and sincerely " but consciously modelled his works on the tradition of bach , beethoven , schubert and field . [ sep ] richard taruskin
a reconciliation of these views is suggested by william atwood : " undoubtedly [ chopin ' s ] use of traditional musical forms like the polonaise and mazurka roused nationalistic sentiments and a sense of cohesiveness amongst those poles scattered across europe and the new world . . . while some sought solace in [ them ] , others found them a source of strength in their continuing struggle for freedom . although chopin ' s music undoubtedly came to him intuitively rather than through any conscious patriotic design , it served all the same to symbolize the will of the polish people . . . " [ sep ] freedom
a reconciliation of these views is suggested by william atwood : " undoubtedly [ chopin ' s ] use of traditional musical forms like the polonaise and mazurka roused nationalistic sentiments and a sense of cohesiveness amongst those poles scattered across europe and the new world . . . while some sought solace in [ them ] , others found them a source of strength in their continuing struggle for freedom . although chopin ' s music undoubtedly came to him intuitively rather than through any conscious patriotic design , it served all the same to symbolize the will of the polish people . . . " [ sep ] europe and the new world
jones comments that " chopin ' s unique position as a composer , despite the fact that virtually everything he wrote was for the piano , has rarely been questioned . " he also notes that chopin was fortunate to arrive in paris in 1831 — " the artistic environment , the publishers who were willing to print his music , the wealthy and aristocratic who paid what chopin asked for their lessons " — and these factors , as well as his musical genius , also fuelled his contemporary and later reputation . while his illness and his love - affairs conform to some of the stereotypes of romanticism , the rarity of his public recitals ( as opposed to performances at fashionable paris soirees ) led arthur hutchings to suggest that " his lack of byronic flamboyance [ and ] his aristocratic reclusiveness make him exceptional " among his romantic contemporaries , such as liszt and henri herz . [ sep ] paris
jones comments that " chopin ' s unique position as a composer , despite the fact that virtually everything he wrote was for the piano , has rarely been questioned . " he also notes that chopin was fortunate to arrive in paris in 1831 — " the artistic environment , the publishers who were willing to print his music , the wealthy and aristocratic who paid what chopin asked for their lessons " — and these factors , as well as his musical genius , also fuelled his contemporary and later reputation . while his illness and his love - affairs conform to some of the stereotypes of romanticism , the rarity of his public recitals ( as opposed to performances at fashionable paris soirees ) led arthur hutchings to suggest that " his lack of byronic flamboyance [ and ] his aristocratic reclusiveness make him exceptional " among his romantic contemporaries , such as liszt and henri herz . [ sep ] arthur hutchings
chopin ' s qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians . schumann named a piece for him in his suite carnaval , and chopin later dedicated his ballade no . 2 in f major to schumann . elements of chopin ' s music can be traced in many of liszt ' s later works . liszt later transcribed for piano six of chopin ' s polish songs . a less fraught friendship was with alkan , with whom he discussed elements of folk music , and who was deeply affected by chopin ' s death . [ sep ] qualities as a pianist and composer
chopin ' s qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians . schumann named a piece for him in his suite carnaval , and chopin later dedicated his ballade no . 2 in f major to schumann . elements of chopin ' s music can be traced in many of liszt ' s later works . liszt later transcribed for piano six of chopin ' s polish songs . a less fraught friendship was with alkan , with whom he discussed elements of folk music , and who was deeply affected by chopin ' s death . [ sep ] carnaval
chopin ' s qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians . schumann named a piece for him in his suite carnaval , and chopin later dedicated his ballade no . 2 in f major to schumann . elements of chopin ' s music can be traced in many of liszt ' s later works . liszt later transcribed for piano six of chopin ' s polish songs . a less fraught friendship was with alkan , with whom he discussed elements of folk music , and who was deeply affected by chopin ' s death . [ sep ] ballade no . 2 in f major
chopin ' s qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians . schumann named a piece for him in his suite carnaval , and chopin later dedicated his ballade no . 2 in f major to schumann . elements of chopin ' s music can be traced in many of liszt ' s later works . liszt later transcribed for piano six of chopin ' s polish songs . a less fraught friendship was with alkan , with whom he discussed elements of folk music , and who was deeply affected by chopin ' s death . [ sep ] liszt
two of chopin ' s long - standing pupils , karol mikuli ( 1821 – 1897 ) and georges mathias , were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students , some of whom ( such as raoul koczalski ) were to make recordings of his music . other pianists and composers influenced by chopin ' s style include louis moreau gottschalk , edouard wolff ( 1816 – 1880 ) and pierre zimmermann . debussy dedicated his own 1915 piano etudes to the memory of chopin ; he frequently played chopin ' s music during his studies at the paris conservatoire , and undertook the editing of chopin ' s piano music for the publisher jacques durand . [ sep ] raoul koczalski
two of chopin ' s long - standing pupils , karol mikuli ( 1821 – 1897 ) and georges mathias , were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students , some of whom ( such as raoul koczalski ) were to make recordings of his music . other pianists and composers influenced by chopin ' s style include louis moreau gottschalk , edouard wolff ( 1816 – 1880 ) and pierre zimmermann . debussy dedicated his own 1915 piano etudes to the memory of chopin ; he frequently played chopin ' s music during his studies at the paris conservatoire , and undertook the editing of chopin ' s piano music for the publisher jacques durand . [ sep ] chopin ' s
polish composers of the following generation included virtuosi such as moritz moszkowski , but , in the opinion of j . barrie jones , his " one worthy successor " among his compatriots was karol szymanowski ( 1882 – 1937 ) . edvard grieg , antonin dvorak , isaac albeniz , pyotr ilyich tchaikovsky and sergei rachmaninoff , among others , are regarded by critics as having been influenced by chopin ' s use of national modes and idioms . alexander scriabin was devoted to the music of chopin , and his early published works include nineteen mazurkas , as well as numerous etudes and preludes ; his teacher nikolai zverev drilled him in chopin ' s works to improve his virtuosity as a performer . in the 20th century , composers who paid homage to ( or in some cases parodied ) the music of chopin included george crumb , bohuslav martinu , darius milhaud , igor stravinsky and heitor villa - lobos . [ sep ] karol szymanowski
polish composers of the following generation included virtuosi such as moritz moszkowski , but , in the opinion of j . barrie jones , his " one worthy successor " among his compatriots was karol szymanowski ( 1882 – 1937 ) . edvard grieg , antonin dvorak , isaac albeniz , pyotr ilyich tchaikovsky and sergei rachmaninoff , among others , are regarded by critics as having been influenced by chopin ' s use of national modes and idioms . alexander scriabin was devoted to the music of chopin , and his early published works include nineteen mazurkas , as well as numerous etudes and preludes ; his teacher nikolai zverev drilled him in chopin ' s works to improve his virtuosity as a performer . in the 20th century , composers who paid homage to ( or in some cases parodied ) the music of chopin included george crumb , bohuslav martinu , darius milhaud , igor stravinsky and heitor villa - lobos . [ sep ] alexander scriabin
polish composers of the following generation included virtuosi such as moritz moszkowski , but , in the opinion of j . barrie jones , his " one worthy successor " among his compatriots was karol szymanowski ( 1882 – 1937 ) . edvard grieg , antonin dvorak , isaac albeniz , pyotr ilyich tchaikovsky and sergei rachmaninoff , among others , are regarded by critics as having been influenced by chopin ' s use of national modes and idioms . alexander scriabin was devoted to the music of chopin , and his early published works include nineteen mazurkas , as well as numerous etudes and preludes ; his teacher nikolai zverev drilled him in chopin ' s works to improve his virtuosity as a performer . in the 20th century , composers who paid homage to ( or in some cases parodied ) the music of chopin included george crumb , bohuslav martinu , darius milhaud , igor stravinsky and heitor villa - lobos . [ sep ] nikolai zverev
chopin ' s music was used in the 1909 ballet chopiniana , choreographed by michel fokine and orchestrated by alexander glazunov . sergei diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations — from stravinsky , anatoly lyadov , sergei taneyev and nikolai tcherepnin — for later productions , which used the title les sylphides . [ sep ] chopiniana
chopin ' s music was used in the 1909 ballet chopiniana , choreographed by michel fokine and orchestrated by alexander glazunov . sergei diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations — from stravinsky , anatoly lyadov , sergei taneyev and nikolai tcherepnin — for later productions , which used the title les sylphides . [ sep ] michel fokine
chopin ' s music was used in the 1909 ballet chopiniana , choreographed by michel fokine and orchestrated by alexander glazunov . sergei diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations — from stravinsky , anatoly lyadov , sergei taneyev and nikolai tcherepnin — for later productions , which used the title les sylphides . [ sep ] alexander glazunov .
chopin ' s music was used in the 1909 ballet chopiniana , choreographed by michel fokine and orchestrated by alexander glazunov . sergei diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations — from stravinsky , anatoly lyadov , sergei taneyev and nikolai tcherepnin — for later productions , which used the title les sylphides . [ sep ] les sylphides .
chopin ' s music remains very popular and is regularly performed , recorded and broadcast worldwide . the world ' s oldest monographic music competition , the international chopin piano competition , founded in 1927 , is held every five years in warsaw . the fryderyk chopin institute of poland lists on its website over eighty societies world - wide devoted to the composer and his music . the institute site also lists nearly 1 , 500 performances of chopin works on youtube as of january 2014 . [ sep ] the international chopin piano competition
chopin ' s music remains very popular and is regularly performed , recorded and broadcast worldwide . the world ' s oldest monographic music competition , the international chopin piano competition , founded in 1927 , is held every five years in warsaw . the fryderyk chopin institute of poland lists on its website over eighty societies world - wide devoted to the composer and his music . the institute site also lists nearly 1 , 500 performances of chopin works on youtube as of january 2014 . [ sep ] 1927
chopin ' s music remains very popular and is regularly performed , recorded and broadcast worldwide . the world ' s oldest monographic music competition , the international chopin piano competition , founded in 1927 , is held every five years in warsaw . the fryderyk chopin institute of poland lists on its website over eighty societies world - wide devoted to the composer and his music . the institute site also lists nearly 1 , 500 performances of chopin works on youtube as of january 2014 . [ sep ] the fryderyk chopin institute of poland
chopin ' s music remains very popular and is regularly performed , recorded and broadcast worldwide . the world ' s oldest monographic music competition , the international chopin piano competition , founded in 1927 , is held every five years in warsaw . the fryderyk chopin institute of poland lists on its website over eighty societies world - wide devoted to the composer and his music . the institute site also lists nearly 1 , 500 performances of chopin works on youtube as of january 2014 . [ sep ] nearly 1 , 500
the british library notes that " chopin ' s works have been recorded by all the great pianists of the recording era . " the earliest recording was an 1895 performance by paul pabst of the nocturne in e major op . 62 no . 2 . the british library site makes available a number of historic recordings , including some by alfred cortot , ignaz friedman , vladimir horowitz , benno moiseiwitsch , paderewski , arthur rubinstein , xaver scharwenka and many others . a select discography of recordings of chopin works by pianists representing the various pedagogic traditions stemming from chopin is given by methuen - campbell in his work tracing the lineage and character of those traditions . [ sep ] the british library
the british library notes that " chopin ' s works have been recorded by all the great pianists of the recording era . " the earliest recording was an 1895 performance by paul pabst of the nocturne in e major op . 62 no . 2 . the british library site makes available a number of historic recordings , including some by alfred cortot , ignaz friedman , vladimir horowitz , benno moiseiwitsch , paderewski , arthur rubinstein , xaver scharwenka and many others . a select discography of recordings of chopin works by pianists representing the various pedagogic traditions stemming from chopin is given by methuen - campbell in his work tracing the lineage and character of those traditions . [ sep ] 1895
the british library notes that " chopin ' s works have been recorded by all the great pianists of the recording era . " the earliest recording was an 1895 performance by paul pabst of the nocturne in e major op . 62 no . 2 . the british library site makes available a number of historic recordings , including some by alfred cortot , ignaz friedman , vladimir horowitz , benno moiseiwitsch , paderewski , arthur rubinstein , xaver scharwenka and many others . a select discography of recordings of chopin works by pianists representing the various pedagogic traditions stemming from chopin is given by methuen - campbell in his work tracing the lineage and character of those traditions . [ sep ] methuen - campbell
numerous recordings of chopin ' s works are available . on the occasion of the composer ' s bicentenary , the critics of the new york times recommended performances by the following contemporary pianists ( among many others ) : martha argerich , vladimir ashkenazy , emanuel ax , evgeny kissin , murray perahia , maurizio pollini and krystian zimerman . the warsaw chopin society organizes the grand prix du disque de f . chopin for notable chopin recordings , held every five years . [ sep ] the warsaw chopin society
numerous recordings of chopin ' s works are available . on the occasion of the composer ' s bicentenary , the critics of the new york times recommended performances by the following contemporary pianists ( among many others ) : martha argerich , vladimir ashkenazy , emanuel ax , evgeny kissin , murray perahia , maurizio pollini and krystian zimerman . the warsaw chopin society organizes the grand prix du disque de f . chopin for notable chopin recordings , held every five years . [ sep ] every five years .
numerous recordings of chopin ' s works are available . on the occasion of the composer ' s bicentenary , the critics of the new york times recommended performances by the following contemporary pianists ( among many others ) : martha argerich , vladimir ashkenazy , emanuel ax , evgeny kissin , murray perahia , maurizio pollini and krystian zimerman . the warsaw chopin society organizes the grand prix du disque de f . chopin for notable chopin recordings , held every five years . [ sep ] the new york times
chopin has figured extensively in polish literature , both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments . the earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on chopin by leon ulrich . french writers on chopin ( apart from sand ) have included marcel proust and andre gide ; and he has also featured in works of gottfried benn and boris pasternak . there are numerous biographies of chopin in english ( see bibliography for some of these ) . [ sep ] sonnet on chopin by leon ulrich
chopin has figured extensively in polish literature , both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments . the earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on chopin by leon ulrich . french writers on chopin ( apart from sand ) have included marcel proust and andre gide ; and he has also featured in works of gottfried benn and boris pasternak . there are numerous biographies of chopin in english ( see bibliography for some of these ) . [ sep ] 1830
chopin has figured extensively in polish literature , both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments . the earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on chopin by leon ulrich . french writers on chopin ( apart from sand ) have included marcel proust and andre gide ; and he has also featured in works of gottfried benn and boris pasternak . there are numerous biographies of chopin in english ( see bibliography for some of these ) . [ sep ] english
possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of chopin ' s life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events . chopin was written by giacomo orefice and produced in milan in 1901 . all the music is derived from that of chopin . [ sep ] chopin
possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of chopin ' s life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events . chopin was written by giacomo orefice and produced in milan in 1901 . all the music is derived from that of chopin . [ sep ] opera
possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of chopin ' s life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events . chopin was written by giacomo orefice and produced in milan in 1901 . all the music is derived from that of chopin . [ sep ] giacomo orefice
possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of chopin ' s life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events . chopin was written by giacomo orefice and produced in milan in 1901 . all the music is derived from that of chopin . [ sep ] 1901 .
possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of chopin ' s life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events . chopin was written by giacomo orefice and produced in milan in 1901 . all the music is derived from that of chopin . [ sep ] milan
chopin ' s life and his relations with george sand have been fictionalized in numerous films . the 1945 biographical film a song to remember earned cornel wilde an academy award nomination as best actor for his portrayal of the composer . other film treatments have included : la valse de l ' adieu ( france , 1928 ) by henry roussel , with pierre blanchar as chopin ; impromptu ( 1991 ) , starring hugh grant as chopin ; la note bleue ( 1991 ) ; and chopin : desire for love ( 2002 ) . [ sep ] a song to remember
chopin ' s life and his relations with george sand have been fictionalized in numerous films . the 1945 biographical film a song to remember earned cornel wilde an academy award nomination as best actor for his portrayal of the composer . other film treatments have included : la valse de l ' adieu ( france , 1928 ) by henry roussel , with pierre blanchar as chopin ; impromptu ( 1991 ) , starring hugh grant as chopin ; la note bleue ( 1991 ) ; and chopin : desire for love ( 2002 ) . [ sep ] cornel wilde
chopin ' s life and his relations with george sand have been fictionalized in numerous films . the 1945 biographical film a song to remember earned cornel wilde an academy award nomination as best actor for his portrayal of the composer . other film treatments have included : la valse de l ' adieu ( france , 1928 ) by henry roussel , with pierre blanchar as chopin ; impromptu ( 1991 ) , starring hugh grant as chopin ; la note bleue ( 1991 ) ; and chopin : desire for love ( 2002 ) . [ sep ] pierre blanchar
chopin ' s life and his relations with george sand have been fictionalized in numerous films . the 1945 biographical film a song to remember earned cornel wilde an academy award nomination as best actor for his portrayal of the composer . other film treatments have included : la valse de l ' adieu ( france , 1928 ) by henry roussel , with pierre blanchar as chopin ; impromptu ( 1991 ) , starring hugh grant as chopin ; la note bleue ( 1991 ) ; and chopin : desire for love ( 2002 ) . [ sep ] hugh grant
chopin ' s life was covered in a bbc tv documentary chopin – the women behind the music ( 2010 ) , and in a 2010 documentary realised by angelo bozzolini and roberto prosseda for italian television . [ sep ] angelo bozzolini and roberto prosseda
chopin ' s public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane , as did the number of his pupils , and this , together with the political strife and instability of the time , caused him to struggle financially . in february 1848 , with the cellist auguste franchomme , he gave his last paris concert , which included three movements of the cello sonata op . 65 . [ sep ] struggle financially .
chopin ' s public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane , as did the number of his pupils , and this , together with the political strife and instability of the time , caused him to struggle financially . in february 1848 , with the cellist auguste franchomme , he gave his last paris concert , which included three movements of the cello sonata op . 65 . [ sep ] auguste franchomme
chopin ' s public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane , as did the number of his pupils , and this , together with the political strife and instability of the time , caused him to struggle financially . in february 1848 , with the cellist auguste franchomme , he gave his last paris concert , which included three movements of the cello sonata op . 65 . [ sep ] cello
chopin ' s output as a composer throughout this period declined in quantity year by year . whereas in 1841 he had written a dozen works , only six were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843 . in 1844 he wrote only the op . 58 sonata . 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas ( op . 59 ) . although these works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions , zamoyski opines that " his powers of concentration were failing and his inspiration was beset by anguish , both emotional and intellectual . " [ sep ] six
chopin ' s output as a composer throughout this period declined in quantity year by year . whereas in 1841 he had written a dozen works , only six were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843 . in 1844 he wrote only the op . 58 sonata . 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas ( op . 59 ) . although these works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions , zamoyski opines that " his powers of concentration were failing and his inspiration was beset by anguish , both emotional and intellectual . " [ sep ] six shorter pieces
chopin ' s output as a composer throughout this period declined in quantity year by year . whereas in 1841 he had written a dozen works , only six were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843 . in 1844 he wrote only the op . 58 sonata . 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas ( op . 59 ) . although these works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions , zamoyski opines that " his powers of concentration were failing and his inspiration was beset by anguish , both emotional and intellectual . " [ sep ] three mazurkas
furthermore , despite the novel ' s thematic focus on racial injustice , its black characters are not fully examined . in its use of racial epithets , stereotyped depictions of superstitious blacks , and calpurnia , who to some critics is an updated version of the " contented slave " motif and to others simply unexplored , the book is viewed as marginalizing black characters . one writer asserts that the use of scout ' s narration serves as a convenient mechanism for readers to be innocent and detached from the racial conflict . scout ' s voice " functions as the not - me which allows the rest of us — black and white , male and female — to find our relative position in society " . a teaching guide for the novel published by the english journal cautions , " what seems wonderful or powerful to one group of students may seem degrading to another " . a canadian language arts consultant found that the novel resonated well with white students , but that black students found it " demoralizing " . another criticism , articulated by michael lind , is that the novel indulges in classist stereotyping and demonization of poor rural " white trash " . [ sep ] calpurnia
furthermore , despite the novel ' s thematic focus on racial injustice , its black characters are not fully examined . in its use of racial epithets , stereotyped depictions of superstitious blacks , and calpurnia , who to some critics is an updated version of the " contented slave " motif and to others simply unexplored , the book is viewed as marginalizing black characters . one writer asserts that the use of scout ' s narration serves as a convenient mechanism for readers to be innocent and detached from the racial conflict . scout ' s voice " functions as the not - me which allows the rest of us — black and white , male and female — to find our relative position in society " . a teaching guide for the novel published by the english journal cautions , " what seems wonderful or powerful to one group of students may seem degrading to another " . a canadian language arts consultant found that the novel resonated well with white students , but that black students found it " demoralizing " . another criticism , articulated by michael lind , is that the novel indulges in classist stereotyping and demonization of poor rural " white trash " . [ sep ] black students
furthermore , despite the novel ' s thematic focus on racial injustice , its black characters are not fully examined . in its use of racial epithets , stereotyped depictions of superstitious blacks , and calpurnia , who to some critics is an updated version of the " contented slave " motif and to others simply unexplored , the book is viewed as marginalizing black characters . one writer asserts that the use of scout ' s narration serves as a convenient mechanism for readers to be innocent and detached from the racial conflict . scout ' s voice " functions as the not - me which allows the rest of us — black and white , male and female — to find our relative position in society " . a teaching guide for the novel published by the english journal cautions , " what seems wonderful or powerful to one group of students may seem degrading to another " . a canadian language arts consultant found that the novel resonated well with white students , but that black students found it " demoralizing " . another criticism , articulated by michael lind , is that the novel indulges in classist stereotyping and demonization of poor rural " white trash " . [ sep ] poor rural " white trash "
the novel is cited as a factor in the success of the civil rights movement in the 1960s , however , in that it " arrived at the right moment to help the south and the nation grapple with the racial tensions ( of ) the accelerating civil rights movement " . its publication is so closely associated with the civil rights movement that many studies of the book and biographies of harper lee include descriptions of important moments in the movement , despite the fact that she had no direct involvement in any of them . civil rights leader andrew young comments that part of the book ' s effectiveness is that it " inspires hope in the midst of chaos and confusion " and by using racial epithets portrays the reality of the times in which it was set . young views the novel as " an act of humanity " in showing the possibility of people rising above their prejudices . alabama author mark childress compares it to the impact of uncle tom ' s cabin , a book that is popularly implicated in starting the u . s . civil war . childress states the novel " gives white southerners a way to understand the racism that they ' ve been brought up with and to find another way . and most white people in the south were good people . most white people in the south were not throwing bombs and causing havoc . . . i think the book really helped them come to understand what was wrong with the system in the way that any number of treatises could never do , because it was popular art , because it was told from a child ' s point of view . " [ sep ] uncle tom ' s cabin
diane mcwhorter , pulitzer prize - winning historian of the birmingham civil rights campaign , asserts that to kill a mockingbird condemns racism instead of racists , and states that every child in the south has moments of racial cognitive dissonance when they are faced with the harsh reality of inequality . this feeling causes them to question the beliefs with which they have been raised , which for many children is what the novel does . mcwhorter writes of lee , " for a white person from the south to write a book like this in the late 1950s is really unusual — by its very existence an act of protest . " [ note 4 ] author james mcbride calls lee brilliant but stops short of calling her brave : " i think by calling harper lee brave you kind of absolve yourself of your own racism . . . she certainly set the standards in terms of how these issues need to be discussed , but in many ways i feel . . . the moral bar ' s been lowered . and that ' s really distressing . we need a thousand atticus finches . " mcbride , however , defends the book ' s sentimentality , and the way lee approaches the story with " honesty and integrity " . [ sep ] the harsh reality of inequality
diane mcwhorter , pulitzer prize - winning historian of the birmingham civil rights campaign , asserts that to kill a mockingbird condemns racism instead of racists , and states that every child in the south has moments of racial cognitive dissonance when they are faced with the harsh reality of inequality . this feeling causes them to question the beliefs with which they have been raised , which for many children is what the novel does . mcwhorter writes of lee , " for a white person from the south to write a book like this in the late 1950s is really unusual — by its very existence an act of protest . " [ note 4 ] author james mcbride calls lee brilliant but stops short of calling her brave : " i think by calling harper lee brave you kind of absolve yourself of your own racism . . . she certainly set the standards in terms of how these issues need to be discussed , but in many ways i feel . . . the moral bar ' s been lowered . and that ' s really distressing . we need a thousand atticus finches . " mcbride , however , defends the book ' s sentimentality , and the way lee approaches the story with " honesty and integrity " . [ sep ] an act of protest
lee ' s childhood friend , author truman capote , wrote on the dust jacket of the first edition , " someone rare has written this very fine first novel : a writer with the liveliest sense of life , and the warmest , most authentic sense of humor . a touching book ; and so funny , so likeable . " this comment has been construed to suggest that capote wrote the book or edited it heavily . in 2003 , a tuscaloosa newspaper quoted capote ' s biological father , archulus persons , as claiming that capote had written " almost all " of the book . in 2006 , a capote letter was donated to monroeville ' s literary heritage museum ; in a letter to a neighbor in monroeville in 1959 , capote mentioned that lee was writing a book that was to be published soon . extensive notes between lee and her editor at lippincott also refute the rumor of capote ' s authorship . lee ' s older sister , alice , responded to the rumor , saying : " that ' s the biggest lie ever told . " [ sep ] truman capote
lee ' s childhood friend , author truman capote , wrote on the dust jacket of the first edition , " someone rare has written this very fine first novel : a writer with the liveliest sense of life , and the warmest , most authentic sense of humor . a touching book ; and so funny , so likeable . " this comment has been construed to suggest that capote wrote the book or edited it heavily . in 2003 , a tuscaloosa newspaper quoted capote ' s biological father , archulus persons , as claiming that capote had written " almost all " of the book . in 2006 , a capote letter was donated to monroeville ' s literary heritage museum ; in a letter to a neighbor in monroeville in 1959 , capote mentioned that lee was writing a book that was to be published soon . extensive notes between lee and her editor at lippincott also refute the rumor of capote ' s authorship . lee ' s older sister , alice , responded to the rumor , saying : " that ' s the biggest lie ever told . " [ sep ] her editor
during the years immediately following the novel ' s publication , harper lee enjoyed the attention its popularity garnered her , granting interviews , visiting schools , and attending events honoring the book . in 1961 , when to kill a mockingbird was in its 41st week on the bestseller list , it was awarded the pulitzer prize , stunning lee . it also won the brotherhood award of the national conference of christians and jews in the same year , and the paperback of the year award from bestsellers magazine in 1962 . starting in 1964 , lee began to turn down interviews , complaining that the questions were monotonous , and grew concerned that attention she received bordered on the kind of publicity celebrities sought . since the , she declined talking with reporters about the book . she also steadfastly refused to provide an introduction , writing in 1995 : " introductions inhibit pleasure , they kill the joy of anticipation , they frustrate curiosity . the only good thing about introductions is that in some cases they delay the dose to come . mockingbird still says what it has to say ; it has managed to survive the years without preamble . " [ sep ] the pulitzer prize
during the years immediately following the novel ' s publication , harper lee enjoyed the attention its popularity garnered her , granting interviews , visiting schools , and attending events honoring the book . in 1961 , when to kill a mockingbird was in its 41st week on the bestseller list , it was awarded the pulitzer prize , stunning lee . it also won the brotherhood award of the national conference of christians and jews in the same year , and the paperback of the year award from bestsellers magazine in 1962 . starting in 1964 , lee began to turn down interviews , complaining that the questions were monotonous , and grew concerned that attention she received bordered on the kind of publicity celebrities sought . since the , she declined talking with reporters about the book . she also steadfastly refused to provide an introduction , writing in 1995 : " introductions inhibit pleasure , they kill the joy of anticipation , they frustrate curiosity . the only good thing about introductions is that in some cases they delay the dose to come . mockingbird still says what it has to say ; it has managed to survive the years without preamble . " [ sep ] 1964
in 2001 , lee was inducted into the alabama academy of honor . in the same year , chicago mayor richard m . daley initiated a reading program throughout the city ' s libraries , and chose his favorite book , to kill a mockingbird , as the first title of the one city , one book program . lee declared that " there is no greater honor the novel could receive " . by 2004 , the novel had been chosen by 25 communities for variations of the citywide reading program , more than any other novel . david kipen of the national endowment of the arts , who supervised the big read , states " people just seem to connect with it . it dredges up things in their own lives , their interactions across racial lines , legal encounters , and childhood . it ' s just this skeleton key to so many different parts of people ' s lives , and they cherish it . " [ sep ] chicago
in 2001 , lee was inducted into the alabama academy of honor . in the same year , chicago mayor richard m . daley initiated a reading program throughout the city ' s libraries , and chose his favorite book , to kill a mockingbird , as the first title of the one city , one book program . lee declared that " there is no greater honor the novel could receive " . by 2004 , the novel had been chosen by 25 communities for variations of the citywide reading program , more than any other novel . david kipen of the national endowment of the arts , who supervised the big read , states " people just seem to connect with it . it dredges up things in their own lives , their interactions across racial lines , legal encounters , and childhood . it ' s just this skeleton key to so many different parts of people ' s lives , and they cherish it . " [ sep ] 25
in 2006 , lee was awarded an honorary doctorate from the university of notre dame . during the ceremony , the students and audience gave lee a standing ovation , and the entire graduating class held up copies of to kill a mockingbird to honor her . [ note 5 ] lee was awarded the presidential medal of freedom on november 5 , 2007 by president george w . bush . in his remarks , bush stated , " one reason to kill a mockingbird succeeded is the wise and kind heart of the author , which comes through on every page . . . to kill a mockingbird has influenced the character of our country for the better . it ' s been a gift to the entire world . as a model of good writing and humane sensibility , this book will be read and studied forever . " [ sep ] notre dame
in 2006 , lee was awarded an honorary doctorate from the university of notre dame . during the ceremony , the students and audience gave lee a standing ovation , and the entire graduating class held up copies of to kill a mockingbird to honor her . [ note 5 ] lee was awarded the presidential medal of freedom on november 5 , 2007 by president george w . bush . in his remarks , bush stated , " one reason to kill a mockingbird succeeded is the wise and kind heart of the author , which comes through on every page . . . to kill a mockingbird has influenced the character of our country for the better . it ' s been a gift to the entire world . as a model of good writing and humane sensibility , this book will be read and studied forever . " [ sep ] george w . bush
the book was made into the well - received 1962 film with the same title , starring gregory peck as atticus finch . the film ' s producer , alan j . pakula , remembered universal pictures executives questioning him about a potential script : " they said , ' what story do you plan to tell for the film ? ' i said , ' have you read the book ? ' they said , ' yes . ' i said , ' that ' s the story . ' " the movie was a hit at the box office , quickly grossing more than $ 20 million from a $ 2 - million budget . it won three oscars : best actor for gregory peck , best art direction - set decoration , black - and - white , and best writing , screenplay based on material from another medium for horton foote . it was nominated for five more oscars including best actress in a supporting role for mary badham , the actress who played scout . [ sep ] gregory peck
harper lee was pleased with the movie , saying : " in that film the man and the part met . . . i ' ve had many , many offers to turn it into musicals , into tv or stage plays , but i ' ve always refused . that film was a work of art . " peck met lee ' s father , the model for atticus , before the filming . lee ' s father died before the film ' s release , and lee was so impressed with peck ' s performance that she gave him her father ' s pocketwatch , which he had with him the evening he was awarded the oscar for best actor . years later , he was reluctant to tell lee that the watch was stolen out of his luggage in london heathrow airport . when peck eventually did tell lee , he said she responded , " ' well , it ' s only a watch . ' harper — she feels deeply , but she ' s not a sentimental person about things . " lee and peck shared a friendship long after the movie was made . peck ' s grandson was named " harper " in her honor . [ sep ] her father ' s pocketwatch
harper lee was pleased with the movie , saying : " in that film the man and the part met . . . i ' ve had many , many offers to turn it into musicals , into tv or stage plays , but i ' ve always refused . that film was a work of art . " peck met lee ' s father , the model for atticus , before the filming . lee ' s father died before the film ' s release , and lee was so impressed with peck ' s performance that she gave him her father ' s pocketwatch , which he had with him the evening he was awarded the oscar for best actor . years later , he was reluctant to tell lee that the watch was stolen out of his luggage in london heathrow airport . when peck eventually did tell lee , he said she responded , " ' well , it ' s only a watch . ' harper — she feels deeply , but she ' s not a sentimental person about things . " lee and peck shared a friendship long after the movie was made . peck ' s grandson was named " harper " in her honor . [ sep ] grandson
in may 2005 , lee made an uncharacteristic appearance at the los angeles public library at the request of peck ' s widow veronique , who said of lee : " she ' s like a national treasure . she ' s someone who has made a difference . . . with this book . the book is still as strong as it ever was , and so is the film . all the kids in the united states read this book and see the film in the seventh and eighth grades and write papers and essays . my husband used to get thousands and thousands of letters from teachers who would send them to him . " [ sep ] a national treasure
the book has also been adapted as a play by christopher sergel . it debuted in 1990 in monroeville , a town that labels itself " the literary capital of alabama " . the play runs every may on the county courthouse grounds and townspeople make up the cast . white male audience members are chosen at the intermission to make up the jury . during the courtroom scene the production moves into the monroe county courthouse and the audience is racially segregated . author albert murray said of the relationship of the town to the novel ( and the annual performance ) : " it becomes part of the town ritual , like the religious underpinning of mardi gras . with the whole town crowded around the actual courthouse , it ' s part of a central , civic education — what monroeville aspires to be . " [ sep ] monroeville
the book has also been adapted as a play by christopher sergel . it debuted in 1990 in monroeville , a town that labels itself " the literary capital of alabama " . the play runs every may on the county courthouse grounds and townspeople make up the cast . white male audience members are chosen at the intermission to make up the jury . during the courtroom scene the production moves into the monroe county courthouse and the audience is racially segregated . author albert murray said of the relationship of the town to the novel ( and the annual performance ) : " it becomes part of the town ritual , like the religious underpinning of mardi gras . with the whole town crowded around the actual courthouse , it ' s part of a central , civic education — what monroeville aspires to be . " [ sep ] townspeople
the book has also been adapted as a play by christopher sergel . it debuted in 1990 in monroeville , a town that labels itself " the literary capital of alabama " . the play runs every may on the county courthouse grounds and townspeople make up the cast . white male audience members are chosen at the intermission to make up the jury . during the courtroom scene the production moves into the monroe county courthouse and the audience is racially segregated . author albert murray said of the relationship of the town to the novel ( and the annual performance ) : " it becomes part of the town ritual , like the religious underpinning of mardi gras . with the whole town crowded around the actual courthouse , it ' s part of a central , civic education — what monroeville aspires to be . " [ sep ] racially segregated
sergel ' s play toured in the uk starting at west yorkshire playhouse in leeds in 2006 , and again in 2011 starting at the york theatre royal , both productions featuring duncan preston as atticus finch . the play also opened the 2013 season at regent ' s park open air theatre in london where it played to full houses and starred robert sean leonard as atticus finch , his first london appearance in 22 years . the production is returning to the venue to close the 2014 season , prior to a uk tour . [ sep ] duncan preston
according to a national geographic article , the novel is so revered in monroeville that people quote lines from it like scripture ; yet harper lee herself refused to attend any performances , because " she abhors anything that trades on the book ' s fame " . to underscore this sentiment , lee demanded that a book of recipes named calpurnia ' s cookbook not be published and sold out of the monroe county heritage museum . david lister in the independent states that lee ' s refusal to speak to reporters made them desire to interview her all the more , and her silence " makes bob dylan look like a media tart " . despite her discouragement , a rising number of tourists made to monroeville a destination , hoping to see lee ' s inspiration for the book , or lee herself . local residents call them " mockingbird groupies " , and although lee was not reclusive , she refused publicity and interviews with an emphatic " hell , no ! " [ sep ] like scripture
according to a national geographic article , the novel is so revered in monroeville that people quote lines from it like scripture ; yet harper lee herself refused to attend any performances , because " she abhors anything that trades on the book ' s fame " . to underscore this sentiment , lee demanded that a book of recipes named calpurnia ' s cookbook not be published and sold out of the monroe county heritage museum . david lister in the independent states that lee ' s refusal to speak to reporters made them desire to interview her all the more , and her silence " makes bob dylan look like a media tart " . despite her discouragement , a rising number of tourists made to monroeville a destination , hoping to see lee ' s inspiration for the book , or lee herself . local residents call them " mockingbird groupies " , and although lee was not reclusive , she refused publicity and interviews with an emphatic " hell , no ! " [ sep ] mockingbird groupies
an earlier draft of to kill a mockingbird , titled go set a watchman , was controversially released on july 14 , 2015 . this draft , which was completed in 1957 , is set 20 years after the time period depicted in to kill a mockingbird but is not a continuation of the narrative . this earlier version of the story follows an adult scout finch who travels from new york to visit her father , atticus finch , in maycomb , alabama , where she is confronted by the intolerance in her community . the watchman manuscript was believed to have been lost until lee ' s lawyer tonja carter discovered it ; although this claim has been widely disputed . watchman contains early versions of many of the characters from to kill a mockingbird . according to lee ' s agent andrew nurnberg , mockingbird was originally intended to be the first book of a trilogy : " they discussed publishing mockingbird first , watchman last , and a shorter connecting novel between the two . " this assertion has been discredited however by the rare books expert james s . jaffe , who reviewed the pages at the request of lee ' s attorney and found them to be only another draft of " to kill a mockingbird " . the statement was also contrary to jonathan mahler ' s description of how " watchman " was seen as just the first draft of " mockingbird " . instances where many passages overlap between the two books , in some case word for word , also refutes this assertion . [ sep ] go set a watchman
an earlier draft of to kill a mockingbird , titled go set a watchman , was controversially released on july 14 , 2015 . this draft , which was completed in 1957 , is set 20 years after the time period depicted in to kill a mockingbird but is not a continuation of the narrative . this earlier version of the story follows an adult scout finch who travels from new york to visit her father , atticus finch , in maycomb , alabama , where she is confronted by the intolerance in her community . the watchman manuscript was believed to have been lost until lee ' s lawyer tonja carter discovered it ; although this claim has been widely disputed . watchman contains early versions of many of the characters from to kill a mockingbird . according to lee ' s agent andrew nurnberg , mockingbird was originally intended to be the first book of a trilogy : " they discussed publishing mockingbird first , watchman last , and a shorter connecting novel between the two . " this assertion has been discredited however by the rare books expert james s . jaffe , who reviewed the pages at the request of lee ' s attorney and found them to be only another draft of " to kill a mockingbird " . the statement was also contrary to jonathan mahler ' s description of how " watchman " was seen as just the first draft of " mockingbird " . instances where many passages overlap between the two books , in some case word for word , also refutes this assertion . [ sep ] 1957
an earlier draft of to kill a mockingbird , titled go set a watchman , was controversially released on july 14 , 2015 . this draft , which was completed in 1957 , is set 20 years after the time period depicted in to kill a mockingbird but is not a continuation of the narrative . this earlier version of the story follows an adult scout finch who travels from new york to visit her father , atticus finch , in maycomb , alabama , where she is confronted by the intolerance in her community . the watchman manuscript was believed to have been lost until lee ' s lawyer tonja carter discovered it ; although this claim has been widely disputed . watchman contains early versions of many of the characters from to kill a mockingbird . according to lee ' s agent andrew nurnberg , mockingbird was originally intended to be the first book of a trilogy : " they discussed publishing mockingbird first , watchman last , and a shorter connecting novel between the two . " this assertion has been discredited however by the rare books expert james s . jaffe , who reviewed the pages at the request of lee ' s attorney and found them to be only another draft of " to kill a mockingbird " . the statement was also contrary to jonathan mahler ' s description of how " watchman " was seen as just the first draft of " mockingbird " . instances where many passages overlap between the two books , in some case word for word , also refutes this assertion . [ sep ] 20
beyonce giselle knowles - carter ( / [unk] / bee - yon - say ) ( born september 4 , 1981 ) is an american singer , songwriter , record producer and actress . born and raised in houston , texas , she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child , and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of r & b girl - group destiny ' s child . managed by her father , mathew knowles , the group became one of the world ' s best - selling girl groups of all time . their hiatus saw the release of beyonce ' s debut album , dangerously in love ( 2003 ) , which established her as a solo artist worldwide , earned five grammy awards and featured the billboard hot 100 number - one singles " crazy in love " and " baby boy " . [ sep ] late 1990s
beyonce giselle knowles - carter ( / [unk] / bee - yon - say ) ( born september 4 , 1981 ) is an american singer , songwriter , record producer and actress . born and raised in houston , texas , she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child , and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of r & b girl - group destiny ' s child . managed by her father , mathew knowles , the group became one of the world ' s best - selling girl groups of all time . their hiatus saw the release of beyonce ' s debut album , dangerously in love ( 2003 ) , which established her as a solo artist worldwide , earned five grammy awards and featured the billboard hot 100 number - one singles " crazy in love " and " baby boy " . [ sep ] lead singer
beyonce giselle knowles - carter ( / [unk] / bee - yon - say ) ( born september 4 , 1981 ) is an american singer , songwriter , record producer and actress . born and raised in houston , texas , she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child , and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of r & b girl - group destiny ' s child . managed by her father , mathew knowles , the group became one of the world ' s best - selling girl groups of all time . their hiatus saw the release of beyonce ' s debut album , dangerously in love ( 2003 ) , which established her as a solo artist worldwide , earned five grammy awards and featured the billboard hot 100 number - one singles " crazy in love " and " baby boy " . [ sep ] dangerously in love
beyonce giselle knowles - carter ( / [unk] / bee - yon - say ) ( born september 4 , 1981 ) is an american singer , songwriter , record producer and actress . born and raised in houston , texas , she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child , and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of r & b girl - group destiny ' s child . managed by her father , mathew knowles , the group became one of the world ' s best - selling girl groups of all time . their hiatus saw the release of beyonce ' s debut album , dangerously in love ( 2003 ) , which established her as a solo artist worldwide , earned five grammy awards and featured the billboard hot 100 number - one singles " crazy in love " and " baby boy " . [ sep ] 2003
beyonce giselle knowles - carter ( / [unk] / bee - yon - say ) ( born september 4 , 1981 ) is an american singer , songwriter , record producer and actress . born and raised in houston , texas , she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child , and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of r & b girl - group destiny ' s child . managed by her father , mathew knowles , the group became one of the world ' s best - selling girl groups of all time . their hiatus saw the release of beyonce ' s debut album , dangerously in love ( 2003 ) , which established her as a solo artist worldwide , earned five grammy awards and featured the billboard hot 100 number - one singles " crazy in love " and " baby boy " . [ sep ] five
beyonce giselle knowles - carter ( / [unk] / bee - yon - say ) ( born september 4 , 1981 ) is an american singer , songwriter , record producer and actress . born and raised in houston , texas , she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child , and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of r & b girl - group destiny ' s child . managed by her father , mathew knowles , the group became one of the world ' s best - selling girl groups of all time . their hiatus saw the release of beyonce ' s debut album , dangerously in love ( 2003 ) , which established her as a solo artist worldwide , earned five grammy awards and featured the billboard hot 100 number - one singles " crazy in love " and " baby boy " . [ sep ] lead singer
beyonce giselle knowles - carter ( / [unk] / bee - yon - say ) ( born september 4 , 1981 ) is an american singer , songwriter , record producer and actress . born and raised in houston , texas , she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child , and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of r & b girl - group destiny ' s child . managed by her father , mathew knowles , the group became one of the world ' s best - selling girl groups of all time . their hiatus saw the release of beyonce ' s debut album , dangerously in love ( 2003 ) , which established her as a solo artist worldwide , earned five grammy awards and featured the billboard hot 100 number - one singles " crazy in love " and " baby boy " . [ sep ] dangerously in love
beyonce giselle knowles - carter ( / [unk] / bee - yon - say ) ( born september 4 , 1981 ) is an american singer , songwriter , record producer and actress . born and raised in houston , texas , she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child , and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of r & b girl - group destiny ' s child . managed by her father , mathew knowles , the group became one of the world ' s best - selling girl groups of all time . their hiatus saw the release of beyonce ' s debut album , dangerously in love ( 2003 ) , which established her as a solo artist worldwide , earned five grammy awards and featured the billboard hot 100 number - one singles " crazy in love " and " baby boy " . [ sep ] 2003
following the disbandment of destiny ' s child in june 2005 , she released her second solo album , b ' day ( 2006 ) , which contained hits " deja vu " , " irreplaceable " , and " beautiful liar " . beyonce also ventured into acting , with a golden globe - nominated performance in dreamgirls ( 2006 ) , and starring roles in the pink panther ( 2006 ) and obsessed ( 2009 ) . her marriage to rapper jay z and portrayal of etta james in cadillac records ( 2008 ) influenced her third album , i am . . . sasha fierce ( 2008 ) , which saw the birth of her alter - ego sasha fierce and earned a record - setting six grammy awards in 2010 , including song of the year for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " . beyonce took a hiatus from music in 2010 and took over management of her career ; her fourth album 4 ( 2011 ) was subsequently mellower in tone , exploring 1970s funk , 1980s pop , and 1990s soul . her critically acclaimed fifth studio album , beyonce ( 2013 ) , was distinguished from previous releases by its experimental production and exploration of darker themes . [ sep ] june 2005
following the disbandment of destiny ' s child in june 2005 , she released her second solo album , b ' day ( 2006 ) , which contained hits " deja vu " , " irreplaceable " , and " beautiful liar " . beyonce also ventured into acting , with a golden globe - nominated performance in dreamgirls ( 2006 ) , and starring roles in the pink panther ( 2006 ) and obsessed ( 2009 ) . her marriage to rapper jay z and portrayal of etta james in cadillac records ( 2008 ) influenced her third album , i am . . . sasha fierce ( 2008 ) , which saw the birth of her alter - ego sasha fierce and earned a record - setting six grammy awards in 2010 , including song of the year for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " . beyonce took a hiatus from music in 2010 and took over management of her career ; her fourth album 4 ( 2011 ) was subsequently mellower in tone , exploring 1970s funk , 1980s pop , and 1990s soul . her critically acclaimed fifth studio album , beyonce ( 2013 ) , was distinguished from previous releases by its experimental production and exploration of darker themes . [ sep ] b ' day
following the disbandment of destiny ' s child in june 2005 , she released her second solo album , b ' day ( 2006 ) , which contained hits " deja vu " , " irreplaceable " , and " beautiful liar " . beyonce also ventured into acting , with a golden globe - nominated performance in dreamgirls ( 2006 ) , and starring roles in the pink panther ( 2006 ) and obsessed ( 2009 ) . her marriage to rapper jay z and portrayal of etta james in cadillac records ( 2008 ) influenced her third album , i am . . . sasha fierce ( 2008 ) , which saw the birth of her alter - ego sasha fierce and earned a record - setting six grammy awards in 2010 , including song of the year for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " . beyonce took a hiatus from music in 2010 and took over management of her career ; her fourth album 4 ( 2011 ) was subsequently mellower in tone , exploring 1970s funk , 1980s pop , and 1990s soul . her critically acclaimed fifth studio album , beyonce ( 2013 ) , was distinguished from previous releases by its experimental production and exploration of darker themes . [ sep ] dreamgirls
following the disbandment of destiny ' s child in june 2005 , she released her second solo album , b ' day ( 2006 ) , which contained hits " deja vu " , " irreplaceable " , and " beautiful liar " . beyonce also ventured into acting , with a golden globe - nominated performance in dreamgirls ( 2006 ) , and starring roles in the pink panther ( 2006 ) and obsessed ( 2009 ) . her marriage to rapper jay z and portrayal of etta james in cadillac records ( 2008 ) influenced her third album , i am . . . sasha fierce ( 2008 ) , which saw the birth of her alter - ego sasha fierce and earned a record - setting six grammy awards in 2010 , including song of the year for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " . beyonce took a hiatus from music in 2010 and took over management of her career ; her fourth album 4 ( 2011 ) was subsequently mellower in tone , exploring 1970s funk , 1980s pop , and 1990s soul . her critically acclaimed fifth studio album , beyonce ( 2013 ) , was distinguished from previous releases by its experimental production and exploration of darker themes . [ sep ] jay z
following the disbandment of destiny ' s child in june 2005 , she released her second solo album , b ' day ( 2006 ) , which contained hits " deja vu " , " irreplaceable " , and " beautiful liar " . beyonce also ventured into acting , with a golden globe - nominated performance in dreamgirls ( 2006 ) , and starring roles in the pink panther ( 2006 ) and obsessed ( 2009 ) . her marriage to rapper jay z and portrayal of etta james in cadillac records ( 2008 ) influenced her third album , i am . . . sasha fierce ( 2008 ) , which saw the birth of her alter - ego sasha fierce and earned a record - setting six grammy awards in 2010 , including song of the year for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " . beyonce took a hiatus from music in 2010 and took over management of her career ; her fourth album 4 ( 2011 ) was subsequently mellower in tone , exploring 1970s funk , 1980s pop , and 1990s soul . her critically acclaimed fifth studio album , beyonce ( 2013 ) , was distinguished from previous releases by its experimental production and exploration of darker themes . [ sep ] sasha fierce
a self - described " modern - day feminist " , beyonce creates songs that are often characterized by themes of love , relationships , and monogamy , as well as female sexuality and empowerment . on stage , her dynamic , highly choreographed performances have led to critics hailing her as one of the best entertainers in contemporary popular music . throughout a career spanning 19 years , she has sold over 118 million records as a solo artist , and a further 60 million with destiny ' s child , making her one of the best - selling music artists of all time . she has won 20 grammy awards and is the most nominated woman in the award ' s history . the recording industry association of america recognized her as the top certified artist in america during the 2000s decade . in 2009 , billboard named her the top radio songs artist of the decade , the top female artist of the 2000s and their artist of the millennium in 2011 . time listed her among the 100 most influential people in the world in 2013 and 2014 . forbes magazine also listed her as the most powerful female musician of 2015 . [ sep ] 60 million
a self - described " modern - day feminist " , beyonce creates songs that are often characterized by themes of love , relationships , and monogamy , as well as female sexuality and empowerment . on stage , her dynamic , highly choreographed performances have led to critics hailing her as one of the best entertainers in contemporary popular music . throughout a career spanning 19 years , she has sold over 118 million records as a solo artist , and a further 60 million with destiny ' s child , making her one of the best - selling music artists of all time . she has won 20 grammy awards and is the most nominated woman in the award ' s history . the recording industry association of america recognized her as the top certified artist in america during the 2000s decade . in 2009 , billboard named her the top radio songs artist of the decade , the top female artist of the 2000s and their artist of the millennium in 2011 . time listed her among the 100 most influential people in the world in 2013 and 2014 . forbes magazine also listed her as the most powerful female musician of 2015 . [ sep ] 118 million
a self - described " modern - day feminist " , beyonce creates songs that are often characterized by themes of love , relationships , and monogamy , as well as female sexuality and empowerment . on stage , her dynamic , highly choreographed performances have led to critics hailing her as one of the best entertainers in contemporary popular music . throughout a career spanning 19 years , she has sold over 118 million records as a solo artist , and a further 60 million with destiny ' s child , making her one of the best - selling music artists of all time . she has won 20 grammy awards and is the most nominated woman in the award ' s history . the recording industry association of america recognized her as the top certified artist in america during the 2000s decade . in 2009 , billboard named her the top radio songs artist of the decade , the top female artist of the 2000s and their artist of the millennium in 2011 . time listed her among the 100 most influential people in the world in 2013 and 2014 . forbes magazine also listed her as the most powerful female musician of 2015 . [ sep ] 20
a self - described " modern - day feminist " , beyonce creates songs that are often characterized by themes of love , relationships , and monogamy , as well as female sexuality and empowerment . on stage , her dynamic , highly choreographed performances have led to critics hailing her as one of the best entertainers in contemporary popular music . throughout a career spanning 19 years , she has sold over 118 million records as a solo artist , and a further 60 million with destiny ' s child , making her one of the best - selling music artists of all time . she has won 20 grammy awards and is the most nominated woman in the award ' s history . the recording industry association of america recognized her as the top certified artist in america during the 2000s decade . in 2009 , billboard named her the top radio songs artist of the decade , the top female artist of the 2000s and their artist of the millennium in 2011 . time listed her among the 100 most influential people in the world in 2013 and 2014 . forbes magazine also listed her as the most powerful female musician of 2015 . [ sep ] forbes
beyonce giselle knowles was born in houston , texas , to celestine ann " tina " knowles ( nee beyince ) , a hairdresser and salon owner , and mathew knowles , a xerox sales manager . beyonce ' s name is a tribute to her mother ' s maiden name . beyonce ' s younger sister solange is also a singer and a former member of destiny ' s child . mathew is african - american , while tina is of louisiana creole descent ( with african , native american , french , cajun , and distant irish and spanish ancestry ) . through her mother , beyonce is a descendant of acadian leader joseph broussard . she was raised in a methodist household . [ sep ] xerox
beyonce giselle knowles was born in houston , texas , to celestine ann " tina " knowles ( nee beyince ) , a hairdresser and salon owner , and mathew knowles , a xerox sales manager . beyonce ' s name is a tribute to her mother ' s maiden name . beyonce ' s younger sister solange is also a singer and a former member of destiny ' s child . mathew is african - american , while tina is of louisiana creole descent ( with african , native american , french , cajun , and distant irish and spanish ancestry ) . through her mother , beyonce is a descendant of acadian leader joseph broussard . she was raised in a methodist household . [ sep ] salon
beyonce giselle knowles was born in houston , texas , to celestine ann " tina " knowles ( nee beyince ) , a hairdresser and salon owner , and mathew knowles , a xerox sales manager . beyonce ' s name is a tribute to her mother ' s maiden name . beyonce ' s younger sister solange is also a singer and a former member of destiny ' s child . mathew is african - american , while tina is of louisiana creole descent ( with african , native american , french , cajun , and distant irish and spanish ancestry ) . through her mother , beyonce is a descendant of acadian leader joseph broussard . she was raised in a methodist household . [ sep ] solange
beyonce giselle knowles was born in houston , texas , to celestine ann " tina " knowles ( nee beyince ) , a hairdresser and salon owner , and mathew knowles , a xerox sales manager . beyonce ' s name is a tribute to her mother ' s maiden name . beyonce ' s younger sister solange is also a singer and a former member of destiny ' s child . mathew is african - american , while tina is of louisiana creole descent ( with african , native american , french , cajun , and distant irish and spanish ancestry ) . through her mother , beyonce is a descendant of acadian leader joseph broussard . she was raised in a methodist household . [ sep ] joseph broussard .
beyonce giselle knowles was born in houston , texas , to celestine ann " tina " knowles ( nee beyince ) , a hairdresser and salon owner , and mathew knowles , a xerox sales manager . beyonce ' s name is a tribute to her mother ' s maiden name . beyonce ' s younger sister solange is also a singer and a former member of destiny ' s child . mathew is african - american , while tina is of louisiana creole descent ( with african , native american , french , cajun , and distant irish and spanish ancestry ) . through her mother , beyonce is a descendant of acadian leader joseph broussard . she was raised in a methodist household . [ sep ] methodist
beyonce attended st . mary ' s elementary school in fredericksburg , texas , where she enrolled in dance classes . her singing talent was discovered when dance instructor darlette johnson began humming a song and she finished it , able to hit the high - pitched notes . beyonce ' s interest in music and performing continued after winning a school talent show at age seven , singing john lennon ' s " imagine " to beat 15 / 16 - year - olds . in fall of 1990 , beyonce enrolled in parker elementary school , a music magnet school in houston , where she would perform with the school ' s choir . she also attended the high school for the performing and visual arts and later alief elsik high school . beyonce was also a member of the choir at st . john ' s united methodist church as a soloist for two years . [ sep ] fredericksburg
beyonce attended st . mary ' s elementary school in fredericksburg , texas , where she enrolled in dance classes . her singing talent was discovered when dance instructor darlette johnson began humming a song and she finished it , able to hit the high - pitched notes . beyonce ' s interest in music and performing continued after winning a school talent show at age seven , singing john lennon ' s " imagine " to beat 15 / 16 - year - olds . in fall of 1990 , beyonce enrolled in parker elementary school , a music magnet school in houston , where she would perform with the school ' s choir . she also attended the high school for the performing and visual arts and later alief elsik high school . beyonce was also a member of the choir at st . john ' s united methodist church as a soloist for two years . [ sep ] darlette johnson
beyonce attended st . mary ' s elementary school in fredericksburg , texas , where she enrolled in dance classes . her singing talent was discovered when dance instructor darlette johnson began humming a song and she finished it , able to hit the high - pitched notes . beyonce ' s interest in music and performing continued after winning a school talent show at age seven , singing john lennon ' s " imagine " to beat 15 / 16 - year - olds . in fall of 1990 , beyonce enrolled in parker elementary school , a music magnet school in houston , where she would perform with the school ' s choir . she also attended the high school for the performing and visual arts and later alief elsik high school . beyonce was also a member of the choir at st . john ' s united methodist church as a soloist for two years . [ sep ] seven
beyonce attended st . mary ' s elementary school in fredericksburg , texas , where she enrolled in dance classes . her singing talent was discovered when dance instructor darlette johnson began humming a song and she finished it , able to hit the high - pitched notes . beyonce ' s interest in music and performing continued after winning a school talent show at age seven , singing john lennon ' s " imagine " to beat 15 / 16 - year - olds . in fall of 1990 , beyonce enrolled in parker elementary school , a music magnet school in houston , where she would perform with the school ' s choir . she also attended the high school for the performing and visual arts and later alief elsik high school . beyonce was also a member of the choir at st . john ' s united methodist church as a soloist for two years . [ sep ] st . john ' s united methodist church
at age eight , beyonce and childhood friend kelly rowland met latavia roberson while in an audition for an all - girl entertainment group . they were placed into a group with three other girls as girl ' s tyme , and rapped and danced on the talent show circuit in houston . after seeing the group , r & b producer arne frager brought them to his northern california studio and placed them in star search , the largest talent show on national tv at the time . girl ' s tyme failed to win , and beyonce later said the song they performed was not good . in 1995 beyonce ' s father resigned from his job to manage the group . the move reduced beyonce ' s family ' s income by half , and her parents were forced to move into separated apartments . mathew cut the original line - up to four and the group continued performing as an opening act for other established r & b girl groups . the girls auditioned before record labels and were finally signed to elektra records , moving to atlanta records briefly to work on their first recording , only to be cut by the company . this put further strain on the family , and beyonce ' s parents separated . on october 5 , 1995 , dwayne wiggins ' s grass roots entertainment signed the group . in 1996 , the girls began recording their debut album under an agreement with sony music , the knowles family reunited , and shortly after , the group got a contract with columbia records . [ sep ] eight
at age eight , beyonce and childhood friend kelly rowland met latavia roberson while in an audition for an all - girl entertainment group . they were placed into a group with three other girls as girl ' s tyme , and rapped and danced on the talent show circuit in houston . after seeing the group , r & b producer arne frager brought them to his northern california studio and placed them in star search , the largest talent show on national tv at the time . girl ' s tyme failed to win , and beyonce later said the song they performed was not good . in 1995 beyonce ' s father resigned from his job to manage the group . the move reduced beyonce ' s family ' s income by half , and her parents were forced to move into separated apartments . mathew cut the original line - up to four and the group continued performing as an opening act for other established r & b girl groups . the girls auditioned before record labels and were finally signed to elektra records , moving to atlanta records briefly to work on their first recording , only to be cut by the company . this put further strain on the family , and beyonce ' s parents separated . on october 5 , 1995 , dwayne wiggins ' s grass roots entertainment signed the group . in 1996 , the girls began recording their debut album under an agreement with sony music , the knowles family reunited , and shortly after , the group got a contract with columbia records . [ sep ] girl ' s tyme
at age eight , beyonce and childhood friend kelly rowland met latavia roberson while in an audition for an all - girl entertainment group . they were placed into a group with three other girls as girl ' s tyme , and rapped and danced on the talent show circuit in houston . after seeing the group , r & b producer arne frager brought them to his northern california studio and placed them in star search , the largest talent show on national tv at the time . girl ' s tyme failed to win , and beyonce later said the song they performed was not good . in 1995 beyonce ' s father resigned from his job to manage the group . the move reduced beyonce ' s family ' s income by half , and her parents were forced to move into separated apartments . mathew cut the original line - up to four and the group continued performing as an opening act for other established r & b girl groups . the girls auditioned before record labels and were finally signed to elektra records , moving to atlanta records briefly to work on their first recording , only to be cut by the company . this put further strain on the family , and beyonce ' s parents separated . on october 5 , 1995 , dwayne wiggins ' s grass roots entertainment signed the group . in 1996 , the girls began recording their debut album under an agreement with sony music , the knowles family reunited , and shortly after , the group got a contract with columbia records . [ sep ] arne frager
at age eight , beyonce and childhood friend kelly rowland met latavia roberson while in an audition for an all - girl entertainment group . they were placed into a group with three other girls as girl ' s tyme , and rapped and danced on the talent show circuit in houston . after seeing the group , r & b producer arne frager brought them to his northern california studio and placed them in star search , the largest talent show on national tv at the time . girl ' s tyme failed to win , and beyonce later said the song they performed was not good . in 1995 beyonce ' s father resigned from his job to manage the group . the move reduced beyonce ' s family ' s income by half , and her parents were forced to move into separated apartments . mathew cut the original line - up to four and the group continued performing as an opening act for other established r & b girl groups . the girls auditioned before record labels and were finally signed to elektra records , moving to atlanta records briefly to work on their first recording , only to be cut by the company . this put further strain on the family , and beyonce ' s parents separated . on october 5 , 1995 , dwayne wiggins ' s grass roots entertainment signed the group . in 1996 , the girls began recording their debut album under an agreement with sony music , the knowles family reunited , and shortly after , the group got a contract with columbia records . [ sep ] 1995
at age eight , beyonce and childhood friend kelly rowland met latavia roberson while in an audition for an all - girl entertainment group . they were placed into a group with three other girls as girl ' s tyme , and rapped and danced on the talent show circuit in houston . after seeing the group , r & b producer arne frager brought them to his northern california studio and placed them in star search , the largest talent show on national tv at the time . girl ' s tyme failed to win , and beyonce later said the song they performed was not good . in 1995 beyonce ' s father resigned from his job to manage the group . the move reduced beyonce ' s family ' s income by half , and her parents were forced to move into separated apartments . mathew cut the original line - up to four and the group continued performing as an opening act for other established r & b girl groups . the girls auditioned before record labels and were finally signed to elektra records , moving to atlanta records briefly to work on their first recording , only to be cut by the company . this put further strain on the family , and beyonce ' s parents separated . on october 5 , 1995 , dwayne wiggins ' s grass roots entertainment signed the group . in 1996 , the girls began recording their debut album under an agreement with sony music , the knowles family reunited , and shortly after , the group got a contract with columbia records . [ sep ] dwayne wiggins ' s grass roots entertainment
kanye west began his early production career in the mid - 1990s , making beats primarily for burgeoning local artists , eventually developing a style that involved speeding up vocal samples from classic soul records . his first official production credits came at the age of nineteen when he produced eight tracks on down to earth , the 1996 debut album of a chicago rapper named grav . for a time , west acted as a ghost producer for deric " d - dot " angelettie . because of his association with d - dot , west wasn ' t able to release a solo album , so he formed and became a member and producer of the go - getters , a late - 1990s chicago rap group composed of him , glc , timmy g , really doe , and arrowstar . his group was managed by john " monopoly " johnson , don crowley , and happy lewis under the management firm hustle period . after attending a series of promotional photo shoots and making some radio appearances , the go - getters released their first and only studio album world record holders in 1999 . the album featured other chicago - based rappers such as rhymefest , mikkey halsted , miss criss , and shayla g . meanwhile , the production was handled by west , arrowstar , boogz , and brian " all day " miller . [ sep ] mid - 1990s
kanye west began his early production career in the mid - 1990s , making beats primarily for burgeoning local artists , eventually developing a style that involved speeding up vocal samples from classic soul records . his first official production credits came at the age of nineteen when he produced eight tracks on down to earth , the 1996 debut album of a chicago rapper named grav . for a time , west acted as a ghost producer for deric " d - dot " angelettie . because of his association with d - dot , west wasn ' t able to release a solo album , so he formed and became a member and producer of the go - getters , a late - 1990s chicago rap group composed of him , glc , timmy g , really doe , and arrowstar . his group was managed by john " monopoly " johnson , don crowley , and happy lewis under the management firm hustle period . after attending a series of promotional photo shoots and making some radio appearances , the go - getters released their first and only studio album world record holders in 1999 . the album featured other chicago - based rappers such as rhymefest , mikkey halsted , miss criss , and shayla g . meanwhile , the production was handled by west , arrowstar , boogz , and brian " all day " miller . [ sep ] deric " d - dot " angelettie
kanye west began his early production career in the mid - 1990s , making beats primarily for burgeoning local artists , eventually developing a style that involved speeding up vocal samples from classic soul records . his first official production credits came at the age of nineteen when he produced eight tracks on down to earth , the 1996 debut album of a chicago rapper named grav . for a time , west acted as a ghost producer for deric " d - dot " angelettie . because of his association with d - dot , west wasn ' t able to release a solo album , so he formed and became a member and producer of the go - getters , a late - 1990s chicago rap group composed of him , glc , timmy g , really doe , and arrowstar . his group was managed by john " monopoly " johnson , don crowley , and happy lewis under the management firm hustle period . after attending a series of promotional photo shoots and making some radio appearances , the go - getters released their first and only studio album world record holders in 1999 . the album featured other chicago - based rappers such as rhymefest , mikkey halsted , miss criss , and shayla g . meanwhile , the production was handled by west , arrowstar , boogz , and brian " all day " miller . [ sep ] go - getters
kanye west began his early production career in the mid - 1990s , making beats primarily for burgeoning local artists , eventually developing a style that involved speeding up vocal samples from classic soul records . his first official production credits came at the age of nineteen when he produced eight tracks on down to earth , the 1996 debut album of a chicago rapper named grav . for a time , west acted as a ghost producer for deric " d - dot " angelettie . because of his association with d - dot , west wasn ' t able to release a solo album , so he formed and became a member and producer of the go - getters , a late - 1990s chicago rap group composed of him , glc , timmy g , really doe , and arrowstar . his group was managed by john " monopoly " johnson , don crowley , and happy lewis under the management firm hustle period . after attending a series of promotional photo shoots and making some radio appearances , the go - getters released their first and only studio album world record holders in 1999 . the album featured other chicago - based rappers such as rhymefest , mikkey halsted , miss criss , and shayla g . meanwhile , the production was handled by west , arrowstar , boogz , and brian " all day " miller . [ sep ] hustle period
kanye west began his early production career in the mid - 1990s , making beats primarily for burgeoning local artists , eventually developing a style that involved speeding up vocal samples from classic soul records . his first official production credits came at the age of nineteen when he produced eight tracks on down to earth , the 1996 debut album of a chicago rapper named grav . for a time , west acted as a ghost producer for deric " d - dot " angelettie . because of his association with d - dot , west wasn ' t able to release a solo album , so he formed and became a member and producer of the go - getters , a late - 1990s chicago rap group composed of him , glc , timmy g , really doe , and arrowstar . his group was managed by john " monopoly " johnson , don crowley , and happy lewis under the management firm hustle period . after attending a series of promotional photo shoots and making some radio appearances , the go - getters released their first and only studio album world record holders in 1999 . the album featured other chicago - based rappers such as rhymefest , mikkey halsted , miss criss , and shayla g . meanwhile , the production was handled by west , arrowstar , boogz , and brian " all day " miller . [ sep ] 1999
the group changed their name to destiny ' s child in 1996 , based upon a passage in the book of isaiah . in 1997 , destiny ' s child released their major label debut song " killing time " on the soundtrack to the 1997 film , men in black . the following year , the group released their self - titled debut album , scoring their first major hit " no , no , no " . the album established the group as a viable act in the music industry , with moderate sales and winning the group three soul train lady of soul awards for best r & b / soul album of the year , best r & b / soul or rap new artist , and best r & b / soul single for " no , no , no " . the group released their multi - platinum second album the writing ' s on the wall in 1999 . the record features some of the group ' s most widely known songs such as " bills , bills , bills " , the group ' s first number - one single , " jumpin ' jumpin ' " and " say my name " , which became their most successful song at the time , and would remain one of their signature songs . " say my name " won the best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals and the best r & b song at the 43rd annual grammy awards . the writing ' s on the wall sold more than eight million copies worldwide . during this time , beyonce recorded a duet with marc nelson , an original member of boyz ii men , on the song " after all is said and done " for the soundtrack to the 1999 film , the best man . [ sep ] book of isaiah .
the group changed their name to destiny ' s child in 1996 , based upon a passage in the book of isaiah . in 1997 , destiny ' s child released their major label debut song " killing time " on the soundtrack to the 1997 film , men in black . the following year , the group released their self - titled debut album , scoring their first major hit " no , no , no " . the album established the group as a viable act in the music industry , with moderate sales and winning the group three soul train lady of soul awards for best r & b / soul album of the year , best r & b / soul or rap new artist , and best r & b / soul single for " no , no , no " . the group released their multi - platinum second album the writing ' s on the wall in 1999 . the record features some of the group ' s most widely known songs such as " bills , bills , bills " , the group ' s first number - one single , " jumpin ' jumpin ' " and " say my name " , which became their most successful song at the time , and would remain one of their signature songs . " say my name " won the best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals and the best r & b song at the 43rd annual grammy awards . the writing ' s on the wall sold more than eight million copies worldwide . during this time , beyonce recorded a duet with marc nelson , an original member of boyz ii men , on the song " after all is said and done " for the soundtrack to the 1999 film , the best man . [ sep ] men in black .
the group changed their name to destiny ' s child in 1996 , based upon a passage in the book of isaiah . in 1997 , destiny ' s child released their major label debut song " killing time " on the soundtrack to the 1997 film , men in black . the following year , the group released their self - titled debut album , scoring their first major hit " no , no , no " . the album established the group as a viable act in the music industry , with moderate sales and winning the group three soul train lady of soul awards for best r & b / soul album of the year , best r & b / soul or rap new artist , and best r & b / soul single for " no , no , no " . the group released their multi - platinum second album the writing ' s on the wall in 1999 . the record features some of the group ' s most widely known songs such as " bills , bills , bills " , the group ' s first number - one single , " jumpin ' jumpin ' " and " say my name " , which became their most successful song at the time , and would remain one of their signature songs . " say my name " won the best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals and the best r & b song at the 43rd annual grammy awards . the writing ' s on the wall sold more than eight million copies worldwide . during this time , beyonce recorded a duet with marc nelson , an original member of boyz ii men , on the song " after all is said and done " for the soundtrack to the 1999 film , the best man . [ sep ] no , no , no
the group changed their name to destiny ' s child in 1996 , based upon a passage in the book of isaiah . in 1997 , destiny ' s child released their major label debut song " killing time " on the soundtrack to the 1997 film , men in black . the following year , the group released their self - titled debut album , scoring their first major hit " no , no , no " . the album established the group as a viable act in the music industry , with moderate sales and winning the group three soul train lady of soul awards for best r & b / soul album of the year , best r & b / soul or rap new artist , and best r & b / soul single for " no , no , no " . the group released their multi - platinum second album the writing ' s on the wall in 1999 . the record features some of the group ' s most widely known songs such as " bills , bills , bills " , the group ' s first number - one single , " jumpin ' jumpin ' " and " say my name " , which became their most successful song at the time , and would remain one of their signature songs . " say my name " won the best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals and the best r & b song at the 43rd annual grammy awards . the writing ' s on the wall sold more than eight million copies worldwide . during this time , beyonce recorded a duet with marc nelson , an original member of boyz ii men , on the song " after all is said and done " for the soundtrack to the 1999 film , the best man . [ sep ] 1999
the group changed their name to destiny ' s child in 1996 , based upon a passage in the book of isaiah . in 1997 , destiny ' s child released their major label debut song " killing time " on the soundtrack to the 1997 film , men in black . the following year , the group released their self - titled debut album , scoring their first major hit " no , no , no " . the album established the group as a viable act in the music industry , with moderate sales and winning the group three soul train lady of soul awards for best r & b / soul album of the year , best r & b / soul or rap new artist , and best r & b / soul single for " no , no , no " . the group released their multi - platinum second album the writing ' s on the wall in 1999 . the record features some of the group ' s most widely known songs such as " bills , bills , bills " , the group ' s first number - one single , " jumpin ' jumpin ' " and " say my name " , which became their most successful song at the time , and would remain one of their signature songs . " say my name " won the best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals and the best r & b song at the 43rd annual grammy awards . the writing ' s on the wall sold more than eight million copies worldwide . during this time , beyonce recorded a duet with marc nelson , an original member of boyz ii men , on the song " after all is said and done " for the soundtrack to the 1999 film , the best man . [ sep ] marc nelson
808s & heartbreak , which features extensive use of the eponymous roland tr - 808 drum machine and contains themes of love , loneliness , and heartache , was released by island def jam to capitalize on thanksgiving weekend in november 2008 . reviews were positive , though slightly more mixed than his previous efforts . despite this , the record ' s singles demonstrated outstanding chart performances . upon its release , the lead single " love lockdown " debuted at number three on the billboard hot 100 and became a " hot shot debut " , while follow - up single " heartless " performed similarly and became his second consecutive " hot shot debut " by debuting at number four on the billboard hot 100 . while it was criticized prior to release , 808s & heartbreak had a significant effect on hip - hop music , encouraging other rappers to take more creative risks with their productions . [ sep ] island def jam
808s & heartbreak , which features extensive use of the eponymous roland tr - 808 drum machine and contains themes of love , loneliness , and heartache , was released by island def jam to capitalize on thanksgiving weekend in november 2008 . reviews were positive , though slightly more mixed than his previous efforts . despite this , the record ' s singles demonstrated outstanding chart performances . upon its release , the lead single " love lockdown " debuted at number three on the billboard hot 100 and became a " hot shot debut " , while follow - up single " heartless " performed similarly and became his second consecutive " hot shot debut " by debuting at number four on the billboard hot 100 . while it was criticized prior to release , 808s & heartbreak had a significant effect on hip - hop music , encouraging other rappers to take more creative risks with their productions . [ sep ] november 2008
808s & heartbreak , which features extensive use of the eponymous roland tr - 808 drum machine and contains themes of love , loneliness , and heartache , was released by island def jam to capitalize on thanksgiving weekend in november 2008 . reviews were positive , though slightly more mixed than his previous efforts . despite this , the record ' s singles demonstrated outstanding chart performances . upon its release , the lead single " love lockdown " debuted at number three on the billboard hot 100 and became a " hot shot debut " , while follow - up single " heartless " performed similarly and became his second consecutive " hot shot debut " by debuting at number four on the billboard hot 100 . while it was criticized prior to release , 808s & heartbreak had a significant effect on hip - hop music , encouraging other rappers to take more creative risks with their productions . [ sep ] heartless
808s & heartbreak , which features extensive use of the eponymous roland tr - 808 drum machine and contains themes of love , loneliness , and heartache , was released by island def jam to capitalize on thanksgiving weekend in november 2008 . reviews were positive , though slightly more mixed than his previous efforts . despite this , the record ' s singles demonstrated outstanding chart performances . upon its release , the lead single " love lockdown " debuted at number three on the billboard hot 100 and became a " hot shot debut " , while follow - up single " heartless " performed similarly and became his second consecutive " hot shot debut " by debuting at number four on the billboard hot 100 . while it was criticized prior to release , 808s & heartbreak had a significant effect on hip - hop music , encouraging other rappers to take more creative risks with their productions . [ sep ] roland tr - 808 drum machine
on october 1 , 2011 , kanye west premiered his women ' s fashion label , dw kanye west at paris fashion week . he received support from dsquared2 duo dean and dan caten , olivier theyskens , jeremy scott , azzedine alaia , and the olsen twins , who were also in attendance during his show . his debut fashion show received mixed - to - negative reviews , ranging from reserved observations by style . com to excoriating commentary by the wall street journal , the new york times , the international herald tribune , elleuk . com , the daily telegraph , harper ' s bazaar and many others . on march 6 , 2012 , west premiered a second fashion line at paris fashion week . the line ' s reception was markedly improved from the previous presentation , with a number of critics heralding west for his " much improved " sophomore effort . [ sep ] october 1 , 2011
on october 1 , 2011 , kanye west premiered his women ' s fashion label , dw kanye west at paris fashion week . he received support from dsquared2 duo dean and dan caten , olivier theyskens , jeremy scott , azzedine alaia , and the olsen twins , who were also in attendance during his show . his debut fashion show received mixed - to - negative reviews , ranging from reserved observations by style . com to excoriating commentary by the wall street journal , the new york times , the international herald tribune , elleuk . com , the daily telegraph , harper ' s bazaar and many others . on march 6 , 2012 , west premiered a second fashion line at paris fashion week . the line ' s reception was markedly improved from the previous presentation , with a number of critics heralding west for his " much improved " sophomore effort . [ sep ] dw kanye west
on october 1 , 2011 , kanye west premiered his women ' s fashion label , dw kanye west at paris fashion week . he received support from dsquared2 duo dean and dan caten , olivier theyskens , jeremy scott , azzedine alaia , and the olsen twins , who were also in attendance during his show . his debut fashion show received mixed - to - negative reviews , ranging from reserved observations by style . com to excoriating commentary by the wall street journal , the new york times , the international herald tribune , elleuk . com , the daily telegraph , harper ' s bazaar and many others . on march 6 , 2012 , west premiered a second fashion line at paris fashion week . the line ' s reception was markedly improved from the previous presentation , with a number of critics heralding west for his " much improved " sophomore effort . [ sep ] mixed - to - negative
on october 1 , 2011 , kanye west premiered his women ' s fashion label , dw kanye west at paris fashion week . he received support from dsquared2 duo dean and dan caten , olivier theyskens , jeremy scott , azzedine alaia , and the olsen twins , who were also in attendance during his show . his debut fashion show received mixed - to - negative reviews , ranging from reserved observations by style . com to excoriating commentary by the wall street journal , the new york times , the international herald tribune , elleuk . com , the daily telegraph , harper ' s bazaar and many others . on march 6 , 2012 , west premiered a second fashion line at paris fashion week . the line ' s reception was markedly improved from the previous presentation , with a number of critics heralding west for his " much improved " sophomore effort . [ sep ] march 6 , 2012
letoya luckett and roberson became unhappy with mathew ' s managing of the band and eventually were replaced by farrah franklin and michelle williams . beyonce experienced depression following the split with luckett and roberson after being publicly blamed by the media , critics , and blogs for its cause . her long - standing boyfriend left her at this time . the depression was so severe it lasted for a couple of years , during which she occasionally kept herself in her bedroom for days and refused to eat anything . beyonce stated that she struggled to speak about her depression because destiny ' s child had just won their first grammy award and she feared no one would take her seriously . beyonce would later speak of her mother as the person who helped her fight it . franklin was dismissed , leaving just beyonce , rowland , and williams . [ sep ] farrah franklin and michelle williams .
letoya luckett and roberson became unhappy with mathew ' s managing of the band and eventually were replaced by farrah franklin and michelle williams . beyonce experienced depression following the split with luckett and roberson after being publicly blamed by the media , critics , and blogs for its cause . her long - standing boyfriend left her at this time . the depression was so severe it lasted for a couple of years , during which she occasionally kept herself in her bedroom for days and refused to eat anything . beyonce stated that she struggled to speak about her depression because destiny ' s child had just won their first grammy award and she feared no one would take her seriously . beyonce would later speak of her mother as the person who helped her fight it . franklin was dismissed , leaving just beyonce , rowland , and williams . [ sep ] beyonce
letoya luckett and roberson became unhappy with mathew ' s managing of the band and eventually were replaced by farrah franklin and michelle williams . beyonce experienced depression following the split with luckett and roberson after being publicly blamed by the media , critics , and blogs for its cause . her long - standing boyfriend left her at this time . the depression was so severe it lasted for a couple of years , during which she occasionally kept herself in her bedroom for days and refused to eat anything . beyonce stated that she struggled to speak about her depression because destiny ' s child had just won their first grammy award and she feared no one would take her seriously . beyonce would later speak of her mother as the person who helped her fight it . franklin was dismissed , leaving just beyonce , rowland , and williams . [ sep ] her mother
letoya luckett and roberson became unhappy with mathew ' s managing of the band and eventually were replaced by farrah franklin and michelle williams . beyonce experienced depression following the split with luckett and roberson after being publicly blamed by the media , critics , and blogs for its cause . her long - standing boyfriend left her at this time . the depression was so severe it lasted for a couple of years , during which she occasionally kept herself in her bedroom for days and refused to eat anything . beyonce stated that she struggled to speak about her depression because destiny ' s child had just won their first grammy award and she feared no one would take her seriously . beyonce would later speak of her mother as the person who helped her fight it . franklin was dismissed , leaving just beyonce , rowland , and williams . [ sep ] farrah franklin
on march 30 , 2015 , it was announced that west is a co - owner , with various other music artists , in the music streaming service tidal . the service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos . jay z acquired the parent company of tidal , aspiro , in the first quarter of 2015 . including beyonce and jay - z , sixteen artist stakeholders ( such as rihanna , beyonce , madonna , chris martin , nicki minaj and more ) co - own tidal , with the majority owning a 3 % equity stake . the idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry , and to rival other streaming services such as spotify , which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties . " the challenge is to get everyone to respect music again , to recognize its value " , stated jay - z on the release of tidal . [ sep ] lossless audio and high definition music videos
on march 30 , 2015 , it was announced that west is a co - owner , with various other music artists , in the music streaming service tidal . the service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos . jay z acquired the parent company of tidal , aspiro , in the first quarter of 2015 . including beyonce and jay - z , sixteen artist stakeholders ( such as rihanna , beyonce , madonna , chris martin , nicki minaj and more ) co - own tidal , with the majority owning a 3 % equity stake . the idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry , and to rival other streaming services such as spotify , which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties . " the challenge is to get everyone to respect music again , to recognize its value " , stated jay - z on the release of tidal . [ sep ] jay z
on march 30 , 2015 , it was announced that west is a co - owner , with various other music artists , in the music streaming service tidal . the service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos . jay z acquired the parent company of tidal , aspiro , in the first quarter of 2015 . including beyonce and jay - z , sixteen artist stakeholders ( such as rihanna , beyonce , madonna , chris martin , nicki minaj and more ) co - own tidal , with the majority owning a 3 % equity stake . the idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry , and to rival other streaming services such as spotify , which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties . " the challenge is to get everyone to respect music again , to recognize its value " , stated jay - z on the release of tidal . [ sep ] spotify
west , alongside his mother , founded the " kanye west foundation " in chicago in 2003 , tasked with a mission to battle dropout and illiteracy rates , while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education . in 2007 , the west and the foundation partnered with strong american schools as part of their " ed in ' 08 " campaign . as spokesman for the campaign , west appeared in a series of psas for the organization , and hosted an inaugural benefit concert in august of that year . [ sep ] 2007
west , alongside his mother , founded the " kanye west foundation " in chicago in 2003 , tasked with a mission to battle dropout and illiteracy rates , while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education . in 2007 , the west and the foundation partnered with strong american schools as part of their " ed in ' 08 " campaign . as spokesman for the campaign , west appeared in a series of psas for the organization , and hosted an inaugural benefit concert in august of that year . [ sep ] chicago
west , alongside his mother , founded the " kanye west foundation " in chicago in 2003 , tasked with a mission to battle dropout and illiteracy rates , while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education . in 2007 , the west and the foundation partnered with strong american schools as part of their " ed in ' 08 " campaign . as spokesman for the campaign , west appeared in a series of psas for the organization , and hosted an inaugural benefit concert in august of that year . [ sep ] music education
west , alongside his mother , founded the " kanye west foundation " in chicago in 2003 , tasked with a mission to battle dropout and illiteracy rates , while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education . in 2007 , the west and the foundation partnered with strong american schools as part of their " ed in ' 08 " campaign . as spokesman for the campaign , west appeared in a series of psas for the organization , and hosted an inaugural benefit concert in august of that year . [ sep ] " ed in ' 08 "
west , alongside his mother , founded the " kanye west foundation " in chicago in 2003 , tasked with a mission to battle dropout and illiteracy rates , while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education . in 2007 , the west and the foundation partnered with strong american schools as part of their " ed in ' 08 " campaign . as spokesman for the campaign , west appeared in a series of psas for the organization , and hosted an inaugural benefit concert in august of that year . [ sep ] august
in 2008 , following the death of west ' s mother , the foundation was rechristened " the dr . donda west foundation . " the foundation ceased operations in 2011 . [ sep ] 2008
in 2008 , following the death of west ' s mother , the foundation was rechristened " the dr . donda west foundation . " the foundation ceased operations in 2011 . [ sep ] the dr . donda west foundation
in 2008 , following the death of west ' s mother , the foundation was rechristened " the dr . donda west foundation . " the foundation ceased operations in 2011 . [ sep ] 2008
in september 2013 , west was widely rebuked by human rights groups for performing in kazakhstan at the wedding of authoritarian president nursultan nazarbayev ' s grandson . he traveled to kazakhstan , which has one of the poorest human rights records in the world , as a personal guest of nazarbayev . other notable western performers , including sting , have previously cancelled performances in the country over human rights concerns . west was reportedly paid us $ 3 million for his performance . west had previously participated in cultural boycotts , joining shakira and rage against the machine in refusing to perform in arizona after the 2010 implementation of stop and search laws directed against potential illegal aliens . [ sep ] kazakhstan
in september 2013 , west was widely rebuked by human rights groups for performing in kazakhstan at the wedding of authoritarian president nursultan nazarbayev ' s grandson . he traveled to kazakhstan , which has one of the poorest human rights records in the world , as a personal guest of nazarbayev . other notable western performers , including sting , have previously cancelled performances in the country over human rights concerns . west was reportedly paid us $ 3 million for his performance . west had previously participated in cultural boycotts , joining shakira and rage against the machine in refusing to perform in arizona after the 2010 implementation of stop and search laws directed against potential illegal aliens . [ sep ] arizona
in september 2013 , west was widely rebuked by human rights groups for performing in kazakhstan at the wedding of authoritarian president nursultan nazarbayev ' s grandson . he traveled to kazakhstan , which has one of the poorest human rights records in the world , as a personal guest of nazarbayev . other notable western performers , including sting , have previously cancelled performances in the country over human rights concerns . west was reportedly paid us $ 3 million for his performance . west had previously participated in cultural boycotts , joining shakira and rage against the machine in refusing to perform in arizona after the 2010 implementation of stop and search laws directed against potential illegal aliens . [ sep ] human rights concerns
later in 2013 , west launched a tirade on twitter directed at talk show host jimmy kimmel after his abc program jimmy kimmel live ! ran a sketch on september 25 involving two children re - enacting west ' s recent interview with zane lowe for bbc radio 1 in which he calls himself the biggest rock star on the planet . kimmel reveals the following night that west called him to demand an apology shortly before taping . [ sep ] jimmy kimmel
later in 2013 , west launched a tirade on twitter directed at talk show host jimmy kimmel after his abc program jimmy kimmel live ! ran a sketch on september 25 involving two children re - enacting west ' s recent interview with zane lowe for bbc radio 1 in which he calls himself the biggest rock star on the planet . kimmel reveals the following night that west called him to demand an apology shortly before taping . [ sep ] zane lowe
later in 2013 , west launched a tirade on twitter directed at talk show host jimmy kimmel after his abc program jimmy kimmel live ! ran a sketch on september 25 involving two children re - enacting west ' s recent interview with zane lowe for bbc radio 1 in which he calls himself the biggest rock star on the planet . kimmel reveals the following night that west called him to demand an apology shortly before taping . [ sep ] bbc radio 1
the domestic dog ( canis lupus familiaris or canis familiaris ) is a domesticated canid which has been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors , sensory capabilities , and physical attributes . [ sep ] canis lupus familiaris
the remaining band members recorded " independent women part i " , which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2000 film , charlie ' s angels . it became their best - charting single , topping the u . s . billboard hot 100 chart for eleven consecutive weeks . in early 2001 , while destiny ' s child was completing their third album , beyonce landed a major role in the mtv made - for - television film , carmen : a hip hopera , starring alongside american actor mekhi phifer . set in philadelphia , the film is a modern interpretation of the 19th century opera carmen by french composer georges bizet . when the third album survivor was released in may 2001 , luckett and roberson filed a lawsuit claiming that the songs were aimed at them . the album debuted at number one on the u . s . billboard 200 , with first - week sales of 663 , 000 copies sold . the album spawned other number - one hits , " bootylicious " and the title track , " survivor " , the latter of which earned the group a grammy award for best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals . after releasing their holiday album 8 days of christmas in october 2001 , the group announced a hiatus to further pursue solo careers . [ sep ] charlie ' s angels .
the remaining band members recorded " independent women part i " , which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2000 film , charlie ' s angels . it became their best - charting single , topping the u . s . billboard hot 100 chart for eleven consecutive weeks . in early 2001 , while destiny ' s child was completing their third album , beyonce landed a major role in the mtv made - for - television film , carmen : a hip hopera , starring alongside american actor mekhi phifer . set in philadelphia , the film is a modern interpretation of the 19th century opera carmen by french composer georges bizet . when the third album survivor was released in may 2001 , luckett and roberson filed a lawsuit claiming that the songs were aimed at them . the album debuted at number one on the u . s . billboard 200 , with first - week sales of 663 , 000 copies sold . the album spawned other number - one hits , " bootylicious " and the title track , " survivor " , the latter of which earned the group a grammy award for best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals . after releasing their holiday album 8 days of christmas in october 2001 , the group announced a hiatus to further pursue solo careers . [ sep ] carmen : a hip hopera
the remaining band members recorded " independent women part i " , which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2000 film , charlie ' s angels . it became their best - charting single , topping the u . s . billboard hot 100 chart for eleven consecutive weeks . in early 2001 , while destiny ' s child was completing their third album , beyonce landed a major role in the mtv made - for - television film , carmen : a hip hopera , starring alongside american actor mekhi phifer . set in philadelphia , the film is a modern interpretation of the 19th century opera carmen by french composer georges bizet . when the third album survivor was released in may 2001 , luckett and roberson filed a lawsuit claiming that the songs were aimed at them . the album debuted at number one on the u . s . billboard 200 , with first - week sales of 663 , 000 copies sold . the album spawned other number - one hits , " bootylicious " and the title track , " survivor " , the latter of which earned the group a grammy award for best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals . after releasing their holiday album 8 days of christmas in october 2001 , the group announced a hiatus to further pursue solo careers . [ sep ] survivor
the remaining band members recorded " independent women part i " , which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2000 film , charlie ' s angels . it became their best - charting single , topping the u . s . billboard hot 100 chart for eleven consecutive weeks . in early 2001 , while destiny ' s child was completing their third album , beyonce landed a major role in the mtv made - for - television film , carmen : a hip hopera , starring alongside american actor mekhi phifer . set in philadelphia , the film is a modern interpretation of the 19th century opera carmen by french composer georges bizet . when the third album survivor was released in may 2001 , luckett and roberson filed a lawsuit claiming that the songs were aimed at them . the album debuted at number one on the u . s . billboard 200 , with first - week sales of 663 , 000 copies sold . the album spawned other number - one hits , " bootylicious " and the title track , " survivor " , the latter of which earned the group a grammy award for best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals . after releasing their holiday album 8 days of christmas in october 2001 , the group announced a hiatus to further pursue solo careers . [ sep ] luckett and roberson
the remaining band members recorded " independent women part i " , which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2000 film , charlie ' s angels . it became their best - charting single , topping the u . s . billboard hot 100 chart for eleven consecutive weeks . in early 2001 , while destiny ' s child was completing their third album , beyonce landed a major role in the mtv made - for - television film , carmen : a hip hopera , starring alongside american actor mekhi phifer . set in philadelphia , the film is a modern interpretation of the 19th century opera carmen by french composer georges bizet . when the third album survivor was released in may 2001 , luckett and roberson filed a lawsuit claiming that the songs were aimed at them . the album debuted at number one on the u . s . billboard 200 , with first - week sales of 663 , 000 copies sold . the album spawned other number - one hits , " bootylicious " and the title track , " survivor " , the latter of which earned the group a grammy award for best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals . after releasing their holiday album 8 days of christmas in october 2001 , the group announced a hiatus to further pursue solo careers . [ sep ] october 2001
in july 2002 , beyonce continued her acting career playing foxxy cleopatra alongside mike myers in the comedy film , austin powers in goldmember , which spent its first weekend atop the us box office and grossed $ 73 million . beyonce released " work it out " as the lead single from its soundtrack album which entered the top ten in the uk , norway , and belgium . in 2003 , beyonce starred opposite cuba gooding , jr . , in the musical comedy the fighting temptations as lilly , a single mother whom gooding ' s character falls in love with . the film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $ 30 million in the u . s . beyonce released " fighting temptation " as the lead single from the film ' s soundtrack album , with missy elliott , mc lyte , and free which was also used to promote the film . another of beyonce ' s contributions to the soundtrack , " summertime " , fared better on the us charts . [ sep ] austin powers in goldmember
in july 2002 , beyonce continued her acting career playing foxxy cleopatra alongside mike myers in the comedy film , austin powers in goldmember , which spent its first weekend atop the us box office and grossed $ 73 million . beyonce released " work it out " as the lead single from its soundtrack album which entered the top ten in the uk , norway , and belgium . in 2003 , beyonce starred opposite cuba gooding , jr . , in the musical comedy the fighting temptations as lilly , a single mother whom gooding ' s character falls in love with . the film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $ 30 million in the u . s . beyonce released " fighting temptation " as the lead single from the film ' s soundtrack album , with missy elliott , mc lyte , and free which was also used to promote the film . another of beyonce ' s contributions to the soundtrack , " summertime " , fared better on the us charts . [ sep ] foxxy cleopatra
in july 2002 , beyonce continued her acting career playing foxxy cleopatra alongside mike myers in the comedy film , austin powers in goldmember , which spent its first weekend atop the us box office and grossed $ 73 million . beyonce released " work it out " as the lead single from its soundtrack album which entered the top ten in the uk , norway , and belgium . in 2003 , beyonce starred opposite cuba gooding , jr . , in the musical comedy the fighting temptations as lilly , a single mother whom gooding ' s character falls in love with . the film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $ 30 million in the u . s . beyonce released " fighting temptation " as the lead single from the film ' s soundtrack album , with missy elliott , mc lyte , and free which was also used to promote the film . another of beyonce ' s contributions to the soundtrack , " summertime " , fared better on the us charts . [ sep ] work it out
in july 2002 , beyonce continued her acting career playing foxxy cleopatra alongside mike myers in the comedy film , austin powers in goldmember , which spent its first weekend atop the us box office and grossed $ 73 million . beyonce released " work it out " as the lead single from its soundtrack album which entered the top ten in the uk , norway , and belgium . in 2003 , beyonce starred opposite cuba gooding , jr . , in the musical comedy the fighting temptations as lilly , a single mother whom gooding ' s character falls in love with . the film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $ 30 million in the u . s . beyonce released " fighting temptation " as the lead single from the film ' s soundtrack album , with missy elliott , mc lyte , and free which was also used to promote the film . another of beyonce ' s contributions to the soundtrack , " summertime " , fared better on the us charts . [ sep ] the fighting temptations
in july 2002 , beyonce continued her acting career playing foxxy cleopatra alongside mike myers in the comedy film , austin powers in goldmember , which spent its first weekend atop the us box office and grossed $ 73 million . beyonce released " work it out " as the lead single from its soundtrack album which entered the top ten in the uk , norway , and belgium . in 2003 , beyonce starred opposite cuba gooding , jr . , in the musical comedy the fighting temptations as lilly , a single mother whom gooding ' s character falls in love with . the film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $ 30 million in the u . s . beyonce released " fighting temptation " as the lead single from the film ' s soundtrack album , with missy elliott , mc lyte , and free which was also used to promote the film . another of beyonce ' s contributions to the soundtrack , " summertime " , fared better on the us charts . [ sep ] fighting temptations
although initially thought to have originated as a manmade variant of an extant canid species ( variously supposed as being the dhole , golden jackal , or gray wolf ) , extensive genetic studies undertaken during the 2010s indicate that dogs diverged from an extinct wolf - like canid in eurasia 40 , 000 years ago . being the oldest domesticated animal , their long association with people has allowed dogs to be uniquely attuned to human behavior , as well as thrive on a starch - rich diet which would be inadequate for other canid species . [ sep ] 2010s
although initially thought to have originated as a manmade variant of an extant canid species ( variously supposed as being the dhole , golden jackal , or gray wolf ) , extensive genetic studies undertaken during the 2010s indicate that dogs diverged from an extinct wolf - like canid in eurasia 40 , 000 years ago . being the oldest domesticated animal , their long association with people has allowed dogs to be uniquely attuned to human behavior , as well as thrive on a starch - rich diet which would be inadequate for other canid species . [ sep ] 40 , 000
although initially thought to have originated as a manmade variant of an extant canid species ( variously supposed as being the dhole , golden jackal , or gray wolf ) , extensive genetic studies undertaken during the 2010s indicate that dogs diverged from an extinct wolf - like canid in eurasia 40 , 000 years ago . being the oldest domesticated animal , their long association with people has allowed dogs to be uniquely attuned to human behavior , as well as thrive on a starch - rich diet which would be inadequate for other canid species . [ sep ] eurasia
although initially thought to have originated as a manmade variant of an extant canid species ( variously supposed as being the dhole , golden jackal , or gray wolf ) , extensive genetic studies undertaken during the 2010s indicate that dogs diverged from an extinct wolf - like canid in eurasia 40 , 000 years ago . being the oldest domesticated animal , their long association with people has allowed dogs to be uniquely attuned to human behavior , as well as thrive on a starch - rich diet which would be inadequate for other canid species . [ sep ] starch - rich
beyonce ' s first solo recording was a feature on jay z ' s " ' 03 bonnie & clyde " that was released in october 2002 , peaking at number four on the u . s . billboard hot 100 chart . her first solo album dangerously in love was released on june 24 , 2003 , after michelle williams and kelly rowland had released their solo efforts . the album sold 317 , 000 copies in its first week , debuted atop the billboard 200 , and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide . the album ' s lead single , " crazy in love " , featuring jay z , became beyonce ' s first number - one single as a solo artist in the us . the single " baby boy " also reached number one , and singles , " me , myself and i " and " naughty girl " , both reached the top - five . the album earned beyonce a then record - tying five awards at the 46th annual grammy awards ; best contemporary r & b album , best female r & b vocal performance for " dangerously in love 2 " , best r & b song and best rap / sung collaboration for " crazy in love " , and best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals for " the closer i get to you " with luther vandross . [ sep ] jay z
beyonce ' s first solo recording was a feature on jay z ' s " ' 03 bonnie & clyde " that was released in october 2002 , peaking at number four on the u . s . billboard hot 100 chart . her first solo album dangerously in love was released on june 24 , 2003 , after michelle williams and kelly rowland had released their solo efforts . the album sold 317 , 000 copies in its first week , debuted atop the billboard 200 , and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide . the album ' s lead single , " crazy in love " , featuring jay z , became beyonce ' s first number - one single as a solo artist in the us . the single " baby boy " also reached number one , and singles , " me , myself and i " and " naughty girl " , both reached the top - five . the album earned beyonce a then record - tying five awards at the 46th annual grammy awards ; best contemporary r & b album , best female r & b vocal performance for " dangerously in love 2 " , best r & b song and best rap / sung collaboration for " crazy in love " , and best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals for " the closer i get to you " with luther vandross . [ sep ] june 24 , 2003
beyonce ' s first solo recording was a feature on jay z ' s " ' 03 bonnie & clyde " that was released in october 2002 , peaking at number four on the u . s . billboard hot 100 chart . her first solo album dangerously in love was released on june 24 , 2003 , after michelle williams and kelly rowland had released their solo efforts . the album sold 317 , 000 copies in its first week , debuted atop the billboard 200 , and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide . the album ' s lead single , " crazy in love " , featuring jay z , became beyonce ' s first number - one single as a solo artist in the us . the single " baby boy " also reached number one , and singles , " me , myself and i " and " naughty girl " , both reached the top - five . the album earned beyonce a then record - tying five awards at the 46th annual grammy awards ; best contemporary r & b album , best female r & b vocal performance for " dangerously in love 2 " , best r & b song and best rap / sung collaboration for " crazy in love " , and best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals for " the closer i get to you " with luther vandross . [ sep ] crazy in love
beyonce ' s first solo recording was a feature on jay z ' s " ' 03 bonnie & clyde " that was released in october 2002 , peaking at number four on the u . s . billboard hot 100 chart . her first solo album dangerously in love was released on june 24 , 2003 , after michelle williams and kelly rowland had released their solo efforts . the album sold 317 , 000 copies in its first week , debuted atop the billboard 200 , and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide . the album ' s lead single , " crazy in love " , featuring jay z , became beyonce ' s first number - one single as a solo artist in the us . the single " baby boy " also reached number one , and singles , " me , myself and i " and " naughty girl " , both reached the top - five . the album earned beyonce a then record - tying five awards at the 46th annual grammy awards ; best contemporary r & b album , best female r & b vocal performance for " dangerously in love 2 " , best r & b song and best rap / sung collaboration for " crazy in love " , and best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals for " the closer i get to you " with luther vandross . [ sep ] luther vandross .
beyonce ' s first solo recording was a feature on jay z ' s " ' 03 bonnie & clyde " that was released in october 2002 , peaking at number four on the u . s . billboard hot 100 chart . her first solo album dangerously in love was released on june 24 , 2003 , after michelle williams and kelly rowland had released their solo efforts . the album sold 317 , 000 copies in its first week , debuted atop the billboard 200 , and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide . the album ' s lead single , " crazy in love " , featuring jay z , became beyonce ' s first number - one single as a solo artist in the us . the single " baby boy " also reached number one , and singles , " me , myself and i " and " naughty girl " , both reached the top - five . the album earned beyonce a then record - tying five awards at the 46th annual grammy awards ; best contemporary r & b album , best female r & b vocal performance for " dangerously in love 2 " , best r & b song and best rap / sung collaboration for " crazy in love " , and best r & b performance by a duo or group with vocals for " the closer i get to you " with luther vandross . [ sep ] five .
in november 2003 , she embarked on the dangerously in love tour in europe and later toured alongside missy elliott and alicia keys for the verizon ladies first tour in north america . on february 1 , 2004 , beyonce performed the american national anthem at super bowl xxxviii , at the reliant stadium in houston , texas . after the release of dangerously in love , beyonce had planned to produce a follow - up album using several of the left - over tracks . however , this was put on hold so she could concentrate on recording destiny fulfilled , the final studio album by destiny ' s child . released on november 15 , 2004 , in the us and peaking at number two on the billboard 200 , destiny fulfilled included the singles " lose my breath " and " soldier " , which reached the top five on the billboard hot 100 chart . destiny ' s child embarked on a worldwide concert tour , destiny fulfilled . . . and lovin ' it and during the last stop of their european tour , in barcelona on june 11 , 2005 , rowland announced that destiny ' s child would disband following the north american leg of the tour . the group released their first compilation album number 1 ' s on october 25 , 2005 , in the us and accepted a star on the hollywood walk of fame in march 2006 . [ sep ] dangerously in love tour
in november 2003 , she embarked on the dangerously in love tour in europe and later toured alongside missy elliott and alicia keys for the verizon ladies first tour in north america . on february 1 , 2004 , beyonce performed the american national anthem at super bowl xxxviii , at the reliant stadium in houston , texas . after the release of dangerously in love , beyonce had planned to produce a follow - up album using several of the left - over tracks . however , this was put on hold so she could concentrate on recording destiny fulfilled , the final studio album by destiny ' s child . released on november 15 , 2004 , in the us and peaking at number two on the billboard 200 , destiny fulfilled included the singles " lose my breath " and " soldier " , which reached the top five on the billboard hot 100 chart . destiny ' s child embarked on a worldwide concert tour , destiny fulfilled . . . and lovin ' it and during the last stop of their european tour , in barcelona on june 11 , 2005 , rowland announced that destiny ' s child would disband following the north american leg of the tour . the group released their first compilation album number 1 ' s on october 25 , 2005 , in the us and accepted a star on the hollywood walk of fame in march 2006 . [ sep ] missy elliott and alicia keys
in november 2003 , she embarked on the dangerously in love tour in europe and later toured alongside missy elliott and alicia keys for the verizon ladies first tour in north america . on february 1 , 2004 , beyonce performed the american national anthem at super bowl xxxviii , at the reliant stadium in houston , texas . after the release of dangerously in love , beyonce had planned to produce a follow - up album using several of the left - over tracks . however , this was put on hold so she could concentrate on recording destiny fulfilled , the final studio album by destiny ' s child . released on november 15 , 2004 , in the us and peaking at number two on the billboard 200 , destiny fulfilled included the singles " lose my breath " and " soldier " , which reached the top five on the billboard hot 100 chart . destiny ' s child embarked on a worldwide concert tour , destiny fulfilled . . . and lovin ' it and during the last stop of their european tour , in barcelona on june 11 , 2005 , rowland announced that destiny ' s child would disband following the north american leg of the tour . the group released their first compilation album number 1 ' s on october 25 , 2005 , in the us and accepted a star on the hollywood walk of fame in march 2006 . [ sep ] super bowl xxxviii
in november 2003 , she embarked on the dangerously in love tour in europe and later toured alongside missy elliott and alicia keys for the verizon ladies first tour in north america . on february 1 , 2004 , beyonce performed the american national anthem at super bowl xxxviii , at the reliant stadium in houston , texas . after the release of dangerously in love , beyonce had planned to produce a follow - up album using several of the left - over tracks . however , this was put on hold so she could concentrate on recording destiny fulfilled , the final studio album by destiny ' s child . released on november 15 , 2004 , in the us and peaking at number two on the billboard 200 , destiny fulfilled included the singles " lose my breath " and " soldier " , which reached the top five on the billboard hot 100 chart . destiny ' s child embarked on a worldwide concert tour , destiny fulfilled . . . and lovin ' it and during the last stop of their european tour , in barcelona on june 11 , 2005 , rowland announced that destiny ' s child would disband following the north american leg of the tour . the group released their first compilation album number 1 ' s on october 25 , 2005 , in the us and accepted a star on the hollywood walk of fame in march 2006 . [ sep ] destiny fulfilled .
dogs perform many roles for people , such as hunting , herding , pulling loads , protection , assisting police and military , companionship , and , more recently , aiding handicapped individuals . this impact on human society has given them the nickname " man ' s best friend " in the western world . in some cultures , however , dogs are a source of meat . [ sep ] man ' s best friend
the term " domestic dog " is generally used for both of the domesticated and feral varieties . the english word dog comes from middle english dogge , from old english docga , a " powerful dog breed " . the term may possibly derive from proto - germanic * dukkon , represented in old english finger - docce ( " finger - muscle " ) . the word also shows the familiar petname diminutive - ga also seen in frogga " frog " , picga " pig " , stagga " stag " , wicga " beetle , worm " , among others . the term dog may ultimately derive from the earliest layer of proto - indo - european vocabulary . [ sep ] dukkon
the term " domestic dog " is generally used for both of the domesticated and feral varieties . the english word dog comes from middle english dogge , from old english docga , a " powerful dog breed " . the term may possibly derive from proto - germanic * dukkon , represented in old english finger - docce ( " finger - muscle " ) . the word also shows the familiar petname diminutive - ga also seen in frogga " frog " , picga " pig " , stagga " stag " , wicga " beetle , worm " , among others . the term dog may ultimately derive from the earliest layer of proto - indo - european vocabulary . [ sep ] proto - indo - european
beyonce ' s second solo album b ' day was released on september 5 , 2006 , in the us , to coincide with her twenty - fifth birthday . it sold 541 , 000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the billboard 200 , becoming beyonce ' s second consecutive number - one album in the united states . the album ' s lead single " deja vu " , featuring jay z , reached the top five on the billboard hot 100 chart . the second international single " irreplaceable " was a commercial success worldwide , reaching number one in australia , hungary , ireland , new zealand and the united states . b ' day also produced three other singles ; " ring the alarm " , " get me bodied " , and " green light " ( released in the united kingdom only ) . [ sep ] b ' day
beyonce ' s second solo album b ' day was released on september 5 , 2006 , in the us , to coincide with her twenty - fifth birthday . it sold 541 , 000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the billboard 200 , becoming beyonce ' s second consecutive number - one album in the united states . the album ' s lead single " deja vu " , featuring jay z , reached the top five on the billboard hot 100 chart . the second international single " irreplaceable " was a commercial success worldwide , reaching number one in australia , hungary , ireland , new zealand and the united states . b ' day also produced three other singles ; " ring the alarm " , " get me bodied " , and " green light " ( released in the united kingdom only ) . [ sep ] 541 , 000
beyonce ' s second solo album b ' day was released on september 5 , 2006 , in the us , to coincide with her twenty - fifth birthday . it sold 541 , 000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the billboard 200 , becoming beyonce ' s second consecutive number - one album in the united states . the album ' s lead single " deja vu " , featuring jay z , reached the top five on the billboard hot 100 chart . the second international single " irreplaceable " was a commercial success worldwide , reaching number one in australia , hungary , ireland , new zealand and the united states . b ' day also produced three other singles ; " ring the alarm " , " get me bodied " , and " green light " ( released in the united kingdom only ) . [ sep ] jay z
beyonce ' s second solo album b ' day was released on september 5 , 2006 , in the us , to coincide with her twenty - fifth birthday . it sold 541 , 000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the billboard 200 , becoming beyonce ' s second consecutive number - one album in the united states . the album ' s lead single " deja vu " , featuring jay z , reached the top five on the billboard hot 100 chart . the second international single " irreplaceable " was a commercial success worldwide , reaching number one in australia , hungary , ireland , new zealand and the united states . b ' day also produced three other singles ; " ring the alarm " , " get me bodied " , and " green light " ( released in the united kingdom only ) . [ sep ] green light
in 14th - century england , hound ( from old english : hund ) was the general word for all domestic canines , and dog referred to a subtype of hound , a group including the mastiff . it is believed this " dog " type was so common , it eventually became the prototype of the category " hound " . by the 16th century , dog had become the general word , and hound had begun to refer only to types used for hunting . the word " hound " is ultimately derived from the proto - indo - european word * kwon - " dog " . [ sep ] hound
in 14th - century england , hound ( from old english : hund ) was the general word for all domestic canines , and dog referred to a subtype of hound , a group including the mastiff . it is believed this " dog " type was so common , it eventually became the prototype of the category " hound " . by the 16th century , dog had become the general word , and hound had begun to refer only to types used for hunting . the word " hound " is ultimately derived from the proto - indo - european word * kwon - " dog " . [ sep ] mastiff .
in 14th - century england , hound ( from old english : hund ) was the general word for all domestic canines , and dog referred to a subtype of hound , a group including the mastiff . it is believed this " dog " type was so common , it eventually became the prototype of the category " hound " . by the 16th century , dog had become the general word , and hound had begun to refer only to types used for hunting . the word " hound " is ultimately derived from the proto - indo - european word * kwon - " dog " . [ sep ] 16th
her first acting role of 2006 was in the comedy film the pink panther starring opposite steve martin , grossing $ 158 . 8 million at the box office worldwide . her second film dreamgirls , the film version of the 1981 broadway musical loosely based on the supremes , received acclaim from critics and grossed $ 154 million internationally . in it , she starred opposite jennifer hudson , jamie foxx , and eddie murphy playing a pop singer based on diana ross . to promote the film , beyonce released " listen " as the lead single from the soundtrack album . in april 2007 , beyonce embarked on the beyonce experience , her first worldwide concert tour , visiting 97 venues and grossed over $ 24 million . [ note 1 ] beyonce conducted pre - concert food donation drives during six major stops in conjunction with her pastor at st . john ' s and america ' s second harvest . at the same time , b ' day was re - released with five additional songs , including her duet with shakira " beautiful liar " . [ sep ] the pink panther
her first acting role of 2006 was in the comedy film the pink panther starring opposite steve martin , grossing $ 158 . 8 million at the box office worldwide . her second film dreamgirls , the film version of the 1981 broadway musical loosely based on the supremes , received acclaim from critics and grossed $ 154 million internationally . in it , she starred opposite jennifer hudson , jamie foxx , and eddie murphy playing a pop singer based on diana ross . to promote the film , beyonce released " listen " as the lead single from the soundtrack album . in april 2007 , beyonce embarked on the beyonce experience , her first worldwide concert tour , visiting 97 venues and grossed over $ 24 million . [ note 1 ] beyonce conducted pre - concert food donation drives during six major stops in conjunction with her pastor at st . john ' s and america ' s second harvest . at the same time , b ' day was re - released with five additional songs , including her duet with shakira " beautiful liar " . [ sep ] diana ross .
her first acting role of 2006 was in the comedy film the pink panther starring opposite steve martin , grossing $ 158 . 8 million at the box office worldwide . her second film dreamgirls , the film version of the 1981 broadway musical loosely based on the supremes , received acclaim from critics and grossed $ 154 million internationally . in it , she starred opposite jennifer hudson , jamie foxx , and eddie murphy playing a pop singer based on diana ross . to promote the film , beyonce released " listen " as the lead single from the soundtrack album . in april 2007 , beyonce embarked on the beyonce experience , her first worldwide concert tour , visiting 97 venues and grossed over $ 24 million . [ note 1 ] beyonce conducted pre - concert food donation drives during six major stops in conjunction with her pastor at st . john ' s and america ' s second harvest . at the same time , b ' day was re - released with five additional songs , including her duet with shakira " beautiful liar " . [ sep ] listen
her first acting role of 2006 was in the comedy film the pink panther starring opposite steve martin , grossing $ 158 . 8 million at the box office worldwide . her second film dreamgirls , the film version of the 1981 broadway musical loosely based on the supremes , received acclaim from critics and grossed $ 154 million internationally . in it , she starred opposite jennifer hudson , jamie foxx , and eddie murphy playing a pop singer based on diana ross . to promote the film , beyonce released " listen " as the lead single from the soundtrack album . in april 2007 , beyonce embarked on the beyonce experience , her first worldwide concert tour , visiting 97 venues and grossed over $ 24 million . [ note 1 ] beyonce conducted pre - concert food donation drives during six major stops in conjunction with her pastor at st . john ' s and america ' s second harvest . at the same time , b ' day was re - released with five additional songs , including her duet with shakira " beautiful liar " . [ sep ] the beyonce experience
her first acting role of 2006 was in the comedy film the pink panther starring opposite steve martin , grossing $ 158 . 8 million at the box office worldwide . her second film dreamgirls , the film version of the 1981 broadway musical loosely based on the supremes , received acclaim from critics and grossed $ 154 million internationally . in it , she starred opposite jennifer hudson , jamie foxx , and eddie murphy playing a pop singer based on diana ross . to promote the film , beyonce released " listen " as the lead single from the soundtrack album . in april 2007 , beyonce embarked on the beyonce experience , her first worldwide concert tour , visiting 97 venues and grossed over $ 24 million . [ note 1 ] beyonce conducted pre - concert food donation drives during six major stops in conjunction with her pastor at st . john ' s and america ' s second harvest . at the same time , b ' day was re - released with five additional songs , including her duet with shakira " beautiful liar " . [ sep ] shakira
in breeding circles , a male canine is referred to as a dog , while a female is called a bitch ( middle english bicche , from old english bicce , ultimately from old norse bikkja ) . a group of offspring is a litter . the father of a litter is called the sire , and the mother is called the dam . offspring are , in general , called pups or puppies , from french poupee , until they are about a year old . the process of birth is whelping , from the old english word hwelp . [ sep ] a litter .
in breeding circles , a male canine is referred to as a dog , while a female is called a bitch ( middle english bicche , from old english bicce , ultimately from old norse bikkja ) . a group of offspring is a litter . the father of a litter is called the sire , and the mother is called the dam . offspring are , in general , called pups or puppies , from french poupee , until they are about a year old . the process of birth is whelping , from the old english word hwelp . [ sep ] sire
in breeding circles , a male canine is referred to as a dog , while a female is called a bitch ( middle english bicche , from old english bicce , ultimately from old norse bikkja ) . a group of offspring is a litter . the father of a litter is called the sire , and the mother is called the dam . offspring are , in general , called pups or puppies , from french poupee , until they are about a year old . the process of birth is whelping , from the old english word hwelp . [ sep ] poupee
in breeding circles , a male canine is referred to as a dog , while a female is called a bitch ( middle english bicche , from old english bicce , ultimately from old norse bikkja ) . a group of offspring is a litter . the father of a litter is called the sire , and the mother is called the dam . offspring are , in general , called pups or puppies , from french poupee , until they are about a year old . the process of birth is whelping , from the old english word hwelp . [ sep ] whelping
in breeding circles , a male canine is referred to as a dog , while a female is called a bitch ( middle english bicche , from old english bicce , ultimately from old norse bikkja ) . a group of offspring is a litter . the father of a litter is called the sire , and the mother is called the dam . offspring are , in general , called pups or puppies , from french poupee , until they are about a year old . the process of birth is whelping , from the old english word hwelp . [ sep ] bitch
in 1758 , the taxonomist linnaeus published in systema naturae a categorization of species which included the canis species . canis is a latin word meaning dog , and the list included the dog - like carnivores : the domestic dog , wolves , foxes and jackals . the dog was classified as canis familiaris , which means " dog - family " or the family dog . on the next page he recorded the wolf as canis lupus , which means " dog - wolf " . in 1978 , a review aimed at reducing the number of recognized canis species proposed that " canis dingo is now generally regarded as a distinctive feral domestic dog . canis familiaris is used for domestic dogs , although taxonomically it should probably be synonymous with canis lupus . " in 1982 , the first edition of mammal species of the world listed canis familiaris under canis lupus with the comment : " probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog , familiaris . canis familiaris has page priority over canis lupus , but both were published simultaneously in linnaeus ( 1758 ) , and canis lupus has been universally used for this species " , which avoided classifying the wolf as the family dog . the dog is now listed among the many other latin - named subspecies of canis lupus as canis lupus familiaris . [ sep ] canis
in 1758 , the taxonomist linnaeus published in systema naturae a categorization of species which included the canis species . canis is a latin word meaning dog , and the list included the dog - like carnivores : the domestic dog , wolves , foxes and jackals . the dog was classified as canis familiaris , which means " dog - family " or the family dog . on the next page he recorded the wolf as canis lupus , which means " dog - wolf " . in 1978 , a review aimed at reducing the number of recognized canis species proposed that " canis dingo is now generally regarded as a distinctive feral domestic dog . canis familiaris is used for domestic dogs , although taxonomically it should probably be synonymous with canis lupus . " in 1982 , the first edition of mammal species of the world listed canis familiaris under canis lupus with the comment : " probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog , familiaris . canis familiaris has page priority over canis lupus , but both were published simultaneously in linnaeus ( 1758 ) , and canis lupus has been universally used for this species " , which avoided classifying the wolf as the family dog . the dog is now listed among the many other latin - named subspecies of canis lupus as canis lupus familiaris . [ sep ] 1758
in 1758 , the taxonomist linnaeus published in systema naturae a categorization of species which included the canis species . canis is a latin word meaning dog , and the list included the dog - like carnivores : the domestic dog , wolves , foxes and jackals . the dog was classified as canis familiaris , which means " dog - family " or the family dog . on the next page he recorded the wolf as canis lupus , which means " dog - wolf " . in 1978 , a review aimed at reducing the number of recognized canis species proposed that " canis dingo is now generally regarded as a distinctive feral domestic dog . canis familiaris is used for domestic dogs , although taxonomically it should probably be synonymous with canis lupus . " in 1982 , the first edition of mammal species of the world listed canis familiaris under canis lupus with the comment : " probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog , familiaris . canis familiaris has page priority over canis lupus , but both were published simultaneously in linnaeus ( 1758 ) , and canis lupus has been universally used for this species " , which avoided classifying the wolf as the family dog . the dog is now listed among the many other latin - named subspecies of canis lupus as canis lupus familiaris . [ sep ] linnaeus
in 1758 , the taxonomist linnaeus published in systema naturae a categorization of species which included the canis species . canis is a latin word meaning dog , and the list included the dog - like carnivores : the domestic dog , wolves , foxes and jackals . the dog was classified as canis familiaris , which means " dog - family " or the family dog . on the next page he recorded the wolf as canis lupus , which means " dog - wolf " . in 1978 , a review aimed at reducing the number of recognized canis species proposed that " canis dingo is now generally regarded as a distinctive feral domestic dog . canis familiaris is used for domestic dogs , although taxonomically it should probably be synonymous with canis lupus . " in 1982 , the first edition of mammal species of the world listed canis familiaris under canis lupus with the comment : " probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog , familiaris . canis familiaris has page priority over canis lupus , but both were published simultaneously in linnaeus ( 1758 ) , and canis lupus has been universally used for this species " , which avoided classifying the wolf as the family dog . the dog is now listed among the many other latin - named subspecies of canis lupus as canis lupus familiaris . [ sep ] wolf
in 1758 , the taxonomist linnaeus published in systema naturae a categorization of species which included the canis species . canis is a latin word meaning dog , and the list included the dog - like carnivores : the domestic dog , wolves , foxes and jackals . the dog was classified as canis familiaris , which means " dog - family " or the family dog . on the next page he recorded the wolf as canis lupus , which means " dog - wolf " . in 1978 , a review aimed at reducing the number of recognized canis species proposed that " canis dingo is now generally regarded as a distinctive feral domestic dog . canis familiaris is used for domestic dogs , although taxonomically it should probably be synonymous with canis lupus . " in 1982 , the first edition of mammal species of the world listed canis familiaris under canis lupus with the comment : " probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog , familiaris . canis familiaris has page priority over canis lupus , but both were published simultaneously in linnaeus ( 1758 ) , and canis lupus has been universally used for this species " , which avoided classifying the wolf as the family dog . the dog is now listed among the many other latin - named subspecies of canis lupus as canis lupus familiaris . [ sep ] mammal species of the world
on april 4 , 2008 , beyonce married jay z . she publicly revealed their marriage in a video montage at the listening party for her third studio album , i am . . . sasha fierce , in manhattan ' s sony club on october 22 , 2008 . i am . . . sasha fierce was released on november 18 , 2008 in the united states . the album formally introduces beyonce ' s alter ego sasha fierce , conceived during the making of her 2003 single " crazy in love " , selling 482 , 000 copies in its first week , debuting atop the billboard 200 , and giving beyonce her third consecutive number - one album in the us . the album featured the number - one song " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " and the top - five songs " if i were a boy " and " halo " . achieving the accomplishment of becoming her longest - running hot 100 single in her career , " halo " ' s success in the us helped beyonce attain more top - ten singles on the list than any other woman during the 2000s . it also included the successful " sweet dreams " , and singles " diva " , " ego " , " broken - hearted girl " and " video phone " . the music video for " single ladies " has been parodied and imitated around the world , spawning the " first major dance craze " of the internet age according to the toronto star . the video has won several awards , including best video at the 2009 mtv europe music awards , the 2009 scottish mobo awards , and the 2009 bet awards . at the 2009 mtv video music awards , the video was nominated for nine awards , ultimately winning three including video of the year . its failure to win the best female video category , which went to american country pop singer taylor swift ' s " you belong with me " , led to kanye west interrupting the ceremony and beyonce improvising a re - presentation of swift ' s award during her own acceptance speech . in march 2009 , beyonce embarked on the i am . . . world tour , her second headlining worldwide concert tour , consisting of 108 shows , grossing $ 119 . 5 million . [ sep ] april 4 , 2008
on april 4 , 2008 , beyonce married jay z . she publicly revealed their marriage in a video montage at the listening party for her third studio album , i am . . . sasha fierce , in manhattan ' s sony club on october 22 , 2008 . i am . . . sasha fierce was released on november 18 , 2008 in the united states . the album formally introduces beyonce ' s alter ego sasha fierce , conceived during the making of her 2003 single " crazy in love " , selling 482 , 000 copies in its first week , debuting atop the billboard 200 , and giving beyonce her third consecutive number - one album in the us . the album featured the number - one song " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " and the top - five songs " if i were a boy " and " halo " . achieving the accomplishment of becoming her longest - running hot 100 single in her career , " halo " ' s success in the us helped beyonce attain more top - ten singles on the list than any other woman during the 2000s . it also included the successful " sweet dreams " , and singles " diva " , " ego " , " broken - hearted girl " and " video phone " . the music video for " single ladies " has been parodied and imitated around the world , spawning the " first major dance craze " of the internet age according to the toronto star . the video has won several awards , including best video at the 2009 mtv europe music awards , the 2009 scottish mobo awards , and the 2009 bet awards . at the 2009 mtv video music awards , the video was nominated for nine awards , ultimately winning three including video of the year . its failure to win the best female video category , which went to american country pop singer taylor swift ' s " you belong with me " , led to kanye west interrupting the ceremony and beyonce improvising a re - presentation of swift ' s award during her own acceptance speech . in march 2009 , beyonce embarked on the i am . . . world tour , her second headlining worldwide concert tour , consisting of 108 shows , grossing $ 119 . 5 million . [ sep ] jay z .
on april 4 , 2008 , beyonce married jay z . she publicly revealed their marriage in a video montage at the listening party for her third studio album , i am . . . sasha fierce , in manhattan ' s sony club on october 22 , 2008 . i am . . . sasha fierce was released on november 18 , 2008 in the united states . the album formally introduces beyonce ' s alter ego sasha fierce , conceived during the making of her 2003 single " crazy in love " , selling 482 , 000 copies in its first week , debuting atop the billboard 200 , and giving beyonce her third consecutive number - one album in the us . the album featured the number - one song " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " and the top - five songs " if i were a boy " and " halo " . achieving the accomplishment of becoming her longest - running hot 100 single in her career , " halo " ' s success in the us helped beyonce attain more top - ten singles on the list than any other woman during the 2000s . it also included the successful " sweet dreams " , and singles " diva " , " ego " , " broken - hearted girl " and " video phone " . the music video for " single ladies " has been parodied and imitated around the world , spawning the " first major dance craze " of the internet age according to the toronto star . the video has won several awards , including best video at the 2009 mtv europe music awards , the 2009 scottish mobo awards , and the 2009 bet awards . at the 2009 mtv video music awards , the video was nominated for nine awards , ultimately winning three including video of the year . its failure to win the best female video category , which went to american country pop singer taylor swift ' s " you belong with me " , led to kanye west interrupting the ceremony and beyonce improvising a re - presentation of swift ' s award during her own acceptance speech . in march 2009 , beyonce embarked on the i am . . . world tour , her second headlining worldwide concert tour , consisting of 108 shows , grossing $ 119 . 5 million . [ sep ] sasha fierce
on april 4 , 2008 , beyonce married jay z . she publicly revealed their marriage in a video montage at the listening party for her third studio album , i am . . . sasha fierce , in manhattan ' s sony club on october 22 , 2008 . i am . . . sasha fierce was released on november 18 , 2008 in the united states . the album formally introduces beyonce ' s alter ego sasha fierce , conceived during the making of her 2003 single " crazy in love " , selling 482 , 000 copies in its first week , debuting atop the billboard 200 , and giving beyonce her third consecutive number - one album in the us . the album featured the number - one song " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " and the top - five songs " if i were a boy " and " halo " . achieving the accomplishment of becoming her longest - running hot 100 single in her career , " halo " ' s success in the us helped beyonce attain more top - ten singles on the list than any other woman during the 2000s . it also included the successful " sweet dreams " , and singles " diva " , " ego " , " broken - hearted girl " and " video phone " . the music video for " single ladies " has been parodied and imitated around the world , spawning the " first major dance craze " of the internet age according to the toronto star . the video has won several awards , including best video at the 2009 mtv europe music awards , the 2009 scottish mobo awards , and the 2009 bet awards . at the 2009 mtv video music awards , the video was nominated for nine awards , ultimately winning three including video of the year . its failure to win the best female video category , which went to american country pop singer taylor swift ' s " you belong with me " , led to kanye west interrupting the ceremony and beyonce improvising a re - presentation of swift ' s award during her own acceptance speech . in march 2009 , beyonce embarked on the i am . . . world tour , her second headlining worldwide concert tour , consisting of 108 shows , grossing $ 119 . 5 million . [ sep ] single ladies
on april 4 , 2008 , beyonce married jay z . she publicly revealed their marriage in a video montage at the listening party for her third studio album , i am . . . sasha fierce , in manhattan ' s sony club on october 22 , 2008 . i am . . . sasha fierce was released on november 18 , 2008 in the united states . the album formally introduces beyonce ' s alter ego sasha fierce , conceived during the making of her 2003 single " crazy in love " , selling 482 , 000 copies in its first week , debuting atop the billboard 200 , and giving beyonce her third consecutive number - one album in the us . the album featured the number - one song " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " and the top - five songs " if i were a boy " and " halo " . achieving the accomplishment of becoming her longest - running hot 100 single in her career , " halo " ' s success in the us helped beyonce attain more top - ten singles on the list than any other woman during the 2000s . it also included the successful " sweet dreams " , and singles " diva " , " ego " , " broken - hearted girl " and " video phone " . the music video for " single ladies " has been parodied and imitated around the world , spawning the " first major dance craze " of the internet age according to the toronto star . the video has won several awards , including best video at the 2009 mtv europe music awards , the 2009 scottish mobo awards , and the 2009 bet awards . at the 2009 mtv video music awards , the video was nominated for nine awards , ultimately winning three including video of the year . its failure to win the best female video category , which went to american country pop singer taylor swift ' s " you belong with me " , led to kanye west interrupting the ceremony and beyonce improvising a re - presentation of swift ' s award during her own acceptance speech . in march 2009 , beyonce embarked on the i am . . . world tour , her second headlining worldwide concert tour , consisting of 108 shows , grossing $ 119 . 5 million . [ sep ] kanye west
beyonce further expanded her acting career , starring as blues singer etta james in the 2008 musical biopic , cadillac records . her performance in the film received praise from critics , and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of james , including a satellite award nomination for best supporting actress , and a naacp image award nomination for outstanding supporting actress . beyonce donated her entire salary from the film to phoenix house , an organization of rehabilitation centers for heroin addicts around the country . on january 20 , 2009 , beyonce performed james ' " at last " at the first couple ' s first inaugural ball . beyonce starred opposite ali larter and idris elba in the thriller , obsessed . she played sharon charles , a mother and wife who learns of a woman ' s obsessive behavior over her husband . although the film received negative reviews from critics , the movie did well at the us box office , grossing $ 68 million — $ 60 million more than cadillac records — on a budget of $ 20 million . the fight scene finale between sharon and the character played by ali larter also won the 2010 mtv movie award for best fight . [ sep ] etta james
beyonce further expanded her acting career , starring as blues singer etta james in the 2008 musical biopic , cadillac records . her performance in the film received praise from critics , and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of james , including a satellite award nomination for best supporting actress , and a naacp image award nomination for outstanding supporting actress . beyonce donated her entire salary from the film to phoenix house , an organization of rehabilitation centers for heroin addicts around the country . on january 20 , 2009 , beyonce performed james ' " at last " at the first couple ' s first inaugural ball . beyonce starred opposite ali larter and idris elba in the thriller , obsessed . she played sharon charles , a mother and wife who learns of a woman ' s obsessive behavior over her husband . although the film received negative reviews from critics , the movie did well at the us box office , grossing $ 68 million — $ 60 million more than cadillac records — on a budget of $ 20 million . the fight scene finale between sharon and the character played by ali larter also won the 2010 mtv movie award for best fight . [ sep ] phoenix house
beyonce further expanded her acting career , starring as blues singer etta james in the 2008 musical biopic , cadillac records . her performance in the film received praise from critics , and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of james , including a satellite award nomination for best supporting actress , and a naacp image award nomination for outstanding supporting actress . beyonce donated her entire salary from the film to phoenix house , an organization of rehabilitation centers for heroin addicts around the country . on january 20 , 2009 , beyonce performed james ' " at last " at the first couple ' s first inaugural ball . beyonce starred opposite ali larter and idris elba in the thriller , obsessed . she played sharon charles , a mother and wife who learns of a woman ' s obsessive behavior over her husband . although the film received negative reviews from critics , the movie did well at the us box office , grossing $ 68 million — $ 60 million more than cadillac records — on a budget of $ 20 million . the fight scene finale between sharon and the character played by ali larter also won the 2010 mtv movie award for best fight . [ sep ] the first couple ' s first inaugural ball .
beyonce further expanded her acting career , starring as blues singer etta james in the 2008 musical biopic , cadillac records . her performance in the film received praise from critics , and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of james , including a satellite award nomination for best supporting actress , and a naacp image award nomination for outstanding supporting actress . beyonce donated her entire salary from the film to phoenix house , an organization of rehabilitation centers for heroin addicts around the country . on january 20 , 2009 , beyonce performed james ' " at last " at the first couple ' s first inaugural ball . beyonce starred opposite ali larter and idris elba in the thriller , obsessed . she played sharon charles , a mother and wife who learns of a woman ' s obsessive behavior over her husband . although the film received negative reviews from critics , the movie did well at the us box office , grossing $ 68 million — $ 60 million more than cadillac records — on a budget of $ 20 million . the fight scene finale between sharon and the character played by ali larter also won the 2010 mtv movie award for best fight . [ sep ] obsessed .
in 2003 , the iczn ruled in its opinion 2027 that if wild animals and their domesticated derivatives are regarded as one species , then the scientific name of that species is the scientific name of the wild animal . in 2005 , the third edition of mammal species of the world upheld opinion 2027 with the name lupus and the note : " includes the domestic dog as a subspecies , with the dingo provisionally separate - artificial variants created by domestication and selective breeding " . however , canis familiaris is sometimes used due to an ongoing nomenclature debate because wild and domestic animals are separately recognizable entities and that the iczn allowed users a choice as to which name they could use , and a number of internationally recognized researchers prefer to use canis familiaris . [ sep ] 2003
in 2003 , the iczn ruled in its opinion 2027 that if wild animals and their domesticated derivatives are regarded as one species , then the scientific name of that species is the scientific name of the wild animal . in 2005 , the third edition of mammal species of the world upheld opinion 2027 with the name lupus and the note : " includes the domestic dog as a subspecies , with the dingo provisionally separate - artificial variants created by domestication and selective breeding " . however , canis familiaris is sometimes used due to an ongoing nomenclature debate because wild and domestic animals are separately recognizable entities and that the iczn allowed users a choice as to which name they could use , and a number of internationally recognized researchers prefer to use canis familiaris . [ sep ] mammal species of the world
in 2003 , the iczn ruled in its opinion 2027 that if wild animals and their domesticated derivatives are regarded as one species , then the scientific name of that species is the scientific name of the wild animal . in 2005 , the third edition of mammal species of the world upheld opinion 2027 with the name lupus and the note : " includes the domestic dog as a subspecies , with the dingo provisionally separate - artificial variants created by domestication and selective breeding " . however , canis familiaris is sometimes used due to an ongoing nomenclature debate because wild and domestic animals are separately recognizable entities and that the iczn allowed users a choice as to which name they could use , and a number of internationally recognized researchers prefer to use canis familiaris . [ sep ] canis familiaris .
in 2003 , the iczn ruled in its opinion 2027 that if wild animals and their domesticated derivatives are regarded as one species , then the scientific name of that species is the scientific name of the wild animal . in 2005 , the third edition of mammal species of the world upheld opinion 2027 with the name lupus and the note : " includes the domestic dog as a subspecies , with the dingo provisionally separate - artificial variants created by domestication and selective breeding " . however , canis familiaris is sometimes used due to an ongoing nomenclature debate because wild and domestic animals are separately recognizable entities and that the iczn allowed users a choice as to which name they could use , and a number of internationally recognized researchers prefer to use canis familiaris . [ sep ] iczn
in 2003 , the iczn ruled in its opinion 2027 that if wild animals and their domesticated derivatives are regarded as one species , then the scientific name of that species is the scientific name of the wild animal . in 2005 , the third edition of mammal species of the world upheld opinion 2027 with the name lupus and the note : " includes the domestic dog as a subspecies , with the dingo provisionally separate - artificial variants created by domestication and selective breeding " . however , canis familiaris is sometimes used due to an ongoing nomenclature debate because wild and domestic animals are separately recognizable entities and that the iczn allowed users a choice as to which name they could use , and a number of internationally recognized researchers prefer to use canis familiaris . [ sep ] canis familiaris .
at the 52nd annual grammy awards , beyonce received ten nominations , including album of the year for i am . . . sasha fierce , record of the year for " halo " , and song of the year for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , among others . she tied with lauryn hill for most grammy nominations in a single year by a female artist . in 2010 , beyonce was featured on lady gaga ' s single " telephone " and its music video . the song topped the us pop songs chart , becoming the sixth number - one for both beyonce and gaga , tying them with mariah carey for most number - ones since the nielsen top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992 . " telephone " received a grammy award nomination for best pop collaboration with vocals . [ sep ] ten
at the 52nd annual grammy awards , beyonce received ten nominations , including album of the year for i am . . . sasha fierce , record of the year for " halo " , and song of the year for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , among others . she tied with lauryn hill for most grammy nominations in a single year by a female artist . in 2010 , beyonce was featured on lady gaga ' s single " telephone " and its music video . the song topped the us pop songs chart , becoming the sixth number - one for both beyonce and gaga , tying them with mariah carey for most number - ones since the nielsen top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992 . " telephone " received a grammy award nomination for best pop collaboration with vocals . [ sep ] lauryn hill
at the 52nd annual grammy awards , beyonce received ten nominations , including album of the year for i am . . . sasha fierce , record of the year for " halo " , and song of the year for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , among others . she tied with lauryn hill for most grammy nominations in a single year by a female artist . in 2010 , beyonce was featured on lady gaga ' s single " telephone " and its music video . the song topped the us pop songs chart , becoming the sixth number - one for both beyonce and gaga , tying them with mariah carey for most number - ones since the nielsen top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992 . " telephone " received a grammy award nomination for best pop collaboration with vocals . [ sep ] lady gaga
at the 52nd annual grammy awards , beyonce received ten nominations , including album of the year for i am . . . sasha fierce , record of the year for " halo " , and song of the year for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , among others . she tied with lauryn hill for most grammy nominations in a single year by a female artist . in 2010 , beyonce was featured on lady gaga ' s single " telephone " and its music video . the song topped the us pop songs chart , becoming the sixth number - one for both beyonce and gaga , tying them with mariah carey for most number - ones since the nielsen top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992 . " telephone " received a grammy award nomination for best pop collaboration with vocals . [ sep ] mariah carey
beyonce announced a hiatus from her music career in january 2010 , heeding her mother ' s advice , " to live life , to be inspired by things again " . during the break she and her father parted ways as business partners . beyonce ' s musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple european cities , the great wall of china , the egyptian pyramids , australia , english music festivals and various museums and ballet performances . [ sep ] a hiatus
beyonce announced a hiatus from her music career in january 2010 , heeding her mother ' s advice , " to live life , to be inspired by things again " . during the break she and her father parted ways as business partners . beyonce ' s musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple european cities , the great wall of china , the egyptian pyramids , australia , english music festivals and various museums and ballet performances . [ sep ] her mother
beyonce announced a hiatus from her music career in january 2010 , heeding her mother ' s advice , " to live life , to be inspired by things again " . during the break she and her father parted ways as business partners . beyonce ' s musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple european cities , the great wall of china , the egyptian pyramids , australia , english music festivals and various museums and ballet performances . [ sep ] her father
beyonce announced a hiatus from her music career in january 2010 , heeding her mother ' s advice , " to live life , to be inspired by things again " . during the break she and her father parted ways as business partners . beyonce ' s musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple european cities , the great wall of china , the egyptian pyramids , australia , english music festivals and various museums and ballet performances . [ sep ] nine months
later genetic studies strongly supported dogs and gray wolves forming two sister monophyletic clades within the one species , and that the common ancestor of dogs and extant wolves is extinct . [ sep ] genetic studies
later genetic studies strongly supported dogs and gray wolves forming two sister monophyletic clades within the one species , and that the common ancestor of dogs and extant wolves is extinct . [ sep ] extinct .
in 2011 , documents obtained by wikileaks revealed that beyonce was one of many entertainers who performed for the family of libyan ruler muammar gaddafi . rolling stone reported that the music industry was urging them to return the money they earned for the concerts ; a spokesperson for beyonce later confirmed to the huffington post that she donated the money to the clinton bush haiti fund . later that year she became the first solo female artist to headline the main pyramid stage at the 2011 glastonbury festival in over twenty years , and was named the highest - paid performer in the world per minute . [ sep ] muammar gaddafi .
in 2011 , documents obtained by wikileaks revealed that beyonce was one of many entertainers who performed for the family of libyan ruler muammar gaddafi . rolling stone reported that the music industry was urging them to return the money they earned for the concerts ; a spokesperson for beyonce later confirmed to the huffington post that she donated the money to the clinton bush haiti fund . later that year she became the first solo female artist to headline the main pyramid stage at the 2011 glastonbury festival in over twenty years , and was named the highest - paid performer in the world per minute . [ sep ] wikileaks
in 2011 , documents obtained by wikileaks revealed that beyonce was one of many entertainers who performed for the family of libyan ruler muammar gaddafi . rolling stone reported that the music industry was urging them to return the money they earned for the concerts ; a spokesperson for beyonce later confirmed to the huffington post that she donated the money to the clinton bush haiti fund . later that year she became the first solo female artist to headline the main pyramid stage at the 2011 glastonbury festival in over twenty years , and was named the highest - paid performer in the world per minute . [ sep ] clinton bush haiti fund .
in 2011 , documents obtained by wikileaks revealed that beyonce was one of many entertainers who performed for the family of libyan ruler muammar gaddafi . rolling stone reported that the music industry was urging them to return the money they earned for the concerts ; a spokesperson for beyonce later confirmed to the huffington post that she donated the money to the clinton bush haiti fund . later that year she became the first solo female artist to headline the main pyramid stage at the 2011 glastonbury festival in over twenty years , and was named the highest - paid performer in the world per minute . [ sep ] pyramid stage
the origin of the domestic dog ( canis lupus familiaris or canis familiaris ) is not clear . whole genome sequencing indicates that the dog , the gray wolf and the extinct taymyr wolf diverged at around the same time 27 , 000 – 40 , 000 years ago . these dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter - gatherers and not agriculturists . modern dogs are more closely related to ancient wolf fossils that have been found in europe than they are to modern gray wolves . nearly all dog breeds ' genetic closeness to the gray wolf are due to admixture , except several arctic dog breeds are close to the taimyr wolf of north asia due to admixture . [ sep ] hunter - gatherers
the origin of the domestic dog ( canis lupus familiaris or canis familiaris ) is not clear . whole genome sequencing indicates that the dog , the gray wolf and the extinct taymyr wolf diverged at around the same time 27 , 000 – 40 , 000 years ago . these dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter - gatherers and not agriculturists . modern dogs are more closely related to ancient wolf fossils that have been found in europe than they are to modern gray wolves . nearly all dog breeds ' genetic closeness to the gray wolf are due to admixture , except several arctic dog breeds are close to the taimyr wolf of north asia due to admixture . [ sep ] taimyr wolf of north asia
her fourth studio album 4 was released on june 28 , 2011 in the us . 4 sold 310 , 000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the billboard 200 chart , giving beyonce her fourth consecutive number - one album in the us . the album was preceded by two of its singles " run the world ( girls ) " and " best thing i never had " , which both attained moderate success . the fourth single " love on top " was a commercial success in the us . 4 also produced four other singles ; " party " , " countdown " , " i care " and " end of time " . " eat , play , love " , a cover story written by beyonce for essence that detailed her 2010 career break , won her a writing award from the new york association of black journalists . in late 2011 , she took the stage at new york ' s roseland ballroom for four nights of special performances : the 4 intimate nights with beyonce concerts saw the performance of her 4 album to a standing room only . [ sep ] 4
her fourth studio album 4 was released on june 28 , 2011 in the us . 4 sold 310 , 000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the billboard 200 chart , giving beyonce her fourth consecutive number - one album in the us . the album was preceded by two of its singles " run the world ( girls ) " and " best thing i never had " , which both attained moderate success . the fourth single " love on top " was a commercial success in the us . 4 also produced four other singles ; " party " , " countdown " , " i care " and " end of time " . " eat , play , love " , a cover story written by beyonce for essence that detailed her 2010 career break , won her a writing award from the new york association of black journalists . in late 2011 , she took the stage at new york ' s roseland ballroom for four nights of special performances : the 4 intimate nights with beyonce concerts saw the performance of her 4 album to a standing room only . [ sep ] june 28 , 2011
her fourth studio album 4 was released on june 28 , 2011 in the us . 4 sold 310 , 000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the billboard 200 chart , giving beyonce her fourth consecutive number - one album in the us . the album was preceded by two of its singles " run the world ( girls ) " and " best thing i never had " , which both attained moderate success . the fourth single " love on top " was a commercial success in the us . 4 also produced four other singles ; " party " , " countdown " , " i care " and " end of time " . " eat , play , love " , a cover story written by beyonce for essence that detailed her 2010 career break , won her a writing award from the new york association of black journalists . in late 2011 , she took the stage at new york ' s roseland ballroom for four nights of special performances : the 4 intimate nights with beyonce concerts saw the performance of her 4 album to a standing room only . [ sep ] 310 , 000
her fourth studio album 4 was released on june 28 , 2011 in the us . 4 sold 310 , 000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the billboard 200 chart , giving beyonce her fourth consecutive number - one album in the us . the album was preceded by two of its singles " run the world ( girls ) " and " best thing i never had " , which both attained moderate success . the fourth single " love on top " was a commercial success in the us . 4 also produced four other singles ; " party " , " countdown " , " i care " and " end of time " . " eat , play , love " , a cover story written by beyonce for essence that detailed her 2010 career break , won her a writing award from the new york association of black journalists . in late 2011 , she took the stage at new york ' s roseland ballroom for four nights of special performances : the 4 intimate nights with beyonce concerts saw the performance of her 4 album to a standing room only . [ sep ] essence
her fourth studio album 4 was released on june 28 , 2011 in the us . 4 sold 310 , 000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the billboard 200 chart , giving beyonce her fourth consecutive number - one album in the us . the album was preceded by two of its singles " run the world ( girls ) " and " best thing i never had " , which both attained moderate success . the fourth single " love on top " was a commercial success in the us . 4 also produced four other singles ; " party " , " countdown " , " i care " and " end of time " . " eat , play , love " , a cover story written by beyonce for essence that detailed her 2010 career break , won her a writing award from the new york association of black journalists . in late 2011 , she took the stage at new york ' s roseland ballroom for four nights of special performances : the 4 intimate nights with beyonce concerts saw the performance of her 4 album to a standing room only . [ sep ] new york ' s roseland ballroom
domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors , sensory capabilities , and physical attributes . modern dog breeds show more variation in size , appearance , and behavior than any other domestic animal . dogs are predators and scavengers , and like many other predatory mammals , the dog has powerful muscles , fused wrist bones , a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance , and teeth for catching and tearing . [ sep ] modern dog breeds
domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors , sensory capabilities , and physical attributes . modern dog breeds show more variation in size , appearance , and behavior than any other domestic animal . dogs are predators and scavengers , and like many other predatory mammals , the dog has powerful muscles , fused wrist bones , a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance , and teeth for catching and tearing . [ sep ] catching and tearing .
domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors , sensory capabilities , and physical attributes . modern dog breeds show more variation in size , appearance , and behavior than any other domestic animal . dogs are predators and scavengers , and like many other predatory mammals , the dog has powerful muscles , fused wrist bones , a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance , and teeth for catching and tearing . [ sep ] scavengers
domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors , sensory capabilities , and physical attributes . modern dog breeds show more variation in size , appearance , and behavior than any other domestic animal . dogs are predators and scavengers , and like many other predatory mammals , the dog has powerful muscles , fused wrist bones , a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance , and teeth for catching and tearing . [ sep ] wrist
domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors , sensory capabilities , and physical attributes . modern dog breeds show more variation in size , appearance , and behavior than any other domestic animal . dogs are predators and scavengers , and like many other predatory mammals , the dog has powerful muscles , fused wrist bones , a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance , and teeth for catching and tearing . [ sep ] endurance
on january 7 , 2012 , beyonce gave birth to her first child , a daughter , blue ivy carter , at lenox hill hospital in new york . five months later , she performed for four nights at revel atlantic city ' s ovation hall to celebrate the resort ' s opening , her first performances since giving birth to blue ivy . [ sep ] january 7 , 2012
on january 7 , 2012 , beyonce gave birth to her first child , a daughter , blue ivy carter , at lenox hill hospital in new york . five months later , she performed for four nights at revel atlantic city ' s ovation hall to celebrate the resort ' s opening , her first performances since giving birth to blue ivy . [ sep ] blue ivy carter
on january 7 , 2012 , beyonce gave birth to her first child , a daughter , blue ivy carter , at lenox hill hospital in new york . five months later , she performed for four nights at revel atlantic city ' s ovation hall to celebrate the resort ' s opening , her first performances since giving birth to blue ivy . [ sep ] lenox hill hospital in new york .
on january 7 , 2012 , beyonce gave birth to her first child , a daughter , blue ivy carter , at lenox hill hospital in new york . five months later , she performed for four nights at revel atlantic city ' s ovation hall to celebrate the resort ' s opening , her first performances since giving birth to blue ivy . [ sep ] revel atlantic city ' s ovation hall
on january 7 , 2012 , beyonce gave birth to her first child , a daughter , blue ivy carter , at lenox hill hospital in new york . five months later , she performed for four nights at revel atlantic city ' s ovation hall to celebrate the resort ' s opening , her first performances since giving birth to blue ivy . [ sep ] four
in january 2013 , destiny ' s child released love songs , a compilation album of the romance - themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded track , " nuclear " . beyonce performed the american national anthem singing along with a pre - recorded track at president obama ' s second inauguration in washington , d . c . the following month , beyonce performed at the super bowl xlvii halftime show , held at the mercedes - benz superdome in new orleans . the performance stands as the second most tweeted about moment in history at 268 , 000 tweets per minute . at the 55th annual grammy awards , beyonce won for best traditional r & b performance for " love on top " . her feature - length documentary film , life is but a dream , first aired on hbo on february 16 , 2013 . the film , which she directed and produced herself , featured footage from her childhood , her as a mother and businesswoman , recording , rehearsing for live performances , and her return to the spotlight following blue ivy ' s birth . its dvd release in november 2013 was accompanied by footage from the revel presents : beyonce live concerts and a new song , " god made you beautiful " . in february 2013 , beyonce signed a global publishing agreement with warner / chappell music , which would cover her future songwriting and then - upcoming studio album . [ sep ] january 2013
in january 2013 , destiny ' s child released love songs , a compilation album of the romance - themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded track , " nuclear " . beyonce performed the american national anthem singing along with a pre - recorded track at president obama ' s second inauguration in washington , d . c . the following month , beyonce performed at the super bowl xlvii halftime show , held at the mercedes - benz superdome in new orleans . the performance stands as the second most tweeted about moment in history at 268 , 000 tweets per minute . at the 55th annual grammy awards , beyonce won for best traditional r & b performance for " love on top " . her feature - length documentary film , life is but a dream , first aired on hbo on february 16 , 2013 . the film , which she directed and produced herself , featured footage from her childhood , her as a mother and businesswoman , recording , rehearsing for live performances , and her return to the spotlight following blue ivy ' s birth . its dvd release in november 2013 was accompanied by footage from the revel presents : beyonce live concerts and a new song , " god made you beautiful " . in february 2013 , beyonce signed a global publishing agreement with warner / chappell music , which would cover her future songwriting and then - upcoming studio album . [ sep ] nuclear
in january 2013 , destiny ' s child released love songs , a compilation album of the romance - themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded track , " nuclear " . beyonce performed the american national anthem singing along with a pre - recorded track at president obama ' s second inauguration in washington , d . c . the following month , beyonce performed at the super bowl xlvii halftime show , held at the mercedes - benz superdome in new orleans . the performance stands as the second most tweeted about moment in history at 268 , 000 tweets per minute . at the 55th annual grammy awards , beyonce won for best traditional r & b performance for " love on top " . her feature - length documentary film , life is but a dream , first aired on hbo on february 16 , 2013 . the film , which she directed and produced herself , featured footage from her childhood , her as a mother and businesswoman , recording , rehearsing for live performances , and her return to the spotlight following blue ivy ' s birth . its dvd release in november 2013 was accompanied by footage from the revel presents : beyonce live concerts and a new song , " god made you beautiful " . in february 2013 , beyonce signed a global publishing agreement with warner / chappell music , which would cover her future songwriting and then - upcoming studio album . [ sep ] the american national anthem
in january 2013 , destiny ' s child released love songs , a compilation album of the romance - themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded track , " nuclear " . beyonce performed the american national anthem singing along with a pre - recorded track at president obama ' s second inauguration in washington , d . c . the following month , beyonce performed at the super bowl xlvii halftime show , held at the mercedes - benz superdome in new orleans . the performance stands as the second most tweeted about moment in history at 268 , 000 tweets per minute . at the 55th annual grammy awards , beyonce won for best traditional r & b performance for " love on top " . her feature - length documentary film , life is but a dream , first aired on hbo on february 16 , 2013 . the film , which she directed and produced herself , featured footage from her childhood , her as a mother and businesswoman , recording , rehearsing for live performances , and her return to the spotlight following blue ivy ' s birth . its dvd release in november 2013 was accompanied by footage from the revel presents : beyonce live concerts and a new song , " god made you beautiful " . in february 2013 , beyonce signed a global publishing agreement with warner / chappell music , which would cover her future songwriting and then - upcoming studio album . [ sep ] super bowl xlvii halftime show
in january 2013 , destiny ' s child released love songs , a compilation album of the romance - themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded track , " nuclear " . beyonce performed the american national anthem singing along with a pre - recorded track at president obama ' s second inauguration in washington , d . c . the following month , beyonce performed at the super bowl xlvii halftime show , held at the mercedes - benz superdome in new orleans . the performance stands as the second most tweeted about moment in history at 268 , 000 tweets per minute . at the 55th annual grammy awards , beyonce won for best traditional r & b performance for " love on top " . her feature - length documentary film , life is but a dream , first aired on hbo on february 16 , 2013 . the film , which she directed and produced herself , featured footage from her childhood , her as a mother and businesswoman , recording , rehearsing for live performances , and her return to the spotlight following blue ivy ' s birth . its dvd release in november 2013 was accompanied by footage from the revel presents : beyonce live concerts and a new song , " god made you beautiful " . in february 2013 , beyonce signed a global publishing agreement with warner / chappell music , which would cover her future songwriting and then - upcoming studio album . [ sep ] life is but a dream
beyonce embarked on the mrs . carter show world tour on april 15 in belgrade , serbia ; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to march 2014 . it became the most successful tour of her career and one of the most - successful tours of all time . in may , beyonce ' s cover of amy winehouse ' s " back to black " with andre 3000 on the great gatsby soundtrack was released . she was also honorary chair of the 2013 met gala . beyonce voiced queen tara in the 3d cgi animated film , epic , released by 20th century fox on may 24 , and recorded an original song for the film , " rise up " , co - written with sia . [ sep ] the mrs . carter show world tour
beyonce embarked on the mrs . carter show world tour on april 15 in belgrade , serbia ; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to march 2014 . it became the most successful tour of her career and one of the most - successful tours of all time . in may , beyonce ' s cover of amy winehouse ' s " back to black " with andre 3000 on the great gatsby soundtrack was released . she was also honorary chair of the 2013 met gala . beyonce voiced queen tara in the 3d cgi animated film , epic , released by 20th century fox on may 24 , and recorded an original song for the film , " rise up " , co - written with sia . [ sep ] 132
beyonce embarked on the mrs . carter show world tour on april 15 in belgrade , serbia ; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to march 2014 . it became the most successful tour of her career and one of the most - successful tours of all time . in may , beyonce ' s cover of amy winehouse ' s " back to black " with andre 3000 on the great gatsby soundtrack was released . she was also honorary chair of the 2013 met gala . beyonce voiced queen tara in the 3d cgi animated film , epic , released by 20th century fox on may 24 , and recorded an original song for the film , " rise up " , co - written with sia . [ sep ] back to black
beyonce embarked on the mrs . carter show world tour on april 15 in belgrade , serbia ; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to march 2014 . it became the most successful tour of her career and one of the most - successful tours of all time . in may , beyonce ' s cover of amy winehouse ' s " back to black " with andre 3000 on the great gatsby soundtrack was released . she was also honorary chair of the 2013 met gala . beyonce voiced queen tara in the 3d cgi animated film , epic , released by 20th century fox on may 24 , and recorded an original song for the film , " rise up " , co - written with sia . [ sep ] met gala .
beyonce embarked on the mrs . carter show world tour on april 15 in belgrade , serbia ; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to march 2014 . it became the most successful tour of her career and one of the most - successful tours of all time . in may , beyonce ' s cover of amy winehouse ' s " back to black " with andre 3000 on the great gatsby soundtrack was released . she was also honorary chair of the 2013 met gala . beyonce voiced queen tara in the 3d cgi animated film , epic , released by 20th century fox on may 24 , and recorded an original song for the film , " rise up " , co - written with sia . [ sep ] queen tara
on december 13 , 2013 , beyonce unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the itunes store without any prior announcement or promotion . the album debuted atop the billboard 200 chart , giving beyonce her fifth consecutive number - one album in the us . this made her the first woman in the chart ' s history to have her first five studio albums debut at number one . beyonce received critical acclaim and commercial success , selling one million digital copies worldwide in six days ; the new york times noted the album ' s unconventional , unexpected release as significant . musically an electro - r & b album , it concerns darker themes previously unexplored in her work , such as " bulimia , postnatal depression [ and ] the fears and insecurities of marriage and motherhood " . the single " drunk in love " , featuring jay z , peaked at number two on the billboard hot 100 chart . in april 2014 , after much speculation in the weeks before , beyonce and jay z officially announced their on the run tour . it served as the couple ' s first co - headlining stadium tour together . on august 24 , 2014 , she received the video vanguard award at the 2014 mtv video music awards . knowles also took home three competitive awards : best video with a social message and best cinematography for " pretty hurts " , as well as best collaboration for " drunk in love " . in november , forbes reported that beyonce was the top - earning woman in music for the second year in a row — earning $ 115 million in the year , more than double her earnings in 2013 . beyonce was reissued with new material in three forms : as an extended play , a box set , as well as a full platinum edition . [ sep ] december 13 , 2013
on december 13 , 2013 , beyonce unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the itunes store without any prior announcement or promotion . the album debuted atop the billboard 200 chart , giving beyonce her fifth consecutive number - one album in the us . this made her the first woman in the chart ' s history to have her first five studio albums debut at number one . beyonce received critical acclaim and commercial success , selling one million digital copies worldwide in six days ; the new york times noted the album ' s unconventional , unexpected release as significant . musically an electro - r & b album , it concerns darker themes previously unexplored in her work , such as " bulimia , postnatal depression [ and ] the fears and insecurities of marriage and motherhood " . the single " drunk in love " , featuring jay z , peaked at number two on the billboard hot 100 chart . in april 2014 , after much speculation in the weeks before , beyonce and jay z officially announced their on the run tour . it served as the couple ' s first co - headlining stadium tour together . on august 24 , 2014 , she received the video vanguard award at the 2014 mtv video music awards . knowles also took home three competitive awards : best video with a social message and best cinematography for " pretty hurts " , as well as best collaboration for " drunk in love " . in november , forbes reported that beyonce was the top - earning woman in music for the second year in a row — earning $ 115 million in the year , more than double her earnings in 2013 . beyonce was reissued with new material in three forms : as an extended play , a box set , as well as a full platinum edition . [ sep ] one million
on december 13 , 2013 , beyonce unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the itunes store without any prior announcement or promotion . the album debuted atop the billboard 200 chart , giving beyonce her fifth consecutive number - one album in the us . this made her the first woman in the chart ' s history to have her first five studio albums debut at number one . beyonce received critical acclaim and commercial success , selling one million digital copies worldwide in six days ; the new york times noted the album ' s unconventional , unexpected release as significant . musically an electro - r & b album , it concerns darker themes previously unexplored in her work , such as " bulimia , postnatal depression [ and ] the fears and insecurities of marriage and motherhood " . the single " drunk in love " , featuring jay z , peaked at number two on the billboard hot 100 chart . in april 2014 , after much speculation in the weeks before , beyonce and jay z officially announced their on the run tour . it served as the couple ' s first co - headlining stadium tour together . on august 24 , 2014 , she received the video vanguard award at the 2014 mtv video music awards . knowles also took home three competitive awards : best video with a social message and best cinematography for " pretty hurts " , as well as best collaboration for " drunk in love " . in november , forbes reported that beyonce was the top - earning woman in music for the second year in a row — earning $ 115 million in the year , more than double her earnings in 2013 . beyonce was reissued with new material in three forms : as an extended play , a box set , as well as a full platinum edition . [ sep ] drunk in love
on december 13 , 2013 , beyonce unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the itunes store without any prior announcement or promotion . the album debuted atop the billboard 200 chart , giving beyonce her fifth consecutive number - one album in the us . this made her the first woman in the chart ' s history to have her first five studio albums debut at number one . beyonce received critical acclaim and commercial success , selling one million digital copies worldwide in six days ; the new york times noted the album ' s unconventional , unexpected release as significant . musically an electro - r & b album , it concerns darker themes previously unexplored in her work , such as " bulimia , postnatal depression [ and ] the fears and insecurities of marriage and motherhood " . the single " drunk in love " , featuring jay z , peaked at number two on the billboard hot 100 chart . in april 2014 , after much speculation in the weeks before , beyonce and jay z officially announced their on the run tour . it served as the couple ' s first co - headlining stadium tour together . on august 24 , 2014 , she received the video vanguard award at the 2014 mtv video music awards . knowles also took home three competitive awards : best video with a social message and best cinematography for " pretty hurts " , as well as best collaboration for " drunk in love " . in november , forbes reported that beyonce was the top - earning woman in music for the second year in a row — earning $ 115 million in the year , more than double her earnings in 2013 . beyonce was reissued with new material in three forms : as an extended play , a box set , as well as a full platinum edition . [ sep ] on the run tour .
at the 57th annual grammy awards in february 2015 , beyonce was nominated for six awards , ultimately winning three : best r & b performance and best r & b song for " drunk in love " , and best surround sound album for beyonce . she was nominated for album of the year but the award was won by beck for his morning phase album . in august , the cover of the september issue of vogue magazine was unveiled online , beyonce as the cover star , becoming the first african - american artist and third african - american woman in general to cover the september issue . she headlined the 2015 made in america festival in early september and also the global citizen festival later that month . beyonce made an uncredited featured appearance on the track " hymn for the weekend " by british rock band coldplay , on their seventh studio album a head full of dreams ( 2015 ) , which saw release in december . on january 7 , 2016 , pepsi announced beyonce would perform alongside coldplay at super bowl 50 in february . knowles has previously performed at four super bowl shows throughout her career , serving as the main headliner of the 47th super bowl halftime show in 2013 . [ sep ] six
at the 57th annual grammy awards in february 2015 , beyonce was nominated for six awards , ultimately winning three : best r & b performance and best r & b song for " drunk in love " , and best surround sound album for beyonce . she was nominated for album of the year but the award was won by beck for his morning phase album . in august , the cover of the september issue of vogue magazine was unveiled online , beyonce as the cover star , becoming the first african - american artist and third african - american woman in general to cover the september issue . she headlined the 2015 made in america festival in early september and also the global citizen festival later that month . beyonce made an uncredited featured appearance on the track " hymn for the weekend " by british rock band coldplay , on their seventh studio album a head full of dreams ( 2015 ) , which saw release in december . on january 7 , 2016 , pepsi announced beyonce would perform alongside coldplay at super bowl 50 in february . knowles has previously performed at four super bowl shows throughout her career , serving as the main headliner of the 47th super bowl halftime show in 2013 . [ sep ] three
at the 57th annual grammy awards in february 2015 , beyonce was nominated for six awards , ultimately winning three : best r & b performance and best r & b song for " drunk in love " , and best surround sound album for beyonce . she was nominated for album of the year but the award was won by beck for his morning phase album . in august , the cover of the september issue of vogue magazine was unveiled online , beyonce as the cover star , becoming the first african - american artist and third african - american woman in general to cover the september issue . she headlined the 2015 made in america festival in early september and also the global citizen festival later that month . beyonce made an uncredited featured appearance on the track " hymn for the weekend " by british rock band coldplay , on their seventh studio album a head full of dreams ( 2015 ) , which saw release in december . on january 7 , 2016 , pepsi announced beyonce would perform alongside coldplay at super bowl 50 in february . knowles has previously performed at four super bowl shows throughout her career , serving as the main headliner of the 47th super bowl halftime show in 2013 . [ sep ] beck
at the 57th annual grammy awards in february 2015 , beyonce was nominated for six awards , ultimately winning three : best r & b performance and best r & b song for " drunk in love " , and best surround sound album for beyonce . she was nominated for album of the year but the award was won by beck for his morning phase album . in august , the cover of the september issue of vogue magazine was unveiled online , beyonce as the cover star , becoming the first african - american artist and third african - american woman in general to cover the september issue . she headlined the 2015 made in america festival in early september and also the global citizen festival later that month . beyonce made an uncredited featured appearance on the track " hymn for the weekend " by british rock band coldplay , on their seventh studio album a head full of dreams ( 2015 ) , which saw release in december . on january 7 , 2016 , pepsi announced beyonce would perform alongside coldplay at super bowl 50 in february . knowles has previously performed at four super bowl shows throughout her career , serving as the main headliner of the 47th super bowl halftime show in 2013 . [ sep ] vogue
at the 57th annual grammy awards in february 2015 , beyonce was nominated for six awards , ultimately winning three : best r & b performance and best r & b song for " drunk in love " , and best surround sound album for beyonce . she was nominated for album of the year but the award was won by beck for his morning phase album . in august , the cover of the september issue of vogue magazine was unveiled online , beyonce as the cover star , becoming the first african - american artist and third african - american woman in general to cover the september issue . she headlined the 2015 made in america festival in early september and also the global citizen festival later that month . beyonce made an uncredited featured appearance on the track " hymn for the weekend " by british rock band coldplay , on their seventh studio album a head full of dreams ( 2015 ) , which saw release in december . on january 7 , 2016 , pepsi announced beyonce would perform alongside coldplay at super bowl 50 in february . knowles has previously performed at four super bowl shows throughout her career , serving as the main headliner of the 47th super bowl halftime show in 2013 . [ sep ] coldplay
on february 6 , 2016 , one day before her performance at the super bowl , beyonce released a new single exclusively on music streaming service tidal called " formation " . [ sep ] february 6 , 2016
on february 6 , 2016 , one day before her performance at the super bowl , beyonce released a new single exclusively on music streaming service tidal called " formation " . [ sep ] tidal
beyonce is believed to have first started a relationship with jay z after a collaboration on " ' 03 bonnie & clyde " , which appeared on his seventh album the blueprint 2 : the gift & the curse ( 2002 ) . beyonce appeared as jay z ' s girlfriend in the music video for the song , which would further fuel speculation of their relationship . on april 4 , 2008 , beyonce and jay z were married without publicity . as of april 2014 , the couple have sold a combined 300 million records together . the couple are known for their private relationship , although they have appeared to become more relaxed in recent years . beyonce suffered a miscarriage in 2010 or 2011 , describing it as " the saddest thing " she had ever endured . she returned to the studio and wrote music in order to cope with the loss . in april 2011 , beyonce and jay z traveled to paris in order to shoot the album cover for her 4 , and unexpectedly became pregnant in paris . [ sep ] ' 03 bonnie & clyde
beyonce is believed to have first started a relationship with jay z after a collaboration on " ' 03 bonnie & clyde " , which appeared on his seventh album the blueprint 2 : the gift & the curse ( 2002 ) . beyonce appeared as jay z ' s girlfriend in the music video for the song , which would further fuel speculation of their relationship . on april 4 , 2008 , beyonce and jay z were married without publicity . as of april 2014 , the couple have sold a combined 300 million records together . the couple are known for their private relationship , although they have appeared to become more relaxed in recent years . beyonce suffered a miscarriage in 2010 or 2011 , describing it as " the saddest thing " she had ever endured . she returned to the studio and wrote music in order to cope with the loss . in april 2011 , beyonce and jay z traveled to paris in order to shoot the album cover for her 4 , and unexpectedly became pregnant in paris . [ sep ] april 4 , 2008
beyonce is believed to have first started a relationship with jay z after a collaboration on " ' 03 bonnie & clyde " , which appeared on his seventh album the blueprint 2 : the gift & the curse ( 2002 ) . beyonce appeared as jay z ' s girlfriend in the music video for the song , which would further fuel speculation of their relationship . on april 4 , 2008 , beyonce and jay z were married without publicity . as of april 2014 , the couple have sold a combined 300 million records together . the couple are known for their private relationship , although they have appeared to become more relaxed in recent years . beyonce suffered a miscarriage in 2010 or 2011 , describing it as " the saddest thing " she had ever endured . she returned to the studio and wrote music in order to cope with the loss . in april 2011 , beyonce and jay z traveled to paris in order to shoot the album cover for her 4 , and unexpectedly became pregnant in paris . [ sep ] 300 million
beyonce is believed to have first started a relationship with jay z after a collaboration on " ' 03 bonnie & clyde " , which appeared on his seventh album the blueprint 2 : the gift & the curse ( 2002 ) . beyonce appeared as jay z ' s girlfriend in the music video for the song , which would further fuel speculation of their relationship . on april 4 , 2008 , beyonce and jay z were married without publicity . as of april 2014 , the couple have sold a combined 300 million records together . the couple are known for their private relationship , although they have appeared to become more relaxed in recent years . beyonce suffered a miscarriage in 2010 or 2011 , describing it as " the saddest thing " she had ever endured . she returned to the studio and wrote music in order to cope with the loss . in april 2011 , beyonce and jay z traveled to paris in order to shoot the album cover for her 4 , and unexpectedly became pregnant in paris . [ sep ] miscarriage
beyonce is believed to have first started a relationship with jay z after a collaboration on " ' 03 bonnie & clyde " , which appeared on his seventh album the blueprint 2 : the gift & the curse ( 2002 ) . beyonce appeared as jay z ' s girlfriend in the music video for the song , which would further fuel speculation of their relationship . on april 4 , 2008 , beyonce and jay z were married without publicity . as of april 2014 , the couple have sold a combined 300 million records together . the couple are known for their private relationship , although they have appeared to become more relaxed in recent years . beyonce suffered a miscarriage in 2010 or 2011 , describing it as " the saddest thing " she had ever endured . she returned to the studio and wrote music in order to cope with the loss . in april 2011 , beyonce and jay z traveled to paris in order to shoot the album cover for her 4 , and unexpectedly became pregnant in paris . [ sep ] paris .
in august , the couple attended the 2011 mtv video music awards , at which beyonce performed " love on top " and started the performance saying " tonight i want you to stand up on your feet , i want you to feel the love that ' s growing inside of me " . at the end of the performance , she dropped her microphone , unbuttoned her blazer and rubbed her stomach , confirming her pregnancy she had alluded to earlier in the evening . her appearance helped that year ' s mtv video music awards become the most - watched broadcast in mtv history , pulling in 12 . 4 million viewers ; the announcement was listed in guinness world records for " most tweets per second recorded for a single event " on twitter , receiving 8 , 868 tweets per second and " beyonce pregnant " was the most googled term the week of august 29 , 2011 . [ sep ] 2011 mtv video music awards
in august , the couple attended the 2011 mtv video music awards , at which beyonce performed " love on top " and started the performance saying " tonight i want you to stand up on your feet , i want you to feel the love that ' s growing inside of me " . at the end of the performance , she dropped her microphone , unbuttoned her blazer and rubbed her stomach , confirming her pregnancy she had alluded to earlier in the evening . her appearance helped that year ' s mtv video music awards become the most - watched broadcast in mtv history , pulling in 12 . 4 million viewers ; the announcement was listed in guinness world records for " most tweets per second recorded for a single event " on twitter , receiving 8 , 868 tweets per second and " beyonce pregnant " was the most googled term the week of august 29 , 2011 . [ sep ] love on top
in august , the couple attended the 2011 mtv video music awards , at which beyonce performed " love on top " and started the performance saying " tonight i want you to stand up on your feet , i want you to feel the love that ' s growing inside of me " . at the end of the performance , she dropped her microphone , unbuttoned her blazer and rubbed her stomach , confirming her pregnancy she had alluded to earlier in the evening . her appearance helped that year ' s mtv video music awards become the most - watched broadcast in mtv history , pulling in 12 . 4 million viewers ; the announcement was listed in guinness world records for " most tweets per second recorded for a single event " on twitter , receiving 8 , 868 tweets per second and " beyonce pregnant " was the most googled term the week of august 29 , 2011 . [ sep ] 12 . 4 million
in august , the couple attended the 2011 mtv video music awards , at which beyonce performed " love on top " and started the performance saying " tonight i want you to stand up on your feet , i want you to feel the love that ' s growing inside of me " . at the end of the performance , she dropped her microphone , unbuttoned her blazer and rubbed her stomach , confirming her pregnancy she had alluded to earlier in the evening . her appearance helped that year ' s mtv video music awards become the most - watched broadcast in mtv history , pulling in 12 . 4 million viewers ; the announcement was listed in guinness world records for " most tweets per second recorded for a single event " on twitter , receiving 8 , 868 tweets per second and " beyonce pregnant " was the most googled term the week of august 29 , 2011 . [ sep ] beyonce pregnant
on january 7 , 2012 , beyonce gave birth to a daughter , blue ivy carter , at lenox hill hospital in new york under heavy security . two days later , jay z released " glory " , a song dedicated to their child , on his website lifeandtimes . com . the song detailed the couple ' s pregnancy struggles , including a miscarriage beyonce suffered before becoming pregnant with blue ivy . blue ivy ' s cries are included at the end of the song , and she was officially credited as " b . i . c . " on it . at two days old , she became the youngest person ever to appear on a billboard chart when " glory " debuted on the hot r & b / hip - hop songs chart . [ sep ] january 7 , 2012
on january 7 , 2012 , beyonce gave birth to a daughter , blue ivy carter , at lenox hill hospital in new york under heavy security . two days later , jay z released " glory " , a song dedicated to their child , on his website lifeandtimes . com . the song detailed the couple ' s pregnancy struggles , including a miscarriage beyonce suffered before becoming pregnant with blue ivy . blue ivy ' s cries are included at the end of the song , and she was officially credited as " b . i . c . " on it . at two days old , she became the youngest person ever to appear on a billboard chart when " glory " debuted on the hot r & b / hip - hop songs chart . [ sep ] blue ivy carter
on january 7 , 2012 , beyonce gave birth to a daughter , blue ivy carter , at lenox hill hospital in new york under heavy security . two days later , jay z released " glory " , a song dedicated to their child , on his website lifeandtimes . com . the song detailed the couple ' s pregnancy struggles , including a miscarriage beyonce suffered before becoming pregnant with blue ivy . blue ivy ' s cries are included at the end of the song , and she was officially credited as " b . i . c . " on it . at two days old , she became the youngest person ever to appear on a billboard chart when " glory " debuted on the hot r & b / hip - hop songs chart . [ sep ] glory
on january 7 , 2012 , beyonce gave birth to a daughter , blue ivy carter , at lenox hill hospital in new york under heavy security . two days later , jay z released " glory " , a song dedicated to their child , on his website lifeandtimes . com . the song detailed the couple ' s pregnancy struggles , including a miscarriage beyonce suffered before becoming pregnant with blue ivy . blue ivy ' s cries are included at the end of the song , and she was officially credited as " b . i . c . " on it . at two days old , she became the youngest person ever to appear on a billboard chart when " glory " debuted on the hot r & b / hip - hop songs chart . [ sep ] blue ivy ' s cries
on january 7 , 2012 , beyonce gave birth to a daughter , blue ivy carter , at lenox hill hospital in new york under heavy security . two days later , jay z released " glory " , a song dedicated to their child , on his website lifeandtimes . com . the song detailed the couple ' s pregnancy struggles , including a miscarriage beyonce suffered before becoming pregnant with blue ivy . blue ivy ' s cries are included at the end of the song , and she was officially credited as " b . i . c . " on it . at two days old , she became the youngest person ever to appear on a billboard chart when " glory " debuted on the hot r & b / hip - hop songs chart . [ sep ] b . i . c .
beyonce and husband jay z are friends with president barack obama and first lady michelle obama . she performed " america the beautiful " at the 2009 presidential inauguration , as well as " at last " during the first inaugural dance at the neighborhood ball two days later . beyonce and jay z held a fundraiser at the latter ' s 40 / 40 club in manhattan for obama ' s 2012 presidential campaign which raised $ 4 million . beyonce uploaded pictures of her paper ballot on tumblr , confirming she had voted in support for the democratic party and to encourage others to do so . she also performed the american national anthem at his second inauguration , singing along with a pre - recorded track . she publicly endorsed same sex marriage on march 26 , 2013 , after the supreme court debate on california ' s proposition 8 . in july 2013 , beyonce and jay - z attended a rally in response to the acquittal of george zimmerman for the shooting of trayvon martin . [ sep ] america the beautiful
beyonce and husband jay z are friends with president barack obama and first lady michelle obama . she performed " america the beautiful " at the 2009 presidential inauguration , as well as " at last " during the first inaugural dance at the neighborhood ball two days later . beyonce and jay z held a fundraiser at the latter ' s 40 / 40 club in manhattan for obama ' s 2012 presidential campaign which raised $ 4 million . beyonce uploaded pictures of her paper ballot on tumblr , confirming she had voted in support for the democratic party and to encourage others to do so . she also performed the american national anthem at his second inauguration , singing along with a pre - recorded track . she publicly endorsed same sex marriage on march 26 , 2013 , after the supreme court debate on california ' s proposition 8 . in july 2013 , beyonce and jay - z attended a rally in response to the acquittal of george zimmerman for the shooting of trayvon martin . [ sep ] at last
beyonce and husband jay z are friends with president barack obama and first lady michelle obama . she performed " america the beautiful " at the 2009 presidential inauguration , as well as " at last " during the first inaugural dance at the neighborhood ball two days later . beyonce and jay z held a fundraiser at the latter ' s 40 / 40 club in manhattan for obama ' s 2012 presidential campaign which raised $ 4 million . beyonce uploaded pictures of her paper ballot on tumblr , confirming she had voted in support for the democratic party and to encourage others to do so . she also performed the american national anthem at his second inauguration , singing along with a pre - recorded track . she publicly endorsed same sex marriage on march 26 , 2013 , after the supreme court debate on california ' s proposition 8 . in july 2013 , beyonce and jay - z attended a rally in response to the acquittal of george zimmerman for the shooting of trayvon martin . [ sep ] tumblr
beyonce and husband jay z are friends with president barack obama and first lady michelle obama . she performed " america the beautiful " at the 2009 presidential inauguration , as well as " at last " during the first inaugural dance at the neighborhood ball two days later . beyonce and jay z held a fundraiser at the latter ' s 40 / 40 club in manhattan for obama ' s 2012 presidential campaign which raised $ 4 million . beyonce uploaded pictures of her paper ballot on tumblr , confirming she had voted in support for the democratic party and to encourage others to do so . she also performed the american national anthem at his second inauguration , singing along with a pre - recorded track . she publicly endorsed same sex marriage on march 26 , 2013 , after the supreme court debate on california ' s proposition 8 . in july 2013 , beyonce and jay - z attended a rally in response to the acquittal of george zimmerman for the shooting of trayvon martin . [ sep ] same sex marriage
in an interview published by vogue in april 2013 , beyonce was asked if she considers herself a feminist , to which she said , " that word can be very extreme . . . but i guess i am a modern - day feminist . i do believe in equality " . she would later align herself more publicly with the movement , sampling " we should all be feminists " , a speech delivered by nigerian author chimamanda ngozi adichie at a tedxeuston conference in april 2013 , in her song " flawless " , released later that year . she has also contributed to the ban bossy campaign , which uses television and social media to encourage leadership in girls . [ sep ] chimamanda ngozi adichie
in an interview published by vogue in april 2013 , beyonce was asked if she considers herself a feminist , to which she said , " that word can be very extreme . . . but i guess i am a modern - day feminist . i do believe in equality " . she would later align herself more publicly with the movement , sampling " we should all be feminists " , a speech delivered by nigerian author chimamanda ngozi adichie at a tedxeuston conference in april 2013 , in her song " flawless " , released later that year . she has also contributed to the ban bossy campaign , which uses television and social media to encourage leadership in girls . [ sep ] ban bossy
dogs are highly variable in height and weight . the smallest known adult dog was a yorkshire terrier , that stood only 6 . 3 cm ( 2 . 5 in ) at the shoulder , 9 . 5 cm ( 3 . 7 in ) in length along the head - and - body , and weighed only 113 grams ( 4 . 0 oz ) . the largest known dog was an english mastiff which weighed 155 . 6 kg ( 343 lb ) and was 250 cm ( 98 in ) from the snout to the tail . the tallest dog is a great dane that stands 106 . 7 cm ( 42 . 0 in ) at the shoulder . [ sep ] height and weight .
dogs are highly variable in height and weight . the smallest known adult dog was a yorkshire terrier , that stood only 6 . 3 cm ( 2 . 5 in ) at the shoulder , 9 . 5 cm ( 3 . 7 in ) in length along the head - and - body , and weighed only 113 grams ( 4 . 0 oz ) . the largest known dog was an english mastiff which weighed 155 . 6 kg ( 343 lb ) and was 250 cm ( 98 in ) from the snout to the tail . the tallest dog is a great dane that stands 106 . 7 cm ( 42 . 0 in ) at the shoulder . [ sep ] english mastiff
in 2015 beyonce signed an open letter which the one campaign had been collecting signatures for ; the letter was addressed to angela merkel and nkosazana dlamini - zuma , urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the g7 in germany and the au in south africa respectively , which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main un summit in september 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation . [ sep ] the one campaign
in 2015 beyonce signed an open letter which the one campaign had been collecting signatures for ; the letter was addressed to angela merkel and nkosazana dlamini - zuma , urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the g7 in germany and the au in south africa respectively , which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main un summit in september 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation . [ sep ] angela merkel and nkosazana dlamini - zuma
in 2015 beyonce signed an open letter which the one campaign had been collecting signatures for ; the letter was addressed to angela merkel and nkosazana dlamini - zuma , urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the g7 in germany and the au in south africa respectively , which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main un summit in september 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation . [ sep ] the head of the g7 in germany
in 2015 beyonce signed an open letter which the one campaign had been collecting signatures for ; the letter was addressed to angela merkel and nkosazana dlamini - zuma , urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the g7 in germany and the au in south africa respectively , which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main un summit in september 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation . [ sep ] women
forbes magazine began reporting on beyonce ' s earnings in 2008 , calculating that the $ 80 million earned between june 2007 to june 2008 , for her music , tour , films and clothing line made her the world ' s best - paid music personality at the time , above madonna and celine dion . they placed her fourth on the celebrity 100 list in 2009 and ninth on the " most powerful women in the world " list in 2010 . the following year , forbes placed her eighth on the " best - paid celebrities under 30 " list , having earned $ 35 million in the past year for her clothing line and endorsement deals . in 2012 , forbes placed beyonce at number 16 on the celebrity 100 list , twelve places lower than three years ago yet still having earned $ 40 million in the past year for her album 4 , clothing line and endorsement deals . in the same year , beyonce and jay z placed at number one on the " world ' s highest - paid celebrity couples " , for collectively earning $ 78 million . the couple made it into the previous year ' s guinness world records as the " highest - earning power couple " for collectively earning $ 122 million in 2009 . for the years 2009 to 2011 , beyonce earned an average of $ 70 million per year , and earned $ 40 million in 2012 . in 2013 , beyonce ' s endorsements of pepsi and h & m made her and jay z the world ' s first billion dollar couple in the music industry . that year , beyonce was published as the fourth most - powerful celebrity in the forbes rankings . mtv estimated that by the end of 2014 , beyonce would become the highest - paid black musician in history ; she succeeded to do so in april 2014 . in june 2014 , beyonce ranked at # 1 on the forbes celebrity 100 list , earning an estimated $ 115 million throughout june 2013 – june 2014 . this in turn was the first time she had topped the celebrity 100 list as well as being her highest yearly earnings to date . as of may 2015 , her net worth is estimated to be $ 250 million . [ sep ] forbes
forbes magazine began reporting on beyonce ' s earnings in 2008 , calculating that the $ 80 million earned between june 2007 to june 2008 , for her music , tour , films and clothing line made her the world ' s best - paid music personality at the time , above madonna and celine dion . they placed her fourth on the celebrity 100 list in 2009 and ninth on the " most powerful women in the world " list in 2010 . the following year , forbes placed her eighth on the " best - paid celebrities under 30 " list , having earned $ 35 million in the past year for her clothing line and endorsement deals . in 2012 , forbes placed beyonce at number 16 on the celebrity 100 list , twelve places lower than three years ago yet still having earned $ 40 million in the past year for her album 4 , clothing line and endorsement deals . in the same year , beyonce and jay z placed at number one on the " world ' s highest - paid celebrity couples " , for collectively earning $ 78 million . the couple made it into the previous year ' s guinness world records as the " highest - earning power couple " for collectively earning $ 122 million in 2009 . for the years 2009 to 2011 , beyonce earned an average of $ 70 million per year , and earned $ 40 million in 2012 . in 2013 , beyonce ' s endorsements of pepsi and h & m made her and jay z the world ' s first billion dollar couple in the music industry . that year , beyonce was published as the fourth most - powerful celebrity in the forbes rankings . mtv estimated that by the end of 2014 , beyonce would become the highest - paid black musician in history ; she succeeded to do so in april 2014 . in june 2014 , beyonce ranked at # 1 on the forbes celebrity 100 list , earning an estimated $ 115 million throughout june 2013 – june 2014 . this in turn was the first time she had topped the celebrity 100 list as well as being her highest yearly earnings to date . as of may 2015 , her net worth is estimated to be $ 250 million . [ sep ] april 2014 .
forbes magazine began reporting on beyonce ' s earnings in 2008 , calculating that the $ 80 million earned between june 2007 to june 2008 , for her music , tour , films and clothing line made her the world ' s best - paid music personality at the time , above madonna and celine dion . they placed her fourth on the celebrity 100 list in 2009 and ninth on the " most powerful women in the world " list in 2010 . the following year , forbes placed her eighth on the " best - paid celebrities under 30 " list , having earned $ 35 million in the past year for her clothing line and endorsement deals . in 2012 , forbes placed beyonce at number 16 on the celebrity 100 list , twelve places lower than three years ago yet still having earned $ 40 million in the past year for her album 4 , clothing line and endorsement deals . in the same year , beyonce and jay z placed at number one on the " world ' s highest - paid celebrity couples " , for collectively earning $ 78 million . the couple made it into the previous year ' s guinness world records as the " highest - earning power couple " for collectively earning $ 122 million in 2009 . for the years 2009 to 2011 , beyonce earned an average of $ 70 million per year , and earned $ 40 million in 2012 . in 2013 , beyonce ' s endorsements of pepsi and h & m made her and jay z the world ' s first billion dollar couple in the music industry . that year , beyonce was published as the fourth most - powerful celebrity in the forbes rankings . mtv estimated that by the end of 2014 , beyonce would become the highest - paid black musician in history ; she succeeded to do so in april 2014 . in june 2014 , beyonce ranked at # 1 on the forbes celebrity 100 list , earning an estimated $ 115 million throughout june 2013 – june 2014 . this in turn was the first time she had topped the celebrity 100 list as well as being her highest yearly earnings to date . as of may 2015 , her net worth is estimated to be $ 250 million . [ sep ] mtv
forbes magazine began reporting on beyonce ' s earnings in 2008 , calculating that the $ 80 million earned between june 2007 to june 2008 , for her music , tour , films and clothing line made her the world ' s best - paid music personality at the time , above madonna and celine dion . they placed her fourth on the celebrity 100 list in 2009 and ninth on the " most powerful women in the world " list in 2010 . the following year , forbes placed her eighth on the " best - paid celebrities under 30 " list , having earned $ 35 million in the past year for her clothing line and endorsement deals . in 2012 , forbes placed beyonce at number 16 on the celebrity 100 list , twelve places lower than three years ago yet still having earned $ 40 million in the past year for her album 4 , clothing line and endorsement deals . in the same year , beyonce and jay z placed at number one on the " world ' s highest - paid celebrity couples " , for collectively earning $ 78 million . the couple made it into the previous year ' s guinness world records as the " highest - earning power couple " for collectively earning $ 122 million in 2009 . for the years 2009 to 2011 , beyonce earned an average of $ 70 million per year , and earned $ 40 million in 2012 . in 2013 , beyonce ' s endorsements of pepsi and h & m made her and jay z the world ' s first billion dollar couple in the music industry . that year , beyonce was published as the fourth most - powerful celebrity in the forbes rankings . mtv estimated that by the end of 2014 , beyonce would become the highest - paid black musician in history ; she succeeded to do so in april 2014 . in june 2014 , beyonce ranked at # 1 on the forbes celebrity 100 list , earning an estimated $ 115 million throughout june 2013 – june 2014 . this in turn was the first time she had topped the celebrity 100 list as well as being her highest yearly earnings to date . as of may 2015 , her net worth is estimated to be $ 250 million . [ sep ] 2013
beyonce ' s vocal range spans four octaves . jody rosen highlights her tone and timbre as particularly distinctive , describing her voice as " one of the most compelling instruments in popular music " . while another critic says she is a " vocal acrobat , being able to sing long and complex melismas and vocal runs effortlessly , and in key . her vocal abilities mean she is identified as the centerpiece of destiny ' s child . the daily mail calls beyonce ' s voice " versatile " , capable of exploring power ballads , soul , rock belting , operatic flourishes , and hip hop . jon pareles of the new york times commented that her voice is " velvety yet tart , with an insistent flutter and reserves of soul belting " . rosen notes that the hip hop era highly influenced beyonce ' s strange rhythmic vocal style , but also finds her quite traditionalist in her use of balladry , gospel and falsetto . other critics praise her range and power , with chris richards of the washington post saying she was " capable of punctuating any beat with goose - bump - inducing whispers or full - bore diva - roars . " [ sep ] four
beyonce ' s vocal range spans four octaves . jody rosen highlights her tone and timbre as particularly distinctive , describing her voice as " one of the most compelling instruments in popular music " . while another critic says she is a " vocal acrobat , being able to sing long and complex melismas and vocal runs effortlessly , and in key . her vocal abilities mean she is identified as the centerpiece of destiny ' s child . the daily mail calls beyonce ' s voice " versatile " , capable of exploring power ballads , soul , rock belting , operatic flourishes , and hip hop . jon pareles of the new york times commented that her voice is " velvety yet tart , with an insistent flutter and reserves of soul belting " . rosen notes that the hip hop era highly influenced beyonce ' s strange rhythmic vocal style , but also finds her quite traditionalist in her use of balladry , gospel and falsetto . other critics praise her range and power , with chris richards of the washington post saying she was " capable of punctuating any beat with goose - bump - inducing whispers or full - bore diva - roars . " [ sep ] her vocal abilities
beyonce ' s vocal range spans four octaves . jody rosen highlights her tone and timbre as particularly distinctive , describing her voice as " one of the most compelling instruments in popular music " . while another critic says she is a " vocal acrobat , being able to sing long and complex melismas and vocal runs effortlessly , and in key . her vocal abilities mean she is identified as the centerpiece of destiny ' s child . the daily mail calls beyonce ' s voice " versatile " , capable of exploring power ballads , soul , rock belting , operatic flourishes , and hip hop . jon pareles of the new york times commented that her voice is " velvety yet tart , with an insistent flutter and reserves of soul belting " . rosen notes that the hip hop era highly influenced beyonce ' s strange rhythmic vocal style , but also finds her quite traditionalist in her use of balladry , gospel and falsetto . other critics praise her range and power , with chris richards of the washington post saying she was " capable of punctuating any beat with goose - bump - inducing whispers or full - bore diva - roars . " [ sep ] tart
beyonce ' s vocal range spans four octaves . jody rosen highlights her tone and timbre as particularly distinctive , describing her voice as " one of the most compelling instruments in popular music " . while another critic says she is a " vocal acrobat , being able to sing long and complex melismas and vocal runs effortlessly , and in key . her vocal abilities mean she is identified as the centerpiece of destiny ' s child . the daily mail calls beyonce ' s voice " versatile " , capable of exploring power ballads , soul , rock belting , operatic flourishes , and hip hop . jon pareles of the new york times commented that her voice is " velvety yet tart , with an insistent flutter and reserves of soul belting " . rosen notes that the hip hop era highly influenced beyonce ' s strange rhythmic vocal style , but also finds her quite traditionalist in her use of balladry , gospel and falsetto . other critics praise her range and power , with chris richards of the washington post saying she was " capable of punctuating any beat with goose - bump - inducing whispers or full - bore diva - roars . " [ sep ] the hip hop era
beyonce ' s music is generally r & b , but she also incorporates pop , soul and funk into her songs . 4 demonstrated beyonce ' s exploration of 90s - style r & b , as well as further use of soul and hip hop than compared to previous releases . while she almost exclusively releases english songs , beyonce recorded several spanish songs for irreemplazable ( re - recordings of songs from b ' day for a spanish - language audience ) , and the re - release of b ' day . to record these , beyonce was coached phonetically by american record producer rudy perez . [ sep ] r & b
beyonce ' s music is generally r & b , but she also incorporates pop , soul and funk into her songs . 4 demonstrated beyonce ' s exploration of 90s - style r & b , as well as further use of soul and hip hop than compared to previous releases . while she almost exclusively releases english songs , beyonce recorded several spanish songs for irreemplazable ( re - recordings of songs from b ' day for a spanish - language audience ) , and the re - release of b ' day . to record these , beyonce was coached phonetically by american record producer rudy perez . [ sep ] spanish
beyonce ' s music is generally r & b , but she also incorporates pop , soul and funk into her songs . 4 demonstrated beyonce ' s exploration of 90s - style r & b , as well as further use of soul and hip hop than compared to previous releases . while she almost exclusively releases english songs , beyonce recorded several spanish songs for irreemplazable ( re - recordings of songs from b ' day for a spanish - language audience ) , and the re - release of b ' day . to record these , beyonce was coached phonetically by american record producer rudy perez . [ sep ] rudy perez .
beyonce ' s music is generally r & b , but she also incorporates pop , soul and funk into her songs . 4 demonstrated beyonce ' s exploration of 90s - style r & b , as well as further use of soul and hip hop than compared to previous releases . while she almost exclusively releases english songs , beyonce recorded several spanish songs for irreemplazable ( re - recordings of songs from b ' day for a spanish - language audience ) , and the re - release of b ' day . to record these , beyonce was coached phonetically by american record producer rudy perez . [ sep ] b ' day .
she has received co - writing credits for most of the songs recorded with destiny ' s child and her solo efforts . her early songs were personally driven and female - empowerment themed compositions like " independent women " and " survivor " , but after the start of her relationship with jay z she transitioned to more man - tending anthems such as " cater 2 u " . beyonce has also received co - producing credits for most of the records in which she has been involved , especially during her solo efforts . however , she does not formulate beats herself , but typically comes up with melodies and ideas during production , sharing them with producers . [ sep ] women
she has received co - writing credits for most of the songs recorded with destiny ' s child and her solo efforts . her early songs were personally driven and female - empowerment themed compositions like " independent women " and " survivor " , but after the start of her relationship with jay z she transitioned to more man - tending anthems such as " cater 2 u " . beyonce has also received co - producing credits for most of the records in which she has been involved , especially during her solo efforts . however , she does not formulate beats herself , but typically comes up with melodies and ideas during production , sharing them with producers . [ sep ] co - producing
she has received co - writing credits for most of the songs recorded with destiny ' s child and her solo efforts . her early songs were personally driven and female - empowerment themed compositions like " independent women " and " survivor " , but after the start of her relationship with jay z she transitioned to more man - tending anthems such as " cater 2 u " . beyonce has also received co - producing credits for most of the records in which she has been involved , especially during her solo efforts . however , she does not formulate beats herself , but typically comes up with melodies and ideas during production , sharing them with producers . [ sep ] melodies and ideas
in 2001 , she became the first african - american woman and second woman songwriter to win the pop songwriter of the year award at the american society of composers , authors , and publishers pop music awards . beyonce was the third woman to have writing credits on three number one songs ( " irreplaceable " , " grillz " and " check on it " ) in the same year , after carole king in 1971 and mariah carey in 1991 . she is tied with american songwriter diane warren at third with nine songwriting credits on number - one singles . ( the latter wrote her 9 / 11 - motivated song " i was here " for 4 . ) in may 2011 , billboard magazine listed beyonce at number 17 on their list of the " top 20 hot 100 songwriters " , for having co - written eight singles that hit number one on the billboard hot 100 chart . she was one of only three women on that list . [ sep ] pop songwriter of the year award
in 2001 , she became the first african - american woman and second woman songwriter to win the pop songwriter of the year award at the american society of composers , authors , and publishers pop music awards . beyonce was the third woman to have writing credits on three number one songs ( " irreplaceable " , " grillz " and " check on it " ) in the same year , after carole king in 1971 and mariah carey in 1991 . she is tied with american songwriter diane warren at third with nine songwriting credits on number - one singles . ( the latter wrote her 9 / 11 - motivated song " i was here " for 4 . ) in may 2011 , billboard magazine listed beyonce at number 17 on their list of the " top 20 hot 100 songwriters " , for having co - written eight singles that hit number one on the billboard hot 100 chart . she was one of only three women on that list . [ sep ] the american society of composers , authors , and publishers pop music awards .
in 2001 , she became the first african - american woman and second woman songwriter to win the pop songwriter of the year award at the american society of composers , authors , and publishers pop music awards . beyonce was the third woman to have writing credits on three number one songs ( " irreplaceable " , " grillz " and " check on it " ) in the same year , after carole king in 1971 and mariah carey in 1991 . she is tied with american songwriter diane warren at third with nine songwriting credits on number - one singles . ( the latter wrote her 9 / 11 - motivated song " i was here " for 4 . ) in may 2011 , billboard magazine listed beyonce at number 17 on their list of the " top 20 hot 100 songwriters " , for having co - written eight singles that hit number one on the billboard hot 100 chart . she was one of only three women on that list . [ sep ] three
in 2001 , she became the first african - american woman and second woman songwriter to win the pop songwriter of the year award at the american society of composers , authors , and publishers pop music awards . beyonce was the third woman to have writing credits on three number one songs ( " irreplaceable " , " grillz " and " check on it " ) in the same year , after carole king in 1971 and mariah carey in 1991 . she is tied with american songwriter diane warren at third with nine songwriting credits on number - one singles . ( the latter wrote her 9 / 11 - motivated song " i was here " for 4 . ) in may 2011 , billboard magazine listed beyonce at number 17 on their list of the " top 20 hot 100 songwriters " , for having co - written eight singles that hit number one on the billboard hot 100 chart . she was one of only three women on that list . [ sep ] 17
beyonce names michael jackson as her major musical influence . aged five , beyonce attended her first ever concert where jackson performed and she claims to have realised her purpose . when she presented him with a tribute award at the world music awards in 2006 , beyonce said , " if it wasn ' t for michael jackson , i would never ever have performed . " she admires diana ross as an " all - around entertainer " and whitney houston , who she said " inspired me to get up there and do what she did . " she credits mariah carey ' s singing and her song " vision of love " as influencing her to begin practicing vocal runs as a child . her other musical influences include aaliyah , prince , lauryn hill , sade adu , donna summer , mary j . blige , janet jackson , anita baker and rachelle ferrell . [ sep ] michael jackson
beyonce names michael jackson as her major musical influence . aged five , beyonce attended her first ever concert where jackson performed and she claims to have realised her purpose . when she presented him with a tribute award at the world music awards in 2006 , beyonce said , " if it wasn ' t for michael jackson , i would never ever have performed . " she admires diana ross as an " all - around entertainer " and whitney houston , who she said " inspired me to get up there and do what she did . " she credits mariah carey ' s singing and her song " vision of love " as influencing her to begin practicing vocal runs as a child . her other musical influences include aaliyah , prince , lauryn hill , sade adu , donna summer , mary j . blige , janet jackson , anita baker and rachelle ferrell . [ sep ] michael jackson
beyonce names michael jackson as her major musical influence . aged five , beyonce attended her first ever concert where jackson performed and she claims to have realised her purpose . when she presented him with a tribute award at the world music awards in 2006 , beyonce said , " if it wasn ' t for michael jackson , i would never ever have performed . " she admires diana ross as an " all - around entertainer " and whitney houston , who she said " inspired me to get up there and do what she did . " she credits mariah carey ' s singing and her song " vision of love " as influencing her to begin practicing vocal runs as a child . her other musical influences include aaliyah , prince , lauryn hill , sade adu , donna summer , mary j . blige , janet jackson , anita baker and rachelle ferrell . [ sep ] diana ross
beyonce names michael jackson as her major musical influence . aged five , beyonce attended her first ever concert where jackson performed and she claims to have realised her purpose . when she presented him with a tribute award at the world music awards in 2006 , beyonce said , " if it wasn ' t for michael jackson , i would never ever have performed . " she admires diana ross as an " all - around entertainer " and whitney houston , who she said " inspired me to get up there and do what she did . " she credits mariah carey ' s singing and her song " vision of love " as influencing her to begin practicing vocal runs as a child . her other musical influences include aaliyah , prince , lauryn hill , sade adu , donna summer , mary j . blige , janet jackson , anita baker and rachelle ferrell . [ sep ] whitney houston
beyonce names michael jackson as her major musical influence . aged five , beyonce attended her first ever concert where jackson performed and she claims to have realised her purpose . when she presented him with a tribute award at the world music awards in 2006 , beyonce said , " if it wasn ' t for michael jackson , i would never ever have performed . " she admires diana ross as an " all - around entertainer " and whitney houston , who she said " inspired me to get up there and do what she did . " she credits mariah carey ' s singing and her song " vision of love " as influencing her to begin practicing vocal runs as a child . her other musical influences include aaliyah , prince , lauryn hill , sade adu , donna summer , mary j . blige , janet jackson , anita baker and rachelle ferrell . [ sep ] vision of love
the feminism and female empowerment themes on beyonce ' s second solo album b ' day were inspired by her role in dreamgirls and by singer josephine baker . beyonce paid homage to baker by performing " deja vu " at the 2006 fashion rocks concert wearing baker ' s trademark mini - hula skirt embellished with fake bananas . beyonce ' s third solo album i am . . . sasha fierce was inspired by jay z and especially by etta james , whose " boldness " inspired beyonce to explore other musical genres and styles . her fourth solo album , 4 , was inspired by fela kuti , 1990s r & b , earth , wind & fire , debarge , lionel richie , teena marie with additional influences by the jackson 5 , new edition , adele , florence and the machine , and prince . [ sep ] josephine baker .
the feminism and female empowerment themes on beyonce ' s second solo album b ' day were inspired by her role in dreamgirls and by singer josephine baker . beyonce paid homage to baker by performing " deja vu " at the 2006 fashion rocks concert wearing baker ' s trademark mini - hula skirt embellished with fake bananas . beyonce ' s third solo album i am . . . sasha fierce was inspired by jay z and especially by etta james , whose " boldness " inspired beyonce to explore other musical genres and styles . her fourth solo album , 4 , was inspired by fela kuti , 1990s r & b , earth , wind & fire , debarge , lionel richie , teena marie with additional influences by the jackson 5 , new edition , adele , florence and the machine , and prince . [ sep ] deja vu
beyonce has stated that she is personally inspired by us first lady michelle obama , saying " she proves you can do it all " and she has described oprah winfrey as " the definition of inspiration and a strong woman " . she has also discussed how jay z is a continuing inspiration to her , both with what she describes as his lyrical genius and in the obstacles he has overcome in his life . beyonce has expressed admiration for the artist jean - michel basquiat , posting in a letter " what i find in the work of jean - michel basquiat , i search for in every day in music . . . he is lyrical and raw " . in february 2013 , beyonce said that madonna inspired her to take control of her own career . she commented : " i think about madonna and how she took all of the great things she achieved and started the label and developed other artists . but there are not enough of those women . " . [ sep ] first lady michelle obama
beyonce has stated that she is personally inspired by us first lady michelle obama , saying " she proves you can do it all " and she has described oprah winfrey as " the definition of inspiration and a strong woman " . she has also discussed how jay z is a continuing inspiration to her , both with what she describes as his lyrical genius and in the obstacles he has overcome in his life . beyonce has expressed admiration for the artist jean - michel basquiat , posting in a letter " what i find in the work of jean - michel basquiat , i search for in every day in music . . . he is lyrical and raw " . in february 2013 , beyonce said that madonna inspired her to take control of her own career . she commented : " i think about madonna and how she took all of the great things she achieved and started the label and developed other artists . but there are not enough of those women . " . [ sep ] oprah winfrey
beyonce has stated that she is personally inspired by us first lady michelle obama , saying " she proves you can do it all " and she has described oprah winfrey as " the definition of inspiration and a strong woman " . she has also discussed how jay z is a continuing inspiration to her , both with what she describes as his lyrical genius and in the obstacles he has overcome in his life . beyonce has expressed admiration for the artist jean - michel basquiat , posting in a letter " what i find in the work of jean - michel basquiat , i search for in every day in music . . . he is lyrical and raw " . in february 2013 , beyonce said that madonna inspired her to take control of her own career . she commented : " i think about madonna and how she took all of the great things she achieved and started the label and developed other artists . but there are not enough of those women . " . [ sep ] jean - michel basquiat
beyonce has stated that she is personally inspired by us first lady michelle obama , saying " she proves you can do it all " and she has described oprah winfrey as " the definition of inspiration and a strong woman " . she has also discussed how jay z is a continuing inspiration to her , both with what she describes as his lyrical genius and in the obstacles he has overcome in his life . beyonce has expressed admiration for the artist jean - michel basquiat , posting in a letter " what i find in the work of jean - michel basquiat , i search for in every day in music . . . he is lyrical and raw " . in february 2013 , beyonce said that madonna inspired her to take control of her own career . she commented : " i think about madonna and how she took all of the great things she achieved and started the label and developed other artists . but there are not enough of those women . " . [ sep ] madonna
in 2006 , beyonce introduced her all - female tour band suga mama ( also the name of a song in b ' day ) which includes bassists , drummers , guitarists , horn players , keyboardists and percussionists . her background singers , the mamas , consist of montina cooper - donnell , crystal collins and tiffany monique riddick . they made their debut appearance at the 2006 bet awards and re - appeared in the music videos for " irreplaceable " and " green light " . the band have supported beyonce in most subsequent live performances , including her 2007 concert tour the beyonce experience , 2009 – 2010 i am . . . world tour and 2013 – 2014 the mrs . carter show world tour . [ sep ] suga mama
in 2006 , beyonce introduced her all - female tour band suga mama ( also the name of a song in b ' day ) which includes bassists , drummers , guitarists , horn players , keyboardists and percussionists . her background singers , the mamas , consist of montina cooper - donnell , crystal collins and tiffany monique riddick . they made their debut appearance at the 2006 bet awards and re - appeared in the music videos for " irreplaceable " and " green light " . the band have supported beyonce in most subsequent live performances , including her 2007 concert tour the beyonce experience , 2009 – 2010 i am . . . world tour and 2013 – 2014 the mrs . carter show world tour . [ sep ] b ' day
in 2006 , beyonce introduced her all - female tour band suga mama ( also the name of a song in b ' day ) which includes bassists , drummers , guitarists , horn players , keyboardists and percussionists . her background singers , the mamas , consist of montina cooper - donnell , crystal collins and tiffany monique riddick . they made their debut appearance at the 2006 bet awards and re - appeared in the music videos for " irreplaceable " and " green light " . the band have supported beyonce in most subsequent live performances , including her 2007 concert tour the beyonce experience , 2009 – 2010 i am . . . world tour and 2013 – 2014 the mrs . carter show world tour . [ sep ] the mamas
in 2006 , beyonce introduced her all - female tour band suga mama ( also the name of a song in b ' day ) which includes bassists , drummers , guitarists , horn players , keyboardists and percussionists . her background singers , the mamas , consist of montina cooper - donnell , crystal collins and tiffany monique riddick . they made their debut appearance at the 2006 bet awards and re - appeared in the music videos for " irreplaceable " and " green light " . the band have supported beyonce in most subsequent live performances , including her 2007 concert tour the beyonce experience , 2009 – 2010 i am . . . world tour and 2013 – 2014 the mrs . carter show world tour . [ sep ] the 2006 bet awards
beyonce has received praise for her stage presence and voice during live performances . jarett wieselman of the new york post placed her at number one on her list of the five best singer / dancers . according to barbara ellen of the guardian beyonce is the most in - charge female artist she ' s seen onstage , while alice jones of the independent wrote she " takes her role as entertainer so seriously she ' s almost too good . " the ex - president of def jam l . a . reid has described beyonce as the greatest entertainer alive . jim farber of the daily news and stephanie classen of star phoenix both praised her strong voice and her stage presence . [ sep ] jarett wieselman
beyonce has received praise for her stage presence and voice during live performances . jarett wieselman of the new york post placed her at number one on her list of the five best singer / dancers . according to barbara ellen of the guardian beyonce is the most in - charge female artist she ' s seen onstage , while alice jones of the independent wrote she " takes her role as entertainer so seriously she ' s almost too good . " the ex - president of def jam l . a . reid has described beyonce as the greatest entertainer alive . jim farber of the daily news and stephanie classen of star phoenix both praised her strong voice and her stage presence . [ sep ] l . a . reid
described as being " sexy , seductive and provocative " when performing on stage , beyonce has said that she originally created the alter ego " sasha fierce " to keep that stage persona separate from who she really is . she described sasha as being " too aggressive , too strong , too sassy [ and ] too sexy " , stating , " i ' m not like her in real life at all . " sasha was conceived during the making of " crazy in love " , and beyonce introduced her with the release of her 2008 album i am . . . sasha fierce . in february 2010 , she announced in an interview with allure magazine that she was comfortable enough with herself to no longer need sasha fierce . however , beyonce announced in may 2012 that she would bring her back for her revel presents : beyonce live shows later that month . [ sep ] sasha fierce .
described as being " sexy , seductive and provocative " when performing on stage , beyonce has said that she originally created the alter ego " sasha fierce " to keep that stage persona separate from who she really is . she described sasha as being " too aggressive , too strong , too sassy [ and ] too sexy " , stating , " i ' m not like her in real life at all . " sasha was conceived during the making of " crazy in love " , and beyonce introduced her with the release of her 2008 album i am . . . sasha fierce . in february 2010 , she announced in an interview with allure magazine that she was comfortable enough with herself to no longer need sasha fierce . however , beyonce announced in may 2012 that she would bring her back for her revel presents : beyonce live shows later that month . [ sep ] 2008
described as being " sexy , seductive and provocative " when performing on stage , beyonce has said that she originally created the alter ego " sasha fierce " to keep that stage persona separate from who she really is . she described sasha as being " too aggressive , too strong , too sassy [ and ] too sexy " , stating , " i ' m not like her in real life at all . " sasha was conceived during the making of " crazy in love " , and beyonce introduced her with the release of her 2008 album i am . . . sasha fierce . in february 2010 , she announced in an interview with allure magazine that she was comfortable enough with herself to no longer need sasha fierce . however , beyonce announced in may 2012 that she would bring her back for her revel presents : beyonce live shows later that month . [ sep ] crazy in love
described as being " sexy , seductive and provocative " when performing on stage , beyonce has said that she originally created the alter ego " sasha fierce " to keep that stage persona separate from who she really is . she described sasha as being " too aggressive , too strong , too sassy [ and ] too sexy " , stating , " i ' m not like her in real life at all . " sasha was conceived during the making of " crazy in love " , and beyonce introduced her with the release of her 2008 album i am . . . sasha fierce . in february 2010 , she announced in an interview with allure magazine that she was comfortable enough with herself to no longer need sasha fierce . however , beyonce announced in may 2012 that she would bring her back for her revel presents : beyonce live shows later that month . [ sep ] allure magazine
beyonce has been described as a having a wide - ranging sex appeal , with music journalist toure writing that since the release of dangerously in love , she has " become a crossover sex symbol " . offstage beyonce says that while she likes to dress sexily , her onstage dress " is absolutely for the stage . " due to her curves and the term ' s catchiness , in the 2000s , the media often used the term " bootylicious " ( a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious ) to describe beyonce , the term popularized by destiny ' s child ' s single of the same name . in 2006 , it was added to the oxford english dictionary . [ sep ] toure
beyonce has been described as a having a wide - ranging sex appeal , with music journalist toure writing that since the release of dangerously in love , she has " become a crossover sex symbol " . offstage beyonce says that while she likes to dress sexily , her onstage dress " is absolutely for the stage . " due to her curves and the term ' s catchiness , in the 2000s , the media often used the term " bootylicious " ( a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious ) to describe beyonce , the term popularized by destiny ' s child ' s single of the same name . in 2006 , it was added to the oxford english dictionary . [ sep ] bootylicious
beyonce has been described as a having a wide - ranging sex appeal , with music journalist toure writing that since the release of dangerously in love , she has " become a crossover sex symbol " . offstage beyonce says that while she likes to dress sexily , her onstage dress " is absolutely for the stage . " due to her curves and the term ' s catchiness , in the 2000s , the media often used the term " bootylicious " ( a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious ) to describe beyonce , the term popularized by destiny ' s child ' s single of the same name . in 2006 , it was added to the oxford english dictionary . [ sep ] 2006
beyonce has been described as a having a wide - ranging sex appeal , with music journalist toure writing that since the release of dangerously in love , she has " become a crossover sex symbol " . offstage beyonce says that while she likes to dress sexily , her onstage dress " is absolutely for the stage . " due to her curves and the term ' s catchiness , in the 2000s , the media often used the term " bootylicious " ( a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious ) to describe beyonce , the term popularized by destiny ' s child ' s single of the same name . in 2006 , it was added to the oxford english dictionary . [ sep ] sexily
in september 2010 , beyonce made her runway modelling debut at tom ford ' s spring / summer 2011 fashion show . she was named " world ' s most beautiful woman " by people and the " hottest female singer of all time " by complex in 2012 . in january 2013 , gq placed her on its cover , featuring her atop its " 100 sexiest women of the 21st century " list . vh1 listed her at number 1 on its 100 sexiest artists list . several wax figures of beyonce are found at madame tussauds wax museums in major cities around the world , including new york , washington , d . c . , amsterdam , bangkok , hollywood and sydney . [ sep ] 2010
in september 2010 , beyonce made her runway modelling debut at tom ford ' s spring / summer 2011 fashion show . she was named " world ' s most beautiful woman " by people and the " hottest female singer of all time " by complex in 2012 . in january 2013 , gq placed her on its cover , featuring her atop its " 100 sexiest women of the 21st century " list . vh1 listed her at number 1 on its 100 sexiest artists list . several wax figures of beyonce are found at madame tussauds wax museums in major cities around the world , including new york , washington , d . c . , amsterdam , bangkok , hollywood and sydney . [ sep ] people
in september 2010 , beyonce made her runway modelling debut at tom ford ' s spring / summer 2011 fashion show . she was named " world ' s most beautiful woman " by people and the " hottest female singer of all time " by complex in 2012 . in january 2013 , gq placed her on its cover , featuring her atop its " 100 sexiest women of the 21st century " list . vh1 listed her at number 1 on its 100 sexiest artists list . several wax figures of beyonce are found at madame tussauds wax museums in major cities around the world , including new york , washington , d . c . , amsterdam , bangkok , hollywood and sydney . [ sep ] hottest female singer of all time
in september 2010 , beyonce made her runway modelling debut at tom ford ' s spring / summer 2011 fashion show . she was named " world ' s most beautiful woman " by people and the " hottest female singer of all time " by complex in 2012 . in january 2013 , gq placed her on its cover , featuring her atop its " 100 sexiest women of the 21st century " list . vh1 listed her at number 1 on its 100 sexiest artists list . several wax figures of beyonce are found at madame tussauds wax museums in major cities around the world , including new york , washington , d . c . , amsterdam , bangkok , hollywood and sydney . [ sep ] madame tussauds wax museums
according to italian fashion designer roberto cavalli , beyonce uses different fashion styles to work with her music while performing . her mother co - wrote a book , published in 2002 , titled destiny ' s style an account of how fashion had an impact on the trio ' s success . the b ' day anthology video album showed many instances of fashion - oriented footage , depicting classic to contemporary wardrobe styles . in 2007 , beyonce was featured on the cover of the sports illustrated swimsuit issue , becoming the second african american woman after tyra banks , and people magazine recognized beyonce as the best - dressed celebrity . [ sep ] tyra banks
according to italian fashion designer roberto cavalli , beyonce uses different fashion styles to work with her music while performing . her mother co - wrote a book , published in 2002 , titled destiny ' s style an account of how fashion had an impact on the trio ' s success . the b ' day anthology video album showed many instances of fashion - oriented footage , depicting classic to contemporary wardrobe styles . in 2007 , beyonce was featured on the cover of the sports illustrated swimsuit issue , becoming the second african american woman after tyra banks , and people magazine recognized beyonce as the best - dressed celebrity . [ sep ] people
the bey hive is the name given to beyonce ' s fan base . fans were previously titled " the beyontourage " , ( a portmanteau of beyonce and entourage ) . the name bey hive derives from the word beehive , purposely misspelled to resemble her first name , and was penned by fans after petitions on the online social networking service twitter and online news reports during competitions . [ sep ] bey hive
the bey hive is the name given to beyonce ' s fan base . fans were previously titled " the beyontourage " , ( a portmanteau of beyonce and entourage ) . the name bey hive derives from the word beehive , purposely misspelled to resemble her first name , and was penned by fans after petitions on the online social networking service twitter and online news reports during competitions . [ sep ] beyontourage
the bey hive is the name given to beyonce ' s fan base . fans were previously titled " the beyontourage " , ( a portmanteau of beyonce and entourage ) . the name bey hive derives from the word beehive , purposely misspelled to resemble her first name , and was penned by fans after petitions on the online social networking service twitter and online news reports during competitions . [ sep ] beehive
in 2006 , the animal rights organization people for the ethical treatment of animals ( peta ) , criticized beyonce for wearing and using fur in her clothing line house of dereon . in 2011 , she appeared on the cover of french fashion magazine l ' officiel , in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media . a statement released from a spokesperson for the magazine said that beyonce ' s look was " far from the glamorous sasha fierce " and that it was " a return to her african roots " . [ sep ] l ' officiel
in 2006 , the animal rights organization people for the ethical treatment of animals ( peta ) , criticized beyonce for wearing and using fur in her clothing line house of dereon . in 2011 , she appeared on the cover of french fashion magazine l ' officiel , in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media . a statement released from a spokesperson for the magazine said that beyonce ' s look was " far from the glamorous sasha fierce " and that it was " a return to her african roots " . [ sep ] house of dereon .
in 2006 , the animal rights organization people for the ethical treatment of animals ( peta ) , criticized beyonce for wearing and using fur in her clothing line house of dereon . in 2011 , she appeared on the cover of french fashion magazine l ' officiel , in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media . a statement released from a spokesperson for the magazine said that beyonce ' s look was " far from the glamorous sasha fierce " and that it was " a return to her african roots " . [ sep ] french fashion magazine
beyonce ' s lighter skin color and costuming has drawn criticism from some in the african - american community . emmett price , a professor of music at northeastern university , wrote in 2007 , that he thinks race plays a role in many of these criticisms , saying white celebrities who dress similarly do not attract as many comments . in 2008 , l ' oreal was accused of whitening her skin in their feria hair color advertisements , responding that " it is categorically untrue " , and in 2013 , beyonce herself criticized h & m for their proposed " retouching " of promotional images of her , and according to vogue requested that only " natural pictures be used " . [ sep ] costuming
beyonce ' s lighter skin color and costuming has drawn criticism from some in the african - american community . emmett price , a professor of music at northeastern university , wrote in 2007 , that he thinks race plays a role in many of these criticisms , saying white celebrities who dress similarly do not attract as many comments . in 2008 , l ' oreal was accused of whitening her skin in their feria hair color advertisements , responding that " it is categorically untrue " , and in 2013 , beyonce herself criticized h & m for their proposed " retouching " of promotional images of her , and according to vogue requested that only " natural pictures be used " . [ sep ] emmett price
beyonce ' s lighter skin color and costuming has drawn criticism from some in the african - american community . emmett price , a professor of music at northeastern university , wrote in 2007 , that he thinks race plays a role in many of these criticisms , saying white celebrities who dress similarly do not attract as many comments . in 2008 , l ' oreal was accused of whitening her skin in their feria hair color advertisements , responding that " it is categorically untrue " , and in 2013 , beyonce herself criticized h & m for their proposed " retouching " of promotional images of her , and according to vogue requested that only " natural pictures be used " . [ sep ] l ' oreal
beyonce ' s lighter skin color and costuming has drawn criticism from some in the african - american community . emmett price , a professor of music at northeastern university , wrote in 2007 , that he thinks race plays a role in many of these criticisms , saying white celebrities who dress similarly do not attract as many comments . in 2008 , l ' oreal was accused of whitening her skin in their feria hair color advertisements , responding that " it is categorically untrue " , and in 2013 , beyonce herself criticized h & m for their proposed " retouching " of promotional images of her , and according to vogue requested that only " natural pictures be used " . [ sep ] feria hair color advertisements
beyonce ' s lighter skin color and costuming has drawn criticism from some in the african - american community . emmett price , a professor of music at northeastern university , wrote in 2007 , that he thinks race plays a role in many of these criticisms , saying white celebrities who dress similarly do not attract as many comments . in 2008 , l ' oreal was accused of whitening her skin in their feria hair color advertisements , responding that " it is categorically untrue " , and in 2013 , beyonce herself criticized h & m for their proposed " retouching " of promotional images of her , and according to vogue requested that only " natural pictures be used " . [ sep ] h & m
in the new yorker music critic jody rosen described beyonce as " the most important and compelling popular musician of the twenty - first century . . . . . the result , the logical end point , of a century - plus of pop . " when the guardian named her artist of the decade , llewyn - smith wrote , " why beyonce ? [ . . . ] because she made not one but two of the decade ' s greatest singles , with crazy in love and single ladies ( put a ring on it ) , not to mention her hits with destiny ' s child ; and this was the decade when singles – particularly r & b singles – regained their status as pop ' s favourite medium . [ . . . ] [ she ] and not any superannuated rock star was arguably the greatest live performer of the past 10 years . " in 2013 , beyonce made the time 100 list , baz luhrmann writing " no one has that voice , no one moves the way she moves , no one can hold an audience the way she does . . . when beyonce does an album , when beyonce sings a song , when beyonce does anything , it ' s an event , and it ' s broadly influential . right now , she is the heir - apparent diva of the usa — the reigning national voice . " in 2014 , beyonce was listed again on the time 100 and also featured on the cover of the issue . [ sep ] jody rosen
in the new yorker music critic jody rosen described beyonce as " the most important and compelling popular musician of the twenty - first century . . . . . the result , the logical end point , of a century - plus of pop . " when the guardian named her artist of the decade , llewyn - smith wrote , " why beyonce ? [ . . . ] because she made not one but two of the decade ' s greatest singles , with crazy in love and single ladies ( put a ring on it ) , not to mention her hits with destiny ' s child ; and this was the decade when singles – particularly r & b singles – regained their status as pop ' s favourite medium . [ . . . ] [ she ] and not any superannuated rock star was arguably the greatest live performer of the past 10 years . " in 2013 , beyonce made the time 100 list , baz luhrmann writing " no one has that voice , no one moves the way she moves , no one can hold an audience the way she does . . . when beyonce does an album , when beyonce sings a song , when beyonce does anything , it ' s an event , and it ' s broadly influential . right now , she is the heir - apparent diva of the usa — the reigning national voice . " in 2014 , beyonce was listed again on the time 100 and also featured on the cover of the issue . [ sep ] the guardian
in the new yorker music critic jody rosen described beyonce as " the most important and compelling popular musician of the twenty - first century . . . . . the result , the logical end point , of a century - plus of pop . " when the guardian named her artist of the decade , llewyn - smith wrote , " why beyonce ? [ . . . ] because she made not one but two of the decade ' s greatest singles , with crazy in love and single ladies ( put a ring on it ) , not to mention her hits with destiny ' s child ; and this was the decade when singles – particularly r & b singles – regained their status as pop ' s favourite medium . [ . . . ] [ she ] and not any superannuated rock star was arguably the greatest live performer of the past 10 years . " in 2013 , beyonce made the time 100 list , baz luhrmann writing " no one has that voice , no one moves the way she moves , no one can hold an audience the way she does . . . when beyonce does an album , when beyonce sings a song , when beyonce does anything , it ' s an event , and it ' s broadly influential . right now , she is the heir - apparent diva of the usa — the reigning national voice . " in 2014 , beyonce was listed again on the time 100 and also featured on the cover of the issue . [ sep ] time 100 list
in the new yorker music critic jody rosen described beyonce as " the most important and compelling popular musician of the twenty - first century . . . . . the result , the logical end point , of a century - plus of pop . " when the guardian named her artist of the decade , llewyn - smith wrote , " why beyonce ? [ . . . ] because she made not one but two of the decade ' s greatest singles , with crazy in love and single ladies ( put a ring on it ) , not to mention her hits with destiny ' s child ; and this was the decade when singles – particularly r & b singles – regained their status as pop ' s favourite medium . [ . . . ] [ she ] and not any superannuated rock star was arguably the greatest live performer of the past 10 years . " in 2013 , beyonce made the time 100 list , baz luhrmann writing " no one has that voice , no one moves the way she moves , no one can hold an audience the way she does . . . when beyonce does an album , when beyonce sings a song , when beyonce does anything , it ' s an event , and it ' s broadly influential . right now , she is the heir - apparent diva of the usa — the reigning national voice . " in 2014 , beyonce was listed again on the time 100 and also featured on the cover of the issue . [ sep ] baz luhrmann
in the new yorker music critic jody rosen described beyonce as " the most important and compelling popular musician of the twenty - first century . . . . . the result , the logical end point , of a century - plus of pop . " when the guardian named her artist of the decade , llewyn - smith wrote , " why beyonce ? [ . . . ] because she made not one but two of the decade ' s greatest singles , with crazy in love and single ladies ( put a ring on it ) , not to mention her hits with destiny ' s child ; and this was the decade when singles – particularly r & b singles – regained their status as pop ' s favourite medium . [ . . . ] [ she ] and not any superannuated rock star was arguably the greatest live performer of the past 10 years . " in 2013 , beyonce made the time 100 list , baz luhrmann writing " no one has that voice , no one moves the way she moves , no one can hold an audience the way she does . . . when beyonce does an album , when beyonce sings a song , when beyonce does anything , it ' s an event , and it ' s broadly influential . right now , she is the heir - apparent diva of the usa — the reigning national voice . " in 2014 , beyonce was listed again on the time 100 and also featured on the cover of the issue . [ sep ] 2014
beyonce ' s work has influenced numerous artists including adele , ariana grande , lady gaga , bridgit mendler , rihanna , kelly rowland , sam smith , meghan trainor , nicole scherzinger , rita ora , zendaya , cheryl cole , jojo , alexis jordan , jessica sanchez , and azealia banks . american indie rock band white rabbits also cited her an inspiration for their third album milk famous ( 2012 ) , friend gwyneth paltrow studied beyonce at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film country strong . nicki minaj has stated that seeing beyonce ' s pepsi commercial influenced her decision to appear in the company ' s 2012 global campaign . [ sep ] white rabbits
beyonce ' s work has influenced numerous artists including adele , ariana grande , lady gaga , bridgit mendler , rihanna , kelly rowland , sam smith , meghan trainor , nicole scherzinger , rita ora , zendaya , cheryl cole , jojo , alexis jordan , jessica sanchez , and azealia banks . american indie rock band white rabbits also cited her an inspiration for their third album milk famous ( 2012 ) , friend gwyneth paltrow studied beyonce at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film country strong . nicki minaj has stated that seeing beyonce ' s pepsi commercial influenced her decision to appear in the company ' s 2012 global campaign . [ sep ] milk famous
beyonce ' s work has influenced numerous artists including adele , ariana grande , lady gaga , bridgit mendler , rihanna , kelly rowland , sam smith , meghan trainor , nicole scherzinger , rita ora , zendaya , cheryl cole , jojo , alexis jordan , jessica sanchez , and azealia banks . american indie rock band white rabbits also cited her an inspiration for their third album milk famous ( 2012 ) , friend gwyneth paltrow studied beyonce at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film country strong . nicki minaj has stated that seeing beyonce ' s pepsi commercial influenced her decision to appear in the company ' s 2012 global campaign . [ sep ] gwyneth paltrow
beyonce ' s work has influenced numerous artists including adele , ariana grande , lady gaga , bridgit mendler , rihanna , kelly rowland , sam smith , meghan trainor , nicole scherzinger , rita ora , zendaya , cheryl cole , jojo , alexis jordan , jessica sanchez , and azealia banks . american indie rock band white rabbits also cited her an inspiration for their third album milk famous ( 2012 ) , friend gwyneth paltrow studied beyonce at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film country strong . nicki minaj has stated that seeing beyonce ' s pepsi commercial influenced her decision to appear in the company ' s 2012 global campaign . [ sep ] country strong .
beyonce ' s work has influenced numerous artists including adele , ariana grande , lady gaga , bridgit mendler , rihanna , kelly rowland , sam smith , meghan trainor , nicole scherzinger , rita ora , zendaya , cheryl cole , jojo , alexis jordan , jessica sanchez , and azealia banks . american indie rock band white rabbits also cited her an inspiration for their third album milk famous ( 2012 ) , friend gwyneth paltrow studied beyonce at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film country strong . nicki minaj has stated that seeing beyonce ' s pepsi commercial influenced her decision to appear in the company ' s 2012 global campaign . [ sep ] nicki minaj
her debut single , " crazy in love " was named vh1 ' s " greatest song of the 2000s " , nme ' s " best track of the 00s " and " pop song of the century " , considered by rolling stone to be one of the 500 greatest songs of all time , earned two grammy awards and is one of the best - selling singles of all time at around 8 million copies . the music video for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , which achieved fame for its intricate choreography and its deployment of jazz hands , was credited by the toronto star as having started the " first major dance craze of both the new millennium and the internet " , triggering a number of parodies of the dance choreography and a legion of amateur imitators on youtube . in 2013 , drake released a single titled " girls love beyonce " , which featured an interpolation from destiny child ' s " say my name " and discussed his relationship with women . in january 2012 , research scientist bryan lessard named scaptia beyonceae , a species of horse fly found in northern queensland , australia after beyonce due to the fly ' s unique golden hairs on its abdomen . in july 2014 , a beyonce exhibit was introduced into the " legends of rock " section of the rock and roll hall of fame . the black leotard from the " single ladies " video and her outfit from the super bowl half time performance are among several pieces housed at the museum . [ sep ] rolling stone
her debut single , " crazy in love " was named vh1 ' s " greatest song of the 2000s " , nme ' s " best track of the 00s " and " pop song of the century " , considered by rolling stone to be one of the 500 greatest songs of all time , earned two grammy awards and is one of the best - selling singles of all time at around 8 million copies . the music video for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , which achieved fame for its intricate choreography and its deployment of jazz hands , was credited by the toronto star as having started the " first major dance craze of both the new millennium and the internet " , triggering a number of parodies of the dance choreography and a legion of amateur imitators on youtube . in 2013 , drake released a single titled " girls love beyonce " , which featured an interpolation from destiny child ' s " say my name " and discussed his relationship with women . in january 2012 , research scientist bryan lessard named scaptia beyonceae , a species of horse fly found in northern queensland , australia after beyonce due to the fly ' s unique golden hairs on its abdomen . in july 2014 , a beyonce exhibit was introduced into the " legends of rock " section of the rock and roll hall of fame . the black leotard from the " single ladies " video and her outfit from the super bowl half time performance are among several pieces housed at the museum . [ sep ] drake
her debut single , " crazy in love " was named vh1 ' s " greatest song of the 2000s " , nme ' s " best track of the 00s " and " pop song of the century " , considered by rolling stone to be one of the 500 greatest songs of all time , earned two grammy awards and is one of the best - selling singles of all time at around 8 million copies . the music video for " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , which achieved fame for its intricate choreography and its deployment of jazz hands , was credited by the toronto star as having started the " first major dance craze of both the new millennium and the internet " , triggering a number of parodies of the dance choreography and a legion of amateur imitators on youtube . in 2013 , drake released a single titled " girls love beyonce " , which featured an interpolation from destiny child ' s " say my name " and discussed his relationship with women . in january 2012 , research scientist bryan lessard named scaptia beyonceae , a species of horse fly found in northern queensland , australia after beyonce due to the fly ' s unique golden hairs on its abdomen . in july 2014 , a beyonce exhibit was introduced into the " legends of rock " section of the rock and roll hall of fame . the black leotard from the " single ladies " video and her outfit from the super bowl half time performance are among several pieces housed at the museum . [ sep ] a species of horse fly
beyonce has received numerous awards . as a solo artist she has sold over 15 million albums in the us , and over 118 million records worldwide ( a further 60 million additionally with destiny ' s child ) , making her one of the best - selling music artists of all time . the recording industry association of america ( riaa ) listed beyonce as the top certified artist of the 2000s , with a total of 64 certifications . her songs " crazy in love " , " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , " halo " , and " irreplaceable " are some of the best - selling singles of all time worldwide . in 2009 , the observer named her the artist of the decade and billboard named her the top female artist and top radio songs artist of the decade . in 2010 , billboard named her in their " top 50 r & b / hip - hop artists of the past 25 years " list at number 15 . in 2012 vh1 ranked her third on their list of the " 100 greatest women in music " . beyonce was the first female artist to be honored with the international artist award at the american music awards . she has also received the legend award at the 2008 world music awards and the billboard millennium award at the 2011 billboard music awards . [ sep ] over 15 million
beyonce has received numerous awards . as a solo artist she has sold over 15 million albums in the us , and over 118 million records worldwide ( a further 60 million additionally with destiny ' s child ) , making her one of the best - selling music artists of all time . the recording industry association of america ( riaa ) listed beyonce as the top certified artist of the 2000s , with a total of 64 certifications . her songs " crazy in love " , " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , " halo " , and " irreplaceable " are some of the best - selling singles of all time worldwide . in 2009 , the observer named her the artist of the decade and billboard named her the top female artist and top radio songs artist of the decade . in 2010 , billboard named her in their " top 50 r & b / hip - hop artists of the past 25 years " list at number 15 . in 2012 vh1 ranked her third on their list of the " 100 greatest women in music " . beyonce was the first female artist to be honored with the international artist award at the american music awards . she has also received the legend award at the 2008 world music awards and the billboard millennium award at the 2011 billboard music awards . [ sep ] over 118 million
beyonce has received numerous awards . as a solo artist she has sold over 15 million albums in the us , and over 118 million records worldwide ( a further 60 million additionally with destiny ' s child ) , making her one of the best - selling music artists of all time . the recording industry association of america ( riaa ) listed beyonce as the top certified artist of the 2000s , with a total of 64 certifications . her songs " crazy in love " , " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , " halo " , and " irreplaceable " are some of the best - selling singles of all time worldwide . in 2009 , the observer named her the artist of the decade and billboard named her the top female artist and top radio songs artist of the decade . in 2010 , billboard named her in their " top 50 r & b / hip - hop artists of the past 25 years " list at number 15 . in 2012 vh1 ranked her third on their list of the " 100 greatest women in music " . beyonce was the first female artist to be honored with the international artist award at the american music awards . she has also received the legend award at the 2008 world music awards and the billboard millennium award at the 2011 billboard music awards . [ sep ] the recording industry association of america
beyonce has received numerous awards . as a solo artist she has sold over 15 million albums in the us , and over 118 million records worldwide ( a further 60 million additionally with destiny ' s child ) , making her one of the best - selling music artists of all time . the recording industry association of america ( riaa ) listed beyonce as the top certified artist of the 2000s , with a total of 64 certifications . her songs " crazy in love " , " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , " halo " , and " irreplaceable " are some of the best - selling singles of all time worldwide . in 2009 , the observer named her the artist of the decade and billboard named her the top female artist and top radio songs artist of the decade . in 2010 , billboard named her in their " top 50 r & b / hip - hop artists of the past 25 years " list at number 15 . in 2012 vh1 ranked her third on their list of the " 100 greatest women in music " . beyonce was the first female artist to be honored with the international artist award at the american music awards . she has also received the legend award at the 2008 world music awards and the billboard millennium award at the 2011 billboard music awards . [ sep ] 64
beyonce has received numerous awards . as a solo artist she has sold over 15 million albums in the us , and over 118 million records worldwide ( a further 60 million additionally with destiny ' s child ) , making her one of the best - selling music artists of all time . the recording industry association of america ( riaa ) listed beyonce as the top certified artist of the 2000s , with a total of 64 certifications . her songs " crazy in love " , " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " , " halo " , and " irreplaceable " are some of the best - selling singles of all time worldwide . in 2009 , the observer named her the artist of the decade and billboard named her the top female artist and top radio songs artist of the decade . in 2010 , billboard named her in their " top 50 r & b / hip - hop artists of the past 25 years " list at number 15 . in 2012 vh1 ranked her third on their list of the " 100 greatest women in music " . beyonce was the first female artist to be honored with the international artist award at the american music awards . she has also received the legend award at the 2008 world music awards and the billboard millennium award at the 2011 billboard music awards . [ sep ] the 2008 world music awards
beyonce has won 20 grammy awards , both as a solo artist and member of destiny ' s child , making her the second most honored female artist by the grammys , behind alison krauss and the most nominated woman in grammy award history with 52 nominations . " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " won song of the year in 2010 while " say my name " and " crazy in love " had previously won best r & b song . dangerously in love , b ' day and i am . . . sasha fierce have all won best contemporary r & b album . beyonce set the record for the most grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010 when she won six awards , breaking the tie she previously held with alicia keys , norah jones , alison krauss , and amy winehouse , with adele equaling this in 2012 . following her role in dreamgirls she was nominated for best original song for " listen " and best actress at the golden globe awards , and outstanding actress in a motion picture at the naacp image awards . beyonce won two awards at the broadcast film critics association awards 2006 ; best song for " listen " and best original soundtrack for dreamgirls : music from the motion picture . [ sep ] 20
beyonce has won 20 grammy awards , both as a solo artist and member of destiny ' s child , making her the second most honored female artist by the grammys , behind alison krauss and the most nominated woman in grammy award history with 52 nominations . " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " won song of the year in 2010 while " say my name " and " crazy in love " had previously won best r & b song . dangerously in love , b ' day and i am . . . sasha fierce have all won best contemporary r & b album . beyonce set the record for the most grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010 when she won six awards , breaking the tie she previously held with alicia keys , norah jones , alison krauss , and amy winehouse , with adele equaling this in 2012 . following her role in dreamgirls she was nominated for best original song for " listen " and best actress at the golden globe awards , and outstanding actress in a motion picture at the naacp image awards . beyonce won two awards at the broadcast film critics association awards 2006 ; best song for " listen " and best original soundtrack for dreamgirls : music from the motion picture . [ sep ] 52
beyonce has won 20 grammy awards , both as a solo artist and member of destiny ' s child , making her the second most honored female artist by the grammys , behind alison krauss and the most nominated woman in grammy award history with 52 nominations . " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " won song of the year in 2010 while " say my name " and " crazy in love " had previously won best r & b song . dangerously in love , b ' day and i am . . . sasha fierce have all won best contemporary r & b album . beyonce set the record for the most grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010 when she won six awards , breaking the tie she previously held with alicia keys , norah jones , alison krauss , and amy winehouse , with adele equaling this in 2012 . following her role in dreamgirls she was nominated for best original song for " listen " and best actress at the golden globe awards , and outstanding actress in a motion picture at the naacp image awards . beyonce won two awards at the broadcast film critics association awards 2006 ; best song for " listen " and best original soundtrack for dreamgirls : music from the motion picture . [ sep ] " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) "
beyonce has won 20 grammy awards , both as a solo artist and member of destiny ' s child , making her the second most honored female artist by the grammys , behind alison krauss and the most nominated woman in grammy award history with 52 nominations . " single ladies ( put a ring on it ) " won song of the year in 2010 while " say my name " and " crazy in love " had previously won best r & b song . dangerously in love , b ' day and i am . . . sasha fierce have all won best contemporary r & b album . beyonce set the record for the most grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010 when she won six awards , breaking the tie she previously held with alicia keys , norah jones , alison krauss , and amy winehouse , with adele equaling this in 2012 . following her role in dreamgirls she was nominated for best original song for " listen " and best actress at the golden globe awards , and outstanding actress in a motion picture at the naacp image awards . beyonce won two awards at the broadcast film critics association awards 2006 ; best song for " listen " and best original soundtrack for dreamgirls : music from the motion picture . [ sep ] dreamgirls
beyonce has worked with pepsi since 2002 , and in 2004 appeared in a gladiator - themed commercial with britney spears , pink , and enrique iglesias . in 2012 , beyonce signed a $ 50 million deal to endorse pepsi . the center for science in the public interest ( cspinet ) wrote beyonce an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation . nevertheless , netbase found that beyonce ' s campaign was the most talked about endorsement in april 2013 , with a 70 per cent positive audience response to the commercial and print ads . [ sep ] pepsi
beyonce has worked with pepsi since 2002 , and in 2004 appeared in a gladiator - themed commercial with britney spears , pink , and enrique iglesias . in 2012 , beyonce signed a $ 50 million deal to endorse pepsi . the center for science in the public interest ( cspinet ) wrote beyonce an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation . nevertheless , netbase found that beyonce ' s campaign was the most talked about endorsement in april 2013 , with a 70 per cent positive audience response to the commercial and print ads . [ sep ] $ 50 million
beyonce has worked with pepsi since 2002 , and in 2004 appeared in a gladiator - themed commercial with britney spears , pink , and enrique iglesias . in 2012 , beyonce signed a $ 50 million deal to endorse pepsi . the center for science in the public interest ( cspinet ) wrote beyonce an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation . nevertheless , netbase found that beyonce ' s campaign was the most talked about endorsement in april 2013 , with a 70 per cent positive audience response to the commercial and print ads . [ sep ] the center for science in the public interest ( cspinet )
beyonce has worked with pepsi since 2002 , and in 2004 appeared in a gladiator - themed commercial with britney spears , pink , and enrique iglesias . in 2012 , beyonce signed a $ 50 million deal to endorse pepsi . the center for science in the public interest ( cspinet ) wrote beyonce an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation . nevertheless , netbase found that beyonce ' s campaign was the most talked about endorsement in april 2013 , with a 70 per cent positive audience response to the commercial and print ads . [ sep ] netbase
beyonce has worked with tommy hilfiger for the fragrances true star ( singing a cover version of " wishing on a star " ) and true star gold ; she also promoted emporio armani ' s diamonds fragrance in 2007 . beyonce launched her first official fragrance , heat in 2010 . the commercial , which featured the 1956 song " fever " , was shown after the water shed in the united kingdom as it begins with an image of beyonce appearing to lie naked in a room . in february 2011 , beyonce launched her second fragrance , heat rush . beyonce ' s third fragrance , pulse , was launched in september 2011 . in 2013 , the mrs . carter show limited edition version of heat was released . the six editions of heat are the world ' s best - selling celebrity fragrance line , with sales of over $ 400 million . [ sep ] diamonds
beyonce has worked with tommy hilfiger for the fragrances true star ( singing a cover version of " wishing on a star " ) and true star gold ; she also promoted emporio armani ' s diamonds fragrance in 2007 . beyonce launched her first official fragrance , heat in 2010 . the commercial , which featured the 1956 song " fever " , was shown after the water shed in the united kingdom as it begins with an image of beyonce appearing to lie naked in a room . in february 2011 , beyonce launched her second fragrance , heat rush . beyonce ' s third fragrance , pulse , was launched in september 2011 . in 2013 , the mrs . carter show limited edition version of heat was released . the six editions of heat are the world ' s best - selling celebrity fragrance line , with sales of over $ 400 million . [ sep ] 2010 .
beyonce has worked with tommy hilfiger for the fragrances true star ( singing a cover version of " wishing on a star " ) and true star gold ; she also promoted emporio armani ' s diamonds fragrance in 2007 . beyonce launched her first official fragrance , heat in 2010 . the commercial , which featured the 1956 song " fever " , was shown after the water shed in the united kingdom as it begins with an image of beyonce appearing to lie naked in a room . in february 2011 , beyonce launched her second fragrance , heat rush . beyonce ' s third fragrance , pulse , was launched in september 2011 . in 2013 , the mrs . carter show limited edition version of heat was released . the six editions of heat are the world ' s best - selling celebrity fragrance line , with sales of over $ 400 million . [ sep ] heat
beyonce has worked with tommy hilfiger for the fragrances true star ( singing a cover version of " wishing on a star " ) and true star gold ; she also promoted emporio armani ' s diamonds fragrance in 2007 . beyonce launched her first official fragrance , heat in 2010 . the commercial , which featured the 1956 song " fever " , was shown after the water shed in the united kingdom as it begins with an image of beyonce appearing to lie naked in a room . in february 2011 , beyonce launched her second fragrance , heat rush . beyonce ' s third fragrance , pulse , was launched in september 2011 . in 2013 , the mrs . carter show limited edition version of heat was released . the six editions of heat are the world ' s best - selling celebrity fragrance line , with sales of over $ 400 million . [ sep ] six
the release of a video - game starpower : beyonce was cancelled after beyonce pulled out of a $ 100 million with gatefive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development . it was settled out of court by her lawyers in june 2013 who said that they had cancelled because gatefive had lost its financial backers . beyonce also has had deals with american express , nintendo ds and l ' oreal since the age of 18 . [ sep ] starpower : beyonce
the release of a video - game starpower : beyonce was cancelled after beyonce pulled out of a $ 100 million with gatefive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development . it was settled out of court by her lawyers in june 2013 who said that they had cancelled because gatefive had lost its financial backers . beyonce also has had deals with american express , nintendo ds and l ' oreal since the age of 18 . [ sep ] gatefive
the release of a video - game starpower : beyonce was cancelled after beyonce pulled out of a $ 100 million with gatefive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development . it was settled out of court by her lawyers in june 2013 who said that they had cancelled because gatefive had lost its financial backers . beyonce also has had deals with american express , nintendo ds and l ' oreal since the age of 18 . [ sep ] 70
the release of a video - game starpower : beyonce was cancelled after beyonce pulled out of a $ 100 million with gatefive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development . it was settled out of court by her lawyers in june 2013 who said that they had cancelled because gatefive had lost its financial backers . beyonce also has had deals with american express , nintendo ds and l ' oreal since the age of 18 . [ sep ] june 2013
in october 2014 , it was announced that beyonce with her management company parkwood entertainment would be partnering with london - based fashion retailer topshop , in a new 50 / 50 split subsidiary business named parkwood topshop athletic ltd . the new division was created for topshop to break into the activewear market , with an athletic , street wear brand being produced . " creating a partnership with beyonce , one of the most hard - working and talented people in the world , who spends many hours of her life dancing , rehearsing and training is a unique opportunity to develop this category " stated sir philip green on the partnership . the company and collection is set to launch and hit stores in the fall of 2015 . [ sep ] parkwood entertainment
in october 2014 , it was announced that beyonce with her management company parkwood entertainment would be partnering with london - based fashion retailer topshop , in a new 50 / 50 split subsidiary business named parkwood topshop athletic ltd . the new division was created for topshop to break into the activewear market , with an athletic , street wear brand being produced . " creating a partnership with beyonce , one of the most hard - working and talented people in the world , who spends many hours of her life dancing , rehearsing and training is a unique opportunity to develop this category " stated sir philip green on the partnership . the company and collection is set to launch and hit stores in the fall of 2015 . [ sep ] topshop
in october 2014 , it was announced that beyonce with her management company parkwood entertainment would be partnering with london - based fashion retailer topshop , in a new 50 / 50 split subsidiary business named parkwood topshop athletic ltd . the new division was created for topshop to break into the activewear market , with an athletic , street wear brand being produced . " creating a partnership with beyonce , one of the most hard - working and talented people in the world , who spends many hours of her life dancing , rehearsing and training is a unique opportunity to develop this category " stated sir philip green on the partnership . the company and collection is set to launch and hit stores in the fall of 2015 . [ sep ] london
in october 2014 , it was announced that beyonce with her management company parkwood entertainment would be partnering with london - based fashion retailer topshop , in a new 50 / 50 split subsidiary business named parkwood topshop athletic ltd . the new division was created for topshop to break into the activewear market , with an athletic , street wear brand being produced . " creating a partnership with beyonce , one of the most hard - working and talented people in the world , who spends many hours of her life dancing , rehearsing and training is a unique opportunity to develop this category " stated sir philip green on the partnership . the company and collection is set to launch and hit stores in the fall of 2015 . [ sep ] activewear
on march 30 , 2015 , it was announced that beyonce is a co - owner , with various other music artists , in the music streaming service tidal . the service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos . beyonce ' s husband jay z acquired the parent company of tidal , aspiro , in the first quarter of 2015 . including beyonce and jay - z , sixteen artist stakeholders ( such as kanye west , rihanna , madonna , chris martin , nicki minaj and more ) co - own tidal , with the majority owning a 3 % equity stake . the idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry , and to rival other streaming services such as spotify , which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties . " the challenge is to get everyone to respect music again , to recognize its value " , stated jay - z on the release of tidal . [ sep ] tidal .
on march 30 , 2015 , it was announced that beyonce is a co - owner , with various other music artists , in the music streaming service tidal . the service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos . beyonce ' s husband jay z acquired the parent company of tidal , aspiro , in the first quarter of 2015 . including beyonce and jay - z , sixteen artist stakeholders ( such as kanye west , rihanna , madonna , chris martin , nicki minaj and more ) co - own tidal , with the majority owning a 3 % equity stake . the idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry , and to rival other streaming services such as spotify , which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties . " the challenge is to get everyone to respect music again , to recognize its value " , stated jay - z on the release of tidal . [ sep ] aspiro
on march 30 , 2015 , it was announced that beyonce is a co - owner , with various other music artists , in the music streaming service tidal . the service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos . beyonce ' s husband jay z acquired the parent company of tidal , aspiro , in the first quarter of 2015 . including beyonce and jay - z , sixteen artist stakeholders ( such as kanye west , rihanna , madonna , chris martin , nicki minaj and more ) co - own tidal , with the majority owning a 3 % equity stake . the idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry , and to rival other streaming services such as spotify , which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties . " the challenge is to get everyone to respect music again , to recognize its value " , stated jay - z on the release of tidal . [ sep ] jay z
on march 30 , 2015 , it was announced that beyonce is a co - owner , with various other music artists , in the music streaming service tidal . the service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos . beyonce ' s husband jay z acquired the parent company of tidal , aspiro , in the first quarter of 2015 . including beyonce and jay - z , sixteen artist stakeholders ( such as kanye west , rihanna , madonna , chris martin , nicki minaj and more ) co - own tidal , with the majority owning a 3 % equity stake . the idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry , and to rival other streaming services such as spotify , which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties . " the challenge is to get everyone to respect music again , to recognize its value " , stated jay - z on the release of tidal . [ sep ] spotify
beyonce and her mother introduced house of dereon , a contemporary women ' s fashion line , in 2005 . the concept is inspired by three generations of women in their family , the name paying tribute to beyonce ' s grandmother , agnez dereon , a respected seamstress . according to tina , the overall style of the line best reflects her and beyonce ' s taste and style . beyonce and her mother founded their family ' s company beyond productions , which provides the licensing and brand management for house of dereon , and its junior collection , dereon . house of dereon pieces were exhibited in destiny ' s child ' s shows and tours , during their destiny fulfilled era . the collection features sportswear , denim offerings with fur , outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear , and are available at department and specialty stores across the us and canada . [ sep ] her mother
beyonce and her mother introduced house of dereon , a contemporary women ' s fashion line , in 2005 . the concept is inspired by three generations of women in their family , the name paying tribute to beyonce ' s grandmother , agnez dereon , a respected seamstress . according to tina , the overall style of the line best reflects her and beyonce ' s taste and style . beyonce and her mother founded their family ' s company beyond productions , which provides the licensing and brand management for house of dereon , and its junior collection , dereon . house of dereon pieces were exhibited in destiny ' s child ' s shows and tours , during their destiny fulfilled era . the collection features sportswear , denim offerings with fur , outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear , and are available at department and specialty stores across the us and canada . [ sep ] dereon .
in 2005 , beyonce teamed up with house of brands , a shoe company , to produce a range of footwear for house of dereon . in january 2008 , starwave mobile launched beyonce fashion diva , a " high - style " mobile game with a social networking component , featuring the house of dereon collection . in july 2009 , beyonce and her mother launched a new junior apparel label , sasha fierce for dereon , for back - to - school selling . the collection included sportswear , outerwear , handbags , footwear , eyewear , lingerie and jewelry . it was available at department stores including macy ' s and dillard ' s , and specialty stores jimmy jazz and against all odds . on may 27 , 2010 , beyonce teamed up with clothing store c & a to launch dereon by beyonce at their stores in brazil . the collection included tailored blazers with padded shoulders , little black dresses , embroidered tops and shirts and bandage dresses . [ sep ] house of brands
in 2005 , beyonce teamed up with house of brands , a shoe company , to produce a range of footwear for house of dereon . in january 2008 , starwave mobile launched beyonce fashion diva , a " high - style " mobile game with a social networking component , featuring the house of dereon collection . in july 2009 , beyonce and her mother launched a new junior apparel label , sasha fierce for dereon , for back - to - school selling . the collection included sportswear , outerwear , handbags , footwear , eyewear , lingerie and jewelry . it was available at department stores including macy ' s and dillard ' s , and specialty stores jimmy jazz and against all odds . on may 27 , 2010 , beyonce teamed up with clothing store c & a to launch dereon by beyonce at their stores in brazil . the collection included tailored blazers with padded shoulders , little black dresses , embroidered tops and shirts and bandage dresses . [ sep ] beyonce fashion diva
in 2005 , beyonce teamed up with house of brands , a shoe company , to produce a range of footwear for house of dereon . in january 2008 , starwave mobile launched beyonce fashion diva , a " high - style " mobile game with a social networking component , featuring the house of dereon collection . in july 2009 , beyonce and her mother launched a new junior apparel label , sasha fierce for dereon , for back - to - school selling . the collection included sportswear , outerwear , handbags , footwear , eyewear , lingerie and jewelry . it was available at department stores including macy ' s and dillard ' s , and specialty stores jimmy jazz and against all odds . on may 27 , 2010 , beyonce teamed up with clothing store c & a to launch dereon by beyonce at their stores in brazil . the collection included tailored blazers with padded shoulders , little black dresses , embroidered tops and shirts and bandage dresses . [ sep ] sasha fierce for dereon
in 2005 , beyonce teamed up with house of brands , a shoe company , to produce a range of footwear for house of dereon . in january 2008 , starwave mobile launched beyonce fashion diva , a " high - style " mobile game with a social networking component , featuring the house of dereon collection . in july 2009 , beyonce and her mother launched a new junior apparel label , sasha fierce for dereon , for back - to - school selling . the collection included sportswear , outerwear , handbags , footwear , eyewear , lingerie and jewelry . it was available at department stores including macy ' s and dillard ' s , and specialty stores jimmy jazz and against all odds . on may 27 , 2010 , beyonce teamed up with clothing store c & a to launch dereon by beyonce at their stores in brazil . the collection included tailored blazers with padded shoulders , little black dresses , embroidered tops and shirts and bandage dresses . [ sep ] c & a
in 2005 , beyonce teamed up with house of brands , a shoe company , to produce a range of footwear for house of dereon . in january 2008 , starwave mobile launched beyonce fashion diva , a " high - style " mobile game with a social networking component , featuring the house of dereon collection . in july 2009 , beyonce and her mother launched a new junior apparel label , sasha fierce for dereon , for back - to - school selling . the collection included sportswear , outerwear , handbags , footwear , eyewear , lingerie and jewelry . it was available at department stores including macy ' s and dillard ' s , and specialty stores jimmy jazz and against all odds . on may 27 , 2010 , beyonce teamed up with clothing store c & a to launch dereon by beyonce at their stores in brazil . the collection included tailored blazers with padded shoulders , little black dresses , embroidered tops and shirts and bandage dresses . [ sep ] dillard ' s
in october 2014 , beyonce signed a deal to launch an activewear line of clothing with british fashion retailer topshop . the 50 - 50 venture is called parkwood topshop athletic ltd and is scheduled to launch its first dance , fitness and sports ranges in autumn 2015 . the line will launch in april 2016 . [ sep ] topshop
in october 2014 , beyonce signed a deal to launch an activewear line of clothing with british fashion retailer topshop . the 50 - 50 venture is called parkwood topshop athletic ltd and is scheduled to launch its first dance , fitness and sports ranges in autumn 2015 . the line will launch in april 2016 . [ sep ] parkwood topshop athletic ltd
in october 2014 , beyonce signed a deal to launch an activewear line of clothing with british fashion retailer topshop . the 50 - 50 venture is called parkwood topshop athletic ltd and is scheduled to launch its first dance , fitness and sports ranges in autumn 2015 . the line will launch in april 2016 . [ sep ] activewear
after hurricane katrina in 2005 , beyonce and rowland founded the survivor foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the houston area , to which beyonce contributed an initial $ 250 , 000 . the foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city , and also provided relief following hurricane ike three years later . [ sep ] survivor foundation
after hurricane katrina in 2005 , beyonce and rowland founded the survivor foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the houston area , to which beyonce contributed an initial $ 250 , 000 . the foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city , and also provided relief following hurricane ike three years later . [ sep ] $ 250 , 000 .
after hurricane katrina in 2005 , beyonce and rowland founded the survivor foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the houston area , to which beyonce contributed an initial $ 250 , 000 . the foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city , and also provided relief following hurricane ike three years later . [ sep ] hurricane ike
beyonce participated in george clooney and wyclef jean ' s hope for haiti now : a global benefit for earthquake relief telethon and was named the official face of the limited edition cfda " fashion for haiti " t - shirt , made by theory which raised a total of $ 1 million . on march 5 , 2010 , beyonce and her mother tina opened the beyonce cosmetology center at the brooklyn phoenix house , offering a seven - month cosmetology training course for men and women . in april 2011 , beyonce joined forces with us first lady michelle obama and the national association of broadcasters education foundation , to help boost the latter ' s campaign against child obesity by reworking her single " get me bodied " . following the death of osama bin laden , beyonce released her cover of the lee greenwood song " god bless the usa " , as a charity single to help raise funds for the new york police and fire widows ' and children ' s benefit fund . [ sep ] george clooney and wyclef jean
beyonce participated in george clooney and wyclef jean ' s hope for haiti now : a global benefit for earthquake relief telethon and was named the official face of the limited edition cfda " fashion for haiti " t - shirt , made by theory which raised a total of $ 1 million . on march 5 , 2010 , beyonce and her mother tina opened the beyonce cosmetology center at the brooklyn phoenix house , offering a seven - month cosmetology training course for men and women . in april 2011 , beyonce joined forces with us first lady michelle obama and the national association of broadcasters education foundation , to help boost the latter ' s campaign against child obesity by reworking her single " get me bodied " . following the death of osama bin laden , beyonce released her cover of the lee greenwood song " god bless the usa " , as a charity single to help raise funds for the new york police and fire widows ' and children ' s benefit fund . [ sep ] beyonce cosmetology center
beyonce participated in george clooney and wyclef jean ' s hope for haiti now : a global benefit for earthquake relief telethon and was named the official face of the limited edition cfda " fashion for haiti " t - shirt , made by theory which raised a total of $ 1 million . on march 5 , 2010 , beyonce and her mother tina opened the beyonce cosmetology center at the brooklyn phoenix house , offering a seven - month cosmetology training course for men and women . in april 2011 , beyonce joined forces with us first lady michelle obama and the national association of broadcasters education foundation , to help boost the latter ' s campaign against child obesity by reworking her single " get me bodied " . following the death of osama bin laden , beyonce released her cover of the lee greenwood song " god bless the usa " , as a charity single to help raise funds for the new york police and fire widows ' and children ' s benefit fund . [ sep ] god bless the usa
the 2008 sichuan earthquake or the great sichuan earthquake , measured at 8 . 0 ms and 7 . 9 mw , and occurred at 02 : 28 : 01 pm china standard time at epicenter ( 06 : 28 : 01 utc ) on may 12 in sichuan province , killed 69 , 197 people and left 18 , 222 missing . [ sep ] 2008
the 2008 sichuan earthquake or the great sichuan earthquake , measured at 8 . 0 ms and 7 . 9 mw , and occurred at 02 : 28 : 01 pm china standard time at epicenter ( 06 : 28 : 01 utc ) on may 12 in sichuan province , killed 69 , 197 people and left 18 , 222 missing . [ sep ] 8 . 0 ms and 7 . 9 mw
the 2008 sichuan earthquake or the great sichuan earthquake , measured at 8 . 0 ms and 7 . 9 mw , and occurred at 02 : 28 : 01 pm china standard time at epicenter ( 06 : 28 : 01 utc ) on may 12 in sichuan province , killed 69 , 197 people and left 18 , 222 missing . [ sep ] may 12
the 2008 sichuan earthquake or the great sichuan earthquake , measured at 8 . 0 ms and 7 . 9 mw , and occurred at 02 : 28 : 01 pm china standard time at epicenter ( 06 : 28 : 01 utc ) on may 12 in sichuan province , killed 69 , 197 people and left 18 , 222 missing . [ sep ] 02 : 28 : 01 pm china standard time
the 2008 sichuan earthquake or the great sichuan earthquake , measured at 8 . 0 ms and 7 . 9 mw , and occurred at 02 : 28 : 01 pm china standard time at epicenter ( 06 : 28 : 01 utc ) on may 12 in sichuan province , killed 69 , 197 people and left 18 , 222 missing . [ sep ] 69 , 197
in december , beyonce along with a variety of other celebrities teamed up and produced a video campaign for " demand a plan " , a bipartisan effort by a group of 950 us mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws , following the sandy hook elementary school shooting . beyonce became an ambassador for the 2012 world humanitarian day campaign donating her song " i was here " and its music video , shot in the un , to the campaign . in 2013 , it was announced that beyonce would work with salma hayek and frida giannini on a gucci " chime for change " campaign that aims to spread female empowerment . the campaign , which aired on february 28 , was set to her new music . a concert for the cause took place on june 1 , 2013 in london and included other acts like ellie goulding , florence and the machine , and rita ora . in advance of the concert , she appeared in a campaign video released on 15 may 2013 , where she , along with cameron diaz , john legend and kylie minogue , described inspiration from their mothers , while a number of other artists celebrated personal inspiration from other women , leading to a call for submission of photos of women of viewers ' inspiration from which a selection was shown at the concert . beyonce said about her mother tina knowles that her gift was " finding the best qualities in every human being . " with help of the crowdfunding platform catapult , visitors of the concert could choose between several projects promoting education of women and girls . beyonce is also taking part in " miss a meal " , a food - donation campaign , and supporting goodwill charity through online charity auctions at charitybuzz that support job creation throughout europe and the u . s . [ sep ] demand a plan
in december , beyonce along with a variety of other celebrities teamed up and produced a video campaign for " demand a plan " , a bipartisan effort by a group of 950 us mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws , following the sandy hook elementary school shooting . beyonce became an ambassador for the 2012 world humanitarian day campaign donating her song " i was here " and its music video , shot in the un , to the campaign . in 2013 , it was announced that beyonce would work with salma hayek and frida giannini on a gucci " chime for change " campaign that aims to spread female empowerment . the campaign , which aired on february 28 , was set to her new music . a concert for the cause took place on june 1 , 2013 in london and included other acts like ellie goulding , florence and the machine , and rita ora . in advance of the concert , she appeared in a campaign video released on 15 may 2013 , where she , along with cameron diaz , john legend and kylie minogue , described inspiration from their mothers , while a number of other artists celebrated personal inspiration from other women , leading to a call for submission of photos of women of viewers ' inspiration from which a selection was shown at the concert . beyonce said about her mother tina knowles that her gift was " finding the best qualities in every human being . " with help of the crowdfunding platform catapult , visitors of the concert could choose between several projects promoting education of women and girls . beyonce is also taking part in " miss a meal " , a food - donation campaign , and supporting goodwill charity through online charity auctions at charitybuzz that support job creation throughout europe and the u . s . [ sep ] sandy hook elementary school
in december , beyonce along with a variety of other celebrities teamed up and produced a video campaign for " demand a plan " , a bipartisan effort by a group of 950 us mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws , following the sandy hook elementary school shooting . beyonce became an ambassador for the 2012 world humanitarian day campaign donating her song " i was here " and its music video , shot in the un , to the campaign . in 2013 , it was announced that beyonce would work with salma hayek and frida giannini on a gucci " chime for change " campaign that aims to spread female empowerment . the campaign , which aired on february 28 , was set to her new music . a concert for the cause took place on june 1 , 2013 in london and included other acts like ellie goulding , florence and the machine , and rita ora . in advance of the concert , she appeared in a campaign video released on 15 may 2013 , where she , along with cameron diaz , john legend and kylie minogue , described inspiration from their mothers , while a number of other artists celebrated personal inspiration from other women , leading to a call for submission of photos of women of viewers ' inspiration from which a selection was shown at the concert . beyonce said about her mother tina knowles that her gift was " finding the best qualities in every human being . " with help of the crowdfunding platform catapult , visitors of the concert could choose between several projects promoting education of women and girls . beyonce is also taking part in " miss a meal " , a food - donation campaign , and supporting goodwill charity through online charity auctions at charitybuzz that support job creation throughout europe and the u . s . [ sep ] i was here
in december , beyonce along with a variety of other celebrities teamed up and produced a video campaign for " demand a plan " , a bipartisan effort by a group of 950 us mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws , following the sandy hook elementary school shooting . beyonce became an ambassador for the 2012 world humanitarian day campaign donating her song " i was here " and its music video , shot in the un , to the campaign . in 2013 , it was announced that beyonce would work with salma hayek and frida giannini on a gucci " chime for change " campaign that aims to spread female empowerment . the campaign , which aired on february 28 , was set to her new music . a concert for the cause took place on june 1 , 2013 in london and included other acts like ellie goulding , florence and the machine , and rita ora . in advance of the concert , she appeared in a campaign video released on 15 may 2013 , where she , along with cameron diaz , john legend and kylie minogue , described inspiration from their mothers , while a number of other artists celebrated personal inspiration from other women , leading to a call for submission of photos of women of viewers ' inspiration from which a selection was shown at the concert . beyonce said about her mother tina knowles that her gift was " finding the best qualities in every human being . " with help of the crowdfunding platform catapult , visitors of the concert could choose between several projects promoting education of women and girls . beyonce is also taking part in " miss a meal " , a food - donation campaign , and supporting goodwill charity through online charity auctions at charitybuzz that support job creation throughout europe and the u . s . [ sep ] salma hayek and frida giannini
it is also known as the wenchuan earthquake ( chinese : [unk] 川 大 [unk] [unk] ; pinyin : wenchuan da dizhen ; literally : " great wenchuan earthquake " ) , after the location of the earthquake ' s epicenter , wenchuan county , sichuan . the epicenter was 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) west - northwest of chengdu , the provincial capital , with a focal depth of 19 km ( 12 mi ) . the earthquake was also felt in nearby countries and as far away as both beijing and shanghai — 1 , 500 km ( 930 mi ) and 1 , 700 km ( 1 , 060 mi ) away — where office buildings swayed with the tremor . strong aftershocks , some exceeding magnitude 6 , continued to hit the area even months after the main quake , causing new casualties and damage . [ sep ] the wenchuan earthquake
it is also known as the wenchuan earthquake ( chinese : [unk] 川 大 [unk] [unk] ; pinyin : wenchuan da dizhen ; literally : " great wenchuan earthquake " ) , after the location of the earthquake ' s epicenter , wenchuan county , sichuan . the epicenter was 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) west - northwest of chengdu , the provincial capital , with a focal depth of 19 km ( 12 mi ) . the earthquake was also felt in nearby countries and as far away as both beijing and shanghai — 1 , 500 km ( 930 mi ) and 1 , 700 km ( 1 , 060 mi ) away — where office buildings swayed with the tremor . strong aftershocks , some exceeding magnitude 6 , continued to hit the area even months after the main quake , causing new casualties and damage . [ sep ] wenchuan county , sichuan
it is also known as the wenchuan earthquake ( chinese : [unk] 川 大 [unk] [unk] ; pinyin : wenchuan da dizhen ; literally : " great wenchuan earthquake " ) , after the location of the earthquake ' s epicenter , wenchuan county , sichuan . the epicenter was 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) west - northwest of chengdu , the provincial capital , with a focal depth of 19 km ( 12 mi ) . the earthquake was also felt in nearby countries and as far away as both beijing and shanghai — 1 , 500 km ( 930 mi ) and 1 , 700 km ( 1 , 060 mi ) away — where office buildings swayed with the tremor . strong aftershocks , some exceeding magnitude 6 , continued to hit the area even months after the main quake , causing new casualties and damage . [ sep ] 80 kilometres
it is also known as the wenchuan earthquake ( chinese : [unk] 川 大 [unk] [unk] ; pinyin : wenchuan da dizhen ; literally : " great wenchuan earthquake " ) , after the location of the earthquake ' s epicenter , wenchuan county , sichuan . the epicenter was 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) west - northwest of chengdu , the provincial capital , with a focal depth of 19 km ( 12 mi ) . the earthquake was also felt in nearby countries and as far away as both beijing and shanghai — 1 , 500 km ( 930 mi ) and 1 , 700 km ( 1 , 060 mi ) away — where office buildings swayed with the tremor . strong aftershocks , some exceeding magnitude 6 , continued to hit the area even months after the main quake , causing new casualties and damage . [ sep ] 19 km
official figures ( as of july 21 , 2008 12 : 00 cst ) stated that 69 , 197 were confirmed dead , including 68 , 636 in sichuan province , and 374 , 176 injured , with 18 , 222 listed as missing . the earthquake left about 4 . 8 million people homeless , though the number could be as high as 11 million . approximately 15 million people lived in the affected area . it was the deadliest earthquake to hit china since the 1976 tangshan earthquake , which killed at least 240 , 000 people , and the strongest in the country since the 1950 chayu earthquake , which registered at 8 . 5 on the richter magnitude scale . it is the 21st deadliest earthquake of all time . on november 6 , 2008 , the central government announced that it would spend 1 trillion rmb ( about us $ 146 . 5 billion ) over the next three years to rebuild areas ravaged by the earthquake , as part of the chinese economic stimulus program . [ sep ] 68 , 636
official figures ( as of july 21 , 2008 12 : 00 cst ) stated that 69 , 197 were confirmed dead , including 68 , 636 in sichuan province , and 374 , 176 injured , with 18 , 222 listed as missing . the earthquake left about 4 . 8 million people homeless , though the number could be as high as 11 million . approximately 15 million people lived in the affected area . it was the deadliest earthquake to hit china since the 1976 tangshan earthquake , which killed at least 240 , 000 people , and the strongest in the country since the 1950 chayu earthquake , which registered at 8 . 5 on the richter magnitude scale . it is the 21st deadliest earthquake of all time . on november 6 , 2008 , the central government announced that it would spend 1 trillion rmb ( about us $ 146 . 5 billion ) over the next three years to rebuild areas ravaged by the earthquake , as part of the chinese economic stimulus program . [ sep ] 374 , 176
official figures ( as of july 21 , 2008 12 : 00 cst ) stated that 69 , 197 were confirmed dead , including 68 , 636 in sichuan province , and 374 , 176 injured , with 18 , 222 listed as missing . the earthquake left about 4 . 8 million people homeless , though the number could be as high as 11 million . approximately 15 million people lived in the affected area . it was the deadliest earthquake to hit china since the 1976 tangshan earthquake , which killed at least 240 , 000 people , and the strongest in the country since the 1950 chayu earthquake , which registered at 8 . 5 on the richter magnitude scale . it is the 21st deadliest earthquake of all time . on november 6 , 2008 , the central government announced that it would spend 1 trillion rmb ( about us $ 146 . 5 billion ) over the next three years to rebuild areas ravaged by the earthquake , as part of the chinese economic stimulus program . [ sep ] 18 , 222
official figures ( as of july 21 , 2008 12 : 00 cst ) stated that 69 , 197 were confirmed dead , including 68 , 636 in sichuan province , and 374 , 176 injured , with 18 , 222 listed as missing . the earthquake left about 4 . 8 million people homeless , though the number could be as high as 11 million . approximately 15 million people lived in the affected area . it was the deadliest earthquake to hit china since the 1976 tangshan earthquake , which killed at least 240 , 000 people , and the strongest in the country since the 1950 chayu earthquake , which registered at 8 . 5 on the richter magnitude scale . it is the 21st deadliest earthquake of all time . on november 6 , 2008 , the central government announced that it would spend 1 trillion rmb ( about us $ 146 . 5 billion ) over the next three years to rebuild areas ravaged by the earthquake , as part of the chinese economic stimulus program . [ sep ] 4 . 8 million
official figures ( as of july 21 , 2008 12 : 00 cst ) stated that 69 , 197 were confirmed dead , including 68 , 636 in sichuan province , and 374 , 176 injured , with 18 , 222 listed as missing . the earthquake left about 4 . 8 million people homeless , though the number could be as high as 11 million . approximately 15 million people lived in the affected area . it was the deadliest earthquake to hit china since the 1976 tangshan earthquake , which killed at least 240 , 000 people , and the strongest in the country since the 1950 chayu earthquake , which registered at 8 . 5 on the richter magnitude scale . it is the 21st deadliest earthquake of all time . on november 6 , 2008 , the central government announced that it would spend 1 trillion rmb ( about us $ 146 . 5 billion ) over the next three years to rebuild areas ravaged by the earthquake , as part of the chinese economic stimulus program . [ sep ] 11 million
the earthquake had a magnitude of 8 . 0 ms and 7 . 9 mw . the epicenter was in wenchuan county , ngawa tibetan and qiang autonomous prefecture , 80 km west / northwest of the provincial capital of chengdu , with its main tremor occurring at 14 : 28 : 01 . 42 china standard time ( 06 : 28 : 01 . 42 utc ) , on may 12 , 2008 lasting for around 2 minutes , in the quake almost 80 % of buildings were destroyed . [ sep ] 8 . 0 ms and 7 . 9 mw
the earthquake had a magnitude of 8 . 0 ms and 7 . 9 mw . the epicenter was in wenchuan county , ngawa tibetan and qiang autonomous prefecture , 80 km west / northwest of the provincial capital of chengdu , with its main tremor occurring at 14 : 28 : 01 . 42 china standard time ( 06 : 28 : 01 . 42 utc ) , on may 12 , 2008 lasting for around 2 minutes , in the quake almost 80 % of buildings were destroyed . [ sep ] 2 minutes
the earthquake had a magnitude of 8 . 0 ms and 7 . 9 mw . the epicenter was in wenchuan county , ngawa tibetan and qiang autonomous prefecture , 80 km west / northwest of the provincial capital of chengdu , with its main tremor occurring at 14 : 28 : 01 . 42 china standard time ( 06 : 28 : 01 . 42 utc ) , on may 12 , 2008 lasting for around 2 minutes , in the quake almost 80 % of buildings were destroyed . [ sep ] almost 80 %
according to a study by the china earthquake administration ( cea ) , the earthquake occurred along the longmenshan fault , a thrust structure along the border of the indo - australian plate and eurasian plate . seismic activities concentrated on its mid - fracture ( known as yingxiu - beichuan fracture ) . the rupture lasted close to 120 sec , with the majority of energy released in the first 80 sec . starting from wenchuan , the rupture propagated at an average speed of 3 . 1 kilometers per second 49° toward north east , rupturing a total of about 300 km . maximum displacement amounted to 9 meters . the focus was deeper than 10 km . [ sep ] longmenshan fault
according to a study by the china earthquake administration ( cea ) , the earthquake occurred along the longmenshan fault , a thrust structure along the border of the indo - australian plate and eurasian plate . seismic activities concentrated on its mid - fracture ( known as yingxiu - beichuan fracture ) . the rupture lasted close to 120 sec , with the majority of energy released in the first 80 sec . starting from wenchuan , the rupture propagated at an average speed of 3 . 1 kilometers per second 49° toward north east , rupturing a total of about 300 km . maximum displacement amounted to 9 meters . the focus was deeper than 10 km . [ sep ] yingxiu - beichuan fracture
according to a study by the china earthquake administration ( cea ) , the earthquake occurred along the longmenshan fault , a thrust structure along the border of the indo - australian plate and eurasian plate . seismic activities concentrated on its mid - fracture ( known as yingxiu - beichuan fracture ) . the rupture lasted close to 120 sec , with the majority of energy released in the first 80 sec . starting from wenchuan , the rupture propagated at an average speed of 3 . 1 kilometers per second 49° toward north east , rupturing a total of about 300 km . maximum displacement amounted to 9 meters . the focus was deeper than 10 km . [ sep ] first 80 sec .
according to a study by the china earthquake administration ( cea ) , the earthquake occurred along the longmenshan fault , a thrust structure along the border of the indo - australian plate and eurasian plate . seismic activities concentrated on its mid - fracture ( known as yingxiu - beichuan fracture ) . the rupture lasted close to 120 sec , with the majority of energy released in the first 80 sec . starting from wenchuan , the rupture propagated at an average speed of 3 . 1 kilometers per second 49° toward north east , rupturing a total of about 300 km . maximum displacement amounted to 9 meters . the focus was deeper than 10 km . [ sep ] 9 meters
in a united states geological survey ( usgs ) study , preliminary rupture models of the earthquake indicated displacement of up to 9 meters along a fault approximately 240 km long by 20 km deep . the earthquake generated deformations of the surface greater than 3 meters and increased the stress ( and probability of occurrence of future events ) at the northeastern and southwestern ends of the fault . on may 20 , usgs seismologist tom parsons warned that there is " high risk " of a major m > 7 aftershock over the next weeks or months . [ sep ] 9 meters
in a united states geological survey ( usgs ) study , preliminary rupture models of the earthquake indicated displacement of up to 9 meters along a fault approximately 240 km long by 20 km deep . the earthquake generated deformations of the surface greater than 3 meters and increased the stress ( and probability of occurrence of future events ) at the northeastern and southwestern ends of the fault . on may 20 , usgs seismologist tom parsons warned that there is " high risk " of a major m > 7 aftershock over the next weeks or months . [ sep ] 240 km long
in a united states geological survey ( usgs ) study , preliminary rupture models of the earthquake indicated displacement of up to 9 meters along a fault approximately 240 km long by 20 km deep . the earthquake generated deformations of the surface greater than 3 meters and increased the stress ( and probability of occurrence of future events ) at the northeastern and southwestern ends of the fault . on may 20 , usgs seismologist tom parsons warned that there is " high risk " of a major m > 7 aftershock over the next weeks or months . [ sep ] 20 km deep
in a united states geological survey ( usgs ) study , preliminary rupture models of the earthquake indicated displacement of up to 9 meters along a fault approximately 240 km long by 20 km deep . the earthquake generated deformations of the surface greater than 3 meters and increased the stress ( and probability of occurrence of future events ) at the northeastern and southwestern ends of the fault . on may 20 , usgs seismologist tom parsons warned that there is " high risk " of a major m > 7 aftershock over the next weeks or months . [ sep ] northeastern and southwestern ends
in a united states geological survey ( usgs ) study , preliminary rupture models of the earthquake indicated displacement of up to 9 meters along a fault approximately 240 km long by 20 km deep . the earthquake generated deformations of the surface greater than 3 meters and increased the stress ( and probability of occurrence of future events ) at the northeastern and southwestern ends of the fault . on may 20 , usgs seismologist tom parsons warned that there is " high risk " of a major m > 7 aftershock over the next weeks or months . [ sep ] high risk
japanese seismologist yuji yagi at the university of tsukuba said that the earthquake occurred in two stages : " the 155 - mile longmenshan fault tore in two sections , the first one ripping about seven yards , followed by a second one that sheared four yards . " his data also showed that the earthquake lasted about two minutes and released 30 times the energy of the great hanshin earthquake of 1995 in japan , which killed over 6 , 000 people . he pointed out that the shallowness of the epicenter and the density of population greatly increased the severity of the earthquake . teruyuki kato , a seismologist at the university of tokyo , said that the seismic waves of the quake traveled a long distance without losing their power because of the firmness of the terrain in central china . according to reports from chengdu , the capital of sichuan province , the earthquake tremors lasted for " about two or three minutes " . [ sep ] in two stages
japanese seismologist yuji yagi at the university of tsukuba said that the earthquake occurred in two stages : " the 155 - mile longmenshan fault tore in two sections , the first one ripping about seven yards , followed by a second one that sheared four yards . " his data also showed that the earthquake lasted about two minutes and released 30 times the energy of the great hanshin earthquake of 1995 in japan , which killed over 6 , 000 people . he pointed out that the shallowness of the epicenter and the density of population greatly increased the severity of the earthquake . teruyuki kato , a seismologist at the university of tokyo , said that the seismic waves of the quake traveled a long distance without losing their power because of the firmness of the terrain in central china . according to reports from chengdu , the capital of sichuan province , the earthquake tremors lasted for " about two or three minutes " . [ sep ] longmenshan fault
japanese seismologist yuji yagi at the university of tsukuba said that the earthquake occurred in two stages : " the 155 - mile longmenshan fault tore in two sections , the first one ripping about seven yards , followed by a second one that sheared four yards . " his data also showed that the earthquake lasted about two minutes and released 30 times the energy of the great hanshin earthquake of 1995 in japan , which killed over 6 , 000 people . he pointed out that the shallowness of the epicenter and the density of population greatly increased the severity of the earthquake . teruyuki kato , a seismologist at the university of tokyo , said that the seismic waves of the quake traveled a long distance without losing their power because of the firmness of the terrain in central china . according to reports from chengdu , the capital of sichuan province , the earthquake tremors lasted for " about two or three minutes " . [ sep ] shallowness of the epicenter
japanese seismologist yuji yagi at the university of tsukuba said that the earthquake occurred in two stages : " the 155 - mile longmenshan fault tore in two sections , the first one ripping about seven yards , followed by a second one that sheared four yards . " his data also showed that the earthquake lasted about two minutes and released 30 times the energy of the great hanshin earthquake of 1995 in japan , which killed over 6 , 000 people . he pointed out that the shallowness of the epicenter and the density of population greatly increased the severity of the earthquake . teruyuki kato , a seismologist at the university of tokyo , said that the seismic waves of the quake traveled a long distance without losing their power because of the firmness of the terrain in central china . according to reports from chengdu , the capital of sichuan province , the earthquake tremors lasted for " about two or three minutes " . [ sep ] 30 times
japanese seismologist yuji yagi at the university of tsukuba said that the earthquake occurred in two stages : " the 155 - mile longmenshan fault tore in two sections , the first one ripping about seven yards , followed by a second one that sheared four yards . " his data also showed that the earthquake lasted about two minutes and released 30 times the energy of the great hanshin earthquake of 1995 in japan , which killed over 6 , 000 people . he pointed out that the shallowness of the epicenter and the density of population greatly increased the severity of the earthquake . teruyuki kato , a seismologist at the university of tokyo , said that the seismic waves of the quake traveled a long distance without losing their power because of the firmness of the terrain in central china . according to reports from chengdu , the capital of sichuan province , the earthquake tremors lasted for " about two or three minutes " . [ sep ] firmness of the terrain
between 64 and 104 major aftershocks , ranging in magnitude from 4 . 0 to 6 . 1 , were recorded within 72 hours of the main quake . according to chinese official counts , " by 12 : 00 cst , november 6 , 2008 there had been 42 , 719 total aftershocks , of which 246 ranged from 4 . 0 ms to 4 . 9 ms , 34 from 5 . 0 ms to 5 . 9 ms , and 8 from 6 . 0 ms to 6 . 4 ms ; the strongest aftershock measured 6 . 4 ms . " the latest aftershock exceeding m6 occurred on august 5 , 2008 . [ sep ] between 64 and 104
between 64 and 104 major aftershocks , ranging in magnitude from 4 . 0 to 6 . 1 , were recorded within 72 hours of the main quake . according to chinese official counts , " by 12 : 00 cst , november 6 , 2008 there had been 42 , 719 total aftershocks , of which 246 ranged from 4 . 0 ms to 4 . 9 ms , 34 from 5 . 0 ms to 5 . 9 ms , and 8 from 6 . 0 ms to 6 . 4 ms ; the strongest aftershock measured 6 . 4 ms . " the latest aftershock exceeding m6 occurred on august 5 , 2008 . [ sep ] 42 , 719
between 64 and 104 major aftershocks , ranging in magnitude from 4 . 0 to 6 . 1 , were recorded within 72 hours of the main quake . according to chinese official counts , " by 12 : 00 cst , november 6 , 2008 there had been 42 , 719 total aftershocks , of which 246 ranged from 4 . 0 ms to 4 . 9 ms , 34 from 5 . 0 ms to 5 . 9 ms , and 8 from 6 . 0 ms to 6 . 4 ms ; the strongest aftershock measured 6 . 4 ms . " the latest aftershock exceeding m6 occurred on august 5 , 2008 . [ sep ] 6 . 4 ms
between 64 and 104 major aftershocks , ranging in magnitude from 4 . 0 to 6 . 1 , were recorded within 72 hours of the main quake . according to chinese official counts , " by 12 : 00 cst , november 6 , 2008 there had been 42 , 719 total aftershocks , of which 246 ranged from 4 . 0 ms to 4 . 9 ms , 34 from 5 . 0 ms to 5 . 9 ms , and 8 from 6 . 0 ms to 6 . 4 ms ; the strongest aftershock measured 6 . 4 ms . " the latest aftershock exceeding m6 occurred on august 5 , 2008 . [ sep ] 246
between 64 and 104 major aftershocks , ranging in magnitude from 4 . 0 to 6 . 1 , were recorded within 72 hours of the main quake . according to chinese official counts , " by 12 : 00 cst , november 6 , 2008 there had been 42 , 719 total aftershocks , of which 246 ranged from 4 . 0 ms to 4 . 9 ms , 34 from 5 . 0 ms to 5 . 9 ms , and 8 from 6 . 0 ms to 6 . 4 ms ; the strongest aftershock measured 6 . 4 ms . " the latest aftershock exceeding m6 occurred on august 5 , 2008 . [ sep ] august 5 , 2008
( the ms 6 . 1 earthquake on august 30 , 2008 in southern sichuan was not part of this series because it was caused by a different fault . see 2008 panzhihua earthquake for details . ) [ sep ] southern sichuan
( the ms 6 . 1 earthquake on august 30 , 2008 in southern sichuan was not part of this series because it was caused by a different fault . see 2008 panzhihua earthquake for details . ) [ sep ] ms 6 . 1
( the ms 6 . 1 earthquake on august 30 , 2008 in southern sichuan was not part of this series because it was caused by a different fault . see 2008 panzhihua earthquake for details . ) [ sep ] panzhihua earthquake
the map of earthquake intensity published by cea after surveying 500 , 000 km2 of the affected area shows a maximum liedu of xi on the china seismic intensity scale ( csis ) , described as " very destructive " on the european macroseismic scale ( ems ) from which csis drew reference . ( usgs , using the modified mercalli intensity scale ( cc ) , also placed maximum intensity at xi , " very disastrous " . ) two south - west - north - east stripes of liedu xi are centered around yingxiu , wenchuan ( the town closest to the epicenter of the main quake ) and beichuan ( the town repeatedly struck by strong aftershocks including one registering ms 6 . 1 on aug 1 , 2008 ) , both in sichuan province , occupying a total of 2 , 419 km2 . the yingxiu liedu - xi zone is about 66 km long and 20 km wide along wenchuan – dujiangyan – pengzhou ; the beichuan liedu - xi zone is about 82 km long and 15 km wide along an county – beichuan – pingwu . the area with liedu x ( comparable to x on ems , " destructive " and x on mm , " disastrous " ) spans 3 , 144 km2 . the area affected by earthquakes exceeding liedu vi totals 440 , 442 km2 , occupying an oval 936 km long and 596 km wide , spanning three provinces and one autonomous region . [ sep ] very destructive
the map of earthquake intensity published by cea after surveying 500 , 000 km2 of the affected area shows a maximum liedu of xi on the china seismic intensity scale ( csis ) , described as " very destructive " on the european macroseismic scale ( ems ) from which csis drew reference . ( usgs , using the modified mercalli intensity scale ( cc ) , also placed maximum intensity at xi , " very disastrous " . ) two south - west - north - east stripes of liedu xi are centered around yingxiu , wenchuan ( the town closest to the epicenter of the main quake ) and beichuan ( the town repeatedly struck by strong aftershocks including one registering ms 6 . 1 on aug 1 , 2008 ) , both in sichuan province , occupying a total of 2 , 419 km2 . the yingxiu liedu - xi zone is about 66 km long and 20 km wide along wenchuan – dujiangyan – pengzhou ; the beichuan liedu - xi zone is about 82 km long and 15 km wide along an county – beichuan – pingwu . the area with liedu x ( comparable to x on ems , " destructive " and x on mm , " disastrous " ) spans 3 , 144 km2 . the area affected by earthquakes exceeding liedu vi totals 440 , 442 km2 , occupying an oval 936 km long and 596 km wide , spanning three provinces and one autonomous region . [ sep ] very disastrous
the map of earthquake intensity published by cea after surveying 500 , 000 km2 of the affected area shows a maximum liedu of xi on the china seismic intensity scale ( csis ) , described as " very destructive " on the european macroseismic scale ( ems ) from which csis drew reference . ( usgs , using the modified mercalli intensity scale ( cc ) , also placed maximum intensity at xi , " very disastrous " . ) two south - west - north - east stripes of liedu xi are centered around yingxiu , wenchuan ( the town closest to the epicenter of the main quake ) and beichuan ( the town repeatedly struck by strong aftershocks including one registering ms 6 . 1 on aug 1 , 2008 ) , both in sichuan province , occupying a total of 2 , 419 km2 . the yingxiu liedu - xi zone is about 66 km long and 20 km wide along wenchuan – dujiangyan – pengzhou ; the beichuan liedu - xi zone is about 82 km long and 15 km wide along an county – beichuan – pingwu . the area with liedu x ( comparable to x on ems , " destructive " and x on mm , " disastrous " ) spans 3 , 144 km2 . the area affected by earthquakes exceeding liedu vi totals 440 , 442 km2 , occupying an oval 936 km long and 596 km wide , spanning three provinces and one autonomous region . [ sep ] yingxiu , wenchuan
the longmen shan fault system is situated in the eastern border of the tibetan plateau and contains several faults . this earthquake ruptured at least two imbricate structures in longmen shan fault system , i . e . the beichuan fault and the guanxian – anxian fault . in the epicentral area , the average slip in beichuan fault was about 3 . 5 metres ( 11 ft ) vertical , 3 . 5 metres ( 11 ft ) horizontal - parallel to the fault , and 4 . 8 metres ( 16 ft ) horizontal - perpendicular to the fault . in the area about 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) northeast of the epicenter , the surface slip on beichuan fault was almost purely dextral strike - slip up to about 3 metres ( 9 . 8 ft ) , while the average slip in guanxian – anxian fault was about 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) vertical and 2 . 3 metres ( 7 ft 7 in ) horizontal . [ sep ] tibetan plateau
the longmen shan fault system is situated in the eastern border of the tibetan plateau and contains several faults . this earthquake ruptured at least two imbricate structures in longmen shan fault system , i . e . the beichuan fault and the guanxian – anxian fault . in the epicentral area , the average slip in beichuan fault was about 3 . 5 metres ( 11 ft ) vertical , 3 . 5 metres ( 11 ft ) horizontal - parallel to the fault , and 4 . 8 metres ( 16 ft ) horizontal - perpendicular to the fault . in the area about 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) northeast of the epicenter , the surface slip on beichuan fault was almost purely dextral strike - slip up to about 3 metres ( 9 . 8 ft ) , while the average slip in guanxian – anxian fault was about 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) vertical and 2 . 3 metres ( 7 ft 7 in ) horizontal . [ sep ] longmen shan fault system
the longmen shan fault system is situated in the eastern border of the tibetan plateau and contains several faults . this earthquake ruptured at least two imbricate structures in longmen shan fault system , i . e . the beichuan fault and the guanxian – anxian fault . in the epicentral area , the average slip in beichuan fault was about 3 . 5 metres ( 11 ft ) vertical , 3 . 5 metres ( 11 ft ) horizontal - parallel to the fault , and 4 . 8 metres ( 16 ft ) horizontal - perpendicular to the fault . in the area about 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) northeast of the epicenter , the surface slip on beichuan fault was almost purely dextral strike - slip up to about 3 metres ( 9 . 8 ft ) , while the average slip in guanxian – anxian fault was about 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) vertical and 2 . 3 metres ( 7 ft 7 in ) horizontal . [ sep ] 3 . 5 metres
the longmen shan fault system is situated in the eastern border of the tibetan plateau and contains several faults . this earthquake ruptured at least two imbricate structures in longmen shan fault system , i . e . the beichuan fault and the guanxian – anxian fault . in the epicentral area , the average slip in beichuan fault was about 3 . 5 metres ( 11 ft ) vertical , 3 . 5 metres ( 11 ft ) horizontal - parallel to the fault , and 4 . 8 metres ( 16 ft ) horizontal - perpendicular to the fault . in the area about 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) northeast of the epicenter , the surface slip on beichuan fault was almost purely dextral strike - slip up to about 3 metres ( 9 . 8 ft ) , while the average slip in guanxian – anxian fault was about 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) vertical and 2 . 3 metres ( 7 ft 7 in ) horizontal . [ sep ] 3 . 5 metres
the longmen shan fault system is situated in the eastern border of the tibetan plateau and contains several faults . this earthquake ruptured at least two imbricate structures in longmen shan fault system , i . e . the beichuan fault and the guanxian – anxian fault . in the epicentral area , the average slip in beichuan fault was about 3 . 5 metres ( 11 ft ) vertical , 3 . 5 metres ( 11 ft ) horizontal - parallel to the fault , and 4 . 8 metres ( 16 ft ) horizontal - perpendicular to the fault . in the area about 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) northeast of the epicenter , the surface slip on beichuan fault was almost purely dextral strike - slip up to about 3 metres ( 9 . 8 ft ) , while the average slip in guanxian – anxian fault was about 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) vertical and 2 . 3 metres ( 7 ft 7 in ) horizontal . [ sep ] 4 . 8 metres
office buildings in shanghai ' s financial district , including the jin mao tower and the hong kong new world tower , were evacuated . a receptionist at the tibet hotel in chengdu said things were " calm " after the hotel evacuated its guests . meanwhile , workers at a ford plant in sichuan were evacuated for about 10 minutes . chengdu shuangliu international airport was shut down , and the control tower and regional radar control evacuated . one silkair flight was diverted and landed in kunming as a result . cathay pacific delayed both legs of its quadruple daily hong kong to london route due to this disruption in air traffic services . chengdu shuangliu airport reopened later on the evening of may 12 , offering limited service as the airport began to be used as a staging area for relief operations . [ sep ] evacuated
office buildings in shanghai ' s financial district , including the jin mao tower and the hong kong new world tower , were evacuated . a receptionist at the tibet hotel in chengdu said things were " calm " after the hotel evacuated its guests . meanwhile , workers at a ford plant in sichuan were evacuated for about 10 minutes . chengdu shuangliu international airport was shut down , and the control tower and regional radar control evacuated . one silkair flight was diverted and landed in kunming as a result . cathay pacific delayed both legs of its quadruple daily hong kong to london route due to this disruption in air traffic services . chengdu shuangliu airport reopened later on the evening of may 12 , offering limited service as the airport began to be used as a staging area for relief operations . [ sep ] chengdu shuangliu international airport
office buildings in shanghai ' s financial district , including the jin mao tower and the hong kong new world tower , were evacuated . a receptionist at the tibet hotel in chengdu said things were " calm " after the hotel evacuated its guests . meanwhile , workers at a ford plant in sichuan were evacuated for about 10 minutes . chengdu shuangliu international airport was shut down , and the control tower and regional radar control evacuated . one silkair flight was diverted and landed in kunming as a result . cathay pacific delayed both legs of its quadruple daily hong kong to london route due to this disruption in air traffic services . chengdu shuangliu airport reopened later on the evening of may 12 , offering limited service as the airport began to be used as a staging area for relief operations . [ sep ] disruption in air traffic services
office buildings in shanghai ' s financial district , including the jin mao tower and the hong kong new world tower , were evacuated . a receptionist at the tibet hotel in chengdu said things were " calm " after the hotel evacuated its guests . meanwhile , workers at a ford plant in sichuan were evacuated for about 10 minutes . chengdu shuangliu international airport was shut down , and the control tower and regional radar control evacuated . one silkair flight was diverted and landed in kunming as a result . cathay pacific delayed both legs of its quadruple daily hong kong to london route due to this disruption in air traffic services . chengdu shuangliu airport reopened later on the evening of may 12 , offering limited service as the airport began to be used as a staging area for relief operations . [ sep ] relief operations
reporters in chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas , but no buildings collapsed . many beijing office towers were evacuated , including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 summer olympics . none of the olympic venues were damaged . meanwhile , a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in hui county , gansu , and caught on fire after the rail was distorted . [ sep ] cracks on walls
reporters in chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas , but no buildings collapsed . many beijing office towers were evacuated , including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 summer olympics . none of the olympic venues were damaged . meanwhile , a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in hui county , gansu , and caught on fire after the rail was distorted . [ sep ] office towers
reporters in chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas , but no buildings collapsed . many beijing office towers were evacuated , including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 summer olympics . none of the olympic venues were damaged . meanwhile , a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in hui county , gansu , and caught on fire after the rail was distorted . [ sep ] venues
reporters in chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas , but no buildings collapsed . many beijing office towers were evacuated , including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 summer olympics . none of the olympic venues were damaged . meanwhile , a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in hui county , gansu , and caught on fire after the rail was distorted . [ sep ] hui county , gansu
reporters in chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas , but no buildings collapsed . many beijing office towers were evacuated , including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 summer olympics . none of the olympic venues were damaged . meanwhile , a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in hui county , gansu , and caught on fire after the rail was distorted . [ sep ] rail was distorted
all of the highways into wenchuan , and others throughout the province , were damaged , resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops . in beichuan county , 80 % of the buildings collapsed according to xinhua news . in the city of shifang , the collapse of two chemical plants led to leakage of some 80 tons of liquid ammonia , with hundreds of people reported buried . in the city of dujiangyan , south - east of the epicenter , a whole school collapsed with 900 students buried and fewer than 60 survived . the juyuan middle school , where many teenagers were buried , was excavated by civilians and cranes . dujiangyan is home of the dujiangyan irrigation system , an ancient water diversion project which is still in use and is a unesco world heritage site . the project ' s famous fish mouth was cracked but not severely damaged otherwise . [ sep ] all of the highways
all of the highways into wenchuan , and others throughout the province , were damaged , resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops . in beichuan county , 80 % of the buildings collapsed according to xinhua news . in the city of shifang , the collapse of two chemical plants led to leakage of some 80 tons of liquid ammonia , with hundreds of people reported buried . in the city of dujiangyan , south - east of the epicenter , a whole school collapsed with 900 students buried and fewer than 60 survived . the juyuan middle school , where many teenagers were buried , was excavated by civilians and cranes . dujiangyan is home of the dujiangyan irrigation system , an ancient water diversion project which is still in use and is a unesco world heritage site . the project ' s famous fish mouth was cracked but not severely damaged otherwise . [ sep ] delayed arrival
all of the highways into wenchuan , and others throughout the province , were damaged , resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops . in beichuan county , 80 % of the buildings collapsed according to xinhua news . in the city of shifang , the collapse of two chemical plants led to leakage of some 80 tons of liquid ammonia , with hundreds of people reported buried . in the city of dujiangyan , south - east of the epicenter , a whole school collapsed with 900 students buried and fewer than 60 survived . the juyuan middle school , where many teenagers were buried , was excavated by civilians and cranes . dujiangyan is home of the dujiangyan irrigation system , an ancient water diversion project which is still in use and is a unesco world heritage site . the project ' s famous fish mouth was cracked but not severely damaged otherwise . [ sep ] 80 %
all of the highways into wenchuan , and others throughout the province , were damaged , resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops . in beichuan county , 80 % of the buildings collapsed according to xinhua news . in the city of shifang , the collapse of two chemical plants led to leakage of some 80 tons of liquid ammonia , with hundreds of people reported buried . in the city of dujiangyan , south - east of the epicenter , a whole school collapsed with 900 students buried and fewer than 60 survived . the juyuan middle school , where many teenagers were buried , was excavated by civilians and cranes . dujiangyan is home of the dujiangyan irrigation system , an ancient water diversion project which is still in use and is a unesco world heritage site . the project ' s famous fish mouth was cracked but not severely damaged otherwise . [ sep ] two chemical plants
all of the highways into wenchuan , and others throughout the province , were damaged , resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops . in beichuan county , 80 % of the buildings collapsed according to xinhua news . in the city of shifang , the collapse of two chemical plants led to leakage of some 80 tons of liquid ammonia , with hundreds of people reported buried . in the city of dujiangyan , south - east of the epicenter , a whole school collapsed with 900 students buried and fewer than 60 survived . the juyuan middle school , where many teenagers were buried , was excavated by civilians and cranes . dujiangyan is home of the dujiangyan irrigation system , an ancient water diversion project which is still in use and is a unesco world heritage site . the project ' s famous fish mouth was cracked but not severely damaged otherwise . [ sep ] fewer than 60
both the shanghai stock exchange and the shenzhen stock exchange suspended trading of companies based in southwestern china . copper rose over speculations that production in southwestern china may be affected , and oil prices dropped over speculations that demand from china would fall . [ sep ] suspended trading
both the shanghai stock exchange and the shenzhen stock exchange suspended trading of companies based in southwestern china . copper rose over speculations that production in southwestern china may be affected , and oil prices dropped over speculations that demand from china would fall . [ sep ] southwestern china
both the shanghai stock exchange and the shenzhen stock exchange suspended trading of companies based in southwestern china . copper rose over speculations that production in southwestern china may be affected , and oil prices dropped over speculations that demand from china would fall . [ sep ] copper
both the shanghai stock exchange and the shenzhen stock exchange suspended trading of companies based in southwestern china . copper rose over speculations that production in southwestern china may be affected , and oil prices dropped over speculations that demand from china would fall . [ sep ] shenzhen stock exchange
immediately after the earthquake event , mobile and terrestrial telecommunications were cut to the affected and surrounding area , with all internet capabilities cut to the sichuan area too . elements of telecommunications were restored by the government piece by piece over the next number of months as the situation in the sichuan province gradually improved . eventually , a handful of major news and media websites were made accessible online in the region , albeit with dramatically pared back webpages . [ sep ] telecommunications
immediately after the earthquake event , mobile and terrestrial telecommunications were cut to the affected and surrounding area , with all internet capabilities cut to the sichuan area too . elements of telecommunications were restored by the government piece by piece over the next number of months as the situation in the sichuan province gradually improved . eventually , a handful of major news and media websites were made accessible online in the region , albeit with dramatically pared back webpages . [ sep ] sichuan area
immediately after the earthquake event , mobile and terrestrial telecommunications were cut to the affected and surrounding area , with all internet capabilities cut to the sichuan area too . elements of telecommunications were restored by the government piece by piece over the next number of months as the situation in the sichuan province gradually improved . eventually , a handful of major news and media websites were made accessible online in the region , albeit with dramatically pared back webpages . [ sep ] the government
immediately after the earthquake event , mobile and terrestrial telecommunications were cut to the affected and surrounding area , with all internet capabilities cut to the sichuan area too . elements of telecommunications were restored by the government piece by piece over the next number of months as the situation in the sichuan province gradually improved . eventually , a handful of major news and media websites were made accessible online in the region , albeit with dramatically pared back webpages . [ sep ] news and media websites
immediately after the earthquake event , mobile and terrestrial telecommunications were cut to the affected and surrounding area , with all internet capabilities cut to the sichuan area too . elements of telecommunications were restored by the government piece by piece over the next number of months as the situation in the sichuan province gradually improved . eventually , a handful of major news and media websites were made accessible online in the region , albeit with dramatically pared back webpages . [ sep ] major news and media
china mobile had more than 2 , 300 base stations suspended due to power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion . half of the wireless communications were lost in the sichuan province . china unicom ' s service in wenchuan and four nearby counties was cut off , with more than 700 towers suspended . [ sep ] 2 , 300
china mobile had more than 2 , 300 base stations suspended due to power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion . half of the wireless communications were lost in the sichuan province . china unicom ' s service in wenchuan and four nearby counties was cut off , with more than 700 towers suspended . [ sep ] traffic congestion
china mobile had more than 2 , 300 base stations suspended due to power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion . half of the wireless communications were lost in the sichuan province . china unicom ' s service in wenchuan and four nearby counties was cut off , with more than 700 towers suspended . [ sep ] half
china mobile had more than 2 , 300 base stations suspended due to power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion . half of the wireless communications were lost in the sichuan province . china unicom ' s service in wenchuan and four nearby counties was cut off , with more than 700 towers suspended . [ sep ] china unicom
china mobile had more than 2 , 300 base stations suspended due to power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion . half of the wireless communications were lost in the sichuan province . china unicom ' s service in wenchuan and four nearby counties was cut off , with more than 700 towers suspended . [ sep ] 700
initially , officials were unable to contact the wolong national nature reserve , home to around 280 giant pandas . however , the foreign ministry later said that a group of 31 british tourists visiting the wolong panda reserve in the quake - hit area returned safe and uninjured to chengdu . nonetheless , the well - being of an even greater number of pandas in the neighbouring panda reserves remained unknown . five security guards at the reserve were killed by the earthquake . six pandas escaped after their enclosures were damaged . by may 20 , two pandas at the reserve were found to be injured , while the search continued for another two adult pandas that went missing after the quake . by may 28 , 2008 , one panda was still missing . the missing panda was later found dead under the rubble of an enclosure . nine - year - old mao mao , a mother of five at the breeding center , was discovered on monday , her body crushed by a wall in her enclosure . panda keepers and other workers placed her remains in a small wooden crate and buried her outside the breeding centre . [ sep ] wolong national nature reserve
initially , officials were unable to contact the wolong national nature reserve , home to around 280 giant pandas . however , the foreign ministry later said that a group of 31 british tourists visiting the wolong panda reserve in the quake - hit area returned safe and uninjured to chengdu . nonetheless , the well - being of an even greater number of pandas in the neighbouring panda reserves remained unknown . five security guards at the reserve were killed by the earthquake . six pandas escaped after their enclosures were damaged . by may 20 , two pandas at the reserve were found to be injured , while the search continued for another two adult pandas that went missing after the quake . by may 28 , 2008 , one panda was still missing . the missing panda was later found dead under the rubble of an enclosure . nine - year - old mao mao , a mother of five at the breeding center , was discovered on monday , her body crushed by a wall in her enclosure . panda keepers and other workers placed her remains in a small wooden crate and buried her outside the breeding centre . [ sep ] six
initially , officials were unable to contact the wolong national nature reserve , home to around 280 giant pandas . however , the foreign ministry later said that a group of 31 british tourists visiting the wolong panda reserve in the quake - hit area returned safe and uninjured to chengdu . nonetheless , the well - being of an even greater number of pandas in the neighbouring panda reserves remained unknown . five security guards at the reserve were killed by the earthquake . six pandas escaped after their enclosures were damaged . by may 20 , two pandas at the reserve were found to be injured , while the search continued for another two adult pandas that went missing after the quake . by may 28 , 2008 , one panda was still missing . the missing panda was later found dead under the rubble of an enclosure . nine - year - old mao mao , a mother of five at the breeding center , was discovered on monday , her body crushed by a wall in her enclosure . panda keepers and other workers placed her remains in a small wooden crate and buried her outside the breeding centre . [ sep ] five
initially , officials were unable to contact the wolong national nature reserve , home to around 280 giant pandas . however , the foreign ministry later said that a group of 31 british tourists visiting the wolong panda reserve in the quake - hit area returned safe and uninjured to chengdu . nonetheless , the well - being of an even greater number of pandas in the neighbouring panda reserves remained unknown . five security guards at the reserve were killed by the earthquake . six pandas escaped after their enclosures were damaged . by may 20 , two pandas at the reserve were found to be injured , while the search continued for another two adult pandas that went missing after the quake . by may 28 , 2008 , one panda was still missing . the missing panda was later found dead under the rubble of an enclosure . nine - year - old mao mao , a mother of five at the breeding center , was discovered on monday , her body crushed by a wall in her enclosure . panda keepers and other workers placed her remains in a small wooden crate and buried her outside the breeding centre . [ sep ] mao mao
the zipingpu hydropower plant ( simplified chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] 水 [unk] ; traditional chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] 水 [unk] ) located 20 km east of the epicenter was damaged . a recent inspection indicated that the damage was less severe than initially feared , and it remains structurally stable and safe . the tulong reservoir upstream is in danger of collapse . about 2 , 000 troops have been allocated to zipingpu , trying to release the pressure through spillway . in total , 391 dams , most of them small , were reported damaged by the quake . [ sep ] zipingpu hydropower plant
the zipingpu hydropower plant ( simplified chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] 水 [unk] ; traditional chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] 水 [unk] ) located 20 km east of the epicenter was damaged . a recent inspection indicated that the damage was less severe than initially feared , and it remains structurally stable and safe . the tulong reservoir upstream is in danger of collapse . about 2 , 000 troops have been allocated to zipingpu , trying to release the pressure through spillway . in total , 391 dams , most of them small , were reported damaged by the quake . [ sep ] 20 km
the zipingpu hydropower plant ( simplified chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] 水 [unk] ; traditional chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] 水 [unk] ) located 20 km east of the epicenter was damaged . a recent inspection indicated that the damage was less severe than initially feared , and it remains structurally stable and safe . the tulong reservoir upstream is in danger of collapse . about 2 , 000 troops have been allocated to zipingpu , trying to release the pressure through spillway . in total , 391 dams , most of them small , were reported damaged by the quake . [ sep ] less severe
the zipingpu hydropower plant ( simplified chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] 水 [unk] ; traditional chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] 水 [unk] ) located 20 km east of the epicenter was damaged . a recent inspection indicated that the damage was less severe than initially feared , and it remains structurally stable and safe . the tulong reservoir upstream is in danger of collapse . about 2 , 000 troops have been allocated to zipingpu , trying to release the pressure through spillway . in total , 391 dams , most of them small , were reported damaged by the quake . [ sep ] tulong reservoir
the zipingpu hydropower plant ( simplified chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] 水 [unk] ; traditional chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] 水 [unk] ) located 20 km east of the epicenter was damaged . a recent inspection indicated that the damage was less severe than initially feared , and it remains structurally stable and safe . the tulong reservoir upstream is in danger of collapse . about 2 , 000 troops have been allocated to zipingpu , trying to release the pressure through spillway . in total , 391 dams , most of them small , were reported damaged by the quake . [ sep ] 391
according to chinese state officials , the quake caused 69 , 180 known deaths including 68 , 636 in sichuan province ; 18 , 498 people are listed as missing , and 374 , 176 injured , but these figures may further increase as more reports come in . [ dated info ] this estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads . [ sep ] 68 , 636
according to chinese state officials , the quake caused 69 , 180 known deaths including 68 , 636 in sichuan province ; 18 , 498 people are listed as missing , and 374 , 176 injured , but these figures may further increase as more reports come in . [ dated info ] this estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads . [ sep ] 69 , 180
according to chinese state officials , the quake caused 69 , 180 known deaths including 68 , 636 in sichuan province ; 18 , 498 people are listed as missing , and 374 , 176 injured , but these figures may further increase as more reports come in . [ dated info ] this estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads . [ sep ] 18 , 498
according to chinese state officials , the quake caused 69 , 180 known deaths including 68 , 636 in sichuan province ; 18 , 498 people are listed as missing , and 374 , 176 injured , but these figures may further increase as more reports come in . [ dated info ] this estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads . [ sep ] 374 , 176
according to chinese state officials , the quake caused 69 , 180 known deaths including 68 , 636 in sichuan province ; 18 , 498 people are listed as missing , and 374 , 176 injured , but these figures may further increase as more reports come in . [ dated info ] this estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads . [ sep ] tried to repair roads
one rescue team reported only 2 , 300 survivors from the town of yingxiu in wenchuan county , out of a total population of about 9 , 000 . 3 , 000 to 5 , 000 people were killed in beichuan county , sichuan alone ; in the same location , 10 , 000 people were injured and 80 % of the buildings were destroyed . the old county seat of beichuan was abandoned and preserved as part of the beichuan earthquake museum . eight schools were toppled in dujiangyan . a 56 - year - old was killed in dujiangyan during a rescue attempt on the lingyanshan ropeway , where due to the earthquake 11 tourists from taiwan had been trapped inside cable cars since may 13 . a 4 - year - old boy named zhu shaowei ( traditional chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] ; simplified chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] ; pinyin : zhu shaowei ) was also killed in mianzhu city when a house collapsed on him and another was reported missing . [ sep ] 2 , 300
one rescue team reported only 2 , 300 survivors from the town of yingxiu in wenchuan county , out of a total population of about 9 , 000 . 3 , 000 to 5 , 000 people were killed in beichuan county , sichuan alone ; in the same location , 10 , 000 people were injured and 80 % of the buildings were destroyed . the old county seat of beichuan was abandoned and preserved as part of the beichuan earthquake museum . eight schools were toppled in dujiangyan . a 56 - year - old was killed in dujiangyan during a rescue attempt on the lingyanshan ropeway , where due to the earthquake 11 tourists from taiwan had been trapped inside cable cars since may 13 . a 4 - year - old boy named zhu shaowei ( traditional chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] ; simplified chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] ; pinyin : zhu shaowei ) was also killed in mianzhu city when a house collapsed on him and another was reported missing . [ sep ] about 9 , 000
one rescue team reported only 2 , 300 survivors from the town of yingxiu in wenchuan county , out of a total population of about 9 , 000 . 3 , 000 to 5 , 000 people were killed in beichuan county , sichuan alone ; in the same location , 10 , 000 people were injured and 80 % of the buildings were destroyed . the old county seat of beichuan was abandoned and preserved as part of the beichuan earthquake museum . eight schools were toppled in dujiangyan . a 56 - year - old was killed in dujiangyan during a rescue attempt on the lingyanshan ropeway , where due to the earthquake 11 tourists from taiwan had been trapped inside cable cars since may 13 . a 4 - year - old boy named zhu shaowei ( traditional chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] ; simplified chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] ; pinyin : zhu shaowei ) was also killed in mianzhu city when a house collapsed on him and another was reported missing . [ sep ] 3 , 000 to 5 , 000
one rescue team reported only 2 , 300 survivors from the town of yingxiu in wenchuan county , out of a total population of about 9 , 000 . 3 , 000 to 5 , 000 people were killed in beichuan county , sichuan alone ; in the same location , 10 , 000 people were injured and 80 % of the buildings were destroyed . the old county seat of beichuan was abandoned and preserved as part of the beichuan earthquake museum . eight schools were toppled in dujiangyan . a 56 - year - old was killed in dujiangyan during a rescue attempt on the lingyanshan ropeway , where due to the earthquake 11 tourists from taiwan had been trapped inside cable cars since may 13 . a 4 - year - old boy named zhu shaowei ( traditional chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] ; simplified chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] ; pinyin : zhu shaowei ) was also killed in mianzhu city when a house collapsed on him and another was reported missing . [ sep ] 10 , 000
one rescue team reported only 2 , 300 survivors from the town of yingxiu in wenchuan county , out of a total population of about 9 , 000 . 3 , 000 to 5 , 000 people were killed in beichuan county , sichuan alone ; in the same location , 10 , 000 people were injured and 80 % of the buildings were destroyed . the old county seat of beichuan was abandoned and preserved as part of the beichuan earthquake museum . eight schools were toppled in dujiangyan . a 56 - year - old was killed in dujiangyan during a rescue attempt on the lingyanshan ropeway , where due to the earthquake 11 tourists from taiwan had been trapped inside cable cars since may 13 . a 4 - year - old boy named zhu shaowei ( traditional chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] ; simplified chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] ; pinyin : zhu shaowei ) was also killed in mianzhu city when a house collapsed on him and another was reported missing . [ sep ] eight schools
experts point out that the earthquake hit an area that has been largely neglected and untouched by china ' s economic rise . health care is poor in inland areas such as sichuan , highlighting the widening gap between prosperous urban dwellers and struggling rural people . vice minister of health gao qiang told reporters in beijing that the " public health care system in china is insufficient . " the vice minister of health also suggested that the government would pick up the costs of care to earthquake victims , many of whom have little or no insurance : " the government should be responsible for providing medical treatment to them , " he said . [ sep ] neglected and untouched
experts point out that the earthquake hit an area that has been largely neglected and untouched by china ' s economic rise . health care is poor in inland areas such as sichuan , highlighting the widening gap between prosperous urban dwellers and struggling rural people . vice minister of health gao qiang told reporters in beijing that the " public health care system in china is insufficient . " the vice minister of health also suggested that the government would pick up the costs of care to earthquake victims , many of whom have little or no insurance : " the government should be responsible for providing medical treatment to them , " he said . [ sep ] inland areas
experts point out that the earthquake hit an area that has been largely neglected and untouched by china ' s economic rise . health care is poor in inland areas such as sichuan , highlighting the widening gap between prosperous urban dwellers and struggling rural people . vice minister of health gao qiang told reporters in beijing that the " public health care system in china is insufficient . " the vice minister of health also suggested that the government would pick up the costs of care to earthquake victims , many of whom have little or no insurance : " the government should be responsible for providing medical treatment to them , " he said . [ sep ] insufficient
experts point out that the earthquake hit an area that has been largely neglected and untouched by china ' s economic rise . health care is poor in inland areas such as sichuan , highlighting the widening gap between prosperous urban dwellers and struggling rural people . vice minister of health gao qiang told reporters in beijing that the " public health care system in china is insufficient . " the vice minister of health also suggested that the government would pick up the costs of care to earthquake victims , many of whom have little or no insurance : " the government should be responsible for providing medical treatment to them , " he said . [ sep ] medical treatment
in terms of school casualties , thousands of school children died due to shoddy construction . in mianyang city , seven schools collapsed , burying at least 1 , 700 people . at least 7 , 000 school buildings throughout the province collapsed . another 700 students were buried in a school in hanwang . at least 600 students and staff died at juyuan elementary school . up to 1 , 300 children and teachers died at beichuan middle school . [ sep ] shoddy construction
in terms of school casualties , thousands of school children died due to shoddy construction . in mianyang city , seven schools collapsed , burying at least 1 , 700 people . at least 7 , 000 school buildings throughout the province collapsed . another 700 students were buried in a school in hanwang . at least 600 students and staff died at juyuan elementary school . up to 1 , 300 children and teachers died at beichuan middle school . [ sep ] seven
in terms of school casualties , thousands of school children died due to shoddy construction . in mianyang city , seven schools collapsed , burying at least 1 , 700 people . at least 7 , 000 school buildings throughout the province collapsed . another 700 students were buried in a school in hanwang . at least 600 students and staff died at juyuan elementary school . up to 1 , 300 children and teachers died at beichuan middle school . [ sep ] 1 , 700
in terms of school casualties , thousands of school children died due to shoddy construction . in mianyang city , seven schools collapsed , burying at least 1 , 700 people . at least 7 , 000 school buildings throughout the province collapsed . another 700 students were buried in a school in hanwang . at least 600 students and staff died at juyuan elementary school . up to 1 , 300 children and teachers died at beichuan middle school . [ sep ] 7 , 000
in terms of school casualties , thousands of school children died due to shoddy construction . in mianyang city , seven schools collapsed , burying at least 1 , 700 people . at least 7 , 000 school buildings throughout the province collapsed . another 700 students were buried in a school in hanwang . at least 600 students and staff died at juyuan elementary school . up to 1 , 300 children and teachers died at beichuan middle school . [ sep ] 600
details of school casualties had been under non - governmental investigation since december 2008 by volunteers including artist and architect ai weiwei , who had been constantly posting updates on his blog since march 2009 . the official tally of students killed in the earthquake was not released until may 7 , 2009 , almost a year after the earthquake . according to the state - run xinhua news agency , the earthquake killed 5 , 335 students and left another 546 children disabled . in the aftermath of the earthquake , the chinese government declared that parents who had lost their only children would get free treatment from fertility clinics to reverse vasectomies and tubal ligations conducted by family planning authorities . [ sep ] may 7 , 2009
details of school casualties had been under non - governmental investigation since december 2008 by volunteers including artist and architect ai weiwei , who had been constantly posting updates on his blog since march 2009 . the official tally of students killed in the earthquake was not released until may 7 , 2009 , almost a year after the earthquake . according to the state - run xinhua news agency , the earthquake killed 5 , 335 students and left another 546 children disabled . in the aftermath of the earthquake , the chinese government declared that parents who had lost their only children would get free treatment from fertility clinics to reverse vasectomies and tubal ligations conducted by family planning authorities . [ sep ] ai weiwei
details of school casualties had been under non - governmental investigation since december 2008 by volunteers including artist and architect ai weiwei , who had been constantly posting updates on his blog since march 2009 . the official tally of students killed in the earthquake was not released until may 7 , 2009 , almost a year after the earthquake . according to the state - run xinhua news agency , the earthquake killed 5 , 335 students and left another 546 children disabled . in the aftermath of the earthquake , the chinese government declared that parents who had lost their only children would get free treatment from fertility clinics to reverse vasectomies and tubal ligations conducted by family planning authorities . [ sep ] 5 , 335
details of school casualties had been under non - governmental investigation since december 2008 by volunteers including artist and architect ai weiwei , who had been constantly posting updates on his blog since march 2009 . the official tally of students killed in the earthquake was not released until may 7 , 2009 , almost a year after the earthquake . according to the state - run xinhua news agency , the earthquake killed 5 , 335 students and left another 546 children disabled . in the aftermath of the earthquake , the chinese government declared that parents who had lost their only children would get free treatment from fertility clinics to reverse vasectomies and tubal ligations conducted by family planning authorities . [ sep ] 546
details of school casualties had been under non - governmental investigation since december 2008 by volunteers including artist and architect ai weiwei , who had been constantly posting updates on his blog since march 2009 . the official tally of students killed in the earthquake was not released until may 7 , 2009 , almost a year after the earthquake . according to the state - run xinhua news agency , the earthquake killed 5 , 335 students and left another 546 children disabled . in the aftermath of the earthquake , the chinese government declared that parents who had lost their only children would get free treatment from fertility clinics to reverse vasectomies and tubal ligations conducted by family planning authorities . [ sep ] fertility clinics
the earthquake left at least 5 million people without housing , although the number could be as high as 11 million . millions of livestock and a significant amount of agriculture were also destroyed , including 12 . 5 million animals , mainly birds . in the sichuan province a million pigs died out of 60 million total . catastrophe modeling firm air worldwide reported official estimates of insurers ' losses at us $ 1 billion from the earthquake ; estimated total damages exceed us $ 20 billion . it values chengdu , at the time having an urban population of 4 . 5 million people , at around us $ 115 billion , with only a small portion covered by insurance . [ sep ] at least 5 million
the earthquake left at least 5 million people without housing , although the number could be as high as 11 million . millions of livestock and a significant amount of agriculture were also destroyed , including 12 . 5 million animals , mainly birds . in the sichuan province a million pigs died out of 60 million total . catastrophe modeling firm air worldwide reported official estimates of insurers ' losses at us $ 1 billion from the earthquake ; estimated total damages exceed us $ 20 billion . it values chengdu , at the time having an urban population of 4 . 5 million people , at around us $ 115 billion , with only a small portion covered by insurance . [ sep ] 11 million
the earthquake left at least 5 million people without housing , although the number could be as high as 11 million . millions of livestock and a significant amount of agriculture were also destroyed , including 12 . 5 million animals , mainly birds . in the sichuan province a million pigs died out of 60 million total . catastrophe modeling firm air worldwide reported official estimates of insurers ' losses at us $ 1 billion from the earthquake ; estimated total damages exceed us $ 20 billion . it values chengdu , at the time having an urban population of 4 . 5 million people , at around us $ 115 billion , with only a small portion covered by insurance . [ sep ] 12 . 5 million animals
the earthquake left at least 5 million people without housing , although the number could be as high as 11 million . millions of livestock and a significant amount of agriculture were also destroyed , including 12 . 5 million animals , mainly birds . in the sichuan province a million pigs died out of 60 million total . catastrophe modeling firm air worldwide reported official estimates of insurers ' losses at us $ 1 billion from the earthquake ; estimated total damages exceed us $ 20 billion . it values chengdu , at the time having an urban population of 4 . 5 million people , at around us $ 115 billion , with only a small portion covered by insurance . [ sep ] a million
reginald desroches , a professor of civil and environmental engineering at georgia tech , pointed out that the massive damage of properties and houses in the earthquake area was because china did not create an adequate seismic design code until after the devastating 1976 tangshan earthquake . desroches said : " if the buildings were older and built prior to that 1976 earthquake , chances are they weren ' t built for adequate earthquake forces . " [ sep ] professor of civil and environmental engineering
reginald desroches , a professor of civil and environmental engineering at georgia tech , pointed out that the massive damage of properties and houses in the earthquake area was because china did not create an adequate seismic design code until after the devastating 1976 tangshan earthquake . desroches said : " if the buildings were older and built prior to that 1976 earthquake , chances are they weren ' t built for adequate earthquake forces . " [ sep ] 1976
reginald desroches , a professor of civil and environmental engineering at georgia tech , pointed out that the massive damage of properties and houses in the earthquake area was because china did not create an adequate seismic design code until after the devastating 1976 tangshan earthquake . desroches said : " if the buildings were older and built prior to that 1976 earthquake , chances are they weren ' t built for adequate earthquake forces . " [ sep ] tangshan earthquake
in the days following the disaster , an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings . their findings show a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake . [ sep ] team of engineers
in the days following the disaster , an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings . their findings show a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake . [ sep ] survey of damaged buildings
in the days following the disaster , an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings . their findings show a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake . [ sep ] variety of reasons
news reports indicate that the poorer , rural villages were hardest hit . swaminathan krishnan , assistant professor of civil engineering and geophysics at the california institute of technology said : " the earthquake occurred in the rural part of china . presumably , many of the buildings were just built ; they were not designed , so to speak . " swaminathan krishnan further added : " there are very strong building codes in china , which take care of earthquake issues and seismic design issues . but many of these buildings presumably were quite old and probably were not built with any regulations overseeing them . " [ sep ] rural part
news reports indicate that the poorer , rural villages were hardest hit . swaminathan krishnan , assistant professor of civil engineering and geophysics at the california institute of technology said : " the earthquake occurred in the rural part of china . presumably , many of the buildings were just built ; they were not designed , so to speak . " swaminathan krishnan further added : " there are very strong building codes in china , which take care of earthquake issues and seismic design issues . but many of these buildings presumably were quite old and probably were not built with any regulations overseeing them . " [ sep ] not designed
news reports indicate that the poorer , rural villages were hardest hit . swaminathan krishnan , assistant professor of civil engineering and geophysics at the california institute of technology said : " the earthquake occurred in the rural part of china . presumably , many of the buildings were just built ; they were not designed , so to speak . " swaminathan krishnan further added : " there are very strong building codes in china , which take care of earthquake issues and seismic design issues . but many of these buildings presumably were quite old and probably were not built with any regulations overseeing them . " [ sep ] very strong
news reports indicate that the poorer , rural villages were hardest hit . swaminathan krishnan , assistant professor of civil engineering and geophysics at the california institute of technology said : " the earthquake occurred in the rural part of china . presumably , many of the buildings were just built ; they were not designed , so to speak . " swaminathan krishnan further added : " there are very strong building codes in china , which take care of earthquake issues and seismic design issues . but many of these buildings presumably were quite old and probably were not built with any regulations overseeing them . " [ sep ] regulations
even with the five largest cities in sichuan suffering only minor damage from the quake , some estimates of the economic loss run higher than us $ 75 billion , making the earthquake one of the costliest natural disasters in chinese history . [ sep ] minor damage
even with the five largest cities in sichuan suffering only minor damage from the quake , some estimates of the economic loss run higher than us $ 75 billion , making the earthquake one of the costliest natural disasters in chinese history . [ sep ] us $ 75 billion
even with the five largest cities in sichuan suffering only minor damage from the quake , some estimates of the economic loss run higher than us $ 75 billion , making the earthquake one of the costliest natural disasters in chinese history . [ sep ] chinese history
even with the five largest cities in sichuan suffering only minor damage from the quake , some estimates of the economic loss run higher than us $ 75 billion , making the earthquake one of the costliest natural disasters in chinese history . [ sep ] five largest cities
strong aftershocks continued to strike even months after the main quake . on may 25 , an aftershock of 6 . 0 mw ( 6 . 4 ms according to cea ) hit northeast of the original earthquake ' s epicenter , in qingchuan county , sichuan , causing eight deaths , 1000 injuries , and destroying thousands of buildings . on may 27 , two aftershocks , one 5 . 2 mw in qingchuan county and one 5 . 7 mw in ningqiang county , shaanxi , led to the collapse of more than 420 , 000 homes and injured 63 people . the same area suffered two more aftershocks of 5 . 6 and 6 . 0 ms ( 5 . 8 and 5 . 5 mw , respectively , according to usgs ) on july 23 , resulting in 1 death , 6 serious injuries , collapse of hundreds of homes and damaging kilometers of highways . pingwu county and beichuan county , sichuan , also northeast of wenchuan and close to the epicenter of a 7 . 2 ms earthquake in 1976 , suffered a 6 . 1 ms aftershock ( 5 . 7 mw according to usgs ) on august 1 ; it caused 2 deaths , 345 injuries , collapse of 707 homes , damages to over 1 , 000 homes , and blocked 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) of country roads . as late as august 5 , yet another aftershock of 6 . 1 ms ( 6 . 2 mw according to usgs ) hit qingchuan , sichuan , causing 1 death , 32 injuries , telecommunication interruptions , and widespread hill slides blocking roads in the area including a national highway . [ sep ] 6 . 0 mw
strong aftershocks continued to strike even months after the main quake . on may 25 , an aftershock of 6 . 0 mw ( 6 . 4 ms according to cea ) hit northeast of the original earthquake ' s epicenter , in qingchuan county , sichuan , causing eight deaths , 1000 injuries , and destroying thousands of buildings . on may 27 , two aftershocks , one 5 . 2 mw in qingchuan county and one 5 . 7 mw in ningqiang county , shaanxi , led to the collapse of more than 420 , 000 homes and injured 63 people . the same area suffered two more aftershocks of 5 . 6 and 6 . 0 ms ( 5 . 8 and 5 . 5 mw , respectively , according to usgs ) on july 23 , resulting in 1 death , 6 serious injuries , collapse of hundreds of homes and damaging kilometers of highways . pingwu county and beichuan county , sichuan , also northeast of wenchuan and close to the epicenter of a 7 . 2 ms earthquake in 1976 , suffered a 6 . 1 ms aftershock ( 5 . 7 mw according to usgs ) on august 1 ; it caused 2 deaths , 345 injuries , collapse of 707 homes , damages to over 1 , 000 homes , and blocked 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) of country roads . as late as august 5 , yet another aftershock of 6 . 1 ms ( 6 . 2 mw according to usgs ) hit qingchuan , sichuan , causing 1 death , 32 injuries , telecommunication interruptions , and widespread hill slides blocking roads in the area including a national highway . [ sep ] 1000
strong aftershocks continued to strike even months after the main quake . on may 25 , an aftershock of 6 . 0 mw ( 6 . 4 ms according to cea ) hit northeast of the original earthquake ' s epicenter , in qingchuan county , sichuan , causing eight deaths , 1000 injuries , and destroying thousands of buildings . on may 27 , two aftershocks , one 5 . 2 mw in qingchuan county and one 5 . 7 mw in ningqiang county , shaanxi , led to the collapse of more than 420 , 000 homes and injured 63 people . the same area suffered two more aftershocks of 5 . 6 and 6 . 0 ms ( 5 . 8 and 5 . 5 mw , respectively , according to usgs ) on july 23 , resulting in 1 death , 6 serious injuries , collapse of hundreds of homes and damaging kilometers of highways . pingwu county and beichuan county , sichuan , also northeast of wenchuan and close to the epicenter of a 7 . 2 ms earthquake in 1976 , suffered a 6 . 1 ms aftershock ( 5 . 7 mw according to usgs ) on august 1 ; it caused 2 deaths , 345 injuries , collapse of 707 homes , damages to over 1 , 000 homes , and blocked 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) of country roads . as late as august 5 , yet another aftershock of 6 . 1 ms ( 6 . 2 mw according to usgs ) hit qingchuan , sichuan , causing 1 death , 32 injuries , telecommunication interruptions , and widespread hill slides blocking roads in the area including a national highway . [ sep ] more than 420 , 000
strong aftershocks continued to strike even months after the main quake . on may 25 , an aftershock of 6 . 0 mw ( 6 . 4 ms according to cea ) hit northeast of the original earthquake ' s epicenter , in qingchuan county , sichuan , causing eight deaths , 1000 injuries , and destroying thousands of buildings . on may 27 , two aftershocks , one 5 . 2 mw in qingchuan county and one 5 . 7 mw in ningqiang county , shaanxi , led to the collapse of more than 420 , 000 homes and injured 63 people . the same area suffered two more aftershocks of 5 . 6 and 6 . 0 ms ( 5 . 8 and 5 . 5 mw , respectively , according to usgs ) on july 23 , resulting in 1 death , 6 serious injuries , collapse of hundreds of homes and damaging kilometers of highways . pingwu county and beichuan county , sichuan , also northeast of wenchuan and close to the epicenter of a 7 . 2 ms earthquake in 1976 , suffered a 6 . 1 ms aftershock ( 5 . 7 mw according to usgs ) on august 1 ; it caused 2 deaths , 345 injuries , collapse of 707 homes , damages to over 1 , 000 homes , and blocked 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) of country roads . as late as august 5 , yet another aftershock of 6 . 1 ms ( 6 . 2 mw according to usgs ) hit qingchuan , sichuan , causing 1 death , 32 injuries , telecommunication interruptions , and widespread hill slides blocking roads in the area including a national highway . [ sep ] 63
strong aftershocks continued to strike even months after the main quake . on may 25 , an aftershock of 6 . 0 mw ( 6 . 4 ms according to cea ) hit northeast of the original earthquake ' s epicenter , in qingchuan county , sichuan , causing eight deaths , 1000 injuries , and destroying thousands of buildings . on may 27 , two aftershocks , one 5 . 2 mw in qingchuan county and one 5 . 7 mw in ningqiang county , shaanxi , led to the collapse of more than 420 , 000 homes and injured 63 people . the same area suffered two more aftershocks of 5 . 6 and 6 . 0 ms ( 5 . 8 and 5 . 5 mw , respectively , according to usgs ) on july 23 , resulting in 1 death , 6 serious injuries , collapse of hundreds of homes and damaging kilometers of highways . pingwu county and beichuan county , sichuan , also northeast of wenchuan and close to the epicenter of a 7 . 2 ms earthquake in 1976 , suffered a 6 . 1 ms aftershock ( 5 . 7 mw according to usgs ) on august 1 ; it caused 2 deaths , 345 injuries , collapse of 707 homes , damages to over 1 , 000 homes , and blocked 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) of country roads . as late as august 5 , yet another aftershock of 6 . 1 ms ( 6 . 2 mw according to usgs ) hit qingchuan , sichuan , causing 1 death , 32 injuries , telecommunication interruptions , and widespread hill slides blocking roads in the area including a national highway . [ sep ] qingchuan , sichuan
executive vice governor wei hong confirmed on november 21 , 2008 that more than 90 , 000 people in total were dead or missing in the earthquake . he stated that 200 , 000 homes had been rebuilt , and 685 , 000 were under reconstruction , but 1 . 94 million households were still without permanent shelter . 1 , 300 schools had been reconstructed , with initial relocation of 25 townships , including beichuan and wenchuan , two of the most devastated areas . the government spent $ 441 billion on relief and reconstruction efforts . [ sep ] wei hong
executive vice governor wei hong confirmed on november 21 , 2008 that more than 90 , 000 people in total were dead or missing in the earthquake . he stated that 200 , 000 homes had been rebuilt , and 685 , 000 were under reconstruction , but 1 . 94 million households were still without permanent shelter . 1 , 300 schools had been reconstructed , with initial relocation of 25 townships , including beichuan and wenchuan , two of the most devastated areas . the government spent $ 441 billion on relief and reconstruction efforts . [ sep ] 90 , 000
executive vice governor wei hong confirmed on november 21 , 2008 that more than 90 , 000 people in total were dead or missing in the earthquake . he stated that 200 , 000 homes had been rebuilt , and 685 , 000 were under reconstruction , but 1 . 94 million households were still without permanent shelter . 1 , 300 schools had been reconstructed , with initial relocation of 25 townships , including beichuan and wenchuan , two of the most devastated areas . the government spent $ 441 billion on relief and reconstruction efforts . [ sep ] 200 , 000
executive vice governor wei hong confirmed on november 21 , 2008 that more than 90 , 000 people in total were dead or missing in the earthquake . he stated that 200 , 000 homes had been rebuilt , and 685 , 000 were under reconstruction , but 1 . 94 million households were still without permanent shelter . 1 , 300 schools had been reconstructed , with initial relocation of 25 townships , including beichuan and wenchuan , two of the most devastated areas . the government spent $ 441 billion on relief and reconstruction efforts . [ sep ] 685 , 000
executive vice governor wei hong confirmed on november 21 , 2008 that more than 90 , 000 people in total were dead or missing in the earthquake . he stated that 200 , 000 homes had been rebuilt , and 685 , 000 were under reconstruction , but 1 . 94 million households were still without permanent shelter . 1 , 300 schools had been reconstructed , with initial relocation of 25 townships , including beichuan and wenchuan , two of the most devastated areas . the government spent $ 441 billion on relief and reconstruction efforts . [ sep ] 1 . 94 million
general secretary and president hu jintao announced that the disaster response would be rapid . just 90 minutes after the earthquake , premier wen jiabao , who has an academic background in geomechanics , flew to the earthquake area to oversee the rescue work . soon afterward , the ministry of health said that it had sent ten emergency medical teams to wenchuan county . on the same day , the chengdu military region command dispatched 50 , 000 troops and armed police to help with disaster relief work in wenchuan county . however , due to the rough terrain and close proximity of the quake ' s epicenter , the soldiers found it very difficult to get help to the rural regions of the province . [ sep ] 90 minutes after
general secretary and president hu jintao announced that the disaster response would be rapid . just 90 minutes after the earthquake , premier wen jiabao , who has an academic background in geomechanics , flew to the earthquake area to oversee the rescue work . soon afterward , the ministry of health said that it had sent ten emergency medical teams to wenchuan county . on the same day , the chengdu military region command dispatched 50 , 000 troops and armed police to help with disaster relief work in wenchuan county . however , due to the rough terrain and close proximity of the quake ' s epicenter , the soldiers found it very difficult to get help to the rural regions of the province . [ sep ] ten
general secretary and president hu jintao announced that the disaster response would be rapid . just 90 minutes after the earthquake , premier wen jiabao , who has an academic background in geomechanics , flew to the earthquake area to oversee the rescue work . soon afterward , the ministry of health said that it had sent ten emergency medical teams to wenchuan county . on the same day , the chengdu military region command dispatched 50 , 000 troops and armed police to help with disaster relief work in wenchuan county . however , due to the rough terrain and close proximity of the quake ' s epicenter , the soldiers found it very difficult to get help to the rural regions of the province . [ sep ] 50 , 000
general secretary and president hu jintao announced that the disaster response would be rapid . just 90 minutes after the earthquake , premier wen jiabao , who has an academic background in geomechanics , flew to the earthquake area to oversee the rescue work . soon afterward , the ministry of health said that it had sent ten emergency medical teams to wenchuan county . on the same day , the chengdu military region command dispatched 50 , 000 troops and armed police to help with disaster relief work in wenchuan county . however , due to the rough terrain and close proximity of the quake ' s epicenter , the soldiers found it very difficult to get help to the rural regions of the province . [ sep ] proximity of the quake ' s epicenter
the national disaster relief commission initiated a " level ii emergency contingency plan " , which covers the most serious class of natural disasters . the plan rose to level i at 22 : 15 cst , may 12 . [ sep ] level ii emergency
the national disaster relief commission initiated a " level ii emergency contingency plan " , which covers the most serious class of natural disasters . the plan rose to level i at 22 : 15 cst , may 12 . [ sep ] most serious
the national disaster relief commission initiated a " level ii emergency contingency plan " , which covers the most serious class of natural disasters . the plan rose to level i at 22 : 15 cst , may 12 . [ sep ] level ii
the national disaster relief commission initiated a " level ii emergency contingency plan " , which covers the most serious class of natural disasters . the plan rose to level i at 22 : 15 cst , may 12 . [ sep ] national disaster relief commission
the coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties : " double " being common with dogs ( as well as wolves ) originating from colder climates , made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair , or " single " , with the topcoat only . [ sep ] double
the coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties : " double " being common with dogs ( as well as wolves ) originating from colder climates , made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair , or " single " , with the topcoat only . [ sep ] soft down hair
domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading , a common natural camouflage pattern . a countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below , which reduces its general visibility . thus , many breeds will have an occasional " blaze " , stripe , or " star " of white fur on their chest or underside . [ sep ] countershading
domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading , a common natural camouflage pattern . a countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below , which reduces its general visibility . thus , many breeds will have an occasional " blaze " , stripe , or " star " of white fur on their chest or underside . [ sep ] upper surfaces
there are many different shapes for dog tails : straight , straight up , sickle , curled , or cork - screw . as with many canids , one of the primary functions of a dog ' s tail is to communicate their emotional state , which can be important in getting along with others . in some hunting dogs , however , the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries . in some breeds , such as the braque du bourbonnais , puppies can be born with a short tail or no tail at all . [ sep ] tails
there are many different shapes for dog tails : straight , straight up , sickle , curled , or cork - screw . as with many canids , one of the primary functions of a dog ' s tail is to communicate their emotional state , which can be important in getting along with others . in some hunting dogs , however , the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries . in some breeds , such as the braque du bourbonnais , puppies can be born with a short tail or no tail at all . [ sep ] emotional state
some breeds of dogs are prone to certain genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia , blindness , deafness , pulmonic stenosis , cleft palate , and trick knees . two serious medical conditions particularly affecting dogs are pyometra , affecting unspayed females of all types and ages , and bloat , which affects the larger breeds or deep - chested dogs . both of these are acute conditions , and can kill rapidly . dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas , ticks , and mites , as well as hookworms , tapeworms , roundworms , and heartworms . [ sep ] genetic ailments
some breeds of dogs are prone to certain genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia , blindness , deafness , pulmonic stenosis , cleft palate , and trick knees . two serious medical conditions particularly affecting dogs are pyometra , affecting unspayed females of all types and ages , and bloat , which affects the larger breeds or deep - chested dogs . both of these are acute conditions , and can kill rapidly . dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas , ticks , and mites , as well as hookworms , tapeworms , roundworms , and heartworms . [ sep ] parasites
some breeds of dogs are prone to certain genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia , blindness , deafness , pulmonic stenosis , cleft palate , and trick knees . two serious medical conditions particularly affecting dogs are pyometra , affecting unspayed females of all types and ages , and bloat , which affects the larger breeds or deep - chested dogs . both of these are acute conditions , and can kill rapidly . dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas , ticks , and mites , as well as hookworms , tapeworms , roundworms , and heartworms . [ sep ] unspayed
a number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs , including chocolate solids ( theobromine poisoning ) , onion and garlic ( thiosulphate , sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning ) , grapes and raisins , macadamia nuts , xylitol , as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials . the nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous . dogs can get it by scavenging in garbage or ashtrays ; eating cigars and cigarettes . signs can be vomiting of large amounts ( e . g . , from eating cigar butts ) or diarrhea . some other signs are abdominal pain , loss of coordination , collapse , or death . dogs are highly susceptible to theobromine poisoning , typically from ingestion of chocolate . theobromine is toxic to dogs because , although the dog ' s metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical , the process is so slow that even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal , especially dark chocolate . [ sep ] toxic
a number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs , including chocolate solids ( theobromine poisoning ) , onion and garlic ( thiosulphate , sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning ) , grapes and raisins , macadamia nuts , xylitol , as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials . the nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous . dogs can get it by scavenging in garbage or ashtrays ; eating cigars and cigarettes . signs can be vomiting of large amounts ( e . g . , from eating cigar butts ) or diarrhea . some other signs are abdominal pain , loss of coordination , collapse , or death . dogs are highly susceptible to theobromine poisoning , typically from ingestion of chocolate . theobromine is toxic to dogs because , although the dog ' s metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical , the process is so slow that even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal , especially dark chocolate . [ sep ] xylitol
a number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs , including chocolate solids ( theobromine poisoning ) , onion and garlic ( thiosulphate , sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning ) , grapes and raisins , macadamia nuts , xylitol , as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials . the nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous . dogs can get it by scavenging in garbage or ashtrays ; eating cigars and cigarettes . signs can be vomiting of large amounts ( e . g . , from eating cigar butts ) or diarrhea . some other signs are abdominal pain , loss of coordination , collapse , or death . dogs are highly susceptible to theobromine poisoning , typically from ingestion of chocolate . theobromine is toxic to dogs because , although the dog ' s metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical , the process is so slow that even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal , especially dark chocolate . [ sep ] macadamia
a number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs , including chocolate solids ( theobromine poisoning ) , onion and garlic ( thiosulphate , sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning ) , grapes and raisins , macadamia nuts , xylitol , as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials . the nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous . dogs can get it by scavenging in garbage or ashtrays ; eating cigars and cigarettes . signs can be vomiting of large amounts ( e . g . , from eating cigar butts ) or diarrhea . some other signs are abdominal pain , loss of coordination , collapse , or death . dogs are highly susceptible to theobromine poisoning , typically from ingestion of chocolate . theobromine is toxic to dogs because , although the dog ' s metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical , the process is so slow that even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal , especially dark chocolate . [ sep ] theobromine
in 2013 , a study found that mixed breeds live on average 1 . 2 years longer than pure breeds , and that increasing body - weight was negatively correlated with longevity ( i . e . the heavier the dog the shorter its lifespan ) . [ sep ] 1 . 2 years
in 2013 , a study found that mixed breeds live on average 1 . 2 years longer than pure breeds , and that increasing body - weight was negatively correlated with longevity ( i . e . the heavier the dog the shorter its lifespan ) . [ sep ] shorter
the typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds , but for most the median longevity , the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive , ranges from 10 to 13 years . individual dogs may live well beyond the median of their breed . [ sep ] 10 to 13 years .
the breed with the shortest lifespan ( among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size ) is the dogue de bordeaux , with a median longevity of about 5 . 2 years , but several breeds , including miniature bull terriers , bloodhounds , and irish wolfhounds are nearly as short - lived , with median longevities of 6 to 7 years . [ sep ] dogue de bordeaux
the breed with the shortest lifespan ( among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size ) is the dogue de bordeaux , with a median longevity of about 5 . 2 years , but several breeds , including miniature bull terriers , bloodhounds , and irish wolfhounds are nearly as short - lived , with median longevities of 6 to 7 years . [ sep ] 5 . 2 years
the breed with the shortest lifespan ( among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size ) is the dogue de bordeaux , with a median longevity of about 5 . 2 years , but several breeds , including miniature bull terriers , bloodhounds , and irish wolfhounds are nearly as short - lived , with median longevities of 6 to 7 years . [ sep ] 6 to 7 years .
the longest - lived breeds , including toy poodles , japanese spitz , border terriers , and tibetan spaniels , have median longevities of 14 to 15 years . the median longevity of mixed - breed dogs , taken as an average of all sizes , is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged . the dog widely reported to be the longest - lived is " bluey " , who died in 1939 and was claimed to be 29 . 5 years old at the time of his death . on 5 december 2011 , pusuke , the world ' s oldest living dog recognized by guinness book of world records , died aged 26 years and 9 months . [ sep ] 14 to 15 years .
the longest - lived breeds , including toy poodles , japanese spitz , border terriers , and tibetan spaniels , have median longevities of 14 to 15 years . the median longevity of mixed - breed dogs , taken as an average of all sizes , is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged . the dog widely reported to be the longest - lived is " bluey " , who died in 1939 and was claimed to be 29 . 5 years old at the time of his death . on 5 december 2011 , pusuke , the world ' s oldest living dog recognized by guinness book of world records , died aged 26 years and 9 months . [ sep ] bluey
the longest - lived breeds , including toy poodles , japanese spitz , border terriers , and tibetan spaniels , have median longevities of 14 to 15 years . the median longevity of mixed - breed dogs , taken as an average of all sizes , is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged . the dog widely reported to be the longest - lived is " bluey " , who died in 1939 and was claimed to be 29 . 5 years old at the time of his death . on 5 december 2011 , pusuke , the world ' s oldest living dog recognized by guinness book of world records , died aged 26 years and 9 months . [ sep ] pusuke
the longest - lived breeds , including toy poodles , japanese spitz , border terriers , and tibetan spaniels , have median longevities of 14 to 15 years . the median longevity of mixed - breed dogs , taken as an average of all sizes , is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged . the dog widely reported to be the longest - lived is " bluey " , who died in 1939 and was claimed to be 29 . 5 years old at the time of his death . on 5 december 2011 , pusuke , the world ' s oldest living dog recognized by guinness book of world records , died aged 26 years and 9 months . [ sep ] 1939
in domestic dogs , sexual maturity begins to happen around age six to twelve months for both males and females , although this can be delayed until up to two years old for some large breeds . this is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle . they will experience subsequent estrous cycles biannually , during which the body prepares for pregnancy . at the peak of the cycle , females will come into estrus , being mentally and physically receptive to copulation . because the ova survive and are capable of being fertilized for a week after ovulation , it is possible for a female to mate with more than one male . [ sep ] two
in domestic dogs , sexual maturity begins to happen around age six to twelve months for both males and females , although this can be delayed until up to two years old for some large breeds . this is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle . they will experience subsequent estrous cycles biannually , during which the body prepares for pregnancy . at the peak of the cycle , females will come into estrus , being mentally and physically receptive to copulation . because the ova survive and are capable of being fertilized for a week after ovulation , it is possible for a female to mate with more than one male . [ sep ] pregnancy .
dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization , with an average of 63 days , although the length of gestation can vary . an average litter consists of about six puppies , though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog . in general , toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter , while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve . [ sep ] 58 to 68 days
dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization , with an average of 63 days , although the length of gestation can vary . an average litter consists of about six puppies , though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog . in general , toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter , while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve . [ sep ] 63 days
dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization , with an average of 63 days , although the length of gestation can vary . an average litter consists of about six puppies , though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog . in general , toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter , while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve . [ sep ] about six
dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization , with an average of 63 days , although the length of gestation can vary . an average litter consists of about six puppies , though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog . in general , toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter , while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve . [ sep ] one to four
an earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people ( consisting of 12 people from the state seismological bureau , 150 from the beijing military area command , and 22 from the armed police general hospital ) left beijing from nanyuan airport late may 12 in two military transport planes to travel to wenchuan county . [ sep ] earthquake emergency relief
an earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people ( consisting of 12 people from the state seismological bureau , 150 from the beijing military area command , and 22 from the armed police general hospital ) left beijing from nanyuan airport late may 12 in two military transport planes to travel to wenchuan county . [ sep ] 184
an earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people ( consisting of 12 people from the state seismological bureau , 150 from the beijing military area command , and 22 from the armed police general hospital ) left beijing from nanyuan airport late may 12 in two military transport planes to travel to wenchuan county . [ sep ] 150
an earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people ( consisting of 12 people from the state seismological bureau , 150 from the beijing military area command , and 22 from the armed police general hospital ) left beijing from nanyuan airport late may 12 in two military transport planes to travel to wenchuan county . [ sep ] armed police general hospital
an earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people ( consisting of 12 people from the state seismological bureau , 150 from the beijing military area command , and 22 from the armed police general hospital ) left beijing from nanyuan airport late may 12 in two military transport planes to travel to wenchuan county . [ sep ] in two military transport planes
neutering refers to the sterilization of animals , usually by removal of the male ' s testicles or the female ' s ovaries and uterus , in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive . because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries , many animal control agencies , such as the american society for the prevention of cruelty to animals ( aspca ) , advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered , so that they do not have undesired puppies that may have to later be euthanized . [ sep ] neutering
neutering refers to the sterilization of animals , usually by removal of the male ' s testicles or the female ' s ovaries and uterus , in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive . because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries , many animal control agencies , such as the american society for the prevention of cruelty to animals ( aspca ) , advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered , so that they do not have undesired puppies that may have to later be euthanized . [ sep ] the american society for the prevention of cruelty to animals ( aspca )
neutering refers to the sterilization of animals , usually by removal of the male ' s testicles or the female ' s ovaries and uterus , in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive . because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries , many animal control agencies , such as the american society for the prevention of cruelty to animals ( aspca ) , advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered , so that they do not have undesired puppies that may have to later be euthanized . [ sep ] testicles
neutering refers to the sterilization of animals , usually by removal of the male ' s testicles or the female ' s ovaries and uterus , in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive . because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries , many animal control agencies , such as the american society for the prevention of cruelty to animals ( aspca ) , advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered , so that they do not have undesired puppies that may have to later be euthanized . [ sep ] ovaries and uterus
neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality , especially in male dogs . spayed female dogs are less likely to develop some forms of cancer , affecting mammary glands , ovaries , and other reproductive organs . however , neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs , and prostate cancer in males , as well as osteosarcoma , hemangiosarcoma , cruciate ligament rupture , obesity , and diabetes mellitus in either sex . [ sep ] neutering
neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality , especially in male dogs . spayed female dogs are less likely to develop some forms of cancer , affecting mammary glands , ovaries , and other reproductive organs . however , neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs , and prostate cancer in males , as well as osteosarcoma , hemangiosarcoma , cruciate ligament rupture , obesity , and diabetes mellitus in either sex . [ sep ] urinary incontinence
dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems . dogs have been shown to learn by inference . a study with rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items . he inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure . dogs have advanced memory skills . a study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie , " chaser " , who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1 , 000 words . dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing , and to understand human voice commands . dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception . a study showed compelling evidence that australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non - social problem - solving experiment , indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem - solving abilities once they joined humans . another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task , dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human , while socialized wolves do not . modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them . [ sep ] rico
dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems . dogs have been shown to learn by inference . a study with rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items . he inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure . dogs have advanced memory skills . a study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie , " chaser " , who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1 , 000 words . dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing , and to understand human voice commands . dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception . a study showed compelling evidence that australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non - social problem - solving experiment , indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem - solving abilities once they joined humans . another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task , dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human , while socialized wolves do not . modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them . [ sep ] chaser
dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems . dogs have been shown to learn by inference . a study with rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items . he inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure . dogs have advanced memory skills . a study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie , " chaser " , who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1 , 000 words . dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing , and to understand human voice commands . dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception . a study showed compelling evidence that australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non - social problem - solving experiment , indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem - solving abilities once they joined humans . another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task , dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human , while socialized wolves do not . modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them . [ sep ] gesturing and pointing
dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems . dogs have been shown to learn by inference . a study with rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items . he inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure . dogs have advanced memory skills . a study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie , " chaser " , who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1 , 000 words . dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing , and to understand human voice commands . dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception . a study showed compelling evidence that australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non - social problem - solving experiment , indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem - solving abilities once they joined humans . another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task , dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human , while socialized wolves do not . modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them . [ sep ] australian dingos
dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems . dogs have been shown to learn by inference . a study with rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items . he inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure . dogs have advanced memory skills . a study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie , " chaser " , who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1 , 000 words . dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing , and to understand human voice commands . dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception . a study showed compelling evidence that australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non - social problem - solving experiment , indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem - solving abilities once they joined humans . another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task , dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human , while socialized wolves do not . modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them . [ sep ] to solve their problems for them .
dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses ( actions or inactions ) of the domestic dog ( individuals or groups ) to internal and / or external stimuli . as the oldest domesticated species , with estimates ranging from 9 , 000 – 30 , 000 years bce , the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans . as a result of this physical and social evolution , dogs , more than any other species , have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans and they are uniquely attuned to our behaviors . behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social - cognitive abilities in the otherwise humble domestic dog . these abilities are not possessed by the dog ' s closest canine relatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes . rather , these skills parallel some of the social - cognitive skills of human children . [ sep ] 9 , 000 – 30 , 000 years bce
dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses ( actions or inactions ) of the domestic dog ( individuals or groups ) to internal and / or external stimuli . as the oldest domesticated species , with estimates ranging from 9 , 000 – 30 , 000 years bce , the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans . as a result of this physical and social evolution , dogs , more than any other species , have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans and they are uniquely attuned to our behaviors . behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social - cognitive abilities in the otherwise humble domestic dog . these abilities are not possessed by the dog ' s closest canine relatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes . rather , these skills parallel some of the social - cognitive skills of human children . [ sep ] humans .
dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses ( actions or inactions ) of the domestic dog ( individuals or groups ) to internal and / or external stimuli . as the oldest domesticated species , with estimates ranging from 9 , 000 – 30 , 000 years bce , the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans . as a result of this physical and social evolution , dogs , more than any other species , have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans and they are uniquely attuned to our behaviors . behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social - cognitive abilities in the otherwise humble domestic dog . these abilities are not possessed by the dog ' s closest canine relatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes . rather , these skills parallel some of the social - cognitive skills of human children . [ sep ] social - cognitive skills of human children
dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses ( actions or inactions ) of the domestic dog ( individuals or groups ) to internal and / or external stimuli . as the oldest domesticated species , with estimates ranging from 9 , 000 – 30 , 000 years bce , the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans . as a result of this physical and social evolution , dogs , more than any other species , have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans and they are uniquely attuned to our behaviors . behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social - cognitive abilities in the otherwise humble domestic dog . these abilities are not possessed by the dog ' s closest canine relatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes . rather , these skills parallel some of the social - cognitive skills of human children . [ sep ] humans .
dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses ( actions or inactions ) of the domestic dog ( individuals or groups ) to internal and / or external stimuli . as the oldest domesticated species , with estimates ranging from 9 , 000 – 30 , 000 years bce , the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans . as a result of this physical and social evolution , dogs , more than any other species , have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans and they are uniquely attuned to our behaviors . behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social - cognitive abilities in the otherwise humble domestic dog . these abilities are not possessed by the dog ' s closest canine relatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes . rather , these skills parallel some of the social - cognitive skills of human children . [ sep ] humans .
many rescue teams , including that of the taipei fire department from taiwan , were reported ready to join the rescue effort in sichuan as early as wednesday . however , the red cross society of china said that ( on may 13 ) " it was inconvenient currently due to the traffic problem to the hardest hit areas closest to the epicenter . " the red cross society of china also stated that the disaster areas need tents , medical supplies , drinking water and food ; however it recommended donating cash instead of other items , as it had not been possible to reach roads that were completely damaged or places that were blocked off by landslides . landslides continuously threatened the progress of a search and rescue group of 80 men , each carrying about 40 kg of relief supplies , from a motorized infantry brigade under commander yang wenyao , as they tried to reach the ethnically tibetan village of sier at a height of 4000 m above sea level in pingwu county . the extreme terrain conditions precluded the use of helicopter evacuation , and over 300 of the tibetan villagers were stranded in their demolished village for five days without food and water before the rescue group finally arrived to help the injured and stranded villagers down the mountain . [ sep ] the traffic problem
many rescue teams , including that of the taipei fire department from taiwan , were reported ready to join the rescue effort in sichuan as early as wednesday . however , the red cross society of china said that ( on may 13 ) " it was inconvenient currently due to the traffic problem to the hardest hit areas closest to the epicenter . " the red cross society of china also stated that the disaster areas need tents , medical supplies , drinking water and food ; however it recommended donating cash instead of other items , as it had not been possible to reach roads that were completely damaged or places that were blocked off by landslides . landslides continuously threatened the progress of a search and rescue group of 80 men , each carrying about 40 kg of relief supplies , from a motorized infantry brigade under commander yang wenyao , as they tried to reach the ethnically tibetan village of sier at a height of 4000 m above sea level in pingwu county . the extreme terrain conditions precluded the use of helicopter evacuation , and over 300 of the tibetan villagers were stranded in their demolished village for five days without food and water before the rescue group finally arrived to help the injured and stranded villagers down the mountain . [ sep ] donating cash
many rescue teams , including that of the taipei fire department from taiwan , were reported ready to join the rescue effort in sichuan as early as wednesday . however , the red cross society of china said that ( on may 13 ) " it was inconvenient currently due to the traffic problem to the hardest hit areas closest to the epicenter . " the red cross society of china also stated that the disaster areas need tents , medical supplies , drinking water and food ; however it recommended donating cash instead of other items , as it had not been possible to reach roads that were completely damaged or places that were blocked off by landslides . landslides continuously threatened the progress of a search and rescue group of 80 men , each carrying about 40 kg of relief supplies , from a motorized infantry brigade under commander yang wenyao , as they tried to reach the ethnically tibetan village of sier at a height of 4000 m above sea level in pingwu county . the extreme terrain conditions precluded the use of helicopter evacuation , and over 300 of the tibetan villagers were stranded in their demolished village for five days without food and water before the rescue group finally arrived to help the injured and stranded villagers down the mountain . [ sep ] landslides
many rescue teams , including that of the taipei fire department from taiwan , were reported ready to join the rescue effort in sichuan as early as wednesday . however , the red cross society of china said that ( on may 13 ) " it was inconvenient currently due to the traffic problem to the hardest hit areas closest to the epicenter . " the red cross society of china also stated that the disaster areas need tents , medical supplies , drinking water and food ; however it recommended donating cash instead of other items , as it had not been possible to reach roads that were completely damaged or places that were blocked off by landslides . landslides continuously threatened the progress of a search and rescue group of 80 men , each carrying about 40 kg of relief supplies , from a motorized infantry brigade under commander yang wenyao , as they tried to reach the ethnically tibetan village of sier at a height of 4000 m above sea level in pingwu county . the extreme terrain conditions precluded the use of helicopter evacuation , and over 300 of the tibetan villagers were stranded in their demolished village for five days without food and water before the rescue group finally arrived to help the injured and stranded villagers down the mountain . [ sep ] tibetan village of sier
dog communication is about how dogs " speak " to each other , how they understand messages that humans send to them , and how humans can translate the ideas that dogs are trying to transmit . : xii these communication behaviors include eye gaze , facial expression , vocalization , body posture ( including movements of bodies and limbs ) and gustatory communication ( scents , pheromones and taste ) . humans communicate with dogs by using vocalization , hand signals and body posture . [ sep ] scents , pheromones and taste
dog communication is about how dogs " speak " to each other , how they understand messages that humans send to them , and how humans can translate the ideas that dogs are trying to transmit . : xii these communication behaviors include eye gaze , facial expression , vocalization , body posture ( including movements of bodies and limbs ) and gustatory communication ( scents , pheromones and taste ) . humans communicate with dogs by using vocalization , hand signals and body posture . [ sep ] hand signals
despite their close genetic relationship and the ability to inter - breed , there are a number of diagnostic features to distinguish the gray wolves from domestic dogs . domesticated dogs are clearly distinguishable from wolves by starch gel electrophoresis of red blood cell acid phosphatase . the tympanic bullae are large , convex and almost spherical in gray wolves , while the bullae of dogs are smaller , compressed and slightly crumpled . compared to equally sized wolves , dogs tend to have 20 % smaller skulls and 30 % smaller brains . : 35 the teeth of gray wolves are also proportionately larger than those of dogs ; the premolars and molars of wolves are much less crowded and have more complex cusp patterns . wolves do not have dewclaws on their back legs , unless there has been admixture with dogs . dogs lack a functioning pre - caudal gland , and most enter estrus twice yearly , unlike gray wolves which only do so once a year . dogs require fewer calories to function than wolves . the dog ' s limp ears may be the result of atrophy of the jaw muscles . the skin of domestic dogs tends to be thicker than that of wolves , with some inuit tribes favoring the former for use as clothing due to its greater resistance to wear and tear in harsh weather . [ sep ] dogs .
despite their close genetic relationship and the ability to inter - breed , there are a number of diagnostic features to distinguish the gray wolves from domestic dogs . domesticated dogs are clearly distinguishable from wolves by starch gel electrophoresis of red blood cell acid phosphatase . the tympanic bullae are large , convex and almost spherical in gray wolves , while the bullae of dogs are smaller , compressed and slightly crumpled . compared to equally sized wolves , dogs tend to have 20 % smaller skulls and 30 % smaller brains . : 35 the teeth of gray wolves are also proportionately larger than those of dogs ; the premolars and molars of wolves are much less crowded and have more complex cusp patterns . wolves do not have dewclaws on their back legs , unless there has been admixture with dogs . dogs lack a functioning pre - caudal gland , and most enter estrus twice yearly , unlike gray wolves which only do so once a year . dogs require fewer calories to function than wolves . the dog ' s limp ears may be the result of atrophy of the jaw muscles . the skin of domestic dogs tends to be thicker than that of wolves , with some inuit tribes favoring the former for use as clothing due to its greater resistance to wear and tear in harsh weather . [ sep ] atrophy of the jaw muscles .
persistent heavy rain and landslides in wenchuan county and the nearby area badly affected rescue efforts . at the start of rescue operations on may 12 , 20 helicopters were deployed for the delivery of food , water , and emergency aid , and also the evacuation of the injured and reconnaissance of quake - stricken areas . by 17 : 37 cst on may 13 , a total of over 15 , 600 troops and militia reservists from the chengdu military region had joined the rescue force in the heavily affected areas . a commander reported from yingxiu town , wenchuan , that around 3 , 000 survivors were found , while the status of the other inhabitants ( around 9 , 000 ) remained unclear . the 1 , 300 rescuers reached the epicenter , and 300 pioneer troops reached the seat of wenchuan at about 23 : 30 cst . by 12 : 17 cst , may 14 , 2008 , communication in the seat of wenchuan was partly revived . on the afternoon of may 14 , 15 special operations troops , along with relief supplies and communications gear , parachuted into inaccessible mao county , northeast of wenchuan . [ sep ] heavy rain and landslides
persistent heavy rain and landslides in wenchuan county and the nearby area badly affected rescue efforts . at the start of rescue operations on may 12 , 20 helicopters were deployed for the delivery of food , water , and emergency aid , and also the evacuation of the injured and reconnaissance of quake - stricken areas . by 17 : 37 cst on may 13 , a total of over 15 , 600 troops and militia reservists from the chengdu military region had joined the rescue force in the heavily affected areas . a commander reported from yingxiu town , wenchuan , that around 3 , 000 survivors were found , while the status of the other inhabitants ( around 9 , 000 ) remained unclear . the 1 , 300 rescuers reached the epicenter , and 300 pioneer troops reached the seat of wenchuan at about 23 : 30 cst . by 12 : 17 cst , may 14 , 2008 , communication in the seat of wenchuan was partly revived . on the afternoon of may 14 , 15 special operations troops , along with relief supplies and communications gear , parachuted into inaccessible mao county , northeast of wenchuan . [ sep ] 20
persistent heavy rain and landslides in wenchuan county and the nearby area badly affected rescue efforts . at the start of rescue operations on may 12 , 20 helicopters were deployed for the delivery of food , water , and emergency aid , and also the evacuation of the injured and reconnaissance of quake - stricken areas . by 17 : 37 cst on may 13 , a total of over 15 , 600 troops and militia reservists from the chengdu military region had joined the rescue force in the heavily affected areas . a commander reported from yingxiu town , wenchuan , that around 3 , 000 survivors were found , while the status of the other inhabitants ( around 9 , 000 ) remained unclear . the 1 , 300 rescuers reached the epicenter , and 300 pioneer troops reached the seat of wenchuan at about 23 : 30 cst . by 12 : 17 cst , may 14 , 2008 , communication in the seat of wenchuan was partly revived . on the afternoon of may 14 , 15 special operations troops , along with relief supplies and communications gear , parachuted into inaccessible mao county , northeast of wenchuan . [ sep ] 15 , 600
persistent heavy rain and landslides in wenchuan county and the nearby area badly affected rescue efforts . at the start of rescue operations on may 12 , 20 helicopters were deployed for the delivery of food , water , and emergency aid , and also the evacuation of the injured and reconnaissance of quake - stricken areas . by 17 : 37 cst on may 13 , a total of over 15 , 600 troops and militia reservists from the chengdu military region had joined the rescue force in the heavily affected areas . a commander reported from yingxiu town , wenchuan , that around 3 , 000 survivors were found , while the status of the other inhabitants ( around 9 , 000 ) remained unclear . the 1 , 300 rescuers reached the epicenter , and 300 pioneer troops reached the seat of wenchuan at about 23 : 30 cst . by 12 : 17 cst , may 14 , 2008 , communication in the seat of wenchuan was partly revived . on the afternoon of may 14 , 15 special operations troops , along with relief supplies and communications gear , parachuted into inaccessible mao county , northeast of wenchuan . [ sep ] around 3 , 000
persistent heavy rain and landslides in wenchuan county and the nearby area badly affected rescue efforts . at the start of rescue operations on may 12 , 20 helicopters were deployed for the delivery of food , water , and emergency aid , and also the evacuation of the injured and reconnaissance of quake - stricken areas . by 17 : 37 cst on may 13 , a total of over 15 , 600 troops and militia reservists from the chengdu military region had joined the rescue force in the heavily affected areas . a commander reported from yingxiu town , wenchuan , that around 3 , 000 survivors were found , while the status of the other inhabitants ( around 9 , 000 ) remained unclear . the 1 , 300 rescuers reached the epicenter , and 300 pioneer troops reached the seat of wenchuan at about 23 : 30 cst . by 12 : 17 cst , may 14 , 2008 , communication in the seat of wenchuan was partly revived . on the afternoon of may 14 , 15 special operations troops , along with relief supplies and communications gear , parachuted into inaccessible mao county , northeast of wenchuan . [ sep ] around 9 , 000
unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production - related traits , dogs were initially selected for their behaviors . in 2016 , a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs . these gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution , and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication . these genes have been shown to have an impact on the catecholamine synthesis pathway , with the majority of the genes affecting the fight - or - flight response ( i . e . selection for tameness ) , and emotional processing . dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared to wolves . some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds , indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and then later in breed formation . [ sep ] behaviors .
unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production - related traits , dogs were initially selected for their behaviors . in 2016 , a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs . these gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution , and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication . these genes have been shown to have an impact on the catecholamine synthesis pathway , with the majority of the genes affecting the fight - or - flight response ( i . e . selection for tameness ) , and emotional processing . dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared to wolves . some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds , indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and then later in breed formation . [ sep ] 11
unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production - related traits , dogs were initially selected for their behaviors . in 2016 , a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs . these gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution , and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication . these genes have been shown to have an impact on the catecholamine synthesis pathway , with the majority of the genes affecting the fight - or - flight response ( i . e . selection for tameness ) , and emotional processing . dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared to wolves . some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds , indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and then later in breed formation . [ sep ] morphology and behavior
unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production - related traits , dogs were initially selected for their behaviors . in 2016 , a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs . these gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution , and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication . these genes have been shown to have an impact on the catecholamine synthesis pathway , with the majority of the genes affecting the fight - or - flight response ( i . e . selection for tameness ) , and emotional processing . dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared to wolves . some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds , indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and then later in breed formation . [ sep ] tameness
unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production - related traits , dogs were initially selected for their behaviors . in 2016 , a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs . these gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution , and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication . these genes have been shown to have an impact on the catecholamine synthesis pathway , with the majority of the genes affecting the fight - or - flight response ( i . e . selection for tameness ) , and emotional processing . dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared to wolves . some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds , indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and then later in breed formation . [ sep ] fear and aggression
the global dog population is estimated at 525 million : 225 based on a transparent methodology , as opposed to other estimates where the methodology has not been made available – all dog population estimates are based on regional human population densities and land uses . [ sep ] 525 million
although large wild dogs , like wolves , are apex predators , they can be killed in territory disputes with wild animals . furthermore , in areas where both dogs and other large predators live , dogs can be a major food source for big cats or canines . reports from croatia indicate wolves kill dogs more frequently than they kill sheep . wolves in russia apparently limit feral dog populations . in wisconsin , more compensation has been paid for dog losses than livestock . some wolf pairs have been reported to prey on dogs by having one wolf lure the dog out into heavy brush where the second animal waits in ambush . in some instances , wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs , to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed . [ sep ] apex
although large wild dogs , like wolves , are apex predators , they can be killed in territory disputes with wild animals . furthermore , in areas where both dogs and other large predators live , dogs can be a major food source for big cats or canines . reports from croatia indicate wolves kill dogs more frequently than they kill sheep . wolves in russia apparently limit feral dog populations . in wisconsin , more compensation has been paid for dog losses than livestock . some wolf pairs have been reported to prey on dogs by having one wolf lure the dog out into heavy brush where the second animal waits in ambush . in some instances , wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs , to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed . [ sep ] fearless
although large wild dogs , like wolves , are apex predators , they can be killed in territory disputes with wild animals . furthermore , in areas where both dogs and other large predators live , dogs can be a major food source for big cats or canines . reports from croatia indicate wolves kill dogs more frequently than they kill sheep . wolves in russia apparently limit feral dog populations . in wisconsin , more compensation has been paid for dog losses than livestock . some wolf pairs have been reported to prey on dogs by having one wolf lure the dog out into heavy brush where the second animal waits in ambush . in some instances , wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs , to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed . [ sep ] dogs
coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs . leopards in particular are known to have a predilection for dogs , and have been recorded to kill and consume them regardless of the dog ' s size or ferocity . tigers in manchuria , indochina , indonesia , and malaysia are reputed to kill dogs with the same vigor as leopards . striped hyenas are major predators of village dogs in turkmenistan , india , and the caucasus . reptiles such as alligators and pythons have been known to kill and eat dogs . [ sep ] leopards .
coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs . leopards in particular are known to have a predilection for dogs , and have been recorded to kill and consume them regardless of the dog ' s size or ferocity . tigers in manchuria , indochina , indonesia , and malaysia are reputed to kill dogs with the same vigor as leopards . striped hyenas are major predators of village dogs in turkmenistan , india , and the caucasus . reptiles such as alligators and pythons have been known to kill and eat dogs . [ sep ] striped hyenas
coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs . leopards in particular are known to have a predilection for dogs , and have been recorded to kill and consume them regardless of the dog ' s size or ferocity . tigers in manchuria , indochina , indonesia , and malaysia are reputed to kill dogs with the same vigor as leopards . striped hyenas are major predators of village dogs in turkmenistan , india , and the caucasus . reptiles such as alligators and pythons have been known to kill and eat dogs . [ sep ] alligators and pythons
despite their descent from wolves and classification as carnivora , dogs are variously described in scholarly and other writings as carnivores or omnivores . unlike obligate carnivores , such as the cat family with its shorter small intestine , dogs can adapt to a wide - ranging diet , and are not dependent on meat - specific protein nor a very high level of protein in order to fulfill their basic dietary requirements . dogs will healthily digest a variety of foods , including vegetables and grains , and can consume a large proportion of these in their diet . comparing dogs and wolves , dogs have adaptations in genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch - rich diet . [ sep ] omnivores
despite their descent from wolves and classification as carnivora , dogs are variously described in scholarly and other writings as carnivores or omnivores . unlike obligate carnivores , such as the cat family with its shorter small intestine , dogs can adapt to a wide - ranging diet , and are not dependent on meat - specific protein nor a very high level of protein in order to fulfill their basic dietary requirements . dogs will healthily digest a variety of foods , including vegetables and grains , and can consume a large proportion of these in their diet . comparing dogs and wolves , dogs have adaptations in genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch - rich diet . [ sep ] vegetables and grains
despite their descent from wolves and classification as carnivora , dogs are variously described in scholarly and other writings as carnivores or omnivores . unlike obligate carnivores , such as the cat family with its shorter small intestine , dogs can adapt to a wide - ranging diet , and are not dependent on meat - specific protein nor a very high level of protein in order to fulfill their basic dietary requirements . dogs will healthily digest a variety of foods , including vegetables and grains , and can consume a large proportion of these in their diet . comparing dogs and wolves , dogs have adaptations in genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch - rich diet . [ sep ] obligate
most breeds of dog are at most a few hundred years old , having been artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors by people for specific functional roles . through this selective breeding , the dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds , and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal . for example , height measured to the withers ranges from 15 . 2 centimetres ( 6 . 0 in ) in the chihuahua to about 76 cm ( 30 in ) in the irish wolfhound ; color varies from white through grays ( usually called " blue " ) to black , and browns from light ( tan ) to dark ( " red " or " chocolate " ) in a wide variation of patterns ; coats can be short or long , coarse - haired to wool - like , straight , curly , or smooth . it is common for most breeds to shed this coat . [ sep ] a few hundred years
most breeds of dog are at most a few hundred years old , having been artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors by people for specific functional roles . through this selective breeding , the dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds , and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal . for example , height measured to the withers ranges from 15 . 2 centimetres ( 6 . 0 in ) in the chihuahua to about 76 cm ( 30 in ) in the irish wolfhound ; color varies from white through grays ( usually called " blue " ) to black , and browns from light ( tan ) to dark ( " red " or " chocolate " ) in a wide variation of patterns ; coats can be short or long , coarse - haired to wool - like , straight , curly , or smooth . it is common for most breeds to shed this coat . [ sep ] particular morphologies and behaviors
most breeds of dog are at most a few hundred years old , having been artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors by people for specific functional roles . through this selective breeding , the dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds , and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal . for example , height measured to the withers ranges from 15 . 2 centimetres ( 6 . 0 in ) in the chihuahua to about 76 cm ( 30 in ) in the irish wolfhound ; color varies from white through grays ( usually called " blue " ) to black , and browns from light ( tan ) to dark ( " red " or " chocolate " ) in a wide variation of patterns ; coats can be short or long , coarse - haired to wool - like , straight , curly , or smooth . it is common for most breeds to shed this coat . [ sep ] selective breeding
most breeds of dog are at most a few hundred years old , having been artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors by people for specific functional roles . through this selective breeding , the dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds , and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal . for example , height measured to the withers ranges from 15 . 2 centimetres ( 6 . 0 in ) in the chihuahua to about 76 cm ( 30 in ) in the irish wolfhound ; color varies from white through grays ( usually called " blue " ) to black , and browns from light ( tan ) to dark ( " red " or " chocolate " ) in a wide variation of patterns ; coats can be short or long , coarse - haired to wool - like , straight , curly , or smooth . it is common for most breeds to shed this coat . [ sep ] irish wolfhound
while all dogs are genetically very similar , natural selection and selective breeding have reinforced certain characteristics in certain populations of dogs , giving rise to dog types and dog breeds . dog types are broad categories based on function , genetics , or characteristics . dog breeds are groups of animals that possess a set of inherited characteristics that distinguishes them from other animals within the same species . modern dog breeds are non - scientific classifications of dogs kept by modern kennel clubs . [ sep ] selective breeding
while all dogs are genetically very similar , natural selection and selective breeding have reinforced certain characteristics in certain populations of dogs , giving rise to dog types and dog breeds . dog types are broad categories based on function , genetics , or characteristics . dog breeds are groups of animals that possess a set of inherited characteristics that distinguishes them from other animals within the same species . modern dog breeds are non - scientific classifications of dogs kept by modern kennel clubs . [ sep ] breed
while all dogs are genetically very similar , natural selection and selective breeding have reinforced certain characteristics in certain populations of dogs , giving rise to dog types and dog breeds . dog types are broad categories based on function , genetics , or characteristics . dog breeds are groups of animals that possess a set of inherited characteristics that distinguishes them from other animals within the same species . modern dog breeds are non - scientific classifications of dogs kept by modern kennel clubs . [ sep ] modern kennel clubs .
purebred dogs of one breed are genetically distinguishable from purebred dogs of other breeds , but the means by which kennel clubs classify dogs is unsystematic . systematic analyses of the dog genome has revealed only four major types of dogs that can be said to be statistically distinct . these include the " old world dogs " ( e . g . , malamute and shar pei ) , " mastiff " - type ( e . g . , english mastiff ) , " herding " - type ( e . g . , border collie ) , and " all others " ( also called " modern " - or " hunting " - type ) . [ sep ] unsystematic .
purebred dogs of one breed are genetically distinguishable from purebred dogs of other breeds , but the means by which kennel clubs classify dogs is unsystematic . systematic analyses of the dog genome has revealed only four major types of dogs that can be said to be statistically distinct . these include the " old world dogs " ( e . g . , malamute and shar pei ) , " mastiff " - type ( e . g . , english mastiff ) , " herding " - type ( e . g . , border collie ) , and " all others " ( also called " modern " - or " hunting " - type ) . [ sep ] four
purebred dogs of one breed are genetically distinguishable from purebred dogs of other breeds , but the means by which kennel clubs classify dogs is unsystematic . systematic analyses of the dog genome has revealed only four major types of dogs that can be said to be statistically distinct . these include the " old world dogs " ( e . g . , malamute and shar pei ) , " mastiff " - type ( e . g . , english mastiff ) , " herding " - type ( e . g . , border collie ) , and " all others " ( also called " modern " - or " hunting " - type ) . [ sep ] malamute and shar pei
purebred dogs of one breed are genetically distinguishable from purebred dogs of other breeds , but the means by which kennel clubs classify dogs is unsystematic . systematic analyses of the dog genome has revealed only four major types of dogs that can be said to be statistically distinct . these include the " old world dogs " ( e . g . , malamute and shar pei ) , " mastiff " - type ( e . g . , english mastiff ) , " herding " - type ( e . g . , border collie ) , and " all others " ( also called " modern " - or " hunting " - type ) . [ sep ] herding
domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors , such as bite inhibition , from their wolf ancestors , which would have been pack hunters with complex body language . these sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability , playfulness , and ability to fit into human households and social situations , and these attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today . : pages95 - 136 [ sep ] bite inhibition
domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors , such as bite inhibition , from their wolf ancestors , which would have been pack hunters with complex body language . these sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability , playfulness , and ability to fit into human households and social situations , and these attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today . : pages95 - 136 [ sep ] sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication
domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors , such as bite inhibition , from their wolf ancestors , which would have been pack hunters with complex body language . these sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability , playfulness , and ability to fit into human households and social situations , and these attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today . : pages95 - 136 [ sep ] one of the most successful species on the planet today .
the dogs ' value to early human hunter - gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures . dogs perform many roles for people , such as hunting , herding , pulling loads , protection , assisting police and military , companionship , and , more recently , aiding handicapped individuals . this impact on human society has given them the nickname " man ' s best friend " in the western world . in some cultures , however , dogs are also a source of meat . [ sep ] hunter - gatherers
the dogs ' value to early human hunter - gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures . dogs perform many roles for people , such as hunting , herding , pulling loads , protection , assisting police and military , companionship , and , more recently , aiding handicapped individuals . this impact on human society has given them the nickname " man ' s best friend " in the western world . in some cultures , however , dogs are also a source of meat . [ sep ] aiding handicapped individuals .
by may 15 , premier wen jiabao ordered the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters , of which 60 were to be provided by the plaaf , and 30 were to be provided by the civil aviation industry , bringing the total of number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force , army , and civil aviation to over 150 , resulting in the largest non - combat airlifting operation in people ' s liberation army history . [ sep ] over 150
by may 15 , premier wen jiabao ordered the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters , of which 60 were to be provided by the plaaf , and 30 were to be provided by the civil aviation industry , bringing the total of number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force , army , and civil aviation to over 150 , resulting in the largest non - combat airlifting operation in people ' s liberation army history . [ sep ] 60
by may 15 , premier wen jiabao ordered the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters , of which 60 were to be provided by the plaaf , and 30 were to be provided by the civil aviation industry , bringing the total of number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force , army , and civil aviation to over 150 , resulting in the largest non - combat airlifting operation in people ' s liberation army history . [ sep ] civil aviation industry
by may 15 , premier wen jiabao ordered the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters , of which 60 were to be provided by the plaaf , and 30 were to be provided by the civil aviation industry , bringing the total of number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force , army , and civil aviation to over 150 , resulting in the largest non - combat airlifting operation in people ' s liberation army history . [ sep ] non - combat airlifting
beijing accepted the aid of the tzu chi foundation from taiwan late on may 13 . tzu chi was the first force from outside the people ' s republic of china to join the rescue effort . china stated it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake . [ sep ] late on may 13
beijing accepted the aid of the tzu chi foundation from taiwan late on may 13 . tzu chi was the first force from outside the people ' s republic of china to join the rescue effort . china stated it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake . [ sep ] tzu chi foundation
beijing accepted the aid of the tzu chi foundation from taiwan late on may 13 . tzu chi was the first force from outside the people ' s republic of china to join the rescue effort . china stated it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake . [ sep ] international help
beijing accepted the aid of the tzu chi foundation from taiwan late on may 13 . tzu chi was the first force from outside the people ' s republic of china to join the rescue effort . china stated it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake . [ sep ] cope with the quake
a direct chartered cargo flight was made by china airlines from taiwan taoyuan international airport to chengdu shuangliu international airport sending some 100 tons of relief supplies donated by the tzu chi foundation and the red cross society of taiwan to the affected areas . approval from mainland chinese authorities was sought , and the chartered flight departed taipei at 17 : 00 cst , may 15 and arrived in chengdu by 20 : 30 cst . a rescue team from the red cross in taiwan was also scheduled to depart taipei on a mandarin airlines direct chartered flight to chengdu at 15 : 00 cst on may 16 . [ sep ] chartered cargo flight
a direct chartered cargo flight was made by china airlines from taiwan taoyuan international airport to chengdu shuangliu international airport sending some 100 tons of relief supplies donated by the tzu chi foundation and the red cross society of taiwan to the affected areas . approval from mainland chinese authorities was sought , and the chartered flight departed taipei at 17 : 00 cst , may 15 and arrived in chengdu by 20 : 30 cst . a rescue team from the red cross in taiwan was also scheduled to depart taipei on a mandarin airlines direct chartered flight to chengdu at 15 : 00 cst on may 16 . [ sep ] taiwan taoyuan international airport
a direct chartered cargo flight was made by china airlines from taiwan taoyuan international airport to chengdu shuangliu international airport sending some 100 tons of relief supplies donated by the tzu chi foundation and the red cross society of taiwan to the affected areas . approval from mainland chinese authorities was sought , and the chartered flight departed taipei at 17 : 00 cst , may 15 and arrived in chengdu by 20 : 30 cst . a rescue team from the red cross in taiwan was also scheduled to depart taipei on a mandarin airlines direct chartered flight to chengdu at 15 : 00 cst on may 16 . [ sep ] chengdu
a direct chartered cargo flight was made by china airlines from taiwan taoyuan international airport to chengdu shuangliu international airport sending some 100 tons of relief supplies donated by the tzu chi foundation and the red cross society of taiwan to the affected areas . approval from mainland chinese authorities was sought , and the chartered flight departed taipei at 17 : 00 cst , may 15 and arrived in chengdu by 20 : 30 cst . a rescue team from the red cross in taiwan was also scheduled to depart taipei on a mandarin airlines direct chartered flight to chengdu at 15 : 00 cst on may 16 . [ sep ] rescue team
a direct chartered cargo flight was made by china airlines from taiwan taoyuan international airport to chengdu shuangliu international airport sending some 100 tons of relief supplies donated by the tzu chi foundation and the red cross society of taiwan to the affected areas . approval from mainland chinese authorities was sought , and the chartered flight departed taipei at 17 : 00 cst , may 15 and arrived in chengdu by 20 : 30 cst . a rescue team from the red cross in taiwan was also scheduled to depart taipei on a mandarin airlines direct chartered flight to chengdu at 15 : 00 cst on may 16 . [ sep ] chengdu
francis marcus of the international federation of the red cross praised the chinese rescue effort as " swift and very efficient " in beijing on tuesday . but he added the scale of the disaster was such that " we can ' t expect that the government can do everything and handle every aspect of the needs " . the economist noted that china reacted to the disaster " rapidly and with uncharacteristic openness " , contrasting it with burma ' s secretive response to cyclone nargis , which devastated that country 10 days before the earthquake . [ sep ] swift and very efficient
francis marcus of the international federation of the red cross praised the chinese rescue effort as " swift and very efficient " in beijing on tuesday . but he added the scale of the disaster was such that " we can ' t expect that the government can do everything and handle every aspect of the needs " . the economist noted that china reacted to the disaster " rapidly and with uncharacteristic openness " , contrasting it with burma ' s secretive response to cyclone nargis , which devastated that country 10 days before the earthquake . [ sep ] openness
francis marcus of the international federation of the red cross praised the chinese rescue effort as " swift and very efficient " in beijing on tuesday . but he added the scale of the disaster was such that " we can ' t expect that the government can do everything and handle every aspect of the needs " . the economist noted that china reacted to the disaster " rapidly and with uncharacteristic openness " , contrasting it with burma ' s secretive response to cyclone nargis , which devastated that country 10 days before the earthquake . [ sep ] secretive
francis marcus of the international federation of the red cross praised the chinese rescue effort as " swift and very efficient " in beijing on tuesday . but he added the scale of the disaster was such that " we can ' t expect that the government can do everything and handle every aspect of the needs " . the economist noted that china reacted to the disaster " rapidly and with uncharacteristic openness " , contrasting it with burma ' s secretive response to cyclone nargis , which devastated that country 10 days before the earthquake . [ sep ] 10 days
francis marcus of the international federation of the red cross praised the chinese rescue effort as " swift and very efficient " in beijing on tuesday . but he added the scale of the disaster was such that " we can ' t expect that the government can do everything and handle every aspect of the needs " . the economist noted that china reacted to the disaster " rapidly and with uncharacteristic openness " , contrasting it with burma ' s secretive response to cyclone nargis , which devastated that country 10 days before the earthquake . [ sep ] international federation of the red cross
on may 16 , rescue groups from south korea , japan , singapore , russia and taiwan arrived to join the rescue effort . the united states shared some of its satellite images of the quake - stricken areas with chinese authorities . during the weekend , the us sent into china two u . s . air force c - 17 ' s carrying supplies , which included tents and generators . xinhua reported 135 , 000 chinese troops and medics were involved in the rescue effort across 58 counties and cities . [ sep ] may 16
on may 16 , rescue groups from south korea , japan , singapore , russia and taiwan arrived to join the rescue effort . the united states shared some of its satellite images of the quake - stricken areas with chinese authorities . during the weekend , the us sent into china two u . s . air force c - 17 ' s carrying supplies , which included tents and generators . xinhua reported 135 , 000 chinese troops and medics were involved in the rescue effort across 58 counties and cities . [ sep ] satellite images
on may 16 , rescue groups from south korea , japan , singapore , russia and taiwan arrived to join the rescue effort . the united states shared some of its satellite images of the quake - stricken areas with chinese authorities . during the weekend , the us sent into china two u . s . air force c - 17 ' s carrying supplies , which included tents and generators . xinhua reported 135 , 000 chinese troops and medics were involved in the rescue effort across 58 counties and cities . [ sep ] tents and generators
on may 16 , rescue groups from south korea , japan , singapore , russia and taiwan arrived to join the rescue effort . the united states shared some of its satellite images of the quake - stricken areas with chinese authorities . during the weekend , the us sent into china two u . s . air force c - 17 ' s carrying supplies , which included tents and generators . xinhua reported 135 , 000 chinese troops and medics were involved in the rescue effort across 58 counties and cities . [ sep ] 135 , 000
the internet was extensively used for passing information to aid rescue and recovery efforts . for example , the official news agency xinhua set up an online rescue request center in order to find the blind spots of disaster recovery . after knowing that rescue helicopters had trouble landing into the epicenter area in wenchuan , a student proposed a landing spot online and it was chosen as the first touchdown place for the helicopters [ not in citation given ] . volunteers also set up several websites to help store contact information for victims and evacuees . on may 31 , a rescue helicopter carrying earthquake survivors and crew members crashed in fog and turbulence in wenchuan county . no - one survived . [ sep ] the internet
the internet was extensively used for passing information to aid rescue and recovery efforts . for example , the official news agency xinhua set up an online rescue request center in order to find the blind spots of disaster recovery . after knowing that rescue helicopters had trouble landing into the epicenter area in wenchuan , a student proposed a landing spot online and it was chosen as the first touchdown place for the helicopters [ not in citation given ] . volunteers also set up several websites to help store contact information for victims and evacuees . on may 31 , a rescue helicopter carrying earthquake survivors and crew members crashed in fog and turbulence in wenchuan county . no - one survived . [ sep ] news agency xinhua
the internet was extensively used for passing information to aid rescue and recovery efforts . for example , the official news agency xinhua set up an online rescue request center in order to find the blind spots of disaster recovery . after knowing that rescue helicopters had trouble landing into the epicenter area in wenchuan , a student proposed a landing spot online and it was chosen as the first touchdown place for the helicopters [ not in citation given ] . volunteers also set up several websites to help store contact information for victims and evacuees . on may 31 , a rescue helicopter carrying earthquake survivors and crew members crashed in fog and turbulence in wenchuan county . no - one survived . [ sep ] a student
the internet was extensively used for passing information to aid rescue and recovery efforts . for example , the official news agency xinhua set up an online rescue request center in order to find the blind spots of disaster recovery . after knowing that rescue helicopters had trouble landing into the epicenter area in wenchuan , a student proposed a landing spot online and it was chosen as the first touchdown place for the helicopters [ not in citation given ] . volunteers also set up several websites to help store contact information for victims and evacuees . on may 31 , a rescue helicopter carrying earthquake survivors and crew members crashed in fog and turbulence in wenchuan county . no - one survived . [ sep ] contact information
the internet was extensively used for passing information to aid rescue and recovery efforts . for example , the official news agency xinhua set up an online rescue request center in order to find the blind spots of disaster recovery . after knowing that rescue helicopters had trouble landing into the epicenter area in wenchuan , a student proposed a landing spot online and it was chosen as the first touchdown place for the helicopters [ not in citation given ] . volunteers also set up several websites to help store contact information for victims and evacuees . on may 31 , a rescue helicopter carrying earthquake survivors and crew members crashed in fog and turbulence in wenchuan county . no - one survived . [ sep ] may 31
rescue efforts performed by the chinese government were praised by western media , especially in comparison with myanmar ' s blockage of foreign aid during cyclone nargis , as well as china ' s previous performance during the 1976 tangshan earthquake . china ' s openness during the media coverage of the sichuan earthquake led a professor at the peking university to say , “ this is the first time [ that ] the chinese media has lived up to international standards ” . los angeles times praised china ' s media coverage of the quake of being " democratic " . [ sep ] foreign aid
rescue efforts performed by the chinese government were praised by western media , especially in comparison with myanmar ' s blockage of foreign aid during cyclone nargis , as well as china ' s previous performance during the 1976 tangshan earthquake . china ' s openness during the media coverage of the sichuan earthquake led a professor at the peking university to say , “ this is the first time [ that ] the chinese media has lived up to international standards ” . los angeles times praised china ' s media coverage of the quake of being " democratic " . [ sep ] up to international standards
rescue efforts performed by the chinese government were praised by western media , especially in comparison with myanmar ' s blockage of foreign aid during cyclone nargis , as well as china ' s previous performance during the 1976 tangshan earthquake . china ' s openness during the media coverage of the sichuan earthquake led a professor at the peking university to say , “ this is the first time [ that ] the chinese media has lived up to international standards ” . los angeles times praised china ' s media coverage of the quake of being " democratic " . [ sep ] los angeles times
rescue efforts performed by the chinese government were praised by western media , especially in comparison with myanmar ' s blockage of foreign aid during cyclone nargis , as well as china ' s previous performance during the 1976 tangshan earthquake . china ' s openness during the media coverage of the sichuan earthquake led a professor at the peking university to say , “ this is the first time [ that ] the chinese media has lived up to international standards ” . los angeles times praised china ' s media coverage of the quake of being " democratic " . [ sep ] 1976 tangshan earthquake
as a result of the magnitude 7 . 9 earthquake and the many strong aftershocks , many rivers became blocked by large landslides , which resulted in the formation of " quake lakes " behind the blockages ; these massive amounts of water were pooling up at a very high rate behind the natural landslide dams and it was feared that the blockages would eventually crumble under the weight of the ever - increasing water mass , potentially endangering the lives of millions of people living downstream . as of may 27 , 2008 , 34 lakes had formed due to earthquake debris blocking and damming rivers , and it was estimated that 28 of them were still of potential danger to the local people . entire villages had to be evacuated because of the resultant flooding . [ sep ] 7 . 9
as a result of the magnitude 7 . 9 earthquake and the many strong aftershocks , many rivers became blocked by large landslides , which resulted in the formation of " quake lakes " behind the blockages ; these massive amounts of water were pooling up at a very high rate behind the natural landslide dams and it was feared that the blockages would eventually crumble under the weight of the ever - increasing water mass , potentially endangering the lives of millions of people living downstream . as of may 27 , 2008 , 34 lakes had formed due to earthquake debris blocking and damming rivers , and it was estimated that 28 of them were still of potential danger to the local people . entire villages had to be evacuated because of the resultant flooding . [ sep ] large landslides
as a result of the magnitude 7 . 9 earthquake and the many strong aftershocks , many rivers became blocked by large landslides , which resulted in the formation of " quake lakes " behind the blockages ; these massive amounts of water were pooling up at a very high rate behind the natural landslide dams and it was feared that the blockages would eventually crumble under the weight of the ever - increasing water mass , potentially endangering the lives of millions of people living downstream . as of may 27 , 2008 , 34 lakes had formed due to earthquake debris blocking and damming rivers , and it was estimated that 28 of them were still of potential danger to the local people . entire villages had to be evacuated because of the resultant flooding . [ sep ] quake lakes
as a result of the magnitude 7 . 9 earthquake and the many strong aftershocks , many rivers became blocked by large landslides , which resulted in the formation of " quake lakes " behind the blockages ; these massive amounts of water were pooling up at a very high rate behind the natural landslide dams and it was feared that the blockages would eventually crumble under the weight of the ever - increasing water mass , potentially endangering the lives of millions of people living downstream . as of may 27 , 2008 , 34 lakes had formed due to earthquake debris blocking and damming rivers , and it was estimated that 28 of them were still of potential danger to the local people . entire villages had to be evacuated because of the resultant flooding . [ sep ] 34
as a result of the magnitude 7 . 9 earthquake and the many strong aftershocks , many rivers became blocked by large landslides , which resulted in the formation of " quake lakes " behind the blockages ; these massive amounts of water were pooling up at a very high rate behind the natural landslide dams and it was feared that the blockages would eventually crumble under the weight of the ever - increasing water mass , potentially endangering the lives of millions of people living downstream . as of may 27 , 2008 , 34 lakes had formed due to earthquake debris blocking and damming rivers , and it was estimated that 28 of them were still of potential danger to the local people . entire villages had to be evacuated because of the resultant flooding . [ sep ] entire villages
humans would also have derived enormous benefit from the dogs associated with their camps . for instance , dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps . dogs may have provided warmth , as referred to in the australian aboriginal expression " three dog night " ( an exceptionally cold night ) , and they would have alerted the camp to the presence of predators or strangers , using their acute hearing to provide an early warning . [ sep ] food scraps .
humans would also have derived enormous benefit from the dogs associated with their camps . for instance , dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps . dogs may have provided warmth , as referred to in the australian aboriginal expression " three dog night " ( an exceptionally cold night ) , and they would have alerted the camp to the presence of predators or strangers , using their acute hearing to provide an early warning . [ sep ] three dog night
humans would also have derived enormous benefit from the dogs associated with their camps . for instance , dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps . dogs may have provided warmth , as referred to in the australian aboriginal expression " three dog night " ( an exceptionally cold night ) , and they would have alerted the camp to the presence of predators or strangers , using their acute hearing to provide an early warning . [ sep ] early warning .
anthropologists believe the most significant benefit would have been the use of dogs ' robust sense of smell to assist with the hunt . the relationship between the presence of a dog and success in the hunt is often mentioned as a primary reason for the domestication of the wolf , and a 2004 study of hunter groups with and without a dog gives quantitative support to the hypothesis that the benefits of cooperative hunting was an important factor in wolf domestication . [ sep ] cooperative hunting
anthropologists believe the most significant benefit would have been the use of dogs ' robust sense of smell to assist with the hunt . the relationship between the presence of a dog and success in the hunt is often mentioned as a primary reason for the domestication of the wolf , and a 2004 study of hunter groups with and without a dog gives quantitative support to the hypothesis that the benefits of cooperative hunting was an important factor in wolf domestication . [ sep ] 2004
emigrants from siberia that walked across the bering land bridge into north america may have had dogs in their company , and one writer suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered north america roughly 12 , 000 years ago , although the earliest archaeological evidence of dog - like canids in north america dates from about 9 , 400 years ago . : 104 dogs were an important part of life for the athabascan population in north america , and were their only domesticated animal . dogs also carried much of the load in the migration of the apache and navajo tribes 1 , 400 years ago . use of dogs as pack animals in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the horse to north america . [ sep ] sled dogs
emigrants from siberia that walked across the bering land bridge into north america may have had dogs in their company , and one writer suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered north america roughly 12 , 000 years ago , although the earliest archaeological evidence of dog - like canids in north america dates from about 9 , 400 years ago . : 104 dogs were an important part of life for the athabascan population in north america , and were their only domesticated animal . dogs also carried much of the load in the migration of the apache and navajo tribes 1 , 400 years ago . use of dogs as pack animals in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the horse to north america . [ sep ] bering land bridge
emigrants from siberia that walked across the bering land bridge into north america may have had dogs in their company , and one writer suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered north america roughly 12 , 000 years ago , although the earliest archaeological evidence of dog - like canids in north america dates from about 9 , 400 years ago . : 104 dogs were an important part of life for the athabascan population in north america , and were their only domesticated animal . dogs also carried much of the load in the migration of the apache and navajo tribes 1 , 400 years ago . use of dogs as pack animals in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the horse to north america . [ sep ] 9 , 400 years
" the most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs " and the keeping of dogs as companions , particularly by elites , has a long history . ( as a possible example , at the natufian culture site of ain mallaha in israel , dated to 12 , 000 bc , the remains of an elderly human and a four - to - five - month - old puppy were found buried together ) . however , pet dog populations grew significantly after world war ii as suburbanization increased . in the 1950s and 1960s , dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today ( using the expression " in the doghouse " to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home ) and were still primarily functional , acting as a guard , children ' s playmate , or walking companion . from the 1980s , there have been changes in the role of the pet dog , such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians . people and dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other ' s lives , to the point where pet dogs actively shape the way a family and home are experienced . [ sep ] puppy
" the most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs " and the keeping of dogs as companions , particularly by elites , has a long history . ( as a possible example , at the natufian culture site of ain mallaha in israel , dated to 12 , 000 bc , the remains of an elderly human and a four - to - five - month - old puppy were found buried together ) . however , pet dog populations grew significantly after world war ii as suburbanization increased . in the 1950s and 1960s , dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today ( using the expression " in the doghouse " to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home ) and were still primarily functional , acting as a guard , children ' s playmate , or walking companion . from the 1980s , there have been changes in the role of the pet dog , such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians . people and dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other ' s lives , to the point where pet dogs actively shape the way a family and home are experienced . [ sep ] humans and dogs
" the most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs " and the keeping of dogs as companions , particularly by elites , has a long history . ( as a possible example , at the natufian culture site of ain mallaha in israel , dated to 12 , 000 bc , the remains of an elderly human and a four - to - five - month - old puppy were found buried together ) . however , pet dog populations grew significantly after world war ii as suburbanization increased . in the 1950s and 1960s , dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today ( using the expression " in the doghouse " to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home ) and were still primarily functional , acting as a guard , children ' s playmate , or walking companion . from the 1980s , there have been changes in the role of the pet dog , such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians . people and dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other ' s lives , to the point where pet dogs actively shape the way a family and home are experienced . [ sep ] after world war ii
" the most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs " and the keeping of dogs as companions , particularly by elites , has a long history . ( as a possible example , at the natufian culture site of ain mallaha in israel , dated to 12 , 000 bc , the remains of an elderly human and a four - to - five - month - old puppy were found buried together ) . however , pet dog populations grew significantly after world war ii as suburbanization increased . in the 1950s and 1960s , dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today ( using the expression " in the doghouse " to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home ) and were still primarily functional , acting as a guard , children ' s playmate , or walking companion . from the 1980s , there have been changes in the role of the pet dog , such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians . people and dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other ' s lives , to the point where pet dogs actively shape the way a family and home are experienced . [ sep ] 1980s
" the most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs " and the keeping of dogs as companions , particularly by elites , has a long history . ( as a possible example , at the natufian culture site of ain mallaha in israel , dated to 12 , 000 bc , the remains of an elderly human and a four - to - five - month - old puppy were found buried together ) . however , pet dog populations grew significantly after world war ii as suburbanization increased . in the 1950s and 1960s , dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today ( using the expression " in the doghouse " to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home ) and were still primarily functional , acting as a guard , children ' s playmate , or walking companion . from the 1980s , there have been changes in the role of the pet dog , such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians . people and dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other ' s lives , to the point where pet dogs actively shape the way a family and home are experienced . [ sep ] outside
the most precarious of these quake - lakes was the one located in the extremely difficult terrain at mount tangjia in beichuan county , sichuan , accessible only by foot or air ; an mi - 26t heavy lift helicopter belonging to the china flying dragon special aviation company was used to bring heavy earthmoving tractors to the affected location . this operation was coupled with the work done by plaaf mi - 17 helicopters bringing in pla engineering corps , explosive specialists and other personnel to join 1 , 200 soldiers who arrived on site by foot . five tons of fuel to operate the machinery was airlifted to the site , where a sluice was constructed to allow the safe discharge of the bottlenecked water . downstream , more than 200 , 000 people were evacuated from mianyang by june 1 in anticipation of the dam bursting . [ sep ] the dam bursting
the most precarious of these quake - lakes was the one located in the extremely difficult terrain at mount tangjia in beichuan county , sichuan , accessible only by foot or air ; an mi - 26t heavy lift helicopter belonging to the china flying dragon special aviation company was used to bring heavy earthmoving tractors to the affected location . this operation was coupled with the work done by plaaf mi - 17 helicopters bringing in pla engineering corps , explosive specialists and other personnel to join 1 , 200 soldiers who arrived on site by foot . five tons of fuel to operate the machinery was airlifted to the site , where a sluice was constructed to allow the safe discharge of the bottlenecked water . downstream , more than 200 , 000 people were evacuated from mianyang by june 1 in anticipation of the dam bursting . [ sep ] mount tangjia
the most precarious of these quake - lakes was the one located in the extremely difficult terrain at mount tangjia in beichuan county , sichuan , accessible only by foot or air ; an mi - 26t heavy lift helicopter belonging to the china flying dragon special aviation company was used to bring heavy earthmoving tractors to the affected location . this operation was coupled with the work done by plaaf mi - 17 helicopters bringing in pla engineering corps , explosive specialists and other personnel to join 1 , 200 soldiers who arrived on site by foot . five tons of fuel to operate the machinery was airlifted to the site , where a sluice was constructed to allow the safe discharge of the bottlenecked water . downstream , more than 200 , 000 people were evacuated from mianyang by june 1 in anticipation of the dam bursting . [ sep ] beichuan county , sichuan
the most precarious of these quake - lakes was the one located in the extremely difficult terrain at mount tangjia in beichuan county , sichuan , accessible only by foot or air ; an mi - 26t heavy lift helicopter belonging to the china flying dragon special aviation company was used to bring heavy earthmoving tractors to the affected location . this operation was coupled with the work done by plaaf mi - 17 helicopters bringing in pla engineering corps , explosive specialists and other personnel to join 1 , 200 soldiers who arrived on site by foot . five tons of fuel to operate the machinery was airlifted to the site , where a sluice was constructed to allow the safe discharge of the bottlenecked water . downstream , more than 200 , 000 people were evacuated from mianyang by june 1 in anticipation of the dam bursting . [ sep ] 1 , 200
there have been two major trends in the changing status of pet dogs . the first has been the ' commodification ' of the dog , shaping it to conform to human expectations of personality and behaviour . the second has been the broadening of the concept of the family and the home to include dogs - as - dogs within everyday routines and practices . [ sep ] commodification
there have been two major trends in the changing status of pet dogs . the first has been the ' commodification ' of the dog , shaping it to conform to human expectations of personality and behaviour . the second has been the broadening of the concept of the family and the home to include dogs - as - dogs within everyday routines and practices . [ sep ] dogs .
there have been two major trends in the changing status of pet dogs . the first has been the ' commodification ' of the dog , shaping it to conform to human expectations of personality and behaviour . the second has been the broadening of the concept of the family and the home to include dogs - as - dogs within everyday routines and practices . [ sep ] two
there are a vast range of commodity forms available to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion . the list of goods , services and places available is enormous : from dog perfumes , couture , furniture and housing , to dog groomers , therapists , trainers and caretakers , dog cafes , spas , parks and beaches , and dog hotels , airlines and cemeteries . while dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century , in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking , jumping up , digging , rolling in dung , fighting , and urine marking ( which dogs do to establish territory through scent ) , became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog . dog training books , classes and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued . [ sep ] commodity forms
there are a vast range of commodity forms available to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion . the list of goods , services and places available is enormous : from dog perfumes , couture , furniture and housing , to dog groomers , therapists , trainers and caretakers , dog cafes , spas , parks and beaches , and dog hotels , airlines and cemeteries . while dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century , in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking , jumping up , digging , rolling in dung , fighting , and urine marking ( which dogs do to establish territory through scent ) , became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog . dog training books , classes and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued . [ sep ] 18th
there are a vast range of commodity forms available to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion . the list of goods , services and places available is enormous : from dog perfumes , couture , furniture and housing , to dog groomers , therapists , trainers and caretakers , dog cafes , spas , parks and beaches , and dog hotels , airlines and cemeteries . while dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century , in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking , jumping up , digging , rolling in dung , fighting , and urine marking ( which dogs do to establish territory through scent ) , became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog . dog training books , classes and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued . [ sep ] urine marking
the majority of contemporary people with dogs describe their pet as part of the family , although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog – human family as a pack . a dominance model of dog – human relationships has been promoted by some dog trainers , such as on the television program dog whisperer . however it has been disputed that " trying to achieve status " is characteristic of dog – human interactions . pet dogs play an active role in family life ; for example , a study of conversations in dog – human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource , talking to the dog , or talking through the dog , to mediate their interactions with each other . [ sep ] part of the family
the majority of contemporary people with dogs describe their pet as part of the family , although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog – human family as a pack . a dominance model of dog – human relationships has been promoted by some dog trainers , such as on the television program dog whisperer . however it has been disputed that " trying to achieve status " is characteristic of dog – human interactions . pet dogs play an active role in family life ; for example , a study of conversations in dog – human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource , talking to the dog , or talking through the dog , to mediate their interactions with each other . [ sep ] dog whisperer .
the state council declared a three - day period of national mourning for the quake victims starting from may 19 , 2008 ; the prc ' s national flag and regional flags of hong kong and macau special administrative regions flown at half mast . it was the first time that a national mourning period had been declared for something other than the death of a state leader , and many have called it the biggest display of mourning since the death of mao zedong . at 14 : 28 cst on may 19 , 2008 , a week after the earthquake , the chinese public held a moment of silence . people stood silent for three minutes while air defense , police and fire sirens , and the horns of vehicles , vessels and trains sounded . cars and trucks on beijing ' s roads also came to a halt . people spontaneously burst into cheering " zhongguo jiayou ! " ( let ' s go , china ! ) and " sichuan jiayou " ( let ' s go , sichuan ! ) afterwards . [ sep ] national mourning
the state council declared a three - day period of national mourning for the quake victims starting from may 19 , 2008 ; the prc ' s national flag and regional flags of hong kong and macau special administrative regions flown at half mast . it was the first time that a national mourning period had been declared for something other than the death of a state leader , and many have called it the biggest display of mourning since the death of mao zedong . at 14 : 28 cst on may 19 , 2008 , a week after the earthquake , the chinese public held a moment of silence . people stood silent for three minutes while air defense , police and fire sirens , and the horns of vehicles , vessels and trains sounded . cars and trucks on beijing ' s roads also came to a halt . people spontaneously burst into cheering " zhongguo jiayou ! " ( let ' s go , china ! ) and " sichuan jiayou " ( let ' s go , sichuan ! ) afterwards . [ sep ] mao zedong
the state council declared a three - day period of national mourning for the quake victims starting from may 19 , 2008 ; the prc ' s national flag and regional flags of hong kong and macau special administrative regions flown at half mast . it was the first time that a national mourning period had been declared for something other than the death of a state leader , and many have called it the biggest display of mourning since the death of mao zedong . at 14 : 28 cst on may 19 , 2008 , a week after the earthquake , the chinese public held a moment of silence . people stood silent for three minutes while air defense , police and fire sirens , and the horns of vehicles , vessels and trains sounded . cars and trucks on beijing ' s roads also came to a halt . people spontaneously burst into cheering " zhongguo jiayou ! " ( let ' s go , china ! ) and " sichuan jiayou " ( let ' s go , sichuan ! ) afterwards . [ sep ] may 19 , 2008
the state council declared a three - day period of national mourning for the quake victims starting from may 19 , 2008 ; the prc ' s national flag and regional flags of hong kong and macau special administrative regions flown at half mast . it was the first time that a national mourning period had been declared for something other than the death of a state leader , and many have called it the biggest display of mourning since the death of mao zedong . at 14 : 28 cst on may 19 , 2008 , a week after the earthquake , the chinese public held a moment of silence . people stood silent for three minutes while air defense , police and fire sirens , and the horns of vehicles , vessels and trains sounded . cars and trucks on beijing ' s roads also came to a halt . people spontaneously burst into cheering " zhongguo jiayou ! " ( let ' s go , china ! ) and " sichuan jiayou " ( let ' s go , sichuan ! ) afterwards . [ sep ] cars and trucks
the state council declared a three - day period of national mourning for the quake victims starting from may 19 , 2008 ; the prc ' s national flag and regional flags of hong kong and macau special administrative regions flown at half mast . it was the first time that a national mourning period had been declared for something other than the death of a state leader , and many have called it the biggest display of mourning since the death of mao zedong . at 14 : 28 cst on may 19 , 2008 , a week after the earthquake , the chinese public held a moment of silence . people stood silent for three minutes while air defense , police and fire sirens , and the horns of vehicles , vessels and trains sounded . cars and trucks on beijing ' s roads also came to a halt . people spontaneously burst into cheering " zhongguo jiayou ! " ( let ' s go , china ! ) and " sichuan jiayou " ( let ' s go , sichuan ! ) afterwards . [ sep ] three - day period
another study of dogs ' roles in families showed many dogs have set tasks or routines undertaken as family members , the most common of which was helping with the washing - up by licking the plates in the dishwasher , and bringing in the newspaper from the lawn . increasingly , human family members are engaging in activities centered on the perceived needs and interests of the dog , or in which the dog is an integral partner , such as dog dancing and dog yoga . [ sep ] newspaper
another study of dogs ' roles in families showed many dogs have set tasks or routines undertaken as family members , the most common of which was helping with the washing - up by licking the plates in the dishwasher , and bringing in the newspaper from the lawn . increasingly , human family members are engaging in activities centered on the perceived needs and interests of the dog , or in which the dog is an integral partner , such as dog dancing and dog yoga . [ sep ] plates
another study of dogs ' roles in families showed many dogs have set tasks or routines undertaken as family members , the most common of which was helping with the washing - up by licking the plates in the dishwasher , and bringing in the newspaper from the lawn . increasingly , human family members are engaging in activities centered on the perceived needs and interests of the dog , or in which the dog is an integral partner , such as dog dancing and dog yoga . [ sep ] dog yoga .
according to statistics published by the american pet products manufacturers association in the national pet owner survey in 2009 – 2010 , it is estimated there are 77 . 5 million people with pet dogs in the united states . the same survey shows nearly 40 % of american households own at least one dog , of which 67 % own just one dog , 25 % two dogs and nearly 9 % more than two dogs . there does not seem to be any gender preference among dogs as pets , as the statistical data reveal an equal number of female and male dog pets . yet , although several programs are undergoing to promote pet adoption , less than a fifth of the owned dogs come from a shelter . [ sep ] 77 . 5 million
the ningbo organizing committee of the beijing olympic torch relay announced that the relay , scheduled to take place in ningbo during national morning , would be suspended for the duration of the mourning period . the route of the torch through the country was scaled down , and there was a minute of silence when the next leg started in city of ruijin , jiangxi on the wednesday after the quake . [ sep ] beijing olympic torch relay
the ningbo organizing committee of the beijing olympic torch relay announced that the relay , scheduled to take place in ningbo during national morning , would be suspended for the duration of the mourning period . the route of the torch through the country was scaled down , and there was a minute of silence when the next leg started in city of ruijin , jiangxi on the wednesday after the quake . [ sep ] in ningbo
the ningbo organizing committee of the beijing olympic torch relay announced that the relay , scheduled to take place in ningbo during national morning , would be suspended for the duration of the mourning period . the route of the torch through the country was scaled down , and there was a minute of silence when the next leg started in city of ruijin , jiangxi on the wednesday after the quake . [ sep ] the route
the ningbo organizing committee of the beijing olympic torch relay announced that the relay , scheduled to take place in ningbo during national morning , would be suspended for the duration of the mourning period . the route of the torch through the country was scaled down , and there was a minute of silence when the next leg started in city of ruijin , jiangxi on the wednesday after the quake . [ sep ] ruijin , jiangxi
the latest study using magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) to humans and dogs together proved that dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans to do so . this gives dogs the ability to recognize emotional human sounds , making them friendly social pets to humans . [ sep ] magnetic resonance imaging
the latest study using magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) to humans and dogs together proved that dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans to do so . this gives dogs the ability to recognize emotional human sounds , making them friendly social pets to humans . [ sep ] voices
the latest study using magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) to humans and dogs together proved that dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans to do so . this gives dogs the ability to recognize emotional human sounds , making them friendly social pets to humans . [ sep ] the brain
the latest study using magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) to humans and dogs together proved that dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans to do so . this gives dogs the ability to recognize emotional human sounds , making them friendly social pets to humans . [ sep ] emotion
dogs have lived and worked with humans in so many roles that they have earned the unique nickname , " man ' s best friend " , a phrase used in other languages as well . they have been bred for herding livestock , hunting ( e . g . pointers and hounds ) , rodent control , guarding , helping fishermen with nets , detection dogs , and pulling loads , in addition to their roles as companions . in 1957 , a husky - terrier mix named laika became the first animal to orbit the earth . [ sep ] man ' s best friend
dogs have lived and worked with humans in so many roles that they have earned the unique nickname , " man ' s best friend " , a phrase used in other languages as well . they have been bred for herding livestock , hunting ( e . g . pointers and hounds ) , rodent control , guarding , helping fishermen with nets , detection dogs , and pulling loads , in addition to their roles as companions . in 1957 , a husky - terrier mix named laika became the first animal to orbit the earth . [ sep ] hunt
dogs have lived and worked with humans in so many roles that they have earned the unique nickname , " man ' s best friend " , a phrase used in other languages as well . they have been bred for herding livestock , hunting ( e . g . pointers and hounds ) , rodent control , guarding , helping fishermen with nets , detection dogs , and pulling loads , in addition to their roles as companions . in 1957 , a husky - terrier mix named laika became the first animal to orbit the earth . [ sep ] nets
dogs have lived and worked with humans in so many roles that they have earned the unique nickname , " man ' s best friend " , a phrase used in other languages as well . they have been bred for herding livestock , hunting ( e . g . pointers and hounds ) , rodent control , guarding , helping fishermen with nets , detection dogs , and pulling loads , in addition to their roles as companions . in 1957 , a husky - terrier mix named laika became the first animal to orbit the earth . [ sep ] laika
dogs have lived and worked with humans in so many roles that they have earned the unique nickname , " man ' s best friend " , a phrase used in other languages as well . they have been bred for herding livestock , hunting ( e . g . pointers and hounds ) , rodent control , guarding , helping fishermen with nets , detection dogs , and pulling loads , in addition to their roles as companions . in 1957 , a husky - terrier mix named laika became the first animal to orbit the earth . [ sep ] husky - terrier mix
service dogs such as guide dogs , utility dogs , assistance dogs , hearing dogs , and psychological therapy dogs provide assistance to individuals with physical or mental disabilities . some dogs owned by epileptics have been shown to alert their handler when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure , sometimes well in advance of onset , allowing the guardian to seek safety , medication , or medical care . [ sep ] service dogs
in conformation shows , also referred to as breed shows , a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard . as the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog ( such as appearance , movement , and temperament ) , separately tested qualities ( such as ability or health ) are not part of the judging in conformation shows . [ sep ] breed shows
in conformation shows , also referred to as breed shows , a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard . as the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog ( such as appearance , movement , and temperament ) , separately tested qualities ( such as ability or health ) are not part of the judging in conformation shows . [ sep ] a judge
in conformation shows , also referred to as breed shows , a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard . as the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog ( such as appearance , movement , and temperament ) , separately tested qualities ( such as ability or health ) are not part of the judging in conformation shows . [ sep ] conformity with their established breed
in conformation shows , also referred to as breed shows , a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard . as the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog ( such as appearance , movement , and temperament ) , separately tested qualities ( such as ability or health ) are not part of the judging in conformation shows . [ sep ] externally observable qualities
many websites converted their home page to black and white ; sina . com and sohu , major internet portals , limited their homepages to news items and removed all advertisements . chinese video sharing websites youku and tudou displayed a black background and placed multiple videos showing earthquake footage and news reports . the chinese version of msn , cn . msn . com , also displayed banner ads about the earthquake and the relief efforts . other entertainment websites , including various gaming sites , such as the chinese servers for world of warcraft , had shut down altogether , or had corresponding links to earthquake donations . after the moments of silence , in tiananmen square , crowds spontaneously burst out cheering various slogans , including " long live china " . casinos in macau closed down . [ sep ] all advertisements
many websites converted their home page to black and white ; sina . com and sohu , major internet portals , limited their homepages to news items and removed all advertisements . chinese video sharing websites youku and tudou displayed a black background and placed multiple videos showing earthquake footage and news reports . the chinese version of msn , cn . msn . com , also displayed banner ads about the earthquake and the relief efforts . other entertainment websites , including various gaming sites , such as the chinese servers for world of warcraft , had shut down altogether , or had corresponding links to earthquake donations . after the moments of silence , in tiananmen square , crowds spontaneously burst out cheering various slogans , including " long live china " . casinos in macau closed down . [ sep ] various gaming sites
many websites converted their home page to black and white ; sina . com and sohu , major internet portals , limited their homepages to news items and removed all advertisements . chinese video sharing websites youku and tudou displayed a black background and placed multiple videos showing earthquake footage and news reports . the chinese version of msn , cn . msn . com , also displayed banner ads about the earthquake and the relief efforts . other entertainment websites , including various gaming sites , such as the chinese servers for world of warcraft , had shut down altogether , or had corresponding links to earthquake donations . after the moments of silence , in tiananmen square , crowds spontaneously burst out cheering various slogans , including " long live china " . casinos in macau closed down . [ sep ] burst out cheering
many websites converted their home page to black and white ; sina . com and sohu , major internet portals , limited their homepages to news items and removed all advertisements . chinese video sharing websites youku and tudou displayed a black background and placed multiple videos showing earthquake footage and news reports . the chinese version of msn , cn . msn . com , also displayed banner ads about the earthquake and the relief efforts . other entertainment websites , including various gaming sites , such as the chinese servers for world of warcraft , had shut down altogether , or had corresponding links to earthquake donations . after the moments of silence , in tiananmen square , crowds spontaneously burst out cheering various slogans , including " long live china " . casinos in macau closed down . [ sep ] casinos
dog meat is consumed in some east asian countries , including korea , china , and vietnam , a practice that dates back to antiquity . it is estimated that 13 – 16 million dogs are killed and consumed in asia every year . other cultures , such as polynesia and pre - columbian mexico , also consumed dog meat in their history . however , western , south asian , african , and middle eastern cultures , in general , regard consumption of dog meat as taboo . in some places , however , such as in rural areas of poland , dog fat is believed to have medicinal properties — being good for the lungs for instance . dog meat is also consumed in some parts of switzerland . proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is western hypocrisy , and that there is no difference with eating the meat of different animals . [ sep ] east asian countries
dog meat is consumed in some east asian countries , including korea , china , and vietnam , a practice that dates back to antiquity . it is estimated that 13 – 16 million dogs are killed and consumed in asia every year . other cultures , such as polynesia and pre - columbian mexico , also consumed dog meat in their history . however , western , south asian , african , and middle eastern cultures , in general , regard consumption of dog meat as taboo . in some places , however , such as in rural areas of poland , dog fat is believed to have medicinal properties — being good for the lungs for instance . dog meat is also consumed in some parts of switzerland . proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is western hypocrisy , and that there is no difference with eating the meat of different animals . [ sep ] taboo .
dog meat is consumed in some east asian countries , including korea , china , and vietnam , a practice that dates back to antiquity . it is estimated that 13 – 16 million dogs are killed and consumed in asia every year . other cultures , such as polynesia and pre - columbian mexico , also consumed dog meat in their history . however , western , south asian , african , and middle eastern cultures , in general , regard consumption of dog meat as taboo . in some places , however , such as in rural areas of poland , dog fat is believed to have medicinal properties — being good for the lungs for instance . dog meat is also consumed in some parts of switzerland . proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is western hypocrisy , and that there is no difference with eating the meat of different animals . [ sep ] dog fat
dog meat is consumed in some east asian countries , including korea , china , and vietnam , a practice that dates back to antiquity . it is estimated that 13 – 16 million dogs are killed and consumed in asia every year . other cultures , such as polynesia and pre - columbian mexico , also consumed dog meat in their history . however , western , south asian , african , and middle eastern cultures , in general , regard consumption of dog meat as taboo . in some places , however , such as in rural areas of poland , dog fat is believed to have medicinal properties — being good for the lungs for instance . dog meat is also consumed in some parts of switzerland . proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is western hypocrisy , and that there is no difference with eating the meat of different animals . [ sep ] western hypocrisy
the most popular korean dog dish is gaejang - guk ( also called bosintang ) , a spicy stew meant to balance the body ' s heat during the summer months ; followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one ' s gi , or vital energy of the body . a 19th century version of gaejang - guk explains that the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder . variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots . while the dishes are still popular in korea with a segment of the population , dog is not as widely consumed as beef , chicken , and pork . [ sep ] gaejang - guk
the most popular korean dog dish is gaejang - guk ( also called bosintang ) , a spicy stew meant to balance the body ' s heat during the summer months ; followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one ' s gi , or vital energy of the body . a 19th century version of gaejang - guk explains that the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder . variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots . while the dishes are still popular in korea with a segment of the population , dog is not as widely consumed as beef , chicken , and pork . [ sep ] a spicy stew
the most popular korean dog dish is gaejang - guk ( also called bosintang ) , a spicy stew meant to balance the body ' s heat during the summer months ; followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one ' s gi , or vital energy of the body . a 19th century version of gaejang - guk explains that the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder . variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots . while the dishes are still popular in korea with a segment of the population , dog is not as widely consumed as beef , chicken , and pork . [ sep ] to balance the body ' s heat
the most popular korean dog dish is gaejang - guk ( also called bosintang ) , a spicy stew meant to balance the body ' s heat during the summer months ; followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one ' s gi , or vital energy of the body . a 19th century version of gaejang - guk explains that the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder . variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots . while the dishes are still popular in korea with a segment of the population , dog is not as widely consumed as beef , chicken , and pork . [ sep ] scallions and chili powder .
citing a 2008 study , the u . s . center for disease control estimated in 2015 that 4 . 5 million people in the usa are bitten by dogs each year . a 2015 study estimated that 1 . 8 % of the u . s . population is bitten each year . in the 1980s and 1990s the us averaged 17 fatalities per year , while in the 2000s this has increased to 26 . 77 % of dog bites are from the pet of family or friends , and 50 % of attacks occur on the property of the dog ' s legal owner . [ sep ] 4 . 5 million
citing a 2008 study , the u . s . center for disease control estimated in 2015 that 4 . 5 million people in the usa are bitten by dogs each year . a 2015 study estimated that 1 . 8 % of the u . s . population is bitten each year . in the 1980s and 1990s the us averaged 17 fatalities per year , while in the 2000s this has increased to 26 . 77 % of dog bites are from the pet of family or friends , and 50 % of attacks occur on the property of the dog ' s legal owner . [ sep ] 17
citing a 2008 study , the u . s . center for disease control estimated in 2015 that 4 . 5 million people in the usa are bitten by dogs each year . a 2015 study estimated that 1 . 8 % of the u . s . population is bitten each year . in the 1980s and 1990s the us averaged 17 fatalities per year , while in the 2000s this has increased to 26 . 77 % of dog bites are from the pet of family or friends , and 50 % of attacks occur on the property of the dog ' s legal owner . [ sep ] 26
a colorado study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults . the incidence of dog bites in the us is 12 . 9 per 10 , 000 inhabitants , but for boys aged 5 to 9 , the incidence rate is 60 . 7 per 10 , 000 . moreover , children have a much higher chance to be bitten in the face or neck . sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections . [ sep ] less severe
a colorado study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults . the incidence of dog bites in the us is 12 . 9 per 10 , 000 inhabitants , but for boys aged 5 to 9 , the incidence rate is 60 . 7 per 10 , 000 . moreover , children have a much higher chance to be bitten in the face or neck . sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections . [ sep ] 12 . 9
a colorado study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults . the incidence of dog bites in the us is 12 . 9 per 10 , 000 inhabitants , but for boys aged 5 to 9 , the incidence rate is 60 . 7 per 10 , 000 . moreover , children have a much higher chance to be bitten in the face or neck . sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections . [ sep ] 60 . 7
a colorado study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults . the incidence of dog bites in the us is 12 . 9 per 10 , 000 inhabitants , but for boys aged 5 to 9 , the incidence rate is 60 . 7 per 10 , 000 . moreover , children have a much higher chance to be bitten in the face or neck . sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections . [ sep ] the face or neck .
a colorado study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults . the incidence of dog bites in the us is 12 . 9 per 10 , 000 inhabitants , but for boys aged 5 to 9 , the incidence rate is 60 . 7 per 10 , 000 . moreover , children have a much higher chance to be bitten in the face or neck . sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections . [ sep ] infections .
in the united states , cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86 , 000 falls each year . it has been estimated around 2 % of dog - related injuries treated in uk hospitals are domestic accidents . the same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify , dog - associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two - wheeled vehicles . [ sep ] cats
in the united states , cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86 , 000 falls each year . it has been estimated around 2 % of dog - related injuries treated in uk hospitals are domestic accidents . the same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify , dog - associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two - wheeled vehicles . [ sep ] two - wheeled vehicles .
toxocara canis ( dog roundworm ) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis . in the united states , about 10 , 000 cases of toxocara infection are reported in humans each year , and almost 14 % of the u . s . population is infected . in great britain , 24 % of soil samples taken from public parks contained t . canis eggs . untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision . dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans . [ sep ] dog roundworm
toxocara canis ( dog roundworm ) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis . in the united states , about 10 , 000 cases of toxocara infection are reported in humans each year , and almost 14 % of the u . s . population is infected . in great britain , 24 % of soil samples taken from public parks contained t . canis eggs . untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision . dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans . [ sep ] dog feces
toxocara canis ( dog roundworm ) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis . in the united states , about 10 , 000 cases of toxocara infection are reported in humans each year , and almost 14 % of the u . s . population is infected . in great britain , 24 % of soil samples taken from public parks contained t . canis eggs . untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision . dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans . [ sep ] 10 , 000
toxocara canis ( dog roundworm ) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis . in the united states , about 10 , 000 cases of toxocara infection are reported in humans each year , and almost 14 % of the u . s . population is infected . in great britain , 24 % of soil samples taken from public parks contained t . canis eggs . untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision . dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans . [ sep ] retinal damage and decreased vision .
a 2005 paper states " recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease , a reduced use of general practitioner services , or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people . research has , however , pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets . " in one study , new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition , and this effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the study . [ sep ] 2005
a 2005 paper states " recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease , a reduced use of general practitioner services , or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people . research has , however , pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets . " in one study , new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition , and this effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the study . [ sep ] absenteeism from school
in addition , people with pet dogs took considerably more physical exercise than those with cats and those without pets . the results provide evidence that keeping pets may have positive effects on human health and behaviour , and that for guardians of dogs these effects are relatively long - term . pet guardianship has also been associated with increased coronary artery disease survival , with human guardians being significantly less likely to die within one year of an acute myocardial infarction than those who did not own dogs . [ sep ] exercise
the health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general , and not solely from having dogs as pets . for example , when in the presence of a pet dog , people show reductions in cardiovascular , behavioral , and psychological indicators of anxiety . other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune - stimulating microorganisms , which , according to the hygiene hypothesis , can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases . the benefits of contact with a dog also include social support , as dogs are able to not only provide companionship and social support themselves , but also to act as facilitators of social interactions between humans . one study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when they are accompanied by a dog than when they are not . in 2015 , a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non - pet owners . [ sep ] immune - stimulating microorganisms
the health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general , and not solely from having dogs as pets . for example , when in the presence of a pet dog , people show reductions in cardiovascular , behavioral , and psychological indicators of anxiety . other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune - stimulating microorganisms , which , according to the hygiene hypothesis , can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases . the benefits of contact with a dog also include social support , as dogs are able to not only provide companionship and social support themselves , but also to act as facilitators of social interactions between humans . one study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when they are accompanied by a dog than when they are not . in 2015 , a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non - pet owners . [ sep ] social interactions
the health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general , and not solely from having dogs as pets . for example , when in the presence of a pet dog , people show reductions in cardiovascular , behavioral , and psychological indicators of anxiety . other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune - stimulating microorganisms , which , according to the hygiene hypothesis , can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases . the benefits of contact with a dog also include social support , as dogs are able to not only provide companionship and social support themselves , but also to act as facilitators of social interactions between humans . one study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when they are accompanied by a dog than when they are not . in 2015 , a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non - pet owners . [ sep ] 2015
the practice of using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century , when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders . animal - assisted intervention research has shown that animal - assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors , such as smiling and laughing , among people with alzheimer ' s disease . one study demonstrated that children with adhd and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance , increased knowledge and skill objectives , and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared to those who were not in an animal - assisted program . [ sep ] mental institutions
the practice of using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century , when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders . animal - assisted intervention research has shown that animal - assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors , such as smiling and laughing , among people with alzheimer ' s disease . one study demonstrated that children with adhd and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance , increased knowledge and skill objectives , and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared to those who were not in an animal - assisted program . [ sep ] social behaviors
the practice of using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century , when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders . animal - assisted intervention research has shown that animal - assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors , such as smiling and laughing , among people with alzheimer ' s disease . one study demonstrated that children with adhd and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance , increased knowledge and skill objectives , and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared to those who were not in an animal - assisted program . [ sep ] antisocial and violent behavior
medical detection dogs are capable of detecting diseases by sniffing a person directly or samples of urine or other specimens . dogs can detect odour in one part per trillion , as their brain ' s olfactory cortex is ( relative to total brain size ) 40 times larger than humans . dogs may have as many as 300 million odour receptors in their nose , while humans may have only 5 million . each dog is trained specifically for the detection of single disease from the blood glucose level indicative to diabetes to cancer . to train a cancer dog requires 6 months . a labrador retriever called daisy has detected 551 cancer patients with an accuracy of 93 percent and received the blue cross ( for pets ) medal for her life - saving skills . [ sep ] diseases
medical detection dogs are capable of detecting diseases by sniffing a person directly or samples of urine or other specimens . dogs can detect odour in one part per trillion , as their brain ' s olfactory cortex is ( relative to total brain size ) 40 times larger than humans . dogs may have as many as 300 million odour receptors in their nose , while humans may have only 5 million . each dog is trained specifically for the detection of single disease from the blood glucose level indicative to diabetes to cancer . to train a cancer dog requires 6 months . a labrador retriever called daisy has detected 551 cancer patients with an accuracy of 93 percent and received the blue cross ( for pets ) medal for her life - saving skills . [ sep ] 40 times larger
medical detection dogs are capable of detecting diseases by sniffing a person directly or samples of urine or other specimens . dogs can detect odour in one part per trillion , as their brain ' s olfactory cortex is ( relative to total brain size ) 40 times larger than humans . dogs may have as many as 300 million odour receptors in their nose , while humans may have only 5 million . each dog is trained specifically for the detection of single disease from the blood glucose level indicative to diabetes to cancer . to train a cancer dog requires 6 months . a labrador retriever called daisy has detected 551 cancer patients with an accuracy of 93 percent and received the blue cross ( for pets ) medal for her life - saving skills . [ sep ] trillion
in greek mythology , cerberus is a three - headed watchdog who guards the gates of hades . in norse mythology , a bloody , four - eyed dog called garmr guards helheim . in persian mythology , two four - eyed dogs guard the chinvat bridge . in philippine mythology , kimat who is the pet of tadaklan , god of thunder , is responsible for lightning . in welsh mythology , annwn is guarded by cwn annwn . [ sep ] cerberus
in greek mythology , cerberus is a three - headed watchdog who guards the gates of hades . in norse mythology , a bloody , four - eyed dog called garmr guards helheim . in persian mythology , two four - eyed dogs guard the chinvat bridge . in philippine mythology , kimat who is the pet of tadaklan , god of thunder , is responsible for lightning . in welsh mythology , annwn is guarded by cwn annwn . [ sep ] the gates of hades .
in greek mythology , cerberus is a three - headed watchdog who guards the gates of hades . in norse mythology , a bloody , four - eyed dog called garmr guards helheim . in persian mythology , two four - eyed dogs guard the chinvat bridge . in philippine mythology , kimat who is the pet of tadaklan , god of thunder , is responsible for lightning . in welsh mythology , annwn is guarded by cwn annwn . [ sep ] garmr
in greek mythology , cerberus is a three - headed watchdog who guards the gates of hades . in norse mythology , a bloody , four - eyed dog called garmr guards helheim . in persian mythology , two four - eyed dogs guard the chinvat bridge . in philippine mythology , kimat who is the pet of tadaklan , god of thunder , is responsible for lightning . in welsh mythology , annwn is guarded by cwn annwn . [ sep ] kimat
in greek mythology , cerberus is a three - headed watchdog who guards the gates of hades . in norse mythology , a bloody , four - eyed dog called garmr guards helheim . in persian mythology , two four - eyed dogs guard the chinvat bridge . in philippine mythology , kimat who is the pet of tadaklan , god of thunder , is responsible for lightning . in welsh mythology , annwn is guarded by cwn annwn . [ sep ] thunder
in hindu mythology , yama , the god of death owns two watch dogs who have four eyes . they are said to watch over the gates of naraka . hunter god muthappan from north malabar region of kerala has a hunting dog as his mount . dogs are found in and out of the muthappan temple and offerings at the shrine take the form of bronze dog figurines . [ sep ] the gates of naraka .
in hindu mythology , yama , the god of death owns two watch dogs who have four eyes . they are said to watch over the gates of naraka . hunter god muthappan from north malabar region of kerala has a hunting dog as his mount . dogs are found in and out of the muthappan temple and offerings at the shrine take the form of bronze dog figurines . [ sep ] yama
in hindu mythology , yama , the god of death owns two watch dogs who have four eyes . they are said to watch over the gates of naraka . hunter god muthappan from north malabar region of kerala has a hunting dog as his mount . dogs are found in and out of the muthappan temple and offerings at the shrine take the form of bronze dog figurines . [ sep ] bronze dog figurines .
in islam , dogs are viewed as unclean because they are viewed as scavengers . in 2015 city councillor hasan kucuk of the hague called for dog ownership to be made illegal in that city . islamic activists in lerida , spain , lobbied for dogs to be kept out of muslim neighborhoods , saying their presence violated muslims ' religious freedom . in britain , police sniffer dogs are carefully used , and are not permitted to contact passengers , only their luggage . they are required to wear leather dog booties when searching mosques or muslim homes . [ sep ] as unclean
in islam , dogs are viewed as unclean because they are viewed as scavengers . in 2015 city councillor hasan kucuk of the hague called for dog ownership to be made illegal in that city . islamic activists in lerida , spain , lobbied for dogs to be kept out of muslim neighborhoods , saying their presence violated muslims ' religious freedom . in britain , police sniffer dogs are carefully used , and are not permitted to contact passengers , only their luggage . they are required to wear leather dog booties when searching mosques or muslim homes . [ sep ] scavengers
in islam , dogs are viewed as unclean because they are viewed as scavengers . in 2015 city councillor hasan kucuk of the hague called for dog ownership to be made illegal in that city . islamic activists in lerida , spain , lobbied for dogs to be kept out of muslim neighborhoods , saying their presence violated muslims ' religious freedom . in britain , police sniffer dogs are carefully used , and are not permitted to contact passengers , only their luggage . they are required to wear leather dog booties when searching mosques or muslim homes . [ sep ] the hague
in islam , dogs are viewed as unclean because they are viewed as scavengers . in 2015 city councillor hasan kucuk of the hague called for dog ownership to be made illegal in that city . islamic activists in lerida , spain , lobbied for dogs to be kept out of muslim neighborhoods , saying their presence violated muslims ' religious freedom . in britain , police sniffer dogs are carefully used , and are not permitted to contact passengers , only their luggage . they are required to wear leather dog booties when searching mosques or muslim homes . [ sep ] leather dog booties
jewish law does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets . jewish law requires jews to feed dogs ( and other animals that they own ) before themselves , and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them . in christianity , dogs represent faithfulness . [ sep ] faithfulness .
jewish law does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets . jewish law requires jews to feed dogs ( and other animals that they own ) before themselves , and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them . in christianity , dogs represent faithfulness . [ sep ] themselves
in asian countries such as china , korea , and japan , dogs are viewed as kind protectors . the role of the dog in chinese mythology includes a position as one of the twelve animals which cyclically represent years ( the zodiacal dog ) . [ sep ] kind protectors .
in asian countries such as china , korea , and japan , dogs are viewed as kind protectors . the role of the dog in chinese mythology includes a position as one of the twelve animals which cyclically represent years ( the zodiacal dog ) . [ sep ] china
cultural depictions of dogs in art extend back thousands of years to when dogs were portrayed on the walls of caves . representations of dogs became more elaborate as individual breeds evolved and the relationships between human and canine developed . hunting scenes were popular in the middle ages and the renaissance . dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance , protection , loyalty , fidelity , faithfulness , watchfulness , and love . [ sep ] caves .
cultural depictions of dogs in art extend back thousands of years to when dogs were portrayed on the walls of caves . representations of dogs became more elaborate as individual breeds evolved and the relationships between human and canine developed . hunting scenes were popular in the middle ages and the renaissance . dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance , protection , loyalty , fidelity , faithfulness , watchfulness , and love . [ sep ] hunting
all mainland chinese television stations ( along with some stations in hong kong and expatriate communities ) cancelled all regularly - scheduled programming , displayed their logo in grayscale , and replaced their cancelled programmes with live earthquake footage from cctv - 1 for multiple days after the quake . even pay television channels ( such as channel v ) had their programmes suspended . [ sep ] live earthquake footage
all mainland chinese television stations ( along with some stations in hong kong and expatriate communities ) cancelled all regularly - scheduled programming , displayed their logo in grayscale , and replaced their cancelled programmes with live earthquake footage from cctv - 1 for multiple days after the quake . even pay television channels ( such as channel v ) had their programmes suspended . [ sep ] cctv - 1
all mainland chinese television stations ( along with some stations in hong kong and expatriate communities ) cancelled all regularly - scheduled programming , displayed their logo in grayscale , and replaced their cancelled programmes with live earthquake footage from cctv - 1 for multiple days after the quake . even pay television channels ( such as channel v ) had their programmes suspended . [ sep ] programmes suspended
on the evening of may 18 , cctv - 1 hosted a special four - hour program called the giving of love ( simplified chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ; traditional chinese : 愛 [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , hosted by regulars from the cctv new year ' s gala and round - the - clock coverage anchor bai yansong . it was attended by a wide range of entertainment , literary , business and political figures from mainland china , hong kong , singapore and taiwan . donations of the evening totalled 1 . 5 billion chinese yuan ( ~ us $ 208 million ) . of the donations , cctv gave the biggest corporate contribution at ¥50 million . almost at the same time in taiwan , a similarly themed programme was on air hosted by the sitting president ma ying - jeou . in june , hong kong actor jackie chan , who donated $ 1 . 57 million to the victims , made a music video alongside other artists entitled " promise " ; the song was composed by andy lau . the artistes 512 fund raising campaign , an 8 - hour fundraising marathon , was held on june 1 in hong kong ; it was attended by some 200 sinosphere musicians and celebrities . in singapore , mediacorp channel 8 hosted a ' live ' programme [unk] [unk] 川 [unk] [unk] [unk] to raise funds for the victims . [ sep ] the giving of love
on the evening of may 18 , cctv - 1 hosted a special four - hour program called the giving of love ( simplified chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ; traditional chinese : 愛 [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , hosted by regulars from the cctv new year ' s gala and round - the - clock coverage anchor bai yansong . it was attended by a wide range of entertainment , literary , business and political figures from mainland china , hong kong , singapore and taiwan . donations of the evening totalled 1 . 5 billion chinese yuan ( ~ us $ 208 million ) . of the donations , cctv gave the biggest corporate contribution at ¥50 million . almost at the same time in taiwan , a similarly themed programme was on air hosted by the sitting president ma ying - jeou . in june , hong kong actor jackie chan , who donated $ 1 . 57 million to the victims , made a music video alongside other artists entitled " promise " ; the song was composed by andy lau . the artistes 512 fund raising campaign , an 8 - hour fundraising marathon , was held on june 1 in hong kong ; it was attended by some 200 sinosphere musicians and celebrities . in singapore , mediacorp channel 8 hosted a ' live ' programme [unk] [unk] 川 [unk] [unk] [unk] to raise funds for the victims . [ sep ] us $ 208 million
on the evening of may 18 , cctv - 1 hosted a special four - hour program called the giving of love ( simplified chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ; traditional chinese : 愛 [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , hosted by regulars from the cctv new year ' s gala and round - the - clock coverage anchor bai yansong . it was attended by a wide range of entertainment , literary , business and political figures from mainland china , hong kong , singapore and taiwan . donations of the evening totalled 1 . 5 billion chinese yuan ( ~ us $ 208 million ) . of the donations , cctv gave the biggest corporate contribution at ¥50 million . almost at the same time in taiwan , a similarly themed programme was on air hosted by the sitting president ma ying - jeou . in june , hong kong actor jackie chan , who donated $ 1 . 57 million to the victims , made a music video alongside other artists entitled " promise " ; the song was composed by andy lau . the artistes 512 fund raising campaign , an 8 - hour fundraising marathon , was held on june 1 in hong kong ; it was attended by some 200 sinosphere musicians and celebrities . in singapore , mediacorp channel 8 hosted a ' live ' programme [unk] [unk] 川 [unk] [unk] [unk] to raise funds for the victims . [ sep ] cctv
on the evening of may 18 , cctv - 1 hosted a special four - hour program called the giving of love ( simplified chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ; traditional chinese : 愛 [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , hosted by regulars from the cctv new year ' s gala and round - the - clock coverage anchor bai yansong . it was attended by a wide range of entertainment , literary , business and political figures from mainland china , hong kong , singapore and taiwan . donations of the evening totalled 1 . 5 billion chinese yuan ( ~ us $ 208 million ) . of the donations , cctv gave the biggest corporate contribution at ¥50 million . almost at the same time in taiwan , a similarly themed programme was on air hosted by the sitting president ma ying - jeou . in june , hong kong actor jackie chan , who donated $ 1 . 57 million to the victims , made a music video alongside other artists entitled " promise " ; the song was composed by andy lau . the artistes 512 fund raising campaign , an 8 - hour fundraising marathon , was held on june 1 in hong kong ; it was attended by some 200 sinosphere musicians and celebrities . in singapore , mediacorp channel 8 hosted a ' live ' programme [unk] [unk] 川 [unk] [unk] [unk] to raise funds for the victims . [ sep ] 1 . 57 million
on the evening of may 18 , cctv - 1 hosted a special four - hour program called the giving of love ( simplified chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ; traditional chinese : 愛 [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , hosted by regulars from the cctv new year ' s gala and round - the - clock coverage anchor bai yansong . it was attended by a wide range of entertainment , literary , business and political figures from mainland china , hong kong , singapore and taiwan . donations of the evening totalled 1 . 5 billion chinese yuan ( ~ us $ 208 million ) . of the donations , cctv gave the biggest corporate contribution at ¥50 million . almost at the same time in taiwan , a similarly themed programme was on air hosted by the sitting president ma ying - jeou . in june , hong kong actor jackie chan , who donated $ 1 . 57 million to the victims , made a music video alongside other artists entitled " promise " ; the song was composed by andy lau . the artistes 512 fund raising campaign , an 8 - hour fundraising marathon , was held on june 1 in hong kong ; it was attended by some 200 sinosphere musicians and celebrities . in singapore , mediacorp channel 8 hosted a ' live ' programme [unk] [unk] 川 [unk] [unk] [unk] to raise funds for the victims . [ sep ] promise
although the chinese government was initially praised for its response to the quake ( especially in comparison to myanmar ' s ruling military junta ' s blockade of aid during cyclone nargis ) , it then saw an erosion in confidence over the school construction scandal . [ sep ] myanmar
although the chinese government was initially praised for its response to the quake ( especially in comparison to myanmar ' s ruling military junta ' s blockade of aid during cyclone nargis ) , it then saw an erosion in confidence over the school construction scandal . [ sep ] school construction scandal
although the chinese government was initially praised for its response to the quake ( especially in comparison to myanmar ' s ruling military junta ' s blockade of aid during cyclone nargis ) , it then saw an erosion in confidence over the school construction scandal . [ sep ] response to the quake
the central government estimates that over 7 , 000 inadequately engineered schoolrooms collapsed in the earthquake . chinese citizens have since invented a catch phrase : " tofu - dregs schoolhouses " ( chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , to mock both the quality and the quantity of these inferior constructions that killed so many school children . due to the one - child policy , many families lost their only child when schools in the region collapsed during the earthquake . consequently , sichuan provincial and local officials have lifted the restriction for families whose only child was either killed or severely injured in the disaster . so - called " illegal children " under 18 years of age may be registered as legal replacements for their dead siblings ; if the dead child was illegal , no further outstanding fines would apply . reimbursement would not , however , be offered for fines that were already levied . [ sep ] inadequately engineered
the central government estimates that over 7 , 000 inadequately engineered schoolrooms collapsed in the earthquake . chinese citizens have since invented a catch phrase : " tofu - dregs schoolhouses " ( chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , to mock both the quality and the quantity of these inferior constructions that killed so many school children . due to the one - child policy , many families lost their only child when schools in the region collapsed during the earthquake . consequently , sichuan provincial and local officials have lifted the restriction for families whose only child was either killed or severely injured in the disaster . so - called " illegal children " under 18 years of age may be registered as legal replacements for their dead siblings ; if the dead child was illegal , no further outstanding fines would apply . reimbursement would not , however , be offered for fines that were already levied . [ sep ] over 7 , 000
the central government estimates that over 7 , 000 inadequately engineered schoolrooms collapsed in the earthquake . chinese citizens have since invented a catch phrase : " tofu - dregs schoolhouses " ( chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , to mock both the quality and the quantity of these inferior constructions that killed so many school children . due to the one - child policy , many families lost their only child when schools in the region collapsed during the earthquake . consequently , sichuan provincial and local officials have lifted the restriction for families whose only child was either killed or severely injured in the disaster . so - called " illegal children " under 18 years of age may be registered as legal replacements for their dead siblings ; if the dead child was illegal , no further outstanding fines would apply . reimbursement would not , however , be offered for fines that were already levied . [ sep ] tofu - dregs schoolhouses
the central government estimates that over 7 , 000 inadequately engineered schoolrooms collapsed in the earthquake . chinese citizens have since invented a catch phrase : " tofu - dregs schoolhouses " ( chinese : [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , to mock both the quality and the quantity of these inferior constructions that killed so many school children . due to the one - child policy , many families lost their only child when schools in the region collapsed during the earthquake . consequently , sichuan provincial and local officials have lifted the restriction for families whose only child was either killed or severely injured in the disaster . so - called " illegal children " under 18 years of age may be registered as legal replacements for their dead siblings ; if the dead child was illegal , no further outstanding fines would apply . reimbursement would not , however , be offered for fines that were already levied . [ sep ] legal replacements
on may 29 , 2008 , government officials began inspecting the ruins of thousands of schools that collapsed , searching for clues about why they crumbled . thousands of parents around the province have accused local officials and builders of cutting corners in school construction , citing that after the quake other nearby buildings were little damaged . in the aftermath of the quake , many local governments promised to formally investigate the school collapses , but as of july 17 , 2008 across sichuan , parents of children lost in collapsed schools complained they had yet to receive any reports . local officials urged them not to protest but the parents demonstrated and demanded an investigation . furthermore , censors discouraged stories of poorly built schools from being published in the media and there was an incident where police drove the protestors away . [ sep ] cutting corners
on may 29 , 2008 , government officials began inspecting the ruins of thousands of schools that collapsed , searching for clues about why they crumbled . thousands of parents around the province have accused local officials and builders of cutting corners in school construction , citing that after the quake other nearby buildings were little damaged . in the aftermath of the quake , many local governments promised to formally investigate the school collapses , but as of july 17 , 2008 across sichuan , parents of children lost in collapsed schools complained they had yet to receive any reports . local officials urged them not to protest but the parents demonstrated and demanded an investigation . furthermore , censors discouraged stories of poorly built schools from being published in the media and there was an incident where police drove the protestors away . [ sep ] any reports
on may 29 , 2008 , government officials began inspecting the ruins of thousands of schools that collapsed , searching for clues about why they crumbled . thousands of parents around the province have accused local officials and builders of cutting corners in school construction , citing that after the quake other nearby buildings were little damaged . in the aftermath of the quake , many local governments promised to formally investigate the school collapses , but as of july 17 , 2008 across sichuan , parents of children lost in collapsed schools complained they had yet to receive any reports . local officials urged them not to protest but the parents demonstrated and demanded an investigation . furthermore , censors discouraged stories of poorly built schools from being published in the media and there was an incident where police drove the protestors away . [ sep ] poorly built schools
in the china digital times an article reports a close analysis by an alleged chinese construction engineer known online as “ book blade ” ( [unk] [unk] 子 ) , who stated : [ sep ] china digital times
in the china digital times an article reports a close analysis by an alleged chinese construction engineer known online as “ book blade ” ( [unk] [unk] 子 ) , who stated : [ sep ] book blade
on children ' s day , june 1 , 2008 , many parents went to the rubble of schools to mourn for their children . the surviving children , who were mostly living in relief centres , performed ceremonies marking the special day , but also acknowledging the earthquake . [ sep ] rubble of schools
on children ' s day , june 1 , 2008 , many parents went to the rubble of schools to mourn for their children . the surviving children , who were mostly living in relief centres , performed ceremonies marking the special day , but also acknowledging the earthquake . [ sep ] june 1
on children ' s day , june 1 , 2008 , many parents went to the rubble of schools to mourn for their children . the surviving children , who were mostly living in relief centres , performed ceremonies marking the special day , but also acknowledging the earthquake . [ sep ] in relief centres
ye zhiping , the principal of sangzao middle school in sangzao , one of the largest in an county , has been credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2 , 323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened . during a three - year period that ended in 2007 , he oversaw a major overhaul of his school . during that time he obtained more than 400 , 000 yuan ( us $ 60 , 000 ) from the county education department , money used to widen and strengthen concrete pillars and the balcony railing of all four storeys of his school , as well as secure its concrete floors . [ sep ] ye zhiping
ye zhiping , the principal of sangzao middle school in sangzao , one of the largest in an county , has been credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2 , 323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened . during a three - year period that ended in 2007 , he oversaw a major overhaul of his school . during that time he obtained more than 400 , 000 yuan ( us $ 60 , 000 ) from the county education department , money used to widen and strengthen concrete pillars and the balcony railing of all four storeys of his school , as well as secure its concrete floors . [ sep ] sangzao
ye zhiping , the principal of sangzao middle school in sangzao , one of the largest in an county , has been credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2 , 323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened . during a three - year period that ended in 2007 , he oversaw a major overhaul of his school . during that time he obtained more than 400 , 000 yuan ( us $ 60 , 000 ) from the county education department , money used to widen and strengthen concrete pillars and the balcony railing of all four storeys of his school , as well as secure its concrete floors . [ sep ] an county
ye zhiping , the principal of sangzao middle school in sangzao , one of the largest in an county , has been credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2 , 323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened . during a three - year period that ended in 2007 , he oversaw a major overhaul of his school . during that time he obtained more than 400 , 000 yuan ( us $ 60 , 000 ) from the county education department , money used to widen and strengthen concrete pillars and the balcony railing of all four storeys of his school , as well as secure its concrete floors . [ sep ] three - year period
the ap reported that " the state - controlled media has largely ignored the issue , apparently under the propaganda bureau ' s instructions . parents and volunteers who have questioned authorities have been detained and threatened . " [ sep ] state - controlled media
the ap reported that " the state - controlled media has largely ignored the issue , apparently under the propaganda bureau ' s instructions . parents and volunteers who have questioned authorities have been detained and threatened . " [ sep ] propaganda bureau
the ap reported that " the state - controlled media has largely ignored the issue , apparently under the propaganda bureau ' s instructions . parents and volunteers who have questioned authorities have been detained and threatened . " [ sep ] the ap
however , reuters reported in june that , to date , chinese prosecutors have joined an official inquiry into ten collapsed schools during may ' s devastating earthquake to gain first - hand material of construction quality at the collapsed schools , launch preliminary inquiries and prepare for possible investigations into professional crime . it was also reported that safety checks were to be carried out at schools across china after last month ' s earthquake . [ sep ] chinese prosecutors
however , reuters reported in june that , to date , chinese prosecutors have joined an official inquiry into ten collapsed schools during may ' s devastating earthquake to gain first - hand material of construction quality at the collapsed schools , launch preliminary inquiries and prepare for possible investigations into professional crime . it was also reported that safety checks were to be carried out at schools across china after last month ' s earthquake . [ sep ] professional crime
however , reuters reported in june that , to date , chinese prosecutors have joined an official inquiry into ten collapsed schools during may ' s devastating earthquake to gain first - hand material of construction quality at the collapsed schools , launch preliminary inquiries and prepare for possible investigations into professional crime . it was also reported that safety checks were to be carried out at schools across china after last month ' s earthquake . [ sep ] schools across china
however , reuters reported in june that , to date , chinese prosecutors have joined an official inquiry into ten collapsed schools during may ' s devastating earthquake to gain first - hand material of construction quality at the collapsed schools , launch preliminary inquiries and prepare for possible investigations into professional crime . it was also reported that safety checks were to be carried out at schools across china after last month ' s earthquake . [ sep ] reuters
the new york times reported that " government officials in beijing and sichuan have said they are investigating the collapses . in an acknowledgment of the weakness of building codes in the countryside , the national development and reform commission said on may 27 that it had drafted an amendment to improve construction standards for primary and middle schools in rural areas . experts are reviewing the draft , the commission said . " to limit protests , officials pushed parents to sign a document , which forbade them from holding protests , in exchange of money , but some who refused to sign were threatened . the payment amounts varied from school to school but were approximately the same . in hanwang , parents were offered a package valued at 8 , 800 usd in cash and a per - parent pension of nearly 5 , 600 usd . furthermore , officials used other methods of silencing : riot police officers broke up protests by parents ; the authorities set up cordons around the schools ; and officials ordered the chinese news media to stop reporting on school collapses . [ sep ] government officials
the new york times reported that " government officials in beijing and sichuan have said they are investigating the collapses . in an acknowledgment of the weakness of building codes in the countryside , the national development and reform commission said on may 27 that it had drafted an amendment to improve construction standards for primary and middle schools in rural areas . experts are reviewing the draft , the commission said . " to limit protests , officials pushed parents to sign a document , which forbade them from holding protests , in exchange of money , but some who refused to sign were threatened . the payment amounts varied from school to school but were approximately the same . in hanwang , parents were offered a package valued at 8 , 800 usd in cash and a per - parent pension of nearly 5 , 600 usd . furthermore , officials used other methods of silencing : riot police officers broke up protests by parents ; the authorities set up cordons around the schools ; and officials ordered the chinese news media to stop reporting on school collapses . [ sep ] limit protests
the new york times reported that " government officials in beijing and sichuan have said they are investigating the collapses . in an acknowledgment of the weakness of building codes in the countryside , the national development and reform commission said on may 27 that it had drafted an amendment to improve construction standards for primary and middle schools in rural areas . experts are reviewing the draft , the commission said . " to limit protests , officials pushed parents to sign a document , which forbade them from holding protests , in exchange of money , but some who refused to sign were threatened . the payment amounts varied from school to school but were approximately the same . in hanwang , parents were offered a package valued at 8 , 800 usd in cash and a per - parent pension of nearly 5 , 600 usd . furthermore , officials used other methods of silencing : riot police officers broke up protests by parents ; the authorities set up cordons around the schools ; and officials ordered the chinese news media to stop reporting on school collapses . [ sep ] money
the new york times reported that " government officials in beijing and sichuan have said they are investigating the collapses . in an acknowledgment of the weakness of building codes in the countryside , the national development and reform commission said on may 27 that it had drafted an amendment to improve construction standards for primary and middle schools in rural areas . experts are reviewing the draft , the commission said . " to limit protests , officials pushed parents to sign a document , which forbade them from holding protests , in exchange of money , but some who refused to sign were threatened . the payment amounts varied from school to school but were approximately the same . in hanwang , parents were offered a package valued at 8 , 800 usd in cash and a per - parent pension of nearly 5 , 600 usd . furthermore , officials used other methods of silencing : riot police officers broke up protests by parents ; the authorities set up cordons around the schools ; and officials ordered the chinese news media to stop reporting on school collapses . [ sep ] were threatened
the new york times reported that " government officials in beijing and sichuan have said they are investigating the collapses . in an acknowledgment of the weakness of building codes in the countryside , the national development and reform commission said on may 27 that it had drafted an amendment to improve construction standards for primary and middle schools in rural areas . experts are reviewing the draft , the commission said . " to limit protests , officials pushed parents to sign a document , which forbade them from holding protests , in exchange of money , but some who refused to sign were threatened . the payment amounts varied from school to school but were approximately the same . in hanwang , parents were offered a package valued at 8 , 800 usd in cash and a per - parent pension of nearly 5 , 600 usd . furthermore , officials used other methods of silencing : riot police officers broke up protests by parents ; the authorities set up cordons around the schools ; and officials ordered the chinese news media to stop reporting on school collapses . [ sep ] on school collapses
besides parents , liu shaokun ( [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , a sichuan school teacher , was detained on june 25 , 2008 for " disseminating rumors and destroying social order " about the sichuan earthquake . liu ’ s family was later told that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion . liu had travelled to the shifang , taken photos of collapsed school buildings , and put them online . he had also expressed his anger at “ the shoddy tofu - dregs buildings ” ( [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ) in a media interview . he was ordered to serve one year of re - education through labor ( rtl ) . according to the organization human rights in china , liu has been released to serve his rtl sentence outside of the labor camp . [ sep ] sichuan school teacher
besides parents , liu shaokun ( [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , a sichuan school teacher , was detained on june 25 , 2008 for " disseminating rumors and destroying social order " about the sichuan earthquake . liu ’ s family was later told that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion . liu had travelled to the shifang , taken photos of collapsed school buildings , and put them online . he had also expressed his anger at “ the shoddy tofu - dregs buildings ” ( [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ) in a media interview . he was ordered to serve one year of re - education through labor ( rtl ) . according to the organization human rights in china , liu has been released to serve his rtl sentence outside of the labor camp . [ sep ] crime of inciting subversion
besides parents , liu shaokun ( [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , a sichuan school teacher , was detained on june 25 , 2008 for " disseminating rumors and destroying social order " about the sichuan earthquake . liu ’ s family was later told that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion . liu had travelled to the shifang , taken photos of collapsed school buildings , and put them online . he had also expressed his anger at “ the shoddy tofu - dregs buildings ” ( [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ) in a media interview . he was ordered to serve one year of re - education through labor ( rtl ) . according to the organization human rights in china , liu has been released to serve his rtl sentence outside of the labor camp . [ sep ] put them online
besides parents , liu shaokun ( [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , a sichuan school teacher , was detained on june 25 , 2008 for " disseminating rumors and destroying social order " about the sichuan earthquake . liu ’ s family was later told that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion . liu had travelled to the shifang , taken photos of collapsed school buildings , and put them online . he had also expressed his anger at “ the shoddy tofu - dregs buildings ” ( [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ) in a media interview . he was ordered to serve one year of re - education through labor ( rtl ) . according to the organization human rights in china , liu has been released to serve his rtl sentence outside of the labor camp . [ sep ] in a media interview
besides parents , liu shaokun ( [unk] [unk] [unk] ) , a sichuan school teacher , was detained on june 25 , 2008 for " disseminating rumors and destroying social order " about the sichuan earthquake . liu ’ s family was later told that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion . liu had travelled to the shifang , taken photos of collapsed school buildings , and put them online . he had also expressed his anger at “ the shoddy tofu - dregs buildings ” ( [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] ) in a media interview . he was ordered to serve one year of re - education through labor ( rtl ) . according to the organization human rights in china , liu has been released to serve his rtl sentence outside of the labor camp . [ sep ] one year of re - education
on may 15 , 2008 geoffery york of the globeandmail . com reported that the shoddily constructed buildings are commonly called " tofu buildings " because builders cut corners by replacing steel rods with thin iron wires for concrete re - inforcement ; using inferior grade cement , if any at all ; and using fewer bricks than they should . one local was quoted in the article as saying that " the supervising agencies did not check to see if it met the national standards . " [ sep ] builders cut corners
on may 15 , 2008 geoffery york of the globeandmail . com reported that the shoddily constructed buildings are commonly called " tofu buildings " because builders cut corners by replacing steel rods with thin iron wires for concrete re - inforcement ; using inferior grade cement , if any at all ; and using fewer bricks than they should . one local was quoted in the article as saying that " the supervising agencies did not check to see if it met the national standards . " [ sep ] thin iron wires
on may 15 , 2008 geoffery york of the globeandmail . com reported that the shoddily constructed buildings are commonly called " tofu buildings " because builders cut corners by replacing steel rods with thin iron wires for concrete re - inforcement ; using inferior grade cement , if any at all ; and using fewer bricks than they should . one local was quoted in the article as saying that " the supervising agencies did not check to see if it met the national standards . " [ sep ] supervising agencies
in january 2010 , hong kong - based english newspaper the standard reported that writer tan zuoren attempted to document shoddy construction that may have led to massive casualties in schools , was sentenced to in prison ostensibly for his writing an article in 2007 in support of the pro - democracy movement in 1989 . [ sep ] massive casualties
because of the magnitude of the quake , and the media attention on china , foreign nations and organizations immediately responded to the disaster by offering condolences and assistance . on may 14 , unicef reported that china formally requested the support of the international community to respond to the needs of affected families . [ sep ] condolences and assistance
because of the magnitude of the quake , and the media attention on china , foreign nations and organizations immediately responded to the disaster by offering condolences and assistance . on may 14 , unicef reported that china formally requested the support of the international community to respond to the needs of affected families . [ sep ] may 14
because of the magnitude of the quake , and the media attention on china , foreign nations and organizations immediately responded to the disaster by offering condolences and assistance . on may 14 , unicef reported that china formally requested the support of the international community to respond to the needs of affected families . [ sep ] unicef
because of the magnitude of the quake , and the media attention on china , foreign nations and organizations immediately responded to the disaster by offering condolences and assistance . on may 14 , unicef reported that china formally requested the support of the international community to respond to the needs of affected families . [ sep ] magnitude of the quake
by may 14 , the ministry of civil affairs stated that 10 . 7 billion yuan ( approximately us $ 1 . 5 billion ) had been donated by the chinese public . houston rockets center yao ming , one of the country ' s most popular sports icons , gave $ 214 , 000 and $ 71 , 000 to the red cross society of china . the association has also collected a total of $ 26 million in donations so far . other multinational firms located in china have also announced large amounts of donations . [ sep ] 10 . 7 billion yuan
by may 14 , the ministry of civil affairs stated that 10 . 7 billion yuan ( approximately us $ 1 . 5 billion ) had been donated by the chinese public . houston rockets center yao ming , one of the country ' s most popular sports icons , gave $ 214 , 000 and $ 71 , 000 to the red cross society of china . the association has also collected a total of $ 26 million in donations so far . other multinational firms located in china have also announced large amounts of donations . [ sep ] the chinese public
by may 14 , the ministry of civil affairs stated that 10 . 7 billion yuan ( approximately us $ 1 . 5 billion ) had been donated by the chinese public . houston rockets center yao ming , one of the country ' s most popular sports icons , gave $ 214 , 000 and $ 71 , 000 to the red cross society of china . the association has also collected a total of $ 26 million in donations so far . other multinational firms located in china have also announced large amounts of donations . [ sep ] yao ming
by may 14 , the ministry of civil affairs stated that 10 . 7 billion yuan ( approximately us $ 1 . 5 billion ) had been donated by the chinese public . houston rockets center yao ming , one of the country ' s most popular sports icons , gave $ 214 , 000 and $ 71 , 000 to the red cross society of china . the association has also collected a total of $ 26 million in donations so far . other multinational firms located in china have also announced large amounts of donations . [ sep ] 26 million
the red cross society of china flew 557 tents and 2 , 500 quilts valued at 788 , 000 yuan ( us $ 113 , 000 ) to wenchuan county . the amity foundation already began relief work in the region and has earmarked us $ 143 , 000 for disaster relief . the sichuan ministry of civil affairs said that they have provided 30 , 000 tents for those left homeless . [ sep ] red cross society of china
the red cross society of china flew 557 tents and 2 , 500 quilts valued at 788 , 000 yuan ( us $ 113 , 000 ) to wenchuan county . the amity foundation already began relief work in the region and has earmarked us $ 143 , 000 for disaster relief . the sichuan ministry of civil affairs said that they have provided 30 , 000 tents for those left homeless . [ sep ] us $ 143 , 000
the red cross society of china flew 557 tents and 2 , 500 quilts valued at 788 , 000 yuan ( us $ 113 , 000 ) to wenchuan county . the amity foundation already began relief work in the region and has earmarked us $ 143 , 000 for disaster relief . the sichuan ministry of civil affairs said that they have provided 30 , 000 tents for those left homeless . [ sep ] 30 , 000
the red cross society of china flew 557 tents and 2 , 500 quilts valued at 788 , 000 yuan ( us $ 113 , 000 ) to wenchuan county . the amity foundation already began relief work in the region and has earmarked us $ 143 , 000 for disaster relief . the sichuan ministry of civil affairs said that they have provided 30 , 000 tents for those left homeless . [ sep ] those left homeless
the red cross society of china flew 557 tents and 2 , 500 quilts valued at 788 , 000 yuan ( us $ 113 , 000 ) to wenchuan county . the amity foundation already began relief work in the region and has earmarked us $ 143 , 000 for disaster relief . the sichuan ministry of civil affairs said that they have provided 30 , 000 tents for those left homeless . [ sep ] the amity foundation
central state - owned enterprises have accumulatively donated more than $ 48 . 6 million . china national petroleum corp and sinopec donated 10 million yuan each to the disaster area . [ sep ] 48 . 6 million
central state - owned enterprises have accumulatively donated more than $ 48 . 6 million . china national petroleum corp and sinopec donated 10 million yuan each to the disaster area . [ sep ] 10 million yuan each
following the earthquake , donations were made by people from all over mainland china , with booths set up in schools , at banks , and around gas stations . people also donated blood , resulting in according to xinhua long line - ups in most major chinese cities . many donated through text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by china unicom and china mobile by may 16 , the chinese government had allocated a total of $ 772 million for earthquake relief so far , up sharply from $ 159 million from may 14 . [ sep ] all over mainland china
following the earthquake , donations were made by people from all over mainland china , with booths set up in schools , at banks , and around gas stations . people also donated blood , resulting in according to xinhua long line - ups in most major chinese cities . many donated through text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by china unicom and china mobile by may 16 , the chinese government had allocated a total of $ 772 million for earthquake relief so far , up sharply from $ 159 million from may 14 . [ sep ] donated blood
following the earthquake , donations were made by people from all over mainland china , with booths set up in schools , at banks , and around gas stations . people also donated blood , resulting in according to xinhua long line - ups in most major chinese cities . many donated through text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by china unicom and china mobile by may 16 , the chinese government had allocated a total of $ 772 million for earthquake relief so far , up sharply from $ 159 million from may 14 . [ sep ] booths
following the earthquake , donations were made by people from all over mainland china , with booths set up in schools , at banks , and around gas stations . people also donated blood , resulting in according to xinhua long line - ups in most major chinese cities . many donated through text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by china unicom and china mobile by may 16 , the chinese government had allocated a total of $ 772 million for earthquake relief so far , up sharply from $ 159 million from may 14 . [ sep ] text messaging
following the earthquake , donations were made by people from all over mainland china , with booths set up in schools , at banks , and around gas stations . people also donated blood , resulting in according to xinhua long line - ups in most major chinese cities . many donated through text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by china unicom and china mobile by may 16 , the chinese government had allocated a total of $ 772 million for earthquake relief so far , up sharply from $ 159 million from may 14 . [ sep ] $ 772 million
on may 16 china stated it had also received $ 457 million in donated money and goods for rescue efforts so far , including $ 83 million from 19 countries and four international organizations . saudi arabia was the largest aid donor to china , providing close to €40 , 000 , 000 in financial assistance , and an additional €8 , 000 , 000 worth of relief materials . [ sep ] 83 million
on may 16 china stated it had also received $ 457 million in donated money and goods for rescue efforts so far , including $ 83 million from 19 countries and four international organizations . saudi arabia was the largest aid donor to china , providing close to €40 , 000 , 000 in financial assistance , and an additional €8 , 000 , 000 worth of relief materials . [ sep ] saudi arabia
on may 16 china stated it had also received $ 457 million in donated money and goods for rescue efforts so far , including $ 83 million from 19 countries and four international organizations . saudi arabia was the largest aid donor to china , providing close to €40 , 000 , 000 in financial assistance , and an additional €8 , 000 , 000 worth of relief materials . [ sep ] four
on may 12 , 2009 , china marked the first anniversary of the quake with a moment of silence as people across the nation remembered the dead . the government also opened access to the sealed ruins of the beichuan county seat for three days , after which it will be frozen in time as a state earthquake relic museum , to remind people of the terrible disaster . there were also several concerts across the country to raise money for the survivors of the quake . [ sep ] a moment of silence
on may 12 , 2009 , china marked the first anniversary of the quake with a moment of silence as people across the nation remembered the dead . the government also opened access to the sealed ruins of the beichuan county seat for three days , after which it will be frozen in time as a state earthquake relic museum , to remind people of the terrible disaster . there were also several concerts across the country to raise money for the survivors of the quake . [ sep ] earthquake relic museum
on may 12 , 2009 , china marked the first anniversary of the quake with a moment of silence as people across the nation remembered the dead . the government also opened access to the sealed ruins of the beichuan county seat for three days , after which it will be frozen in time as a state earthquake relic museum , to remind people of the terrible disaster . there were also several concerts across the country to raise money for the survivors of the quake . [ sep ] several concerts
on may 12 , 2009 , china marked the first anniversary of the quake with a moment of silence as people across the nation remembered the dead . the government also opened access to the sealed ruins of the beichuan county seat for three days , after which it will be frozen in time as a state earthquake relic museum , to remind people of the terrible disaster . there were also several concerts across the country to raise money for the survivors of the quake . [ sep ] the terrible disaster
however questions still remain , as some of the corrupt government officials have still not been brought to justice , while the many families who lost their only child , are still seeking compensation and justice to what had happened . according to the times , many parents were warned by the government not to stage a protest under the threat of arrest . [ sep ] corrupt government officials
however questions still remain , as some of the corrupt government officials have still not been brought to justice , while the many families who lost their only child , are still seeking compensation and justice to what had happened . according to the times , many parents were warned by the government not to stage a protest under the threat of arrest . [ sep ] many families
however questions still remain , as some of the corrupt government officials have still not been brought to justice , while the many families who lost their only child , are still seeking compensation and justice to what had happened . according to the times , many parents were warned by the government not to stage a protest under the threat of arrest . [ sep ] threat of arrest
however questions still remain , as some of the corrupt government officials have still not been brought to justice , while the many families who lost their only child , are still seeking compensation and justice to what had happened . according to the times , many parents were warned by the government not to stage a protest under the threat of arrest . [ sep ] the times
however questions still remain , as some of the corrupt government officials have still not been brought to justice , while the many families who lost their only child , are still seeking compensation and justice to what had happened . according to the times , many parents were warned by the government not to stage a protest under the threat of arrest . [ sep ] their only child
in 2008 , state council established a counterpart support plan ( 《 [unk] 川 [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] 口 [unk] [unk] 方 [unk] 》 ) . the plan is to arrange 19 eastern and central province and municipalitie to help 18 counties , on " one province to one affected county " basis . the plan spanned 3 years , and cost no less than one percent of the province or municipality ' s budget . [ sep ] counterpart support plan
in 2008 , state council established a counterpart support plan ( 《 [unk] 川 [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] 口 [unk] [unk] 方 [unk] 》 ) . the plan is to arrange 19 eastern and central province and municipalitie to help 18 counties , on " one province to one affected county " basis . the plan spanned 3 years , and cost no less than one percent of the province or municipality ' s budget . [ sep ] one province to one affected county
in 2008 , state council established a counterpart support plan ( 《 [unk] 川 [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] 口 [unk] [unk] 方 [unk] 》 ) . the plan is to arrange 19 eastern and central province and municipalitie to help 18 counties , on " one province to one affected county " basis . the plan spanned 3 years , and cost no less than one percent of the province or municipality ' s budget . [ sep ] 3 years
in 2008 , state council established a counterpart support plan ( 《 [unk] 川 [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] [unk] 口 [unk] [unk] 方 [unk] 》 ) . the plan is to arrange 19 eastern and central province and municipalitie to help 18 counties , on " one province to one affected county " basis . the plan spanned 3 years , and cost no less than one percent of the province or municipality ' s budget . [ sep ] one percent
the earthquake was the worst to strike the sichuan area in over 30 years . following the quake , experts and the general public sought information on whether or not the earthquake could have been predicted in advance , and whether or not studying statistics related to the quake could result in better prediction of earthquakes in the future . earthquake prediction is not yet established science ; there was no consensus within the scientific community that earthquake " prediction " is possible . [ sep ] 30 years
the earthquake was the worst to strike the sichuan area in over 30 years . following the quake , experts and the general public sought information on whether or not the earthquake could have been predicted in advance , and whether or not studying statistics related to the quake could result in better prediction of earthquakes in the future . earthquake prediction is not yet established science ; there was no consensus within the scientific community that earthquake " prediction " is possible . [ sep ] no consensus
the earthquake was the worst to strike the sichuan area in over 30 years . following the quake , experts and the general public sought information on whether or not the earthquake could have been predicted in advance , and whether or not studying statistics related to the quake could result in better prediction of earthquakes in the future . earthquake prediction is not yet established science ; there was no consensus within the scientific community that earthquake " prediction " is possible . [ sep ] statistics
the earthquake was the worst to strike the sichuan area in over 30 years . following the quake , experts and the general public sought information on whether or not the earthquake could have been predicted in advance , and whether or not studying statistics related to the quake could result in better prediction of earthquakes in the future . earthquake prediction is not yet established science ; there was no consensus within the scientific community that earthquake " prediction " is possible . [ sep ] earthquake prediction
in 2002 , chinese geologist chen xuezhong published a seismic risk analysis study in which he came to the conclusion that beginning with 2003 , attention should be paid to the possibility of an earthquake with a magnitude of over 7 . 0 occurring in sichuan region . he based his study on statistical correlation . that sichuan is a seismically active area has been discussed for years prior to the quake , though few studies point to a specific date and time . [ sep ] chen xuezhong
in 2002 , chinese geologist chen xuezhong published a seismic risk analysis study in which he came to the conclusion that beginning with 2003 , attention should be paid to the possibility of an earthquake with a magnitude of over 7 . 0 occurring in sichuan region . he based his study on statistical correlation . that sichuan is a seismically active area has been discussed for years prior to the quake , though few studies point to a specific date and time . [ sep ] 2002
in 2002 , chinese geologist chen xuezhong published a seismic risk analysis study in which he came to the conclusion that beginning with 2003 , attention should be paid to the possibility of an earthquake with a magnitude of over 7 . 0 occurring in sichuan region . he based his study on statistical correlation . that sichuan is a seismically active area has been discussed for years prior to the quake , though few studies point to a specific date and time . [ sep ] over 7 . 0
in a press conference held by the state council information office the day after the earthquake , geologist zhang xiaodong , deputy director of cea ' s seismic monitoring network center , restated that earthquake prediction was a global issue , in the sense that no proven methods exist , and that no prediction notification was received before the earthquake . seismologist gary gibson of monash university in australia told deutsche presse - agentur that he also did not see anything that could be regarded as having ' predicted ' the earthquake ' s occurrence . [ sep ] no proven methods exist
in a press conference held by the state council information office the day after the earthquake , geologist zhang xiaodong , deputy director of cea ' s seismic monitoring network center , restated that earthquake prediction was a global issue , in the sense that no proven methods exist , and that no prediction notification was received before the earthquake . seismologist gary gibson of monash university in australia told deutsche presse - agentur that he also did not see anything that could be regarded as having ' predicted ' the earthquake ' s occurrence . [ sep ] a global issue
in a press conference held by the state council information office the day after the earthquake , geologist zhang xiaodong , deputy director of cea ' s seismic monitoring network center , restated that earthquake prediction was a global issue , in the sense that no proven methods exist , and that no prediction notification was received before the earthquake . seismologist gary gibson of monash university in australia told deutsche presse - agentur that he also did not see anything that could be regarded as having ' predicted ' the earthquake ' s occurrence . [ sep ] no prediction notification
in a press conference held by the state council information office the day after the earthquake , geologist zhang xiaodong , deputy director of cea ' s seismic monitoring network center , restated that earthquake prediction was a global issue , in the sense that no proven methods exist , and that no prediction notification was received before the earthquake . seismologist gary gibson of monash university in australia told deutsche presse - agentur that he also did not see anything that could be regarded as having ' predicted ' the earthquake ' s occurrence . [ sep ] did not see anything
the earthquake also provided opportunities for researchers to retrofit data in order to model future earthquake predictions . using data from the intermagnet lanzhou geomagnetic observatory , geologists lazo pekevski from the ss . cyril and methodius university of skopje in macedonia and strachimir mavrodiev from the bulgarian academy of sciences attempted to establish a " time prediction method " through collecting statistics on geomagnetism with tidal gravitational potential . using this method , they were said to have predicted the time of the 2008 sichuan earthquake with an accuracy of ±1 day . the same study , however , acknowledges the limitation of earthquake prediction models , and does not mention that the location of the quake could be accurately predicted . [ sep ] time prediction method
the earthquake also provided opportunities for researchers to retrofit data in order to model future earthquake predictions . using data from the intermagnet lanzhou geomagnetic observatory , geologists lazo pekevski from the ss . cyril and methodius university of skopje in macedonia and strachimir mavrodiev from the bulgarian academy of sciences attempted to establish a " time prediction method " through collecting statistics on geomagnetism with tidal gravitational potential . using this method , they were said to have predicted the time of the 2008 sichuan earthquake with an accuracy of ±1 day . the same study , however , acknowledges the limitation of earthquake prediction models , and does not mention that the location of the quake could be accurately predicted . [ sep ] statistics
an article in science suggested that the construction and filling of the zipingpu dam may have triggered the earthquake . the chief engineer of the sichuan geology and mineral bureau said that the sudden shift of a huge quantity of water into the region could have relaxed the tension between the two sides of the fault , allowing them to move apart , and could have increased the direct pressure on it , causing a violent rupture . the effect was " 25 times more " than a year ' s worth of natural stress from tectonic movement . the government had disregarded warnings about so many large - scale dam projects in a seismically active area . researchers have been denied access to seismological and geological data to examine the cause of the quake further . [ sep ] zipingpu dam
an article in science suggested that the construction and filling of the zipingpu dam may have triggered the earthquake . the chief engineer of the sichuan geology and mineral bureau said that the sudden shift of a huge quantity of water into the region could have relaxed the tension between the two sides of the fault , allowing them to move apart , and could have increased the direct pressure on it , causing a violent rupture . the effect was " 25 times more " than a year ' s worth of natural stress from tectonic movement . the government had disregarded warnings about so many large - scale dam projects in a seismically active area . researchers have been denied access to seismological and geological data to examine the cause of the quake further . [ sep ] 25 times more
an article in science suggested that the construction and filling of the zipingpu dam may have triggered the earthquake . the chief engineer of the sichuan geology and mineral bureau said that the sudden shift of a huge quantity of water into the region could have relaxed the tension between the two sides of the fault , allowing them to move apart , and could have increased the direct pressure on it , causing a violent rupture . the effect was " 25 times more " than a year ' s worth of natural stress from tectonic movement . the government had disregarded warnings about so many large - scale dam projects in a seismically active area . researchers have been denied access to seismological and geological data to examine the cause of the quake further . [ sep ] the government
an article in science suggested that the construction and filling of the zipingpu dam may have triggered the earthquake . the chief engineer of the sichuan geology and mineral bureau said that the sudden shift of a huge quantity of water into the region could have relaxed the tension between the two sides of the fault , allowing them to move apart , and could have increased the direct pressure on it , causing a violent rupture . the effect was " 25 times more " than a year ' s worth of natural stress from tectonic movement . the government had disregarded warnings about so many large - scale dam projects in a seismically active area . researchers have been denied access to seismological and geological data to examine the cause of the quake further . [ sep ] seismically active
an article in science suggested that the construction and filling of the zipingpu dam may have triggered the earthquake . the chief engineer of the sichuan geology and mineral bureau said that the sudden shift of a huge quantity of water into the region could have relaxed the tension between the two sides of the fault , allowing them to move apart , and could have increased the direct pressure on it , causing a violent rupture . the effect was " 25 times more " than a year ' s worth of natural stress from tectonic movement . the government had disregarded warnings about so many large - scale dam projects in a seismically active area . researchers have been denied access to seismological and geological data to examine the cause of the quake further . [ sep ] access to seismological and geological data
malaysia - based yazhou zhoukan conducted an interview with former researcher at the china seismological bureau geng qingguo ( [unk] [unk] 国 ) , in which geng claimed that a confidential written report was sent to the state seismological bureau on april 30 , 2008 , warning about the possible occurrence of a significant earthquake in ngawa prefecture region of sichuan around may 8 , with a range of 10 days before or after the quake . geng , while acknowledging that earthquake prediction was broadly considered problematic by the scientific community , believed that " the bigger the earthquake , the easier it is to predict . " geng had long attempted to establish a correlation between the occurrence of droughts and earthquakes ; premier zhou enlai reportedly took an interest in geng ' s work . geng ' s drought - earthquake correlation theory was first released in 1972 , and said to have successfully predicted the 1975 haicheng and 1976 tangshan earthquakes . the same yazhou zhoukan article pointed out the inherent difficulties associated with predicting earthquakes . in response , an official with the seismological bureau stated that " earthquake prediction is widely acknowledged around the world to be difficult from a scientific standpoint . " the official also denied that the seismological bureau had received reports predicting the earthquake . [ sep ] written report
malaysia - based yazhou zhoukan conducted an interview with former researcher at the china seismological bureau geng qingguo ( [unk] [unk] 国 ) , in which geng claimed that a confidential written report was sent to the state seismological bureau on april 30 , 2008 , warning about the possible occurrence of a significant earthquake in ngawa prefecture region of sichuan around may 8 , with a range of 10 days before or after the quake . geng , while acknowledging that earthquake prediction was broadly considered problematic by the scientific community , believed that " the bigger the earthquake , the easier it is to predict . " geng had long attempted to establish a correlation between the occurrence of droughts and earthquakes ; premier zhou enlai reportedly took an interest in geng ' s work . geng ' s drought - earthquake correlation theory was first released in 1972 , and said to have successfully predicted the 1975 haicheng and 1976 tangshan earthquakes . the same yazhou zhoukan article pointed out the inherent difficulties associated with predicting earthquakes . in response , an official with the seismological bureau stated that " earthquake prediction is widely acknowledged around the world to be difficult from a scientific standpoint . " the official also denied that the seismological bureau had received reports predicting the earthquake . [ sep ] significant earthquake in ngawa prefecture
malaysia - based yazhou zhoukan conducted an interview with former researcher at the china seismological bureau geng qingguo ( [unk] [unk] 国 ) , in which geng claimed that a confidential written report was sent to the state seismological bureau on april 30 , 2008 , warning about the possible occurrence of a significant earthquake in ngawa prefecture region of sichuan around may 8 , with a range of 10 days before or after the quake . geng , while acknowledging that earthquake prediction was broadly considered problematic by the scientific community , believed that " the bigger the earthquake , the easier it is to predict . " geng had long attempted to establish a correlation between the occurrence of droughts and earthquakes ; premier zhou enlai reportedly took an interest in geng ' s work . geng ' s drought - earthquake correlation theory was first released in 1972 , and said to have successfully predicted the 1975 haicheng and 1976 tangshan earthquakes . the same yazhou zhoukan article pointed out the inherent difficulties associated with predicting earthquakes . in response , an official with the seismological bureau stated that " earthquake prediction is widely acknowledged around the world to be difficult from a scientific standpoint . " the official also denied that the seismological bureau had received reports predicting the earthquake . [ sep ] around may 8
malaysia - based yazhou zhoukan conducted an interview with former researcher at the china seismological bureau geng qingguo ( [unk] [unk] 国 ) , in which geng claimed that a confidential written report was sent to the state seismological bureau on april 30 , 2008 , warning about the possible occurrence of a significant earthquake in ngawa prefecture region of sichuan around may 8 , with a range of 10 days before or after the quake . geng , while acknowledging that earthquake prediction was broadly considered problematic by the scientific community , believed that " the bigger the earthquake , the easier it is to predict . " geng had long attempted to establish a correlation between the occurrence of droughts and earthquakes ; premier zhou enlai reportedly took an interest in geng ' s work . geng ' s drought - earthquake correlation theory was first released in 1972 , and said to have successfully predicted the 1975 haicheng and 1976 tangshan earthquakes . the same yazhou zhoukan article pointed out the inherent difficulties associated with predicting earthquakes . in response , an official with the seismological bureau stated that " earthquake prediction is widely acknowledged around the world to be difficult from a scientific standpoint . " the official also denied that the seismological bureau had received reports predicting the earthquake . [ sep ] droughts
malaysia - based yazhou zhoukan conducted an interview with former researcher at the china seismological bureau geng qingguo ( [unk] [unk] 国 ) , in which geng claimed that a confidential written report was sent to the state seismological bureau on april 30 , 2008 , warning about the possible occurrence of a significant earthquake in ngawa prefecture region of sichuan around may 8 , with a range of 10 days before or after the quake . geng , while acknowledging that earthquake prediction was broadly considered problematic by the scientific community , believed that " the bigger the earthquake , the easier it is to predict . " geng had long attempted to establish a correlation between the occurrence of droughts and earthquakes ; premier zhou enlai reportedly took an interest in geng ' s work . geng ' s drought - earthquake correlation theory was first released in 1972 , and said to have successfully predicted the 1975 haicheng and 1976 tangshan earthquakes . the same yazhou zhoukan article pointed out the inherent difficulties associated with predicting earthquakes . in response , an official with the seismological bureau stated that " earthquake prediction is widely acknowledged around the world to be difficult from a scientific standpoint . " the official also denied that the seismological bureau had received reports predicting the earthquake . [ sep ] reports predicting the earthquake
the 2008 summer olympics torch relay was run from march 24 until august 8 , 2008 , prior to the 2008 summer olympics , with the theme of " one world , one dream " . plans for the relay were announced on april 26 , 2007 , in beijing , china . the relay , also called by the organizers as the " journey of harmony " , lasted 129 days and carried the torch 137 , 000 km ( 85 , 000 mi ) – the longest distance of any olympic torch relay since the tradition was started ahead of the 1936 summer olympics . [ sep ] 1936 summer olympics .
the 2008 summer olympics torch relay was run from march 24 until august 8 , 2008 , prior to the 2008 summer olympics , with the theme of " one world , one dream " . plans for the relay were announced on april 26 , 2007 , in beijing , china . the relay , also called by the organizers as the " journey of harmony " , lasted 129 days and carried the torch 137 , 000 km ( 85 , 000 mi ) – the longest distance of any olympic torch relay since the tradition was started ahead of the 1936 summer olympics . [ sep ] 129 days
the 2008 summer olympics torch relay was run from march 24 until august 8 , 2008 , prior to the 2008 summer olympics , with the theme of " one world , one dream " . plans for the relay were announced on april 26 , 2007 , in beijing , china . the relay , also called by the organizers as the " journey of harmony " , lasted 129 days and carried the torch 137 , 000 km ( 85 , 000 mi ) – the longest distance of any olympic torch relay since the tradition was started ahead of the 1936 summer olympics . [ sep ] one world , one dream
the 2008 summer olympics torch relay was run from march 24 until august 8 , 2008 , prior to the 2008 summer olympics , with the theme of " one world , one dream " . plans for the relay were announced on april 26 , 2007 , in beijing , china . the relay , also called by the organizers as the " journey of harmony " , lasted 129 days and carried the torch 137 , 000 km ( 85 , 000 mi ) – the longest distance of any olympic torch relay since the tradition was started ahead of the 1936 summer olympics . [ sep ] journey of harmony
after being lit at the birthplace of the olympic games in olympia , greece on march 24 , the torch traveled to the panathinaiko stadium in athens , and then to beijing , arriving on march 31 . from beijing , the torch was following a route passing through six continents . the torch has visited cities along the silk road , symbolizing ancient links between china and the rest of the world . the relay also included an ascent with the flame to the top of mount everest on the border of nepal and tibet , china from the chinese side , which was closed specially for the event . [ sep ] march 24
after being lit at the birthplace of the olympic games in olympia , greece on march 24 , the torch traveled to the panathinaiko stadium in athens , and then to beijing , arriving on march 31 . from beijing , the torch was following a route passing through six continents . the torch has visited cities along the silk road , symbolizing ancient links between china and the rest of the world . the relay also included an ascent with the flame to the top of mount everest on the border of nepal and tibet , china from the chinese side , which was closed specially for the event . [ sep ] olympia , greece
after being lit at the birthplace of the olympic games in olympia , greece on march 24 , the torch traveled to the panathinaiko stadium in athens , and then to beijing , arriving on march 31 . from beijing , the torch was following a route passing through six continents . the torch has visited cities along the silk road , symbolizing ancient links between china and the rest of the world . the relay also included an ascent with the flame to the top of mount everest on the border of nepal and tibet , china from the chinese side , which was closed specially for the event . [ sep ] march 31
after being lit at the birthplace of the olympic games in olympia , greece on march 24 , the torch traveled to the panathinaiko stadium in athens , and then to beijing , arriving on march 31 . from beijing , the torch was following a route passing through six continents . the torch has visited cities along the silk road , symbolizing ancient links between china and the rest of the world . the relay also included an ascent with the flame to the top of mount everest on the border of nepal and tibet , china from the chinese side , which was closed specially for the event . [ sep ] six
after being lit at the birthplace of the olympic games in olympia , greece on march 24 , the torch traveled to the panathinaiko stadium in athens , and then to beijing , arriving on march 31 . from beijing , the torch was following a route passing through six continents . the torch has visited cities along the silk road , symbolizing ancient links between china and the rest of the world . the relay also included an ascent with the flame to the top of mount everest on the border of nepal and tibet , china from the chinese side , which was closed specially for the event . [ sep ] silk road
in many cities along the north american and european route , the torch relay was protested by advocates of tibetan independence , animal rights , and legal online gambling , and people protesting against china ' s human rights record , resulting in confrontations at a few of the relay locations . these protests , which ranged from hundreds of people in san francisco , to effectively none in pyongyang , forced the path of the torch relay to be changed or shortened on a number of occasions . the torch was extinguished by chinese security officials several times during the paris leg for security reasons , and once in protest in paris . [ sep ] hundreds
in many cities along the north american and european route , the torch relay was protested by advocates of tibetan independence , animal rights , and legal online gambling , and people protesting against china ' s human rights record , resulting in confrontations at a few of the relay locations . these protests , which ranged from hundreds of people in san francisco , to effectively none in pyongyang , forced the path of the torch relay to be changed or shortened on a number of occasions . the torch was extinguished by chinese security officials several times during the paris leg for security reasons , and once in protest in paris . [ sep ] effectively none
the attacks on the torch in london and paris were described as " despicable " by the chinese government , condemning them as " deliberate disruptions . . . who gave no thought to the olympic spirit or the laws of britain and france " and who " tarnish the lofty olympic spirit " , and vowed they would continue with the relay and not allow the protests to " impede the olympic spirit " . large - scale counter - protests by overseas chinese and foreign - based chinese nationals became prevalent in later segments of the relay . in san francisco , the number of supporters were much more than the number of protesters , and in australia , japan , south korea , the counter - protesters overwhelmed the protesters . a couple of skirmishes between the protesters and supporters were reported . no major protests were visible in the latin america , africa , and western asia legs of the torch relay . [ sep ] the chinese government
the attacks on the torch in london and paris were described as " despicable " by the chinese government , condemning them as " deliberate disruptions . . . who gave no thought to the olympic spirit or the laws of britain and france " and who " tarnish the lofty olympic spirit " , and vowed they would continue with the relay and not allow the protests to " impede the olympic spirit " . large - scale counter - protests by overseas chinese and foreign - based chinese nationals became prevalent in later segments of the relay . in san francisco , the number of supporters were much more than the number of protesters , and in australia , japan , south korea , the counter - protesters overwhelmed the protesters . a couple of skirmishes between the protesters and supporters were reported . no major protests were visible in the latin america , africa , and western asia legs of the torch relay . [ sep ] supporters
the attacks on the torch in london and paris were described as " despicable " by the chinese government , condemning them as " deliberate disruptions . . . who gave no thought to the olympic spirit or the laws of britain and france " and who " tarnish the lofty olympic spirit " , and vowed they would continue with the relay and not allow the protests to " impede the olympic spirit " . large - scale counter - protests by overseas chinese and foreign - based chinese nationals became prevalent in later segments of the relay . in san francisco , the number of supporters were much more than the number of protesters , and in australia , japan , south korea , the counter - protesters overwhelmed the protesters . a couple of skirmishes between the protesters and supporters were reported . no major protests were visible in the latin america , africa , and western asia legs of the torch relay . [ sep ] counter - protesters
prompted by the chaotic torch relays in western europe and north america , the president of the international olympic committee , jacques rogge described the situation as a " crisis " for the organization and stated that any athletes displaying tibetan flags at olympic venues could be expelled from the games . though he stopped short of cancelling the relay altogether despite calls to do so by some ioc members . the outcome of the relay influenced the ioc ' s decision to scrap global relays in future editions of the games . [ sep ] jacques rogge
prompted by the chaotic torch relays in western europe and north america , the president of the international olympic committee , jacques rogge described the situation as a " crisis " for the organization and stated that any athletes displaying tibetan flags at olympic venues could be expelled from the games . though he stopped short of cancelling the relay altogether despite calls to do so by some ioc members . the outcome of the relay influenced the ioc ' s decision to scrap global relays in future editions of the games . [ sep ] tibetan
prompted by the chaotic torch relays in western europe and north america , the president of the international olympic committee , jacques rogge described the situation as a " crisis " for the organization and stated that any athletes displaying tibetan flags at olympic venues could be expelled from the games . though he stopped short of cancelling the relay altogether despite calls to do so by some ioc members . the outcome of the relay influenced the ioc ' s decision to scrap global relays in future editions of the games . [ sep ] global relays
in june 2008 , the beijing games ' organizing committee announced that the planned international torch relay for the paralympic games had been cancelled . the committee stated that the relay was being cancelled to enable the chinese government to " focus on the rescue and relief work " following the sichuan earthquake . [ sep ] paralympic games
the olympic torch is based on traditional scrolls and uses a traditional chinese design known as " lucky cloud " . it is made from aluminum . it is 72 centimetres high and weighs 985 grams . the torch is designed to remain lit in 65 kilometre per hour ( 37 mile per hour ) winds , and in rain of up to 50 millimetres ( 2 inches ) per hour . an ignition key is used to ignite and extinguish the flame . the torch is fueled by cans of propane . each can will light the torch for 15 minutes . it is designed by a team from lenovo group . the torch is designed in reference to the traditional chinese concept of the 5 elements that make up the entire universe . [ sep ] lucky cloud
the olympic torch is based on traditional scrolls and uses a traditional chinese design known as " lucky cloud " . it is made from aluminum . it is 72 centimetres high and weighs 985 grams . the torch is designed to remain lit in 65 kilometre per hour ( 37 mile per hour ) winds , and in rain of up to 50 millimetres ( 2 inches ) per hour . an ignition key is used to ignite and extinguish the flame . the torch is fueled by cans of propane . each can will light the torch for 15 minutes . it is designed by a team from lenovo group . the torch is designed in reference to the traditional chinese concept of the 5 elements that make up the entire universe . [ sep ] aluminum .
the olympic torch is based on traditional scrolls and uses a traditional chinese design known as " lucky cloud " . it is made from aluminum . it is 72 centimetres high and weighs 985 grams . the torch is designed to remain lit in 65 kilometre per hour ( 37 mile per hour ) winds , and in rain of up to 50 millimetres ( 2 inches ) per hour . an ignition key is used to ignite and extinguish the flame . the torch is fueled by cans of propane . each can will light the torch for 15 minutes . it is designed by a team from lenovo group . the torch is designed in reference to the traditional chinese concept of the 5 elements that make up the entire universe . [ sep ] 985 grams
the olympic torch is based on traditional scrolls and uses a traditional chinese design known as " lucky cloud " . it is made from aluminum . it is 72 centimetres high and weighs 985 grams . the torch is designed to remain lit in 65 kilometre per hour ( 37 mile per hour ) winds , and in rain of up to 50 millimetres ( 2 inches ) per hour . an ignition key is used to ignite and extinguish the flame . the torch is fueled by cans of propane . each can will light the torch for 15 minutes . it is designed by a team from lenovo group . the torch is designed in reference to the traditional chinese concept of the 5 elements that make up the entire universe . [ sep ] an ignition key
internationally , the torch and its accompanying party traveled in a chartered air china airbus a330 ( registered b - 6075 ) , painted in the red and yellow colors of the olympic games . air china was chosen by the beijing committees of the olympic game as the designated olympic torch carrier in march 2008 for its long - standing participation in the olympic cause . the plane traveled a total of 137 , 000 km ( 85 , 000 mi ) for a duration of 130 days through 21 countries and regions . [ sep ] a chartered air china airbus a330
internationally , the torch and its accompanying party traveled in a chartered air china airbus a330 ( registered b - 6075 ) , painted in the red and yellow colors of the olympic games . air china was chosen by the beijing committees of the olympic game as the designated olympic torch carrier in march 2008 for its long - standing participation in the olympic cause . the plane traveled a total of 137 , 000 km ( 85 , 000 mi ) for a duration of 130 days through 21 countries and regions . [ sep ] red and yellow
internationally , the torch and its accompanying party traveled in a chartered air china airbus a330 ( registered b - 6075 ) , painted in the red and yellow colors of the olympic games . air china was chosen by the beijing committees of the olympic game as the designated olympic torch carrier in march 2008 for its long - standing participation in the olympic cause . the plane traveled a total of 137 , 000 km ( 85 , 000 mi ) for a duration of 130 days through 21 countries and regions . [ sep ] march 2008
internationally , the torch and its accompanying party traveled in a chartered air china airbus a330 ( registered b - 6075 ) , painted in the red and yellow colors of the olympic games . air china was chosen by the beijing committees of the olympic game as the designated olympic torch carrier in march 2008 for its long - standing participation in the olympic cause . the plane traveled a total of 137 , 000 km ( 85 , 000 mi ) for a duration of 130 days through 21 countries and regions . [ sep ] 130 days
the route carried the torch through six continents from march 2008 to may 2008 to august 2008 . the planned route originally included a stop in taipei between ho chi minh city and hong kong , but there was disagreement in beijing and taipei over language used to describe whether it was an international or a domestic part of the route . while the olympic committees of china and chinese taipei reached initial consensus on the approach , the government of the republic of china in taiwan intervened , stating that this placement could be interpreted as placing taiwan on the same level as hong kong and macau , an implication it objected to . the beijing organizing committee attempted to continue negotiation , but further disputes arose over the flag or the anthem of the republic of china along the 24 km torch route in taiwan . by the midnight deadline for concluding the negotiation on september 21 , 2007 , taiwan and china were unable to come to terms with the issue of the torch relay . in the end , both sides of the taiwan strait decided to eliminate the taipei leg . [ sep ] six
the route carried the torch through six continents from march 2008 to may 2008 to august 2008 . the planned route originally included a stop in taipei between ho chi minh city and hong kong , but there was disagreement in beijing and taipei over language used to describe whether it was an international or a domestic part of the route . while the olympic committees of china and chinese taipei reached initial consensus on the approach , the government of the republic of china in taiwan intervened , stating that this placement could be interpreted as placing taiwan on the same level as hong kong and macau , an implication it objected to . the beijing organizing committee attempted to continue negotiation , but further disputes arose over the flag or the anthem of the republic of china along the 24 km torch route in taiwan . by the midnight deadline for concluding the negotiation on september 21 , 2007 , taiwan and china were unable to come to terms with the issue of the torch relay . in the end , both sides of the taiwan strait decided to eliminate the taipei leg . [ sep ] taipei
the route carried the torch through six continents from march 2008 to may 2008 to august 2008 . the planned route originally included a stop in taipei between ho chi minh city and hong kong , but there was disagreement in beijing and taipei over language used to describe whether it was an international or a domestic part of the route . while the olympic committees of china and chinese taipei reached initial consensus on the approach , the government of the republic of china in taiwan intervened , stating that this placement could be interpreted as placing taiwan on the same level as hong kong and macau , an implication it objected to . the beijing organizing committee attempted to continue negotiation , but further disputes arose over the flag or the anthem of the republic of china along the 24 km torch route in taiwan . by the midnight deadline for concluding the negotiation on september 21 , 2007 , taiwan and china were unable to come to terms with the issue of the torch relay . in the end , both sides of the taiwan strait decided to eliminate the taipei leg . [ sep ] hong kong and macau
greece : on march 24 , 2008 , the olympic flame was ignited at olympia , greece , site of the ancient olympic games . the actress maria nafpliotou , in the role of a high priestess , ignited the torch of the first torchbearer , a silver medalist of the 2004 summer olympics in taekwondo alexandros nikolaidis from greece , who handed the flame over to the second torchbearer , olympic champion in women ' s breaststroke luo xuejuan from china . following the recent unrest in tibet , three members of reporters without borders , including robert menard , breached security and attempted to disrupt a speech by liu qi , the head of beijing ' s olympic organising committee during the torch lighting ceremony in olympia , greece . the people ' s republic of china called this a " disgraceful " attempt to sabotage the olympics . on march 30 , 2008 in athens , during ceremonies marking the handing over of the torch from greek officials to organizers of the beijing games , demonstrators shouted ' free tibet ' and unfurled banners ; some 10 of the 15 protesters were taken into police detention . after the hand - off , protests continued internationally , with particularly violent confrontations with police in nepal . [ sep ] march 24 , 2008
greece : on march 24 , 2008 , the olympic flame was ignited at olympia , greece , site of the ancient olympic games . the actress maria nafpliotou , in the role of a high priestess , ignited the torch of the first torchbearer , a silver medalist of the 2004 summer olympics in taekwondo alexandros nikolaidis from greece , who handed the flame over to the second torchbearer , olympic champion in women ' s breaststroke luo xuejuan from china . following the recent unrest in tibet , three members of reporters without borders , including robert menard , breached security and attempted to disrupt a speech by liu qi , the head of beijing ' s olympic organising committee during the torch lighting ceremony in olympia , greece . the people ' s republic of china called this a " disgraceful " attempt to sabotage the olympics . on march 30 , 2008 in athens , during ceremonies marking the handing over of the torch from greek officials to organizers of the beijing games , demonstrators shouted ' free tibet ' and unfurled banners ; some 10 of the 15 protesters were taken into police detention . after the hand - off , protests continued internationally , with particularly violent confrontations with police in nepal . [ sep ] olympia , greece .
greece : on march 24 , 2008 , the olympic flame was ignited at olympia , greece , site of the ancient olympic games . the actress maria nafpliotou , in the role of a high priestess , ignited the torch of the first torchbearer , a silver medalist of the 2004 summer olympics in taekwondo alexandros nikolaidis from greece , who handed the flame over to the second torchbearer , olympic champion in women ' s breaststroke luo xuejuan from china . following the recent unrest in tibet , three members of reporters without borders , including robert menard , breached security and attempted to disrupt a speech by liu qi , the head of beijing ' s olympic organising committee during the torch lighting ceremony in olympia , greece . the people ' s republic of china called this a " disgraceful " attempt to sabotage the olympics . on march 30 , 2008 in athens , during ceremonies marking the handing over of the torch from greek officials to organizers of the beijing games , demonstrators shouted ' free tibet ' and unfurled banners ; some 10 of the 15 protesters were taken into police detention . after the hand - off , protests continued internationally , with particularly violent confrontations with police in nepal . [ sep ] alexandros nikolaidis
greece : on march 24 , 2008 , the olympic flame was ignited at olympia , greece , site of the ancient olympic games . the actress maria nafpliotou , in the role of a high priestess , ignited the torch of the first torchbearer , a silver medalist of the 2004 summer olympics in taekwondo alexandros nikolaidis from greece , who handed the flame over to the second torchbearer , olympic champion in women ' s breaststroke luo xuejuan from china . following the recent unrest in tibet , three members of reporters without borders , including robert menard , breached security and attempted to disrupt a speech by liu qi , the head of beijing ' s olympic organising committee during the torch lighting ceremony in olympia , greece . the people ' s republic of china called this a " disgraceful " attempt to sabotage the olympics . on march 30 , 2008 in athens , during ceremonies marking the handing over of the torch from greek officials to organizers of the beijing games , demonstrators shouted ' free tibet ' and unfurled banners ; some 10 of the 15 protesters were taken into police detention . after the hand - off , protests continued internationally , with particularly violent confrontations with police in nepal . [ sep ] maria nafpliotou
greece : on march 24 , 2008 , the olympic flame was ignited at olympia , greece , site of the ancient olympic games . the actress maria nafpliotou , in the role of a high priestess , ignited the torch of the first torchbearer , a silver medalist of the 2004 summer olympics in taekwondo alexandros nikolaidis from greece , who handed the flame over to the second torchbearer , olympic champion in women ' s breaststroke luo xuejuan from china . following the recent unrest in tibet , three members of reporters without borders , including robert menard , breached security and attempted to disrupt a speech by liu qi , the head of beijing ' s olympic organising committee during the torch lighting ceremony in olympia , greece . the people ' s republic of china called this a " disgraceful " attempt to sabotage the olympics . on march 30 , 2008 in athens , during ceremonies marking the handing over of the torch from greek officials to organizers of the beijing games , demonstrators shouted ' free tibet ' and unfurled banners ; some 10 of the 15 protesters were taken into police detention . after the hand - off , protests continued internationally , with particularly violent confrontations with police in nepal . [ sep ] march 30 , 2008
china : in china , the torch was first welcomed by politburo standing committee member zhou yongkang and state councilor liu yandong . it was subsequently passed onto cpc general secretary hu jintao . a call to boycott french hypermart carrefour from may 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the chinese over the weekend from april 12 , accusing the company ' s major shareholder , the lvmh group , of donating funds to the dalai lama . there were also calls to extend the boycott to include french luxury goods and cosmetic products . according to the washington times on april 15 , however , the chinese government was attempting to " calm the situation " through censorship : " all comments posted on popular internet forum sohu . com relating to a boycott of carrefour have been deleted . " chinese protesters organized boycotts of the french - owned retail chain carrefour in major chinese cities including kunming , hefei and wuhan , accusing the french nation of pro - secessionist conspiracy and anti - chinese racism . some burned french flags , some added nazism ' s swastika to the french flag , and spread short online messages calling for large protests in front of french consulates and embassy . the carrefour boycott was met with anti - boycott demonstrators who insisted on entering one of the carrefour stores in kunming , only to be blocked by boycotters wielding large chinese flags and hit by water bottles . the bbc reported that hundreds of people demonstrated in beijing , wuhan , hefei , kunming and qingdao . [ sep ] carrefour
china : in china , the torch was first welcomed by politburo standing committee member zhou yongkang and state councilor liu yandong . it was subsequently passed onto cpc general secretary hu jintao . a call to boycott french hypermart carrefour from may 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the chinese over the weekend from april 12 , accusing the company ' s major shareholder , the lvmh group , of donating funds to the dalai lama . there were also calls to extend the boycott to include french luxury goods and cosmetic products . according to the washington times on april 15 , however , the chinese government was attempting to " calm the situation " through censorship : " all comments posted on popular internet forum sohu . com relating to a boycott of carrefour have been deleted . " chinese protesters organized boycotts of the french - owned retail chain carrefour in major chinese cities including kunming , hefei and wuhan , accusing the french nation of pro - secessionist conspiracy and anti - chinese racism . some burned french flags , some added nazism ' s swastika to the french flag , and spread short online messages calling for large protests in front of french consulates and embassy . the carrefour boycott was met with anti - boycott demonstrators who insisted on entering one of the carrefour stores in kunming , only to be blocked by boycotters wielding large chinese flags and hit by water bottles . the bbc reported that hundreds of people demonstrated in beijing , wuhan , hefei , kunming and qingdao . [ sep ] the lvmh group
china : in china , the torch was first welcomed by politburo standing committee member zhou yongkang and state councilor liu yandong . it was subsequently passed onto cpc general secretary hu jintao . a call to boycott french hypermart carrefour from may 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the chinese over the weekend from april 12 , accusing the company ' s major shareholder , the lvmh group , of donating funds to the dalai lama . there were also calls to extend the boycott to include french luxury goods and cosmetic products . according to the washington times on april 15 , however , the chinese government was attempting to " calm the situation " through censorship : " all comments posted on popular internet forum sohu . com relating to a boycott of carrefour have been deleted . " chinese protesters organized boycotts of the french - owned retail chain carrefour in major chinese cities including kunming , hefei and wuhan , accusing the french nation of pro - secessionist conspiracy and anti - chinese racism . some burned french flags , some added nazism ' s swastika to the french flag , and spread short online messages calling for large protests in front of french consulates and embassy . the carrefour boycott was met with anti - boycott demonstrators who insisted on entering one of the carrefour stores in kunming , only to be blocked by boycotters wielding large chinese flags and hit by water bottles . the bbc reported that hundreds of people demonstrated in beijing , wuhan , hefei , kunming and qingdao . [ sep ] the french flag
china : in china , the torch was first welcomed by politburo standing committee member zhou yongkang and state councilor liu yandong . it was subsequently passed onto cpc general secretary hu jintao . a call to boycott french hypermart carrefour from may 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the chinese over the weekend from april 12 , accusing the company ' s major shareholder , the lvmh group , of donating funds to the dalai lama . there were also calls to extend the boycott to include french luxury goods and cosmetic products . according to the washington times on april 15 , however , the chinese government was attempting to " calm the situation " through censorship : " all comments posted on popular internet forum sohu . com relating to a boycott of carrefour have been deleted . " chinese protesters organized boycotts of the french - owned retail chain carrefour in major chinese cities including kunming , hefei and wuhan , accusing the french nation of pro - secessionist conspiracy and anti - chinese racism . some burned french flags , some added nazism ' s swastika to the french flag , and spread short online messages calling for large protests in front of french consulates and embassy . the carrefour boycott was met with anti - boycott demonstrators who insisted on entering one of the carrefour stores in kunming , only to be blocked by boycotters wielding large chinese flags and hit by water bottles . the bbc reported that hundreds of people demonstrated in beijing , wuhan , hefei , kunming and qingdao . [ sep ] kunming
in response to the demonstrations , an editorial in the people ' s daily urged chinese people to " express [ their ] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally , and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner " . [ sep ] people ' s daily
kazakhstan : the first torchbearer in almaty , where the olympic torch arrived for the first time ever on april 2 , was the president of kazakhstan nursultan nazarbaev . the route ran 20 km from medeo stadium to astana square . there were reports that uighur activists were arrested and some were deported back to china . [ sep ] almaty
kazakhstan : the first torchbearer in almaty , where the olympic torch arrived for the first time ever on april 2 , was the president of kazakhstan nursultan nazarbaev . the route ran 20 km from medeo stadium to astana square . there were reports that uighur activists were arrested and some were deported back to china . [ sep ] nursultan nazarbaev .
kazakhstan : the first torchbearer in almaty , where the olympic torch arrived for the first time ever on april 2 , was the president of kazakhstan nursultan nazarbaev . the route ran 20 km from medeo stadium to astana square . there were reports that uighur activists were arrested and some were deported back to china . [ sep ] the president of kazakhstan
kazakhstan : the first torchbearer in almaty , where the olympic torch arrived for the first time ever on april 2 , was the president of kazakhstan nursultan nazarbaev . the route ran 20 km from medeo stadium to astana square . there were reports that uighur activists were arrested and some were deported back to china . [ sep ] astana square .
kazakhstan : the first torchbearer in almaty , where the olympic torch arrived for the first time ever on april 2 , was the president of kazakhstan nursultan nazarbaev . the route ran 20 km from medeo stadium to astana square . there were reports that uighur activists were arrested and some were deported back to china . [ sep ] uighur activists
turkey : the torch relay leg in istanbul , held on april 3 , started on sultanahmet square and finished in taksim square . uyghurs living in turkey protested at chinese treatment of their compatriots living in xinjiang . several protesters who tried to disrupt the relay were promptly arrested by the police . [ sep ] april 3
turkey : the torch relay leg in istanbul , held on april 3 , started on sultanahmet square and finished in taksim square . uyghurs living in turkey protested at chinese treatment of their compatriots living in xinjiang . several protesters who tried to disrupt the relay were promptly arrested by the police . [ sep ] taksim square
turkey : the torch relay leg in istanbul , held on april 3 , started on sultanahmet square and finished in taksim square . uyghurs living in turkey protested at chinese treatment of their compatriots living in xinjiang . several protesters who tried to disrupt the relay were promptly arrested by the police . [ sep ] sultanahmet square
turkey : the torch relay leg in istanbul , held on april 3 , started on sultanahmet square and finished in taksim square . uyghurs living in turkey protested at chinese treatment of their compatriots living in xinjiang . several protesters who tried to disrupt the relay were promptly arrested by the police . [ sep ] uyghurs living in turkey
russia : on april 5 the olympic torch arrived at saint petersburg , russia . the length of the torch relay route in the city was 20 km , with the start at the victory square and finish at the palace square . mixed martial arts icon and former pride heavyweight champion fedor emelianenko was one the torch bearers . this gives him the distinction of the being the first active mma fighter to carry the olympic flame . [ sep ] april 5
russia : on april 5 the olympic torch arrived at saint petersburg , russia . the length of the torch relay route in the city was 20 km , with the start at the victory square and finish at the palace square . mixed martial arts icon and former pride heavyweight champion fedor emelianenko was one the torch bearers . this gives him the distinction of the being the first active mma fighter to carry the olympic flame . [ sep ] victory square
russia : on april 5 the olympic torch arrived at saint petersburg , russia . the length of the torch relay route in the city was 20 km , with the start at the victory square and finish at the palace square . mixed martial arts icon and former pride heavyweight champion fedor emelianenko was one the torch bearers . this gives him the distinction of the being the first active mma fighter to carry the olympic flame . [ sep ] palace square
russia : on april 5 the olympic torch arrived at saint petersburg , russia . the length of the torch relay route in the city was 20 km , with the start at the victory square and finish at the palace square . mixed martial arts icon and former pride heavyweight champion fedor emelianenko was one the torch bearers . this gives him the distinction of the being the first active mma fighter to carry the olympic flame . [ sep ] fedor emelianenko
great britain : the torch relay leg held in london , the host city of the 2012 summer olympics , on april 6 began at wembley stadium , passed through the city of london , and eventually ended at o2 arena in the eastern part of the city . the 48 km ( 30 mi ) leg took a total of seven and a half hours to complete , and attracted protests by pro - tibetan independence and pro - human rights supporters , prompting changes to the planned route and an unscheduled move onto a bus , which was then briefly halted by protestors . home secretary jacqui smith has officially complained to beijing organising committee about the conduct of the tracksuit - clad chinese security guards . the chinese officials , seen manhandling protesters , were described by both the london mayor ken livingstone and lord coe , chairman of the london olympic committee as " thugs " . a metropolitan police briefing paper revealed that security for the torch relay cost £750 , 000 and the participation of the chinese security team had been agreed in advance , despite the mayor stating , " we did not know beforehand these thugs were from the security services . had i known so , we would have said no . " [ sep ] london
great britain : the torch relay leg held in london , the host city of the 2012 summer olympics , on april 6 began at wembley stadium , passed through the city of london , and eventually ended at o2 arena in the eastern part of the city . the 48 km ( 30 mi ) leg took a total of seven and a half hours to complete , and attracted protests by pro - tibetan independence and pro - human rights supporters , prompting changes to the planned route and an unscheduled move onto a bus , which was then briefly halted by protestors . home secretary jacqui smith has officially complained to beijing organising committee about the conduct of the tracksuit - clad chinese security guards . the chinese officials , seen manhandling protesters , were described by both the london mayor ken livingstone and lord coe , chairman of the london olympic committee as " thugs " . a metropolitan police briefing paper revealed that security for the torch relay cost £750 , 000 and the participation of the chinese security team had been agreed in advance , despite the mayor stating , " we did not know beforehand these thugs were from the security services . had i known so , we would have said no . " [ sep ] april 6
great britain : the torch relay leg held in london , the host city of the 2012 summer olympics , on april 6 began at wembley stadium , passed through the city of london , and eventually ended at o2 arena in the eastern part of the city . the 48 km ( 30 mi ) leg took a total of seven and a half hours to complete , and attracted protests by pro - tibetan independence and pro - human rights supporters , prompting changes to the planned route and an unscheduled move onto a bus , which was then briefly halted by protestors . home secretary jacqui smith has officially complained to beijing organising committee about the conduct of the tracksuit - clad chinese security guards . the chinese officials , seen manhandling protesters , were described by both the london mayor ken livingstone and lord coe , chairman of the london olympic committee as " thugs " . a metropolitan police briefing paper revealed that security for the torch relay cost £750 , 000 and the participation of the chinese security team had been agreed in advance , despite the mayor stating , " we did not know beforehand these thugs were from the security services . had i known so , we would have said no . " [ sep ] £750 , 000
of the 80 torch - bearers in london , sir steve redgrave , who started the relay , mentioned to the media that he had received e - mailed pleas to boycott the event and could " see why they would like to make an issue " of it . francesca martinez and richard vaughan refused to carry the torch , while konnie huq decided to carry it and also speak out against china . the pro - tibetan member of parliament norman baker asked all bearers to reconsider . amid pressure from both directions , prime minister gordon brown welcomed the torch outside 10 downing street without holding or touching it . the london relay saw the torch surrounded by what the bbc described as " a mobile protective ring . " protests began as soon as redgrave started the event , leading to at least thirty - five arrests . in ladbroke grove a demonstrator attempted to snatch the torch from konnie huq in a momentary struggle , and in a separate incident , a fire extinguisher was set off near the torch . the chinese ambassador carried the torch through chinatown after an unpublicized change to the route amid security concerns . the torch made an unscheduled move onto a bus along fleet street amid security concerns and efforts to evade the protesters . in an effort to counter the pro - tibet protesters and show their support for the 2008 beijing olympics , more than 2 , 000 chinese also gathered on the torch route and demonstrated with signs , banners and chinese flags . a large number of supporters were concentrated in trafalgar square , displaying the olympic slogan " one world , one dream " . [ sep ] 80
of the 80 torch - bearers in london , sir steve redgrave , who started the relay , mentioned to the media that he had received e - mailed pleas to boycott the event and could " see why they would like to make an issue " of it . francesca martinez and richard vaughan refused to carry the torch , while konnie huq decided to carry it and also speak out against china . the pro - tibetan member of parliament norman baker asked all bearers to reconsider . amid pressure from both directions , prime minister gordon brown welcomed the torch outside 10 downing street without holding or touching it . the london relay saw the torch surrounded by what the bbc described as " a mobile protective ring . " protests began as soon as redgrave started the event , leading to at least thirty - five arrests . in ladbroke grove a demonstrator attempted to snatch the torch from konnie huq in a momentary struggle , and in a separate incident , a fire extinguisher was set off near the torch . the chinese ambassador carried the torch through chinatown after an unpublicized change to the route amid security concerns . the torch made an unscheduled move onto a bus along fleet street amid security concerns and efforts to evade the protesters . in an effort to counter the pro - tibet protesters and show their support for the 2008 beijing olympics , more than 2 , 000 chinese also gathered on the torch route and demonstrated with signs , banners and chinese flags . a large number of supporters were concentrated in trafalgar square , displaying the olympic slogan " one world , one dream " . [ sep ] sir steve redgrave
of the 80 torch - bearers in london , sir steve redgrave , who started the relay , mentioned to the media that he had received e - mailed pleas to boycott the event and could " see why they would like to make an issue " of it . francesca martinez and richard vaughan refused to carry the torch , while konnie huq decided to carry it and also speak out against china . the pro - tibetan member of parliament norman baker asked all bearers to reconsider . amid pressure from both directions , prime minister gordon brown welcomed the torch outside 10 downing street without holding or touching it . the london relay saw the torch surrounded by what the bbc described as " a mobile protective ring . " protests began as soon as redgrave started the event , leading to at least thirty - five arrests . in ladbroke grove a demonstrator attempted to snatch the torch from konnie huq in a momentary struggle , and in a separate incident , a fire extinguisher was set off near the torch . the chinese ambassador carried the torch through chinatown after an unpublicized change to the route amid security concerns . the torch made an unscheduled move onto a bus along fleet street amid security concerns and efforts to evade the protesters . in an effort to counter the pro - tibet protesters and show their support for the 2008 beijing olympics , more than 2 , 000 chinese also gathered on the torch route and demonstrated with signs , banners and chinese flags . a large number of supporters were concentrated in trafalgar square , displaying the olympic slogan " one world , one dream " . [ sep ] richard vaughan
of the 80 torch - bearers in london , sir steve redgrave , who started the relay , mentioned to the media that he had received e - mailed pleas to boycott the event and could " see why they would like to make an issue " of it . francesca martinez and richard vaughan refused to carry the torch , while konnie huq decided to carry it and also speak out against china . the pro - tibetan member of parliament norman baker asked all bearers to reconsider . amid pressure from both directions , prime minister gordon brown welcomed the torch outside 10 downing street without holding or touching it . the london relay saw the torch surrounded by what the bbc described as " a mobile protective ring . " protests began as soon as redgrave started the event , leading to at least thirty - five arrests . in ladbroke grove a demonstrator attempted to snatch the torch from konnie huq in a momentary struggle , and in a separate incident , a fire extinguisher was set off near the torch . the chinese ambassador carried the torch through chinatown after an unpublicized change to the route amid security concerns . the torch made an unscheduled move onto a bus along fleet street amid security concerns and efforts to evade the protesters . in an effort to counter the pro - tibet protesters and show their support for the 2008 beijing olympics , more than 2 , 000 chinese also gathered on the torch route and demonstrated with signs , banners and chinese flags . a large number of supporters were concentrated in trafalgar square , displaying the olympic slogan " one world , one dream " . [ sep ] prime minister gordon brown
france : the torch relay leg in paris , held on april 7 , began on the first level of the eiffel tower and finished at the stade charlety . the relay was initially supposed to cover 28 km , but it was shortened at the demand of chinese officials following widespread protests by pro - tibet and human rights activists , who repeatedly attempted to disrupt , hinder or halt the procession . a scheduled ceremony at the town hall was cancelled at the request of the chinese authorities , and , also at the request of chinese authorities , the torch finished the relay by bus instead of being carried by athletes . paris city officials had announced plans to greet the olympic flame with peaceful protest when the torch was to reach the french capital . the city government attached a banner reading " paris defends human rights throughout the world " to the city hall , in an attempt to promote values " of all humanity and of human rights . " members from reporters without borders turned out in large numbers to protest . an estimated 3 , 000 french police protected the olympic torch relay as it departed from the eiffel tower and criss - crossed paris amid threat of protests . widespread pro - tibet protests , including an attempt by more than one demonstrator to extinguish the flame with water or fire extinguishers , prompted relay authorities to put out the flame five times ( according to the police authorities in paris ) and load the torch onto a bus , at the demand of chinese officials . this was later denied by the chinese ministry of foreign affairs , despite video footage broadcast by french television network france 2 which showed chinese flame attendants extinguishing the torch . backup flames are with the relay at all times to relight the torch . french judoka and torchbearer david douillet expressed his annoyance at the chinese flame attendants who extinguished the torch which he was about to hand over to teddy riner : " i understand they ' re afraid of everything , but this is just annoying . they extinguished the flame despite the fact that there was no risk , and they could see it and they knew it . i don ' t know why they did it . " [ sep ] april 7
france : the torch relay leg in paris , held on april 7 , began on the first level of the eiffel tower and finished at the stade charlety . the relay was initially supposed to cover 28 km , but it was shortened at the demand of chinese officials following widespread protests by pro - tibet and human rights activists , who repeatedly attempted to disrupt , hinder or halt the procession . a scheduled ceremony at the town hall was cancelled at the request of the chinese authorities , and , also at the request of chinese authorities , the torch finished the relay by bus instead of being carried by athletes . paris city officials had announced plans to greet the olympic flame with peaceful protest when the torch was to reach the french capital . the city government attached a banner reading " paris defends human rights throughout the world " to the city hall , in an attempt to promote values " of all humanity and of human rights . " members from reporters without borders turned out in large numbers to protest . an estimated 3 , 000 french police protected the olympic torch relay as it departed from the eiffel tower and criss - crossed paris amid threat of protests . widespread pro - tibet protests , including an attempt by more than one demonstrator to extinguish the flame with water or fire extinguishers , prompted relay authorities to put out the flame five times ( according to the police authorities in paris ) and load the torch onto a bus , at the demand of chinese officials . this was later denied by the chinese ministry of foreign affairs , despite video footage broadcast by french television network france 2 which showed chinese flame attendants extinguishing the torch . backup flames are with the relay at all times to relight the torch . french judoka and torchbearer david douillet expressed his annoyance at the chinese flame attendants who extinguished the torch which he was about to hand over to teddy riner : " i understand they ' re afraid of everything , but this is just annoying . they extinguished the flame despite the fact that there was no risk , and they could see it and they knew it . i don ' t know why they did it . " [ sep ] the eiffel tower
france : the torch relay leg in paris , held on april 7 , began on the first level of the eiffel tower and finished at the stade charlety . the relay was initially supposed to cover 28 km , but it was shortened at the demand of chinese officials following widespread protests by pro - tibet and human rights activists , who repeatedly attempted to disrupt , hinder or halt the procession . a scheduled ceremony at the town hall was cancelled at the request of the chinese authorities , and , also at the request of chinese authorities , the torch finished the relay by bus instead of being carried by athletes . paris city officials had announced plans to greet the olympic flame with peaceful protest when the torch was to reach the french capital . the city government attached a banner reading " paris defends human rights throughout the world " to the city hall , in an attempt to promote values " of all humanity and of human rights . " members from reporters without borders turned out in large numbers to protest . an estimated 3 , 000 french police protected the olympic torch relay as it departed from the eiffel tower and criss - crossed paris amid threat of protests . widespread pro - tibet protests , including an attempt by more than one demonstrator to extinguish the flame with water or fire extinguishers , prompted relay authorities to put out the flame five times ( according to the police authorities in paris ) and load the torch onto a bus , at the demand of chinese officials . this was later denied by the chinese ministry of foreign affairs , despite video footage broadcast by french television network france 2 which showed chinese flame attendants extinguishing the torch . backup flames are with the relay at all times to relight the torch . french judoka and torchbearer david douillet expressed his annoyance at the chinese flame attendants who extinguished the torch which he was about to hand over to teddy riner : " i understand they ' re afraid of everything , but this is just annoying . they extinguished the flame despite the fact that there was no risk , and they could see it and they knew it . i don ' t know why they did it . " [ sep ] by bus
france : the torch relay leg in paris , held on april 7 , began on the first level of the eiffel tower and finished at the stade charlety . the relay was initially supposed to cover 28 km , but it was shortened at the demand of chinese officials following widespread protests by pro - tibet and human rights activists , who repeatedly attempted to disrupt , hinder or halt the procession . a scheduled ceremony at the town hall was cancelled at the request of the chinese authorities , and , also at the request of chinese authorities , the torch finished the relay by bus instead of being carried by athletes . paris city officials had announced plans to greet the olympic flame with peaceful protest when the torch was to reach the french capital . the city government attached a banner reading " paris defends human rights throughout the world " to the city hall , in an attempt to promote values " of all humanity and of human rights . " members from reporters without borders turned out in large numbers to protest . an estimated 3 , 000 french police protected the olympic torch relay as it departed from the eiffel tower and criss - crossed paris amid threat of protests . widespread pro - tibet protests , including an attempt by more than one demonstrator to extinguish the flame with water or fire extinguishers , prompted relay authorities to put out the flame five times ( according to the police authorities in paris ) and load the torch onto a bus , at the demand of chinese officials . this was later denied by the chinese ministry of foreign affairs , despite video footage broadcast by french television network france 2 which showed chinese flame attendants extinguishing the torch . backup flames are with the relay at all times to relight the torch . french judoka and torchbearer david douillet expressed his annoyance at the chinese flame attendants who extinguished the torch which he was about to hand over to teddy riner : " i understand they ' re afraid of everything , but this is just annoying . they extinguished the flame despite the fact that there was no risk , and they could see it and they knew it . i don ' t know why they did it . " [ sep ] teddy riner
chinese officials canceled the torch relay ceremony amidst disruptions , including a tibetan flag flown from a window in the city hall by green party officials . the third torchbearer in the paris leg , jin jing , who was disabled and carried the torch on a wheelchair , was assaulted several times by unidentified protestors seemingly from the pro - tibet independent camp . in interviews , jin jing said that she was " tugged at , scratched " and " kicked " , but that she " did not feel the pain at the time . " she received praise from ethnic chinese worldwide as " angel in wheelchair " . the chinese government gave the comment that " the chinese respect france a lot " but " paris [ has slapped ] its own face . " [ sep ] green party officials .
chinese officials canceled the torch relay ceremony amidst disruptions , including a tibetan flag flown from a window in the city hall by green party officials . the third torchbearer in the paris leg , jin jing , who was disabled and carried the torch on a wheelchair , was assaulted several times by unidentified protestors seemingly from the pro - tibet independent camp . in interviews , jin jing said that she was " tugged at , scratched " and " kicked " , but that she " did not feel the pain at the time . " she received praise from ethnic chinese worldwide as " angel in wheelchair " . the chinese government gave the comment that " the chinese respect france a lot " but " paris [ has slapped ] its own face . " [ sep ] jin jing
chinese officials canceled the torch relay ceremony amidst disruptions , including a tibetan flag flown from a window in the city hall by green party officials . the third torchbearer in the paris leg , jin jing , who was disabled and carried the torch on a wheelchair , was assaulted several times by unidentified protestors seemingly from the pro - tibet independent camp . in interviews , jin jing said that she was " tugged at , scratched " and " kicked " , but that she " did not feel the pain at the time . " she received praise from ethnic chinese worldwide as " angel in wheelchair " . the chinese government gave the comment that " the chinese respect france a lot " but " paris [ has slapped ] its own face . " [ sep ] angel in wheelchair
reporters without borders organised several symbolic protests , including scaling the eiffel tower to hang a protest banner from it , and hanging an identical banner from the notre dame cathedral . [ sep ] reporters without borders
reporters without borders organised several symbolic protests , including scaling the eiffel tower to hang a protest banner from it , and hanging an identical banner from the notre dame cathedral . [ sep ] the eiffel tower
reporters without borders organised several symbolic protests , including scaling the eiffel tower to hang a protest banner from it , and hanging an identical banner from the notre dame cathedral . [ sep ] notre dame cathedral
several hundred pro - tibet protesters gathered at the trocadero with banners and tibetan flags , and remained there for a peaceful protest , never approaching the torch relay itself . among them was jane birkin , who spoke to the media about the " lack of freedom of speech " in china . also present was thupten gyatso , president of the french tibetan community , who called upon pro - tibet demonstrators to " remain calm , non - violent , peaceful " . [ sep ] the trocadero
several hundred pro - tibet protesters gathered at the trocadero with banners and tibetan flags , and remained there for a peaceful protest , never approaching the torch relay itself . among them was jane birkin , who spoke to the media about the " lack of freedom of speech " in china . also present was thupten gyatso , president of the french tibetan community , who called upon pro - tibet demonstrators to " remain calm , non - violent , peaceful " . [ sep ] jane birkin
several hundred pro - tibet protesters gathered at the trocadero with banners and tibetan flags , and remained there for a peaceful protest , never approaching the torch relay itself . among them was jane birkin , who spoke to the media about the " lack of freedom of speech " in china . also present was thupten gyatso , president of the french tibetan community , who called upon pro - tibet demonstrators to " remain calm , non - violent , peaceful " . [ sep ] thupten gyatso
french members of parliament and other french politicians also organised a protest . all political parties in parliament — ump , socialists , new centre , communists , democratic movement ( centre ) and greens — jointly requested a pause in the national assembly ' s session , which was granted , so that mps could step outside and unfurl a banner which read " respect for human rights in china " . the coach containing the torch drove past the national assembly and the assembled protesting mps , who shouted " freedom for tibet ! " several times as it passed . [ sep ] the national assembly ' s session
french members of parliament and other french politicians also organised a protest . all political parties in parliament — ump , socialists , new centre , communists , democratic movement ( centre ) and greens — jointly requested a pause in the national assembly ' s session , which was granted , so that mps could step outside and unfurl a banner which read " respect for human rights in china " . the coach containing the torch drove past the national assembly and the assembled protesting mps , who shouted " freedom for tibet ! " several times as it passed . [ sep ] respect for human rights in china
french members of parliament and other french politicians also organised a protest . all political parties in parliament — ump , socialists , new centre , communists , democratic movement ( centre ) and greens — jointly requested a pause in the national assembly ' s session , which was granted , so that mps could step outside and unfurl a banner which read " respect for human rights in china " . the coach containing the torch drove past the national assembly and the assembled protesting mps , who shouted " freedom for tibet ! " several times as it passed . [ sep ] freedom for tibet !
french police were criticised for their handling of the events , and notably for confiscating tibetan flags from demonstrators . the newspaper liberation commented : " the police did so much that only the chinese were given freedom of expression . the tibetan flag was forbidden everywhere except on the trocadero . " minister of the interior michele alliot - marie later stated that the police had not been ordered to do so , and that they had acted on their own initiative . a cameraman for france 2 was struck in the face by a police officer , knocked unconscious , and had to be sent to hospital . [ sep ] tibetan flags
french police were criticised for their handling of the events , and notably for confiscating tibetan flags from demonstrators . the newspaper liberation commented : " the police did so much that only the chinese were given freedom of expression . the tibetan flag was forbidden everywhere except on the trocadero . " minister of the interior michele alliot - marie later stated that the police had not been ordered to do so , and that they had acted on their own initiative . a cameraman for france 2 was struck in the face by a police officer , knocked unconscious , and had to be sent to hospital . [ sep ] liberation
french police were criticised for their handling of the events , and notably for confiscating tibetan flags from demonstrators . the newspaper liberation commented : " the police did so much that only the chinese were given freedom of expression . the tibetan flag was forbidden everywhere except on the trocadero . " minister of the interior michele alliot - marie later stated that the police had not been ordered to do so , and that they had acted on their own initiative . a cameraman for france 2 was struck in the face by a police officer , knocked unconscious , and had to be sent to hospital . [ sep ] the trocadero
french police were criticised for their handling of the events , and notably for confiscating tibetan flags from demonstrators . the newspaper liberation commented : " the police did so much that only the chinese were given freedom of expression . the tibetan flag was forbidden everywhere except on the trocadero . " minister of the interior michele alliot - marie later stated that the police had not been ordered to do so , and that they had acted on their own initiative . a cameraman for france 2 was struck in the face by a police officer , knocked unconscious , and had to be sent to hospital . [ sep ] michele alliot - marie
united states of america : the torch relay ' s north american leg occurred in san francisco , california on april 9 . on the day of the relay officials diverted the torch run to an unannounced route . the start was at mccovey cove , where norman bellingham of the u . s . olympic committee gave the torch to the first torchbearer , chinese 1992 olympic champion swimmer lin li . the planned closing ceremony at justin herman plaza was cancelled and instead , a ceremony was held at san francisco international airport , where the torch was to leave for buenos aires . the route changes allowed the run to avoid large numbers of china supporters and protesters against china . as people found out there would be no closing ceremony at justin herman plaza , there were angry reactions . one demonstrator was quoted as saying that the route changes were an effort to " thwart any organized protest that had been planned . " san francisco board of supervisors president aaron peskin , a critic of mayor gavin newsom , said that it was a " cynical plan to please the bush state department and the chinese government because of the incredible influence of money . " newsom , on the other hand , said he felt it was in " everyone ' s best interest " and that he believed people had been " afforded the right to protest and support the torch " despite the route changes . peter ueberroth , head of the u . s . olympic committee , praised the route changes , saying , " the city of san francisco , from a global perspective , will be applauded . " people who saw the torch were surprised and cheered as shown from live video of cbs and nbc . the cost to the city for hosting the event was reported to be usd $ 726 , 400 , nearly half of which has been recovered by private fundraising . mayor gavin newsom said that " exponential " costs associated with mass arrests were avoided by his decision to change the route in consultation with police chief heather fong . [ sep ] san francisco
united states of america : the torch relay ' s north american leg occurred in san francisco , california on april 9 . on the day of the relay officials diverted the torch run to an unannounced route . the start was at mccovey cove , where norman bellingham of the u . s . olympic committee gave the torch to the first torchbearer , chinese 1992 olympic champion swimmer lin li . the planned closing ceremony at justin herman plaza was cancelled and instead , a ceremony was held at san francisco international airport , where the torch was to leave for buenos aires . the route changes allowed the run to avoid large numbers of china supporters and protesters against china . as people found out there would be no closing ceremony at justin herman plaza , there were angry reactions . one demonstrator was quoted as saying that the route changes were an effort to " thwart any organized protest that had been planned . " san francisco board of supervisors president aaron peskin , a critic of mayor gavin newsom , said that it was a " cynical plan to please the bush state department and the chinese government because of the incredible influence of money . " newsom , on the other hand , said he felt it was in " everyone ' s best interest " and that he believed people had been " afforded the right to protest and support the torch " despite the route changes . peter ueberroth , head of the u . s . olympic committee , praised the route changes , saying , " the city of san francisco , from a global perspective , will be applauded . " people who saw the torch were surprised and cheered as shown from live video of cbs and nbc . the cost to the city for hosting the event was reported to be usd $ 726 , 400 , nearly half of which has been recovered by private fundraising . mayor gavin newsom said that " exponential " costs associated with mass arrests were avoided by his decision to change the route in consultation with police chief heather fong . [ sep ] april 9
united states of america : the torch relay ' s north american leg occurred in san francisco , california on april 9 . on the day of the relay officials diverted the torch run to an unannounced route . the start was at mccovey cove , where norman bellingham of the u . s . olympic committee gave the torch to the first torchbearer , chinese 1992 olympic champion swimmer lin li . the planned closing ceremony at justin herman plaza was cancelled and instead , a ceremony was held at san francisco international airport , where the torch was to leave for buenos aires . the route changes allowed the run to avoid large numbers of china supporters and protesters against china . as people found out there would be no closing ceremony at justin herman plaza , there were angry reactions . one demonstrator was quoted as saying that the route changes were an effort to " thwart any organized protest that had been planned . " san francisco board of supervisors president aaron peskin , a critic of mayor gavin newsom , said that it was a " cynical plan to please the bush state department and the chinese government because of the incredible influence of money . " newsom , on the other hand , said he felt it was in " everyone ' s best interest " and that he believed people had been " afforded the right to protest and support the torch " despite the route changes . peter ueberroth , head of the u . s . olympic committee , praised the route changes , saying , " the city of san francisco , from a global perspective , will be applauded . " people who saw the torch were surprised and cheered as shown from live video of cbs and nbc . the cost to the city for hosting the event was reported to be usd $ 726 , 400 , nearly half of which has been recovered by private fundraising . mayor gavin newsom said that " exponential " costs associated with mass arrests were avoided by his decision to change the route in consultation with police chief heather fong . [ sep ] lin li
united states of america : the torch relay ' s north american leg occurred in san francisco , california on april 9 . on the day of the relay officials diverted the torch run to an unannounced route . the start was at mccovey cove , where norman bellingham of the u . s . olympic committee gave the torch to the first torchbearer , chinese 1992 olympic champion swimmer lin li . the planned closing ceremony at justin herman plaza was cancelled and instead , a ceremony was held at san francisco international airport , where the torch was to leave for buenos aires . the route changes allowed the run to avoid large numbers of china supporters and protesters against china . as people found out there would be no closing ceremony at justin herman plaza , there were angry reactions . one demonstrator was quoted as saying that the route changes were an effort to " thwart any organized protest that had been planned . " san francisco board of supervisors president aaron peskin , a critic of mayor gavin newsom , said that it was a " cynical plan to please the bush state department and the chinese government because of the incredible influence of money . " newsom , on the other hand , said he felt it was in " everyone ' s best interest " and that he believed people had been " afforded the right to protest and support the torch " despite the route changes . peter ueberroth , head of the u . s . olympic committee , praised the route changes , saying , " the city of san francisco , from a global perspective , will be applauded . " people who saw the torch were surprised and cheered as shown from live video of cbs and nbc . the cost to the city for hosting the event was reported to be usd $ 726 , 400 , nearly half of which has been recovered by private fundraising . mayor gavin newsom said that " exponential " costs associated with mass arrests were avoided by his decision to change the route in consultation with police chief heather fong . [ sep ] san francisco international airport
united states of america : the torch relay ' s north american leg occurred in san francisco , california on april 9 . on the day of the relay officials diverted the torch run to an unannounced route . the start was at mccovey cove , where norman bellingham of the u . s . olympic committee gave the torch to the first torchbearer , chinese 1992 olympic champion swimmer lin li . the planned closing ceremony at justin herman plaza was cancelled and instead , a ceremony was held at san francisco international airport , where the torch was to leave for buenos aires . the route changes allowed the run to avoid large numbers of china supporters and protesters against china . as people found out there would be no closing ceremony at justin herman plaza , there were angry reactions . one demonstrator was quoted as saying that the route changes were an effort to " thwart any organized protest that had been planned . " san francisco board of supervisors president aaron peskin , a critic of mayor gavin newsom , said that it was a " cynical plan to please the bush state department and the chinese government because of the incredible influence of money . " newsom , on the other hand , said he felt it was in " everyone ' s best interest " and that he believed people had been " afforded the right to protest and support the torch " despite the route changes . peter ueberroth , head of the u . s . olympic committee , praised the route changes , saying , " the city of san francisco , from a global perspective , will be applauded . " people who saw the torch were surprised and cheered as shown from live video of cbs and nbc . the cost to the city for hosting the event was reported to be usd $ 726 , 400 , nearly half of which has been recovered by private fundraising . mayor gavin newsom said that " exponential " costs associated with mass arrests were avoided by his decision to change the route in consultation with police chief heather fong . [ sep ] peter ueberroth
on april 1 , 2008 , the san francisco board of supervisors approved a resolution addressing human rights concerns when the beijing olympic torch arrives in san francisco on april 9 . the resolution would welcome the torch with " alarm and protest at the failure of china to meet its past solemn promises to the international community , including the citizens of san francisco , to cease the egregious and ongoing human rights abuses in china and occupied tibet . " on april 8 , numerous protests were planned including one at the city ' s united nations plaza led by actor richard gere and archbishop desmond tutu . [ sep ] san francisco board of supervisors
on april 1 , 2008 , the san francisco board of supervisors approved a resolution addressing human rights concerns when the beijing olympic torch arrives in san francisco on april 9 . the resolution would welcome the torch with " alarm and protest at the failure of china to meet its past solemn promises to the international community , including the citizens of san francisco , to cease the egregious and ongoing human rights abuses in china and occupied tibet . " on april 8 , numerous protests were planned including one at the city ' s united nations plaza led by actor richard gere and archbishop desmond tutu . [ sep ] human rights abuses
on april 1 , 2008 , the san francisco board of supervisors approved a resolution addressing human rights concerns when the beijing olympic torch arrives in san francisco on april 9 . the resolution would welcome the torch with " alarm and protest at the failure of china to meet its past solemn promises to the international community , including the citizens of san francisco , to cease the egregious and ongoing human rights abuses in china and occupied tibet . " on april 8 , numerous protests were planned including one at the city ' s united nations plaza led by actor richard gere and archbishop desmond tutu . [ sep ] april 8
some advocates for tibet , darfur , and the spiritual practice falun gong , planned to protest the april 9 arrival of the torch in san francisco . china had already requested the torch route in san francisco be shortened . on april 7 , 2008 , two days prior to the actual torch relay , three activists carrying tibetan flags scaled the suspension cables of the golden gate bridge to unfurl two banners , one saying " one world , one dream . free tibet " , and the other , " free tibet ' 08 " . among them was san francisco resident laurel sutherlin , who spoke to the local tv station kpix - cbs5 live from a cellphone , urging the international olympic committee to ask china not to allow the torch to go through tibet . " sutherlin said he was worried that the torch ' s planned route through tibet would lead to more arrests and chinese officials would use force to stifle dissent . " the three activists and five supporters face charges related to trespassing , conspiracy and causing a public nuisance . [ sep ] golden gate bridge
some advocates for tibet , darfur , and the spiritual practice falun gong , planned to protest the april 9 arrival of the torch in san francisco . china had already requested the torch route in san francisco be shortened . on april 7 , 2008 , two days prior to the actual torch relay , three activists carrying tibetan flags scaled the suspension cables of the golden gate bridge to unfurl two banners , one saying " one world , one dream . free tibet " , and the other , " free tibet ' 08 " . among them was san francisco resident laurel sutherlin , who spoke to the local tv station kpix - cbs5 live from a cellphone , urging the international olympic committee to ask china not to allow the torch to go through tibet . " sutherlin said he was worried that the torch ' s planned route through tibet would lead to more arrests and chinese officials would use force to stifle dissent . " the three activists and five supporters face charges related to trespassing , conspiracy and causing a public nuisance . [ sep ] kpix - cbs5
the torch was lit at a park outside at at & t park at about 1 : 17 pm pdt ( 20 : 17 utc ) , briefly held aloft by american and chinese olympic officials . the relay descended into confusion as the first runner in the elaborately planned relay disappeared into a warehouse on a waterfront pier where it stayed for a half - an - hour . there were clashes between thousands of pro - china demonstrators , many of whom said they were bused in by the chinese consulate and other pro - china groups , and both pro - tibet and darfur protesters . the non - chinese demonstrators were reported to have been swamped and trailed by angry crowds . around 2 pm pdt ( 21 : 00 utc ) , the torch resurfaced about 3 km ( 1 . 9 mi ) away from the stadium along van ness avenue , a heavily trafficked thoroughfare that was not on official route plans . television reports showed the flame flanked by motorcycles and uniformed police officers . two torchbearers carried the flame running slowly behind a truck and surrounded by olympic security guards . during the torch relay , two torchbearers , andrew michael who uses a wheelchair and is the vice president for sustainable development for the bay area council and director of partnerships for change , and an environmental advocate , majora carter , managed to display tibetan flags in protest , resulting in their ejection from the relay . the closing ceremony at justin herman plaza was canceled due to the presence of large numbers of protesters at the site . the torch run ended with a final stretch through san francisco ' s marina district and was then moved by bus to san francisco international airport for a makeshift closing ceremony at the terminal , from which the free media was excluded . san jose mercury news described the " deceiving " event as " a game of where ' s waldo , played against the landscape of a lovely city . " international olympic committee president jacques rogge said the san francisco relay had " fortunately " avoided much of the disruptions that marred the legs in london and paris , but " was , however , not the joyous party that we had wished it to be . " [ sep ] a warehouse
the torch was lit at a park outside at at & t park at about 1 : 17 pm pdt ( 20 : 17 utc ) , briefly held aloft by american and chinese olympic officials . the relay descended into confusion as the first runner in the elaborately planned relay disappeared into a warehouse on a waterfront pier where it stayed for a half - an - hour . there were clashes between thousands of pro - china demonstrators , many of whom said they were bused in by the chinese consulate and other pro - china groups , and both pro - tibet and darfur protesters . the non - chinese demonstrators were reported to have been swamped and trailed by angry crowds . around 2 pm pdt ( 21 : 00 utc ) , the torch resurfaced about 3 km ( 1 . 9 mi ) away from the stadium along van ness avenue , a heavily trafficked thoroughfare that was not on official route plans . television reports showed the flame flanked by motorcycles and uniformed police officers . two torchbearers carried the flame running slowly behind a truck and surrounded by olympic security guards . during the torch relay , two torchbearers , andrew michael who uses a wheelchair and is the vice president for sustainable development for the bay area council and director of partnerships for change , and an environmental advocate , majora carter , managed to display tibetan flags in protest , resulting in their ejection from the relay . the closing ceremony at justin herman plaza was canceled due to the presence of large numbers of protesters at the site . the torch run ended with a final stretch through san francisco ' s marina district and was then moved by bus to san francisco international airport for a makeshift closing ceremony at the terminal , from which the free media was excluded . san jose mercury news described the " deceiving " event as " a game of where ' s waldo , played against the landscape of a lovely city . " international olympic committee president jacques rogge said the san francisco relay had " fortunately " avoided much of the disruptions that marred the legs in london and paris , but " was , however , not the joyous party that we had wished it to be . " [ sep ] andrew michael
argentina : the torch relay leg in buenos aires , argentina , held on april 11 , began with an artistic show at the lola mora amphitheatre in costanera sur . in the end of the show the mayor of buenos aires mauricio macri gave the torch to the first torchbearer , carlos espinola . the leg finished at the buenos aires riding club in the palermo district , the last torchbearer being gabriela sabatini . the 13 . 8 km route included landmarks like the obelisk and plaza de mayo . the day was marked by several pro - tibet protests , which included a giant banner reading " free tibet " , and an alternative " human rights torch " that was lit by protesters and paraded along the route the flame was to take . most of these protests were peaceful in nature , and the torch was not impeded . chinese immigrants also turned out in support of the games , but only minor scuffles were reported between both groups . runners surrounded by rows of security carried the olympic flame past thousands of jubilant argentines in the most trouble - free torch relay in nearly a week . people showered the parade route with confetti as banks , government offices and businesses took an impromptu half - day holiday for the only latin american stop on the flame ' s five - continent journey . [ sep ] april 11
argentina : the torch relay leg in buenos aires , argentina , held on april 11 , began with an artistic show at the lola mora amphitheatre in costanera sur . in the end of the show the mayor of buenos aires mauricio macri gave the torch to the first torchbearer , carlos espinola . the leg finished at the buenos aires riding club in the palermo district , the last torchbearer being gabriela sabatini . the 13 . 8 km route included landmarks like the obelisk and plaza de mayo . the day was marked by several pro - tibet protests , which included a giant banner reading " free tibet " , and an alternative " human rights torch " that was lit by protesters and paraded along the route the flame was to take . most of these protests were peaceful in nature , and the torch was not impeded . chinese immigrants also turned out in support of the games , but only minor scuffles were reported between both groups . runners surrounded by rows of security carried the olympic flame past thousands of jubilant argentines in the most trouble - free torch relay in nearly a week . people showered the parade route with confetti as banks , government offices and businesses took an impromptu half - day holiday for the only latin american stop on the flame ' s five - continent journey . [ sep ] the lola mora amphitheatre
argentina : the torch relay leg in buenos aires , argentina , held on april 11 , began with an artistic show at the lola mora amphitheatre in costanera sur . in the end of the show the mayor of buenos aires mauricio macri gave the torch to the first torchbearer , carlos espinola . the leg finished at the buenos aires riding club in the palermo district , the last torchbearer being gabriela sabatini . the 13 . 8 km route included landmarks like the obelisk and plaza de mayo . the day was marked by several pro - tibet protests , which included a giant banner reading " free tibet " , and an alternative " human rights torch " that was lit by protesters and paraded along the route the flame was to take . most of these protests were peaceful in nature , and the torch was not impeded . chinese immigrants also turned out in support of the games , but only minor scuffles were reported between both groups . runners surrounded by rows of security carried the olympic flame past thousands of jubilant argentines in the most trouble - free torch relay in nearly a week . people showered the parade route with confetti as banks , government offices and businesses took an impromptu half - day holiday for the only latin american stop on the flame ' s five - continent journey . [ sep ] mauricio macri
argentine activists told a news conference that they would not try to snuff out the torch ' s flame as demonstrators had in paris and london . " i want to announce that we will not put out the olympic torch , " said pro - tibet activist jorge carcavallo . " we ' ll be carrying out surprise actions throughout the city of buenos aires , but all of these will be peaceful . " among other activities , protesters organized an alternative march that went from the obelisk to the city hall , featuring their own " human rights torch . " a giant banner reading " free tibet " was also displayed on the torch route . according to a representative from the ngo ' human rights torch relay ' , their objective was to " show the contradiction between the olympic games and the presence of widespread human rights violations in china " [ sep ] jorge carcavallo
argentine activists told a news conference that they would not try to snuff out the torch ' s flame as demonstrators had in paris and london . " i want to announce that we will not put out the olympic torch , " said pro - tibet activist jorge carcavallo . " we ' ll be carrying out surprise actions throughout the city of buenos aires , but all of these will be peaceful . " among other activities , protesters organized an alternative march that went from the obelisk to the city hall , featuring their own " human rights torch . " a giant banner reading " free tibet " was also displayed on the torch route . according to a representative from the ngo ' human rights torch relay ' , their objective was to " show the contradiction between the olympic games and the presence of widespread human rights violations in china " [ sep ] from the obelisk to the city hall
argentine activists told a news conference that they would not try to snuff out the torch ' s flame as demonstrators had in paris and london . " i want to announce that we will not put out the olympic torch , " said pro - tibet activist jorge carcavallo . " we ' ll be carrying out surprise actions throughout the city of buenos aires , but all of these will be peaceful . " among other activities , protesters organized an alternative march that went from the obelisk to the city hall , featuring their own " human rights torch . " a giant banner reading " free tibet " was also displayed on the torch route . according to a representative from the ngo ' human rights torch relay ' , their objective was to " show the contradiction between the olympic games and the presence of widespread human rights violations in china " [ sep ] free tibet
the outreach director of hrtr , susan prager , is also the communication director of " friends of falun gong " , a quasi - government non - profit funded by fmr . congressman tom lanto ' s wife and ambassador mark palmer of ned . a major setback to the event was caused by footballer diego maradona , scheduled to open the relay through buenos aires , pulling out in an attempt to avoid the olympic controversy . trying to avoid the scenes that marred the relay in the uk , france and the us , the city government designed a complex security operative to protect the torch relay , involving 1200 police officers and 3000 other people , including public employees and volunteers . overall , the protests were peaceful in nature , although there were a few incidents such as the throwing of several water balloons in an attempt to extinguish the olympic flame , and minor scuffles between olympic protesters and supporters from chinese immigrant communities . [ sep ] susan prager
the outreach director of hrtr , susan prager , is also the communication director of " friends of falun gong " , a quasi - government non - profit funded by fmr . congressman tom lanto ' s wife and ambassador mark palmer of ned . a major setback to the event was caused by footballer diego maradona , scheduled to open the relay through buenos aires , pulling out in an attempt to avoid the olympic controversy . trying to avoid the scenes that marred the relay in the uk , france and the us , the city government designed a complex security operative to protect the torch relay , involving 1200 police officers and 3000 other people , including public employees and volunteers . overall , the protests were peaceful in nature , although there were a few incidents such as the throwing of several water balloons in an attempt to extinguish the olympic flame , and minor scuffles between olympic protesters and supporters from chinese immigrant communities . [ sep ] friends of falun gong
the outreach director of hrtr , susan prager , is also the communication director of " friends of falun gong " , a quasi - government non - profit funded by fmr . congressman tom lanto ' s wife and ambassador mark palmer of ned . a major setback to the event was caused by footballer diego maradona , scheduled to open the relay through buenos aires , pulling out in an attempt to avoid the olympic controversy . trying to avoid the scenes that marred the relay in the uk , france and the us , the city government designed a complex security operative to protect the torch relay , involving 1200 police officers and 3000 other people , including public employees and volunteers . overall , the protests were peaceful in nature , although there were a few incidents such as the throwing of several water balloons in an attempt to extinguish the olympic flame , and minor scuffles between olympic protesters and supporters from chinese immigrant communities . [ sep ] diego maradona
the outreach director of hrtr , susan prager , is also the communication director of " friends of falun gong " , a quasi - government non - profit funded by fmr . congressman tom lanto ' s wife and ambassador mark palmer of ned . a major setback to the event was caused by footballer diego maradona , scheduled to open the relay through buenos aires , pulling out in an attempt to avoid the olympic controversy . trying to avoid the scenes that marred the relay in the uk , france and the us , the city government designed a complex security operative to protect the torch relay , involving 1200 police officers and 3000 other people , including public employees and volunteers . overall , the protests were peaceful in nature , although there were a few incidents such as the throwing of several water balloons in an attempt to extinguish the olympic flame , and minor scuffles between olympic protesters and supporters from chinese immigrant communities . [ sep ] 1200
the outreach director of hrtr , susan prager , is also the communication director of " friends of falun gong " , a quasi - government non - profit funded by fmr . congressman tom lanto ' s wife and ambassador mark palmer of ned . a major setback to the event was caused by footballer diego maradona , scheduled to open the relay through buenos aires , pulling out in an attempt to avoid the olympic controversy . trying to avoid the scenes that marred the relay in the uk , france and the us , the city government designed a complex security operative to protect the torch relay , involving 1200 police officers and 3000 other people , including public employees and volunteers . overall , the protests were peaceful in nature , although there were a few incidents such as the throwing of several water balloons in an attempt to extinguish the olympic flame , and minor scuffles between olympic protesters and supporters from chinese immigrant communities . [ sep ] water balloons
tanzania : dar es salaam was the torch ' s only stop in africa , on april 13 . the relay began at the grand terminal of the tazara railway , which was china ' s largest foreign aid project of the 1970s , and continued for 5 km through the old city to the benjamin mkapa national stadium in temeke , which was built with chinese aid in 2005 . the torch was lit by vice - president ali mohamed shein . about a thousand people followed the relay , waving the olympic flag . the only noted instance of protest was nobel peace prize laureate wangari maathai ' s withdrawal from the list of torchbearers , in protest against human rights abuses in tibet . [ sep ] dar es salaam
tanzania : dar es salaam was the torch ' s only stop in africa , on april 13 . the relay began at the grand terminal of the tazara railway , which was china ' s largest foreign aid project of the 1970s , and continued for 5 km through the old city to the benjamin mkapa national stadium in temeke , which was built with chinese aid in 2005 . the torch was lit by vice - president ali mohamed shein . about a thousand people followed the relay , waving the olympic flag . the only noted instance of protest was nobel peace prize laureate wangari maathai ' s withdrawal from the list of torchbearers , in protest against human rights abuses in tibet . [ sep ] april 13
tanzania : dar es salaam was the torch ' s only stop in africa , on april 13 . the relay began at the grand terminal of the tazara railway , which was china ' s largest foreign aid project of the 1970s , and continued for 5 km through the old city to the benjamin mkapa national stadium in temeke , which was built with chinese aid in 2005 . the torch was lit by vice - president ali mohamed shein . about a thousand people followed the relay , waving the olympic flag . the only noted instance of protest was nobel peace prize laureate wangari maathai ' s withdrawal from the list of torchbearers , in protest against human rights abuses in tibet . [ sep ] the tazara railway
sultanate of oman : muscat was the torch ' s only stop in the middle east , on april 14 . the relay covered 20 km . no protests or incidents were reported . one of the torchbearers was syrian actress sulaf fawakherji . [ sep ] muscat
sultanate of oman : muscat was the torch ' s only stop in the middle east , on april 14 . the relay covered 20 km . no protests or incidents were reported . one of the torchbearers was syrian actress sulaf fawakherji . [ sep ] april 14
sultanate of oman : muscat was the torch ' s only stop in the middle east , on april 14 . the relay covered 20 km . no protests or incidents were reported . one of the torchbearers was syrian actress sulaf fawakherji . [ sep ] sulaf fawakherji
pakistan : the olympic torch reached islamabad for the first time ever on april 16 . president pervez musharraf and prime minister yousaf raza gillani spoke at the opening ceremony of the relay . security was high , for what one newspaper called the " most sensitive leg " of the torch ' s olympic journey . the relay was initially supposed to carry the torch around islamabad , but the entire relay was cancelled due to security concerns regarding " militant threats or anti - china protests " , and replaced by an indoors ceremony with the torch carried around the track of jinnah stadium . in fear of violent protests and bomb attacks , the torch relay in pakistan took place in a stadium behind closed doors . although the relay was behind closed doors , thousands of policemen and soldiers guarded the flame . as a consequence , no incidents arose . [ sep ] april 16
pakistan : the olympic torch reached islamabad for the first time ever on april 16 . president pervez musharraf and prime minister yousaf raza gillani spoke at the opening ceremony of the relay . security was high , for what one newspaper called the " most sensitive leg " of the torch ' s olympic journey . the relay was initially supposed to carry the torch around islamabad , but the entire relay was cancelled due to security concerns regarding " militant threats or anti - china protests " , and replaced by an indoors ceremony with the torch carried around the track of jinnah stadium . in fear of violent protests and bomb attacks , the torch relay in pakistan took place in a stadium behind closed doors . although the relay was behind closed doors , thousands of policemen and soldiers guarded the flame . as a consequence , no incidents arose . [ sep ] jinnah stadium
pakistan : the olympic torch reached islamabad for the first time ever on april 16 . president pervez musharraf and prime minister yousaf raza gillani spoke at the opening ceremony of the relay . security was high , for what one newspaper called the " most sensitive leg " of the torch ' s olympic journey . the relay was initially supposed to carry the torch around islamabad , but the entire relay was cancelled due to security concerns regarding " militant threats or anti - china protests " , and replaced by an indoors ceremony with the torch carried around the track of jinnah stadium . in fear of violent protests and bomb attacks , the torch relay in pakistan took place in a stadium behind closed doors . although the relay was behind closed doors , thousands of policemen and soldiers guarded the flame . as a consequence , no incidents arose . [ sep ] prime minister yousaf raza gillani
india : due to concerns about pro - tibet protests , the relay through new delhi on april 17 was cut to just 2 . 3 km ( less than 1 . 5 miles ) , which was shared amongst 70 runners . it concluded at the india gate . the event was peaceful due to the public not being allowed at the relay . a total of five intended torchbearers - kiran bedi , soha ali khan , sachin tendulkar , bhaichung bhutia and sunil gavaskar - withdrew from the event , citing " personal reasons " , or , in bhutia ' s case , explicitly wishing to " stand by the people of tibet and their struggle " and protest against the prc " crackdown " in tibet . indian national football captain , baichung bhutia refused to take part in the indian leg of the torch relay , citing concerns over tibet . bhutia , who is sikkimese , is the first athlete to refuse to run with the torch . indian film star aamir khan states on his personal blog that the " olympic games do not belong to china " and confirms taking part in the torch relay " with a prayer in his heart for the people of tibet , and . . . for all people across the world who are victims of human rights violations " . rahul gandhi , son of the congress president sonia gandhi and scion of the nehru - gandhi family , also refused to carry the torch . [ sep ] april 17
india : due to concerns about pro - tibet protests , the relay through new delhi on april 17 was cut to just 2 . 3 km ( less than 1 . 5 miles ) , which was shared amongst 70 runners . it concluded at the india gate . the event was peaceful due to the public not being allowed at the relay . a total of five intended torchbearers - kiran bedi , soha ali khan , sachin tendulkar , bhaichung bhutia and sunil gavaskar - withdrew from the event , citing " personal reasons " , or , in bhutia ' s case , explicitly wishing to " stand by the people of tibet and their struggle " and protest against the prc " crackdown " in tibet . indian national football captain , baichung bhutia refused to take part in the indian leg of the torch relay , citing concerns over tibet . bhutia , who is sikkimese , is the first athlete to refuse to run with the torch . indian film star aamir khan states on his personal blog that the " olympic games do not belong to china " and confirms taking part in the torch relay " with a prayer in his heart for the people of tibet , and . . . for all people across the world who are victims of human rights violations " . rahul gandhi , son of the congress president sonia gandhi and scion of the nehru - gandhi family , also refused to carry the torch . [ sep ] 70
india : due to concerns about pro - tibet protests , the relay through new delhi on april 17 was cut to just 2 . 3 km ( less than 1 . 5 miles ) , which was shared amongst 70 runners . it concluded at the india gate . the event was peaceful due to the public not being allowed at the relay . a total of five intended torchbearers - kiran bedi , soha ali khan , sachin tendulkar , bhaichung bhutia and sunil gavaskar - withdrew from the event , citing " personal reasons " , or , in bhutia ' s case , explicitly wishing to " stand by the people of tibet and their struggle " and protest against the prc " crackdown " in tibet . indian national football captain , baichung bhutia refused to take part in the indian leg of the torch relay , citing concerns over tibet . bhutia , who is sikkimese , is the first athlete to refuse to run with the torch . indian film star aamir khan states on his personal blog that the " olympic games do not belong to china " and confirms taking part in the torch relay " with a prayer in his heart for the people of tibet , and . . . for all people across the world who are victims of human rights violations " . rahul gandhi , son of the congress president sonia gandhi and scion of the nehru - gandhi family , also refused to carry the torch . [ sep ] baichung bhutia
india : due to concerns about pro - tibet protests , the relay through new delhi on april 17 was cut to just 2 . 3 km ( less than 1 . 5 miles ) , which was shared amongst 70 runners . it concluded at the india gate . the event was peaceful due to the public not being allowed at the relay . a total of five intended torchbearers - kiran bedi , soha ali khan , sachin tendulkar , bhaichung bhutia and sunil gavaskar - withdrew from the event , citing " personal reasons " , or , in bhutia ' s case , explicitly wishing to " stand by the people of tibet and their struggle " and protest against the prc " crackdown " in tibet . indian national football captain , baichung bhutia refused to take part in the indian leg of the torch relay , citing concerns over tibet . bhutia , who is sikkimese , is the first athlete to refuse to run with the torch . indian film star aamir khan states on his personal blog that the " olympic games do not belong to china " and confirms taking part in the torch relay " with a prayer in his heart for the people of tibet , and . . . for all people across the world who are victims of human rights violations " . rahul gandhi , son of the congress president sonia gandhi and scion of the nehru - gandhi family , also refused to carry the torch . [ sep ] five
wary of protests , the indian authorities have decided to shorten the route of the relay in new delhi , and have given it the security normally associated with republic day celebrations , which are considered terrorist targets . chinese intelligence ' s expectations of points on the relay route that would be particularly ' vulnerable ' to protesters were presented to the indian ambassador to beijing , nirupama sen . the indian media responded angrily to the news that the ambassador , a distinguished lady diplomat , was summoned to the foreign ministry at 2 am local time ; the news was later denied by anonymous sources in delhi . the indian media reported that india ' s commerce minister , kamal nath , cancelled an official trip to beijing in protest , though both nath and chinese sources have denied it . [ sep ] republic day celebrations
wary of protests , the indian authorities have decided to shorten the route of the relay in new delhi , and have given it the security normally associated with republic day celebrations , which are considered terrorist targets . chinese intelligence ' s expectations of points on the relay route that would be particularly ' vulnerable ' to protesters were presented to the indian ambassador to beijing , nirupama sen . the indian media responded angrily to the news that the ambassador , a distinguished lady diplomat , was summoned to the foreign ministry at 2 am local time ; the news was later denied by anonymous sources in delhi . the indian media reported that india ' s commerce minister , kamal nath , cancelled an official trip to beijing in protest , though both nath and chinese sources have denied it . [ sep ] nirupama sen .
wary of protests , the indian authorities have decided to shorten the route of the relay in new delhi , and have given it the security normally associated with republic day celebrations , which are considered terrorist targets . chinese intelligence ' s expectations of points on the relay route that would be particularly ' vulnerable ' to protesters were presented to the indian ambassador to beijing , nirupama sen . the indian media responded angrily to the news that the ambassador , a distinguished lady diplomat , was summoned to the foreign ministry at 2 am local time ; the news was later denied by anonymous sources in delhi . the indian media reported that india ' s commerce minister , kamal nath , cancelled an official trip to beijing in protest , though both nath and chinese sources have denied it . [ sep ] india ' s commerce minister
india rejected chinese demands that the torch route be clear of india ' s 150 , 000 - strong tibetan exile community , by which they required a ban on congregation near the curtailed 3 km route . in response indian officials said india was a democracy , and " a wholesale ban on protests was out of the question " . contradicting some other reports , indian officials also refused permission to the " olympic holy flame protection unit " . the combined effect is a " rapid deterioration " of relations between india and china . meanwhile , the tibetan government in exile , which is based in india , has stated that it did not support the disruption of the olympic torch relay . [ sep ] 150 , 000
india rejected chinese demands that the torch route be clear of india ' s 150 , 000 - strong tibetan exile community , by which they required a ban on congregation near the curtailed 3 km route . in response indian officials said india was a democracy , and " a wholesale ban on protests was out of the question " . contradicting some other reports , indian officials also refused permission to the " olympic holy flame protection unit " . the combined effect is a " rapid deterioration " of relations between india and china . meanwhile , the tibetan government in exile , which is based in india , has stated that it did not support the disruption of the olympic torch relay . [ sep ] a democracy
india rejected chinese demands that the torch route be clear of india ' s 150 , 000 - strong tibetan exile community , by which they required a ban on congregation near the curtailed 3 km route . in response indian officials said india was a democracy , and " a wholesale ban on protests was out of the question " . contradicting some other reports , indian officials also refused permission to the " olympic holy flame protection unit " . the combined effect is a " rapid deterioration " of relations between india and china . meanwhile , the tibetan government in exile , which is based in india , has stated that it did not support the disruption of the olympic torch relay . [ sep ] india
the noted indian social activist and a retired indian police service ( ips ) officer kiran bedi refused to participate saying " she doesn ’ t want to run in the event as ‘ caged woman ’ . " on april 15 , bollywood actress soha ali khan pulled out of the olympic torch relay , citing “ very strong personal reasons ” . on april 16 , a protest was organised in delhi " against chinese repression in tibet " , and was broken up by the police . [ sep ] kiran bedi
the noted indian social activist and a retired indian police service ( ips ) officer kiran bedi refused to participate saying " she doesn ’ t want to run in the event as ‘ caged woman ’ . " on april 15 , bollywood actress soha ali khan pulled out of the olympic torch relay , citing “ very strong personal reasons ” . on april 16 , a protest was organised in delhi " against chinese repression in tibet " , and was broken up by the police . [ sep ] indian police service
the noted indian social activist and a retired indian police service ( ips ) officer kiran bedi refused to participate saying " she doesn ’ t want to run in the event as ‘ caged woman ’ . " on april 15 , bollywood actress soha ali khan pulled out of the olympic torch relay , citing “ very strong personal reasons ” . on april 16 , a protest was organised in delhi " against chinese repression in tibet " , and was broken up by the police . [ sep ] soha ali khan
the noted indian social activist and a retired indian police service ( ips ) officer kiran bedi refused to participate saying " she doesn ’ t want to run in the event as ‘ caged woman ’ . " on april 15 , bollywood actress soha ali khan pulled out of the olympic torch relay , citing “ very strong personal reasons ” . on april 16 , a protest was organised in delhi " against chinese repression in tibet " , and was broken up by the police . [ sep ] april 16
thailand : the april 18 relay through bangkok was the olympic flame ' s first visit to thailand . the relay covered just over 10 km , and included bangkok ' s chinatown . the torch was carried past democracy monument , chitralada palace and a number of other city landmarks . m . r . narisa chakrabongse , green world foundation ( gwf ) chairwoman , withdrew from the torch - running ceremony , protesting against china ' s actions in tibet . several hundred protesters were present , along with olympic supporters . thai authorities threatened to arrest foreign protesters and ban them from future entry into thailand . a coalition of thai human rights groups announced that it would organise a " small demonstration " during the relay , and several hundred people did indeed take part in protests , facing beijing supporters . intended torchbearer mom rajawongse narissara chakrabongse boycotted the relay , to protest against china ' s actions in tibet . in bangkok , students told the media that the chinese embassy provided them with transportation and gave them shirts to wear . [ sep ] april 18
thailand : the april 18 relay through bangkok was the olympic flame ' s first visit to thailand . the relay covered just over 10 km , and included bangkok ' s chinatown . the torch was carried past democracy monument , chitralada palace and a number of other city landmarks . m . r . narisa chakrabongse , green world foundation ( gwf ) chairwoman , withdrew from the torch - running ceremony , protesting against china ' s actions in tibet . several hundred protesters were present , along with olympic supporters . thai authorities threatened to arrest foreign protesters and ban them from future entry into thailand . a coalition of thai human rights groups announced that it would organise a " small demonstration " during the relay , and several hundred people did indeed take part in protests , facing beijing supporters . intended torchbearer mom rajawongse narissara chakrabongse boycotted the relay , to protest against china ' s actions in tibet . in bangkok , students told the media that the chinese embassy provided them with transportation and gave them shirts to wear . [ sep ] m . r . narisa chakrabongse
thailand : the april 18 relay through bangkok was the olympic flame ' s first visit to thailand . the relay covered just over 10 km , and included bangkok ' s chinatown . the torch was carried past democracy monument , chitralada palace and a number of other city landmarks . m . r . narisa chakrabongse , green world foundation ( gwf ) chairwoman , withdrew from the torch - running ceremony , protesting against china ' s actions in tibet . several hundred protesters were present , along with olympic supporters . thai authorities threatened to arrest foreign protesters and ban them from future entry into thailand . a coalition of thai human rights groups announced that it would organise a " small demonstration " during the relay , and several hundred people did indeed take part in protests , facing beijing supporters . intended torchbearer mom rajawongse narissara chakrabongse boycotted the relay , to protest against china ' s actions in tibet . in bangkok , students told the media that the chinese embassy provided them with transportation and gave them shirts to wear . [ sep ] students
malaysia : the event was held in the capital city , kuala lumpur , on april 21 . the 16 . 5 km long - relay began from the historic independence square , passed in front of several city landmarks before coming to an end at the iconic petronas twin towers . among the landmarks the olympic flame passed next to were the parliament house , national mosque , kl tower and merdeka stadium . a team of 1000 personnel from the malaysian police special action squad guarded the event and escorted the torchbearers . the last time an olympic torch relay was held in malaysia was the 1964 tokyo edition . [ sep ] april 21
malaysia : the event was held in the capital city , kuala lumpur , on april 21 . the 16 . 5 km long - relay began from the historic independence square , passed in front of several city landmarks before coming to an end at the iconic petronas twin towers . among the landmarks the olympic flame passed next to were the parliament house , national mosque , kl tower and merdeka stadium . a team of 1000 personnel from the malaysian police special action squad guarded the event and escorted the torchbearers . the last time an olympic torch relay was held in malaysia was the 1964 tokyo edition . [ sep ] kuala lumpur
malaysia : the event was held in the capital city , kuala lumpur , on april 21 . the 16 . 5 km long - relay began from the historic independence square , passed in front of several city landmarks before coming to an end at the iconic petronas twin towers . among the landmarks the olympic flame passed next to were the parliament house , national mosque , kl tower and merdeka stadium . a team of 1000 personnel from the malaysian police special action squad guarded the event and escorted the torchbearers . the last time an olympic torch relay was held in malaysia was the 1964 tokyo edition . [ sep ] independence square
malaysia : the event was held in the capital city , kuala lumpur , on april 21 . the 16 . 5 km long - relay began from the historic independence square , passed in front of several city landmarks before coming to an end at the iconic petronas twin towers . among the landmarks the olympic flame passed next to were the parliament house , national mosque , kl tower and merdeka stadium . a team of 1000 personnel from the malaysian police special action squad guarded the event and escorted the torchbearers . the last time an olympic torch relay was held in malaysia was the 1964 tokyo edition . [ sep ] 1964
just days before the relay supporters of falun gong demonstrated in front of the chinese embassy in the malaysian capital . as many as 1 , 000 personnel from the special police unit were expected to be deployed on the day of the relay . a japanese family with malaysian citizenship and their 5 - year - old child who unfurled a tibetan flag were hit by a group of chinese nationals with plastic air - filled batons and heckled by a crowd of chinese citizens during the confrontation at independence square where the relay began , and the chinese group shouted : " taiwan and tibet belong to china . " later during the day , the chinese volunteers forcefully took away placards from two other malaysians protesting at the relay . one of the protesting malaysian was hit in the head . [ sep ] falun gong
indonesia : the olympic flame reached jakarta on april 22 . the original 20 km relay through jakarta was cancelled due to " security worries " , at the request of the chinese embassy , and the torch was instead carried round the city main ' s stadium , as it had been in islamabad . several dozen pro - tibet protesters gathered near the stadium , and were dispersed by the police . the event was held in the streets around the city main ' s stadium . the cancelling of the relay through the city itself was decided due to security concerns and at the request of the chinese embassy . only invitees and journalists were admitted inside the stadium . protests took place outside the stadium . [ sep ] april 22
indonesia : the olympic flame reached jakarta on april 22 . the original 20 km relay through jakarta was cancelled due to " security worries " , at the request of the chinese embassy , and the torch was instead carried round the city main ' s stadium , as it had been in islamabad . several dozen pro - tibet protesters gathered near the stadium , and were dispersed by the police . the event was held in the streets around the city main ' s stadium . the cancelling of the relay through the city itself was decided due to security concerns and at the request of the chinese embassy . only invitees and journalists were admitted inside the stadium . protests took place outside the stadium . [ sep ] the chinese embassy
indonesia : the olympic flame reached jakarta on april 22 . the original 20 km relay through jakarta was cancelled due to " security worries " , at the request of the chinese embassy , and the torch was instead carried round the city main ' s stadium , as it had been in islamabad . several dozen pro - tibet protesters gathered near the stadium , and were dispersed by the police . the event was held in the streets around the city main ' s stadium . the cancelling of the relay through the city itself was decided due to security concerns and at the request of the chinese embassy . only invitees and journalists were admitted inside the stadium . protests took place outside the stadium . [ sep ] journalists
australia : the event was held in canberra , australian capital territory on april 24 , and covered around 16 km of canberra ' s central areas , from reconciliation place to commonwealth park . upon its arrival in canberra , the olympic flame was presented by chinese officials to local aboriginal elder agnes shea , of the ngunnawal people . she , in turn , offered them a message stick , as a gift of peace and welcome . hundreds of pro - tibet protesters and thousands of chinese students reportedly attended . demonstrators and counter - demonstrators were kept apart by the australian federal police . preparations for the event were marred by a disagreement over the role of the chinese flame attendants , with australian and chinese officials arguing publicly over their function and prerogatives during a press conference . [ sep ] april 24
australia : the event was held in canberra , australian capital territory on april 24 , and covered around 16 km of canberra ' s central areas , from reconciliation place to commonwealth park . upon its arrival in canberra , the olympic flame was presented by chinese officials to local aboriginal elder agnes shea , of the ngunnawal people . she , in turn , offered them a message stick , as a gift of peace and welcome . hundreds of pro - tibet protesters and thousands of chinese students reportedly attended . demonstrators and counter - demonstrators were kept apart by the australian federal police . preparations for the event were marred by a disagreement over the role of the chinese flame attendants , with australian and chinese officials arguing publicly over their function and prerogatives during a press conference . [ sep ] agnes shea
australia : the event was held in canberra , australian capital territory on april 24 , and covered around 16 km of canberra ' s central areas , from reconciliation place to commonwealth park . upon its arrival in canberra , the olympic flame was presented by chinese officials to local aboriginal elder agnes shea , of the ngunnawal people . she , in turn , offered them a message stick , as a gift of peace and welcome . hundreds of pro - tibet protesters and thousands of chinese students reportedly attended . demonstrators and counter - demonstrators were kept apart by the australian federal police . preparations for the event were marred by a disagreement over the role of the chinese flame attendants , with australian and chinese officials arguing publicly over their function and prerogatives during a press conference . [ sep ] a message stick
australia : the event was held in canberra , australian capital territory on april 24 , and covered around 16 km of canberra ' s central areas , from reconciliation place to commonwealth park . upon its arrival in canberra , the olympic flame was presented by chinese officials to local aboriginal elder agnes shea , of the ngunnawal people . she , in turn , offered them a message stick , as a gift of peace and welcome . hundreds of pro - tibet protesters and thousands of chinese students reportedly attended . demonstrators and counter - demonstrators were kept apart by the australian federal police . preparations for the event were marred by a disagreement over the role of the chinese flame attendants , with australian and chinese officials arguing publicly over their function and prerogatives during a press conference . [ sep ] australian and chinese officials
following the events in olympia , there were reports that china requested permission to deploy people ' s liberation army personnel along the relay route to protect the flame in canberra . australian authorities stated that such a request , if it were to be made , would be refused . chinese officials labeled it a rumor . australian police have been given powers to search relay spectators , following a call by the chinese students and scholars association for chinese australian students to " go defend our sacred torch " against " ethnic degenerate scum and anti - china separatists " . tony goh , chairman of the australian council of chinese organisations , has said the acco would be taking " thousands " of pro - beijing demonstrators to canberra by bus , to support the torch relay . zhang rongan , a chinese australian student organising pro - beijing demonstrations , told the press that chinese diplomats were assisting with the organization of buses , meals and accommodation for pro - beijing demonstrators , and helping them organise a " peaceful show of strength " . foreign minister stephen smith said chinese officials were urging supporters to " turn up and put a point of view " , but that he had no objection to it as long as they remained peaceful . [ sep ] people ' s liberation army personnel
following the events in olympia , there were reports that china requested permission to deploy people ' s liberation army personnel along the relay route to protect the flame in canberra . australian authorities stated that such a request , if it were to be made , would be refused . chinese officials labeled it a rumor . australian police have been given powers to search relay spectators , following a call by the chinese students and scholars association for chinese australian students to " go defend our sacred torch " against " ethnic degenerate scum and anti - china separatists " . tony goh , chairman of the australian council of chinese organisations , has said the acco would be taking " thousands " of pro - beijing demonstrators to canberra by bus , to support the torch relay . zhang rongan , a chinese australian student organising pro - beijing demonstrations , told the press that chinese diplomats were assisting with the organization of buses , meals and accommodation for pro - beijing demonstrators , and helping them organise a " peaceful show of strength " . foreign minister stephen smith said chinese officials were urging supporters to " turn up and put a point of view " , but that he had no objection to it as long as they remained peaceful . [ sep ] sacred torch
following the events in olympia , there were reports that china requested permission to deploy people ' s liberation army personnel along the relay route to protect the flame in canberra . australian authorities stated that such a request , if it were to be made , would be refused . chinese officials labeled it a rumor . australian police have been given powers to search relay spectators , following a call by the chinese students and scholars association for chinese australian students to " go defend our sacred torch " against " ethnic degenerate scum and anti - china separatists " . tony goh , chairman of the australian council of chinese organisations , has said the acco would be taking " thousands " of pro - beijing demonstrators to canberra by bus , to support the torch relay . zhang rongan , a chinese australian student organising pro - beijing demonstrations , told the press that chinese diplomats were assisting with the organization of buses , meals and accommodation for pro - beijing demonstrators , and helping them organise a " peaceful show of strength " . foreign minister stephen smith said chinese officials were urging supporters to " turn up and put a point of view " , but that he had no objection to it as long as they remained peaceful . [ sep ] tony goh
following the events in olympia , there were reports that china requested permission to deploy people ' s liberation army personnel along the relay route to protect the flame in canberra . australian authorities stated that such a request , if it were to be made , would be refused . chinese officials labeled it a rumor . australian police have been given powers to search relay spectators , following a call by the chinese students and scholars association for chinese australian students to " go defend our sacred torch " against " ethnic degenerate scum and anti - china separatists " . tony goh , chairman of the australian council of chinese organisations , has said the acco would be taking " thousands " of pro - beijing demonstrators to canberra by bus , to support the torch relay . zhang rongan , a chinese australian student organising pro - beijing demonstrations , told the press that chinese diplomats were assisting with the organization of buses , meals and accommodation for pro - beijing demonstrators , and helping them organise a " peaceful show of strength " . foreign minister stephen smith said chinese officials were urging supporters to " turn up and put a point of view " , but that he had no objection to it as long as they remained peaceful . [ sep ] stephen smith
intended torchbearer lin hatfield dodds withdrew from the event , explaining that she wished to express concern about china ' s human rights record . foreign minister stephen smith said her decision was " a very good example of peacefully making a point " . [ sep ] lin hatfield dodds
intended torchbearer lin hatfield dodds withdrew from the event , explaining that she wished to express concern about china ' s human rights record . foreign minister stephen smith said her decision was " a very good example of peacefully making a point " . [ sep ] foreign minister stephen smith
up to 600 pro - tibet protesters were expected to attend the relay , along with between 2 , 000 and 10 , 000 chinese supporters . taking note of the high number of chinese supporters , ted quinlan , head of the canberra torch relay committee , said : " we didn ' t expect this reaction from the chinese community . it is obviously a well - coordinated plan to take the day by weight of numbers . but we have assurances that it will be done peacefully . " . also , australia ' s act chief minister , jon stanhope confirmed that the chinese embassy was closely involve to ensure that " pro - china demonstrators vastly outnumbered tibetan activists . " australian freestyle swimmer and five - time olympic gold medalist ian thorpe ended the australian leg of the torch relay april 24 , 2008 , touching the flame to light a cauldron after a run that was only marginally marked by protests . people demonstrated both for china and for tibet . at least five people were arrested during the torch relay . police said " the five were arrested for interfering with the event under special powers enacted in the wake of massive protests against chinese policy toward tibet . " at one point , groups of chinese students surrounded and intimidated pro - tibet protesters . one person had to be pulled aboard a police launch when a group of pro - chinese students looked like they might force him into the lake . [ sep ] ted quinlan
up to 600 pro - tibet protesters were expected to attend the relay , along with between 2 , 000 and 10 , 000 chinese supporters . taking note of the high number of chinese supporters , ted quinlan , head of the canberra torch relay committee , said : " we didn ' t expect this reaction from the chinese community . it is obviously a well - coordinated plan to take the day by weight of numbers . but we have assurances that it will be done peacefully . " . also , australia ' s act chief minister , jon stanhope confirmed that the chinese embassy was closely involve to ensure that " pro - china demonstrators vastly outnumbered tibetan activists . " australian freestyle swimmer and five - time olympic gold medalist ian thorpe ended the australian leg of the torch relay april 24 , 2008 , touching the flame to light a cauldron after a run that was only marginally marked by protests . people demonstrated both for china and for tibet . at least five people were arrested during the torch relay . police said " the five were arrested for interfering with the event under special powers enacted in the wake of massive protests against chinese policy toward tibet . " at one point , groups of chinese students surrounded and intimidated pro - tibet protesters . one person had to be pulled aboard a police launch when a group of pro - chinese students looked like they might force him into the lake . [ sep ] 600
up to 600 pro - tibet protesters were expected to attend the relay , along with between 2 , 000 and 10 , 000 chinese supporters . taking note of the high number of chinese supporters , ted quinlan , head of the canberra torch relay committee , said : " we didn ' t expect this reaction from the chinese community . it is obviously a well - coordinated plan to take the day by weight of numbers . but we have assurances that it will be done peacefully . " . also , australia ' s act chief minister , jon stanhope confirmed that the chinese embassy was closely involve to ensure that " pro - china demonstrators vastly outnumbered tibetan activists . " australian freestyle swimmer and five - time olympic gold medalist ian thorpe ended the australian leg of the torch relay april 24 , 2008 , touching the flame to light a cauldron after a run that was only marginally marked by protests . people demonstrated both for china and for tibet . at least five people were arrested during the torch relay . police said " the five were arrested for interfering with the event under special powers enacted in the wake of massive protests against chinese policy toward tibet . " at one point , groups of chinese students surrounded and intimidated pro - tibet protesters . one person had to be pulled aboard a police launch when a group of pro - chinese students looked like they might force him into the lake . [ sep ] the chinese embassy
up to 600 pro - tibet protesters were expected to attend the relay , along with between 2 , 000 and 10 , 000 chinese supporters . taking note of the high number of chinese supporters , ted quinlan , head of the canberra torch relay committee , said : " we didn ' t expect this reaction from the chinese community . it is obviously a well - coordinated plan to take the day by weight of numbers . but we have assurances that it will be done peacefully . " . also , australia ' s act chief minister , jon stanhope confirmed that the chinese embassy was closely involve to ensure that " pro - china demonstrators vastly outnumbered tibetan activists . " australian freestyle swimmer and five - time olympic gold medalist ian thorpe ended the australian leg of the torch relay april 24 , 2008 , touching the flame to light a cauldron after a run that was only marginally marked by protests . people demonstrated both for china and for tibet . at least five people were arrested during the torch relay . police said " the five were arrested for interfering with the event under special powers enacted in the wake of massive protests against chinese policy toward tibet . " at one point , groups of chinese students surrounded and intimidated pro - tibet protesters . one person had to be pulled aboard a police launch when a group of pro - chinese students looked like they might force him into the lake . [ sep ] ian thorpe
japan : the event was held in nagano , which hosted the 1998 winter olympics , on april 26 . japanese buddhist temple zenko - ji , which was originally scheduled to be the starting point for the olympic torch relay in nagano , refused to host the torch and pulled out of the relay plans , amid speculation that monks there sympathized with anti - chinese government protesters . as well as the risk of disruption by violent protests . parts of zenko - ji temple ' s main building ( zenko - ji hondo ) , reconstructed in 1707 and one of the national treasures of japan , was then vandalized with spraypaint . a new starting point , previously the site of a municipal building and now a parking lot , was chosen by the city . an event the city had planned to hold at the minami nagano sports park following the torch relay was also canceled out of concern about disruptions caused by demonstrators protesting against china ' s recent crackdown in tibet . thousands of riot police were mobilized to protect the torch along its route . the show of force kept most protesters in check , but slogans shouted by pro - china or pro - tibet demonstrators , japanese nationalists , and human rights organizations flooded the air . five men were arrested and four injured amidst scenes of mob violence . the torch route was packed with mostly peaceful demonstrators . the public was not allowed at the parking lot where the relay started . after the zenkoji monks held a prayer ceremony for victims of the recent events in tibet . more than 100 police officers ran with the torch and riot police lined the streets while three helicopters flew above . only two chinese guards were allowed to accompany the torch because of japan ' s concern over their treatment of demonstrators at previous relays . a man with a tibetan flag tried to stop the torch at the beginning of the relay but was dragged off by police . some raw eggs were also thrown from the crowd . [ sep ] nagano
japan : the event was held in nagano , which hosted the 1998 winter olympics , on april 26 . japanese buddhist temple zenko - ji , which was originally scheduled to be the starting point for the olympic torch relay in nagano , refused to host the torch and pulled out of the relay plans , amid speculation that monks there sympathized with anti - chinese government protesters . as well as the risk of disruption by violent protests . parts of zenko - ji temple ' s main building ( zenko - ji hondo ) , reconstructed in 1707 and one of the national treasures of japan , was then vandalized with spraypaint . a new starting point , previously the site of a municipal building and now a parking lot , was chosen by the city . an event the city had planned to hold at the minami nagano sports park following the torch relay was also canceled out of concern about disruptions caused by demonstrators protesting against china ' s recent crackdown in tibet . thousands of riot police were mobilized to protect the torch along its route . the show of force kept most protesters in check , but slogans shouted by pro - china or pro - tibet demonstrators , japanese nationalists , and human rights organizations flooded the air . five men were arrested and four injured amidst scenes of mob violence . the torch route was packed with mostly peaceful demonstrators . the public was not allowed at the parking lot where the relay started . after the zenkoji monks held a prayer ceremony for victims of the recent events in tibet . more than 100 police officers ran with the torch and riot police lined the streets while three helicopters flew above . only two chinese guards were allowed to accompany the torch because of japan ' s concern over their treatment of demonstrators at previous relays . a man with a tibetan flag tried to stop the torch at the beginning of the relay but was dragged off by police . some raw eggs were also thrown from the crowd . [ sep ] april 26
south korea : the event was held in seoul , which hosted the 1988 summer olympics , on april 27 . intended torchbearers choi seung - kook and park won - sun boycotted the event to protest against the chinese government ' s crackdown in tibet . more than 8 , 000 riot police were deployed to guard the 24 - kilometre route , which began at olympic park , which was built when seoul hosted the 1988 summer games . on the day of the torch relay in seoul , chinese students clashed with protesters , throwing rocks , bottles , and punches . a north korean defector whose brother defected to china but was captured and executed by the dprk , attempted to set himself on fire in protest of china ' s treatment of north korean refugees . he poured gasoline on himself but police quickly surrounded him and carried him away . two other demonstrators tried to storm the torch but failed . fighting broke out near the beginning of the relay between a group of 500 chinese supporters and approximately 50 protesters who carried a banner that read : " free north korean refugees in china . " the students threw stones and water bottles as approximately 2 , 500 police tried to keep the groups separated . police said they arrested five people , including a chinese student who was arrested for allegedly throwing rocks . thousands of chinese followed the torch on its 4 . 5 hour journey , some chanting , " go china , go olympics ! " by the end of the relay , chinese students became violent , and it was reported in korean media that they were " lynching " everyone who was disagreeing with them . one police man was also rushed to hospital after being attacked by chinese students . on apr 29 , the secretary of justice , kim kyung han , told the prime minister that he will find " every single chinese who was involved and bring them to justice . " later in the day , south korea ' s prosecutor ' s office , national police agency , ministry of foreign affairs and national intelligence service made a joint statement saying that they will be deporting every chinese student that was involved in the incident . china defended the conduct of the students . [ sep ] seoul
south korea : the event was held in seoul , which hosted the 1988 summer olympics , on april 27 . intended torchbearers choi seung - kook and park won - sun boycotted the event to protest against the chinese government ' s crackdown in tibet . more than 8 , 000 riot police were deployed to guard the 24 - kilometre route , which began at olympic park , which was built when seoul hosted the 1988 summer games . on the day of the torch relay in seoul , chinese students clashed with protesters , throwing rocks , bottles , and punches . a north korean defector whose brother defected to china but was captured and executed by the dprk , attempted to set himself on fire in protest of china ' s treatment of north korean refugees . he poured gasoline on himself but police quickly surrounded him and carried him away . two other demonstrators tried to storm the torch but failed . fighting broke out near the beginning of the relay between a group of 500 chinese supporters and approximately 50 protesters who carried a banner that read : " free north korean refugees in china . " the students threw stones and water bottles as approximately 2 , 500 police tried to keep the groups separated . police said they arrested five people , including a chinese student who was arrested for allegedly throwing rocks . thousands of chinese followed the torch on its 4 . 5 hour journey , some chanting , " go china , go olympics ! " by the end of the relay , chinese students became violent , and it was reported in korean media that they were " lynching " everyone who was disagreeing with them . one police man was also rushed to hospital after being attacked by chinese students . on apr 29 , the secretary of justice , kim kyung han , told the prime minister that he will find " every single chinese who was involved and bring them to justice . " later in the day , south korea ' s prosecutor ' s office , national police agency , ministry of foreign affairs and national intelligence service made a joint statement saying that they will be deporting every chinese student that was involved in the incident . china defended the conduct of the students . [ sep ] 1988 summer olympics
south korea : the event was held in seoul , which hosted the 1988 summer olympics , on april 27 . intended torchbearers choi seung - kook and park won - sun boycotted the event to protest against the chinese government ' s crackdown in tibet . more than 8 , 000 riot police were deployed to guard the 24 - kilometre route , which began at olympic park , which was built when seoul hosted the 1988 summer games . on the day of the torch relay in seoul , chinese students clashed with protesters , throwing rocks , bottles , and punches . a north korean defector whose brother defected to china but was captured and executed by the dprk , attempted to set himself on fire in protest of china ' s treatment of north korean refugees . he poured gasoline on himself but police quickly surrounded him and carried him away . two other demonstrators tried to storm the torch but failed . fighting broke out near the beginning of the relay between a group of 500 chinese supporters and approximately 50 protesters who carried a banner that read : " free north korean refugees in china . " the students threw stones and water bottles as approximately 2 , 500 police tried to keep the groups separated . police said they arrested five people , including a chinese student who was arrested for allegedly throwing rocks . thousands of chinese followed the torch on its 4 . 5 hour journey , some chanting , " go china , go olympics ! " by the end of the relay , chinese students became violent , and it was reported in korean media that they were " lynching " everyone who was disagreeing with them . one police man was also rushed to hospital after being attacked by chinese students . on apr 29 , the secretary of justice , kim kyung han , told the prime minister that he will find " every single chinese who was involved and bring them to justice . " later in the day , south korea ' s prosecutor ' s office , national police agency , ministry of foreign affairs and national intelligence service made a joint statement saying that they will be deporting every chinese student that was involved in the incident . china defended the conduct of the students . [ sep ] olympic park
south korea : the event was held in seoul , which hosted the 1988 summer olympics , on april 27 . intended torchbearers choi seung - kook and park won - sun boycotted the event to protest against the chinese government ' s crackdown in tibet . more than 8 , 000 riot police were deployed to guard the 24 - kilometre route , which began at olympic park , which was built when seoul hosted the 1988 summer games . on the day of the torch relay in seoul , chinese students clashed with protesters , throwing rocks , bottles , and punches . a north korean defector whose brother defected to china but was captured and executed by the dprk , attempted to set himself on fire in protest of china ' s treatment of north korean refugees . he poured gasoline on himself but police quickly surrounded him and carried him away . two other demonstrators tried to storm the torch but failed . fighting broke out near the beginning of the relay between a group of 500 chinese supporters and approximately 50 protesters who carried a banner that read : " free north korean refugees in china . " the students threw stones and water bottles as approximately 2 , 500 police tried to keep the groups separated . police said they arrested five people , including a chinese student who was arrested for allegedly throwing rocks . thousands of chinese followed the torch on its 4 . 5 hour journey , some chanting , " go china , go olympics ! " by the end of the relay , chinese students became violent , and it was reported in korean media that they were " lynching " everyone who was disagreeing with them . one police man was also rushed to hospital after being attacked by chinese students . on apr 29 , the secretary of justice , kim kyung han , told the prime minister that he will find " every single chinese who was involved and bring them to justice . " later in the day , south korea ' s prosecutor ' s office , national police agency , ministry of foreign affairs and national intelligence service made a joint statement saying that they will be deporting every chinese student that was involved in the incident . china defended the conduct of the students . [ sep ] chinese students
north korea : the event was held in pyongyang on april 28 . it was the first time that the olympic torch has traveled to north korea . a crowd of thousands waving pink paper flowers and small flags with the beijing olympics logo were organized by the authoritarian regime watched the beginning of the relay in pyongyang , some waving chinese flags . the event was presided over by the head of the country ' s parliament , kim yong nam . the north , an ally of china , has been critical of disruptions to the torch relay elsewhere and has supported beijing in its actions against protests in tibet . kim passed the torch to the first runner pak du ik , who played on north korea ' s 1966 world cup soccer team , as he began the 19 - kilometre route through pyongyang . the relay began from the large sculpted flame of the obelisk of the juche tower , which commemorates the national ideology of juche , or " self - reliance " , created by the country ' s late founding president kim il sung , father of leader kim jong il , who did not attend . [ sep ] april 28
north korea : the event was held in pyongyang on april 28 . it was the first time that the olympic torch has traveled to north korea . a crowd of thousands waving pink paper flowers and small flags with the beijing olympics logo were organized by the authoritarian regime watched the beginning of the relay in pyongyang , some waving chinese flags . the event was presided over by the head of the country ' s parliament , kim yong nam . the north , an ally of china , has been critical of disruptions to the torch relay elsewhere and has supported beijing in its actions against protests in tibet . kim passed the torch to the first runner pak du ik , who played on north korea ' s 1966 world cup soccer team , as he began the 19 - kilometre route through pyongyang . the relay began from the large sculpted flame of the obelisk of the juche tower , which commemorates the national ideology of juche , or " self - reliance " , created by the country ' s late founding president kim il sung , father of leader kim jong il , who did not attend . [ sep ] kim yong nam
north korea : the event was held in pyongyang on april 28 . it was the first time that the olympic torch has traveled to north korea . a crowd of thousands waving pink paper flowers and small flags with the beijing olympics logo were organized by the authoritarian regime watched the beginning of the relay in pyongyang , some waving chinese flags . the event was presided over by the head of the country ' s parliament , kim yong nam . the north , an ally of china , has been critical of disruptions to the torch relay elsewhere and has supported beijing in its actions against protests in tibet . kim passed the torch to the first runner pak du ik , who played on north korea ' s 1966 world cup soccer team , as he began the 19 - kilometre route through pyongyang . the relay began from the large sculpted flame of the obelisk of the juche tower , which commemorates the national ideology of juche , or " self - reliance " , created by the country ' s late founding president kim il sung , father of leader kim jong il , who did not attend . [ sep ] pak du ik
north korea : the event was held in pyongyang on april 28 . it was the first time that the olympic torch has traveled to north korea . a crowd of thousands waving pink paper flowers and small flags with the beijing olympics logo were organized by the authoritarian regime watched the beginning of the relay in pyongyang , some waving chinese flags . the event was presided over by the head of the country ' s parliament , kim yong nam . the north , an ally of china , has been critical of disruptions to the torch relay elsewhere and has supported beijing in its actions against protests in tibet . kim passed the torch to the first runner pak du ik , who played on north korea ' s 1966 world cup soccer team , as he began the 19 - kilometre route through pyongyang . the relay began from the large sculpted flame of the obelisk of the juche tower , which commemorates the national ideology of juche , or " self - reliance " , created by the country ' s late founding president kim il sung , father of leader kim jong il , who did not attend . [ sep ] the juche tower
the united nations organization and its children ' s agency unicef withdrew their staff , saying that it wasn ' t sure the event would help its mission of raising awareness of conditions for children and amid concerns that the relay would be used as a propaganda stunt . " it was unconscionable , " said a un official who was briefed on the arguments . north korea is frequently listed among the world ’ s worst offenders against human rights . [ sep ] a propaganda stunt .
the united nations organization and its children ' s agency unicef withdrew their staff , saying that it wasn ' t sure the event would help its mission of raising awareness of conditions for children and amid concerns that the relay would be used as a propaganda stunt . " it was unconscionable , " said a un official who was briefed on the arguments . north korea is frequently listed among the world ’ s worst offenders against human rights . [ sep ] against human rights .
vietnam : the event was held in ho chi minh city on april 29 . some 60 torchbearers carried the torch from the downtown opera house to the military zone 7 competition hall stadium near tan son nhat international airport along an undisclosed route . vietnam is involved in a territorial dispute with china ( and other countries ) for sovereignty of the spratly and paracel islands ; tensions have risen recently [ when ? ] following reports that the chinese government had established a county - level city named sansha in the disputed territories , resulting in anti - chinese demonstrations in december 2007 in hanoi and ho chi minh city . however to sustain its relationship with china the vietnamese government has actively sought to head off protests during the torch relay , with prime minister nguyen tan dung warning government agencies that " hostile forces " may try to disrupt the torch relay . [ sep ] april 29
vietnam : the event was held in ho chi minh city on april 29 . some 60 torchbearers carried the torch from the downtown opera house to the military zone 7 competition hall stadium near tan son nhat international airport along an undisclosed route . vietnam is involved in a territorial dispute with china ( and other countries ) for sovereignty of the spratly and paracel islands ; tensions have risen recently [ when ? ] following reports that the chinese government had established a county - level city named sansha in the disputed territories , resulting in anti - chinese demonstrations in december 2007 in hanoi and ho chi minh city . however to sustain its relationship with china the vietnamese government has actively sought to head off protests during the torch relay , with prime minister nguyen tan dung warning government agencies that " hostile forces " may try to disrupt the torch relay . [ sep ] ho chi minh city
vietnam : the event was held in ho chi minh city on april 29 . some 60 torchbearers carried the torch from the downtown opera house to the military zone 7 competition hall stadium near tan son nhat international airport along an undisclosed route . vietnam is involved in a territorial dispute with china ( and other countries ) for sovereignty of the spratly and paracel islands ; tensions have risen recently [ when ? ] following reports that the chinese government had established a county - level city named sansha in the disputed territories , resulting in anti - chinese demonstrations in december 2007 in hanoi and ho chi minh city . however to sustain its relationship with china the vietnamese government has actively sought to head off protests during the torch relay , with prime minister nguyen tan dung warning government agencies that " hostile forces " may try to disrupt the torch relay . [ sep ] 60
vietnam : the event was held in ho chi minh city on april 29 . some 60 torchbearers carried the torch from the downtown opera house to the military zone 7 competition hall stadium near tan son nhat international airport along an undisclosed route . vietnam is involved in a territorial dispute with china ( and other countries ) for sovereignty of the spratly and paracel islands ; tensions have risen recently [ when ? ] following reports that the chinese government had established a county - level city named sansha in the disputed territories , resulting in anti - chinese demonstrations in december 2007 in hanoi and ho chi minh city . however to sustain its relationship with china the vietnamese government has actively sought to head off protests during the torch relay , with prime minister nguyen tan dung warning government agencies that " hostile forces " may try to disrupt the torch relay . [ sep ] the downtown opera house
vietnam : the event was held in ho chi minh city on april 29 . some 60 torchbearers carried the torch from the downtown opera house to the military zone 7 competition hall stadium near tan son nhat international airport along an undisclosed route . vietnam is involved in a territorial dispute with china ( and other countries ) for sovereignty of the spratly and paracel islands ; tensions have risen recently [ when ? ] following reports that the chinese government had established a county - level city named sansha in the disputed territories , resulting in anti - chinese demonstrations in december 2007 in hanoi and ho chi minh city . however to sustain its relationship with china the vietnamese government has actively sought to head off protests during the torch relay , with prime minister nguyen tan dung warning government agencies that " hostile forces " may try to disrupt the torch relay . [ sep ] the military zone 7 competition hall stadium
prior to the rally , seven anti - china protestors were arrested in hanoi after unfurling a banner and shouting " boycott the beijing olympics " through a loudhailer at a market . a vietnamese american was deported for planning protests against the torch , while a prominent blogger , đieu cay ( real name nguyen van hai ) , who blogged about protests around the world and who called for demonstrations in vietnam , was arrested on charges of tax evasion . outside vietnam , there were protests by overseas vietnamese in paris , san francisco and canberra . le minh phieu , a torchbearer who is a vietnamese law student studying in france , wrote a letter to the president of the international olympic committee protesting china ' s " politicisation of the olympics " , citing maps of the torch relay at the official beijing olympic website depicting the disputed islands as chinese territory and posted it on his blog . one day before the relay was to start , the official website appeared to have been updated to remove the disputed islands and dotted lines marking china ' s maritime claims in the south china sea . [ sep ] seven
prior to the rally , seven anti - china protestors were arrested in hanoi after unfurling a banner and shouting " boycott the beijing olympics " through a loudhailer at a market . a vietnamese american was deported for planning protests against the torch , while a prominent blogger , đieu cay ( real name nguyen van hai ) , who blogged about protests around the world and who called for demonstrations in vietnam , was arrested on charges of tax evasion . outside vietnam , there were protests by overseas vietnamese in paris , san francisco and canberra . le minh phieu , a torchbearer who is a vietnamese law student studying in france , wrote a letter to the president of the international olympic committee protesting china ' s " politicisation of the olympics " , citing maps of the torch relay at the official beijing olympic website depicting the disputed islands as chinese territory and posted it on his blog . one day before the relay was to start , the official website appeared to have been updated to remove the disputed islands and dotted lines marking china ' s maritime claims in the south china sea . [ sep ] đieu cay
prior to the rally , seven anti - china protestors were arrested in hanoi after unfurling a banner and shouting " boycott the beijing olympics " through a loudhailer at a market . a vietnamese american was deported for planning protests against the torch , while a prominent blogger , đieu cay ( real name nguyen van hai ) , who blogged about protests around the world and who called for demonstrations in vietnam , was arrested on charges of tax evasion . outside vietnam , there were protests by overseas vietnamese in paris , san francisco and canberra . le minh phieu , a torchbearer who is a vietnamese law student studying in france , wrote a letter to the president of the international olympic committee protesting china ' s " politicisation of the olympics " , citing maps of the torch relay at the official beijing olympic website depicting the disputed islands as chinese territory and posted it on his blog . one day before the relay was to start , the official website appeared to have been updated to remove the disputed islands and dotted lines marking china ' s maritime claims in the south china sea . [ sep ] le minh phieu
hong kong : the event was held in hong kong on may 2 . in the ceremony held at the hong kong cultural centre in tsim sha tsui , chief executive donald tsang handed the torch to the first torchbearer , olympic medalist lee lai shan . the torch relay then traveled through nathan road , lantau link , sha tin ( crossed shing mun river via a dragon boat , which had been never used before in the history of olympic torch relays ) , victoria harbour ( crossed by tin hau , a vip vessel managed by the marine department ) before ending in golden bauhinia square in wan chai . a total of 120 torchbearers were selected to participate in the event consisting of celebrities , athletes and pro - beijing camp politicians . no politicians from the pro - democracy camp were selected as torchbearers . one torchbearer could not participate due to flight delay . it was estimated that more than 200 , 000 spectators came out and watched the relay . many enthusiastic supporters wore red shirts and waved large chinese flags . according to hong kong chief secretary for administration henry tang , 3 , 000 police were deployed to ensure order . [ sep ] may 2
hong kong : the event was held in hong kong on may 2 . in the ceremony held at the hong kong cultural centre in tsim sha tsui , chief executive donald tsang handed the torch to the first torchbearer , olympic medalist lee lai shan . the torch relay then traveled through nathan road , lantau link , sha tin ( crossed shing mun river via a dragon boat , which had been never used before in the history of olympic torch relays ) , victoria harbour ( crossed by tin hau , a vip vessel managed by the marine department ) before ending in golden bauhinia square in wan chai . a total of 120 torchbearers were selected to participate in the event consisting of celebrities , athletes and pro - beijing camp politicians . no politicians from the pro - democracy camp were selected as torchbearers . one torchbearer could not participate due to flight delay . it was estimated that more than 200 , 000 spectators came out and watched the relay . many enthusiastic supporters wore red shirts and waved large chinese flags . according to hong kong chief secretary for administration henry tang , 3 , 000 police were deployed to ensure order . [ sep ] lee lai shan
hong kong : the event was held in hong kong on may 2 . in the ceremony held at the hong kong cultural centre in tsim sha tsui , chief executive donald tsang handed the torch to the first torchbearer , olympic medalist lee lai shan . the torch relay then traveled through nathan road , lantau link , sha tin ( crossed shing mun river via a dragon boat , which had been never used before in the history of olympic torch relays ) , victoria harbour ( crossed by tin hau , a vip vessel managed by the marine department ) before ending in golden bauhinia square in wan chai . a total of 120 torchbearers were selected to participate in the event consisting of celebrities , athletes and pro - beijing camp politicians . no politicians from the pro - democracy camp were selected as torchbearers . one torchbearer could not participate due to flight delay . it was estimated that more than 200 , 000 spectators came out and watched the relay . many enthusiastic supporters wore red shirts and waved large chinese flags . according to hong kong chief secretary for administration henry tang , 3 , 000 police were deployed to ensure order . [ sep ] hong kong cultural centre
hong kong : the event was held in hong kong on may 2 . in the ceremony held at the hong kong cultural centre in tsim sha tsui , chief executive donald tsang handed the torch to the first torchbearer , olympic medalist lee lai shan . the torch relay then traveled through nathan road , lantau link , sha tin ( crossed shing mun river via a dragon boat , which had been never used before in the history of olympic torch relays ) , victoria harbour ( crossed by tin hau , a vip vessel managed by the marine department ) before ending in golden bauhinia square in wan chai . a total of 120 torchbearers were selected to participate in the event consisting of celebrities , athletes and pro - beijing camp politicians . no politicians from the pro - democracy camp were selected as torchbearers . one torchbearer could not participate due to flight delay . it was estimated that more than 200 , 000 spectators came out and watched the relay . many enthusiastic supporters wore red shirts and waved large chinese flags . according to hong kong chief secretary for administration henry tang , 3 , 000 police were deployed to ensure order . [ sep ] golden bauhinia square in wan chai
hong kong : the event was held in hong kong on may 2 . in the ceremony held at the hong kong cultural centre in tsim sha tsui , chief executive donald tsang handed the torch to the first torchbearer , olympic medalist lee lai shan . the torch relay then traveled through nathan road , lantau link , sha tin ( crossed shing mun river via a dragon boat , which had been never used before in the history of olympic torch relays ) , victoria harbour ( crossed by tin hau , a vip vessel managed by the marine department ) before ending in golden bauhinia square in wan chai . a total of 120 torchbearers were selected to participate in the event consisting of celebrities , athletes and pro - beijing camp politicians . no politicians from the pro - democracy camp were selected as torchbearers . one torchbearer could not participate due to flight delay . it was estimated that more than 200 , 000 spectators came out and watched the relay . many enthusiastic supporters wore red shirts and waved large chinese flags . according to hong kong chief secretary for administration henry tang , 3 , 000 police were deployed to ensure order . [ sep ] 120
there were several protests along the torch relay route . members of the hong kong alliance in support of patriotic democratic movements in china , including pro - democracy activist szeto wah , waved novelty inflatable plastic olympic flames , which they said symbolised democracy . they wanted accountability for the tiananmen square protests of 1989 and the implementation of democracy in hong kong . political activist and legislative council member leung kwok - hung ( longhair ) also joined the protest , saying " i ' m very proud that in hong kong we still have people brave enough to speak out . " pro - democracy activists were overwhelmed by a crowd of torch supporters with insults like " running dog , " " traitor , " " get out ! , " and " i love the communist party . " at the same time , about 10 members of the civil human rights front had orange banners calling for human rights improvements and universal suffrage . onlookers were saying " aren ' t you chinese ? " in mandarin putonghua as they tried to cover the orange banners with a large chinese national flag . one woman had an orange sign that said , " olympic flame for democracy " , while a man carried a poster with a tank and the slogan " one world , two dreams " . a university student and former rdhk radio host christina chan wrapped the tibetan snow lion flag around her body and later began waving it . several onlookers heckled chan , shouting " what kind of chinese are you ? " and " what a shame ! " in the end , she and some of the protesters were taken away against their will by the authorities via a police vehicle " for their own protection . " chan is currently [ when ? ] suing the hong kong government , claiming her human rights were breached . ( case number hcal139 / 08 ) [ sep ] plastic olympic flames
there were several protests along the torch relay route . members of the hong kong alliance in support of patriotic democratic movements in china , including pro - democracy activist szeto wah , waved novelty inflatable plastic olympic flames , which they said symbolised democracy . they wanted accountability for the tiananmen square protests of 1989 and the implementation of democracy in hong kong . political activist and legislative council member leung kwok - hung ( longhair ) also joined the protest , saying " i ' m very proud that in hong kong we still have people brave enough to speak out . " pro - democracy activists were overwhelmed by a crowd of torch supporters with insults like " running dog , " " traitor , " " get out ! , " and " i love the communist party . " at the same time , about 10 members of the civil human rights front had orange banners calling for human rights improvements and universal suffrage . onlookers were saying " aren ' t you chinese ? " in mandarin putonghua as they tried to cover the orange banners with a large chinese national flag . one woman had an orange sign that said , " olympic flame for democracy " , while a man carried a poster with a tank and the slogan " one world , two dreams " . a university student and former rdhk radio host christina chan wrapped the tibetan snow lion flag around her body and later began waving it . several onlookers heckled chan , shouting " what kind of chinese are you ? " and " what a shame ! " in the end , she and some of the protesters were taken away against their will by the authorities via a police vehicle " for their own protection . " chan is currently [ when ? ] suing the hong kong government , claiming her human rights were breached . ( case number hcal139 / 08 ) [ sep ] tiananmen square protests
there were several protests along the torch relay route . members of the hong kong alliance in support of patriotic democratic movements in china , including pro - democracy activist szeto wah , waved novelty inflatable plastic olympic flames , which they said symbolised democracy . they wanted accountability for the tiananmen square protests of 1989 and the implementation of democracy in hong kong . political activist and legislative council member leung kwok - hung ( longhair ) also joined the protest , saying " i ' m very proud that in hong kong we still have people brave enough to speak out . " pro - democracy activists were overwhelmed by a crowd of torch supporters with insults like " running dog , " " traitor , " " get out ! , " and " i love the communist party . " at the same time , about 10 members of the civil human rights front had orange banners calling for human rights improvements and universal suffrage . onlookers were saying " aren ' t you chinese ? " in mandarin putonghua as they tried to cover the orange banners with a large chinese national flag . one woman had an orange sign that said , " olympic flame for democracy " , while a man carried a poster with a tank and the slogan " one world , two dreams " . a university student and former rdhk radio host christina chan wrapped the tibetan snow lion flag around her body and later began waving it . several onlookers heckled chan , shouting " what kind of chinese are you ? " and " what a shame ! " in the end , she and some of the protesters were taken away against their will by the authorities via a police vehicle " for their own protection . " chan is currently [ when ? ] suing the hong kong government , claiming her human rights were breached . ( case number hcal139 / 08 ) [ sep ] christina chan
there were several protests along the torch relay route . members of the hong kong alliance in support of patriotic democratic movements in china , including pro - democracy activist szeto wah , waved novelty inflatable plastic olympic flames , which they said symbolised democracy . they wanted accountability for the tiananmen square protests of 1989 and the implementation of democracy in hong kong . political activist and legislative council member leung kwok - hung ( longhair ) also joined the protest , saying " i ' m very proud that in hong kong we still have people brave enough to speak out . " pro - democracy activists were overwhelmed by a crowd of torch supporters with insults like " running dog , " " traitor , " " get out ! , " and " i love the communist party . " at the same time , about 10 members of the civil human rights front had orange banners calling for human rights improvements and universal suffrage . onlookers were saying " aren ' t you chinese ? " in mandarin putonghua as they tried to cover the orange banners with a large chinese national flag . one woman had an orange sign that said , " olympic flame for democracy " , while a man carried a poster with a tank and the slogan " one world , two dreams " . a university student and former rdhk radio host christina chan wrapped the tibetan snow lion flag around her body and later began waving it . several onlookers heckled chan , shouting " what kind of chinese are you ? " and " what a shame ! " in the end , she and some of the protesters were taken away against their will by the authorities via a police vehicle " for their own protection . " chan is currently [ when ? ] suing the hong kong government , claiming her human rights were breached . ( case number hcal139 / 08 ) [ sep ] police
there were several protests along the torch relay route . members of the hong kong alliance in support of patriotic democratic movements in china , including pro - democracy activist szeto wah , waved novelty inflatable plastic olympic flames , which they said symbolised democracy . they wanted accountability for the tiananmen square protests of 1989 and the implementation of democracy in hong kong . political activist and legislative council member leung kwok - hung ( longhair ) also joined the protest , saying " i ' m very proud that in hong kong we still have people brave enough to speak out . " pro - democracy activists were overwhelmed by a crowd of torch supporters with insults like " running dog , " " traitor , " " get out ! , " and " i love the communist party . " at the same time , about 10 members of the civil human rights front had orange banners calling for human rights improvements and universal suffrage . onlookers were saying " aren ' t you chinese ? " in mandarin putonghua as they tried to cover the orange banners with a large chinese national flag . one woman had an orange sign that said , " olympic flame for democracy " , while a man carried a poster with a tank and the slogan " one world , two dreams " . a university student and former rdhk radio host christina chan wrapped the tibetan snow lion flag around her body and later began waving it . several onlookers heckled chan , shouting " what kind of chinese are you ? " and " what a shame ! " in the end , she and some of the protesters were taken away against their will by the authorities via a police vehicle " for their own protection . " chan is currently [ when ? ] suing the hong kong government , claiming her human rights were breached . ( case number hcal139 / 08 ) [ sep ] her human rights were breached .
the color orange democracy group , led by danish sculptor jens galschiøt , originally planned to join the hong kong alliance relay and paint the " pillar of shame " , a structure he built in hong kong to commemorate the 1989 tiananmen square protests . however , galschiøt and two other people were denied entry to hong kong on april 26 , 2008 due to " immigration reasons " and were forced to leave hong kong . in response , lee cheuk yan , vice chairman of the hong kong alliance in support of patriotic democratic movements in china , said , " it ' s outrageous that the government is willing to sacrifice the image of hong kong because of the torch relay . " hollywood actress mia farrow was also briefly questioned at the hong kong airport though officials allowed her to enter . she later gave a speech criticizing china ' s relations with sudan in hong kong , as there was also a small minority of people protesting about china ' s role in the crisis of darfur . legislator cheung man kwong have also said the government ' s decision allowing farrow to enter while denying others is a double standard and a violation to hong kong ' s one country , two systems policy . [ sep ] the color orange democracy group
the color orange democracy group , led by danish sculptor jens galschiøt , originally planned to join the hong kong alliance relay and paint the " pillar of shame " , a structure he built in hong kong to commemorate the 1989 tiananmen square protests . however , galschiøt and two other people were denied entry to hong kong on april 26 , 2008 due to " immigration reasons " and were forced to leave hong kong . in response , lee cheuk yan , vice chairman of the hong kong alliance in support of patriotic democratic movements in china , said , " it ' s outrageous that the government is willing to sacrifice the image of hong kong because of the torch relay . " hollywood actress mia farrow was also briefly questioned at the hong kong airport though officials allowed her to enter . she later gave a speech criticizing china ' s relations with sudan in hong kong , as there was also a small minority of people protesting about china ' s role in the crisis of darfur . legislator cheung man kwong have also said the government ' s decision allowing farrow to enter while denying others is a double standard and a violation to hong kong ' s one country , two systems policy . [ sep ] pillar of shame
the color orange democracy group , led by danish sculptor jens galschiøt , originally planned to join the hong kong alliance relay and paint the " pillar of shame " , a structure he built in hong kong to commemorate the 1989 tiananmen square protests . however , galschiøt and two other people were denied entry to hong kong on april 26 , 2008 due to " immigration reasons " and were forced to leave hong kong . in response , lee cheuk yan , vice chairman of the hong kong alliance in support of patriotic democratic movements in china , said , " it ' s outrageous that the government is willing to sacrifice the image of hong kong because of the torch relay . " hollywood actress mia farrow was also briefly questioned at the hong kong airport though officials allowed her to enter . she later gave a speech criticizing china ' s relations with sudan in hong kong , as there was also a small minority of people protesting about china ' s role in the crisis of darfur . legislator cheung man kwong have also said the government ' s decision allowing farrow to enter while denying others is a double standard and a violation to hong kong ' s one country , two systems policy . [ sep ] immigration reasons
the color orange democracy group , led by danish sculptor jens galschiøt , originally planned to join the hong kong alliance relay and paint the " pillar of shame " , a structure he built in hong kong to commemorate the 1989 tiananmen square protests . however , galschiøt and two other people were denied entry to hong kong on april 26 , 2008 due to " immigration reasons " and were forced to leave hong kong . in response , lee cheuk yan , vice chairman of the hong kong alliance in support of patriotic democratic movements in china , said , " it ' s outrageous that the government is willing to sacrifice the image of hong kong because of the torch relay . " hollywood actress mia farrow was also briefly questioned at the hong kong airport though officials allowed her to enter . she later gave a speech criticizing china ' s relations with sudan in hong kong , as there was also a small minority of people protesting about china ' s role in the crisis of darfur . legislator cheung man kwong have also said the government ' s decision allowing farrow to enter while denying others is a double standard and a violation to hong kong ' s one country , two systems policy . [ sep ] mia farrow
the color orange democracy group , led by danish sculptor jens galschiøt , originally planned to join the hong kong alliance relay and paint the " pillar of shame " , a structure he built in hong kong to commemorate the 1989 tiananmen square protests . however , galschiøt and two other people were denied entry to hong kong on april 26 , 2008 due to " immigration reasons " and were forced to leave hong kong . in response , lee cheuk yan , vice chairman of the hong kong alliance in support of patriotic democratic movements in china , said , " it ' s outrageous that the government is willing to sacrifice the image of hong kong because of the torch relay . " hollywood actress mia farrow was also briefly questioned at the hong kong airport though officials allowed her to enter . she later gave a speech criticizing china ' s relations with sudan in hong kong , as there was also a small minority of people protesting about china ' s role in the crisis of darfur . legislator cheung man kwong have also said the government ' s decision allowing farrow to enter while denying others is a double standard and a violation to hong kong ' s one country , two systems policy . [ sep ] one country , two systems
macao : the event was held in macau on may 3 . it was the first time that the olympic torch had traveled to macau . a ceremony was held at macau fisherman ' s wharf . afterward , the torch traveled through macau , passing by a number of landmarks including a - ma temple , macau tower , ponte governador nobre de carvalho , ponte de sai van , macau cultural centre , macau stadium and then back to the fisherman ' s wharf for the closing ceremony . parts of the route near ruins of st . paul ' s and taipa was shortened due to large crowds of supporters blocking narrow streets . a total of 120 torchbearers participated in this event including casino tycoon stanley ho . leong hong man and leong heng teng were the first and last torchbearer in the relay respectively . an article published on macao daily news criticized that the list of the torchbearers could not fully represent the macanese and that there were too many non - athletes among the torchbearers . ( some of whom had already been torchbearers of other sporting events ) [ sep ] may 3
macao : the event was held in macau on may 3 . it was the first time that the olympic torch had traveled to macau . a ceremony was held at macau fisherman ' s wharf . afterward , the torch traveled through macau , passing by a number of landmarks including a - ma temple , macau tower , ponte governador nobre de carvalho , ponte de sai van , macau cultural centre , macau stadium and then back to the fisherman ' s wharf for the closing ceremony . parts of the route near ruins of st . paul ' s and taipa was shortened due to large crowds of supporters blocking narrow streets . a total of 120 torchbearers participated in this event including casino tycoon stanley ho . leong hong man and leong heng teng were the first and last torchbearer in the relay respectively . an article published on macao daily news criticized that the list of the torchbearers could not fully represent the macanese and that there were too many non - athletes among the torchbearers . ( some of whom had already been torchbearers of other sporting events ) [ sep ] macau fisherman ' s wharf
macao : the event was held in macau on may 3 . it was the first time that the olympic torch had traveled to macau . a ceremony was held at macau fisherman ' s wharf . afterward , the torch traveled through macau , passing by a number of landmarks including a - ma temple , macau tower , ponte governador nobre de carvalho , ponte de sai van , macau cultural centre , macau stadium and then back to the fisherman ' s wharf for the closing ceremony . parts of the route near ruins of st . paul ' s and taipa was shortened due to large crowds of supporters blocking narrow streets . a total of 120 torchbearers participated in this event including casino tycoon stanley ho . leong hong man and leong heng teng were the first and last torchbearer in the relay respectively . an article published on macao daily news criticized that the list of the torchbearers could not fully represent the macanese and that there were too many non - athletes among the torchbearers . ( some of whom had already been torchbearers of other sporting events ) [ sep ] 120
macao : the event was held in macau on may 3 . it was the first time that the olympic torch had traveled to macau . a ceremony was held at macau fisherman ' s wharf . afterward , the torch traveled through macau , passing by a number of landmarks including a - ma temple , macau tower , ponte governador nobre de carvalho , ponte de sai van , macau cultural centre , macau stadium and then back to the fisherman ' s wharf for the closing ceremony . parts of the route near ruins of st . paul ' s and taipa was shortened due to large crowds of supporters blocking narrow streets . a total of 120 torchbearers participated in this event including casino tycoon stanley ho . leong hong man and leong heng teng were the first and last torchbearer in the relay respectively . an article published on macao daily news criticized that the list of the torchbearers could not fully represent the macanese and that there were too many non - athletes among the torchbearers . ( some of whom had already been torchbearers of other sporting events ) [ sep ] leong hong man
macao : the event was held in macau on may 3 . it was the first time that the olympic torch had traveled to macau . a ceremony was held at macau fisherman ' s wharf . afterward , the torch traveled through macau , passing by a number of landmarks including a - ma temple , macau tower , ponte governador nobre de carvalho , ponte de sai van , macau cultural centre , macau stadium and then back to the fisherman ' s wharf for the closing ceremony . parts of the route near ruins of st . paul ' s and taipa was shortened due to large crowds of supporters blocking narrow streets . a total of 120 torchbearers participated in this event including casino tycoon stanley ho . leong hong man and leong heng teng were the first and last torchbearer in the relay respectively . an article published on macao daily news criticized that the list of the torchbearers could not fully represent the macanese and that there were too many non - athletes among the torchbearers . ( some of whom had already been torchbearers of other sporting events ) [ sep ] athletes
a macau resident was arrested on april 26 for posting a message on cyberctm . com encouraging people to disrupt the relay . both orchidbbs . com and cyberctm . com internet forums were shut down from may 2 to 4 . this fueled speculation that the shutdowns were targeting speeches against the relay . the head of the bureau of telecommunications regulation has denied that the shutdowns of the websites were politically motivated . about 2 , 200 police were deployed on the streets , there were no interruptions . [ sep ] cyberctm . com
a macau resident was arrested on april 26 for posting a message on cyberctm . com encouraging people to disrupt the relay . both orchidbbs . com and cyberctm . com internet forums were shut down from may 2 to 4 . this fueled speculation that the shutdowns were targeting speeches against the relay . the head of the bureau of telecommunications regulation has denied that the shutdowns of the websites were politically motivated . about 2 , 200 police were deployed on the streets , there were no interruptions . [ sep ] orchidbbs . com
china : the torch returned to china for the first time since april . the torch arrived in sanya , hainan on may 4 with celebrations attended by international olympic committee ( ioc ) officials and chinese big names like jackie chan . the entire relay through mainland china was largely a success with many people welcoming the arrival of the torch along the way . [ sep ] may 4
china : the torch returned to china for the first time since april . the torch arrived in sanya , hainan on may 4 with celebrations attended by international olympic committee ( ioc ) officials and chinese big names like jackie chan . the entire relay through mainland china was largely a success with many people welcoming the arrival of the torch along the way . [ sep ] jackie chan
the coverage of the events by the media came under scrutiny during the relay . chinese media coverage of the torch relay has been distinct in a number of ways from coverage elsewhere . western reporters in beijing have described chinese media coverage as partial and censored ( for example when chinese media did not broadcast reporters without borders ' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony ) , whereas chinese netizens have in turn accused western media coverage of being biased . the french newspaper liberation was criticised by the chinese state press agency xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting ; xinhua suggested that liberation needed " a stinging slap in the face " for having " insulted the olympic flame " and " supported a handful of saboteurs " . [ sep ] partial and censored
the coverage of the events by the media came under scrutiny during the relay . chinese media coverage of the torch relay has been distinct in a number of ways from coverage elsewhere . western reporters in beijing have described chinese media coverage as partial and censored ( for example when chinese media did not broadcast reporters without borders ' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony ) , whereas chinese netizens have in turn accused western media coverage of being biased . the french newspaper liberation was criticised by the chinese state press agency xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting ; xinhua suggested that liberation needed " a stinging slap in the face " for having " insulted the olympic flame " and " supported a handful of saboteurs " . [ sep ] biased .
the coverage of the events by the media came under scrutiny during the relay . chinese media coverage of the torch relay has been distinct in a number of ways from coverage elsewhere . western reporters in beijing have described chinese media coverage as partial and censored ( for example when chinese media did not broadcast reporters without borders ' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony ) , whereas chinese netizens have in turn accused western media coverage of being biased . the french newspaper liberation was criticised by the chinese state press agency xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting ; xinhua suggested that liberation needed " a stinging slap in the face " for having " insulted the olympic flame " and " supported a handful of saboteurs " . [ sep ] liberation
in response to pro - tibet and pro - human rights protests , the chinese media focused on the more disruptive protesters , referring for example to " a very small number of ' tibet independence ' secessionists and a handful of so - called human rights - minded ngo activists " intent on " disrupting and sabotaging the beijing olympic games " . however , the chinese media published articles about crowds supporting the torch relay . [ sep ] the more disruptive protesters
xinhua and cctv quoted relay spectators who condemned the protests , to a greater extent than most western media , but did not quote any alternate viewpoints , providing no coverage of support for the protests by some ordinary citizens in western countries . it quoted athletes who expressed pride at taking part in the relays , to a greater extent than western media , but not those who , like marie - jose perec , expressed understanding and support for the protestors . the beijing organising committee for the games mentioned the " smiling faces of the elderly , children and the artists on the streets " , of cheering and supportive londoners . xinhua said that protesters were " radicals " who " trampled human rights " and whose activities were condemned by " the people of the world who cordially love the olympic spirit " . [ sep ] condemned the protests
xinhua and cctv quoted relay spectators who condemned the protests , to a greater extent than most western media , but did not quote any alternate viewpoints , providing no coverage of support for the protests by some ordinary citizens in western countries . it quoted athletes who expressed pride at taking part in the relays , to a greater extent than western media , but not those who , like marie - jose perec , expressed understanding and support for the protestors . the beijing organising committee for the games mentioned the " smiling faces of the elderly , children and the artists on the streets " , of cheering and supportive londoners . xinhua said that protesters were " radicals " who " trampled human rights " and whose activities were condemned by " the people of the world who cordially love the olympic spirit " . [ sep ] marie - jose perec
xinhua and cctv quoted relay spectators who condemned the protests , to a greater extent than most western media , but did not quote any alternate viewpoints , providing no coverage of support for the protests by some ordinary citizens in western countries . it quoted athletes who expressed pride at taking part in the relays , to a greater extent than western media , but not those who , like marie - jose perec , expressed understanding and support for the protestors . the beijing organising committee for the games mentioned the " smiling faces of the elderly , children and the artists on the streets " , of cheering and supportive londoners . xinhua said that protesters were " radicals " who " trampled human rights " and whose activities were condemned by " the people of the world who cordially love the olympic spirit " . [ sep ] radicals
reports on the delhi relay were similarly distinct . despite intended torchbearers kiran bedi , soha ali khan , sachin tendulkar and bhaichung bhutia all withdrawing from the event , the official chinese website for the relay reported " indian torchbearers vow to run for spirit of olympics " , and quoted torchbearers manavjit singh sandhu , abhinav bindra , ayaan ali khan and rajinder singh rahelu all stating that sports and politics should not be mixed . [ sep ] spirit of olympics
reports on the delhi relay were similarly distinct . despite intended torchbearers kiran bedi , soha ali khan , sachin tendulkar and bhaichung bhutia all withdrawing from the event , the official chinese website for the relay reported " indian torchbearers vow to run for spirit of olympics " , and quoted torchbearers manavjit singh sandhu , abhinav bindra , ayaan ali khan and rajinder singh rahelu all stating that sports and politics should not be mixed . [ sep ] sports and politics
some western media have reported on chinese accusations of western media bias . the daily telegraph published an opinion piece by the chinese ambassador to the united kingdom , fu ying , who accused western media of " demonising " china during their coverage of the torch relays . the telegraph also asked its readers to send their views in response to the question " is the west demonising china ? " the bbc reported on a demonstration in sydney by chinese australians " voicing support for beijing amid controversy over tibet " and protesting against what they saw as western media bias . the report showed demonstrators carrying signs which read " shame on some western media " , " bbc cnn lies too " and " stop media distortion ! " . one demonstrator interviewed by the bbc stated : " i saw some news from cnn , from the bbc , some media [ inaudible ] , and they are just lying . " liberation also reported that it had been accused of bias by the chinese media . [ sep ] the daily telegraph
some western media have reported on chinese accusations of western media bias . the daily telegraph published an opinion piece by the chinese ambassador to the united kingdom , fu ying , who accused western media of " demonising " china during their coverage of the torch relays . the telegraph also asked its readers to send their views in response to the question " is the west demonising china ? " the bbc reported on a demonstration in sydney by chinese australians " voicing support for beijing amid controversy over tibet " and protesting against what they saw as western media bias . the report showed demonstrators carrying signs which read " shame on some western media " , " bbc cnn lies too " and " stop media distortion ! " . one demonstrator interviewed by the bbc stated : " i saw some news from cnn , from the bbc , some media [ inaudible ] , and they are just lying . " liberation also reported that it had been accused of bias by the chinese media . [ sep ] liberation
on april 17 , xinhua condemned what it called " biased coverage of the lhasa riots and the olympic torch relay by the u . s . - based cable news network ( cnn ) " . the same day , the chinese government called on cnn to " apologise " for having allegedly insulted the chinese people , and for " attempting to incite the chinese people against the government " . cnn issued a statement on april 14 , responded to china over ' thugs and goons ' comment by jack cafferty . [ sep ] cnn
on april 19 , the bbc reported that 1 , 300 people had gathered outside bbc buildings in manchester and london , protesting against what they described as western media bias . several days earlier , the bbc had published an article entitled " the challenges of reporting in china " , responding to earlier criticism . the bbc ' s paul danahar noted that chinese people were now " able to access the bbc news website for the first time , after years of strict censorship " , and that " many were critical of our coverage " . he provided readers with a reminder of censorship in china , and added : " people who criticise the media for their coverage in tibet should acknowledge that we were and still are banned from reporting there . " he also quoted critical chinese responses , and invited readers to comment . [ sep ] the challenges of reporting in china
on april 19 , the bbc reported that 1 , 300 people had gathered outside bbc buildings in manchester and london , protesting against what they described as western media bias . several days earlier , the bbc had published an article entitled " the challenges of reporting in china " , responding to earlier criticism . the bbc ' s paul danahar noted that chinese people were now " able to access the bbc news website for the first time , after years of strict censorship " , and that " many were critical of our coverage " . he provided readers with a reminder of censorship in china , and added : " people who criticise the media for their coverage in tibet should acknowledge that we were and still are banned from reporting there . " he also quoted critical chinese responses , and invited readers to comment . [ sep ] paul danahar
on april 20 , the people ' s daily published a report entitled " overseas chinese rally against biased media coverage , for olympics " . it included images of chinese people demonstrating in france , the united kingdom , germany and the united states . one picture showed chinese demonstrators holding a sign which claimed , incorrectly , that the bbc had not reported on jin jing . the people ' s daily quoted one protestor who claimed the " bbc on some of the recent events has misled the british public and the rest of the world by providing intensive untruthful reports and biased coverage . " [ sep ] people ' s daily
on april 4 , it was reported that the chinese government appeared to be running an anti - cnn website that criticizes the cable network ’ s coverage of recent events . the site claims to have been created by a beijing citizen . however , foreign correspondents in beijing voiced suspicions that anti - cnn may be a semi - government - made website . a chinese government spokesman insisted the site was spontaneously set up by a chinese citizen angered over media coverage . [ sep ] an anti - cnn website
on april 4 , it was reported that the chinese government appeared to be running an anti - cnn website that criticizes the cable network ’ s coverage of recent events . the site claims to have been created by a beijing citizen . however , foreign correspondents in beijing voiced suspicions that anti - cnn may be a semi - government - made website . a chinese government spokesman insisted the site was spontaneously set up by a chinese citizen angered over media coverage . [ sep ] a beijing citizen .
the beijing olympic organizing committee sent out a team of 30 unarmed attendants selected from the people ' s armed police to escort the flame throughout its journey . according to asian times , sworn in as the " beijing olympic games sacred flame protection unit " during a ceremony in august 2007 , their main job is to keep the olympic flame alight throughout the journey and to assist in transferring the flame between the torches , the lanterns and the cauldrons . they wear matching blue tracksuits and are intended to accompany the torch every step of the way . one of the torch attendants , dubbed " second right brother , " has developed a significant online fan - base , particularly among china ' s female netizens . [ sep ] 30
the beijing olympic organizing committee sent out a team of 30 unarmed attendants selected from the people ' s armed police to escort the flame throughout its journey . according to asian times , sworn in as the " beijing olympic games sacred flame protection unit " during a ceremony in august 2007 , their main job is to keep the olympic flame alight throughout the journey and to assist in transferring the flame between the torches , the lanterns and the cauldrons . they wear matching blue tracksuits and are intended to accompany the torch every step of the way . one of the torch attendants , dubbed " second right brother , " has developed a significant online fan - base , particularly among china ' s female netizens . [ sep ] august 2007
the beijing olympic organizing committee sent out a team of 30 unarmed attendants selected from the people ' s armed police to escort the flame throughout its journey . according to asian times , sworn in as the " beijing olympic games sacred flame protection unit " during a ceremony in august 2007 , their main job is to keep the olympic flame alight throughout the journey and to assist in transferring the flame between the torches , the lanterns and the cauldrons . they wear matching blue tracksuits and are intended to accompany the torch every step of the way . one of the torch attendants , dubbed " second right brother , " has developed a significant online fan - base , particularly among china ' s female netizens . [ sep ] matching blue tracksuits
the beijing olympic organizing committee sent out a team of 30 unarmed attendants selected from the people ' s armed police to escort the flame throughout its journey . according to asian times , sworn in as the " beijing olympic games sacred flame protection unit " during a ceremony in august 2007 , their main job is to keep the olympic flame alight throughout the journey and to assist in transferring the flame between the torches , the lanterns and the cauldrons . they wear matching blue tracksuits and are intended to accompany the torch every step of the way . one of the torch attendants , dubbed " second right brother , " has developed a significant online fan - base , particularly among china ' s female netizens . [ sep ] second right brother
in china , a call to boycott french hypermart carrefour from may 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the chinese over the weekend from april 12 , accusing the company ' s major shareholder , the lvmh group , of donating funds to the dalai lama . there were also calls to extend the boycott to include french luxury goods and cosmetic products . chinese protesters organized boycotts of the french - owned retail chain carrefour in major chinese cities including kunming , hefei and wuhan , accusing the french nation of pro - secessionist conspiracy and anti - chinese racism . some burned french flags , some added swastika ( due to its conotaions with nazism ) to the french flag , and spread short online messages calling for large protests in front of french consulates and embassy . some shoppers who insisted on entering one of the carrefour stores in kunming were blocked by boycotters wielding large chinese flags and hit by water bottles . hundreds of people joined anti - french rallies in beijing , wuhan , hefei , kunming and qingdao , which quickly spread to other cities like xi ' an , harbin and jinan . carrefour denied any support or involvement in the tibetan issue , and had its staff in its chinese stores wear uniforms emblazoned with the chinese national flag and caps with olympic insignia and as well as the words " beijing 2008 " to show its support for the games . the effort had to be ceased when the bocog deemed the use of official olympic insignia as illegal and a violation of copyright . [ sep ] carrefour
in china , a call to boycott french hypermart carrefour from may 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the chinese over the weekend from april 12 , accusing the company ' s major shareholder , the lvmh group , of donating funds to the dalai lama . there were also calls to extend the boycott to include french luxury goods and cosmetic products . chinese protesters organized boycotts of the french - owned retail chain carrefour in major chinese cities including kunming , hefei and wuhan , accusing the french nation of pro - secessionist conspiracy and anti - chinese racism . some burned french flags , some added swastika ( due to its conotaions with nazism ) to the french flag , and spread short online messages calling for large protests in front of french consulates and embassy . some shoppers who insisted on entering one of the carrefour stores in kunming were blocked by boycotters wielding large chinese flags and hit by water bottles . hundreds of people joined anti - french rallies in beijing , wuhan , hefei , kunming and qingdao , which quickly spread to other cities like xi ' an , harbin and jinan . carrefour denied any support or involvement in the tibetan issue , and had its staff in its chinese stores wear uniforms emblazoned with the chinese national flag and caps with olympic insignia and as well as the words " beijing 2008 " to show its support for the games . the effort had to be ceased when the bocog deemed the use of official olympic insignia as illegal and a violation of copyright . [ sep ] lvmh group
in china , a call to boycott french hypermart carrefour from may 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the chinese over the weekend from april 12 , accusing the company ' s major shareholder , the lvmh group , of donating funds to the dalai lama . there were also calls to extend the boycott to include french luxury goods and cosmetic products . chinese protesters organized boycotts of the french - owned retail chain carrefour in major chinese cities including kunming , hefei and wuhan , accusing the french nation of pro - secessionist conspiracy and anti - chinese racism . some burned french flags , some added swastika ( due to its conotaions with nazism ) to the french flag , and spread short online messages calling for large protests in front of french consulates and embassy . some shoppers who insisted on entering one of the carrefour stores in kunming were blocked by boycotters wielding large chinese flags and hit by water bottles . hundreds of people joined anti - french rallies in beijing , wuhan , hefei , kunming and qingdao , which quickly spread to other cities like xi ' an , harbin and jinan . carrefour denied any support or involvement in the tibetan issue , and had its staff in its chinese stores wear uniforms emblazoned with the chinese national flag and caps with olympic insignia and as well as the words " beijing 2008 " to show its support for the games . the effort had to be ceased when the bocog deemed the use of official olympic insignia as illegal and a violation of copyright . [ sep ] the dalai lama
in china , a call to boycott french hypermart carrefour from may 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the chinese over the weekend from april 12 , accusing the company ' s major shareholder , the lvmh group , of donating funds to the dalai lama . there were also calls to extend the boycott to include french luxury goods and cosmetic products . chinese protesters organized boycotts of the french - owned retail chain carrefour in major chinese cities including kunming , hefei and wuhan , accusing the french nation of pro - secessionist conspiracy and anti - chinese racism . some burned french flags , some added swastika ( due to its conotaions with nazism ) to the french flag , and spread short online messages calling for large protests in front of french consulates and embassy . some shoppers who insisted on entering one of the carrefour stores in kunming were blocked by boycotters wielding large chinese flags and hit by water bottles . hundreds of people joined anti - french rallies in beijing , wuhan , hefei , kunming and qingdao , which quickly spread to other cities like xi ' an , harbin and jinan . carrefour denied any support or involvement in the tibetan issue , and had its staff in its chinese stores wear uniforms emblazoned with the chinese national flag and caps with olympic insignia and as well as the words " beijing 2008 " to show its support for the games . the effort had to be ceased when the bocog deemed the use of official olympic insignia as illegal and a violation of copyright . [ sep ] the french flag
in response to the demonstrations , the chinese government attempted to calm the situation , possibly fearing the protests may spiral out of control as has happened in recent years , including the anti - japanese protests in 2005 . state media and commentaries began to call for calm , such as an editorial in the people ' s daily which urged chinese people to " express [ their ] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally , and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner " . the government also began to patrol and censor the internet forums such as sohu . com , with comments related to the carrefour boycott removed . in the days prior to the planned boycott , evidence of efforts by chinese authorities to choke the mass boycott ' s efforts online became even more evident , including barring searches of words related to the french protests , but protests broke out nonetheless in front of carrefour ' s stores at beijing , changsha , fuzhou and shenyang on may 1 . [ sep ] anti - japanese protests
in response to the demonstrations , the chinese government attempted to calm the situation , possibly fearing the protests may spiral out of control as has happened in recent years , including the anti - japanese protests in 2005 . state media and commentaries began to call for calm , such as an editorial in the people ' s daily which urged chinese people to " express [ their ] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally , and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner " . the government also began to patrol and censor the internet forums such as sohu . com , with comments related to the carrefour boycott removed . in the days prior to the planned boycott , evidence of efforts by chinese authorities to choke the mass boycott ' s efforts online became even more evident , including barring searches of words related to the french protests , but protests broke out nonetheless in front of carrefour ' s stores at beijing , changsha , fuzhou and shenyang on may 1 . [ sep ] people ' s daily
in response to the demonstrations , the chinese government attempted to calm the situation , possibly fearing the protests may spiral out of control as has happened in recent years , including the anti - japanese protests in 2005 . state media and commentaries began to call for calm , such as an editorial in the people ' s daily which urged chinese people to " express [ their ] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally , and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner " . the government also began to patrol and censor the internet forums such as sohu . com , with comments related to the carrefour boycott removed . in the days prior to the planned boycott , evidence of efforts by chinese authorities to choke the mass boycott ' s efforts online became even more evident , including barring searches of words related to the french protests , but protests broke out nonetheless in front of carrefour ' s stores at beijing , changsha , fuzhou and shenyang on may 1 . [ sep ] sohu . com
in response to the demonstrations , the chinese government attempted to calm the situation , possibly fearing the protests may spiral out of control as has happened in recent years , including the anti - japanese protests in 2005 . state media and commentaries began to call for calm , such as an editorial in the people ' s daily which urged chinese people to " express [ their ] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally , and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner " . the government also began to patrol and censor the internet forums such as sohu . com , with comments related to the carrefour boycott removed . in the days prior to the planned boycott , evidence of efforts by chinese authorities to choke the mass boycott ' s efforts online became even more evident , including barring searches of words related to the french protests , but protests broke out nonetheless in front of carrefour ' s stores at beijing , changsha , fuzhou and shenyang on may 1 . [ sep ] may 1
in japan , the mayor of nagano , shoichi washizawa said that it has become a " great nuisance " for the city to host the torch relay prior to the nagano leg . washizawa ' s aides said the mayor ' s remark was not criticism about the relay itself but about the potential disruptions and confusion surrounding it . a city employee of the nagano city office ridiculed the protests in europe , he said " they are doing something foolish " , in a televised interview . nagano city officially apologized later and explained what he had wanted to say was " such violent protests were not easy to accept " . also citing concerns about protests as well as the recent violence in tibet , a major buddhist temple in nagano cancelled its plans to host the opening stage of the olympic torch relay , this temple was vandalised by an un - identified person the day after in apparent revenge , [ sep ] shoichi washizawa
in japan , the mayor of nagano , shoichi washizawa said that it has become a " great nuisance " for the city to host the torch relay prior to the nagano leg . washizawa ' s aides said the mayor ' s remark was not criticism about the relay itself but about the potential disruptions and confusion surrounding it . a city employee of the nagano city office ridiculed the protests in europe , he said " they are doing something foolish " , in a televised interview . nagano city officially apologized later and explained what he had wanted to say was " such violent protests were not easy to accept " . also citing concerns about protests as well as the recent violence in tibet , a major buddhist temple in nagano cancelled its plans to host the opening stage of the olympic torch relay , this temple was vandalised by an un - identified person the day after in apparent revenge , [ sep ] great nuisance
in japan , the mayor of nagano , shoichi washizawa said that it has become a " great nuisance " for the city to host the torch relay prior to the nagano leg . washizawa ' s aides said the mayor ' s remark was not criticism about the relay itself but about the potential disruptions and confusion surrounding it . a city employee of the nagano city office ridiculed the protests in europe , he said " they are doing something foolish " , in a televised interview . nagano city officially apologized later and explained what he had wanted to say was " such violent protests were not easy to accept " . also citing concerns about protests as well as the recent violence in tibet , a major buddhist temple in nagano cancelled its plans to host the opening stage of the olympic torch relay , this temple was vandalised by an un - identified person the day after in apparent revenge , [ sep ] a major buddhist temple
the domestic dog ( canis lupus familiaris or canis familiaris ) is a domesticated canid which has been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors , sensory capabilities , and physical attributes . [ sep ] domestic dog
the domestic dog ( canis lupus familiaris or canis familiaris ) is a domesticated canid which has been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors , sensory capabilities , and physical attributes . [ sep ] millennia
the domestic dog ( canis lupus familiaris or canis familiaris ) is a domesticated canid which has been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors , sensory capabilities , and physical attributes . [ sep ] sensory capabilities
although initially thought to have originated as a manmade variant of an extant canid species ( variously supposed as being the dhole , golden jackal , or gray wolf ) , extensive genetic studies undertaken during the 2010s indicate that dogs diverged from an extinct wolf - like canid in eurasia 40 , 000 years ago . being the oldest domesticated animal , their long association with people has allowed dogs to be uniquely attuned to human behavior , as well as thrive on a starch - rich diet which would be inadequate for other canid species . [ sep ] extensive genetic studies
dogs perform many roles for people , such as hunting , herding , pulling loads , protection , assisting police and military , companionship , and , more recently , aiding handicapped individuals . this impact on human society has given them the nickname " man ' s best friend " in the western world . in some cultures , however , dogs are a source of meat . [ sep ] man ' s best friend
dogs perform many roles for people , such as hunting , herding , pulling loads , protection , assisting police and military , companionship , and , more recently , aiding handicapped individuals . this impact on human society has given them the nickname " man ' s best friend " in the western world . in some cultures , however , dogs are a source of meat . [ sep ] meat
the term " domestic dog " is generally used for both of the domesticated and feral varieties . the english word dog comes from middle english dogge , from old english docga , a " powerful dog breed " . the term may possibly derive from proto - germanic * dukkon , represented in old english finger - docce ( " finger - muscle " ) . the word also shows the familiar petname diminutive - ga also seen in frogga " frog " , picga " pig " , stagga " stag " , wicga " beetle , worm " , among others . the term dog may ultimately derive from the earliest layer of proto - indo - european vocabulary . [ sep ] old english docga
the term " domestic dog " is generally used for both of the domesticated and feral varieties . the english word dog comes from middle english dogge , from old english docga , a " powerful dog breed " . the term may possibly derive from proto - germanic * dukkon , represented in old english finger - docce ( " finger - muscle " ) . the word also shows the familiar petname diminutive - ga also seen in frogga " frog " , picga " pig " , stagga " stag " , wicga " beetle , worm " , among others . the term dog may ultimately derive from the earliest layer of proto - indo - european vocabulary . [ sep ] proto - indo - european
in 14th - century england , hound ( from old english : hund ) was the general word for all domestic canines , and dog referred to a subtype of hound , a group including the mastiff . it is believed this " dog " type was so common , it eventually became the prototype of the category " hound " . by the 16th century , dog had become the general word , and hound had begun to refer only to types used for hunting . the word " hound " is ultimately derived from the proto - indo - european word * kwon - " dog " . [ sep ] hound
in 14th - century england , hound ( from old english : hund ) was the general word for all domestic canines , and dog referred to a subtype of hound , a group including the mastiff . it is believed this " dog " type was so common , it eventually became the prototype of the category " hound " . by the 16th century , dog had become the general word , and hound had begun to refer only to types used for hunting . the word " hound " is ultimately derived from the proto - indo - european word * kwon - " dog " . [ sep ] 16th century
in 14th - century england , hound ( from old english : hund ) was the general word for all domestic canines , and dog referred to a subtype of hound , a group including the mastiff . it is believed this " dog " type was so common , it eventually became the prototype of the category " hound " . by the 16th century , dog had become the general word , and hound had begun to refer only to types used for hunting . the word " hound " is ultimately derived from the proto - indo - european word * kwon - " dog " . [ sep ] hunting
in 14th - century england , hound ( from old english : hund ) was the general word for all domestic canines , and dog referred to a subtype of hound , a group including the mastiff . it is believed this " dog " type was so common , it eventually became the prototype of the category " hound " . by the 16th century , dog had become the general word , and hound had begun to refer only to types used for hunting . the word " hound " is ultimately derived from the proto - indo - european word * kwon - " dog " . [ sep ] * kwon - " dog "
in breeding circles , a male canine is referred to as a dog , while a female is called a bitch ( middle english bicche , from old english bicce , ultimately from old norse bikkja ) . a group of offspring is a litter . the father of a litter is called the sire , and the mother is called the dam . offspring are , in general , called pups or puppies , from french poupee , until they are about a year old . the process of birth is whelping , from the old english word hwelp . [ sep ] bitch
in breeding circles , a male canine is referred to as a dog , while a female is called a bitch ( middle english bicche , from old english bicce , ultimately from old norse bikkja ) . a group of offspring is a litter . the father of a litter is called the sire , and the mother is called the dam . offspring are , in general , called pups or puppies , from french poupee , until they are about a year old . the process of birth is whelping , from the old english word hwelp . [ sep ] litter
in breeding circles , a male canine is referred to as a dog , while a female is called a bitch ( middle english bicche , from old english bicce , ultimately from old norse bikkja ) . a group of offspring is a litter . the father of a litter is called the sire , and the mother is called the dam . offspring are , in general , called pups or puppies , from french poupee , until they are about a year old . the process of birth is whelping , from the old english word hwelp . [ sep ] sire
in breeding circles , a male canine is referred to as a dog , while a female is called a bitch ( middle english bicche , from old english bicce , ultimately from old norse bikkja ) . a group of offspring is a litter . the father of a litter is called the sire , and the mother is called the dam . offspring are , in general , called pups or puppies , from french poupee , until they are about a year old . the process of birth is whelping , from the old english word hwelp . [ sep ] dam
in breeding circles , a male canine is referred to as a dog , while a female is called a bitch ( middle english bicche , from old english bicce , ultimately from old norse bikkja ) . a group of offspring is a litter . the father of a litter is called the sire , and the mother is called the dam . offspring are , in general , called pups or puppies , from french poupee , until they are about a year old . the process of birth is whelping , from the old english word hwelp . [ sep ] pups
in 1758 , the taxonomist linnaeus published in systema naturae a categorization of species which included the canis species . canis is a latin word meaning dog , and the list included the dog - like carnivores : the domestic dog , wolves , foxes and jackals . the dog was classified as canis familiaris , which means " dog - family " or the family dog . on the next page he recorded the wolf as canis lupus , which means " dog - wolf " . in 1978 , a review aimed at reducing the number of recognized canis species proposed that " canis dingo is now generally regarded as a distinctive feral domestic dog . canis familiaris is used for domestic dogs , although taxonomically it should probably be synonymous with canis lupus . " in 1982 , the first edition of mammal species of the world listed canis familiaris under canis lupus with the comment : " probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog , familiaris . canis familiaris has page priority over canis lupus , but both were published simultaneously in linnaeus ( 1758 ) , and canis lupus has been universally used for this species " , which avoided classifying the wolf as the family dog . the dog is now listed among the many other latin - named subspecies of canis lupus as canis lupus familiaris . [ sep ] canis
in 1758 , the taxonomist linnaeus published in systema naturae a categorization of species which included the canis species . canis is a latin word meaning dog , and the list included the dog - like carnivores : the domestic dog , wolves , foxes and jackals . the dog was classified as canis familiaris , which means " dog - family " or the family dog . on the next page he recorded the wolf as canis lupus , which means " dog - wolf " . in 1978 , a review aimed at reducing the number of recognized canis species proposed that " canis dingo is now generally regarded as a distinctive feral domestic dog . canis familiaris is used for domestic dogs , although taxonomically it should probably be synonymous with canis lupus . " in 1982 , the first edition of mammal species of the world listed canis familiaris under canis lupus with the comment : " probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog , familiaris . canis familiaris has page priority over canis lupus , but both were published simultaneously in linnaeus ( 1758 ) , and canis lupus has been universally used for this species " , which avoided classifying the wolf as the family dog . the dog is now listed among the many other latin - named subspecies of canis lupus as canis lupus familiaris . [ sep ] family dog
in 1758 , the taxonomist linnaeus published in systema naturae a categorization of species which included the canis species . canis is a latin word meaning dog , and the list included the dog - like carnivores : the domestic dog , wolves , foxes and jackals . the dog was classified as canis familiaris , which means " dog - family " or the family dog . on the next page he recorded the wolf as canis lupus , which means " dog - wolf " . in 1978 , a review aimed at reducing the number of recognized canis species proposed that " canis dingo is now generally regarded as a distinctive feral domestic dog . canis familiaris is used for domestic dogs , although taxonomically it should probably be synonymous with canis lupus . " in 1982 , the first edition of mammal species of the world listed canis familiaris under canis lupus with the comment : " probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog , familiaris . canis familiaris has page priority over canis lupus , but both were published simultaneously in linnaeus ( 1758 ) , and canis lupus has been universally used for this species " , which avoided classifying the wolf as the family dog . the dog is now listed among the many other latin - named subspecies of canis lupus as canis lupus familiaris . [ sep ] canis lupus
in 1758 , the taxonomist linnaeus published in systema naturae a categorization of species which included the canis species . canis is a latin word meaning dog , and the list included the dog - like carnivores : the domestic dog , wolves , foxes and jackals . the dog was classified as canis familiaris , which means " dog - family " or the family dog . on the next page he recorded the wolf as canis lupus , which means " dog - wolf " . in 1978 , a review aimed at reducing the number of recognized canis species proposed that " canis dingo is now generally regarded as a distinctive feral domestic dog . canis familiaris is used for domestic dogs , although taxonomically it should probably be synonymous with canis lupus . " in 1982 , the first edition of mammal species of the world listed canis familiaris under canis lupus with the comment : " probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog , familiaris . canis familiaris has page priority over canis lupus , but both were published simultaneously in linnaeus ( 1758 ) , and canis lupus has been universally used for this species " , which avoided classifying the wolf as the family dog . the dog is now listed among the many other latin - named subspecies of canis lupus as canis lupus familiaris . [ sep ] canis dingo
in 1758 , the taxonomist linnaeus published in systema naturae a categorization of species which included the canis species . canis is a latin word meaning dog , and the list included the dog - like carnivores : the domestic dog , wolves , foxes and jackals . the dog was classified as canis familiaris , which means " dog - family " or the family dog . on the next page he recorded the wolf as canis lupus , which means " dog - wolf " . in 1978 , a review aimed at reducing the number of recognized canis species proposed that " canis dingo is now generally regarded as a distinctive feral domestic dog . canis familiaris is used for domestic dogs , although taxonomically it should probably be synonymous with canis lupus . " in 1982 , the first edition of mammal species of the world listed canis familiaris under canis lupus with the comment : " probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog , familiaris . canis familiaris has page priority over canis lupus , but both were published simultaneously in linnaeus ( 1758 ) , and canis lupus has been universally used for this species " , which avoided classifying the wolf as the family dog . the dog is now listed among the many other latin - named subspecies of canis lupus as canis lupus familiaris . [ sep ] 1982
in 2003 , the iczn ruled in its opinion 2027 that if wild animals and their domesticated derivatives are regarded as one species , then the scientific name of that species is the scientific name of the wild animal . in 2005 , the third edition of mammal species of the world upheld opinion 2027 with the name lupus and the note : " includes the domestic dog as a subspecies , with the dingo provisionally separate - artificial variants created by domestication and selective breeding " . however , canis familiaris is sometimes used due to an ongoing nomenclature debate because wild and domestic animals are separately recognizable entities and that the iczn allowed users a choice as to which name they could use , and a number of internationally recognized researchers prefer to use canis familiaris . [ sep ] iczn
in 2003 , the iczn ruled in its opinion 2027 that if wild animals and their domesticated derivatives are regarded as one species , then the scientific name of that species is the scientific name of the wild animal . in 2005 , the third edition of mammal species of the world upheld opinion 2027 with the name lupus and the note : " includes the domestic dog as a subspecies , with the dingo provisionally separate - artificial variants created by domestication and selective breeding " . however , canis familiaris is sometimes used due to an ongoing nomenclature debate because wild and domestic animals are separately recognizable entities and that the iczn allowed users a choice as to which name they could use , and a number of internationally recognized researchers prefer to use canis familiaris . [ sep ] opinion 2027
the origin of the domestic dog ( canis lupus familiaris or canis familiaris ) is not clear . whole genome sequencing indicates that the dog , the gray wolf and the extinct taymyr wolf diverged at around the same time 27 , 000 – 40 , 000 years ago . these dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter - gatherers and not agriculturists . modern dogs are more closely related to ancient wolf fossils that have been found in europe than they are to modern gray wolves . nearly all dog breeds ' genetic closeness to the gray wolf are due to admixture , except several arctic dog breeds are close to the taimyr wolf of north asia due to admixture . [ sep ] human hunter - gatherers
the origin of the domestic dog ( canis lupus familiaris or canis familiaris ) is not clear . whole genome sequencing indicates that the dog , the gray wolf and the extinct taymyr wolf diverged at around the same time 27 , 000 – 40 , 000 years ago . these dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter - gatherers and not agriculturists . modern dogs are more closely related to ancient wolf fossils that have been found in europe than they are to modern gray wolves . nearly all dog breeds ' genetic closeness to the gray wolf are due to admixture , except several arctic dog breeds are close to the taimyr wolf of north asia due to admixture . [ sep ] gray wolf
the origin of the domestic dog ( canis lupus familiaris or canis familiaris ) is not clear . whole genome sequencing indicates that the dog , the gray wolf and the extinct taymyr wolf diverged at around the same time 27 , 000 – 40 , 000 years ago . these dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter - gatherers and not agriculturists . modern dogs are more closely related to ancient wolf fossils that have been found in europe than they are to modern gray wolves . nearly all dog breeds ' genetic closeness to the gray wolf are due to admixture , except several arctic dog breeds are close to the taimyr wolf of north asia due to admixture . [ sep ] taimyr
domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors , sensory capabilities , and physical attributes . modern dog breeds show more variation in size , appearance , and behavior than any other domestic animal . dogs are predators and scavengers , and like many other predatory mammals , the dog has powerful muscles , fused wrist bones , a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance , and teeth for catching and tearing . [ sep ] catching and tearing
domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors , sensory capabilities , and physical attributes . modern dog breeds show more variation in size , appearance , and behavior than any other domestic animal . dogs are predators and scavengers , and like many other predatory mammals , the dog has powerful muscles , fused wrist bones , a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance , and teeth for catching and tearing . [ sep ] scavengers
dogs are highly variable in height and weight . the smallest known adult dog was a yorkshire terrier , that stood only 6 . 3 cm ( 2 . 5 in ) at the shoulder , 9 . 5 cm ( 3 . 7 in ) in length along the head - and - body , and weighed only 113 grams ( 4 . 0 oz ) . the largest known dog was an english mastiff which weighed 155 . 6 kg ( 343 lb ) and was 250 cm ( 98 in ) from the snout to the tail . the tallest dog is a great dane that stands 106 . 7 cm ( 42 . 0 in ) at the shoulder . [ sep ] english mastiff
the coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties : " double " being common with dogs ( as well as wolves ) originating from colder climates , made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair , or " single " , with the topcoat only . [ sep ] double
the coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties : " double " being common with dogs ( as well as wolves ) originating from colder climates , made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair , or " single " , with the topcoat only . [ sep ] topcoat only
domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading , a common natural camouflage pattern . a countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below , which reduces its general visibility . thus , many breeds will have an occasional " blaze " , stripe , or " star " of white fur on their chest or underside . [ sep ] countershading
domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading , a common natural camouflage pattern . a countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below , which reduces its general visibility . thus , many breeds will have an occasional " blaze " , stripe , or " star " of white fur on their chest or underside . [ sep ] dark coloring
domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading , a common natural camouflage pattern . a countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below , which reduces its general visibility . thus , many breeds will have an occasional " blaze " , stripe , or " star " of white fur on their chest or underside . [ sep ] visibility
there are many different shapes for dog tails : straight , straight up , sickle , curled , or cork - screw . as with many canids , one of the primary functions of a dog ' s tail is to communicate their emotional state , which can be important in getting along with others . in some hunting dogs , however , the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries . in some breeds , such as the braque du bourbonnais , puppies can be born with a short tail or no tail at all . [ sep ] tails
some breeds of dogs are prone to certain genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia , blindness , deafness , pulmonic stenosis , cleft palate , and trick knees . two serious medical conditions particularly affecting dogs are pyometra , affecting unspayed females of all types and ages , and bloat , which affects the larger breeds or deep - chested dogs . both of these are acute conditions , and can kill rapidly . dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas , ticks , and mites , as well as hookworms , tapeworms , roundworms , and heartworms . [ sep ] unspayed females
some breeds of dogs are prone to certain genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia , blindness , deafness , pulmonic stenosis , cleft palate , and trick knees . two serious medical conditions particularly affecting dogs are pyometra , affecting unspayed females of all types and ages , and bloat , which affects the larger breeds or deep - chested dogs . both of these are acute conditions , and can kill rapidly . dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas , ticks , and mites , as well as hookworms , tapeworms , roundworms , and heartworms . [ sep ] parasites
a number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs , including chocolate solids ( theobromine poisoning ) , onion and garlic ( thiosulphate , sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning ) , grapes and raisins , macadamia nuts , xylitol , as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials . the nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous . dogs can get it by scavenging in garbage or ashtrays ; eating cigars and cigarettes . signs can be vomiting of large amounts ( e . g . , from eating cigar butts ) or diarrhea . some other signs are abdominal pain , loss of coordination , collapse , or death . dogs are highly susceptible to theobromine poisoning , typically from ingestion of chocolate . theobromine is toxic to dogs because , although the dog ' s metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical , the process is so slow that even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal , especially dark chocolate . [ sep ] toxic
a number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs , including chocolate solids ( theobromine poisoning ) , onion and garlic ( thiosulphate , sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning ) , grapes and raisins , macadamia nuts , xylitol , as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials . the nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous . dogs can get it by scavenging in garbage or ashtrays ; eating cigars and cigarettes . signs can be vomiting of large amounts ( e . g . , from eating cigar butts ) or diarrhea . some other signs are abdominal pain , loss of coordination , collapse , or death . dogs are highly susceptible to theobromine poisoning , typically from ingestion of chocolate . theobromine is toxic to dogs because , although the dog ' s metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical , the process is so slow that even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal , especially dark chocolate . [ sep ] nicotine
a number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs , including chocolate solids ( theobromine poisoning ) , onion and garlic ( thiosulphate , sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning ) , grapes and raisins , macadamia nuts , xylitol , as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials . the nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous . dogs can get it by scavenging in garbage or ashtrays ; eating cigars and cigarettes . signs can be vomiting of large amounts ( e . g . , from eating cigar butts ) or diarrhea . some other signs are abdominal pain , loss of coordination , collapse , or death . dogs are highly susceptible to theobromine poisoning , typically from ingestion of chocolate . theobromine is toxic to dogs because , although the dog ' s metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical , the process is so slow that even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal , especially dark chocolate . [ sep ] dark
dogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans , including diabetes , dental and heart disease , epilepsy , cancer , hypothyroidism , and arthritis . [ sep ] humans
in 2013 , a study found that mixed breeds live on average 1 . 2 years longer than pure breeds , and that increasing body - weight was negatively correlated with longevity ( i . e . the heavier the dog the shorter its lifespan ) . [ sep ] 2013
in 2013 , a study found that mixed breeds live on average 1 . 2 years longer than pure breeds , and that increasing body - weight was negatively correlated with longevity ( i . e . the heavier the dog the shorter its lifespan ) . [ sep ] 1 . 2 years longer
the breed with the shortest lifespan ( among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size ) is the dogue de bordeaux , with a median longevity of about 5 . 2 years , but several breeds , including miniature bull terriers , bloodhounds , and irish wolfhounds are nearly as short - lived , with median longevities of 6 to 7 years . [ sep ] dogue de bordeaux
the breed with the shortest lifespan ( among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size ) is the dogue de bordeaux , with a median longevity of about 5 . 2 years , but several breeds , including miniature bull terriers , bloodhounds , and irish wolfhounds are nearly as short - lived , with median longevities of 6 to 7 years . [ sep ] 5 . 2 years
the longest - lived breeds , including toy poodles , japanese spitz , border terriers , and tibetan spaniels , have median longevities of 14 to 15 years . the median longevity of mixed - breed dogs , taken as an average of all sizes , is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged . the dog widely reported to be the longest - lived is " bluey " , who died in 1939 and was claimed to be 29 . 5 years old at the time of his death . on 5 december 2011 , pusuke , the world ' s oldest living dog recognized by guinness book of world records , died aged 26 years and 9 months . [ sep ] bluey
the longest - lived breeds , including toy poodles , japanese spitz , border terriers , and tibetan spaniels , have median longevities of 14 to 15 years . the median longevity of mixed - breed dogs , taken as an average of all sizes , is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged . the dog widely reported to be the longest - lived is " bluey " , who died in 1939 and was claimed to be 29 . 5 years old at the time of his death . on 5 december 2011 , pusuke , the world ' s oldest living dog recognized by guinness book of world records , died aged 26 years and 9 months . [ sep ] 1939
the longest - lived breeds , including toy poodles , japanese spitz , border terriers , and tibetan spaniels , have median longevities of 14 to 15 years . the median longevity of mixed - breed dogs , taken as an average of all sizes , is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged . the dog widely reported to be the longest - lived is " bluey " , who died in 1939 and was claimed to be 29 . 5 years old at the time of his death . on 5 december 2011 , pusuke , the world ' s oldest living dog recognized by guinness book of world records , died aged 26 years and 9 months . [ sep ] pusuke
in domestic dogs , sexual maturity begins to happen around age six to twelve months for both males and females , although this can be delayed until up to two years old for some large breeds . this is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle . they will experience subsequent estrous cycles biannually , during which the body prepares for pregnancy . at the peak of the cycle , females will come into estrus , being mentally and physically receptive to copulation . because the ova survive and are capable of being fertilized for a week after ovulation , it is possible for a female to mate with more than one male . [ sep ] two years
in domestic dogs , sexual maturity begins to happen around age six to twelve months for both males and females , although this can be delayed until up to two years old for some large breeds . this is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle . they will experience subsequent estrous cycles biannually , during which the body prepares for pregnancy . at the peak of the cycle , females will come into estrus , being mentally and physically receptive to copulation . because the ova survive and are capable of being fertilized for a week after ovulation , it is possible for a female to mate with more than one male . [ sep ] first estrous cycle
dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization , with an average of 63 days , although the length of gestation can vary . an average litter consists of about six puppies , though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog . in general , toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter , while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve . [ sep ] 63 days
dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization , with an average of 63 days , although the length of gestation can vary . an average litter consists of about six puppies , though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog . in general , toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter , while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve . [ sep ] six
dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization , with an average of 63 days , although the length of gestation can vary . an average litter consists of about six puppies , though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog . in general , toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter , while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve . [ sep ] one to four
some dog breeds have acquired traits through selective breeding that interfere with reproduction . male french bulldogs , for instance , are incapable of mounting the female . for many dogs of this breed , the female must be artificially inseminated in order to reproduce . [ sep ] male french bulldogs
neutering refers to the sterilization of animals , usually by removal of the male ' s testicles or the female ' s ovaries and uterus , in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive . because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries , many animal control agencies , such as the american society for the prevention of cruelty to animals ( aspca ) , advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered , so that they do not have undesired puppies that may have to later be euthanized . [ sep ] testicles
neutering refers to the sterilization of animals , usually by removal of the male ' s testicles or the female ' s ovaries and uterus , in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive . because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries , many animal control agencies , such as the american society for the prevention of cruelty to animals ( aspca ) , advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered , so that they do not have undesired puppies that may have to later be euthanized . [ sep ] ovaries and uterus
neutering refers to the sterilization of animals , usually by removal of the male ' s testicles or the female ' s ovaries and uterus , in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive . because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries , many animal control agencies , such as the american society for the prevention of cruelty to animals ( aspca ) , advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered , so that they do not have undesired puppies that may have to later be euthanized . [ sep ] neutered
neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality , especially in male dogs . spayed female dogs are less likely to develop some forms of cancer , affecting mammary glands , ovaries , and other reproductive organs . however , neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs , and prostate cancer in males , as well as osteosarcoma , hemangiosarcoma , cruciate ligament rupture , obesity , and diabetes mellitus in either sex . [ sep ] spayed
neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality , especially in male dogs . spayed female dogs are less likely to develop some forms of cancer , affecting mammary glands , ovaries , and other reproductive organs . however , neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs , and prostate cancer in males , as well as osteosarcoma , hemangiosarcoma , cruciate ligament rupture , obesity , and diabetes mellitus in either sex . [ sep ] urinary incontinence
neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality , especially in male dogs . spayed female dogs are less likely to develop some forms of cancer , affecting mammary glands , ovaries , and other reproductive organs . however , neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs , and prostate cancer in males , as well as osteosarcoma , hemangiosarcoma , cruciate ligament rupture , obesity , and diabetes mellitus in either sex . [ sep ] prostate cancer
dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems . dogs have been shown to learn by inference . a study with rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items . he inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure . dogs have advanced memory skills . a study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie , " chaser " , who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1 , 000 words . dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing , and to understand human voice commands . dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception . a study showed compelling evidence that australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non - social problem - solving experiment , indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem - solving abilities once they joined humans . another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task , dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human , while socialized wolves do not . modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them . [ sep ] intelligence
dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems . dogs have been shown to learn by inference . a study with rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items . he inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure . dogs have advanced memory skills . a study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie , " chaser " , who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1 , 000 words . dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing , and to understand human voice commands . dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception . a study showed compelling evidence that australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non - social problem - solving experiment , indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem - solving abilities once they joined humans . another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task , dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human , while socialized wolves do not . modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them . [ sep ] over 200
dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems . dogs have been shown to learn by inference . a study with rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items . he inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure . dogs have advanced memory skills . a study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie , " chaser " , who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1 , 000 words . dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing , and to understand human voice commands . dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception . a study showed compelling evidence that australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non - social problem - solving experiment , indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem - solving abilities once they joined humans . another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task , dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human , while socialized wolves do not . modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them . [ sep ] advanced
dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems . dogs have been shown to learn by inference . a study with rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items . he inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure . dogs have advanced memory skills . a study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie , " chaser " , who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1 , 000 words . dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing , and to understand human voice commands . dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception . a study showed compelling evidence that australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non - social problem - solving experiment , indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem - solving abilities once they joined humans . another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task , dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human , while socialized wolves do not . modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them . [ sep ] over 1 , 000
dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses ( actions or inactions ) of the domestic dog ( individuals or groups ) to internal and / or external stimuli . as the oldest domesticated species , with estimates ranging from 9 , 000 – 30 , 000 years bce , the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans . as a result of this physical and social evolution , dogs , more than any other species , have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans and they are uniquely attuned to our behaviors . behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social - cognitive abilities in the otherwise humble domestic dog . these abilities are not possessed by the dog ' s closest canine relatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes . rather , these skills parallel some of the social - cognitive skills of human children . [ sep ] dog behavior
dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses ( actions or inactions ) of the domestic dog ( individuals or groups ) to internal and / or external stimuli . as the oldest domesticated species , with estimates ranging from 9 , 000 – 30 , 000 years bce , the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans . as a result of this physical and social evolution , dogs , more than any other species , have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans and they are uniquely attuned to our behaviors . behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social - cognitive abilities in the otherwise humble domestic dog . these abilities are not possessed by the dog ' s closest canine relatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes . rather , these skills parallel some of the social - cognitive skills of human children . [ sep ] understand and communicate
dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses ( actions or inactions ) of the domestic dog ( individuals or groups ) to internal and / or external stimuli . as the oldest domesticated species , with estimates ranging from 9 , 000 – 30 , 000 years bce , the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans . as a result of this physical and social evolution , dogs , more than any other species , have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans and they are uniquely attuned to our behaviors . behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social - cognitive abilities in the otherwise humble domestic dog . these abilities are not possessed by the dog ' s closest canine relatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes . rather , these skills parallel some of the social - cognitive skills of human children . [ sep ] human children
dog communication is about how dogs " speak " to each other , how they understand messages that humans send to them , and how humans can translate the ideas that dogs are trying to transmit . : xii these communication behaviors include eye gaze , facial expression , vocalization , body posture ( including movements of bodies and limbs ) and gustatory communication ( scents , pheromones and taste ) . humans communicate with dogs by using vocalization , hand signals and body posture . [ sep ] dog communication
dog communication is about how dogs " speak " to each other , how they understand messages that humans send to them , and how humans can translate the ideas that dogs are trying to transmit . : xii these communication behaviors include eye gaze , facial expression , vocalization , body posture ( including movements of bodies and limbs ) and gustatory communication ( scents , pheromones and taste ) . humans communicate with dogs by using vocalization , hand signals and body posture . [ sep ] hand signals
despite their close genetic relationship and the ability to inter - breed , there are a number of diagnostic features to distinguish the gray wolves from domestic dogs . domesticated dogs are clearly distinguishable from wolves by starch gel electrophoresis of red blood cell acid phosphatase . the tympanic bullae are large , convex and almost spherical in gray wolves , while the bullae of dogs are smaller , compressed and slightly crumpled . compared to equally sized wolves , dogs tend to have 20 % smaller skulls and 30 % smaller brains . : 35 the teeth of gray wolves are also proportionately larger than those of dogs ; the premolars and molars of wolves are much less crowded and have more complex cusp patterns . wolves do not have dewclaws on their back legs , unless there has been admixture with dogs . dogs lack a functioning pre - caudal gland , and most enter estrus twice yearly , unlike gray wolves which only do so once a year . dogs require fewer calories to function than wolves . the dog ' s limp ears may be the result of atrophy of the jaw muscles . the skin of domestic dogs tends to be thicker than that of wolves , with some inuit tribes favoring the former for use as clothing due to its greater resistance to wear and tear in harsh weather . [ sep ] diagnostic features
despite their close genetic relationship and the ability to inter - breed , there are a number of diagnostic features to distinguish the gray wolves from domestic dogs . domesticated dogs are clearly distinguishable from wolves by starch gel electrophoresis of red blood cell acid phosphatase . the tympanic bullae are large , convex and almost spherical in gray wolves , while the bullae of dogs are smaller , compressed and slightly crumpled . compared to equally sized wolves , dogs tend to have 20 % smaller skulls and 30 % smaller brains . : 35 the teeth of gray wolves are also proportionately larger than those of dogs ; the premolars and molars of wolves are much less crowded and have more complex cusp patterns . wolves do not have dewclaws on their back legs , unless there has been admixture with dogs . dogs lack a functioning pre - caudal gland , and most enter estrus twice yearly , unlike gray wolves which only do so once a year . dogs require fewer calories to function than wolves . the dog ' s limp ears may be the result of atrophy of the jaw muscles . the skin of domestic dogs tends to be thicker than that of wolves , with some inuit tribes favoring the former for use as clothing due to its greater resistance to wear and tear in harsh weather . [ sep ] once a year .
unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production - related traits , dogs were initially selected for their behaviors . in 2016 , a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs . these gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution , and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication . these genes have been shown to have an impact on the catecholamine synthesis pathway , with the majority of the genes affecting the fight - or - flight response ( i . e . selection for tameness ) , and emotional processing . dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared to wolves . some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds , indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and then later in breed formation . [ sep ] production - related traits
unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production - related traits , dogs were initially selected for their behaviors . in 2016 , a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs . these gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution , and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication . these genes have been shown to have an impact on the catecholamine synthesis pathway , with the majority of the genes affecting the fight - or - flight response ( i . e . selection for tameness ) , and emotional processing . dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared to wolves . some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds , indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and then later in breed formation . [ sep ] for their behaviors .
unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production - related traits , dogs were initially selected for their behaviors . in 2016 , a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs . these gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution , and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication . these genes have been shown to have an impact on the catecholamine synthesis pathway , with the majority of the genes affecting the fight - or - flight response ( i . e . selection for tameness ) , and emotional processing . dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared to wolves . some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds , indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and then later in breed formation . [ sep ] 11
unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production - related traits , dogs were initially selected for their behaviors . in 2016 , a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs . these gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution , and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication . these genes have been shown to have an impact on the catecholamine synthesis pathway , with the majority of the genes affecting the fight - or - flight response ( i . e . selection for tameness ) , and emotional processing . dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared to wolves . some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds , indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and then later in breed formation . [ sep ] aggression
the global dog population is estimated at 525 million : 225 based on a transparent methodology , as opposed to other estimates where the methodology has not been made available – all dog population estimates are based on regional human population densities and land uses . [ sep ] 525 million
the global dog population is estimated at 525 million : 225 based on a transparent methodology , as opposed to other estimates where the methodology has not been made available – all dog population estimates are based on regional human population densities and land uses . [ sep ] human population densities
although it is said that the " dog is man ' s best friend " regarding 17 – 24 % of dogs in the developed countries , in the developing world they are feral , village or community dogs , with pet dogs uncommon . these live their lives as scavengers and have never been owned by humans , with one study showing their most common response when approached by strangers was to run away ( 52 % ) or respond with aggression ( 11 % ) . we know little about these dogs , nor about the dogs that live in developed countries that are feral , stray or are in shelters , yet the great majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes . [ sep ] run away
although it is said that the " dog is man ' s best friend " regarding 17 – 24 % of dogs in the developed countries , in the developing world they are feral , village or community dogs , with pet dogs uncommon . these live their lives as scavengers and have never been owned by humans , with one study showing their most common response when approached by strangers was to run away ( 52 % ) or respond with aggression ( 11 % ) . we know little about these dogs , nor about the dogs that live in developed countries that are feral , stray or are in shelters , yet the great majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes . [ sep ] respond with aggression
although it is said that the " dog is man ' s best friend " regarding 17 – 24 % of dogs in the developed countries , in the developing world they are feral , village or community dogs , with pet dogs uncommon . these live their lives as scavengers and have never been owned by humans , with one study showing their most common response when approached by strangers was to run away ( 52 % ) or respond with aggression ( 11 % ) . we know little about these dogs , nor about the dogs that live in developed countries that are feral , stray or are in shelters , yet the great majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes . [ sep ] pet dogs living in human homes .
although large wild dogs , like wolves , are apex predators , they can be killed in territory disputes with wild animals . furthermore , in areas where both dogs and other large predators live , dogs can be a major food source for big cats or canines . reports from croatia indicate wolves kill dogs more frequently than they kill sheep . wolves in russia apparently limit feral dog populations . in wisconsin , more compensation has been paid for dog losses than livestock . some wolf pairs have been reported to prey on dogs by having one wolf lure the dog out into heavy brush where the second animal waits in ambush . in some instances , wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs , to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed . [ sep ] apex
although large wild dogs , like wolves , are apex predators , they can be killed in territory disputes with wild animals . furthermore , in areas where both dogs and other large predators live , dogs can be a major food source for big cats or canines . reports from croatia indicate wolves kill dogs more frequently than they kill sheep . wolves in russia apparently limit feral dog populations . in wisconsin , more compensation has been paid for dog losses than livestock . some wolf pairs have been reported to prey on dogs by having one wolf lure the dog out into heavy brush where the second animal waits in ambush . in some instances , wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs , to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed . [ sep ] sheep
although large wild dogs , like wolves , are apex predators , they can be killed in territory disputes with wild animals . furthermore , in areas where both dogs and other large predators live , dogs can be a major food source for big cats or canines . reports from croatia indicate wolves kill dogs more frequently than they kill sheep . wolves in russia apparently limit feral dog populations . in wisconsin , more compensation has been paid for dog losses than livestock . some wolf pairs have been reported to prey on dogs by having one wolf lure the dog out into heavy brush where the second animal waits in ambush . in some instances , wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs , to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed . [ sep ] wolves
coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs . leopards in particular are known to have a predilection for dogs , and have been recorded to kill and consume them regardless of the dog ' s size or ferocity . tigers in manchuria , indochina , indonesia , and malaysia are reputed to kill dogs with the same vigor as leopards . striped hyenas are major predators of village dogs in turkmenistan , india , and the caucasus . reptiles such as alligators and pythons have been known to kill and eat dogs . [ sep ] leopards
coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs . leopards in particular are known to have a predilection for dogs , and have been recorded to kill and consume them regardless of the dog ' s size or ferocity . tigers in manchuria , indochina , indonesia , and malaysia are reputed to kill dogs with the same vigor as leopards . striped hyenas are major predators of village dogs in turkmenistan , india , and the caucasus . reptiles such as alligators and pythons have been known to kill and eat dogs . [ sep ] tigers
coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs . leopards in particular are known to have a predilection for dogs , and have been recorded to kill and consume them regardless of the dog ' s size or ferocity . tigers in manchuria , indochina , indonesia , and malaysia are reputed to kill dogs with the same vigor as leopards . striped hyenas are major predators of village dogs in turkmenistan , india , and the caucasus . reptiles such as alligators and pythons have been known to kill and eat dogs . [ sep ] alligators and pythons
coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs . leopards in particular are known to have a predilection for dogs , and have been recorded to kill and consume them regardless of the dog ' s size or ferocity . tigers in manchuria , indochina , indonesia , and malaysia are reputed to kill dogs with the same vigor as leopards . striped hyenas are major predators of village dogs in turkmenistan , india , and the caucasus . reptiles such as alligators and pythons have been known to kill and eat dogs . [ sep ] striped hyenas
despite their descent from wolves and classification as carnivora , dogs are variously described in scholarly and other writings as carnivores or omnivores . unlike obligate carnivores , such as the cat family with its shorter small intestine , dogs can adapt to a wide - ranging diet , and are not dependent on meat - specific protein nor a very high level of protein in order to fulfill their basic dietary requirements . dogs will healthily digest a variety of foods , including vegetables and grains , and can consume a large proportion of these in their diet . comparing dogs and wolves , dogs have adaptations in genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch - rich diet . [ sep ] carnivores or omnivores
despite their descent from wolves and classification as carnivora , dogs are variously described in scholarly and other writings as carnivores or omnivores . unlike obligate carnivores , such as the cat family with its shorter small intestine , dogs can adapt to a wide - ranging diet , and are not dependent on meat - specific protein nor a very high level of protein in order to fulfill their basic dietary requirements . dogs will healthily digest a variety of foods , including vegetables and grains , and can consume a large proportion of these in their diet . comparing dogs and wolves , dogs have adaptations in genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch - rich diet . [ sep ] protein
despite their descent from wolves and classification as carnivora , dogs are variously described in scholarly and other writings as carnivores or omnivores . unlike obligate carnivores , such as the cat family with its shorter small intestine , dogs can adapt to a wide - ranging diet , and are not dependent on meat - specific protein nor a very high level of protein in order to fulfill their basic dietary requirements . dogs will healthily digest a variety of foods , including vegetables and grains , and can consume a large proportion of these in their diet . comparing dogs and wolves , dogs have adaptations in genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch - rich diet . [ sep ] starch
most breeds of dog are at most a few hundred years old , having been artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors by people for specific functional roles . through this selective breeding , the dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds , and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal . for example , height measured to the withers ranges from 15 . 2 centimetres ( 6 . 0 in ) in the chihuahua to about 76 cm ( 30 in ) in the irish wolfhound ; color varies from white through grays ( usually called " blue " ) to black , and browns from light ( tan ) to dark ( " red " or " chocolate " ) in a wide variation of patterns ; coats can be short or long , coarse - haired to wool - like , straight , curly , or smooth . it is common for most breeds to shed this coat . [ sep ] a few hundred years old
most breeds of dog are at most a few hundred years old , having been artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors by people for specific functional roles . through this selective breeding , the dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds , and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal . for example , height measured to the withers ranges from 15 . 2 centimetres ( 6 . 0 in ) in the chihuahua to about 76 cm ( 30 in ) in the irish wolfhound ; color varies from white through grays ( usually called " blue " ) to black , and browns from light ( tan ) to dark ( " red " or " chocolate " ) in a wide variation of patterns ; coats can be short or long , coarse - haired to wool - like , straight , curly , or smooth . it is common for most breeds to shed this coat . [ sep ] hundreds
most breeds of dog are at most a few hundred years old , having been artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors by people for specific functional roles . through this selective breeding , the dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds , and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal . for example , height measured to the withers ranges from 15 . 2 centimetres ( 6 . 0 in ) in the chihuahua to about 76 cm ( 30 in ) in the irish wolfhound ; color varies from white through grays ( usually called " blue " ) to black , and browns from light ( tan ) to dark ( " red " or " chocolate " ) in a wide variation of patterns ; coats can be short or long , coarse - haired to wool - like , straight , curly , or smooth . it is common for most breeds to shed this coat . [ sep ] blue
while all dogs are genetically very similar , natural selection and selective breeding have reinforced certain characteristics in certain populations of dogs , giving rise to dog types and dog breeds . dog types are broad categories based on function , genetics , or characteristics . dog breeds are groups of animals that possess a set of inherited characteristics that distinguishes them from other animals within the same species . modern dog breeds are non - scientific classifications of dogs kept by modern kennel clubs . [ sep ] natural selection and selective breeding
while all dogs are genetically very similar , natural selection and selective breeding have reinforced certain characteristics in certain populations of dogs , giving rise to dog types and dog breeds . dog types are broad categories based on function , genetics , or characteristics . dog breeds are groups of animals that possess a set of inherited characteristics that distinguishes them from other animals within the same species . modern dog breeds are non - scientific classifications of dogs kept by modern kennel clubs . [ sep ] breeds
while all dogs are genetically very similar , natural selection and selective breeding have reinforced certain characteristics in certain populations of dogs , giving rise to dog types and dog breeds . dog types are broad categories based on function , genetics , or characteristics . dog breeds are groups of animals that possess a set of inherited characteristics that distinguishes them from other animals within the same species . modern dog breeds are non - scientific classifications of dogs kept by modern kennel clubs . [ sep ] non - scientific
purebred dogs of one breed are genetically distinguishable from purebred dogs of other breeds , but the means by which kennel clubs classify dogs is unsystematic . systematic analyses of the dog genome has revealed only four major types of dogs that can be said to be statistically distinct . these include the " old world dogs " ( e . g . , malamute and shar pei ) , " mastiff " - type ( e . g . , english mastiff ) , " herding " - type ( e . g . , border collie ) , and " all others " ( also called " modern " - or " hunting " - type ) . [ sep ] four
purebred dogs of one breed are genetically distinguishable from purebred dogs of other breeds , but the means by which kennel clubs classify dogs is unsystematic . systematic analyses of the dog genome has revealed only four major types of dogs that can be said to be statistically distinct . these include the " old world dogs " ( e . g . , malamute and shar pei ) , " mastiff " - type ( e . g . , english mastiff ) , " herding " - type ( e . g . , border collie ) , and " all others " ( also called " modern " - or " hunting " - type ) . [ sep ] old world dogs
purebred dogs of one breed are genetically distinguishable from purebred dogs of other breeds , but the means by which kennel clubs classify dogs is unsystematic . systematic analyses of the dog genome has revealed only four major types of dogs that can be said to be statistically distinct . these include the " old world dogs " ( e . g . , malamute and shar pei ) , " mastiff " - type ( e . g . , english mastiff ) , " herding " - type ( e . g . , border collie ) , and " all others " ( also called " modern " - or " hunting " - type ) . [ sep ] all others
domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors , such as bite inhibition , from their wolf ancestors , which would have been pack hunters with complex body language . these sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability , playfulness , and ability to fit into human households and social situations , and these attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today . : pages95 - 136 [ sep ] bite inhibition
the dogs ' value to early human hunter - gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures . dogs perform many roles for people , such as hunting , herding , pulling loads , protection , assisting police and military , companionship , and , more recently , aiding handicapped individuals . this impact on human society has given them the nickname " man ' s best friend " in the western world . in some cultures , however , dogs are also a source of meat . [ sep ] man ' s best friend
the dogs ' value to early human hunter - gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures . dogs perform many roles for people , such as hunting , herding , pulling loads , protection , assisting police and military , companionship , and , more recently , aiding handicapped individuals . this impact on human society has given them the nickname " man ' s best friend " in the western world . in some cultures , however , dogs are also a source of meat . [ sep ] a source of meat
wolves , and their dog descendants , would have derived significant benefits from living in human camps — more safety , more reliable food , lesser caloric needs , and more chance to breed . they would have benefited from humans ' upright gait that gives them larger range over which to see potential predators and prey , as well as color vision that , at least by day , gives humans better visual discrimination . camp dogs would also have benefited from human tool use , as in bringing down larger prey and controlling fire for a range of purposes . [ sep ] significant benefits
humans would also have derived enormous benefit from the dogs associated with their camps . for instance , dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps . dogs may have provided warmth , as referred to in the australian aboriginal expression " three dog night " ( an exceptionally cold night ) , and they would have alerted the camp to the presence of predators or strangers , using their acute hearing to provide an early warning . [ sep ] cleaning up food scraps
humans would also have derived enormous benefit from the dogs associated with their camps . for instance , dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps . dogs may have provided warmth , as referred to in the australian aboriginal expression " three dog night " ( an exceptionally cold night ) , and they would have alerted the camp to the presence of predators or strangers , using their acute hearing to provide an early warning . [ sep ] three dog night
anthropologists believe the most significant benefit would have been the use of dogs ' robust sense of smell to assist with the hunt . the relationship between the presence of a dog and success in the hunt is often mentioned as a primary reason for the domestication of the wolf , and a 2004 study of hunter groups with and without a dog gives quantitative support to the hypothesis that the benefits of cooperative hunting was an important factor in wolf domestication . [ sep ] sense of smell
anthropologists believe the most significant benefit would have been the use of dogs ' robust sense of smell to assist with the hunt . the relationship between the presence of a dog and success in the hunt is often mentioned as a primary reason for the domestication of the wolf , and a 2004 study of hunter groups with and without a dog gives quantitative support to the hypothesis that the benefits of cooperative hunting was an important factor in wolf domestication . [ sep ] the domestication of the wolf
the cohabitation of dogs and humans would have greatly improved the chances of survival for early human groups , and the domestication of dogs may have been one of the key forces that led to human success . [ sep ] the domestication of dogs
emigrants from siberia that walked across the bering land bridge into north america may have had dogs in their company , and one writer suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered north america roughly 12 , 000 years ago , although the earliest archaeological evidence of dog - like canids in north america dates from about 9 , 400 years ago . : 104 dogs were an important part of life for the athabascan population in north america , and were their only domesticated animal . dogs also carried much of the load in the migration of the apache and navajo tribes 1 , 400 years ago . use of dogs as pack animals in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the horse to north america . [ sep ] 12 , 000 years ago
emigrants from siberia that walked across the bering land bridge into north america may have had dogs in their company , and one writer suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered north america roughly 12 , 000 years ago , although the earliest archaeological evidence of dog - like canids in north america dates from about 9 , 400 years ago . : 104 dogs were an important part of life for the athabascan population in north america , and were their only domesticated animal . dogs also carried much of the load in the migration of the apache and navajo tribes 1 , 400 years ago . use of dogs as pack animals in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the horse to north america . [ sep ] athabascan
emigrants from siberia that walked across the bering land bridge into north america may have had dogs in their company , and one writer suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered north america roughly 12 , 000 years ago , although the earliest archaeological evidence of dog - like canids in north america dates from about 9 , 400 years ago . : 104 dogs were an important part of life for the athabascan population in north america , and were their only domesticated animal . dogs also carried much of the load in the migration of the apache and navajo tribes 1 , 400 years ago . use of dogs as pack animals in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the horse to north america . [ sep ] apache and navajo tribes
emigrants from siberia that walked across the bering land bridge into north america may have had dogs in their company , and one writer suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered north america roughly 12 , 000 years ago , although the earliest archaeological evidence of dog - like canids in north america dates from about 9 , 400 years ago . : 104 dogs were an important part of life for the athabascan population in north america , and were their only domesticated animal . dogs also carried much of the load in the migration of the apache and navajo tribes 1 , 400 years ago . use of dogs as pack animals in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the horse to north america . [ sep ] horse
" the most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs " and the keeping of dogs as companions , particularly by elites , has a long history . ( as a possible example , at the natufian culture site of ain mallaha in israel , dated to 12 , 000 bc , the remains of an elderly human and a four - to - five - month - old puppy were found buried together ) . however , pet dog populations grew significantly after world war ii as suburbanization increased . in the 1950s and 1960s , dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today ( using the expression " in the doghouse " to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home ) and were still primarily functional , acting as a guard , children ' s playmate , or walking companion . from the 1980s , there have been changes in the role of the pet dog , such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians . people and dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other ' s lives , to the point where pet dogs actively shape the way a family and home are experienced . [ sep ] elites
" the most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs " and the keeping of dogs as companions , particularly by elites , has a long history . ( as a possible example , at the natufian culture site of ain mallaha in israel , dated to 12 , 000 bc , the remains of an elderly human and a four - to - five - month - old puppy were found buried together ) . however , pet dog populations grew significantly after world war ii as suburbanization increased . in the 1950s and 1960s , dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today ( using the expression " in the doghouse " to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home ) and were still primarily functional , acting as a guard , children ' s playmate , or walking companion . from the 1980s , there have been changes in the role of the pet dog , such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians . people and dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other ' s lives , to the point where pet dogs actively shape the way a family and home are experienced . [ sep ] outside
" the most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs " and the keeping of dogs as companions , particularly by elites , has a long history . ( as a possible example , at the natufian culture site of ain mallaha in israel , dated to 12 , 000 bc , the remains of an elderly human and a four - to - five - month - old puppy were found buried together ) . however , pet dog populations grew significantly after world war ii as suburbanization increased . in the 1950s and 1960s , dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today ( using the expression " in the doghouse " to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home ) and were still primarily functional , acting as a guard , children ' s playmate , or walking companion . from the 1980s , there have been changes in the role of the pet dog , such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians . people and dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other ' s lives , to the point where pet dogs actively shape the way a family and home are experienced . [ sep ] 1980s
there have been two major trends in the changing status of pet dogs . the first has been the ' commodification ' of the dog , shaping it to conform to human expectations of personality and behaviour . the second has been the broadening of the concept of the family and the home to include dogs - as - dogs within everyday routines and practices . [ sep ] commodification
there have been two major trends in the changing status of pet dogs . the first has been the ' commodification ' of the dog , shaping it to conform to human expectations of personality and behaviour . the second has been the broadening of the concept of the family and the home to include dogs - as - dogs within everyday routines and practices . [ sep ] everyday routines
there are a vast range of commodity forms available to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion . the list of goods , services and places available is enormous : from dog perfumes , couture , furniture and housing , to dog groomers , therapists , trainers and caretakers , dog cafes , spas , parks and beaches , and dog hotels , airlines and cemeteries . while dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century , in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking , jumping up , digging , rolling in dung , fighting , and urine marking ( which dogs do to establish territory through scent ) , became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog . dog training books , classes and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued . [ sep ] 18th century
there are a vast range of commodity forms available to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion . the list of goods , services and places available is enormous : from dog perfumes , couture , furniture and housing , to dog groomers , therapists , trainers and caretakers , dog cafes , spas , parks and beaches , and dog hotels , airlines and cemeteries . while dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century , in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking , jumping up , digging , rolling in dung , fighting , and urine marking ( which dogs do to establish territory through scent ) , became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog . dog training books , classes and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued . [ sep ] urine marking
there are a vast range of commodity forms available to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion . the list of goods , services and places available is enormous : from dog perfumes , couture , furniture and housing , to dog groomers , therapists , trainers and caretakers , dog cafes , spas , parks and beaches , and dog hotels , airlines and cemeteries . while dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century , in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking , jumping up , digging , rolling in dung , fighting , and urine marking ( which dogs do to establish territory through scent ) , became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog . dog training books , classes and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued . [ sep ] training
the majority of contemporary people with dogs describe their pet as part of the family , although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog – human family as a pack . a dominance model of dog – human relationships has been promoted by some dog trainers , such as on the television program dog whisperer . however it has been disputed that " trying to achieve status " is characteristic of dog – human interactions . pet dogs play an active role in family life ; for example , a study of conversations in dog – human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource , talking to the dog , or talking through the dog , to mediate their interactions with each other . [ sep ] part of the family
the majority of contemporary people with dogs describe their pet as part of the family , although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog – human family as a pack . a dominance model of dog – human relationships has been promoted by some dog trainers , such as on the television program dog whisperer . however it has been disputed that " trying to achieve status " is characteristic of dog – human interactions . pet dogs play an active role in family life ; for example , a study of conversations in dog – human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource , talking to the dog , or talking through the dog , to mediate their interactions with each other . [ sep ] dog whisperer
toxocara canis ( dog roundworm ) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis . in the united states , about 10 , 000 cases of toxocara infection are reported in humans each year , and almost 14 % of the u . s . population is infected . in great britain , 24 % of soil samples taken from public parks contained t . canis eggs . untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision . dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans . [ sep ] roundworm
toxocara canis ( dog roundworm ) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis . in the united states , about 10 , 000 cases of toxocara infection are reported in humans each year , and almost 14 % of the u . s . population is infected . in great britain , 24 % of soil samples taken from public parks contained t . canis eggs . untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision . dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans . [ sep ] 14
toxocara canis ( dog roundworm ) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis . in the united states , about 10 , 000 cases of toxocara infection are reported in humans each year , and almost 14 % of the u . s . population is infected . in great britain , 24 % of soil samples taken from public parks contained t . canis eggs . untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision . dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans . [ sep ] 10 , 000
toxocara canis ( dog roundworm ) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis . in the united states , about 10 , 000 cases of toxocara infection are reported in humans each year , and almost 14 % of the u . s . population is infected . in great britain , 24 % of soil samples taken from public parks contained t . canis eggs . untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision . dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans . [ sep ] 24
toxocara canis ( dog roundworm ) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis . in the united states , about 10 , 000 cases of toxocara infection are reported in humans each year , and almost 14 % of the u . s . population is infected . in great britain , 24 % of soil samples taken from public parks contained t . canis eggs . untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision . dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans . [ sep ] retinal damage and decreased vision
the scientific evidence is mixed as to whether companionship of a dog can enhance human physical health and psychological wellbeing . studies suggesting that there are benefits to physical health and psychological wellbeing have been criticised for being poorly controlled , and finding that " [ t ] he health of elderly people is related to their health habits and social supports but not to their ownership of , or attachment to , a companion animal . " earlier studies have shown that people who keep pet dogs or cats exhibit better mental and physical health than those who do not , making fewer visits to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication than non - guardians . [ sep ] poorly controlled
the scientific evidence is mixed as to whether companionship of a dog can enhance human physical health and psychological wellbeing . studies suggesting that there are benefits to physical health and psychological wellbeing have been criticised for being poorly controlled , and finding that " [ t ] he health of elderly people is related to their health habits and social supports but not to their ownership of , or attachment to , a companion animal . " earlier studies have shown that people who keep pet dogs or cats exhibit better mental and physical health than those who do not , making fewer visits to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication than non - guardians . [ sep ] to the doctor
a 2005 paper states " recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease , a reduced use of general practitioner services , or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people . research has , however , pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets . " in one study , new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition , and this effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the study . [ sep ] 2005
in addition , people with pet dogs took considerably more physical exercise than those with cats and those without pets . the results provide evidence that keeping pets may have positive effects on human health and behaviour , and that for guardians of dogs these effects are relatively long - term . pet guardianship has also been associated with increased coronary artery disease survival , with human guardians being significantly less likely to die within one year of an acute myocardial infarction than those who did not own dogs . [ sep ] exercise
the health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general , and not solely from having dogs as pets . for example , when in the presence of a pet dog , people show reductions in cardiovascular , behavioral , and psychological indicators of anxiety . other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune - stimulating microorganisms , which , according to the hygiene hypothesis , can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases . the benefits of contact with a dog also include social support , as dogs are able to not only provide companionship and social support themselves , but also to act as facilitators of social interactions between humans . one study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when they are accompanied by a dog than when they are not . in 2015 , a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non - pet owners . [ sep ] anxiety
the health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general , and not solely from having dogs as pets . for example , when in the presence of a pet dog , people show reductions in cardiovascular , behavioral , and psychological indicators of anxiety . other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune - stimulating microorganisms , which , according to the hygiene hypothesis , can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases . the benefits of contact with a dog also include social support , as dogs are able to not only provide companionship and social support themselves , but also to act as facilitators of social interactions between humans . one study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when they are accompanied by a dog than when they are not . in 2015 , a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non - pet owners . [ sep ] strangers
in asian countries such as china , korea , and japan , dogs are viewed as kind protectors . the role of the dog in chinese mythology includes a position as one of the twelve animals which cyclically represent years ( the zodiacal dog ) . [ sep ] as kind protectors
cultural depictions of dogs in art extend back thousands of years to when dogs were portrayed on the walls of caves . representations of dogs became more elaborate as individual breeds evolved and the relationships between human and canine developed . hunting scenes were popular in the middle ages and the renaissance . dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance , protection , loyalty , fidelity , faithfulness , watchfulness , and love . [ sep ] caves
cultural depictions of dogs in art extend back thousands of years to when dogs were portrayed on the walls of caves . representations of dogs became more elaborate as individual breeds evolved and the relationships between human and canine developed . hunting scenes were popular in the middle ages and the renaissance . dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance , protection , loyalty , fidelity , faithfulness , watchfulness , and love . [ sep ] hunting scenes
cultural depictions of dogs in art extend back thousands of years to when dogs were portrayed on the walls of caves . representations of dogs became more elaborate as individual breeds evolved and the relationships between human and canine developed . hunting scenes were popular in the middle ages and the renaissance . dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance , protection , loyalty , fidelity , faithfulness , watchfulness , and love . [ sep ] became more elaborate
jewish law does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets . jewish law requires jews to feed dogs ( and other animals that they own ) before themselves , and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them . in christianity , dogs represent faithfulness . [ sep ] feed
jewish law does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets . jewish law requires jews to feed dogs ( and other animals that they own ) before themselves , and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them . in christianity , dogs represent faithfulness . [ sep ] faithfulness
in islam , dogs are viewed as unclean because they are viewed as scavengers . in 2015 city councillor hasan kucuk of the hague called for dog ownership to be made illegal in that city . islamic activists in lerida , spain , lobbied for dogs to be kept out of muslim neighborhoods , saying their presence violated muslims ' religious freedom . in britain , police sniffer dogs are carefully used , and are not permitted to contact passengers , only their luggage . they are required to wear leather dog booties when searching mosques or muslim homes . [ sep ] scavengers
in islam , dogs are viewed as unclean because they are viewed as scavengers . in 2015 city councillor hasan kucuk of the hague called for dog ownership to be made illegal in that city . islamic activists in lerida , spain , lobbied for dogs to be kept out of muslim neighborhoods , saying their presence violated muslims ' religious freedom . in britain , police sniffer dogs are carefully used , and are not permitted to contact passengers , only their luggage . they are required to wear leather dog booties when searching mosques or muslim homes . [ sep ] 2015
in islam , dogs are viewed as unclean because they are viewed as scavengers . in 2015 city councillor hasan kucuk of the hague called for dog ownership to be made illegal in that city . islamic activists in lerida , spain , lobbied for dogs to be kept out of muslim neighborhoods , saying their presence violated muslims ' religious freedom . in britain , police sniffer dogs are carefully used , and are not permitted to contact passengers , only their luggage . they are required to wear leather dog booties when searching mosques or muslim homes . [ sep ] lerida , spain
in islam , dogs are viewed as unclean because they are viewed as scavengers . in 2015 city councillor hasan kucuk of the hague called for dog ownership to be made illegal in that city . islamic activists in lerida , spain , lobbied for dogs to be kept out of muslim neighborhoods , saying their presence violated muslims ' religious freedom . in britain , police sniffer dogs are carefully used , and are not permitted to contact passengers , only their luggage . they are required to wear leather dog booties when searching mosques or muslim homes . [ sep ] their luggage
the practice of using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century , when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders . animal - assisted intervention research has shown that animal - assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors , such as smiling and laughing , among people with alzheimer ' s disease . one study demonstrated that children with adhd and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance , increased knowledge and skill objectives , and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared to those who were not in an animal - assisted program . [ sep ] the late 18th century
the practice of using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century , when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders . animal - assisted intervention research has shown that animal - assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors , such as smiling and laughing , among people with alzheimer ' s disease . one study demonstrated that children with adhd and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance , increased knowledge and skill objectives , and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared to those who were not in an animal - assisted program . [ sep ] mental institutions
the practice of using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century , when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders . animal - assisted intervention research has shown that animal - assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors , such as smiling and laughing , among people with alzheimer ' s disease . one study demonstrated that children with adhd and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance , increased knowledge and skill objectives , and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared to those who were not in an animal - assisted program . [ sep ] dogs
the practice of using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century , when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders . animal - assisted intervention research has shown that animal - assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors , such as smiling and laughing , among people with alzheimer ' s disease . one study demonstrated that children with adhd and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance , increased knowledge and skill objectives , and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared to those who were not in an animal - assisted program . [ sep ] animal - assisted therapy
medical detection dogs are capable of detecting diseases by sniffing a person directly or samples of urine or other specimens . dogs can detect odour in one part per trillion , as their brain ' s olfactory cortex is ( relative to total brain size ) 40 times larger than humans . dogs may have as many as 300 million odour receptors in their nose , while humans may have only 5 million . each dog is trained specifically for the detection of single disease from the blood glucose level indicative to diabetes to cancer . to train a cancer dog requires 6 months . a labrador retriever called daisy has detected 551 cancer patients with an accuracy of 93 percent and received the blue cross ( for pets ) medal for her life - saving skills . [ sep ] 40 times larger
medical detection dogs are capable of detecting diseases by sniffing a person directly or samples of urine or other specimens . dogs can detect odour in one part per trillion , as their brain ' s olfactory cortex is ( relative to total brain size ) 40 times larger than humans . dogs may have as many as 300 million odour receptors in their nose , while humans may have only 5 million . each dog is trained specifically for the detection of single disease from the blood glucose level indicative to diabetes to cancer . to train a cancer dog requires 6 months . a labrador retriever called daisy has detected 551 cancer patients with an accuracy of 93 percent and received the blue cross ( for pets ) medal for her life - saving skills . [ sep ] 551
in greek mythology , cerberus is a three - headed watchdog who guards the gates of hades . in norse mythology , a bloody , four - eyed dog called garmr guards helheim . in persian mythology , two four - eyed dogs guard the chinvat bridge . in philippine mythology , kimat who is the pet of tadaklan , god of thunder , is responsible for lightning . in welsh mythology , annwn is guarded by cwn annwn . [ sep ] persian
in greek mythology , cerberus is a three - headed watchdog who guards the gates of hades . in norse mythology , a bloody , four - eyed dog called garmr guards helheim . in persian mythology , two four - eyed dogs guard the chinvat bridge . in philippine mythology , kimat who is the pet of tadaklan , god of thunder , is responsible for lightning . in welsh mythology , annwn is guarded by cwn annwn . [ sep ] cerberus
in greek mythology , cerberus is a three - headed watchdog who guards the gates of hades . in norse mythology , a bloody , four - eyed dog called garmr guards helheim . in persian mythology , two four - eyed dogs guard the chinvat bridge . in philippine mythology , kimat who is the pet of tadaklan , god of thunder , is responsible for lightning . in welsh mythology , annwn is guarded by cwn annwn . [ sep ] garmr
in greek mythology , cerberus is a three - headed watchdog who guards the gates of hades . in norse mythology , a bloody , four - eyed dog called garmr guards helheim . in persian mythology , two four - eyed dogs guard the chinvat bridge . in philippine mythology , kimat who is the pet of tadaklan , god of thunder , is responsible for lightning . in welsh mythology , annwn is guarded by cwn annwn . [ sep ] god of thunder
in greek mythology , cerberus is a three - headed watchdog who guards the gates of hades . in norse mythology , a bloody , four - eyed dog called garmr guards helheim . in persian mythology , two four - eyed dogs guard the chinvat bridge . in philippine mythology , kimat who is the pet of tadaklan , god of thunder , is responsible for lightning . in welsh mythology , annwn is guarded by cwn annwn . [ sep ] kimat
in hindu mythology , yama , the god of death owns two watch dogs who have four eyes . they are said to watch over the gates of naraka . hunter god muthappan from north malabar region of kerala has a hunting dog as his mount . dogs are found in and out of the muthappan temple and offerings at the shrine take the form of bronze dog figurines . [ sep ] yama
in hindu mythology , yama , the god of death owns two watch dogs who have four eyes . they are said to watch over the gates of naraka . hunter god muthappan from north malabar region of kerala has a hunting dog as his mount . dogs are found in and out of the muthappan temple and offerings at the shrine take the form of bronze dog figurines . [ sep ] the gates of naraka
in hindu mythology , yama , the god of death owns two watch dogs who have four eyes . they are said to watch over the gates of naraka . hunter god muthappan from north malabar region of kerala has a hunting dog as his mount . dogs are found in and out of the muthappan temple and offerings at the shrine take the form of bronze dog figurines . [ sep ] mount
in hindu mythology , yama , the god of death owns two watch dogs who have four eyes . they are said to watch over the gates of naraka . hunter god muthappan from north malabar region of kerala has a hunting dog as his mount . dogs are found in and out of the muthappan temple and offerings at the shrine take the form of bronze dog figurines . [ sep ] bronze dog figurines
in the united states , cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86 , 000 falls each year . it has been estimated around 2 % of dog - related injuries treated in uk hospitals are domestic accidents . the same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify , dog - associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two - wheeled vehicles . [ sep ] two - wheeled vehicles
another study of dogs ' roles in families showed many dogs have set tasks or routines undertaken as family members , the most common of which was helping with the washing - up by licking the plates in the dishwasher , and bringing in the newspaper from the lawn . increasingly , human family members are engaging in activities centered on the perceived needs and interests of the dog , or in which the dog is an integral partner , such as dog dancing and dog yoga . [ sep ] set tasks or routines
another study of dogs ' roles in families showed many dogs have set tasks or routines undertaken as family members , the most common of which was helping with the washing - up by licking the plates in the dishwasher , and bringing in the newspaper from the lawn . increasingly , human family members are engaging in activities centered on the perceived needs and interests of the dog , or in which the dog is an integral partner , such as dog dancing and dog yoga . [ sep ] the newspaper
according to statistics published by the american pet products manufacturers association in the national pet owner survey in 2009 – 2010 , it is estimated there are 77 . 5 million people with pet dogs in the united states . the same survey shows nearly 40 % of american households own at least one dog , of which 67 % own just one dog , 25 % two dogs and nearly 9 % more than two dogs . there does not seem to be any gender preference among dogs as pets , as the statistical data reveal an equal number of female and male dog pets . yet , although several programs are undergoing to promote pet adoption , less than a fifth of the owned dogs come from a shelter . [ sep ] 77 . 5 million
the latest study using magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) to humans and dogs together proved that dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans to do so . this gives dogs the ability to recognize emotional human sounds , making them friendly social pets to humans . [ sep ] mri
the latest study using magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) to humans and dogs together proved that dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans to do so . this gives dogs the ability to recognize emotional human sounds , making them friendly social pets to humans . [ sep ] emotional
dogs have lived and worked with humans in so many roles that they have earned the unique nickname , " man ' s best friend " , a phrase used in other languages as well . they have been bred for herding livestock , hunting ( e . g . pointers and hounds ) , rodent control , guarding , helping fishermen with nets , detection dogs , and pulling loads , in addition to their roles as companions . in 1957 , a husky - terrier mix named laika became the first animal to orbit the earth . [ sep ] man ' s best friend
dogs have lived and worked with humans in so many roles that they have earned the unique nickname , " man ' s best friend " , a phrase used in other languages as well . they have been bred for herding livestock , hunting ( e . g . pointers and hounds ) , rodent control , guarding , helping fishermen with nets , detection dogs , and pulling loads , in addition to their roles as companions . in 1957 , a husky - terrier mix named laika became the first animal to orbit the earth . [ sep ] pointers and hounds
dogs have lived and worked with humans in so many roles that they have earned the unique nickname , " man ' s best friend " , a phrase used in other languages as well . they have been bred for herding livestock , hunting ( e . g . pointers and hounds ) , rodent control , guarding , helping fishermen with nets , detection dogs , and pulling loads , in addition to their roles as companions . in 1957 , a husky - terrier mix named laika became the first animal to orbit the earth . [ sep ] nets
dogs have lived and worked with humans in so many roles that they have earned the unique nickname , " man ' s best friend " , a phrase used in other languages as well . they have been bred for herding livestock , hunting ( e . g . pointers and hounds ) , rodent control , guarding , helping fishermen with nets , detection dogs , and pulling loads , in addition to their roles as companions . in 1957 , a husky - terrier mix named laika became the first animal to orbit the earth . [ sep ] laika
dogs have lived and worked with humans in so many roles that they have earned the unique nickname , " man ' s best friend " , a phrase used in other languages as well . they have been bred for herding livestock , hunting ( e . g . pointers and hounds ) , rodent control , guarding , helping fishermen with nets , detection dogs , and pulling loads , in addition to their roles as companions . in 1957 , a husky - terrier mix named laika became the first animal to orbit the earth . [ sep ] 1957
service dogs such as guide dogs , utility dogs , assistance dogs , hearing dogs , and psychological therapy dogs provide assistance to individuals with physical or mental disabilities . some dogs owned by epileptics have been shown to alert their handler when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure , sometimes well in advance of onset , allowing the guardian to seek safety , medication , or medical care . [ sep ] medical care .
in conformation shows , also referred to as breed shows , a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard . as the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog ( such as appearance , movement , and temperament ) , separately tested qualities ( such as ability or health ) are not part of the judging in conformation shows . [ sep ] conformation shows .
in conformation shows , also referred to as breed shows , a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard . as the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog ( such as appearance , movement , and temperament ) , separately tested qualities ( such as ability or health ) are not part of the judging in conformation shows . [ sep ] a judge
in conformation shows , also referred to as breed shows , a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard . as the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog ( such as appearance , movement , and temperament ) , separately tested qualities ( such as ability or health ) are not part of the judging in conformation shows . [ sep ] externally observable qualities
in conformation shows , also referred to as breed shows , a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard . as the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog ( such as appearance , movement , and temperament ) , separately tested qualities ( such as ability or health ) are not part of the judging in conformation shows . [ sep ] health
dog meat is consumed in some east asian countries , including korea , china , and vietnam , a practice that dates back to antiquity . it is estimated that 13 – 16 million dogs are killed and consumed in asia every year . other cultures , such as polynesia and pre - columbian mexico , also consumed dog meat in their history . however , western , south asian , african , and middle eastern cultures , in general , regard consumption of dog meat as taboo . in some places , however , such as in rural areas of poland , dog fat is believed to have medicinal properties — being good for the lungs for instance . dog meat is also consumed in some parts of switzerland . proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is western hypocrisy , and that there is no difference with eating the meat of different animals . [ sep ] taboo
dog meat is consumed in some east asian countries , including korea , china , and vietnam , a practice that dates back to antiquity . it is estimated that 13 – 16 million dogs are killed and consumed in asia every year . other cultures , such as polynesia and pre - columbian mexico , also consumed dog meat in their history . however , western , south asian , african , and middle eastern cultures , in general , regard consumption of dog meat as taboo . in some places , however , such as in rural areas of poland , dog fat is believed to have medicinal properties — being good for the lungs for instance . dog meat is also consumed in some parts of switzerland . proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is western hypocrisy , and that there is no difference with eating the meat of different animals . [ sep ] medicinal properties
the most popular korean dog dish is gaejang - guk ( also called bosintang ) , a spicy stew meant to balance the body ' s heat during the summer months ; followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one ' s gi , or vital energy of the body . a 19th century version of gaejang - guk explains that the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder . variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots . while the dishes are still popular in korea with a segment of the population , dog is not as widely consumed as beef , chicken , and pork . [ sep ] the summer months
the most popular korean dog dish is gaejang - guk ( also called bosintang ) , a spicy stew meant to balance the body ' s heat during the summer months ; followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one ' s gi , or vital energy of the body . a 19th century version of gaejang - guk explains that the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder . variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots . while the dishes are still popular in korea with a segment of the population , dog is not as widely consumed as beef , chicken , and pork . [ sep ] scallions and chili powder .
citing a 2008 study , the u . s . center for disease control estimated in 2015 that 4 . 5 million people in the usa are bitten by dogs each year . a 2015 study estimated that 1 . 8 % of the u . s . population is bitten each year . in the 1980s and 1990s the us averaged 17 fatalities per year , while in the 2000s this has increased to 26 . 77 % of dog bites are from the pet of family or friends , and 50 % of attacks occur on the property of the dog ' s legal owner . [ sep ] 4 . 5 million
citing a 2008 study , the u . s . center for disease control estimated in 2015 that 4 . 5 million people in the usa are bitten by dogs each year . a 2015 study estimated that 1 . 8 % of the u . s . population is bitten each year . in the 1980s and 1990s the us averaged 17 fatalities per year , while in the 2000s this has increased to 26 . 77 % of dog bites are from the pet of family or friends , and 50 % of attacks occur on the property of the dog ' s legal owner . [ sep ] 2000s
a colorado study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults . the incidence of dog bites in the us is 12 . 9 per 10 , 000 inhabitants , but for boys aged 5 to 9 , the incidence rate is 60 . 7 per 10 , 000 . moreover , children have a much higher chance to be bitten in the face or neck . sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections . [ sep ] colorado
a colorado study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults . the incidence of dog bites in the us is 12 . 9 per 10 , 000 inhabitants , but for boys aged 5 to 9 , the incidence rate is 60 . 7 per 10 , 000 . moreover , children have a much higher chance to be bitten in the face or neck . sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections . [ sep ] 60 . 7
a colorado study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults . the incidence of dog bites in the us is 12 . 9 per 10 , 000 inhabitants , but for boys aged 5 to 9 , the incidence rate is 60 . 7 per 10 , 000 . moreover , children have a much higher chance to be bitten in the face or neck . sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections . [ sep ] infections .
american idol is an american singing competition series created by simon fuller and produced by 19 entertainment , and is distributed by fremantlemedia north america . it began airing on fox on june 11 , 2002 , as an addition to the idols format based on the british series pop idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of american television . the concept of the series is to find new solo recording artists , with the winner being determined by the viewers in america . winners chosen by viewers through telephone , internet , and sms text voting were kelly clarkson , ruben studdard , fantasia barrino , carrie underwood , taylor hicks , jordin sparks , david cook , kris allen , lee dewyze , scotty mccreery , phillip phillips , candice glover , caleb johnson , and nick fradiani . [ sep ] simon fuller
american idol is an american singing competition series created by simon fuller and produced by 19 entertainment , and is distributed by fremantlemedia north america . it began airing on fox on june 11 , 2002 , as an addition to the idols format based on the british series pop idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of american television . the concept of the series is to find new solo recording artists , with the winner being determined by the viewers in america . winners chosen by viewers through telephone , internet , and sms text voting were kelly clarkson , ruben studdard , fantasia barrino , carrie underwood , taylor hicks , jordin sparks , david cook , kris allen , lee dewyze , scotty mccreery , phillip phillips , candice glover , caleb johnson , and nick fradiani . [ sep ] 19 entertainment
american idol is an american singing competition series created by simon fuller and produced by 19 entertainment , and is distributed by fremantlemedia north america . it began airing on fox on june 11 , 2002 , as an addition to the idols format based on the british series pop idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of american television . the concept of the series is to find new solo recording artists , with the winner being determined by the viewers in america . winners chosen by viewers through telephone , internet , and sms text voting were kelly clarkson , ruben studdard , fantasia barrino , carrie underwood , taylor hicks , jordin sparks , david cook , kris allen , lee dewyze , scotty mccreery , phillip phillips , candice glover , caleb johnson , and nick fradiani . [ sep ] june 11 , 2002
american idol is an american singing competition series created by simon fuller and produced by 19 entertainment , and is distributed by fremantlemedia north america . it began airing on fox on june 11 , 2002 , as an addition to the idols format based on the british series pop idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of american television . the concept of the series is to find new solo recording artists , with the winner being determined by the viewers in america . winners chosen by viewers through telephone , internet , and sms text voting were kelly clarkson , ruben studdard , fantasia barrino , carrie underwood , taylor hicks , jordin sparks , david cook , kris allen , lee dewyze , scotty mccreery , phillip phillips , candice glover , caleb johnson , and nick fradiani . [ sep ] pop idol
american idol employs a panel of judges who critique the contestants ' performances . the original judges were record producer and music manager randy jackson , pop singer and choreographer paula abdul and music executive and manager simon cowell . the judging panel for the most recent season consisted of country singer keith urban , singer and actress jennifer lopez , and jazz singer harry connick , jr . the show was originally hosted by radio personality ryan seacrest and comedian brian dunkleman , with seacrest continuing on for the rest of the seasons . [ sep ] randy jackson
american idol employs a panel of judges who critique the contestants ' performances . the original judges were record producer and music manager randy jackson , pop singer and choreographer paula abdul and music executive and manager simon cowell . the judging panel for the most recent season consisted of country singer keith urban , singer and actress jennifer lopez , and jazz singer harry connick , jr . the show was originally hosted by radio personality ryan seacrest and comedian brian dunkleman , with seacrest continuing on for the rest of the seasons . [ sep ] paula abdul
american idol employs a panel of judges who critique the contestants ' performances . the original judges were record producer and music manager randy jackson , pop singer and choreographer paula abdul and music executive and manager simon cowell . the judging panel for the most recent season consisted of country singer keith urban , singer and actress jennifer lopez , and jazz singer harry connick , jr . the show was originally hosted by radio personality ryan seacrest and comedian brian dunkleman , with seacrest continuing on for the rest of the seasons . [ sep ] simon cowell
american idol employs a panel of judges who critique the contestants ' performances . the original judges were record producer and music manager randy jackson , pop singer and choreographer paula abdul and music executive and manager simon cowell . the judging panel for the most recent season consisted of country singer keith urban , singer and actress jennifer lopez , and jazz singer harry connick , jr . the show was originally hosted by radio personality ryan seacrest and comedian brian dunkleman , with seacrest continuing on for the rest of the seasons . [ sep ] keith urban
american idol employs a panel of judges who critique the contestants ' performances . the original judges were record producer and music manager randy jackson , pop singer and choreographer paula abdul and music executive and manager simon cowell . the judging panel for the most recent season consisted of country singer keith urban , singer and actress jennifer lopez , and jazz singer harry connick , jr . the show was originally hosted by radio personality ryan seacrest and comedian brian dunkleman , with seacrest continuing on for the rest of the seasons . [ sep ] harry connick , jr .
the success of american idol has been described as " unparalleled in broadcasting history " . the series was also said by a rival tv executive to be " the most impactful show in the history of television " . it has become a recognized springboard for launching the career of many artists as bona fide stars . according to billboard magazine , in its first ten years , " idol has spawned 345 billboard chart - toppers and a platoon of pop idols , including kelly clarkson , carrie underwood , chris daughtry , fantasia , ruben studdard , jennifer hudson , clay aiken , adam lambert and jordin sparks while remaining a tv ratings juggernaut . " [ sep ] 345
the success of american idol has been described as " unparalleled in broadcasting history " . the series was also said by a rival tv executive to be " the most impactful show in the history of television " . it has become a recognized springboard for launching the career of many artists as bona fide stars . according to billboard magazine , in its first ten years , " idol has spawned 345 billboard chart - toppers and a platoon of pop idols , including kelly clarkson , carrie underwood , chris daughtry , fantasia , ruben studdard , jennifer hudson , clay aiken , adam lambert and jordin sparks while remaining a tv ratings juggernaut . " [ sep ] a rival tv executive
for an unprecedented eight consecutive years , from the 2003 – 04 television season through the 2010 – 11 season , either its performance or result show had been ranked number one in u . s . television ratings . the popularity of american idol however declined , and on may 11 , 2015 , fox announced that the series would conclude its run in its fifteenth season . [ sep ] eight
for an unprecedented eight consecutive years , from the 2003 – 04 television season through the 2010 – 11 season , either its performance or result show had been ranked number one in u . s . television ratings . the popularity of american idol however declined , and on may 11 , 2015 , fox announced that the series would conclude its run in its fifteenth season . [ sep ] may 11 , 2015
american idol was based on the british show pop idol created by simon fuller , which was in turn inspired by the new zealand television singing competition popstars . television producer nigel lythgoe saw it in australia and helped bring it over to britain . fuller was inspired by the idea from popstars of employing a panel of judges to select singers in audition . he then added other elements , such as telephone voting by the viewing public ( which at the time was already in use in shows such as the eurovision song contest ) , the drama of backstories and real - life soap opera unfolding in real time . the show debuted in 2001 in britain with lythgoe as showrunner — the executive producer and production leader — and simon cowell as one of the judges , and was a big success with the viewing public . [ sep ] popstars
american idol was based on the british show pop idol created by simon fuller , which was in turn inspired by the new zealand television singing competition popstars . television producer nigel lythgoe saw it in australia and helped bring it over to britain . fuller was inspired by the idea from popstars of employing a panel of judges to select singers in audition . he then added other elements , such as telephone voting by the viewing public ( which at the time was already in use in shows such as the eurovision song contest ) , the drama of backstories and real - life soap opera unfolding in real time . the show debuted in 2001 in britain with lythgoe as showrunner — the executive producer and production leader — and simon cowell as one of the judges , and was a big success with the viewing public . [ sep ] nigel lythgoe
american idol was based on the british show pop idol created by simon fuller , which was in turn inspired by the new zealand television singing competition popstars . television producer nigel lythgoe saw it in australia and helped bring it over to britain . fuller was inspired by the idea from popstars of employing a panel of judges to select singers in audition . he then added other elements , such as telephone voting by the viewing public ( which at the time was already in use in shows such as the eurovision song contest ) , the drama of backstories and real - life soap opera unfolding in real time . the show debuted in 2001 in britain with lythgoe as showrunner — the executive producer and production leader — and simon cowell as one of the judges , and was a big success with the viewing public . [ sep ] telephone voting
american idol was based on the british show pop idol created by simon fuller , which was in turn inspired by the new zealand television singing competition popstars . television producer nigel lythgoe saw it in australia and helped bring it over to britain . fuller was inspired by the idea from popstars of employing a panel of judges to select singers in audition . he then added other elements , such as telephone voting by the viewing public ( which at the time was already in use in shows such as the eurovision song contest ) , the drama of backstories and real - life soap opera unfolding in real time . the show debuted in 2001 in britain with lythgoe as showrunner — the executive producer and production leader — and simon cowell as one of the judges , and was a big success with the viewing public . [ sep ] 2001
american idol was based on the british show pop idol created by simon fuller , which was in turn inspired by the new zealand television singing competition popstars . television producer nigel lythgoe saw it in australia and helped bring it over to britain . fuller was inspired by the idea from popstars of employing a panel of judges to select singers in audition . he then added other elements , such as telephone voting by the viewing public ( which at the time was already in use in shows such as the eurovision song contest ) , the drama of backstories and real - life soap opera unfolding in real time . the show debuted in 2001 in britain with lythgoe as showrunner — the executive producer and production leader — and simon cowell as one of the judges , and was a big success with the viewing public . [ sep ] lythgoe
in 2001 , fuller , cowell , and tv producer simon jones attempted to sell the pop idol format to the united states , but the idea was met with poor response from united states television networks . however , rupert murdoch , head of fox ' s parent company , was persuaded to buy the show by his daughter elisabeth , who was a fan of the british show . the show was renamed american idol : the search for a superstar and debuted in the summer of 2002 . cowell was initially offered the job as showrunner but refused ; lythgoe then took over that position . much to cowell ' s surprise , it became one of the hit shows for the summer that year . the show , with the personal engagement of the viewers with the contestants through voting , and the presence of the acid - tongued cowell as a judge , grew into a phenomenon . by 2004 , it had become the most - watched show in the u . s . , a position it then held on for seven consecutive seasons . [ sep ] rupert murdoch
in 2001 , fuller , cowell , and tv producer simon jones attempted to sell the pop idol format to the united states , but the idea was met with poor response from united states television networks . however , rupert murdoch , head of fox ' s parent company , was persuaded to buy the show by his daughter elisabeth , who was a fan of the british show . the show was renamed american idol : the search for a superstar and debuted in the summer of 2002 . cowell was initially offered the job as showrunner but refused ; lythgoe then took over that position . much to cowell ' s surprise , it became one of the hit shows for the summer that year . the show , with the personal engagement of the viewers with the contestants through voting , and the presence of the acid - tongued cowell as a judge , grew into a phenomenon . by 2004 , it had become the most - watched show in the u . s . , a position it then held on for seven consecutive seasons . [ sep ] american idol : the search for a superstar
the show had originally planned on having four judges following the pop idol format ; however , only three judges had been found by the time of the audition round in the first season , namely randy jackson , paula abdul and simon cowell . a fourth judge , radio dj stryker , was originally chosen but he dropped out citing " image concerns " . in the second season , new york radio personality angie martinez had been hired as a fourth judge but withdrew only after a few days of auditions due to not being comfortable with giving out criticism . the show decided to continue with the three judges format until season eight . all three original judges stayed on the judging panel for eight seasons . [ sep ] four
the show had originally planned on having four judges following the pop idol format ; however , only three judges had been found by the time of the audition round in the first season , namely randy jackson , paula abdul and simon cowell . a fourth judge , radio dj stryker , was originally chosen but he dropped out citing " image concerns " . in the second season , new york radio personality angie martinez had been hired as a fourth judge but withdrew only after a few days of auditions due to not being comfortable with giving out criticism . the show decided to continue with the three judges format until season eight . all three original judges stayed on the judging panel for eight seasons . [ sep ] dj stryker
the show had originally planned on having four judges following the pop idol format ; however , only three judges had been found by the time of the audition round in the first season , namely randy jackson , paula abdul and simon cowell . a fourth judge , radio dj stryker , was originally chosen but he dropped out citing " image concerns " . in the second season , new york radio personality angie martinez had been hired as a fourth judge but withdrew only after a few days of auditions due to not being comfortable with giving out criticism . the show decided to continue with the three judges format until season eight . all three original judges stayed on the judging panel for eight seasons . [ sep ] angie martinez
the show had originally planned on having four judges following the pop idol format ; however , only three judges had been found by the time of the audition round in the first season , namely randy jackson , paula abdul and simon cowell . a fourth judge , radio dj stryker , was originally chosen but he dropped out citing " image concerns " . in the second season , new york radio personality angie martinez had been hired as a fourth judge but withdrew only after a few days of auditions due to not being comfortable with giving out criticism . the show decided to continue with the three judges format until season eight . all three original judges stayed on the judging panel for eight seasons . [ sep ] season eight
in season eight , latin grammy award - nominated singer – songwriter and record producer kara dioguardi was added as a fourth judge . she stayed for two seasons and left the show before season ten . paula abdul left the show before season nine after failing to agree terms with the show producers . emmy award - winning talk show host ellen degeneres replaced paula abdul for that season , but left after just one season . on january 11 , 2010 , simon cowell announced that he was leaving the show to pursue introducing the american version of his show the x factor to the usa for 2011 . jennifer lopez and steven tyler joined the judging panel in season ten , but both left after two seasons . they were replaced by three new judges , mariah carey , nicki minaj and keith urban , who joined randy jackson in season 12 . however both carey and minaj left after one season , and randy jackson also announced that he would depart the show after twelve seasons as a judge but would return as a mentor . urban is the only judge from season 12 to return in season 13 . he was joined by previous judge jennifer lopez and former mentor harry connick , jr . . lopez , urban and connick , jr . all returned as judges for the show ' s fourteenth and fifteenth seasons . [ sep ] kara dioguardi
in season eight , latin grammy award - nominated singer – songwriter and record producer kara dioguardi was added as a fourth judge . she stayed for two seasons and left the show before season ten . paula abdul left the show before season nine after failing to agree terms with the show producers . emmy award - winning talk show host ellen degeneres replaced paula abdul for that season , but left after just one season . on january 11 , 2010 , simon cowell announced that he was leaving the show to pursue introducing the american version of his show the x factor to the usa for 2011 . jennifer lopez and steven tyler joined the judging panel in season ten , but both left after two seasons . they were replaced by three new judges , mariah carey , nicki minaj and keith urban , who joined randy jackson in season 12 . however both carey and minaj left after one season , and randy jackson also announced that he would depart the show after twelve seasons as a judge but would return as a mentor . urban is the only judge from season 12 to return in season 13 . he was joined by previous judge jennifer lopez and former mentor harry connick , jr . . lopez , urban and connick , jr . all returned as judges for the show ' s fourteenth and fifteenth seasons . [ sep ] before season nine
in season eight , latin grammy award - nominated singer – songwriter and record producer kara dioguardi was added as a fourth judge . she stayed for two seasons and left the show before season ten . paula abdul left the show before season nine after failing to agree terms with the show producers . emmy award - winning talk show host ellen degeneres replaced paula abdul for that season , but left after just one season . on january 11 , 2010 , simon cowell announced that he was leaving the show to pursue introducing the american version of his show the x factor to the usa for 2011 . jennifer lopez and steven tyler joined the judging panel in season ten , but both left after two seasons . they were replaced by three new judges , mariah carey , nicki minaj and keith urban , who joined randy jackson in season 12 . however both carey and minaj left after one season , and randy jackson also announced that he would depart the show after twelve seasons as a judge but would return as a mentor . urban is the only judge from season 12 to return in season 13 . he was joined by previous judge jennifer lopez and former mentor harry connick , jr . . lopez , urban and connick , jr . all returned as judges for the show ' s fourteenth and fifteenth seasons . [ sep ] january 11 , 2010
in season eight , latin grammy award - nominated singer – songwriter and record producer kara dioguardi was added as a fourth judge . she stayed for two seasons and left the show before season ten . paula abdul left the show before season nine after failing to agree terms with the show producers . emmy award - winning talk show host ellen degeneres replaced paula abdul for that season , but left after just one season . on january 11 , 2010 , simon cowell announced that he was leaving the show to pursue introducing the american version of his show the x factor to the usa for 2011 . jennifer lopez and steven tyler joined the judging panel in season ten , but both left after two seasons . they were replaced by three new judges , mariah carey , nicki minaj and keith urban , who joined randy jackson in season 12 . however both carey and minaj left after one season , and randy jackson also announced that he would depart the show after twelve seasons as a judge but would return as a mentor . urban is the only judge from season 12 to return in season 13 . he was joined by previous judge jennifer lopez and former mentor harry connick , jr . . lopez , urban and connick , jr . all returned as judges for the show ' s fourteenth and fifteenth seasons . [ sep ] ellen degeneres
in season eight , latin grammy award - nominated singer – songwriter and record producer kara dioguardi was added as a fourth judge . she stayed for two seasons and left the show before season ten . paula abdul left the show before season nine after failing to agree terms with the show producers . emmy award - winning talk show host ellen degeneres replaced paula abdul for that season , but left after just one season . on january 11 , 2010 , simon cowell announced that he was leaving the show to pursue introducing the american version of his show the x factor to the usa for 2011 . jennifer lopez and steven tyler joined the judging panel in season ten , but both left after two seasons . they were replaced by three new judges , mariah carey , nicki minaj and keith urban , who joined randy jackson in season 12 . however both carey and minaj left after one season , and randy jackson also announced that he would depart the show after twelve seasons as a judge but would return as a mentor . urban is the only judge from season 12 to return in season 13 . he was joined by previous judge jennifer lopez and former mentor harry connick , jr . . lopez , urban and connick , jr . all returned as judges for the show ' s fourteenth and fifteenth seasons . [ sep ] season ten
guest judges may occasionally be introduced . in season two , guest judges such as lionel richie and robin gibb were used , and in season three donna summer , quentin tarantino and some of the mentors also joined as judges to critique the performances in the final rounds . guest judges were used in the audition rounds for seasons four , six , nine , and fourteen such as gene simmons and ll cool j in season four , jewel and olivia newton - john in season six , shania twain in season eight , neil patrick harris , avril lavigne and katy perry in season nine , and season eight runner - up , adam lambert , in season fourteen . [ sep ] lionel richie and robin gibb
guest judges may occasionally be introduced . in season two , guest judges such as lionel richie and robin gibb were used , and in season three donna summer , quentin tarantino and some of the mentors also joined as judges to critique the performances in the final rounds . guest judges were used in the audition rounds for seasons four , six , nine , and fourteen such as gene simmons and ll cool j in season four , jewel and olivia newton - john in season six , shania twain in season eight , neil patrick harris , avril lavigne and katy perry in season nine , and season eight runner - up , adam lambert , in season fourteen . [ sep ] season eight
guest judges may occasionally be introduced . in season two , guest judges such as lionel richie and robin gibb were used , and in season three donna summer , quentin tarantino and some of the mentors also joined as judges to critique the performances in the final rounds . guest judges were used in the audition rounds for seasons four , six , nine , and fourteen such as gene simmons and ll cool j in season four , jewel and olivia newton - john in season six , shania twain in season eight , neil patrick harris , avril lavigne and katy perry in season nine , and season eight runner - up , adam lambert , in season fourteen . [ sep ] season three
the first season was co - hosted by ryan seacrest and brian dunkleman . dunkleman quit thereafter , making seacrest the sole emcee of the show starting with season two . [ sep ] brian dunkleman
the 2008 summer olympics torch relay was run from march 24 until august 8 , 2008 , prior to the 2008 summer olympics , with the theme of " one world , one dream " . plans for the relay were announced on april 26 , 2007 , in beijing , china . the relay , also called by the organizers as the " journey of harmony " , lasted 129 days and carried the torch 137 , 000 km ( 85 , 000 mi ) – the longest distance of any olympic torch relay since the tradition was started ahead of the 1936 summer olympics . [ sep ] one world , one dream
the 2008 summer olympics torch relay was run from march 24 until august 8 , 2008 , prior to the 2008 summer olympics , with the theme of " one world , one dream " . plans for the relay were announced on april 26 , 2007 , in beijing , china . the relay , also called by the organizers as the " journey of harmony " , lasted 129 days and carried the torch 137 , 000 km ( 85 , 000 mi ) – the longest distance of any olympic torch relay since the tradition was started ahead of the 1936 summer olympics . [ sep ] beijing , china .
the 2008 summer olympics torch relay was run from march 24 until august 8 , 2008 , prior to the 2008 summer olympics , with the theme of " one world , one dream " . plans for the relay were announced on april 26 , 2007 , in beijing , china . the relay , also called by the organizers as the " journey of harmony " , lasted 129 days and carried the torch 137 , 000 km ( 85 , 000 mi ) – the longest distance of any olympic torch relay since the tradition was started ahead of the 1936 summer olympics . [ sep ] " journey of harmony "
the 2008 summer olympics torch relay was run from march 24 until august 8 , 2008 , prior to the 2008 summer olympics , with the theme of " one world , one dream " . plans for the relay were announced on april 26 , 2007 , in beijing , china . the relay , also called by the organizers as the " journey of harmony " , lasted 129 days and carried the torch 137 , 000 km ( 85 , 000 mi ) – the longest distance of any olympic torch relay since the tradition was started ahead of the 1936 summer olympics . [ sep ] 85 , 000 mi
beginning in the tenth season [ citation needed ] , permanent mentors were brought in during the live shows to help guide the contestants with their song choice and performance . jimmy iovine was the mentor in the tenth through twelfth seasons , former judge randy jackson was the mentor for the thirteenth season and scott borchetta was the mentor for the fourteenth and fifteenth season . the mentors regularly bring in guest mentors to aid them , including akon , alicia keys , lady gaga , and current judge harry connick , jr . . [ sep ] song choice and performance
beginning in the tenth season [ citation needed ] , permanent mentors were brought in during the live shows to help guide the contestants with their song choice and performance . jimmy iovine was the mentor in the tenth through twelfth seasons , former judge randy jackson was the mentor for the thirteenth season and scott borchetta was the mentor for the fourteenth and fifteenth season . the mentors regularly bring in guest mentors to aid them , including akon , alicia keys , lady gaga , and current judge harry connick , jr . . [ sep ] jimmy iovine
beginning in the tenth season [ citation needed ] , permanent mentors were brought in during the live shows to help guide the contestants with their song choice and performance . jimmy iovine was the mentor in the tenth through twelfth seasons , former judge randy jackson was the mentor for the thirteenth season and scott borchetta was the mentor for the fourteenth and fifteenth season . the mentors regularly bring in guest mentors to aid them , including akon , alicia keys , lady gaga , and current judge harry connick , jr . . [ sep ] randy jackson
beginning in the tenth season [ citation needed ] , permanent mentors were brought in during the live shows to help guide the contestants with their song choice and performance . jimmy iovine was the mentor in the tenth through twelfth seasons , former judge randy jackson was the mentor for the thirteenth season and scott borchetta was the mentor for the fourteenth and fifteenth season . the mentors regularly bring in guest mentors to aid them , including akon , alicia keys , lady gaga , and current judge harry connick , jr . . [ sep ] scott borchetta
after being lit at the birthplace of the olympic games in olympia , greece on march 24 , the torch traveled to the panathinaiko stadium in athens , and then to beijing , arriving on march 31 . from beijing , the torch was following a route passing through six continents . the torch has visited cities along the silk road , symbolizing ancient links between china and the rest of the world . the relay also included an ascent with the flame to the top of mount everest on the border of nepal and tibet , china from the chinese side , which was closed specially for the event . [ sep ] olympia , greece
after being lit at the birthplace of the olympic games in olympia , greece on march 24 , the torch traveled to the panathinaiko stadium in athens , and then to beijing , arriving on march 31 . from beijing , the torch was following a route passing through six continents . the torch has visited cities along the silk road , symbolizing ancient links between china and the rest of the world . the relay also included an ascent with the flame to the top of mount everest on the border of nepal and tibet , china from the chinese side , which was closed specially for the event . [ sep ] march 24
after being lit at the birthplace of the olympic games in olympia , greece on march 24 , the torch traveled to the panathinaiko stadium in athens , and then to beijing , arriving on march 31 . from beijing , the torch was following a route passing through six continents . the torch has visited cities along the silk road , symbolizing ancient links between china and the rest of the world . the relay also included an ascent with the flame to the top of mount everest on the border of nepal and tibet , china from the chinese side , which was closed specially for the event . [ sep ] panathinaiko stadium
after being lit at the birthplace of the olympic games in olympia , greece on march 24 , the torch traveled to the panathinaiko stadium in athens , and then to beijing , arriving on march 31 . from beijing , the torch was following a route passing through six continents . the torch has visited cities along the silk road , symbolizing ancient links between china and the rest of the world . the relay also included an ascent with the flame to the top of mount everest on the border of nepal and tibet , china from the chinese side , which was closed specially for the event . [ sep ] march 31 .
after being lit at the birthplace of the olympic games in olympia , greece on march 24 , the torch traveled to the panathinaiko stadium in athens , and then to beijing , arriving on march 31 . from beijing , the torch was following a route passing through six continents . the torch has visited cities along the silk road , symbolizing ancient links between china and the rest of the world . the relay also included an ascent with the flame to the top of mount everest on the border of nepal and tibet , china from the chinese side , which was closed specially for the event . [ sep ] mount everest
the eligible age - range for contestants is currently fifteen to twenty - eight years old . the initial age limit was sixteen to twenty - four in the first three seasons , but the upper limit was raised to twenty - eight in season four , and the lower limit was reduced to fifteen in season ten . the contestants must be legal u . s . residents , cannot have advanced to particular stages of the competition in previous seasons ( varies depending on the season , currently by the semi - final stage until season thirteen ) , and must not hold any current recording or talent representation contract by the semi - final stage ( in previous years by the audition stage ) . [ sep ] season four
the eligible age - range for contestants is currently fifteen to twenty - eight years old . the initial age limit was sixteen to twenty - four in the first three seasons , but the upper limit was raised to twenty - eight in season four , and the lower limit was reduced to fifteen in season ten . the contestants must be legal u . s . residents , cannot have advanced to particular stages of the competition in previous seasons ( varies depending on the season , currently by the semi - final stage until season thirteen ) , and must not hold any current recording or talent representation contract by the semi - final stage ( in previous years by the audition stage ) . [ sep ] semi - final stage
contestants go through at least three sets of cuts . the first is a brief audition with a few other contestants in front of selectors which may include one of the show ' s producers . although auditions can exceed 10 , 000 in each city , only a few hundred of these make it past the preliminary round of auditions . successful contestants then sing in front of producers , where more may be cut . only then can they proceed to audition in front of the judges , which is the only audition stage shown on television . those selected by the judges are sent to hollywood . between 10 – 60 people in each city may make it to hollywood [ citation needed ] . [ sep ] in front of the judges
contestants go through at least three sets of cuts . the first is a brief audition with a few other contestants in front of selectors which may include one of the show ' s producers . although auditions can exceed 10 , 000 in each city , only a few hundred of these make it past the preliminary round of auditions . successful contestants then sing in front of producers , where more may be cut . only then can they proceed to audition in front of the judges , which is the only audition stage shown on television . those selected by the judges are sent to hollywood . between 10 – 60 people in each city may make it to hollywood [ citation needed ] . [ sep ] three
contestants go through at least three sets of cuts . the first is a brief audition with a few other contestants in front of selectors which may include one of the show ' s producers . although auditions can exceed 10 , 000 in each city , only a few hundred of these make it past the preliminary round of auditions . successful contestants then sing in front of producers , where more may be cut . only then can they proceed to audition in front of the judges , which is the only audition stage shown on television . those selected by the judges are sent to hollywood . between 10 – 60 people in each city may make it to hollywood [ citation needed ] . [ sep ] producers
contestants go through at least three sets of cuts . the first is a brief audition with a few other contestants in front of selectors which may include one of the show ' s producers . although auditions can exceed 10 , 000 in each city , only a few hundred of these make it past the preliminary round of auditions . successful contestants then sing in front of producers , where more may be cut . only then can they proceed to audition in front of the judges , which is the only audition stage shown on television . those selected by the judges are sent to hollywood . between 10 – 60 people in each city may make it to hollywood [ citation needed ] . [ sep ] hollywood
in many cities along the north american and european route , the torch relay was protested by advocates of tibetan independence , animal rights , and legal online gambling , and people protesting against china ' s human rights record , resulting in confrontations at a few of the relay locations . these protests , which ranged from hundreds of people in san francisco , to effectively none in pyongyang , forced the path of the torch relay to be changed or shortened on a number of occasions . the torch was extinguished by chinese security officials several times during the paris leg for security reasons , and once in protest in paris . [ sep ] protesting
in many cities along the north american and european route , the torch relay was protested by advocates of tibetan independence , animal rights , and legal online gambling , and people protesting against china ' s human rights record , resulting in confrontations at a few of the relay locations . these protests , which ranged from hundreds of people in san francisco , to effectively none in pyongyang , forced the path of the torch relay to be changed or shortened on a number of occasions . the torch was extinguished by chinese security officials several times during the paris leg for security reasons , and once in protest in paris . [ sep ] chinese security officials
once in hollywood , the contestants perform individually or in groups in a series of rounds . until season ten , there were usually three rounds of eliminations in hollywood . in the first round the contestants emerged in groups but performed individually . for the next round , the contestants put themselves in small groups and perform a song together . in the final round , the contestants perform solo with a song of their choice a cappella or accompanied by a band — depending on the season . in seasons two and three , contestants were also asked to write original lyrics or melody in an additional round after the first round . in season seven , the group round was eliminated and contestants may , after a first solo performance and on judges approval , skip a second solo round and move directly to the final hollywood round . in season twelve , the executive producers split up the females and males and chose the members to form the groups in the group round . [ sep ] three
once in hollywood , the contestants perform individually or in groups in a series of rounds . until season ten , there were usually three rounds of eliminations in hollywood . in the first round the contestants emerged in groups but performed individually . for the next round , the contestants put themselves in small groups and perform a song together . in the final round , the contestants perform solo with a song of their choice a cappella or accompanied by a band — depending on the season . in seasons two and three , contestants were also asked to write original lyrics or melody in an additional round after the first round . in season seven , the group round was eliminated and contestants may , after a first solo performance and on judges approval , skip a second solo round and move directly to the final hollywood round . in season twelve , the executive producers split up the females and males and chose the members to form the groups in the group round . [ sep ] groups
once in hollywood , the contestants perform individually or in groups in a series of rounds . until season ten , there were usually three rounds of eliminations in hollywood . in the first round the contestants emerged in groups but performed individually . for the next round , the contestants put themselves in small groups and perform a song together . in the final round , the contestants perform solo with a song of their choice a cappella or accompanied by a band — depending on the season . in seasons two and three , contestants were also asked to write original lyrics or melody in an additional round after the first round . in season seven , the group round was eliminated and contestants may , after a first solo performance and on judges approval , skip a second solo round and move directly to the final hollywood round . in season twelve , the executive producers split up the females and males and chose the members to form the groups in the group round . [ sep ] seasons two and three
from the semi - finals onwards , the fate of the contestants is decided by public vote . during the contestant ' s performance as well as the recap at the end , a toll - free telephone number for each contestant is displayed on the screen . for a two - hour period after the episode ends ( up to four hours for the finale ) in each us time zone , viewers may call or send a text message to their preferred contestant ' s telephone number , and each call or text message is registered as a vote for that contestant . viewers are allowed to vote as many times as they can within the two - hour voting window . however , the show reserves the right to discard votes by power dialers . one or more of the least popular contestants may be eliminated in successive weeks until a winner emerges . over 110 million votes were cast in the first season , and by season ten the seasonal total had increased to nearly 750 million . voting via text messaging was made available in the second season when at & t wireless joined as a sponsor of the show , and 7 . 5 million text messages were sent to american idol that season . the number of text messages rapidly increased , reaching 178 million texts by season eight . online voting was offered for the first time in season ten . the votes are counted and verified by telescope inc . [ sep ] the semi - finals
from the semi - finals onwards , the fate of the contestants is decided by public vote . during the contestant ' s performance as well as the recap at the end , a toll - free telephone number for each contestant is displayed on the screen . for a two - hour period after the episode ends ( up to four hours for the finale ) in each us time zone , viewers may call or send a text message to their preferred contestant ' s telephone number , and each call or text message is registered as a vote for that contestant . viewers are allowed to vote as many times as they can within the two - hour voting window . however , the show reserves the right to discard votes by power dialers . one or more of the least popular contestants may be eliminated in successive weeks until a winner emerges . over 110 million votes were cast in the first season , and by season ten the seasonal total had increased to nearly 750 million . voting via text messaging was made available in the second season when at & t wireless joined as a sponsor of the show , and 7 . 5 million text messages were sent to american idol that season . the number of text messages rapidly increased , reaching 178 million texts by season eight . online voting was offered for the first time in season ten . the votes are counted and verified by telescope inc . [ sep ] over 110 million
from the semi - finals onwards , the fate of the contestants is decided by public vote . during the contestant ' s performance as well as the recap at the end , a toll - free telephone number for each contestant is displayed on the screen . for a two - hour period after the episode ends ( up to four hours for the finale ) in each us time zone , viewers may call or send a text message to their preferred contestant ' s telephone number , and each call or text message is registered as a vote for that contestant . viewers are allowed to vote as many times as they can within the two - hour voting window . however , the show reserves the right to discard votes by power dialers . one or more of the least popular contestants may be eliminated in successive weeks until a winner emerges . over 110 million votes were cast in the first season , and by season ten the seasonal total had increased to nearly 750 million . voting via text messaging was made available in the second season when at & t wireless joined as a sponsor of the show , and 7 . 5 million text messages were sent to american idol that season . the number of text messages rapidly increased , reaching 178 million texts by season eight . online voting was offered for the first time in season ten . the votes are counted and verified by telescope inc . [ sep ] nearly 750 million
the attacks on the torch in london and paris were described as " despicable " by the chinese government , condemning them as " deliberate disruptions . . . who gave no thought to the olympic spirit or the laws of britain and france " and who " tarnish the lofty olympic spirit " , and vowed they would continue with the relay and not allow the protests to " impede the olympic spirit " . large - scale counter - protests by overseas chinese and foreign - based chinese nationals became prevalent in later segments of the relay . in san francisco , the number of supporters were much more than the number of protesters , and in australia , japan , south korea , the counter - protesters overwhelmed the protesters . a couple of skirmishes between the protesters and supporters were reported . no major protests were visible in the latin america , africa , and western asia legs of the torch relay . [ sep ] counter - protesters
the attacks on the torch in london and paris were described as " despicable " by the chinese government , condemning them as " deliberate disruptions . . . who gave no thought to the olympic spirit or the laws of britain and france " and who " tarnish the lofty olympic spirit " , and vowed they would continue with the relay and not allow the protests to " impede the olympic spirit " . large - scale counter - protests by overseas chinese and foreign - based chinese nationals became prevalent in later segments of the relay . in san francisco , the number of supporters were much more than the number of protesters , and in australia , japan , south korea , the counter - protesters overwhelmed the protesters . a couple of skirmishes between the protesters and supporters were reported . no major protests were visible in the latin america , africa , and western asia legs of the torch relay . [ sep ] skirmishes
the attacks on the torch in london and paris were described as " despicable " by the chinese government , condemning them as " deliberate disruptions . . . who gave no thought to the olympic spirit or the laws of britain and france " and who " tarnish the lofty olympic spirit " , and vowed they would continue with the relay and not allow the protests to " impede the olympic spirit " . large - scale counter - protests by overseas chinese and foreign - based chinese nationals became prevalent in later segments of the relay . in san francisco , the number of supporters were much more than the number of protesters , and in australia , japan , south korea , the counter - protesters overwhelmed the protesters . a couple of skirmishes between the protesters and supporters were reported . no major protests were visible in the latin america , africa , and western asia legs of the torch relay . [ sep ] latin america , africa , and western asia
in the first three seasons , the semi - finalists were split into different groups to perform individually in their respective night . in season one , there were three groups of ten , with the top three contestants from each group making the finals . in seasons two and three , there were four groups of eight , and the top two of each selected . these seasons also featured a wildcard round , where contestants who failed to qualify were given another chance . in season one , only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the judges , giving a total of ten finalists . in seasons two and three , each of the three judges championed one contestant with the public advancing a fourth into the finals , making 12 finalists in all . [ sep ] three groups of ten
in the first three seasons , the semi - finalists were split into different groups to perform individually in their respective night . in season one , there were three groups of ten , with the top three contestants from each group making the finals . in seasons two and three , there were four groups of eight , and the top two of each selected . these seasons also featured a wildcard round , where contestants who failed to qualify were given another chance . in season one , only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the judges , giving a total of ten finalists . in seasons two and three , each of the three judges championed one contestant with the public advancing a fourth into the finals , making 12 finalists in all . [ sep ] four groups of eight
in the first three seasons , the semi - finalists were split into different groups to perform individually in their respective night . in season one , there were three groups of ten , with the top three contestants from each group making the finals . in seasons two and three , there were four groups of eight , and the top two of each selected . these seasons also featured a wildcard round , where contestants who failed to qualify were given another chance . in season one , only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the judges , giving a total of ten finalists . in seasons two and three , each of the three judges championed one contestant with the public advancing a fourth into the finals , making 12 finalists in all . [ sep ] season one
in the first three seasons , the semi - finalists were split into different groups to perform individually in their respective night . in season one , there were three groups of ten , with the top three contestants from each group making the finals . in seasons two and three , there were four groups of eight , and the top two of each selected . these seasons also featured a wildcard round , where contestants who failed to qualify were given another chance . in season one , only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the judges , giving a total of ten finalists . in seasons two and three , each of the three judges championed one contestant with the public advancing a fourth into the finals , making 12 finalists in all . [ sep ] ten
in the first three seasons , the semi - finalists were split into different groups to perform individually in their respective night . in season one , there were three groups of ten , with the top three contestants from each group making the finals . in seasons two and three , there were four groups of eight , and the top two of each selected . these seasons also featured a wildcard round , where contestants who failed to qualify were given another chance . in season one , only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the judges , giving a total of ten finalists . in seasons two and three , each of the three judges championed one contestant with the public advancing a fourth into the finals , making 12 finalists in all . [ sep ] 12
the wildcard round returned in season eight , wherein there were three groups of twelve , with three contestants moving forward – the highest male , the highest female , and the next highest - placed singer - for each night , and four wildcards were chosen by the judges to produce a final 13 . starting season ten , the girls and boys perform on separate nights . in seasons ten and eleven , five of each gender were chosen , and three wildcards were chosen by the judges to form a final 13 . in season twelve , the top twenty semifinalists were split into gender groups , with five of each gender advancing to form the final 10 . in season thirteen , there were thirty semifinalists , but only twenty semifinalists ( ten for each gender ) were chosen by the judges to perform on the live shows , with five in each gender and three wildcards chosen by the judges composing the final 13 . [ sep ] season eight
the wildcard round returned in season eight , wherein there were three groups of twelve , with three contestants moving forward – the highest male , the highest female , and the next highest - placed singer - for each night , and four wildcards were chosen by the judges to produce a final 13 . starting season ten , the girls and boys perform on separate nights . in seasons ten and eleven , five of each gender were chosen , and three wildcards were chosen by the judges to form a final 13 . in season twelve , the top twenty semifinalists were split into gender groups , with five of each gender advancing to form the final 10 . in season thirteen , there were thirty semifinalists , but only twenty semifinalists ( ten for each gender ) were chosen by the judges to perform on the live shows , with five in each gender and three wildcards chosen by the judges composing the final 13 . [ sep ] three
the wildcard round returned in season eight , wherein there were three groups of twelve , with three contestants moving forward – the highest male , the highest female , and the next highest - placed singer - for each night , and four wildcards were chosen by the judges to produce a final 13 . starting season ten , the girls and boys perform on separate nights . in seasons ten and eleven , five of each gender were chosen , and three wildcards were chosen by the judges to form a final 13 . in season twelve , the top twenty semifinalists were split into gender groups , with five of each gender advancing to form the final 10 . in season thirteen , there were thirty semifinalists , but only twenty semifinalists ( ten for each gender ) were chosen by the judges to perform on the live shows , with five in each gender and three wildcards chosen by the judges composing the final 13 . [ sep ] four
the wildcard round returned in season eight , wherein there were three groups of twelve , with three contestants moving forward – the highest male , the highest female , and the next highest - placed singer - for each night , and four wildcards were chosen by the judges to produce a final 13 . starting season ten , the girls and boys perform on separate nights . in seasons ten and eleven , five of each gender were chosen , and three wildcards were chosen by the judges to form a final 13 . in season twelve , the top twenty semifinalists were split into gender groups , with five of each gender advancing to form the final 10 . in season thirteen , there were thirty semifinalists , but only twenty semifinalists ( ten for each gender ) were chosen by the judges to perform on the live shows , with five in each gender and three wildcards chosen by the judges composing the final 13 . [ sep ] 10
the finals are broadcast in prime time from cbs television city in los angeles , in front of a live studio audience . the finals lasted eight weeks in season one , eleven weeks in subsequent seasons until seasons ten and eleven which lasted twelve weeks except for season twelve , which lasted ten weeks , and season thirteen , which lasted for thirteen weeks . each finalist performs songs based on a weekly theme which may be a musical genre such as motown , disco , or big band , songs by artists such as michael jackson , elvis presley or the beatles , or more general themes such as billboard number 1 hits or songs from the contestant ' s year of birth . contestants usually work with a celebrity mentor related to the theme . in season ten , jimmy iovine was brought in as a mentor for the season . initially the contestants sing one song each week , but this is increased to two songs from top four or five onwards , then three songs for the top two or three . [ sep ] cbs television city
the finals are broadcast in prime time from cbs television city in los angeles , in front of a live studio audience . the finals lasted eight weeks in season one , eleven weeks in subsequent seasons until seasons ten and eleven which lasted twelve weeks except for season twelve , which lasted ten weeks , and season thirteen , which lasted for thirteen weeks . each finalist performs songs based on a weekly theme which may be a musical genre such as motown , disco , or big band , songs by artists such as michael jackson , elvis presley or the beatles , or more general themes such as billboard number 1 hits or songs from the contestant ' s year of birth . contestants usually work with a celebrity mentor related to the theme . in season ten , jimmy iovine was brought in as a mentor for the season . initially the contestants sing one song each week , but this is increased to two songs from top four or five onwards , then three songs for the top two or three . [ sep ] jimmy iovine
the finals are broadcast in prime time from cbs television city in los angeles , in front of a live studio audience . the finals lasted eight weeks in season one , eleven weeks in subsequent seasons until seasons ten and eleven which lasted twelve weeks except for season twelve , which lasted ten weeks , and season thirteen , which lasted for thirteen weeks . each finalist performs songs based on a weekly theme which may be a musical genre such as motown , disco , or big band , songs by artists such as michael jackson , elvis presley or the beatles , or more general themes such as billboard number 1 hits or songs from the contestant ' s year of birth . contestants usually work with a celebrity mentor related to the theme . in season ten , jimmy iovine was brought in as a mentor for the season . initially the contestants sing one song each week , but this is increased to two songs from top four or five onwards , then three songs for the top two or three . [ sep ] one
the finals are broadcast in prime time from cbs television city in los angeles , in front of a live studio audience . the finals lasted eight weeks in season one , eleven weeks in subsequent seasons until seasons ten and eleven which lasted twelve weeks except for season twelve , which lasted ten weeks , and season thirteen , which lasted for thirteen weeks . each finalist performs songs based on a weekly theme which may be a musical genre such as motown , disco , or big band , songs by artists such as michael jackson , elvis presley or the beatles , or more general themes such as billboard number 1 hits or songs from the contestant ' s year of birth . contestants usually work with a celebrity mentor related to the theme . in season ten , jimmy iovine was brought in as a mentor for the season . initially the contestants sing one song each week , but this is increased to two songs from top four or five onwards , then three songs for the top two or three . [ sep ] top four or five
prompted by the chaotic torch relays in western europe and north america , the president of the international olympic committee , jacques rogge described the situation as a " crisis " for the organization and stated that any athletes displaying tibetan flags at olympic venues could be expelled from the games . though he stopped short of cancelling the relay altogether despite calls to do so by some ioc members . the outcome of the relay influenced the ioc ' s decision to scrap global relays in future editions of the games . [ sep ] jacques rogge
prompted by the chaotic torch relays in western europe and north america , the president of the international olympic committee , jacques rogge described the situation as a " crisis " for the organization and stated that any athletes displaying tibetan flags at olympic venues could be expelled from the games . though he stopped short of cancelling the relay altogether despite calls to do so by some ioc members . the outcome of the relay influenced the ioc ' s decision to scrap global relays in future editions of the games . [ sep ] could be expelled
prompted by the chaotic torch relays in western europe and north america , the president of the international olympic committee , jacques rogge described the situation as a " crisis " for the organization and stated that any athletes displaying tibetan flags at olympic venues could be expelled from the games . though he stopped short of cancelling the relay altogether despite calls to do so by some ioc members . the outcome of the relay influenced the ioc ' s decision to scrap global relays in future editions of the games . [ sep ] ioc members .
prompted by the chaotic torch relays in western europe and north america , the president of the international olympic committee , jacques rogge described the situation as a " crisis " for the organization and stated that any athletes displaying tibetan flags at olympic venues could be expelled from the games . though he stopped short of cancelling the relay altogether despite calls to do so by some ioc members . the outcome of the relay influenced the ioc ' s decision to scrap global relays in future editions of the games . [ sep ] global relays
in june 2008 , the beijing games ' organizing committee announced that the planned international torch relay for the paralympic games had been cancelled . the committee stated that the relay was being cancelled to enable the chinese government to " focus on the rescue and relief work " following the sichuan earthquake . [ sep ] paralympic games
the olympic torch is based on traditional scrolls and uses a traditional chinese design known as " lucky cloud " . it is made from aluminum . it is 72 centimetres high and weighs 985 grams . the torch is designed to remain lit in 65 kilometre per hour ( 37 mile per hour ) winds , and in rain of up to 50 millimetres ( 2 inches ) per hour . an ignition key is used to ignite and extinguish the flame . the torch is fueled by cans of propane . each can will light the torch for 15 minutes . it is designed by a team from lenovo group . the torch is designed in reference to the traditional chinese concept of the 5 elements that make up the entire universe . [ sep ] lucky cloud
the olympic torch is based on traditional scrolls and uses a traditional chinese design known as " lucky cloud " . it is made from aluminum . it is 72 centimetres high and weighs 985 grams . the torch is designed to remain lit in 65 kilometre per hour ( 37 mile per hour ) winds , and in rain of up to 50 millimetres ( 2 inches ) per hour . an ignition key is used to ignite and extinguish the flame . the torch is fueled by cans of propane . each can will light the torch for 15 minutes . it is designed by a team from lenovo group . the torch is designed in reference to the traditional chinese concept of the 5 elements that make up the entire universe . [ sep ] aluminum .
the olympic torch is based on traditional scrolls and uses a traditional chinese design known as " lucky cloud " . it is made from aluminum . it is 72 centimetres high and weighs 985 grams . the torch is designed to remain lit in 65 kilometre per hour ( 37 mile per hour ) winds , and in rain of up to 50 millimetres ( 2 inches ) per hour . an ignition key is used to ignite and extinguish the flame . the torch is fueled by cans of propane . each can will light the torch for 15 minutes . it is designed by a team from lenovo group . the torch is designed in reference to the traditional chinese concept of the 5 elements that make up the entire universe . [ sep ] 37
the olympic torch is based on traditional scrolls and uses a traditional chinese design known as " lucky cloud " . it is made from aluminum . it is 72 centimetres high and weighs 985 grams . the torch is designed to remain lit in 65 kilometre per hour ( 37 mile per hour ) winds , and in rain of up to 50 millimetres ( 2 inches ) per hour . an ignition key is used to ignite and extinguish the flame . the torch is fueled by cans of propane . each can will light the torch for 15 minutes . it is designed by a team from lenovo group . the torch is designed in reference to the traditional chinese concept of the 5 elements that make up the entire universe . [ sep ] 2
the olympic torch is based on traditional scrolls and uses a traditional chinese design known as " lucky cloud " . it is made from aluminum . it is 72 centimetres high and weighs 985 grams . the torch is designed to remain lit in 65 kilometre per hour ( 37 mile per hour ) winds , and in rain of up to 50 millimetres ( 2 inches ) per hour . an ignition key is used to ignite and extinguish the flame . the torch is fueled by cans of propane . each can will light the torch for 15 minutes . it is designed by a team from lenovo group . the torch is designed in reference to the traditional chinese concept of the 5 elements that make up the entire universe . [ sep ] propane .
the olympic flame is supposed to remain lit for the whole relay . when the torch is extinguished at night , on airplanes , in bad weather , or during protests ( such as the several occasions in paris ) , the olympic flame is kept alight in a set of 8 lanterns . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] lanterns .
the olympic flame is supposed to remain lit for the whole relay . when the torch is extinguished at night , on airplanes , in bad weather , or during protests ( such as the several occasions in paris ) , the olympic flame is kept alight in a set of 8 lanterns . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] during protests
internationally , the torch and its accompanying party traveled in a chartered air china airbus a330 ( registered b - 6075 ) , painted in the red and yellow colors of the olympic games . air china was chosen by the beijing committees of the olympic game as the designated olympic torch carrier in march 2008 for its long - standing participation in the olympic cause . the plane traveled a total of 137 , 000 km ( 85 , 000 mi ) for a duration of 130 days through 21 countries and regions . [ sep ] airbus a330
internationally , the torch and its accompanying party traveled in a chartered air china airbus a330 ( registered b - 6075 ) , painted in the red and yellow colors of the olympic games . air china was chosen by the beijing committees of the olympic game as the designated olympic torch carrier in march 2008 for its long - standing participation in the olympic cause . the plane traveled a total of 137 , 000 km ( 85 , 000 mi ) for a duration of 130 days through 21 countries and regions . [ sep ] red and yellow
internationally , the torch and its accompanying party traveled in a chartered air china airbus a330 ( registered b - 6075 ) , painted in the red and yellow colors of the olympic games . air china was chosen by the beijing committees of the olympic game as the designated olympic torch carrier in march 2008 for its long - standing participation in the olympic cause . the plane traveled a total of 137 , 000 km ( 85 , 000 mi ) for a duration of 130 days through 21 countries and regions . [ sep ] air china
internationally , the torch and its accompanying party traveled in a chartered air china airbus a330 ( registered b - 6075 ) , painted in the red and yellow colors of the olympic games . air china was chosen by the beijing committees of the olympic game as the designated olympic torch carrier in march 2008 for its long - standing participation in the olympic cause . the plane traveled a total of 137 , 000 km ( 85 , 000 mi ) for a duration of 130 days through 21 countries and regions . [ sep ] 130
internationally , the torch and its accompanying party traveled in a chartered air china airbus a330 ( registered b - 6075 ) , painted in the red and yellow colors of the olympic games . air china was chosen by the beijing committees of the olympic game as the designated olympic torch carrier in march 2008 for its long - standing participation in the olympic cause . the plane traveled a total of 137 , 000 km ( 85 , 000 mi ) for a duration of 130 days through 21 countries and regions . [ sep ] 21
the route carried the torch through six continents from march 2008 to may 2008 to august 2008 . the planned route originally included a stop in taipei between ho chi minh city and hong kong , but there was disagreement in beijing and taipei over language used to describe whether it was an international or a domestic part of the route . while the olympic committees of china and chinese taipei reached initial consensus on the approach , the government of the republic of china in taiwan intervened , stating that this placement could be interpreted as placing taiwan on the same level as hong kong and macau , an implication it objected to . the beijing organizing committee attempted to continue negotiation , but further disputes arose over the flag or the anthem of the republic of china along the 24 km torch route in taiwan . by the midnight deadline for concluding the negotiation on september 21 , 2007 , taiwan and china were unable to come to terms with the issue of the torch relay . in the end , both sides of the taiwan strait decided to eliminate the taipei leg . [ sep ] continents
the route carried the torch through six continents from march 2008 to may 2008 to august 2008 . the planned route originally included a stop in taipei between ho chi minh city and hong kong , but there was disagreement in beijing and taipei over language used to describe whether it was an international or a domestic part of the route . while the olympic committees of china and chinese taipei reached initial consensus on the approach , the government of the republic of china in taiwan intervened , stating that this placement could be interpreted as placing taiwan on the same level as hong kong and macau , an implication it objected to . the beijing organizing committee attempted to continue negotiation , but further disputes arose over the flag or the anthem of the republic of china along the 24 km torch route in taiwan . by the midnight deadline for concluding the negotiation on september 21 , 2007 , taiwan and china were unable to come to terms with the issue of the torch relay . in the end , both sides of the taiwan strait decided to eliminate the taipei leg . [ sep ] taiwan .
the route carried the torch through six continents from march 2008 to may 2008 to august 2008 . the planned route originally included a stop in taipei between ho chi minh city and hong kong , but there was disagreement in beijing and taipei over language used to describe whether it was an international or a domestic part of the route . while the olympic committees of china and chinese taipei reached initial consensus on the approach , the government of the republic of china in taiwan intervened , stating that this placement could be interpreted as placing taiwan on the same level as hong kong and macau , an implication it objected to . the beijing organizing committee attempted to continue negotiation , but further disputes arose over the flag or the anthem of the republic of china along the 24 km torch route in taiwan . by the midnight deadline for concluding the negotiation on september 21 , 2007 , taiwan and china were unable to come to terms with the issue of the torch relay . in the end , both sides of the taiwan strait decided to eliminate the taipei leg . [ sep ] hong kong and macau
the route carried the torch through six continents from march 2008 to may 2008 to august 2008 . the planned route originally included a stop in taipei between ho chi minh city and hong kong , but there was disagreement in beijing and taipei over language used to describe whether it was an international or a domestic part of the route . while the olympic committees of china and chinese taipei reached initial consensus on the approach , the government of the republic of china in taiwan intervened , stating that this placement could be interpreted as placing taiwan on the same level as hong kong and macau , an implication it objected to . the beijing organizing committee attempted to continue negotiation , but further disputes arose over the flag or the anthem of the republic of china along the 24 km torch route in taiwan . by the midnight deadline for concluding the negotiation on september 21 , 2007 , taiwan and china were unable to come to terms with the issue of the torch relay . in the end , both sides of the taiwan strait decided to eliminate the taipei leg . [ sep ] 24
greece : on march 24 , 2008 , the olympic flame was ignited at olympia , greece , site of the ancient olympic games . the actress maria nafpliotou , in the role of a high priestess , ignited the torch of the first torchbearer , a silver medalist of the 2004 summer olympics in taekwondo alexandros nikolaidis from greece , who handed the flame over to the second torchbearer , olympic champion in women ' s breaststroke luo xuejuan from china . following the recent unrest in tibet , three members of reporters without borders , including robert menard , breached security and attempted to disrupt a speech by liu qi , the head of beijing ' s olympic organising committee during the torch lighting ceremony in olympia , greece . the people ' s republic of china called this a " disgraceful " attempt to sabotage the olympics . on march 30 , 2008 in athens , during ceremonies marking the handing over of the torch from greek officials to organizers of the beijing games , demonstrators shouted ' free tibet ' and unfurled banners ; some 10 of the 15 protesters were taken into police detention . after the hand - off , protests continued internationally , with particularly violent confrontations with police in nepal . [ sep ] olympia , greece .
greece : on march 24 , 2008 , the olympic flame was ignited at olympia , greece , site of the ancient olympic games . the actress maria nafpliotou , in the role of a high priestess , ignited the torch of the first torchbearer , a silver medalist of the 2004 summer olympics in taekwondo alexandros nikolaidis from greece , who handed the flame over to the second torchbearer , olympic champion in women ' s breaststroke luo xuejuan from china . following the recent unrest in tibet , three members of reporters without borders , including robert menard , breached security and attempted to disrupt a speech by liu qi , the head of beijing ' s olympic organising committee during the torch lighting ceremony in olympia , greece . the people ' s republic of china called this a " disgraceful " attempt to sabotage the olympics . on march 30 , 2008 in athens , during ceremonies marking the handing over of the torch from greek officials to organizers of the beijing games , demonstrators shouted ' free tibet ' and unfurled banners ; some 10 of the 15 protesters were taken into police detention . after the hand - off , protests continued internationally , with particularly violent confrontations with police in nepal . [ sep ] maria nafpliotou
greece : on march 24 , 2008 , the olympic flame was ignited at olympia , greece , site of the ancient olympic games . the actress maria nafpliotou , in the role of a high priestess , ignited the torch of the first torchbearer , a silver medalist of the 2004 summer olympics in taekwondo alexandros nikolaidis from greece , who handed the flame over to the second torchbearer , olympic champion in women ' s breaststroke luo xuejuan from china . following the recent unrest in tibet , three members of reporters without borders , including robert menard , breached security and attempted to disrupt a speech by liu qi , the head of beijing ' s olympic organising committee during the torch lighting ceremony in olympia , greece . the people ' s republic of china called this a " disgraceful " attempt to sabotage the olympics . on march 30 , 2008 in athens , during ceremonies marking the handing over of the torch from greek officials to organizers of the beijing games , demonstrators shouted ' free tibet ' and unfurled banners ; some 10 of the 15 protesters were taken into police detention . after the hand - off , protests continued internationally , with particularly violent confrontations with police in nepal . [ sep ] silver
greece : on march 24 , 2008 , the olympic flame was ignited at olympia , greece , site of the ancient olympic games . the actress maria nafpliotou , in the role of a high priestess , ignited the torch of the first torchbearer , a silver medalist of the 2004 summer olympics in taekwondo alexandros nikolaidis from greece , who handed the flame over to the second torchbearer , olympic champion in women ' s breaststroke luo xuejuan from china . following the recent unrest in tibet , three members of reporters without borders , including robert menard , breached security and attempted to disrupt a speech by liu qi , the head of beijing ' s olympic organising committee during the torch lighting ceremony in olympia , greece . the people ' s republic of china called this a " disgraceful " attempt to sabotage the olympics . on march 30 , 2008 in athens , during ceremonies marking the handing over of the torch from greek officials to organizers of the beijing games , demonstrators shouted ' free tibet ' and unfurled banners ; some 10 of the 15 protesters were taken into police detention . after the hand - off , protests continued internationally , with particularly violent confrontations with police in nepal . [ sep ] alexandros nikolaidis
greece : on march 24 , 2008 , the olympic flame was ignited at olympia , greece , site of the ancient olympic games . the actress maria nafpliotou , in the role of a high priestess , ignited the torch of the first torchbearer , a silver medalist of the 2004 summer olympics in taekwondo alexandros nikolaidis from greece , who handed the flame over to the second torchbearer , olympic champion in women ' s breaststroke luo xuejuan from china . following the recent unrest in tibet , three members of reporters without borders , including robert menard , breached security and attempted to disrupt a speech by liu qi , the head of beijing ' s olympic organising committee during the torch lighting ceremony in olympia , greece . the people ' s republic of china called this a " disgraceful " attempt to sabotage the olympics . on march 30 , 2008 in athens , during ceremonies marking the handing over of the torch from greek officials to organizers of the beijing games , demonstrators shouted ' free tibet ' and unfurled banners ; some 10 of the 15 protesters were taken into police detention . after the hand - off , protests continued internationally , with particularly violent confrontations with police in nepal . [ sep ] nepal .
the most popular contestants are usually not revealed in the results show . instead , typically the three contestants ( two in later rounds ) who received the lowest number of votes are called to the center of the stage . one of these three is usually sent to safety ; however the two remaining are not necessarily the bottom two . the contestant with the fewest votes is then revealed and eliminated from the competition . a montage of the eliminated contestant ' s time on the show is played and they give their final performance . however , in season six , during the series ' first ever idol gives back episode , no contestant was eliminated , but on the following week , two were sent home . moreover , starting in season eight , the judges may overturn viewers ' decision with a " judges ' save " if they unanimously agree to . " the save " can only be used once , and only up through the top five . in the eighth , ninth , tenth , and fourteenth seasons , a double elimination then took place in the week following the activation of the save , but in the eleventh and thirteenth seasons , a regular single elimination took place . the save was not activated in the twelfth season and consequently , a non - elimination took place in the week after its expiration with the votes then carrying over into the following week . [ sep ] safety
the most popular contestants are usually not revealed in the results show . instead , typically the three contestants ( two in later rounds ) who received the lowest number of votes are called to the center of the stage . one of these three is usually sent to safety ; however the two remaining are not necessarily the bottom two . the contestant with the fewest votes is then revealed and eliminated from the competition . a montage of the eliminated contestant ' s time on the show is played and they give their final performance . however , in season six , during the series ' first ever idol gives back episode , no contestant was eliminated , but on the following week , two were sent home . moreover , starting in season eight , the judges may overturn viewers ' decision with a " judges ' save " if they unanimously agree to . " the save " can only be used once , and only up through the top five . in the eighth , ninth , tenth , and fourteenth seasons , a double elimination then took place in the week following the activation of the save , but in the eleventh and thirteenth seasons , a regular single elimination took place . the save was not activated in the twelfth season and consequently , a non - elimination took place in the week after its expiration with the votes then carrying over into the following week . [ sep ] season six
the " fan save " was introduced in the fourteenth season . during the finals , viewers are given a five - minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination by using their twitter account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show , starting with the top 8 . [ sep ] fan save
the " fan save " was introduced in the fourteenth season . during the finals , viewers are given a five - minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination by using their twitter account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show , starting with the top 8 . [ sep ] twitter
the " fan save " was introduced in the fourteenth season . during the finals , viewers are given a five - minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination by using their twitter account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show , starting with the top 8 . [ sep ] top 8
china : in china , the torch was first welcomed by politburo standing committee member zhou yongkang and state councilor liu yandong . it was subsequently passed onto cpc general secretary hu jintao . a call to boycott french hypermart carrefour from may 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the chinese over the weekend from april 12 , accusing the company ' s major shareholder , the lvmh group , of donating funds to the dalai lama . there were also calls to extend the boycott to include french luxury goods and cosmetic products . according to the washington times on april 15 , however , the chinese government was attempting to " calm the situation " through censorship : " all comments posted on popular internet forum sohu . com relating to a boycott of carrefour have been deleted . " chinese protesters organized boycotts of the french - owned retail chain carrefour in major chinese cities including kunming , hefei and wuhan , accusing the french nation of pro - secessionist conspiracy and anti - chinese racism . some burned french flags , some added nazism ' s swastika to the french flag , and spread short online messages calling for large protests in front of french consulates and embassy . the carrefour boycott was met with anti - boycott demonstrators who insisted on entering one of the carrefour stores in kunming , only to be blocked by boycotters wielding large chinese flags and hit by water bottles . the bbc reported that hundreds of people demonstrated in beijing , wuhan , hefei , kunming and qingdao . [ sep ] the lvmh group
china : in china , the torch was first welcomed by politburo standing committee member zhou yongkang and state councilor liu yandong . it was subsequently passed onto cpc general secretary hu jintao . a call to boycott french hypermart carrefour from may 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the chinese over the weekend from april 12 , accusing the company ' s major shareholder , the lvmh group , of donating funds to the dalai lama . there were also calls to extend the boycott to include french luxury goods and cosmetic products . according to the washington times on april 15 , however , the chinese government was attempting to " calm the situation " through censorship : " all comments posted on popular internet forum sohu . com relating to a boycott of carrefour have been deleted . " chinese protesters organized boycotts of the french - owned retail chain carrefour in major chinese cities including kunming , hefei and wuhan , accusing the french nation of pro - secessionist conspiracy and anti - chinese racism . some burned french flags , some added nazism ' s swastika to the french flag , and spread short online messages calling for large protests in front of french consulates and embassy . the carrefour boycott was met with anti - boycott demonstrators who insisted on entering one of the carrefour stores in kunming , only to be blocked by boycotters wielding large chinese flags and hit by water bottles . the bbc reported that hundreds of people demonstrated in beijing , wuhan , hefei , kunming and qingdao . [ sep ] censorship
china : in china , the torch was first welcomed by politburo standing committee member zhou yongkang and state councilor liu yandong . it was subsequently passed onto cpc general secretary hu jintao . a call to boycott french hypermart carrefour from may 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the chinese over the weekend from april 12 , accusing the company ' s major shareholder , the lvmh group , of donating funds to the dalai lama . there were also calls to extend the boycott to include french luxury goods and cosmetic products . according to the washington times on april 15 , however , the chinese government was attempting to " calm the situation " through censorship : " all comments posted on popular internet forum sohu . com relating to a boycott of carrefour have been deleted . " chinese protesters organized boycotts of the french - owned retail chain carrefour in major chinese cities including kunming , hefei and wuhan , accusing the french nation of pro - secessionist conspiracy and anti - chinese racism . some burned french flags , some added nazism ' s swastika to the french flag , and spread short online messages calling for large protests in front of french consulates and embassy . the carrefour boycott was met with anti - boycott demonstrators who insisted on entering one of the carrefour stores in kunming , only to be blocked by boycotters wielding large chinese flags and hit by water bottles . the bbc reported that hundreds of people demonstrated in beijing , wuhan , hefei , kunming and qingdao . [ sep ] carrefour
the finale is the two - hour last episode of the season , culminating in revealing the winner . for seasons one , three through six , and fourteen , it was broadcast from the dolby theatre , which has an audience capacity of approximately 3 , 400 . the finale for season two took place at the gibson amphitheatre , which has an audience capacity of over 6 , 000 . in seasons seven through thirteen , the venue was at the nokia theatre , which holds an audience of over 7 , 000 . [ sep ] dolby theatre
the finale is the two - hour last episode of the season , culminating in revealing the winner . for seasons one , three through six , and fourteen , it was broadcast from the dolby theatre , which has an audience capacity of approximately 3 , 400 . the finale for season two took place at the gibson amphitheatre , which has an audience capacity of over 6 , 000 . in seasons seven through thirteen , the venue was at the nokia theatre , which holds an audience of over 7 , 000 . [ sep ] 3 , 400
the finale is the two - hour last episode of the season , culminating in revealing the winner . for seasons one , three through six , and fourteen , it was broadcast from the dolby theatre , which has an audience capacity of approximately 3 , 400 . the finale for season two took place at the gibson amphitheatre , which has an audience capacity of over 6 , 000 . in seasons seven through thirteen , the venue was at the nokia theatre , which holds an audience of over 7 , 000 . [ sep ] 6 , 000
the finale is the two - hour last episode of the season , culminating in revealing the winner . for seasons one , three through six , and fourteen , it was broadcast from the dolby theatre , which has an audience capacity of approximately 3 , 400 . the finale for season two took place at the gibson amphitheatre , which has an audience capacity of over 6 , 000 . in seasons seven through thirteen , the venue was at the nokia theatre , which holds an audience of over 7 , 000 . [ sep ] nokia theatre
in response to the demonstrations , an editorial in the people ' s daily urged chinese people to " express [ their ] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally , and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner " . [ sep ] people ' s daily
in response to the demonstrations , an editorial in the people ' s daily urged chinese people to " express [ their ] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally , and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner " . [ sep ] legal
kazakhstan : the first torchbearer in almaty , where the olympic torch arrived for the first time ever on april 2 , was the president of kazakhstan nursultan nazarbaev . the route ran 20 km from medeo stadium to astana square . there were reports that uighur activists were arrested and some were deported back to china . [ sep ] kazakhstan
kazakhstan : the first torchbearer in almaty , where the olympic torch arrived for the first time ever on april 2 , was the president of kazakhstan nursultan nazarbaev . the route ran 20 km from medeo stadium to astana square . there were reports that uighur activists were arrested and some were deported back to china . [ sep ] nursultan nazarbaev .
kazakhstan : the first torchbearer in almaty , where the olympic torch arrived for the first time ever on april 2 , was the president of kazakhstan nursultan nazarbaev . the route ran 20 km from medeo stadium to astana square . there were reports that uighur activists were arrested and some were deported back to china . [ sep ] 20
kazakhstan : the first torchbearer in almaty , where the olympic torch arrived for the first time ever on april 2 , was the president of kazakhstan nursultan nazarbaev . the route ran 20 km from medeo stadium to astana square . there were reports that uighur activists were arrested and some were deported back to china . [ sep ] uighur
the winner receives a record deal with a major label , which may be for up to six albums , and secures a management contract with american idol - affiliated 19 management ( which has the right of first refusal to sign all contestants ) , as well as various lucrative contracts . all winners prior to season nine reportedly earned at least $ 1 million in their first year as winner . all the runners - up of the first ten seasons , as well as some of other finalists , have also received record deals with major labels . however , starting in season 11 , the runner - up may only be guaranteed a single - only deal . bmg / sony ( seasons 1 – 9 ) and umg ( season 10 – ) had the right of first refusal to sign contestants for three months after the season ' s finale . starting in the fourteenth season , the winner was signed with big machine records . prominent music mogul clive davis also produced some of the selected contestants ' albums , such as kelly clarkson , clay aiken , fantasia barrino and diana degarmo . all top 10 ( 11 in seasons 10 and 12 ) finalists earn the privilege of going on a tour , where the participants may each earn a six - figure sum . [ sep ] a record deal
the winner receives a record deal with a major label , which may be for up to six albums , and secures a management contract with american idol - affiliated 19 management ( which has the right of first refusal to sign all contestants ) , as well as various lucrative contracts . all winners prior to season nine reportedly earned at least $ 1 million in their first year as winner . all the runners - up of the first ten seasons , as well as some of other finalists , have also received record deals with major labels . however , starting in season 11 , the runner - up may only be guaranteed a single - only deal . bmg / sony ( seasons 1 – 9 ) and umg ( season 10 – ) had the right of first refusal to sign contestants for three months after the season ' s finale . starting in the fourteenth season , the winner was signed with big machine records . prominent music mogul clive davis also produced some of the selected contestants ' albums , such as kelly clarkson , clay aiken , fantasia barrino and diana degarmo . all top 10 ( 11 in seasons 10 and 12 ) finalists earn the privilege of going on a tour , where the participants may each earn a six - figure sum . [ sep ] 19 management
the winner receives a record deal with a major label , which may be for up to six albums , and secures a management contract with american idol - affiliated 19 management ( which has the right of first refusal to sign all contestants ) , as well as various lucrative contracts . all winners prior to season nine reportedly earned at least $ 1 million in their first year as winner . all the runners - up of the first ten seasons , as well as some of other finalists , have also received record deals with major labels . however , starting in season 11 , the runner - up may only be guaranteed a single - only deal . bmg / sony ( seasons 1 – 9 ) and umg ( season 10 – ) had the right of first refusal to sign contestants for three months after the season ' s finale . starting in the fourteenth season , the winner was signed with big machine records . prominent music mogul clive davis also produced some of the selected contestants ' albums , such as kelly clarkson , clay aiken , fantasia barrino and diana degarmo . all top 10 ( 11 in seasons 10 and 12 ) finalists earn the privilege of going on a tour , where the participants may each earn a six - figure sum . [ sep ] big machine records
each season premieres with the audition round , taking place in different cities . the audition episodes typically feature a mix of potential finalists , interesting characters and woefully inadequate contestants . each successful contestant receives a golden ticket to proceed on to the next round in hollywood . based on their performances during the hollywood round ( las vegas round for seasons 10 onwards ) , 24 to 36 contestants are selected by the judges to participate in the semifinals . from the semifinal onwards the contestants perform their songs live , with the judges making their critiques after each performance . the contestants are voted for by the viewing public , and the outcome of the public votes is then revealed in the results show typically on the following night . the results shows feature group performances by the contestants as well as guest performers . the top - three results show also features the homecoming events for the top 3 finalists . the season reaches its climax in a two - hour results finale show , where the winner of the season is revealed . [ sep ] a golden ticket
each season premieres with the audition round , taking place in different cities . the audition episodes typically feature a mix of potential finalists , interesting characters and woefully inadequate contestants . each successful contestant receives a golden ticket to proceed on to the next round in hollywood . based on their performances during the hollywood round ( las vegas round for seasons 10 onwards ) , 24 to 36 contestants are selected by the judges to participate in the semifinals . from the semifinal onwards the contestants perform their songs live , with the judges making their critiques after each performance . the contestants are voted for by the viewing public , and the outcome of the public votes is then revealed in the results show typically on the following night . the results shows feature group performances by the contestants as well as guest performers . the top - three results show also features the homecoming events for the top 3 finalists . the season reaches its climax in a two - hour results finale show , where the winner of the season is revealed . [ sep ] the public
with the exception of seasons one and two , the contestants in the semifinals onwards perform in front of a studio audience . they perform with a full band in the finals . from season four to season nine , the american idol band was led by rickey minor ; from season ten onwards , ray chew . assistance may also be given by vocal coaches and song arrangers , such as michael orland and debra byrd to contestants behind the scene . starting with season seven , contestants may perform with a musical instrument from the hollywood rounds onwards . in the first nine seasons , performances were usually aired live on tuesday nights , followed by the results shows on wednesdays in the united states and canada , but moved to wednesdays and thursdays in season ten . [ sep ] rickey minor
with the exception of seasons one and two , the contestants in the semifinals onwards perform in front of a studio audience . they perform with a full band in the finals . from season four to season nine , the american idol band was led by rickey minor ; from season ten onwards , ray chew . assistance may also be given by vocal coaches and song arrangers , such as michael orland and debra byrd to contestants behind the scene . starting with season seven , contestants may perform with a musical instrument from the hollywood rounds onwards . in the first nine seasons , performances were usually aired live on tuesday nights , followed by the results shows on wednesdays in the united states and canada , but moved to wednesdays and thursdays in season ten . [ sep ] ray chew
with the exception of seasons one and two , the contestants in the semifinals onwards perform in front of a studio audience . they perform with a full band in the finals . from season four to season nine , the american idol band was led by rickey minor ; from season ten onwards , ray chew . assistance may also be given by vocal coaches and song arrangers , such as michael orland and debra byrd to contestants behind the scene . starting with season seven , contestants may perform with a musical instrument from the hollywood rounds onwards . in the first nine seasons , performances were usually aired live on tuesday nights , followed by the results shows on wednesdays in the united states and canada , but moved to wednesdays and thursdays in season ten . [ sep ] seven
the first season of american idol debuted as a summer replacement show in june 2002 on the fox network . it was co - hosted by ryan seacrest and brian dunkleman . [ sep ] june 2002
the first season of american idol debuted as a summer replacement show in june 2002 on the fox network . it was co - hosted by ryan seacrest and brian dunkleman . [ sep ] fox
the first season of american idol debuted as a summer replacement show in june 2002 on the fox network . it was co - hosted by ryan seacrest and brian dunkleman . [ sep ] ryan seacrest and brian dunkleman
in the audition rounds , 121 contestants were selected from around 10 , 000 who attended the auditions . these were cut to 30 for the semifinal , with ten going on to the finals . one semifinalist , delano cagnolatti , was disqualified for lying to evade the show ' s age limit . one of the early favorites , tamyra gray , was eliminated at the top four , the first of several such shock eliminations that were to be repeated in later seasons . christina christian was hospitalized before the top six result show due to chest pains and palpitations , and she was eliminated while she was in the hospital . jim verraros was the first openly gay contestant on the show ; his sexual orientation was revealed in his online journal , however it was removed during the competition after a request from the show producers over concerns that it might be unfairly influencing votes . [ sep ] 121
in the audition rounds , 121 contestants were selected from around 10 , 000 who attended the auditions . these were cut to 30 for the semifinal , with ten going on to the finals . one semifinalist , delano cagnolatti , was disqualified for lying to evade the show ' s age limit . one of the early favorites , tamyra gray , was eliminated at the top four , the first of several such shock eliminations that were to be repeated in later seasons . christina christian was hospitalized before the top six result show due to chest pains and palpitations , and she was eliminated while she was in the hospital . jim verraros was the first openly gay contestant on the show ; his sexual orientation was revealed in his online journal , however it was removed during the competition after a request from the show producers over concerns that it might be unfairly influencing votes . [ sep ] 30
in the audition rounds , 121 contestants were selected from around 10 , 000 who attended the auditions . these were cut to 30 for the semifinal , with ten going on to the finals . one semifinalist , delano cagnolatti , was disqualified for lying to evade the show ' s age limit . one of the early favorites , tamyra gray , was eliminated at the top four , the first of several such shock eliminations that were to be repeated in later seasons . christina christian was hospitalized before the top six result show due to chest pains and palpitations , and she was eliminated while she was in the hospital . jim verraros was the first openly gay contestant on the show ; his sexual orientation was revealed in his online journal , however it was removed during the competition after a request from the show producers over concerns that it might be unfairly influencing votes . [ sep ] delano cagnolatti
in the audition rounds , 121 contestants were selected from around 10 , 000 who attended the auditions . these were cut to 30 for the semifinal , with ten going on to the finals . one semifinalist , delano cagnolatti , was disqualified for lying to evade the show ' s age limit . one of the early favorites , tamyra gray , was eliminated at the top four , the first of several such shock eliminations that were to be repeated in later seasons . christina christian was hospitalized before the top six result show due to chest pains and palpitations , and she was eliminated while she was in the hospital . jim verraros was the first openly gay contestant on the show ; his sexual orientation was revealed in his online journal , however it was removed during the competition after a request from the show producers over concerns that it might be unfairly influencing votes . [ sep ] top four
in the audition rounds , 121 contestants were selected from around 10 , 000 who attended the auditions . these were cut to 30 for the semifinal , with ten going on to the finals . one semifinalist , delano cagnolatti , was disqualified for lying to evade the show ' s age limit . one of the early favorites , tamyra gray , was eliminated at the top four , the first of several such shock eliminations that were to be repeated in later seasons . christina christian was hospitalized before the top six result show due to chest pains and palpitations , and she was eliminated while she was in the hospital . jim verraros was the first openly gay contestant on the show ; his sexual orientation was revealed in his online journal , however it was removed during the competition after a request from the show producers over concerns that it might be unfairly influencing votes . [ sep ] christina christian
the final showdown was between justin guarini , one of the early favorites , and kelly clarkson . clarkson was not initially thought of as a contender , but impressed the judges with some good performances in the final rounds , such as her performance of aretha franklin ' s " natural woman " , and betty hutton ' s " stuff like that there " , and eventually won the crown on september 4 , 2002 . [ sep ] justin guarini
the final showdown was between justin guarini , one of the early favorites , and kelly clarkson . clarkson was not initially thought of as a contender , but impressed the judges with some good performances in the final rounds , such as her performance of aretha franklin ' s " natural woman " , and betty hutton ' s " stuff like that there " , and eventually won the crown on september 4 , 2002 . [ sep ] kelly clarkson
the final showdown was between justin guarini , one of the early favorites , and kelly clarkson . clarkson was not initially thought of as a contender , but impressed the judges with some good performances in the final rounds , such as her performance of aretha franklin ' s " natural woman " , and betty hutton ' s " stuff like that there " , and eventually won the crown on september 4 , 2002 . [ sep ] september 4 , 2002
in what was to become a tradition , clarkson performed the coronation song during the finale , and released the song immediately after the season ended . the single , " a moment like this " , went on to break a 38 - year - old record held by the beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the billboard hot 100 . guarini did not release any song immediately after the show and remains the only runner - up not to do so . both clarkson and guarini made a musical film , from justin to kelly , which was released in 2003 but was widely panned . clarkson has since become the most successful idol contestant internationally , with worldwide album sales of more than 23 million . [ sep ] the coronation song
in what was to become a tradition , clarkson performed the coronation song during the finale , and released the song immediately after the season ended . the single , " a moment like this " , went on to break a 38 - year - old record held by the beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the billboard hot 100 . guarini did not release any song immediately after the show and remains the only runner - up not to do so . both clarkson and guarini made a musical film , from justin to kelly , which was released in 2003 but was widely panned . clarkson has since become the most successful idol contestant internationally , with worldwide album sales of more than 23 million . [ sep ] a moment like this
in what was to become a tradition , clarkson performed the coronation song during the finale , and released the song immediately after the season ended . the single , " a moment like this " , went on to break a 38 - year - old record held by the beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the billboard hot 100 . guarini did not release any song immediately after the show and remains the only runner - up not to do so . both clarkson and guarini made a musical film , from justin to kelly , which was released in 2003 but was widely panned . clarkson has since become the most successful idol contestant internationally , with worldwide album sales of more than 23 million . [ sep ] the beatles
in what was to become a tradition , clarkson performed the coronation song during the finale , and released the song immediately after the season ended . the single , " a moment like this " , went on to break a 38 - year - old record held by the beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the billboard hot 100 . guarini did not release any song immediately after the show and remains the only runner - up not to do so . both clarkson and guarini made a musical film , from justin to kelly , which was released in 2003 but was widely panned . clarkson has since become the most successful idol contestant internationally , with worldwide album sales of more than 23 million . [ sep ] from justin to kelly
in what was to become a tradition , clarkson performed the coronation song during the finale , and released the song immediately after the season ended . the single , " a moment like this " , went on to break a 38 - year - old record held by the beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the billboard hot 100 . guarini did not release any song immediately after the show and remains the only runner - up not to do so . both clarkson and guarini made a musical film , from justin to kelly , which was released in 2003 but was widely panned . clarkson has since become the most successful idol contestant internationally , with worldwide album sales of more than 23 million . [ sep ] more than 23 million
following the success of season one , the second season was moved up to air in january 2003 . the number of episodes increased , as did the show ' s budget and the charge for commercial spots . dunkleman left the show , leaving seacrest as the lone host . kristin adams was a correspondent for this season . [ sep ] january 2003
following the success of season one , the second season was moved up to air in january 2003 . the number of episodes increased , as did the show ' s budget and the charge for commercial spots . dunkleman left the show , leaving seacrest as the lone host . kristin adams was a correspondent for this season . [ sep ] kristin adams
corey clark was disqualified during the finals for having an undisclosed police record ; however , he later alleged that he and paula abdul had an affair while on the show and that this contributed to his expulsion . clark also claimed that abdul gave him preferential treatment on the show due to their affair . the allegations were dismissed by fox after an independent investigation . two semi - finalists were also disqualified that year – jaered andrews for an arrest on an assault charge , and frenchie davis for having previously modelled for an adult website . [ sep ] corey clark
corey clark was disqualified during the finals for having an undisclosed police record ; however , he later alleged that he and paula abdul had an affair while on the show and that this contributed to his expulsion . clark also claimed that abdul gave him preferential treatment on the show due to their affair . the allegations were dismissed by fox after an independent investigation . two semi - finalists were also disqualified that year – jaered andrews for an arrest on an assault charge , and frenchie davis for having previously modelled for an adult website . [ sep ] frenchie davis
corey clark was disqualified during the finals for having an undisclosed police record ; however , he later alleged that he and paula abdul had an affair while on the show and that this contributed to his expulsion . clark also claimed that abdul gave him preferential treatment on the show due to their affair . the allegations were dismissed by fox after an independent investigation . two semi - finalists were also disqualified that year – jaered andrews for an arrest on an assault charge , and frenchie davis for having previously modelled for an adult website . [ sep ] jaered andrews
ruben studdard emerged as the winner , beating clay aiken by a small margin . out of a total of 24 million votes , studdard finished just 134 , 000 votes ahead of aiken . this slim margin of victory was controversial due to the large number of calls that failed to get through . in an interview prior to season five , executive producer nigel lythgoe indicated that aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale . [ sep ] ruben studdard
ruben studdard emerged as the winner , beating clay aiken by a small margin . out of a total of 24 million votes , studdard finished just 134 , 000 votes ahead of aiken . this slim margin of victory was controversial due to the large number of calls that failed to get through . in an interview prior to season five , executive producer nigel lythgoe indicated that aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale . [ sep ] clay aiken
ruben studdard emerged as the winner , beating clay aiken by a small margin . out of a total of 24 million votes , studdard finished just 134 , 000 votes ahead of aiken . this slim margin of victory was controversial due to the large number of calls that failed to get through . in an interview prior to season five , executive producer nigel lythgoe indicated that aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale . [ sep ] 134 , 000
ruben studdard emerged as the winner , beating clay aiken by a small margin . out of a total of 24 million votes , studdard finished just 134 , 000 votes ahead of aiken . this slim margin of victory was controversial due to the large number of calls that failed to get through . in an interview prior to season five , executive producer nigel lythgoe indicated that aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale . [ sep ] 24 million
ruben studdard emerged as the winner , beating clay aiken by a small margin . out of a total of 24 million votes , studdard finished just 134 , 000 votes ahead of aiken . this slim margin of victory was controversial due to the large number of calls that failed to get through . in an interview prior to season five , executive producer nigel lythgoe indicated that aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale . [ sep ] clay aiken
turkey : the torch relay leg in istanbul , held on april 3 , started on sultanahmet square and finished in taksim square . uyghurs living in turkey protested at chinese treatment of their compatriots living in xinjiang . several protesters who tried to disrupt the relay were promptly arrested by the police . [ sep ] istanbul
turkey : the torch relay leg in istanbul , held on april 3 , started on sultanahmet square and finished in taksim square . uyghurs living in turkey protested at chinese treatment of their compatriots living in xinjiang . several protesters who tried to disrupt the relay were promptly arrested by the police . [ sep ] sultanahmet square
turkey : the torch relay leg in istanbul , held on april 3 , started on sultanahmet square and finished in taksim square . uyghurs living in turkey protested at chinese treatment of their compatriots living in xinjiang . several protesters who tried to disrupt the relay were promptly arrested by the police . [ sep ] taksim square .
turkey : the torch relay leg in istanbul , held on april 3 , started on sultanahmet square and finished in taksim square . uyghurs living in turkey protested at chinese treatment of their compatriots living in xinjiang . several protesters who tried to disrupt the relay were promptly arrested by the police . [ sep ] uyghurs
turkey : the torch relay leg in istanbul , held on april 3 , started on sultanahmet square and finished in taksim square . uyghurs living in turkey protested at chinese treatment of their compatriots living in xinjiang . several protesters who tried to disrupt the relay were promptly arrested by the police . [ sep ] arrested
both finalists found success after the show , but aiken out - performed studdard ' s coronation song " flying without wings " with his single release from the show " this is the night " , as well as in their subsequent album releases . the fourth - place finisher josh gracin also enjoyed some success as a country singer . [ sep ] flying without wings
both finalists found success after the show , but aiken out - performed studdard ' s coronation song " flying without wings " with his single release from the show " this is the night " , as well as in their subsequent album releases . the fourth - place finisher josh gracin also enjoyed some success as a country singer . [ sep ] this is the night
both finalists found success after the show , but aiken out - performed studdard ' s coronation song " flying without wings " with his single release from the show " this is the night " , as well as in their subsequent album releases . the fourth - place finisher josh gracin also enjoyed some success as a country singer . [ sep ] aiken
both finalists found success after the show , but aiken out - performed studdard ' s coronation song " flying without wings " with his single release from the show " this is the night " , as well as in their subsequent album releases . the fourth - place finisher josh gracin also enjoyed some success as a country singer . [ sep ] josh gracin
season three premiered on january 19 , 2004 . one of the most talked - about contestants during the audition process was william hung whose off - key rendition of ricky martin ' s " she bangs " received widespread attention . his exposure on idol landed him a record deal and surprisingly he became the third best - selling singer from that season . [ sep ] january 19 , 2004
season three premiered on january 19 , 2004 . one of the most talked - about contestants during the audition process was william hung whose off - key rendition of ricky martin ' s " she bangs " received widespread attention . his exposure on idol landed him a record deal and surprisingly he became the third best - selling singer from that season . [ sep ] william hung
season three premiered on january 19 , 2004 . one of the most talked - about contestants during the audition process was william hung whose off - key rendition of ricky martin ' s " she bangs " received widespread attention . his exposure on idol landed him a record deal and surprisingly he became the third best - selling singer from that season . [ sep ] william hung
russia : on april 5 the olympic torch arrived at saint petersburg , russia . the length of the torch relay route in the city was 20 km , with the start at the victory square and finish at the palace square . mixed martial arts icon and former pride heavyweight champion fedor emelianenko was one the torch bearers . this gives him the distinction of the being the first active mma fighter to carry the olympic flame . [ sep ] saint petersburg
russia : on april 5 the olympic torch arrived at saint petersburg , russia . the length of the torch relay route in the city was 20 km , with the start at the victory square and finish at the palace square . mixed martial arts icon and former pride heavyweight champion fedor emelianenko was one the torch bearers . this gives him the distinction of the being the first active mma fighter to carry the olympic flame . [ sep ] victory square
russia : on april 5 the olympic torch arrived at saint petersburg , russia . the length of the torch relay route in the city was 20 km , with the start at the victory square and finish at the palace square . mixed martial arts icon and former pride heavyweight champion fedor emelianenko was one the torch bearers . this gives him the distinction of the being the first active mma fighter to carry the olympic flame . [ sep ] palace square .
russia : on april 5 the olympic torch arrived at saint petersburg , russia . the length of the torch relay route in the city was 20 km , with the start at the victory square and finish at the palace square . mixed martial arts icon and former pride heavyweight champion fedor emelianenko was one the torch bearers . this gives him the distinction of the being the first active mma fighter to carry the olympic flame . [ sep ] fedor emelianenko
great britain : the torch relay leg held in london , the host city of the 2012 summer olympics , on april 6 began at wembley stadium , passed through the city of london , and eventually ended at o2 arena in the eastern part of the city . the 48 km ( 30 mi ) leg took a total of seven and a half hours to complete , and attracted protests by pro - tibetan independence and pro - human rights supporters , prompting changes to the planned route and an unscheduled move onto a bus , which was then briefly halted by protestors . home secretary jacqui smith has officially complained to beijing organising committee about the conduct of the tracksuit - clad chinese security guards . the chinese officials , seen manhandling protesters , were described by both the london mayor ken livingstone and lord coe , chairman of the london olympic committee as " thugs " . a metropolitan police briefing paper revealed that security for the torch relay cost £750 , 000 and the participation of the chinese security team had been agreed in advance , despite the mayor stating , " we did not know beforehand these thugs were from the security services . had i known so , we would have said no . " [ sep ] london
great britain : the torch relay leg held in london , the host city of the 2012 summer olympics , on april 6 began at wembley stadium , passed through the city of london , and eventually ended at o2 arena in the eastern part of the city . the 48 km ( 30 mi ) leg took a total of seven and a half hours to complete , and attracted protests by pro - tibetan independence and pro - human rights supporters , prompting changes to the planned route and an unscheduled move onto a bus , which was then briefly halted by protestors . home secretary jacqui smith has officially complained to beijing organising committee about the conduct of the tracksuit - clad chinese security guards . the chinese officials , seen manhandling protesters , were described by both the london mayor ken livingstone and lord coe , chairman of the london olympic committee as " thugs " . a metropolitan police briefing paper revealed that security for the torch relay cost £750 , 000 and the participation of the chinese security team had been agreed in advance , despite the mayor stating , " we did not know beforehand these thugs were from the security services . had i known so , we would have said no . " [ sep ] wembley stadium
great britain : the torch relay leg held in london , the host city of the 2012 summer olympics , on april 6 began at wembley stadium , passed through the city of london , and eventually ended at o2 arena in the eastern part of the city . the 48 km ( 30 mi ) leg took a total of seven and a half hours to complete , and attracted protests by pro - tibetan independence and pro - human rights supporters , prompting changes to the planned route and an unscheduled move onto a bus , which was then briefly halted by protestors . home secretary jacqui smith has officially complained to beijing organising committee about the conduct of the tracksuit - clad chinese security guards . the chinese officials , seen manhandling protesters , were described by both the london mayor ken livingstone and lord coe , chairman of the london olympic committee as " thugs " . a metropolitan police briefing paper revealed that security for the torch relay cost £750 , 000 and the participation of the chinese security team had been agreed in advance , despite the mayor stating , " we did not know beforehand these thugs were from the security services . had i known so , we would have said no . " [ sep ] o2 arena
great britain : the torch relay leg held in london , the host city of the 2012 summer olympics , on april 6 began at wembley stadium , passed through the city of london , and eventually ended at o2 arena in the eastern part of the city . the 48 km ( 30 mi ) leg took a total of seven and a half hours to complete , and attracted protests by pro - tibetan independence and pro - human rights supporters , prompting changes to the planned route and an unscheduled move onto a bus , which was then briefly halted by protestors . home secretary jacqui smith has officially complained to beijing organising committee about the conduct of the tracksuit - clad chinese security guards . the chinese officials , seen manhandling protesters , were described by both the london mayor ken livingstone and lord coe , chairman of the london olympic committee as " thugs " . a metropolitan police briefing paper revealed that security for the torch relay cost £750 , 000 and the participation of the chinese security team had been agreed in advance , despite the mayor stating , " we did not know beforehand these thugs were from the security services . had i known so , we would have said no . " [ sep ] 30 mi
great britain : the torch relay leg held in london , the host city of the 2012 summer olympics , on april 6 began at wembley stadium , passed through the city of london , and eventually ended at o2 arena in the eastern part of the city . the 48 km ( 30 mi ) leg took a total of seven and a half hours to complete , and attracted protests by pro - tibetan independence and pro - human rights supporters , prompting changes to the planned route and an unscheduled move onto a bus , which was then briefly halted by protestors . home secretary jacqui smith has officially complained to beijing organising committee about the conduct of the tracksuit - clad chinese security guards . the chinese officials , seen manhandling protesters , were described by both the london mayor ken livingstone and lord coe , chairman of the london olympic committee as " thugs " . a metropolitan police briefing paper revealed that security for the torch relay cost £750 , 000 and the participation of the chinese security team had been agreed in advance , despite the mayor stating , " we did not know beforehand these thugs were from the security services . had i known so , we would have said no . " [ sep ] thugs
of the 80 torch - bearers in london , sir steve redgrave , who started the relay , mentioned to the media that he had received e - mailed pleas to boycott the event and could " see why they would like to make an issue " of it . francesca martinez and richard vaughan refused to carry the torch , while konnie huq decided to carry it and also speak out against china . the pro - tibetan member of parliament norman baker asked all bearers to reconsider . amid pressure from both directions , prime minister gordon brown welcomed the torch outside 10 downing street without holding or touching it . the london relay saw the torch surrounded by what the bbc described as " a mobile protective ring . " protests began as soon as redgrave started the event , leading to at least thirty - five arrests . in ladbroke grove a demonstrator attempted to snatch the torch from konnie huq in a momentary struggle , and in a separate incident , a fire extinguisher was set off near the torch . the chinese ambassador carried the torch through chinatown after an unpublicized change to the route amid security concerns . the torch made an unscheduled move onto a bus along fleet street amid security concerns and efforts to evade the protesters . in an effort to counter the pro - tibet protesters and show their support for the 2008 beijing olympics , more than 2 , 000 chinese also gathered on the torch route and demonstrated with signs , banners and chinese flags . a large number of supporters were concentrated in trafalgar square , displaying the olympic slogan " one world , one dream " . [ sep ] sir steve redgrave
of the 80 torch - bearers in london , sir steve redgrave , who started the relay , mentioned to the media that he had received e - mailed pleas to boycott the event and could " see why they would like to make an issue " of it . francesca martinez and richard vaughan refused to carry the torch , while konnie huq decided to carry it and also speak out against china . the pro - tibetan member of parliament norman baker asked all bearers to reconsider . amid pressure from both directions , prime minister gordon brown welcomed the torch outside 10 downing street without holding or touching it . the london relay saw the torch surrounded by what the bbc described as " a mobile protective ring . " protests began as soon as redgrave started the event , leading to at least thirty - five arrests . in ladbroke grove a demonstrator attempted to snatch the torch from konnie huq in a momentary struggle , and in a separate incident , a fire extinguisher was set off near the torch . the chinese ambassador carried the torch through chinatown after an unpublicized change to the route amid security concerns . the torch made an unscheduled move onto a bus along fleet street amid security concerns and efforts to evade the protesters . in an effort to counter the pro - tibet protesters and show their support for the 2008 beijing olympics , more than 2 , 000 chinese also gathered on the torch route and demonstrated with signs , banners and chinese flags . a large number of supporters were concentrated in trafalgar square , displaying the olympic slogan " one world , one dream " . [ sep ] 80
of the 80 torch - bearers in london , sir steve redgrave , who started the relay , mentioned to the media that he had received e - mailed pleas to boycott the event and could " see why they would like to make an issue " of it . francesca martinez and richard vaughan refused to carry the torch , while konnie huq decided to carry it and also speak out against china . the pro - tibetan member of parliament norman baker asked all bearers to reconsider . amid pressure from both directions , prime minister gordon brown welcomed the torch outside 10 downing street without holding or touching it . the london relay saw the torch surrounded by what the bbc described as " a mobile protective ring . " protests began as soon as redgrave started the event , leading to at least thirty - five arrests . in ladbroke grove a demonstrator attempted to snatch the torch from konnie huq in a momentary struggle , and in a separate incident , a fire extinguisher was set off near the torch . the chinese ambassador carried the torch through chinatown after an unpublicized change to the route amid security concerns . the torch made an unscheduled move onto a bus along fleet street amid security concerns and efforts to evade the protesters . in an effort to counter the pro - tibet protesters and show their support for the 2008 beijing olympics , more than 2 , 000 chinese also gathered on the torch route and demonstrated with signs , banners and chinese flags . a large number of supporters were concentrated in trafalgar square , displaying the olympic slogan " one world , one dream " . [ sep ] francesca martinez and richard vaughan
of the 80 torch - bearers in london , sir steve redgrave , who started the relay , mentioned to the media that he had received e - mailed pleas to boycott the event and could " see why they would like to make an issue " of it . francesca martinez and richard vaughan refused to carry the torch , while konnie huq decided to carry it and also speak out against china . the pro - tibetan member of parliament norman baker asked all bearers to reconsider . amid pressure from both directions , prime minister gordon brown welcomed the torch outside 10 downing street without holding or touching it . the london relay saw the torch surrounded by what the bbc described as " a mobile protective ring . " protests began as soon as redgrave started the event , leading to at least thirty - five arrests . in ladbroke grove a demonstrator attempted to snatch the torch from konnie huq in a momentary struggle , and in a separate incident , a fire extinguisher was set off near the torch . the chinese ambassador carried the torch through chinatown after an unpublicized change to the route amid security concerns . the torch made an unscheduled move onto a bus along fleet street amid security concerns and efforts to evade the protesters . in an effort to counter the pro - tibet protesters and show their support for the 2008 beijing olympics , more than 2 , 000 chinese also gathered on the torch route and demonstrated with signs , banners and chinese flags . a large number of supporters were concentrated in trafalgar square , displaying the olympic slogan " one world , one dream " . [ sep ] 10 downing street
of the 80 torch - bearers in london , sir steve redgrave , who started the relay , mentioned to the media that he had received e - mailed pleas to boycott the event and could " see why they would like to make an issue " of it . francesca martinez and richard vaughan refused to carry the torch , while konnie huq decided to carry it and also speak out against china . the pro - tibetan member of parliament norman baker asked all bearers to reconsider . amid pressure from both directions , prime minister gordon brown welcomed the torch outside 10 downing street without holding or touching it . the london relay saw the torch surrounded by what the bbc described as " a mobile protective ring . " protests began as soon as redgrave started the event , leading to at least thirty - five arrests . in ladbroke grove a demonstrator attempted to snatch the torch from konnie huq in a momentary struggle , and in a separate incident , a fire extinguisher was set off near the torch . the chinese ambassador carried the torch through chinatown after an unpublicized change to the route amid security concerns . the torch made an unscheduled move onto a bus along fleet street amid security concerns and efforts to evade the protesters . in an effort to counter the pro - tibet protesters and show their support for the 2008 beijing olympics , more than 2 , 000 chinese also gathered on the torch route and demonstrated with signs , banners and chinese flags . a large number of supporters were concentrated in trafalgar square , displaying the olympic slogan " one world , one dream " . [ sep ] ladbroke grove
france : the torch relay leg in paris , held on april 7 , began on the first level of the eiffel tower and finished at the stade charlety . the relay was initially supposed to cover 28 km , but it was shortened at the demand of chinese officials following widespread protests by pro - tibet and human rights activists , who repeatedly attempted to disrupt , hinder or halt the procession . a scheduled ceremony at the town hall was cancelled at the request of the chinese authorities , and , also at the request of chinese authorities , the torch finished the relay by bus instead of being carried by athletes . paris city officials had announced plans to greet the olympic flame with peaceful protest when the torch was to reach the french capital . the city government attached a banner reading " paris defends human rights throughout the world " to the city hall , in an attempt to promote values " of all humanity and of human rights . " members from reporters without borders turned out in large numbers to protest . an estimated 3 , 000 french police protected the olympic torch relay as it departed from the eiffel tower and criss - crossed paris amid threat of protests . widespread pro - tibet protests , including an attempt by more than one demonstrator to extinguish the flame with water or fire extinguishers , prompted relay authorities to put out the flame five times ( according to the police authorities in paris ) and load the torch onto a bus , at the demand of chinese officials . this was later denied by the chinese ministry of foreign affairs , despite video footage broadcast by french television network france 2 which showed chinese flame attendants extinguishing the torch . backup flames are with the relay at all times to relight the torch . french judoka and torchbearer david douillet expressed his annoyance at the chinese flame attendants who extinguished the torch which he was about to hand over to teddy riner : " i understand they ' re afraid of everything , but this is just annoying . they extinguished the flame despite the fact that there was no risk , and they could see it and they knew it . i don ' t know why they did it . " [ sep ] april 7
france : the torch relay leg in paris , held on april 7 , began on the first level of the eiffel tower and finished at the stade charlety . the relay was initially supposed to cover 28 km , but it was shortened at the demand of chinese officials following widespread protests by pro - tibet and human rights activists , who repeatedly attempted to disrupt , hinder or halt the procession . a scheduled ceremony at the town hall was cancelled at the request of the chinese authorities , and , also at the request of chinese authorities , the torch finished the relay by bus instead of being carried by athletes . paris city officials had announced plans to greet the olympic flame with peaceful protest when the torch was to reach the french capital . the city government attached a banner reading " paris defends human rights throughout the world " to the city hall , in an attempt to promote values " of all humanity and of human rights . " members from reporters without borders turned out in large numbers to protest . an estimated 3 , 000 french police protected the olympic torch relay as it departed from the eiffel tower and criss - crossed paris amid threat of protests . widespread pro - tibet protests , including an attempt by more than one demonstrator to extinguish the flame with water or fire extinguishers , prompted relay authorities to put out the flame five times ( according to the police authorities in paris ) and load the torch onto a bus , at the demand of chinese officials . this was later denied by the chinese ministry of foreign affairs , despite video footage broadcast by french television network france 2 which showed chinese flame attendants extinguishing the torch . backup flames are with the relay at all times to relight the torch . french judoka and torchbearer david douillet expressed his annoyance at the chinese flame attendants who extinguished the torch which he was about to hand over to teddy riner : " i understand they ' re afraid of everything , but this is just annoying . they extinguished the flame despite the fact that there was no risk , and they could see it and they knew it . i don ' t know why they did it . " [ sep ] paris
france : the torch relay leg in paris , held on april 7 , began on the first level of the eiffel tower and finished at the stade charlety . the relay was initially supposed to cover 28 km , but it was shortened at the demand of chinese officials following widespread protests by pro - tibet and human rights activists , who repeatedly attempted to disrupt , hinder or halt the procession . a scheduled ceremony at the town hall was cancelled at the request of the chinese authorities , and , also at the request of chinese authorities , the torch finished the relay by bus instead of being carried by athletes . paris city officials had announced plans to greet the olympic flame with peaceful protest when the torch was to reach the french capital . the city government attached a banner reading " paris defends human rights throughout the world " to the city hall , in an attempt to promote values " of all humanity and of human rights . " members from reporters without borders turned out in large numbers to protest . an estimated 3 , 000 french police protected the olympic torch relay as it departed from the eiffel tower and criss - crossed paris amid threat of protests . widespread pro - tibet protests , including an attempt by more than one demonstrator to extinguish the flame with water or fire extinguishers , prompted relay authorities to put out the flame five times ( according to the police authorities in paris ) and load the torch onto a bus , at the demand of chinese officials . this was later denied by the chinese ministry of foreign affairs , despite video footage broadcast by french television network france 2 which showed chinese flame attendants extinguishing the torch . backup flames are with the relay at all times to relight the torch . french judoka and torchbearer david douillet expressed his annoyance at the chinese flame attendants who extinguished the torch which he was about to hand over to teddy riner : " i understand they ' re afraid of everything , but this is just annoying . they extinguished the flame despite the fact that there was no risk , and they could see it and they knew it . i don ' t know why they did it . " [ sep ] eiffel tower
france : the torch relay leg in paris , held on april 7 , began on the first level of the eiffel tower and finished at the stade charlety . the relay was initially supposed to cover 28 km , but it was shortened at the demand of chinese officials following widespread protests by pro - tibet and human rights activists , who repeatedly attempted to disrupt , hinder or halt the procession . a scheduled ceremony at the town hall was cancelled at the request of the chinese authorities , and , also at the request of chinese authorities , the torch finished the relay by bus instead of being carried by athletes . paris city officials had announced plans to greet the olympic flame with peaceful protest when the torch was to reach the french capital . the city government attached a banner reading " paris defends human rights throughout the world " to the city hall , in an attempt to promote values " of all humanity and of human rights . " members from reporters without borders turned out in large numbers to protest . an estimated 3 , 000 french police protected the olympic torch relay as it departed from the eiffel tower and criss - crossed paris amid threat of protests . widespread pro - tibet protests , including an attempt by more than one demonstrator to extinguish the flame with water or fire extinguishers , prompted relay authorities to put out the flame five times ( according to the police authorities in paris ) and load the torch onto a bus , at the demand of chinese officials . this was later denied by the chinese ministry of foreign affairs , despite video footage broadcast by french television network france 2 which showed chinese flame attendants extinguishing the torch . backup flames are with the relay at all times to relight the torch . french judoka and torchbearer david douillet expressed his annoyance at the chinese flame attendants who extinguished the torch which he was about to hand over to teddy riner : " i understand they ' re afraid of everything , but this is just annoying . they extinguished the flame despite the fact that there was no risk , and they could see it and they knew it . i don ' t know why they did it . " [ sep ] 3 , 000
france : the torch relay leg in paris , held on april 7 , began on the first level of the eiffel tower and finished at the stade charlety . the relay was initially supposed to cover 28 km , but it was shortened at the demand of chinese officials following widespread protests by pro - tibet and human rights activists , who repeatedly attempted to disrupt , hinder or halt the procession . a scheduled ceremony at the town hall was cancelled at the request of the chinese authorities , and , also at the request of chinese authorities , the torch finished the relay by bus instead of being carried by athletes . paris city officials had announced plans to greet the olympic flame with peaceful protest when the torch was to reach the french capital . the city government attached a banner reading " paris defends human rights throughout the world " to the city hall , in an attempt to promote values " of all humanity and of human rights . " members from reporters without borders turned out in large numbers to protest . an estimated 3 , 000 french police protected the olympic torch relay as it departed from the eiffel tower and criss - crossed paris amid threat of protests . widespread pro - tibet protests , including an attempt by more than one demonstrator to extinguish the flame with water or fire extinguishers , prompted relay authorities to put out the flame five times ( according to the police authorities in paris ) and load the torch onto a bus , at the demand of chinese officials . this was later denied by the chinese ministry of foreign affairs , despite video footage broadcast by french television network france 2 which showed chinese flame attendants extinguishing the torch . backup flames are with the relay at all times to relight the torch . french judoka and torchbearer david douillet expressed his annoyance at the chinese flame attendants who extinguished the torch which he was about to hand over to teddy riner : " i understand they ' re afraid of everything , but this is just annoying . they extinguished the flame despite the fact that there was no risk , and they could see it and they knew it . i don ' t know why they did it . " [ sep ] five
much media attention on the season had been focused on the three black singers , fantasia barrino , latoya london , and jennifer hudson , dubbed the three divas . all three unexpectedly landed on the bottom three on the top seven result show , with hudson controversially eliminated . elton john , who was one of the mentors that season , called the results of the votes " incredibly racist " . the prolonged stays of john stevens and jasmine trias in the finals , despite negative comments from the judges , had aroused resentment , so much so that john stevens reportedly received a death threat , which he dismissed as a joke ' blown out of proportion ' . [ sep ] the three divas
much media attention on the season had been focused on the three black singers , fantasia barrino , latoya london , and jennifer hudson , dubbed the three divas . all three unexpectedly landed on the bottom three on the top seven result show , with hudson controversially eliminated . elton john , who was one of the mentors that season , called the results of the votes " incredibly racist " . the prolonged stays of john stevens and jasmine trias in the finals , despite negative comments from the judges , had aroused resentment , so much so that john stevens reportedly received a death threat , which he dismissed as a joke ' blown out of proportion ' . [ sep ] jennifer hudson
much media attention on the season had been focused on the three black singers , fantasia barrino , latoya london , and jennifer hudson , dubbed the three divas . all three unexpectedly landed on the bottom three on the top seven result show , with hudson controversially eliminated . elton john , who was one of the mentors that season , called the results of the votes " incredibly racist " . the prolonged stays of john stevens and jasmine trias in the finals , despite negative comments from the judges , had aroused resentment , so much so that john stevens reportedly received a death threat , which he dismissed as a joke ' blown out of proportion ' . [ sep ] elton john
much media attention on the season had been focused on the three black singers , fantasia barrino , latoya london , and jennifer hudson , dubbed the three divas . all three unexpectedly landed on the bottom three on the top seven result show , with hudson controversially eliminated . elton john , who was one of the mentors that season , called the results of the votes " incredibly racist " . the prolonged stays of john stevens and jasmine trias in the finals , despite negative comments from the judges , had aroused resentment , so much so that john stevens reportedly received a death threat , which he dismissed as a joke ' blown out of proportion ' . [ sep ] john stevens
the performance of " summertime " by barrino , later known simply as " fantasia " , at top 8 was widely praised , and simon cowell considered it as his favorite idol moment in the nine seasons he was on the show . fantasia and diana degarmo were the last two finalists , and fantasia was crowned as the winner . fantasia released as her coronation single " i believe " , a song co - written by season one finalist tamyra gray , and degarmo released " dreams " . fantasia went on to gain some successes as a recording artist , while hudson , who placed seventh , became the only idol contestant so far to win both an academy award and a grammy . [ sep ] summertime
the performance of " summertime " by barrino , later known simply as " fantasia " , at top 8 was widely praised , and simon cowell considered it as his favorite idol moment in the nine seasons he was on the show . fantasia and diana degarmo were the last two finalists , and fantasia was crowned as the winner . fantasia released as her coronation single " i believe " , a song co - written by season one finalist tamyra gray , and degarmo released " dreams " . fantasia went on to gain some successes as a recording artist , while hudson , who placed seventh , became the only idol contestant so far to win both an academy award and a grammy . [ sep ] simon cowell
the performance of " summertime " by barrino , later known simply as " fantasia " , at top 8 was widely praised , and simon cowell considered it as his favorite idol moment in the nine seasons he was on the show . fantasia and diana degarmo were the last two finalists , and fantasia was crowned as the winner . fantasia released as her coronation single " i believe " , a song co - written by season one finalist tamyra gray , and degarmo released " dreams " . fantasia went on to gain some successes as a recording artist , while hudson , who placed seventh , became the only idol contestant so far to win both an academy award and a grammy . [ sep ] fantasia and diana degarmo
the performance of " summertime " by barrino , later known simply as " fantasia " , at top 8 was widely praised , and simon cowell considered it as his favorite idol moment in the nine seasons he was on the show . fantasia and diana degarmo were the last two finalists , and fantasia was crowned as the winner . fantasia released as her coronation single " i believe " , a song co - written by season one finalist tamyra gray , and degarmo released " dreams " . fantasia went on to gain some successes as a recording artist , while hudson , who placed seventh , became the only idol contestant so far to win both an academy award and a grammy . [ sep ] fantasia
the performance of " summertime " by barrino , later known simply as " fantasia " , at top 8 was widely praised , and simon cowell considered it as his favorite idol moment in the nine seasons he was on the show . fantasia and diana degarmo were the last two finalists , and fantasia was crowned as the winner . fantasia released as her coronation single " i believe " , a song co - written by season one finalist tamyra gray , and degarmo released " dreams " . fantasia went on to gain some successes as a recording artist , while hudson , who placed seventh , became the only idol contestant so far to win both an academy award and a grammy . [ sep ] i believe
season four premiered on january 18 , 2005 ; this was the first season of the series to be aired in high definition , although the finale of season three was also aired in high definition . the number of those attending the auditions by now had increased to over 100 , 000 from the 10 , 000 of the first season . the age limit was raised to 28 in this season , and among those who benefited from this new rule were constantine maroulis and bo bice , the two rockers of the show . [ sep ] january 18 , 2005
season four premiered on january 18 , 2005 ; this was the first season of the series to be aired in high definition , although the finale of season three was also aired in high definition . the number of those attending the auditions by now had increased to over 100 , 000 from the 10 , 000 of the first season . the age limit was raised to 28 in this season , and among those who benefited from this new rule were constantine maroulis and bo bice , the two rockers of the show . [ sep ] high definition
season four premiered on january 18 , 2005 ; this was the first season of the series to be aired in high definition , although the finale of season three was also aired in high definition . the number of those attending the auditions by now had increased to over 100 , 000 from the 10 , 000 of the first season . the age limit was raised to 28 in this season , and among those who benefited from this new rule were constantine maroulis and bo bice , the two rockers of the show . [ sep ] over 100 , 000
season four premiered on january 18 , 2005 ; this was the first season of the series to be aired in high definition , although the finale of season three was also aired in high definition . the number of those attending the auditions by now had increased to over 100 , 000 from the 10 , 000 of the first season . the age limit was raised to 28 in this season , and among those who benefited from this new rule were constantine maroulis and bo bice , the two rockers of the show . [ sep ] 28
the top 12 finalists originally included mario vazquez , but he dropped out citing ' personal reasons ' and was replaced by nikko smith . later , an employee of freemantle media , which produces the show , sued the company for wrongful termination , claiming that he was dismissed after complaining about lewd behavior by vazquez toward him during the show . [ sep ] nikko smith
the top 12 finalists originally included mario vazquez , but he dropped out citing ' personal reasons ' and was replaced by nikko smith . later , an employee of freemantle media , which produces the show , sued the company for wrongful termination , claiming that he was dismissed after complaining about lewd behavior by vazquez toward him during the show . [ sep ] freemantle media
the top 12 finalists originally included mario vazquez , but he dropped out citing ' personal reasons ' and was replaced by nikko smith . later , an employee of freemantle media , which produces the show , sued the company for wrongful termination , claiming that he was dismissed after complaining about lewd behavior by vazquez toward him during the show . [ sep ] vazquez
during the top 11 week , due to a mix - up with the contestants ' telephone number , voting was repeated on what was normally the result night , with the result reveal postponed until the following night . [ sep ] the following night
in may 2005 , carrie underwood was announced the winner , with bice the runner - up . both underwood and bice released the coronation song " inside your heaven " . underwood has since sold 65 million records worldwide , and become the most successful idol contestant in the u . s . , selling over 14 million albums copies in the u . s . and has more underwood has won seven grammy awards , the most grammys by an " american idol " alumnus . [ sep ] may 2005
in may 2005 , carrie underwood was announced the winner , with bice the runner - up . both underwood and bice released the coronation song " inside your heaven " . underwood has since sold 65 million records worldwide , and become the most successful idol contestant in the u . s . , selling over 14 million albums copies in the u . s . and has more underwood has won seven grammy awards , the most grammys by an " american idol " alumnus . [ sep ] carrie underwood
in may 2005 , carrie underwood was announced the winner , with bice the runner - up . both underwood and bice released the coronation song " inside your heaven " . underwood has since sold 65 million records worldwide , and become the most successful idol contestant in the u . s . , selling over 14 million albums copies in the u . s . and has more underwood has won seven grammy awards , the most grammys by an " american idol " alumnus . [ sep ] inside your heaven
in may 2005 , carrie underwood was announced the winner , with bice the runner - up . both underwood and bice released the coronation song " inside your heaven " . underwood has since sold 65 million records worldwide , and become the most successful idol contestant in the u . s . , selling over 14 million albums copies in the u . s . and has more underwood has won seven grammy awards , the most grammys by an " american idol " alumnus . [ sep ] 14 million
chinese officials canceled the torch relay ceremony amidst disruptions , including a tibetan flag flown from a window in the city hall by green party officials . the third torchbearer in the paris leg , jin jing , who was disabled and carried the torch on a wheelchair , was assaulted several times by unidentified protestors seemingly from the pro - tibet independent camp . in interviews , jin jing said that she was " tugged at , scratched " and " kicked " , but that she " did not feel the pain at the time . " she received praise from ethnic chinese worldwide as " angel in wheelchair " . the chinese government gave the comment that " the chinese respect france a lot " but " paris [ has slapped ] its own face . " [ sep ] torch relay ceremony
chinese officials canceled the torch relay ceremony amidst disruptions , including a tibetan flag flown from a window in the city hall by green party officials . the third torchbearer in the paris leg , jin jing , who was disabled and carried the torch on a wheelchair , was assaulted several times by unidentified protestors seemingly from the pro - tibet independent camp . in interviews , jin jing said that she was " tugged at , scratched " and " kicked " , but that she " did not feel the pain at the time . " she received praise from ethnic chinese worldwide as " angel in wheelchair " . the chinese government gave the comment that " the chinese respect france a lot " but " paris [ has slapped ] its own face . " [ sep ] jin jing
chinese officials canceled the torch relay ceremony amidst disruptions , including a tibetan flag flown from a window in the city hall by green party officials . the third torchbearer in the paris leg , jin jing , who was disabled and carried the torch on a wheelchair , was assaulted several times by unidentified protestors seemingly from the pro - tibet independent camp . in interviews , jin jing said that she was " tugged at , scratched " and " kicked " , but that she " did not feel the pain at the time . " she received praise from ethnic chinese worldwide as " angel in wheelchair " . the chinese government gave the comment that " the chinese respect france a lot " but " paris [ has slapped ] its own face . " [ sep ] angel in wheelchair
chinese officials canceled the torch relay ceremony amidst disruptions , including a tibetan flag flown from a window in the city hall by green party officials . the third torchbearer in the paris leg , jin jing , who was disabled and carried the torch on a wheelchair , was assaulted several times by unidentified protestors seemingly from the pro - tibet independent camp . in interviews , jin jing said that she was " tugged at , scratched " and " kicked " , but that she " did not feel the pain at the time . " she received praise from ethnic chinese worldwide as " angel in wheelchair " . the chinese government gave the comment that " the chinese respect france a lot " but " paris [ has slapped ] its own face . " [ sep ] green party officials .
season five began on january 17 , 2006 . it remains the highest - rated season in the show ' s run so far . two of the more prominent contestants during the hollywood round were the brittenum twins who were later disqualified for identity theft . [ sep ] season five
season five began on january 17 , 2006 . it remains the highest - rated season in the show ' s run so far . two of the more prominent contestants during the hollywood round were the brittenum twins who were later disqualified for identity theft . [ sep ] january 17 , 2006
season five began on january 17 , 2006 . it remains the highest - rated season in the show ' s run so far . two of the more prominent contestants during the hollywood round were the brittenum twins who were later disqualified for identity theft . [ sep ] the brittenum twins
reporters without borders organised several symbolic protests , including scaling the eiffel tower to hang a protest banner from it , and hanging an identical banner from the notre dame cathedral . [ sep ] banner
reporters without borders organised several symbolic protests , including scaling the eiffel tower to hang a protest banner from it , and hanging an identical banner from the notre dame cathedral . [ sep ] reporters without borders
reporters without borders organised several symbolic protests , including scaling the eiffel tower to hang a protest banner from it , and hanging an identical banner from the notre dame cathedral . [ sep ] notre dame cathedral .
chris daughtry ' s performance of fuel ' s " hemorrhage ( in my hands ) " on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as fuel ' s new lead singer , an invitation he declined . his performance of live ' s version of " i walk the line " was well received by the judges but later criticized in some quarters for not crediting the arrangement to live . he was eliminated at the top four in a shocking result . [ sep ] chris daughtry
chris daughtry ' s performance of fuel ' s " hemorrhage ( in my hands ) " on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as fuel ' s new lead singer , an invitation he declined . his performance of live ' s version of " i walk the line " was well received by the judges but later criticized in some quarters for not crediting the arrangement to live . he was eliminated at the top four in a shocking result . [ sep ] lead singer
chris daughtry ' s performance of fuel ' s " hemorrhage ( in my hands ) " on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as fuel ' s new lead singer , an invitation he declined . his performance of live ' s version of " i walk the line " was well received by the judges but later criticized in some quarters for not crediting the arrangement to live . he was eliminated at the top four in a shocking result . [ sep ] chris daughtry
chris daughtry ' s performance of fuel ' s " hemorrhage ( in my hands ) " on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as fuel ' s new lead singer , an invitation he declined . his performance of live ' s version of " i walk the line " was well received by the judges but later criticized in some quarters for not crediting the arrangement to live . he was eliminated at the top four in a shocking result . [ sep ] i walk the line
chris daughtry ' s performance of fuel ' s " hemorrhage ( in my hands ) " on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as fuel ' s new lead singer , an invitation he declined . his performance of live ' s version of " i walk the line " was well received by the judges but later criticized in some quarters for not crediting the arrangement to live . he was eliminated at the top four in a shocking result . [ sep ] not crediting the arrangement to live
on may 30 , 2006 , taylor hicks was named american idol , with katharine mcphee the runner - up . " do i make you proud " was released as hicks ' first single and mcphee ' s was " my destiny " . [ sep ] may 30 , 2006
on may 30 , 2006 , taylor hicks was named american idol , with katharine mcphee the runner - up . " do i make you proud " was released as hicks ' first single and mcphee ' s was " my destiny " . [ sep ] taylor hicks
on may 30 , 2006 , taylor hicks was named american idol , with katharine mcphee the runner - up . " do i make you proud " was released as hicks ' first single and mcphee ' s was " my destiny " . [ sep ] do i make you proud
on may 30 , 2006 , taylor hicks was named american idol , with katharine mcphee the runner - up . " do i make you proud " was released as hicks ' first single and mcphee ' s was " my destiny " . [ sep ] my destiny
despite being eliminated earlier in the season , chris daughtry ( as lead of the band daughtry ) became the most successful recording artist from this season . other contestants , such as hicks , mcphee , bucky covington , mandisa , kellie pickler , and elliott yamin have had varying levels of success . [ sep ] chris daughtry
despite being eliminated earlier in the season , chris daughtry ( as lead of the band daughtry ) became the most successful recording artist from this season . other contestants , such as hicks , mcphee , bucky covington , mandisa , kellie pickler , and elliott yamin have had varying levels of success . [ sep ] daughtry
season six began on tuesday , january 16 , 2007 . the premiere drew a massive audience of 37 . 3 million viewers , peaking in the last half hour with more than 41 million viewers . [ sep ] january 16 , 2007
season six began on tuesday , january 16 , 2007 . the premiere drew a massive audience of 37 . 3 million viewers , peaking in the last half hour with more than 41 million viewers . [ sep ] 37 . 3 million
several hundred pro - tibet protesters gathered at the trocadero with banners and tibetan flags , and remained there for a peaceful protest , never approaching the torch relay itself . among them was jane birkin , who spoke to the media about the " lack of freedom of speech " in china . also present was thupten gyatso , president of the french tibetan community , who called upon pro - tibet demonstrators to " remain calm , non - violent , peaceful " . [ sep ] trocadero
several hundred pro - tibet protesters gathered at the trocadero with banners and tibetan flags , and remained there for a peaceful protest , never approaching the torch relay itself . among them was jane birkin , who spoke to the media about the " lack of freedom of speech " in china . also present was thupten gyatso , president of the french tibetan community , who called upon pro - tibet demonstrators to " remain calm , non - violent , peaceful " . [ sep ] peaceful
several hundred pro - tibet protesters gathered at the trocadero with banners and tibetan flags , and remained there for a peaceful protest , never approaching the torch relay itself . among them was jane birkin , who spoke to the media about the " lack of freedom of speech " in china . also present was thupten gyatso , president of the french tibetan community , who called upon pro - tibet demonstrators to " remain calm , non - violent , peaceful " . [ sep ] jane birkin
several hundred pro - tibet protesters gathered at the trocadero with banners and tibetan flags , and remained there for a peaceful protest , never approaching the torch relay itself . among them was jane birkin , who spoke to the media about the " lack of freedom of speech " in china . also present was thupten gyatso , president of the french tibetan community , who called upon pro - tibet demonstrators to " remain calm , non - violent , peaceful " . [ sep ] freedom of speech
teenager sanjaya malakar was the season ' s most talked - about contestant for his unusual hairdo , and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog vote for the worst and satellite radio personality howard stern , who both encouraged fans to vote for him . however , on april 18 , sanjaya was voted off . [ sep ] sanjaya malakar
teenager sanjaya malakar was the season ' s most talked - about contestant for his unusual hairdo , and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog vote for the worst and satellite radio personality howard stern , who both encouraged fans to vote for him . however , on april 18 , sanjaya was voted off . [ sep ] hair
teenager sanjaya malakar was the season ' s most talked - about contestant for his unusual hairdo , and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog vote for the worst and satellite radio personality howard stern , who both encouraged fans to vote for him . however , on april 18 , sanjaya was voted off . [ sep ] vote for the worst
teenager sanjaya malakar was the season ' s most talked - about contestant for his unusual hairdo , and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog vote for the worst and satellite radio personality howard stern , who both encouraged fans to vote for him . however , on april 18 , sanjaya was voted off . [ sep ] howard stern
teenager sanjaya malakar was the season ' s most talked - about contestant for his unusual hairdo , and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog vote for the worst and satellite radio personality howard stern , who both encouraged fans to vote for him . however , on april 18 , sanjaya was voted off . [ sep ] april 18
this season saw the first idol gives back telethon - inspired event , which raised more than $ 76 million in corporate and viewer donations . no contestant was eliminated that week , but two ( phil stacey and chris richardson ) were eliminated the next . melinda doolittle was eliminated in the final three . [ sep ] idol gives back
this season saw the first idol gives back telethon - inspired event , which raised more than $ 76 million in corporate and viewer donations . no contestant was eliminated that week , but two ( phil stacey and chris richardson ) were eliminated the next . melinda doolittle was eliminated in the final three . [ sep ] phil stacey and chris richardson
this season saw the first idol gives back telethon - inspired event , which raised more than $ 76 million in corporate and viewer donations . no contestant was eliminated that week , but two ( phil stacey and chris richardson ) were eliminated the next . melinda doolittle was eliminated in the final three . [ sep ] melinda doolittle
in the may 23 season finale , jordin sparks was declared the winner with the runner - up being blake lewis . sparks has had some success as a recording artist post - idol . [ sep ] may 23
in the may 23 season finale , jordin sparks was declared the winner with the runner - up being blake lewis . sparks has had some success as a recording artist post - idol . [ sep ] jordin sparks
in the may 23 season finale , jordin sparks was declared the winner with the runner - up being blake lewis . sparks has had some success as a recording artist post - idol . [ sep ] blake lewis
french members of parliament and other french politicians also organised a protest . all political parties in parliament — ump , socialists , new centre , communists , democratic movement ( centre ) and greens — jointly requested a pause in the national assembly ' s session , which was granted , so that mps could step outside and unfurl a banner which read " respect for human rights in china " . the coach containing the torch drove past the national assembly and the assembled protesting mps , who shouted " freedom for tibet ! " several times as it passed . [ sep ] parliament
french members of parliament and other french politicians also organised a protest . all political parties in parliament — ump , socialists , new centre , communists , democratic movement ( centre ) and greens — jointly requested a pause in the national assembly ' s session , which was granted , so that mps could step outside and unfurl a banner which read " respect for human rights in china " . the coach containing the torch drove past the national assembly and the assembled protesting mps , who shouted " freedom for tibet ! " several times as it passed . [ sep ] national assembly ' s session
french members of parliament and other french politicians also organised a protest . all political parties in parliament — ump , socialists , new centre , communists , democratic movement ( centre ) and greens — jointly requested a pause in the national assembly ' s session , which was granted , so that mps could step outside and unfurl a banner which read " respect for human rights in china " . the coach containing the torch drove past the national assembly and the assembled protesting mps , who shouted " freedom for tibet ! " several times as it passed . [ sep ] respect for human rights in china
french members of parliament and other french politicians also organised a protest . all political parties in parliament — ump , socialists , new centre , communists , democratic movement ( centre ) and greens — jointly requested a pause in the national assembly ' s session , which was granted , so that mps could step outside and unfurl a banner which read " respect for human rights in china " . the coach containing the torch drove past the national assembly and the assembled protesting mps , who shouted " freedom for tibet ! " several times as it passed . [ sep ] freedom for tibet !
this season also saw the launch of the american idol songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the " coronation song " . thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters , and 20 entries selected for the public vote . the winning song , " this is my now " , was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by sparks on may 24 , 2007 . [ sep ] american idol songwriter contest
this season also saw the launch of the american idol songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the " coronation song " . thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters , and 20 entries selected for the public vote . the winning song , " this is my now " , was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by sparks on may 24 , 2007 . [ sep ] coronation song
this season also saw the launch of the american idol songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the " coronation song " . thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters , and 20 entries selected for the public vote . the winning song , " this is my now " , was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by sparks on may 24 , 2007 . [ sep ] 20
this season also saw the launch of the american idol songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the " coronation song " . thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters , and 20 entries selected for the public vote . the winning song , " this is my now " , was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by sparks on may 24 , 2007 . [ sep ] this is my now
this season also saw the launch of the american idol songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the " coronation song " . thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters , and 20 entries selected for the public vote . the winning song , " this is my now " , was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by sparks on may 24 , 2007 . [ sep ] may 24 , 2007
season seven premiered on january 15 , 2008 , for a two - day , four - hour premiere . the media focused on the professional status of the season seven contestants , the so - called ' ringers ' , many of whom , including kristy lee cook , brooke white , michael johns , and in particular carly smithson , had prior recording contracts . contestant david hernandez also attracted some attention due to his past employment as a stripper . [ sep ] january 15 , 2008
season seven premiered on january 15 , 2008 , for a two - day , four - hour premiere . the media focused on the professional status of the season seven contestants , the so - called ' ringers ' , many of whom , including kristy lee cook , brooke white , michael johns , and in particular carly smithson , had prior recording contracts . contestant david hernandez also attracted some attention due to his past employment as a stripper . [ sep ] david hernandez
season seven premiered on january 15 , 2008 , for a two - day , four - hour premiere . the media focused on the professional status of the season seven contestants , the so - called ' ringers ' , many of whom , including kristy lee cook , brooke white , michael johns , and in particular carly smithson , had prior recording contracts . contestant david hernandez also attracted some attention due to his past employment as a stripper . [ sep ] professional status
season seven premiered on january 15 , 2008 , for a two - day , four - hour premiere . the media focused on the professional status of the season seven contestants , the so - called ' ringers ' , many of whom , including kristy lee cook , brooke white , michael johns , and in particular carly smithson , had prior recording contracts . contestant david hernandez also attracted some attention due to his past employment as a stripper . [ sep ] carly smithson
french police were criticised for their handling of the events , and notably for confiscating tibetan flags from demonstrators . the newspaper liberation commented : " the police did so much that only the chinese were given freedom of expression . the tibetan flag was forbidden everywhere except on the trocadero . " minister of the interior michele alliot - marie later stated that the police had not been ordered to do so , and that they had acted on their own initiative . a cameraman for france 2 was struck in the face by a police officer , knocked unconscious , and had to be sent to hospital . [ sep ] tibetan flags
french police were criticised for their handling of the events , and notably for confiscating tibetan flags from demonstrators . the newspaper liberation commented : " the police did so much that only the chinese were given freedom of expression . the tibetan flag was forbidden everywhere except on the trocadero . " minister of the interior michele alliot - marie later stated that the police had not been ordered to do so , and that they had acted on their own initiative . a cameraman for france 2 was struck in the face by a police officer , knocked unconscious , and had to be sent to hospital . [ sep ] the trocadero .
french police were criticised for their handling of the events , and notably for confiscating tibetan flags from demonstrators . the newspaper liberation commented : " the police did so much that only the chinese were given freedom of expression . the tibetan flag was forbidden everywhere except on the trocadero . " minister of the interior michele alliot - marie later stated that the police had not been ordered to do so , and that they had acted on their own initiative . a cameraman for france 2 was struck in the face by a police officer , knocked unconscious , and had to be sent to hospital . [ sep ] michele alliot - marie
french police were criticised for their handling of the events , and notably for confiscating tibetan flags from demonstrators . the newspaper liberation commented : " the police did so much that only the chinese were given freedom of expression . the tibetan flag was forbidden everywhere except on the trocadero . " minister of the interior michele alliot - marie later stated that the police had not been ordered to do so , and that they had acted on their own initiative . a cameraman for france 2 was struck in the face by a police officer , knocked unconscious , and had to be sent to hospital . [ sep ] a police officer
for the finals , american idol debuted a new state - of - the - art set and stage on march 11 , 2008 , along with a new on - air look . david cook ' s performance of " billie jean " on top - ten night was lauded by the judges , but provoked controversy when they apparently mistook the chris cornell arrangement to be david cook ' s own even though the performance was introduced as cornell ' s version . cornell himself said he was ' flattered ' and praised david cook ' s performance . david cook was taken to the hospital after the top - nine performance show due to heart palpitations and high blood pressure . [ sep ] march 11 , 2008
for the finals , american idol debuted a new state - of - the - art set and stage on march 11 , 2008 , along with a new on - air look . david cook ' s performance of " billie jean " on top - ten night was lauded by the judges , but provoked controversy when they apparently mistook the chris cornell arrangement to be david cook ' s own even though the performance was introduced as cornell ' s version . cornell himself said he was ' flattered ' and praised david cook ' s performance . david cook was taken to the hospital after the top - nine performance show due to heart palpitations and high blood pressure . [ sep ] chris cornell
for the finals , american idol debuted a new state - of - the - art set and stage on march 11 , 2008 , along with a new on - air look . david cook ' s performance of " billie jean " on top - ten night was lauded by the judges , but provoked controversy when they apparently mistook the chris cornell arrangement to be david cook ' s own even though the performance was introduced as cornell ' s version . cornell himself said he was ' flattered ' and praised david cook ' s performance . david cook was taken to the hospital after the top - nine performance show due to heart palpitations and high blood pressure . [ sep ] david cook
david archuleta ' s performance of john lennon ' s " imagine " was considered by many as one of the best of the season . jennifer lopez , who was brought in as a judge in season ten , called it a beautiful song - moment that she will never forget . jason castro ' s semi - final performance of " hallelujah " also received considerable attention , and it propelled jeff buckley ' s version of the song to the top of the billboard digital song chart . this was the first season in which contestants ' recordings were released onto itunes after their performances , and although sales information was not released so as not to prejudice the contest , leaked information indicated that contestants ' songs frequently reached the top of itunes sales charts . [ sep ] john lennon ' s " imagine "
david archuleta ' s performance of john lennon ' s " imagine " was considered by many as one of the best of the season . jennifer lopez , who was brought in as a judge in season ten , called it a beautiful song - moment that she will never forget . jason castro ' s semi - final performance of " hallelujah " also received considerable attention , and it propelled jeff buckley ' s version of the song to the top of the billboard digital song chart . this was the first season in which contestants ' recordings were released onto itunes after their performances , and although sales information was not released so as not to prejudice the contest , leaked information indicated that contestants ' songs frequently reached the top of itunes sales charts . [ sep ] jennifer lopez
david archuleta ' s performance of john lennon ' s " imagine " was considered by many as one of the best of the season . jennifer lopez , who was brought in as a judge in season ten , called it a beautiful song - moment that she will never forget . jason castro ' s semi - final performance of " hallelujah " also received considerable attention , and it propelled jeff buckley ' s version of the song to the top of the billboard digital song chart . this was the first season in which contestants ' recordings were released onto itunes after their performances , and although sales information was not released so as not to prejudice the contest , leaked information indicated that contestants ' songs frequently reached the top of itunes sales charts . [ sep ] jason castro
david archuleta ' s performance of john lennon ' s " imagine " was considered by many as one of the best of the season . jennifer lopez , who was brought in as a judge in season ten , called it a beautiful song - moment that she will never forget . jason castro ' s semi - final performance of " hallelujah " also received considerable attention , and it propelled jeff buckley ' s version of the song to the top of the billboard digital song chart . this was the first season in which contestants ' recordings were released onto itunes after their performances , and although sales information was not released so as not to prejudice the contest , leaked information indicated that contestants ' songs frequently reached the top of itunes sales charts . [ sep ] jeff buckley
david archuleta ' s performance of john lennon ' s " imagine " was considered by many as one of the best of the season . jennifer lopez , who was brought in as a judge in season ten , called it a beautiful song - moment that she will never forget . jason castro ' s semi - final performance of " hallelujah " also received considerable attention , and it propelled jeff buckley ' s version of the song to the top of the billboard digital song chart . this was the first season in which contestants ' recordings were released onto itunes after their performances , and although sales information was not released so as not to prejudice the contest , leaked information indicated that contestants ' songs frequently reached the top of itunes sales charts . [ sep ] itunes
the finalists were cook and archuleta . david cook was announced the winner on may 21 , 2008 , the first rocker to win the show . both cook and archuleta had some success as recording artists with both selling over a million albums in the u . s . [ sep ] may 21 , 2008
the finalists were cook and archuleta . david cook was announced the winner on may 21 , 2008 , the first rocker to win the show . both cook and archuleta had some success as recording artists with both selling over a million albums in the u . s . [ sep ] david cook
united states of america : the torch relay ' s north american leg occurred in san francisco , california on april 9 . on the day of the relay officials diverted the torch run to an unannounced route . the start was at mccovey cove , where norman bellingham of the u . s . olympic committee gave the torch to the first torchbearer , chinese 1992 olympic champion swimmer lin li . the planned closing ceremony at justin herman plaza was cancelled and instead , a ceremony was held at san francisco international airport , where the torch was to leave for buenos aires . the route changes allowed the run to avoid large numbers of china supporters and protesters against china . as people found out there would be no closing ceremony at justin herman plaza , there were angry reactions . one demonstrator was quoted as saying that the route changes were an effort to " thwart any organized protest that had been planned . " san francisco board of supervisors president aaron peskin , a critic of mayor gavin newsom , said that it was a " cynical plan to please the bush state department and the chinese government because of the incredible influence of money . " newsom , on the other hand , said he felt it was in " everyone ' s best interest " and that he believed people had been " afforded the right to protest and support the torch " despite the route changes . peter ueberroth , head of the u . s . olympic committee , praised the route changes , saying , " the city of san francisco , from a global perspective , will be applauded . " people who saw the torch were surprised and cheered as shown from live video of cbs and nbc . the cost to the city for hosting the event was reported to be usd $ 726 , 400 , nearly half of which has been recovered by private fundraising . mayor gavin newsom said that " exponential " costs associated with mass arrests were avoided by his decision to change the route in consultation with police chief heather fong . [ sep ] san francisco
united states of america : the torch relay ' s north american leg occurred in san francisco , california on april 9 . on the day of the relay officials diverted the torch run to an unannounced route . the start was at mccovey cove , where norman bellingham of the u . s . olympic committee gave the torch to the first torchbearer , chinese 1992 olympic champion swimmer lin li . the planned closing ceremony at justin herman plaza was cancelled and instead , a ceremony was held at san francisco international airport , where the torch was to leave for buenos aires . the route changes allowed the run to avoid large numbers of china supporters and protesters against china . as people found out there would be no closing ceremony at justin herman plaza , there were angry reactions . one demonstrator was quoted as saying that the route changes were an effort to " thwart any organized protest that had been planned . " san francisco board of supervisors president aaron peskin , a critic of mayor gavin newsom , said that it was a " cynical plan to please the bush state department and the chinese government because of the incredible influence of money . " newsom , on the other hand , said he felt it was in " everyone ' s best interest " and that he believed people had been " afforded the right to protest and support the torch " despite the route changes . peter ueberroth , head of the u . s . olympic committee , praised the route changes , saying , " the city of san francisco , from a global perspective , will be applauded . " people who saw the torch were surprised and cheered as shown from live video of cbs and nbc . the cost to the city for hosting the event was reported to be usd $ 726 , 400 , nearly half of which has been recovered by private fundraising . mayor gavin newsom said that " exponential " costs associated with mass arrests were avoided by his decision to change the route in consultation with police chief heather fong . [ sep ] april 9 .
united states of america : the torch relay ' s north american leg occurred in san francisco , california on april 9 . on the day of the relay officials diverted the torch run to an unannounced route . the start was at mccovey cove , where norman bellingham of the u . s . olympic committee gave the torch to the first torchbearer , chinese 1992 olympic champion swimmer lin li . the planned closing ceremony at justin herman plaza was cancelled and instead , a ceremony was held at san francisco international airport , where the torch was to leave for buenos aires . the route changes allowed the run to avoid large numbers of china supporters and protesters against china . as people found out there would be no closing ceremony at justin herman plaza , there were angry reactions . one demonstrator was quoted as saying that the route changes were an effort to " thwart any organized protest that had been planned . " san francisco board of supervisors president aaron peskin , a critic of mayor gavin newsom , said that it was a " cynical plan to please the bush state department and the chinese government because of the incredible influence of money . " newsom , on the other hand , said he felt it was in " everyone ' s best interest " and that he believed people had been " afforded the right to protest and support the torch " despite the route changes . peter ueberroth , head of the u . s . olympic committee , praised the route changes , saying , " the city of san francisco , from a global perspective , will be applauded . " people who saw the torch were surprised and cheered as shown from live video of cbs and nbc . the cost to the city for hosting the event was reported to be usd $ 726 , 400 , nearly half of which has been recovered by private fundraising . mayor gavin newsom said that " exponential " costs associated with mass arrests were avoided by his decision to change the route in consultation with police chief heather fong . [ sep ] norman bellingham
united states of america : the torch relay ' s north american leg occurred in san francisco , california on april 9 . on the day of the relay officials diverted the torch run to an unannounced route . the start was at mccovey cove , where norman bellingham of the u . s . olympic committee gave the torch to the first torchbearer , chinese 1992 olympic champion swimmer lin li . the planned closing ceremony at justin herman plaza was cancelled and instead , a ceremony was held at san francisco international airport , where the torch was to leave for buenos aires . the route changes allowed the run to avoid large numbers of china supporters and protesters against china . as people found out there would be no closing ceremony at justin herman plaza , there were angry reactions . one demonstrator was quoted as saying that the route changes were an effort to " thwart any organized protest that had been planned . " san francisco board of supervisors president aaron peskin , a critic of mayor gavin newsom , said that it was a " cynical plan to please the bush state department and the chinese government because of the incredible influence of money . " newsom , on the other hand , said he felt it was in " everyone ' s best interest " and that he believed people had been " afforded the right to protest and support the torch " despite the route changes . peter ueberroth , head of the u . s . olympic committee , praised the route changes , saying , " the city of san francisco , from a global perspective , will be applauded . " people who saw the torch were surprised and cheered as shown from live video of cbs and nbc . the cost to the city for hosting the event was reported to be usd $ 726 , 400 , nearly half of which has been recovered by private fundraising . mayor gavin newsom said that " exponential " costs associated with mass arrests were avoided by his decision to change the route in consultation with police chief heather fong . [ sep ] justin herman plaza
the american idol songwriter contest was also held this season . from ten of the most popular submissions , each of the final two contestants chose a song to perform , although neither of their selections was used as the " coronation song " . the winning song , " the time of my life " , was recorded by david cook and released on may 22 , 2008 . [ sep ] the time of my life
the american idol songwriter contest was also held this season . from ten of the most popular submissions , each of the final two contestants chose a song to perform , although neither of their selections was used as the " coronation song " . the winning song , " the time of my life " , was recorded by david cook and released on may 22 , 2008 . [ sep ] may 22 , 2008
season eight premiered on january 13 , 2009 . mike darnell , the president of alternative programming for fox , stated that the season would focus more on the contestants ' personal life . much early attention on the show was therefore focused on the widowhood of danny gokey . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] january 13 , 2009
season eight premiered on january 13 , 2009 . mike darnell , the president of alternative programming for fox , stated that the season would focus more on the contestants ' personal life . much early attention on the show was therefore focused on the widowhood of danny gokey . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] mike darnell
season eight premiered on january 13 , 2009 . mike darnell , the president of alternative programming for fox , stated that the season would focus more on the contestants ' personal life . much early attention on the show was therefore focused on the widowhood of danny gokey . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] danny gokey
in the first major change to the judging panel , a fourth judge , kara dioguardi , was introduced . this was also the first season without executive producer nigel lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show so you think you can dance . the hollywood round was moved to the kodak theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks . idol gives back was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time . [ sep ] four
in the first major change to the judging panel , a fourth judge , kara dioguardi , was introduced . this was also the first season without executive producer nigel lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show so you think you can dance . the hollywood round was moved to the kodak theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks . idol gives back was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time . [ sep ] kara dioguardi
in the first major change to the judging panel , a fourth judge , kara dioguardi , was introduced . this was also the first season without executive producer nigel lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show so you think you can dance . the hollywood round was moved to the kodak theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks . idol gives back was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time . [ sep ] so you think you can dance
in the first major change to the judging panel , a fourth judge , kara dioguardi , was introduced . this was also the first season without executive producer nigel lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show so you think you can dance . the hollywood round was moved to the kodak theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks . idol gives back was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time . [ sep ] kodak theatre
in the first major change to the judging panel , a fourth judge , kara dioguardi , was introduced . this was also the first season without executive producer nigel lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show so you think you can dance . the hollywood round was moved to the kodak theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks . idol gives back was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time . [ sep ] idol gives back
there were 13 finalists this season , but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals . a new feature introduced was the " judges ' save " , and matt giraud was saved from elimination at the top seven by the judges when he received the fewest votes . the next week , lil rounds and anoop desai were eliminated . [ sep ] 13
there were 13 finalists this season , but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals . a new feature introduced was the " judges ' save " , and matt giraud was saved from elimination at the top seven by the judges when he received the fewest votes . the next week , lil rounds and anoop desai were eliminated . [ sep ] two
there were 13 finalists this season , but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals . a new feature introduced was the " judges ' save " , and matt giraud was saved from elimination at the top seven by the judges when he received the fewest votes . the next week , lil rounds and anoop desai were eliminated . [ sep ] matt giraud
the two finalists were kris allen and adam lambert , both of whom had previously landed in the bottom three at the top five . allen won the contest in the most controversial voting result since season two . it was claimed , later retracted , that 38 million of the 100 million votes cast on the night came from allen ' s home state of arkansas alone , and that at & t employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power - texting at viewing parties in arkansas . [ sep ] kris allen
the two finalists were kris allen and adam lambert , both of whom had previously landed in the bottom three at the top five . allen won the contest in the most controversial voting result since season two . it was claimed , later retracted , that 38 million of the 100 million votes cast on the night came from allen ' s home state of arkansas alone , and that at & t employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power - texting at viewing parties in arkansas . [ sep ] season two
the two finalists were kris allen and adam lambert , both of whom had previously landed in the bottom three at the top five . allen won the contest in the most controversial voting result since season two . it was claimed , later retracted , that 38 million of the 100 million votes cast on the night came from allen ' s home state of arkansas alone , and that at & t employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power - texting at viewing parties in arkansas . [ sep ] 100 million
the two finalists were kris allen and adam lambert , both of whom had previously landed in the bottom three at the top five . allen won the contest in the most controversial voting result since season two . it was claimed , later retracted , that 38 million of the 100 million votes cast on the night came from allen ' s home state of arkansas alone , and that at & t employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power - texting at viewing parties in arkansas . [ sep ] at & t employees
both allen and lambert released the coronation song , " no boundaries " which was co - written by dioguardi . this is the first season in which the winner failed to achieve gold album status , and none from that season achieved platinum album status in the u . s . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] no boundaries
both allen and lambert released the coronation song , " no boundaries " which was co - written by dioguardi . this is the first season in which the winner failed to achieve gold album status , and none from that season achieved platinum album status in the u . s . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] dioguardi
both allen and lambert released the coronation song , " no boundaries " which was co - written by dioguardi . this is the first season in which the winner failed to achieve gold album status , and none from that season achieved platinum album status in the u . s . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] gold album status
both allen and lambert released the coronation song , " no boundaries " which was co - written by dioguardi . this is the first season in which the winner failed to achieve gold album status , and none from that season achieved platinum album status in the u . s . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] none
on april 1 , 2008 , the san francisco board of supervisors approved a resolution addressing human rights concerns when the beijing olympic torch arrives in san francisco on april 9 . the resolution would welcome the torch with " alarm and protest at the failure of china to meet its past solemn promises to the international community , including the citizens of san francisco , to cease the egregious and ongoing human rights abuses in china and occupied tibet . " on april 8 , numerous protests were planned including one at the city ' s united nations plaza led by actor richard gere and archbishop desmond tutu . [ sep ] april 1 , 2008
on april 1 , 2008 , the san francisco board of supervisors approved a resolution addressing human rights concerns when the beijing olympic torch arrives in san francisco on april 9 . the resolution would welcome the torch with " alarm and protest at the failure of china to meet its past solemn promises to the international community , including the citizens of san francisco , to cease the egregious and ongoing human rights abuses in china and occupied tibet . " on april 8 , numerous protests were planned including one at the city ' s united nations plaza led by actor richard gere and archbishop desmond tutu . [ sep ] san francisco board of supervisors
on april 1 , 2008 , the san francisco board of supervisors approved a resolution addressing human rights concerns when the beijing olympic torch arrives in san francisco on april 9 . the resolution would welcome the torch with " alarm and protest at the failure of china to meet its past solemn promises to the international community , including the citizens of san francisco , to cease the egregious and ongoing human rights abuses in china and occupied tibet . " on april 8 , numerous protests were planned including one at the city ' s united nations plaza led by actor richard gere and archbishop desmond tutu . [ sep ] united nations plaza
on april 1 , 2008 , the san francisco board of supervisors approved a resolution addressing human rights concerns when the beijing olympic torch arrives in san francisco on april 9 . the resolution would welcome the torch with " alarm and protest at the failure of china to meet its past solemn promises to the international community , including the citizens of san francisco , to cease the egregious and ongoing human rights abuses in china and occupied tibet . " on april 8 , numerous protests were planned including one at the city ' s united nations plaza led by actor richard gere and archbishop desmond tutu . [ sep ] richard gere
some advocates for tibet , darfur , and the spiritual practice falun gong , planned to protest the april 9 arrival of the torch in san francisco . china had already requested the torch route in san francisco be shortened . on april 7 , 2008 , two days prior to the actual torch relay , three activists carrying tibetan flags scaled the suspension cables of the golden gate bridge to unfurl two banners , one saying " one world , one dream . free tibet " , and the other , " free tibet ' 08 " . among them was san francisco resident laurel sutherlin , who spoke to the local tv station kpix - cbs5 live from a cellphone , urging the international olympic committee to ask china not to allow the torch to go through tibet . " sutherlin said he was worried that the torch ' s planned route through tibet would lead to more arrests and chinese officials would use force to stifle dissent . " the three activists and five supporters face charges related to trespassing , conspiracy and causing a public nuisance . [ sep ] china
some advocates for tibet , darfur , and the spiritual practice falun gong , planned to protest the april 9 arrival of the torch in san francisco . china had already requested the torch route in san francisco be shortened . on april 7 , 2008 , two days prior to the actual torch relay , three activists carrying tibetan flags scaled the suspension cables of the golden gate bridge to unfurl two banners , one saying " one world , one dream . free tibet " , and the other , " free tibet ' 08 " . among them was san francisco resident laurel sutherlin , who spoke to the local tv station kpix - cbs5 live from a cellphone , urging the international olympic committee to ask china not to allow the torch to go through tibet . " sutherlin said he was worried that the torch ' s planned route through tibet would lead to more arrests and chinese officials would use force to stifle dissent . " the three activists and five supporters face charges related to trespassing , conspiracy and causing a public nuisance . [ sep ] golden gate bridge
some advocates for tibet , darfur , and the spiritual practice falun gong , planned to protest the april 9 arrival of the torch in san francisco . china had already requested the torch route in san francisco be shortened . on april 7 , 2008 , two days prior to the actual torch relay , three activists carrying tibetan flags scaled the suspension cables of the golden gate bridge to unfurl two banners , one saying " one world , one dream . free tibet " , and the other , " free tibet ' 08 " . among them was san francisco resident laurel sutherlin , who spoke to the local tv station kpix - cbs5 live from a cellphone , urging the international olympic committee to ask china not to allow the torch to go through tibet . " sutherlin said he was worried that the torch ' s planned route through tibet would lead to more arrests and chinese officials would use force to stifle dissent . " the three activists and five supporters face charges related to trespassing , conspiracy and causing a public nuisance . [ sep ] laurel sutherlin
some advocates for tibet , darfur , and the spiritual practice falun gong , planned to protest the april 9 arrival of the torch in san francisco . china had already requested the torch route in san francisco be shortened . on april 7 , 2008 , two days prior to the actual torch relay , three activists carrying tibetan flags scaled the suspension cables of the golden gate bridge to unfurl two banners , one saying " one world , one dream . free tibet " , and the other , " free tibet ' 08 " . among them was san francisco resident laurel sutherlin , who spoke to the local tv station kpix - cbs5 live from a cellphone , urging the international olympic committee to ask china not to allow the torch to go through tibet . " sutherlin said he was worried that the torch ' s planned route through tibet would lead to more arrests and chinese officials would use force to stifle dissent . " the three activists and five supporters face charges related to trespassing , conspiracy and causing a public nuisance . [ sep ] five
some advocates for tibet , darfur , and the spiritual practice falun gong , planned to protest the april 9 arrival of the torch in san francisco . china had already requested the torch route in san francisco be shortened . on april 7 , 2008 , two days prior to the actual torch relay , three activists carrying tibetan flags scaled the suspension cables of the golden gate bridge to unfurl two banners , one saying " one world , one dream . free tibet " , and the other , " free tibet ' 08 " . among them was san francisco resident laurel sutherlin , who spoke to the local tv station kpix - cbs5 live from a cellphone , urging the international olympic committee to ask china not to allow the torch to go through tibet . " sutherlin said he was worried that the torch ' s planned route through tibet would lead to more arrests and chinese officials would use force to stifle dissent . " the three activists and five supporters face charges related to trespassing , conspiracy and causing a public nuisance . [ sep ] three
season nine premiered on january 12 , 2010 . the upheaval at the judging panel continued . ellen degeneres joined as a judge to replace paula abdul at the start of hollywood week . [ sep ] january 12 , 2010
season nine premiered on january 12 , 2010 . the upheaval at the judging panel continued . ellen degeneres joined as a judge to replace paula abdul at the start of hollywood week . [ sep ] paula abdul
season nine premiered on january 12 , 2010 . the upheaval at the judging panel continued . ellen degeneres joined as a judge to replace paula abdul at the start of hollywood week . [ sep ] ellen degeneres
season nine premiered on january 12 , 2010 . the upheaval at the judging panel continued . ellen degeneres joined as a judge to replace paula abdul at the start of hollywood week . [ sep ] hollywood week
crystal bowersox , who has type - i diabetes , fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis on the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week and was hospitalized . the schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead ; she later revealed that ken warwick , the show producer , wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show . [ sep ] crystal bowersox
crystal bowersox , who has type - i diabetes , fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis on the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week and was hospitalized . the schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead ; she later revealed that ken warwick , the show producer , wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show . [ sep ] top 20 week
crystal bowersox , who has type - i diabetes , fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis on the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week and was hospitalized . the schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead ; she later revealed that ken warwick , the show producer , wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show . [ sep ] the schedule
crystal bowersox , who has type - i diabetes , fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis on the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week and was hospitalized . the schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead ; she later revealed that ken warwick , the show producer , wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show . [ sep ] ken warwick
crystal bowersox , who has type - i diabetes , fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis on the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week and was hospitalized . the schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead ; she later revealed that ken warwick , the show producer , wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show . [ sep ] producer
michael lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the judges ' save . the next week katie stevens and andrew garcia were eliminated . that week , adam lambert was invited back to be a mentor , the first idol alum to do so . idol gives back returned this season on april 21 , 2010 , and raised $ 45 million . [ sep ] michael lynche
michael lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the judges ' save . the next week katie stevens and andrew garcia were eliminated . that week , adam lambert was invited back to be a mentor , the first idol alum to do so . idol gives back returned this season on april 21 , 2010 , and raised $ 45 million . [ sep ] adam lambert
a special tribute to simon cowell was presented in the finale for his final season with the show . many figures from the show ' s past , including paula abdul , made an appearance . [ sep ] simon cowell
a special tribute to simon cowell was presented in the finale for his final season with the show . many figures from the show ' s past , including paula abdul , made an appearance . [ sep ] paula abdul
the torch was lit at a park outside at at & t park at about 1 : 17 pm pdt ( 20 : 17 utc ) , briefly held aloft by american and chinese olympic officials . the relay descended into confusion as the first runner in the elaborately planned relay disappeared into a warehouse on a waterfront pier where it stayed for a half - an - hour . there were clashes between thousands of pro - china demonstrators , many of whom said they were bused in by the chinese consulate and other pro - china groups , and both pro - tibet and darfur protesters . the non - chinese demonstrators were reported to have been swamped and trailed by angry crowds . around 2 pm pdt ( 21 : 00 utc ) , the torch resurfaced about 3 km ( 1 . 9 mi ) away from the stadium along van ness avenue , a heavily trafficked thoroughfare that was not on official route plans . television reports showed the flame flanked by motorcycles and uniformed police officers . two torchbearers carried the flame running slowly behind a truck and surrounded by olympic security guards . during the torch relay , two torchbearers , andrew michael who uses a wheelchair and is the vice president for sustainable development for the bay area council and director of partnerships for change , and an environmental advocate , majora carter , managed to display tibetan flags in protest , resulting in their ejection from the relay . the closing ceremony at justin herman plaza was canceled due to the presence of large numbers of protesters at the site . the torch run ended with a final stretch through san francisco ' s marina district and was then moved by bus to san francisco international airport for a makeshift closing ceremony at the terminal , from which the free media was excluded . san jose mercury news described the " deceiving " event as " a game of where ' s waldo , played against the landscape of a lovely city . " international olympic committee president jacques rogge said the san francisco relay had " fortunately " avoided much of the disruptions that marred the legs in london and paris , but " was , however , not the joyous party that we had wished it to be . " [ sep ] andrew michael
the torch was lit at a park outside at at & t park at about 1 : 17 pm pdt ( 20 : 17 utc ) , briefly held aloft by american and chinese olympic officials . the relay descended into confusion as the first runner in the elaborately planned relay disappeared into a warehouse on a waterfront pier where it stayed for a half - an - hour . there were clashes between thousands of pro - china demonstrators , many of whom said they were bused in by the chinese consulate and other pro - china groups , and both pro - tibet and darfur protesters . the non - chinese demonstrators were reported to have been swamped and trailed by angry crowds . around 2 pm pdt ( 21 : 00 utc ) , the torch resurfaced about 3 km ( 1 . 9 mi ) away from the stadium along van ness avenue , a heavily trafficked thoroughfare that was not on official route plans . television reports showed the flame flanked by motorcycles and uniformed police officers . two torchbearers carried the flame running slowly behind a truck and surrounded by olympic security guards . during the torch relay , two torchbearers , andrew michael who uses a wheelchair and is the vice president for sustainable development for the bay area council and director of partnerships for change , and an environmental advocate , majora carter , managed to display tibetan flags in protest , resulting in their ejection from the relay . the closing ceremony at justin herman plaza was canceled due to the presence of large numbers of protesters at the site . the torch run ended with a final stretch through san francisco ' s marina district and was then moved by bus to san francisco international airport for a makeshift closing ceremony at the terminal , from which the free media was excluded . san jose mercury news described the " deceiving " event as " a game of where ' s waldo , played against the landscape of a lovely city . " international olympic committee president jacques rogge said the san francisco relay had " fortunately " avoided much of the disruptions that marred the legs in london and paris , but " was , however , not the joyous party that we had wished it to be . " [ sep ] marina district
the torch was lit at a park outside at at & t park at about 1 : 17 pm pdt ( 20 : 17 utc ) , briefly held aloft by american and chinese olympic officials . the relay descended into confusion as the first runner in the elaborately planned relay disappeared into a warehouse on a waterfront pier where it stayed for a half - an - hour . there were clashes between thousands of pro - china demonstrators , many of whom said they were bused in by the chinese consulate and other pro - china groups , and both pro - tibet and darfur protesters . the non - chinese demonstrators were reported to have been swamped and trailed by angry crowds . around 2 pm pdt ( 21 : 00 utc ) , the torch resurfaced about 3 km ( 1 . 9 mi ) away from the stadium along van ness avenue , a heavily trafficked thoroughfare that was not on official route plans . television reports showed the flame flanked by motorcycles and uniformed police officers . two torchbearers carried the flame running slowly behind a truck and surrounded by olympic security guards . during the torch relay , two torchbearers , andrew michael who uses a wheelchair and is the vice president for sustainable development for the bay area council and director of partnerships for change , and an environmental advocate , majora carter , managed to display tibetan flags in protest , resulting in their ejection from the relay . the closing ceremony at justin herman plaza was canceled due to the presence of large numbers of protesters at the site . the torch run ended with a final stretch through san francisco ' s marina district and was then moved by bus to san francisco international airport for a makeshift closing ceremony at the terminal , from which the free media was excluded . san jose mercury news described the " deceiving " event as " a game of where ' s waldo , played against the landscape of a lovely city . " international olympic committee president jacques rogge said the san francisco relay had " fortunately " avoided much of the disruptions that marred the legs in london and paris , but " was , however , not the joyous party that we had wished it to be . " [ sep ] san francisco international airport
the torch was lit at a park outside at at & t park at about 1 : 17 pm pdt ( 20 : 17 utc ) , briefly held aloft by american and chinese olympic officials . the relay descended into confusion as the first runner in the elaborately planned relay disappeared into a warehouse on a waterfront pier where it stayed for a half - an - hour . there were clashes between thousands of pro - china demonstrators , many of whom said they were bused in by the chinese consulate and other pro - china groups , and both pro - tibet and darfur protesters . the non - chinese demonstrators were reported to have been swamped and trailed by angry crowds . around 2 pm pdt ( 21 : 00 utc ) , the torch resurfaced about 3 km ( 1 . 9 mi ) away from the stadium along van ness avenue , a heavily trafficked thoroughfare that was not on official route plans . television reports showed the flame flanked by motorcycles and uniformed police officers . two torchbearers carried the flame running slowly behind a truck and surrounded by olympic security guards . during the torch relay , two torchbearers , andrew michael who uses a wheelchair and is the vice president for sustainable development for the bay area council and director of partnerships for change , and an environmental advocate , majora carter , managed to display tibetan flags in protest , resulting in their ejection from the relay . the closing ceremony at justin herman plaza was canceled due to the presence of large numbers of protesters at the site . the torch run ended with a final stretch through san francisco ' s marina district and was then moved by bus to san francisco international airport for a makeshift closing ceremony at the terminal , from which the free media was excluded . san jose mercury news described the " deceiving " event as " a game of where ' s waldo , played against the landscape of a lovely city . " international olympic committee president jacques rogge said the san francisco relay had " fortunately " avoided much of the disruptions that marred the legs in london and paris , but " was , however , not the joyous party that we had wished it to be . " [ sep ] van ness avenue
the final two contestants were lee dewyze and bowersox . dewyze was declared the winner during the may 26 finale . no new song was used as coronation song this year ; instead , the two finalists each released a cover song – dewyze chose u2 ' s " beautiful day " , and bowersox chose patty griffin ' s " up to the mountain " . this is the first season where neither finalist achieved significant album sales . [ sep ] may 26
the final two contestants were lee dewyze and bowersox . dewyze was declared the winner during the may 26 finale . no new song was used as coronation song this year ; instead , the two finalists each released a cover song – dewyze chose u2 ' s " beautiful day " , and bowersox chose patty griffin ' s " up to the mountain " . this is the first season where neither finalist achieved significant album sales . [ sep ] dewyze
the final two contestants were lee dewyze and bowersox . dewyze was declared the winner during the may 26 finale . no new song was used as coronation song this year ; instead , the two finalists each released a cover song – dewyze chose u2 ' s " beautiful day " , and bowersox chose patty griffin ' s " up to the mountain " . this is the first season where neither finalist achieved significant album sales . [ sep ] beautiful day
the final two contestants were lee dewyze and bowersox . dewyze was declared the winner during the may 26 finale . no new song was used as coronation song this year ; instead , the two finalists each released a cover song – dewyze chose u2 ' s " beautiful day " , and bowersox chose patty griffin ' s " up to the mountain " . this is the first season where neither finalist achieved significant album sales . [ sep ] up to the mountain
season ten of the series premiered on january 19 , 2011 . many changes were introduced this season , from the format to the personnel of the show . jennifer lopez and steven tyler joined randy jackson as judges following the departures of simon cowell ( who left to launch the u . s . version of the x factor ) , kara dioguardi ( whose contract was not renewed ) and ellen degeneres , while nigel lythgoe returned as executive producer . jimmy iovine , chairman of the interscope geffen a & m label group , the new partner of american idol , acted as the in - house mentor in place of weekly guest mentors , although in later episodes special guest mentors such as beyonce , will . i . am and lady gaga were brought in . [ sep ] january 19 , 2011
season ten of the series premiered on january 19 , 2011 . many changes were introduced this season , from the format to the personnel of the show . jennifer lopez and steven tyler joined randy jackson as judges following the departures of simon cowell ( who left to launch the u . s . version of the x factor ) , kara dioguardi ( whose contract was not renewed ) and ellen degeneres , while nigel lythgoe returned as executive producer . jimmy iovine , chairman of the interscope geffen a & m label group , the new partner of american idol , acted as the in - house mentor in place of weekly guest mentors , although in later episodes special guest mentors such as beyonce , will . i . am and lady gaga were brought in . [ sep ] nigel lythgoe
season ten of the series premiered on january 19 , 2011 . many changes were introduced this season , from the format to the personnel of the show . jennifer lopez and steven tyler joined randy jackson as judges following the departures of simon cowell ( who left to launch the u . s . version of the x factor ) , kara dioguardi ( whose contract was not renewed ) and ellen degeneres , while nigel lythgoe returned as executive producer . jimmy iovine , chairman of the interscope geffen a & m label group , the new partner of american idol , acted as the in - house mentor in place of weekly guest mentors , although in later episodes special guest mentors such as beyonce , will . i . am and lady gaga were brought in . [ sep ] jennifer lopez and steven tyler
season ten of the series premiered on january 19 , 2011 . many changes were introduced this season , from the format to the personnel of the show . jennifer lopez and steven tyler joined randy jackson as judges following the departures of simon cowell ( who left to launch the u . s . version of the x factor ) , kara dioguardi ( whose contract was not renewed ) and ellen degeneres , while nigel lythgoe returned as executive producer . jimmy iovine , chairman of the interscope geffen a & m label group , the new partner of american idol , acted as the in - house mentor in place of weekly guest mentors , although in later episodes special guest mentors such as beyonce , will . i . am and lady gaga were brought in . [ sep ] jimmy iovine
argentina : the torch relay leg in buenos aires , argentina , held on april 11 , began with an artistic show at the lola mora amphitheatre in costanera sur . in the end of the show the mayor of buenos aires mauricio macri gave the torch to the first torchbearer , carlos espinola . the leg finished at the buenos aires riding club in the palermo district , the last torchbearer being gabriela sabatini . the 13 . 8 km route included landmarks like the obelisk and plaza de mayo . the day was marked by several pro - tibet protests , which included a giant banner reading " free tibet " , and an alternative " human rights torch " that was lit by protesters and paraded along the route the flame was to take . most of these protests were peaceful in nature , and the torch was not impeded . chinese immigrants also turned out in support of the games , but only minor scuffles were reported between both groups . runners surrounded by rows of security carried the olympic flame past thousands of jubilant argentines in the most trouble - free torch relay in nearly a week . people showered the parade route with confetti as banks , government offices and businesses took an impromptu half - day holiday for the only latin american stop on the flame ' s five - continent journey . [ sep ] buenos aires
argentina : the torch relay leg in buenos aires , argentina , held on april 11 , began with an artistic show at the lola mora amphitheatre in costanera sur . in the end of the show the mayor of buenos aires mauricio macri gave the torch to the first torchbearer , carlos espinola . the leg finished at the buenos aires riding club in the palermo district , the last torchbearer being gabriela sabatini . the 13 . 8 km route included landmarks like the obelisk and plaza de mayo . the day was marked by several pro - tibet protests , which included a giant banner reading " free tibet " , and an alternative " human rights torch " that was lit by protesters and paraded along the route the flame was to take . most of these protests were peaceful in nature , and the torch was not impeded . chinese immigrants also turned out in support of the games , but only minor scuffles were reported between both groups . runners surrounded by rows of security carried the olympic flame past thousands of jubilant argentines in the most trouble - free torch relay in nearly a week . people showered the parade route with confetti as banks , government offices and businesses took an impromptu half - day holiday for the only latin american stop on the flame ' s five - continent journey . [ sep ] lola mora amphitheatre
argentina : the torch relay leg in buenos aires , argentina , held on april 11 , began with an artistic show at the lola mora amphitheatre in costanera sur . in the end of the show the mayor of buenos aires mauricio macri gave the torch to the first torchbearer , carlos espinola . the leg finished at the buenos aires riding club in the palermo district , the last torchbearer being gabriela sabatini . the 13 . 8 km route included landmarks like the obelisk and plaza de mayo . the day was marked by several pro - tibet protests , which included a giant banner reading " free tibet " , and an alternative " human rights torch " that was lit by protesters and paraded along the route the flame was to take . most of these protests were peaceful in nature , and the torch was not impeded . chinese immigrants also turned out in support of the games , but only minor scuffles were reported between both groups . runners surrounded by rows of security carried the olympic flame past thousands of jubilant argentines in the most trouble - free torch relay in nearly a week . people showered the parade route with confetti as banks , government offices and businesses took an impromptu half - day holiday for the only latin american stop on the flame ' s five - continent journey . [ sep ] mauricio macri
argentina : the torch relay leg in buenos aires , argentina , held on april 11 , began with an artistic show at the lola mora amphitheatre in costanera sur . in the end of the show the mayor of buenos aires mauricio macri gave the torch to the first torchbearer , carlos espinola . the leg finished at the buenos aires riding club in the palermo district , the last torchbearer being gabriela sabatini . the 13 . 8 km route included landmarks like the obelisk and plaza de mayo . the day was marked by several pro - tibet protests , which included a giant banner reading " free tibet " , and an alternative " human rights torch " that was lit by protesters and paraded along the route the flame was to take . most of these protests were peaceful in nature , and the torch was not impeded . chinese immigrants also turned out in support of the games , but only minor scuffles were reported between both groups . runners surrounded by rows of security carried the olympic flame past thousands of jubilant argentines in the most trouble - free torch relay in nearly a week . people showered the parade route with confetti as banks , government offices and businesses took an impromptu half - day holiday for the only latin american stop on the flame ' s five - continent journey . [ sep ] carlos espinola .
argentina : the torch relay leg in buenos aires , argentina , held on april 11 , began with an artistic show at the lola mora amphitheatre in costanera sur . in the end of the show the mayor of buenos aires mauricio macri gave the torch to the first torchbearer , carlos espinola . the leg finished at the buenos aires riding club in the palermo district , the last torchbearer being gabriela sabatini . the 13 . 8 km route included landmarks like the obelisk and plaza de mayo . the day was marked by several pro - tibet protests , which included a giant banner reading " free tibet " , and an alternative " human rights torch " that was lit by protesters and paraded along the route the flame was to take . most of these protests were peaceful in nature , and the torch was not impeded . chinese immigrants also turned out in support of the games , but only minor scuffles were reported between both groups . runners surrounded by rows of security carried the olympic flame past thousands of jubilant argentines in the most trouble - free torch relay in nearly a week . people showered the parade route with confetti as banks , government offices and businesses took an impromptu half - day holiday for the only latin american stop on the flame ' s five - continent journey . [ sep ] confetti
season ten is the first to include online auditions where contestants could submit a 40 - second video audition via myspace . karen rodriguez was one such auditioner and reached the final rounds . [ sep ] online
season ten is the first to include online auditions where contestants could submit a 40 - second video audition via myspace . karen rodriguez was one such auditioner and reached the final rounds . [ sep ] myspace
one of the more prominent contestants this year was chris medina , whose story of caring for his brain - damaged fiancee received widespread coverage . medina was cut in the top 40 round . casey abrams , who suffers from ulcerative colitis , was hospitalized twice and missed the top 13 result show . the judges used their one save on abrams on the top 11 , and as a result this was the first season that 11 finalists went on tour instead of 10 . in the following week , naima adedapo and thia megia were both eliminated the following week . [ sep ] chris medina
one of the more prominent contestants this year was chris medina , whose story of caring for his brain - damaged fiancee received widespread coverage . medina was cut in the top 40 round . casey abrams , who suffers from ulcerative colitis , was hospitalized twice and missed the top 13 result show . the judges used their one save on abrams on the top 11 , and as a result this was the first season that 11 finalists went on tour instead of 10 . in the following week , naima adedapo and thia megia were both eliminated the following week . [ sep ] top 40 round
one of the more prominent contestants this year was chris medina , whose story of caring for his brain - damaged fiancee received widespread coverage . medina was cut in the top 40 round . casey abrams , who suffers from ulcerative colitis , was hospitalized twice and missed the top 13 result show . the judges used their one save on abrams on the top 11 , and as a result this was the first season that 11 finalists went on tour instead of 10 . in the following week , naima adedapo and thia megia were both eliminated the following week . [ sep ] casey abrams
one of the more prominent contestants this year was chris medina , whose story of caring for his brain - damaged fiancee received widespread coverage . medina was cut in the top 40 round . casey abrams , who suffers from ulcerative colitis , was hospitalized twice and missed the top 13 result show . the judges used their one save on abrams on the top 11 , and as a result this was the first season that 11 finalists went on tour instead of 10 . in the following week , naima adedapo and thia megia were both eliminated the following week . [ sep ] top 13 result show
one of the more prominent contestants this year was chris medina , whose story of caring for his brain - damaged fiancee received widespread coverage . medina was cut in the top 40 round . casey abrams , who suffers from ulcerative colitis , was hospitalized twice and missed the top 13 result show . the judges used their one save on abrams on the top 11 , and as a result this was the first season that 11 finalists went on tour instead of 10 . in the following week , naima adedapo and thia megia were both eliminated the following week . [ sep ] abrams
argentine activists told a news conference that they would not try to snuff out the torch ' s flame as demonstrators had in paris and london . " i want to announce that we will not put out the olympic torch , " said pro - tibet activist jorge carcavallo . " we ' ll be carrying out surprise actions throughout the city of buenos aires , but all of these will be peaceful . " among other activities , protesters organized an alternative march that went from the obelisk to the city hall , featuring their own " human rights torch . " a giant banner reading " free tibet " was also displayed on the torch route . according to a representative from the ngo ' human rights torch relay ' , their objective was to " show the contradiction between the olympic games and the presence of widespread human rights violations in china " [ sep ] jorge carcavallo .
argentine activists told a news conference that they would not try to snuff out the torch ' s flame as demonstrators had in paris and london . " i want to announce that we will not put out the olympic torch , " said pro - tibet activist jorge carcavallo . " we ' ll be carrying out surprise actions throughout the city of buenos aires , but all of these will be peaceful . " among other activities , protesters organized an alternative march that went from the obelisk to the city hall , featuring their own " human rights torch . " a giant banner reading " free tibet " was also displayed on the torch route . according to a representative from the ngo ' human rights torch relay ' , their objective was to " show the contradiction between the olympic games and the presence of widespread human rights violations in china " [ sep ] obelisk to the city hall
argentine activists told a news conference that they would not try to snuff out the torch ' s flame as demonstrators had in paris and london . " i want to announce that we will not put out the olympic torch , " said pro - tibet activist jorge carcavallo . " we ' ll be carrying out surprise actions throughout the city of buenos aires , but all of these will be peaceful . " among other activities , protesters organized an alternative march that went from the obelisk to the city hall , featuring their own " human rights torch . " a giant banner reading " free tibet " was also displayed on the torch route . according to a representative from the ngo ' human rights torch relay ' , their objective was to " show the contradiction between the olympic games and the presence of widespread human rights violations in china " [ sep ] human rights torch .
argentine activists told a news conference that they would not try to snuff out the torch ' s flame as demonstrators had in paris and london . " i want to announce that we will not put out the olympic torch , " said pro - tibet activist jorge carcavallo . " we ' ll be carrying out surprise actions throughout the city of buenos aires , but all of these will be peaceful . " among other activities , protesters organized an alternative march that went from the obelisk to the city hall , featuring their own " human rights torch . " a giant banner reading " free tibet " was also displayed on the torch route . according to a representative from the ngo ' human rights torch relay ' , their objective was to " show the contradiction between the olympic games and the presence of widespread human rights violations in china " [ sep ] free tibet
argentine activists told a news conference that they would not try to snuff out the torch ' s flame as demonstrators had in paris and london . " i want to announce that we will not put out the olympic torch , " said pro - tibet activist jorge carcavallo . " we ' ll be carrying out surprise actions throughout the city of buenos aires , but all of these will be peaceful . " among other activities , protesters organized an alternative march that went from the obelisk to the city hall , featuring their own " human rights torch . " a giant banner reading " free tibet " was also displayed on the torch route . according to a representative from the ngo ' human rights torch relay ' , their objective was to " show the contradiction between the olympic games and the presence of widespread human rights violations in china " [ sep ] human rights torch relay
pia toscano , one of the presumed favorites to advance far in the season , was unexpectedly eliminated on april 7 , 2011 , finishing in ninth place . her elimination drew criticisms from some former idol contestants , as well as actor tom hanks . [ sep ] pia toscano
pia toscano , one of the presumed favorites to advance far in the season , was unexpectedly eliminated on april 7 , 2011 , finishing in ninth place . her elimination drew criticisms from some former idol contestants , as well as actor tom hanks . [ sep ] tom hanks
the two finalists in 2011 were lauren alaina and scotty mccreery , both teenage country singers . mccreery won the competition on may 25 , being the youngest male winner and the fourth male in a row to win american idol . mccreery released his first single , " i love you this big " , as his coronation song , and alaina released " like my mother does " . mccreery ' s debut album , clear as day , became the first debut album by an idol winner to reach no . 1 on the us billboard 200 since ruben studdard ' s soulful in 2003 , and he became the youngest male artist to reach no . 1 on the billboard 200 . [ sep ] may 25
the two finalists in 2011 were lauren alaina and scotty mccreery , both teenage country singers . mccreery won the competition on may 25 , being the youngest male winner and the fourth male in a row to win american idol . mccreery released his first single , " i love you this big " , as his coronation song , and alaina released " like my mother does " . mccreery ' s debut album , clear as day , became the first debut album by an idol winner to reach no . 1 on the us billboard 200 since ruben studdard ' s soulful in 2003 , and he became the youngest male artist to reach no . 1 on the billboard 200 . [ sep ] scotty mccreery
the two finalists in 2011 were lauren alaina and scotty mccreery , both teenage country singers . mccreery won the competition on may 25 , being the youngest male winner and the fourth male in a row to win american idol . mccreery released his first single , " i love you this big " , as his coronation song , and alaina released " like my mother does " . mccreery ' s debut album , clear as day , became the first debut album by an idol winner to reach no . 1 on the us billboard 200 since ruben studdard ' s soulful in 2003 , and he became the youngest male artist to reach no . 1 on the billboard 200 . [ sep ] ruben studdard
season 11 premiered on january 18 , 2012 . on february 23 , it was announced that one more finalist would join the top 24 making it the top 25 , and that was jermaine jones . however , on march 14 , jones was disqualified in 12th place for concealing arrests and outstanding warrants . jones denied the accusation that he concealed his arrests . [ sep ] january 18 , 2012
season 11 premiered on january 18 , 2012 . on february 23 , it was announced that one more finalist would join the top 24 making it the top 25 , and that was jermaine jones . however , on march 14 , jones was disqualified in 12th place for concealing arrests and outstanding warrants . jones denied the accusation that he concealed his arrests . [ sep ] jermaine jones
season 11 premiered on january 18 , 2012 . on february 23 , it was announced that one more finalist would join the top 24 making it the top 25 , and that was jermaine jones . however , on march 14 , jones was disqualified in 12th place for concealing arrests and outstanding warrants . jones denied the accusation that he concealed his arrests . [ sep ] march 14
season 11 premiered on january 18 , 2012 . on february 23 , it was announced that one more finalist would join the top 24 making it the top 25 , and that was jermaine jones . however , on march 14 , jones was disqualified in 12th place for concealing arrests and outstanding warrants . jones denied the accusation that he concealed his arrests . [ sep ] concealing arrests and outstanding warrants
the outreach director of hrtr , susan prager , is also the communication director of " friends of falun gong " , a quasi - government non - profit funded by fmr . congressman tom lanto ' s wife and ambassador mark palmer of ned . a major setback to the event was caused by footballer diego maradona , scheduled to open the relay through buenos aires , pulling out in an attempt to avoid the olympic controversy . trying to avoid the scenes that marred the relay in the uk , france and the us , the city government designed a complex security operative to protect the torch relay , involving 1200 police officers and 3000 other people , including public employees and volunteers . overall , the protests were peaceful in nature , although there were a few incidents such as the throwing of several water balloons in an attempt to extinguish the olympic flame , and minor scuffles between olympic protesters and supporters from chinese immigrant communities . [ sep ] friends of falun gong
the outreach director of hrtr , susan prager , is also the communication director of " friends of falun gong " , a quasi - government non - profit funded by fmr . congressman tom lanto ' s wife and ambassador mark palmer of ned . a major setback to the event was caused by footballer diego maradona , scheduled to open the relay through buenos aires , pulling out in an attempt to avoid the olympic controversy . trying to avoid the scenes that marred the relay in the uk , france and the us , the city government designed a complex security operative to protect the torch relay , involving 1200 police officers and 3000 other people , including public employees and volunteers . overall , the protests were peaceful in nature , although there were a few incidents such as the throwing of several water balloons in an attempt to extinguish the olympic flame , and minor scuffles between olympic protesters and supporters from chinese immigrant communities . [ sep ] diego maradona
the outreach director of hrtr , susan prager , is also the communication director of " friends of falun gong " , a quasi - government non - profit funded by fmr . congressman tom lanto ' s wife and ambassador mark palmer of ned . a major setback to the event was caused by footballer diego maradona , scheduled to open the relay through buenos aires , pulling out in an attempt to avoid the olympic controversy . trying to avoid the scenes that marred the relay in the uk , france and the us , the city government designed a complex security operative to protect the torch relay , involving 1200 police officers and 3000 other people , including public employees and volunteers . overall , the protests were peaceful in nature , although there were a few incidents such as the throwing of several water balloons in an attempt to extinguish the olympic flame , and minor scuffles between olympic protesters and supporters from chinese immigrant communities . [ sep ] 1200
the outreach director of hrtr , susan prager , is also the communication director of " friends of falun gong " , a quasi - government non - profit funded by fmr . congressman tom lanto ' s wife and ambassador mark palmer of ned . a major setback to the event was caused by footballer diego maradona , scheduled to open the relay through buenos aires , pulling out in an attempt to avoid the olympic controversy . trying to avoid the scenes that marred the relay in the uk , france and the us , the city government designed a complex security operative to protect the torch relay , involving 1200 police officers and 3000 other people , including public employees and volunteers . overall , the protests were peaceful in nature , although there were a few incidents such as the throwing of several water balloons in an attempt to extinguish the olympic flame , and minor scuffles between olympic protesters and supporters from chinese immigrant communities . [ sep ] water balloons
the outreach director of hrtr , susan prager , is also the communication director of " friends of falun gong " , a quasi - government non - profit funded by fmr . congressman tom lanto ' s wife and ambassador mark palmer of ned . a major setback to the event was caused by footballer diego maradona , scheduled to open the relay through buenos aires , pulling out in an attempt to avoid the olympic controversy . trying to avoid the scenes that marred the relay in the uk , france and the us , the city government designed a complex security operative to protect the torch relay , involving 1200 police officers and 3000 other people , including public employees and volunteers . overall , the protests were peaceful in nature , although there were a few incidents such as the throwing of several water balloons in an attempt to extinguish the olympic flame , and minor scuffles between olympic protesters and supporters from chinese immigrant communities . [ sep ] peaceful
finalist phillip phillips suffered from kidney pain and was taken to the hospital before the top 13 results show , and later received medical procedure to alleviate a blockage caused by kidney stones . he was reported to have eight surgeries during his idol run , and had considered quitting the show due to the pain . he underwent surgery to remove the stones and reconstruct his kidney soon after the season had finished . [ sep ] phillip phillips
finalist phillip phillips suffered from kidney pain and was taken to the hospital before the top 13 results show , and later received medical procedure to alleviate a blockage caused by kidney stones . he was reported to have eight surgeries during his idol run , and had considered quitting the show due to the pain . he underwent surgery to remove the stones and reconstruct his kidney soon after the season had finished . [ sep ] kidney pain
jessica sanchez received the fewest number of votes during the top 7 week , and the judges decided to use their " save " option on her , making her the first female recipient of the save . the following week , unlike previous seasons , colton dixon was the only contestant sent home . sanchez later made the final two , the first season where a recipient of the save reached the finale . [ sep ] top 7
jessica sanchez received the fewest number of votes during the top 7 week , and the judges decided to use their " save " option on her , making her the first female recipient of the save . the following week , unlike previous seasons , colton dixon was the only contestant sent home . sanchez later made the final two , the first season where a recipient of the save reached the finale . [ sep ] jessica sanchez
jessica sanchez received the fewest number of votes during the top 7 week , and the judges decided to use their " save " option on her , making her the first female recipient of the save . the following week , unlike previous seasons , colton dixon was the only contestant sent home . sanchez later made the final two , the first season where a recipient of the save reached the finale . [ sep ] colton dixon
tanzania : dar es salaam was the torch ' s only stop in africa , on april 13 . the relay began at the grand terminal of the tazara railway , which was china ' s largest foreign aid project of the 1970s , and continued for 5 km through the old city to the benjamin mkapa national stadium in temeke , which was built with chinese aid in 2005 . the torch was lit by vice - president ali mohamed shein . about a thousand people followed the relay , waving the olympic flag . the only noted instance of protest was nobel peace prize laureate wangari maathai ' s withdrawal from the list of torchbearers , in protest against human rights abuses in tibet . [ sep ] dar es salaam
tanzania : dar es salaam was the torch ' s only stop in africa , on april 13 . the relay began at the grand terminal of the tazara railway , which was china ' s largest foreign aid project of the 1970s , and continued for 5 km through the old city to the benjamin mkapa national stadium in temeke , which was built with chinese aid in 2005 . the torch was lit by vice - president ali mohamed shein . about a thousand people followed the relay , waving the olympic flag . the only noted instance of protest was nobel peace prize laureate wangari maathai ' s withdrawal from the list of torchbearers , in protest against human rights abuses in tibet . [ sep ] tazara
tanzania : dar es salaam was the torch ' s only stop in africa , on april 13 . the relay began at the grand terminal of the tazara railway , which was china ' s largest foreign aid project of the 1970s , and continued for 5 km through the old city to the benjamin mkapa national stadium in temeke , which was built with chinese aid in 2005 . the torch was lit by vice - president ali mohamed shein . about a thousand people followed the relay , waving the olympic flag . the only noted instance of protest was nobel peace prize laureate wangari maathai ' s withdrawal from the list of torchbearers , in protest against human rights abuses in tibet . [ sep ] benjamin mkapa national stadium
tanzania : dar es salaam was the torch ' s only stop in africa , on april 13 . the relay began at the grand terminal of the tazara railway , which was china ' s largest foreign aid project of the 1970s , and continued for 5 km through the old city to the benjamin mkapa national stadium in temeke , which was built with chinese aid in 2005 . the torch was lit by vice - president ali mohamed shein . about a thousand people followed the relay , waving the olympic flag . the only noted instance of protest was nobel peace prize laureate wangari maathai ' s withdrawal from the list of torchbearers , in protest against human rights abuses in tibet . [ sep ] china
tanzania : dar es salaam was the torch ' s only stop in africa , on april 13 . the relay began at the grand terminal of the tazara railway , which was china ' s largest foreign aid project of the 1970s , and continued for 5 km through the old city to the benjamin mkapa national stadium in temeke , which was built with chinese aid in 2005 . the torch was lit by vice - president ali mohamed shein . about a thousand people followed the relay , waving the olympic flag . the only noted instance of protest was nobel peace prize laureate wangari maathai ' s withdrawal from the list of torchbearers , in protest against human rights abuses in tibet . [ sep ] vice - president ali mohamed shein .
phillips became the winner , beating sanchez . prior to the announcement of the winner , season five finalist ace young proposed marriage to season three runner - up diana degarmo on stage – which she accepted . [ sep ] phillips
phillips became the winner , beating sanchez . prior to the announcement of the winner , season five finalist ace young proposed marriage to season three runner - up diana degarmo on stage – which she accepted . [ sep ] season five
phillips became the winner , beating sanchez . prior to the announcement of the winner , season five finalist ace young proposed marriage to season three runner - up diana degarmo on stage – which she accepted . [ sep ] season three
phillips released " home " as his coronation song , while sanchez released " change nothing " . phillips ' " home " has since become the best selling of all coronation songs . [ sep ] home
phillips released " home " as his coronation song , while sanchez released " change nothing " . phillips ' " home " has since become the best selling of all coronation songs . [ sep ] change nothing
phillips released " home " as his coronation song , while sanchez released " change nothing " . phillips ' " home " has since become the best selling of all coronation songs . [ sep ] home
sultanate of oman : muscat was the torch ' s only stop in the middle east , on april 14 . the relay covered 20 km . no protests or incidents were reported . one of the torchbearers was syrian actress sulaf fawakherji . [ sep ] muscat
sultanate of oman : muscat was the torch ' s only stop in the middle east , on april 14 . the relay covered 20 km . no protests or incidents were reported . one of the torchbearers was syrian actress sulaf fawakherji . [ sep ] 20
sultanate of oman : muscat was the torch ' s only stop in the middle east , on april 14 . the relay covered 20 km . no protests or incidents were reported . one of the torchbearers was syrian actress sulaf fawakherji . [ sep ] sulaf fawakherji .
pakistan : the olympic torch reached islamabad for the first time ever on april 16 . president pervez musharraf and prime minister yousaf raza gillani spoke at the opening ceremony of the relay . security was high , for what one newspaper called the " most sensitive leg " of the torch ' s olympic journey . the relay was initially supposed to carry the torch around islamabad , but the entire relay was cancelled due to security concerns regarding " militant threats or anti - china protests " , and replaced by an indoors ceremony with the torch carried around the track of jinnah stadium . in fear of violent protests and bomb attacks , the torch relay in pakistan took place in a stadium behind closed doors . although the relay was behind closed doors , thousands of policemen and soldiers guarded the flame . as a consequence , no incidents arose . [ sep ] islamabad
season 12 premiered on january 16 , 2013 . judges jennifer lopez and steven tyler left the show after two seasons . this season ' s judging panel consisted of randy jackson , along with mariah carey , keith urban and nicki minaj . this was the first season since season nine to have four judges on the panel . the pre - season buzz and the early episodes of the show were dominated by the feud between the judges minaj and carey after a video of their dispute was leaked to tmz . [ sep ] january 16 , 2013
season 12 premiered on january 16 , 2013 . judges jennifer lopez and steven tyler left the show after two seasons . this season ' s judging panel consisted of randy jackson , along with mariah carey , keith urban and nicki minaj . this was the first season since season nine to have four judges on the panel . the pre - season buzz and the early episodes of the show were dominated by the feud between the judges minaj and carey after a video of their dispute was leaked to tmz . [ sep ] four
the top 10 contestants started with five males and five females , however , the males were eliminated consecutively in the first five weeks , with lazaro arbos the last male to be eliminated . for the first time in the show ' s history , the top 5 contestants were all female . it was also the first time that the judges ' " save " was not used , the top four contestants were therefore given an extra week to perform again with their votes carried over with no elimination in the first week . [ sep ] 10
the top 10 contestants started with five males and five females , however , the males were eliminated consecutively in the first five weeks , with lazaro arbos the last male to be eliminated . for the first time in the show ' s history , the top 5 contestants were all female . it was also the first time that the judges ' " save " was not used , the top four contestants were therefore given an extra week to perform again with their votes carried over with no elimination in the first week . [ sep ] five
the top 10 contestants started with five males and five females , however , the males were eliminated consecutively in the first five weeks , with lazaro arbos the last male to be eliminated . for the first time in the show ' s history , the top 5 contestants were all female . it was also the first time that the judges ' " save " was not used , the top four contestants were therefore given an extra week to perform again with their votes carried over with no elimination in the first week . [ sep ] lazaro arbos
the top 10 contestants started with five males and five females , however , the males were eliminated consecutively in the first five weeks , with lazaro arbos the last male to be eliminated . for the first time in the show ' s history , the top 5 contestants were all female . it was also the first time that the judges ' " save " was not used , the top four contestants were therefore given an extra week to perform again with their votes carried over with no elimination in the first week . [ sep ] four
23 - year - old candice glover won the season with kree harrison taking the runner - up spot . glover is the first female to win american idol since jordin sparks . glover released " i am beautiful " as a single while harrison released " all cried out " immediately after the show . glover sold poorly with her debut album , and this is also the first season that the runner - up was not signed by a music label . [ sep ] candice glover
23 - year - old candice glover won the season with kree harrison taking the runner - up spot . glover is the first female to win american idol since jordin sparks . glover released " i am beautiful " as a single while harrison released " all cried out " immediately after the show . glover sold poorly with her debut album , and this is also the first season that the runner - up was not signed by a music label . [ sep ] kree harrison
23 - year - old candice glover won the season with kree harrison taking the runner - up spot . glover is the first female to win american idol since jordin sparks . glover released " i am beautiful " as a single while harrison released " all cried out " immediately after the show . glover sold poorly with her debut album , and this is also the first season that the runner - up was not signed by a music label . [ sep ] i am beautiful
23 - year - old candice glover won the season with kree harrison taking the runner - up spot . glover is the first female to win american idol since jordin sparks . glover released " i am beautiful " as a single while harrison released " all cried out " immediately after the show . glover sold poorly with her debut album , and this is also the first season that the runner - up was not signed by a music label . [ sep ] all cried out
23 - year - old candice glover won the season with kree harrison taking the runner - up spot . glover is the first female to win american idol since jordin sparks . glover released " i am beautiful " as a single while harrison released " all cried out " immediately after the show . glover sold poorly with her debut album , and this is also the first season that the runner - up was not signed by a music label . [ sep ] not signed by a music label
pakistan : the olympic torch reached islamabad for the first time ever on april 16 . president pervez musharraf and prime minister yousaf raza gillani spoke at the opening ceremony of the relay . security was high , for what one newspaper called the " most sensitive leg " of the torch ' s olympic journey . the relay was initially supposed to carry the torch around islamabad , but the entire relay was cancelled due to security concerns regarding " militant threats or anti - china protests " , and replaced by an indoors ceremony with the torch carried around the track of jinnah stadium . in fear of violent protests and bomb attacks , the torch relay in pakistan took place in a stadium behind closed doors . although the relay was behind closed doors , thousands of policemen and soldiers guarded the flame . as a consequence , no incidents arose . [ sep ] jinnah stadium .
towards the end of the season , randy jackson , the last remaining of the original judges , announced that he would no longer serve as a judge to pursue other business ventures . both judges mariah carey and nicki minaj also decided to leave after one season to focus on their music careers . [ sep ] randy jackson
towards the end of the season , randy jackson , the last remaining of the original judges , announced that he would no longer serve as a judge to pursue other business ventures . both judges mariah carey and nicki minaj also decided to leave after one season to focus on their music careers . [ sep ] mariah carey and nicki minaj
the thirteenth season premiered on january 15 , 2014 , with ryan seacrest returning as host . randy jackson and keith urban returned , though jackson moved from the judging panel to the role of in - mentor . mariah carey and nicki minaj left the panel after one season . former judge jennifer lopez and former mentor harry connick , jr . joined urban on the panel . also , nigel lythgoe and ken warwick were replaced as executive producers by per blankens , jesse ignjatovic and evan pragger . bill deronde replaced warwick as a director of the audition episodes , while louis j . horvitz replaced gregg gelfand as a director of the show . [ sep ] january 15 , 2014
the thirteenth season premiered on january 15 , 2014 , with ryan seacrest returning as host . randy jackson and keith urban returned , though jackson moved from the judging panel to the role of in - mentor . mariah carey and nicki minaj left the panel after one season . former judge jennifer lopez and former mentor harry connick , jr . joined urban on the panel . also , nigel lythgoe and ken warwick were replaced as executive producers by per blankens , jesse ignjatovic and evan pragger . bill deronde replaced warwick as a director of the audition episodes , while louis j . horvitz replaced gregg gelfand as a director of the show . [ sep ] randy jackson
the thirteenth season premiered on january 15 , 2014 , with ryan seacrest returning as host . randy jackson and keith urban returned , though jackson moved from the judging panel to the role of in - mentor . mariah carey and nicki minaj left the panel after one season . former judge jennifer lopez and former mentor harry connick , jr . joined urban on the panel . also , nigel lythgoe and ken warwick were replaced as executive producers by per blankens , jesse ignjatovic and evan pragger . bill deronde replaced warwick as a director of the audition episodes , while louis j . horvitz replaced gregg gelfand as a director of the show . [ sep ] jennifer lopez
the thirteenth season premiered on january 15 , 2014 , with ryan seacrest returning as host . randy jackson and keith urban returned , though jackson moved from the judging panel to the role of in - mentor . mariah carey and nicki minaj left the panel after one season . former judge jennifer lopez and former mentor harry connick , jr . joined urban on the panel . also , nigel lythgoe and ken warwick were replaced as executive producers by per blankens , jesse ignjatovic and evan pragger . bill deronde replaced warwick as a director of the audition episodes , while louis j . horvitz replaced gregg gelfand as a director of the show . [ sep ] harry connick , jr .
the thirteenth season premiered on january 15 , 2014 , with ryan seacrest returning as host . randy jackson and keith urban returned , though jackson moved from the judging panel to the role of in - mentor . mariah carey and nicki minaj left the panel after one season . former judge jennifer lopez and former mentor harry connick , jr . joined urban on the panel . also , nigel lythgoe and ken warwick were replaced as executive producers by per blankens , jesse ignjatovic and evan pragger . bill deronde replaced warwick as a director of the audition episodes , while louis j . horvitz replaced gregg gelfand as a director of the show . [ sep ] nigel lythgoe and ken warwick
india : due to concerns about pro - tibet protests , the relay through new delhi on april 17 was cut to just 2 . 3 km ( less than 1 . 5 miles ) , which was shared amongst 70 runners . it concluded at the india gate . the event was peaceful due to the public not being allowed at the relay . a total of five intended torchbearers - kiran bedi , soha ali khan , sachin tendulkar , bhaichung bhutia and sunil gavaskar - withdrew from the event , citing " personal reasons " , or , in bhutia ' s case , explicitly wishing to " stand by the people of tibet and their struggle " and protest against the prc " crackdown " in tibet . indian national football captain , baichung bhutia refused to take part in the indian leg of the torch relay , citing concerns over tibet . bhutia , who is sikkimese , is the first athlete to refuse to run with the torch . indian film star aamir khan states on his personal blog that the " olympic games do not belong to china " and confirms taking part in the torch relay " with a prayer in his heart for the people of tibet , and . . . for all people across the world who are victims of human rights violations " . rahul gandhi , son of the congress president sonia gandhi and scion of the nehru - gandhi family , also refused to carry the torch . [ sep ] new delhi
india : due to concerns about pro - tibet protests , the relay through new delhi on april 17 was cut to just 2 . 3 km ( less than 1 . 5 miles ) , which was shared amongst 70 runners . it concluded at the india gate . the event was peaceful due to the public not being allowed at the relay . a total of five intended torchbearers - kiran bedi , soha ali khan , sachin tendulkar , bhaichung bhutia and sunil gavaskar - withdrew from the event , citing " personal reasons " , or , in bhutia ' s case , explicitly wishing to " stand by the people of tibet and their struggle " and protest against the prc " crackdown " in tibet . indian national football captain , baichung bhutia refused to take part in the indian leg of the torch relay , citing concerns over tibet . bhutia , who is sikkimese , is the first athlete to refuse to run with the torch . indian film star aamir khan states on his personal blog that the " olympic games do not belong to china " and confirms taking part in the torch relay " with a prayer in his heart for the people of tibet , and . . . for all people across the world who are victims of human rights violations " . rahul gandhi , son of the congress president sonia gandhi and scion of the nehru - gandhi family , also refused to carry the torch . [ sep ] 1 . 5
india : due to concerns about pro - tibet protests , the relay through new delhi on april 17 was cut to just 2 . 3 km ( less than 1 . 5 miles ) , which was shared amongst 70 runners . it concluded at the india gate . the event was peaceful due to the public not being allowed at the relay . a total of five intended torchbearers - kiran bedi , soha ali khan , sachin tendulkar , bhaichung bhutia and sunil gavaskar - withdrew from the event , citing " personal reasons " , or , in bhutia ' s case , explicitly wishing to " stand by the people of tibet and their struggle " and protest against the prc " crackdown " in tibet . indian national football captain , baichung bhutia refused to take part in the indian leg of the torch relay , citing concerns over tibet . bhutia , who is sikkimese , is the first athlete to refuse to run with the torch . indian film star aamir khan states on his personal blog that the " olympic games do not belong to china " and confirms taking part in the torch relay " with a prayer in his heart for the people of tibet , and . . . for all people across the world who are victims of human rights violations " . rahul gandhi , son of the congress president sonia gandhi and scion of the nehru - gandhi family , also refused to carry the torch . [ sep ] 70
india : due to concerns about pro - tibet protests , the relay through new delhi on april 17 was cut to just 2 . 3 km ( less than 1 . 5 miles ) , which was shared amongst 70 runners . it concluded at the india gate . the event was peaceful due to the public not being allowed at the relay . a total of five intended torchbearers - kiran bedi , soha ali khan , sachin tendulkar , bhaichung bhutia and sunil gavaskar - withdrew from the event , citing " personal reasons " , or , in bhutia ' s case , explicitly wishing to " stand by the people of tibet and their struggle " and protest against the prc " crackdown " in tibet . indian national football captain , baichung bhutia refused to take part in the indian leg of the torch relay , citing concerns over tibet . bhutia , who is sikkimese , is the first athlete to refuse to run with the torch . indian film star aamir khan states on his personal blog that the " olympic games do not belong to china " and confirms taking part in the torch relay " with a prayer in his heart for the people of tibet , and . . . for all people across the world who are victims of human rights violations " . rahul gandhi , son of the congress president sonia gandhi and scion of the nehru - gandhi family , also refused to carry the torch . [ sep ] five
india : due to concerns about pro - tibet protests , the relay through new delhi on april 17 was cut to just 2 . 3 km ( less than 1 . 5 miles ) , which was shared amongst 70 runners . it concluded at the india gate . the event was peaceful due to the public not being allowed at the relay . a total of five intended torchbearers - kiran bedi , soha ali khan , sachin tendulkar , bhaichung bhutia and sunil gavaskar - withdrew from the event , citing " personal reasons " , or , in bhutia ' s case , explicitly wishing to " stand by the people of tibet and their struggle " and protest against the prc " crackdown " in tibet . indian national football captain , baichung bhutia refused to take part in the indian leg of the torch relay , citing concerns over tibet . bhutia , who is sikkimese , is the first athlete to refuse to run with the torch . indian film star aamir khan states on his personal blog that the " olympic games do not belong to china " and confirms taking part in the torch relay " with a prayer in his heart for the people of tibet , and . . . for all people across the world who are victims of human rights violations " . rahul gandhi , son of the congress president sonia gandhi and scion of the nehru - gandhi family , also refused to carry the torch . [ sep ] baichung bhutia
wary of protests , the indian authorities have decided to shorten the route of the relay in new delhi , and have given it the security normally associated with republic day celebrations , which are considered terrorist targets . chinese intelligence ' s expectations of points on the relay route that would be particularly ' vulnerable ' to protesters were presented to the indian ambassador to beijing , nirupama sen . the indian media responded angrily to the news that the ambassador , a distinguished lady diplomat , was summoned to the foreign ministry at 2 am local time ; the news was later denied by anonymous sources in delhi . the indian media reported that india ' s commerce minister , kamal nath , cancelled an official trip to beijing in protest , though both nath and chinese sources have denied it . [ sep ] kamal nath
wary of protests , the indian authorities have decided to shorten the route of the relay in new delhi , and have given it the security normally associated with republic day celebrations , which are considered terrorist targets . chinese intelligence ' s expectations of points on the relay route that would be particularly ' vulnerable ' to protesters were presented to the indian ambassador to beijing , nirupama sen . the indian media responded angrily to the news that the ambassador , a distinguished lady diplomat , was summoned to the foreign ministry at 2 am local time ; the news was later denied by anonymous sources in delhi . the indian media reported that india ' s commerce minister , kamal nath , cancelled an official trip to beijing in protest , though both nath and chinese sources have denied it . [ sep ] 2 am
wary of protests , the indian authorities have decided to shorten the route of the relay in new delhi , and have given it the security normally associated with republic day celebrations , which are considered terrorist targets . chinese intelligence ' s expectations of points on the relay route that would be particularly ' vulnerable ' to protesters were presented to the indian ambassador to beijing , nirupama sen . the indian media responded angrily to the news that the ambassador , a distinguished lady diplomat , was summoned to the foreign ministry at 2 am local time ; the news was later denied by anonymous sources in delhi . the indian media reported that india ' s commerce minister , kamal nath , cancelled an official trip to beijing in protest , though both nath and chinese sources have denied it . [ sep ] republic day
wary of protests , the indian authorities have decided to shorten the route of the relay in new delhi , and have given it the security normally associated with republic day celebrations , which are considered terrorist targets . chinese intelligence ' s expectations of points on the relay route that would be particularly ' vulnerable ' to protesters were presented to the indian ambassador to beijing , nirupama sen . the indian media responded angrily to the news that the ambassador , a distinguished lady diplomat , was summoned to the foreign ministry at 2 am local time ; the news was later denied by anonymous sources in delhi . the indian media reported that india ' s commerce minister , kamal nath , cancelled an official trip to beijing in protest , though both nath and chinese sources have denied it . [ sep ] terrorist targets .
this was the first season where the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves . in the top 8 , sam woolf received the fewest votes , but he was saved from elimination by the judges . the 500th episode of the series was the top 3 performance night . [ sep ] songs they wrote themselves
this was the first season where the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves . in the top 8 , sam woolf received the fewest votes , but he was saved from elimination by the judges . the 500th episode of the series was the top 3 performance night . [ sep ] sam woolf
this was the first season where the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves . in the top 8 , sam woolf received the fewest votes , but he was saved from elimination by the judges . the 500th episode of the series was the top 3 performance night . [ sep ] top 8
this was the first season where the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves . in the top 8 , sam woolf received the fewest votes , but he was saved from elimination by the judges . the 500th episode of the series was the top 3 performance night . [ sep ] top 3 performance night
caleb johnson was named the winner of the season , with jena irene as the runner - up . johnson released " as long as you love me " as his coronation single while irene released " we are one " . [ sep ] caleb johnson
caleb johnson was named the winner of the season , with jena irene as the runner - up . johnson released " as long as you love me " as his coronation single while irene released " we are one " . [ sep ] jena irene
caleb johnson was named the winner of the season , with jena irene as the runner - up . johnson released " as long as you love me " as his coronation single while irene released " we are one " . [ sep ] as long as you love me
caleb johnson was named the winner of the season , with jena irene as the runner - up . johnson released " as long as you love me " as his coronation single while irene released " we are one " . [ sep ] we are one
the fourteenth season premiered on january 7 , 2015 . ryan seacrest returned to host , while jennifer lopez , keith urban and harry connick , jr . returned for their respective fourth , third and second seasons as judges . eighth season runner - up adam lambert filled in for urban during the new york city auditions . randy jackson did not return as the in - house mentor for this season . [ sep ] january 7 , 2015
the fourteenth season premiered on january 7 , 2015 . ryan seacrest returned to host , while jennifer lopez , keith urban and harry connick , jr . returned for their respective fourth , third and second seasons as judges . eighth season runner - up adam lambert filled in for urban during the new york city auditions . randy jackson did not return as the in - house mentor for this season . [ sep ] adam lambert
changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten . coca cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and ford motor company maintained a reduced role . the winner of the season also received a recording contract with big machine records . [ sep ] one
changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten . coca cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and ford motor company maintained a reduced role . the winner of the season also received a recording contract with big machine records . [ sep ] coca cola
changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten . coca cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and ford motor company maintained a reduced role . the winner of the season also received a recording contract with big machine records . [ sep ] ford motor company
changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten . coca cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and ford motor company maintained a reduced role . the winner of the season also received a recording contract with big machine records . [ sep ] big machine records
india rejected chinese demands that the torch route be clear of india ' s 150 , 000 - strong tibetan exile community , by which they required a ban on congregation near the curtailed 3 km route . in response indian officials said india was a democracy , and " a wholesale ban on protests was out of the question " . contradicting some other reports , indian officials also refused permission to the " olympic holy flame protection unit " . the combined effect is a " rapid deterioration " of relations between india and china . meanwhile , the tibetan government in exile , which is based in india , has stated that it did not support the disruption of the olympic torch relay . [ sep ] 150 , 000
india rejected chinese demands that the torch route be clear of india ' s 150 , 000 - strong tibetan exile community , by which they required a ban on congregation near the curtailed 3 km route . in response indian officials said india was a democracy , and " a wholesale ban on protests was out of the question " . contradicting some other reports , indian officials also refused permission to the " olympic holy flame protection unit " . the combined effect is a " rapid deterioration " of relations between india and china . meanwhile , the tibetan government in exile , which is based in india , has stated that it did not support the disruption of the olympic torch relay . [ sep ] protests
india rejected chinese demands that the torch route be clear of india ' s 150 , 000 - strong tibetan exile community , by which they required a ban on congregation near the curtailed 3 km route . in response indian officials said india was a democracy , and " a wholesale ban on protests was out of the question " . contradicting some other reports , indian officials also refused permission to the " olympic holy flame protection unit " . the combined effect is a " rapid deterioration " of relations between india and china . meanwhile , the tibetan government in exile , which is based in india , has stated that it did not support the disruption of the olympic torch relay . [ sep ] olympic holy flame protection unit
india rejected chinese demands that the torch route be clear of india ' s 150 , 000 - strong tibetan exile community , by which they required a ban on congregation near the curtailed 3 km route . in response indian officials said india was a democracy , and " a wholesale ban on protests was out of the question " . contradicting some other reports , indian officials also refused permission to the " olympic holy flame protection unit " . the combined effect is a " rapid deterioration " of relations between india and china . meanwhile , the tibetan government in exile , which is based in india , has stated that it did not support the disruption of the olympic torch relay . [ sep ] relations
india rejected chinese demands that the torch route be clear of india ' s 150 , 000 - strong tibetan exile community , by which they required a ban on congregation near the curtailed 3 km route . in response indian officials said india was a democracy , and " a wholesale ban on protests was out of the question " . contradicting some other reports , indian officials also refused permission to the " olympic holy flame protection unit " . the combined effect is a " rapid deterioration " of relations between india and china . meanwhile , the tibetan government in exile , which is based in india , has stated that it did not support the disruption of the olympic torch relay . [ sep ] the tibetan government in exile
the noted indian social activist and a retired indian police service ( ips ) officer kiran bedi refused to participate saying " she doesn ’ t want to run in the event as ‘ caged woman ’ . " on april 15 , bollywood actress soha ali khan pulled out of the olympic torch relay , citing “ very strong personal reasons ” . on april 16 , a protest was organised in delhi " against chinese repression in tibet " , and was broken up by the police . [ sep ] kiran bedi
the noted indian social activist and a retired indian police service ( ips ) officer kiran bedi refused to participate saying " she doesn ’ t want to run in the event as ‘ caged woman ’ . " on april 15 , bollywood actress soha ali khan pulled out of the olympic torch relay , citing “ very strong personal reasons ” . on april 16 , a protest was organised in delhi " against chinese repression in tibet " , and was broken up by the police . [ sep ] soha ali khan
the noted indian social activist and a retired indian police service ( ips ) officer kiran bedi refused to participate saying " she doesn ’ t want to run in the event as ‘ caged woman ’ . " on april 15 , bollywood actress soha ali khan pulled out of the olympic torch relay , citing “ very strong personal reasons ” . on april 16 , a protest was organised in delhi " against chinese repression in tibet " , and was broken up by the police . [ sep ] delhi
the noted indian social activist and a retired indian police service ( ips ) officer kiran bedi refused to participate saying " she doesn ’ t want to run in the event as ‘ caged woman ’ . " on april 15 , bollywood actress soha ali khan pulled out of the olympic torch relay , citing “ very strong personal reasons ” . on april 16 , a protest was organised in delhi " against chinese repression in tibet " , and was broken up by the police . [ sep ] police .
the noted indian social activist and a retired indian police service ( ips ) officer kiran bedi refused to participate saying " she doesn ’ t want to run in the event as ‘ caged woman ’ . " on april 15 , bollywood actress soha ali khan pulled out of the olympic torch relay , citing “ very strong personal reasons ” . on april 16 , a protest was organised in delhi " against chinese repression in tibet " , and was broken up by the police . [ sep ] caged woman
thailand : the april 18 relay through bangkok was the olympic flame ' s first visit to thailand . the relay covered just over 10 km , and included bangkok ' s chinatown . the torch was carried past democracy monument , chitralada palace and a number of other city landmarks . m . r . narisa chakrabongse , green world foundation ( gwf ) chairwoman , withdrew from the torch - running ceremony , protesting against china ' s actions in tibet . several hundred protesters were present , along with olympic supporters . thai authorities threatened to arrest foreign protesters and ban them from future entry into thailand . a coalition of thai human rights groups announced that it would organise a " small demonstration " during the relay , and several hundred people did indeed take part in protests , facing beijing supporters . intended torchbearer mom rajawongse narissara chakrabongse boycotted the relay , to protest against china ' s actions in tibet . in bangkok , students told the media that the chinese embassy provided them with transportation and gave them shirts to wear . [ sep ] april 18
thailand : the april 18 relay through bangkok was the olympic flame ' s first visit to thailand . the relay covered just over 10 km , and included bangkok ' s chinatown . the torch was carried past democracy monument , chitralada palace and a number of other city landmarks . m . r . narisa chakrabongse , green world foundation ( gwf ) chairwoman , withdrew from the torch - running ceremony , protesting against china ' s actions in tibet . several hundred protesters were present , along with olympic supporters . thai authorities threatened to arrest foreign protesters and ban them from future entry into thailand . a coalition of thai human rights groups announced that it would organise a " small demonstration " during the relay , and several hundred people did indeed take part in protests , facing beijing supporters . intended torchbearer mom rajawongse narissara chakrabongse boycotted the relay , to protest against china ' s actions in tibet . in bangkok , students told the media that the chinese embassy provided them with transportation and gave them shirts to wear . [ sep ] 10
thailand : the april 18 relay through bangkok was the olympic flame ' s first visit to thailand . the relay covered just over 10 km , and included bangkok ' s chinatown . the torch was carried past democracy monument , chitralada palace and a number of other city landmarks . m . r . narisa chakrabongse , green world foundation ( gwf ) chairwoman , withdrew from the torch - running ceremony , protesting against china ' s actions in tibet . several hundred protesters were present , along with olympic supporters . thai authorities threatened to arrest foreign protesters and ban them from future entry into thailand . a coalition of thai human rights groups announced that it would organise a " small demonstration " during the relay , and several hundred people did indeed take part in protests , facing beijing supporters . intended torchbearer mom rajawongse narissara chakrabongse boycotted the relay , to protest against china ' s actions in tibet . in bangkok , students told the media that the chinese embassy provided them with transportation and gave them shirts to wear . [ sep ] foreign protesters
thailand : the april 18 relay through bangkok was the olympic flame ' s first visit to thailand . the relay covered just over 10 km , and included bangkok ' s chinatown . the torch was carried past democracy monument , chitralada palace and a number of other city landmarks . m . r . narisa chakrabongse , green world foundation ( gwf ) chairwoman , withdrew from the torch - running ceremony , protesting against china ' s actions in tibet . several hundred protesters were present , along with olympic supporters . thai authorities threatened to arrest foreign protesters and ban them from future entry into thailand . a coalition of thai human rights groups announced that it would organise a " small demonstration " during the relay , and several hundred people did indeed take part in protests , facing beijing supporters . intended torchbearer mom rajawongse narissara chakrabongse boycotted the relay , to protest against china ' s actions in tibet . in bangkok , students told the media that the chinese embassy provided them with transportation and gave them shirts to wear . [ sep ] mom rajawongse narissara chakrabongse
malaysia : the event was held in the capital city , kuala lumpur , on april 21 . the 16 . 5 km long - relay began from the historic independence square , passed in front of several city landmarks before coming to an end at the iconic petronas twin towers . among the landmarks the olympic flame passed next to were the parliament house , national mosque , kl tower and merdeka stadium . a team of 1000 personnel from the malaysian police special action squad guarded the event and escorted the torchbearers . the last time an olympic torch relay was held in malaysia was the 1964 tokyo edition . [ sep ] independence square
malaysia : the event was held in the capital city , kuala lumpur , on april 21 . the 16 . 5 km long - relay began from the historic independence square , passed in front of several city landmarks before coming to an end at the iconic petronas twin towers . among the landmarks the olympic flame passed next to were the parliament house , national mosque , kl tower and merdeka stadium . a team of 1000 personnel from the malaysian police special action squad guarded the event and escorted the torchbearers . the last time an olympic torch relay was held in malaysia was the 1964 tokyo edition . [ sep ] petronas twin towers .
malaysia : the event was held in the capital city , kuala lumpur , on april 21 . the 16 . 5 km long - relay began from the historic independence square , passed in front of several city landmarks before coming to an end at the iconic petronas twin towers . among the landmarks the olympic flame passed next to were the parliament house , national mosque , kl tower and merdeka stadium . a team of 1000 personnel from the malaysian police special action squad guarded the event and escorted the torchbearers . the last time an olympic torch relay was held in malaysia was the 1964 tokyo edition . [ sep ] 1964
malaysia : the event was held in the capital city , kuala lumpur , on april 21 . the 16 . 5 km long - relay began from the historic independence square , passed in front of several city landmarks before coming to an end at the iconic petronas twin towers . among the landmarks the olympic flame passed next to were the parliament house , national mosque , kl tower and merdeka stadium . a team of 1000 personnel from the malaysian police special action squad guarded the event and escorted the torchbearers . the last time an olympic torch relay was held in malaysia was the 1964 tokyo edition . [ sep ] 1000
just days before the relay supporters of falun gong demonstrated in front of the chinese embassy in the malaysian capital . as many as 1 , 000 personnel from the special police unit were expected to be deployed on the day of the relay . a japanese family with malaysian citizenship and their 5 - year - old child who unfurled a tibetan flag were hit by a group of chinese nationals with plastic air - filled batons and heckled by a crowd of chinese citizens during the confrontation at independence square where the relay began , and the chinese group shouted : " taiwan and tibet belong to china . " later during the day , the chinese volunteers forcefully took away placards from two other malaysians protesting at the relay . one of the protesting malaysian was hit in the head . [ sep ] falun gong
just days before the relay supporters of falun gong demonstrated in front of the chinese embassy in the malaysian capital . as many as 1 , 000 personnel from the special police unit were expected to be deployed on the day of the relay . a japanese family with malaysian citizenship and their 5 - year - old child who unfurled a tibetan flag were hit by a group of chinese nationals with plastic air - filled batons and heckled by a crowd of chinese citizens during the confrontation at independence square where the relay began , and the chinese group shouted : " taiwan and tibet belong to china . " later during the day , the chinese volunteers forcefully took away placards from two other malaysians protesting at the relay . one of the protesting malaysian was hit in the head . [ sep ] plastic air - filled batons
just days before the relay supporters of falun gong demonstrated in front of the chinese embassy in the malaysian capital . as many as 1 , 000 personnel from the special police unit were expected to be deployed on the day of the relay . a japanese family with malaysian citizenship and their 5 - year - old child who unfurled a tibetan flag were hit by a group of chinese nationals with plastic air - filled batons and heckled by a crowd of chinese citizens during the confrontation at independence square where the relay began , and the chinese group shouted : " taiwan and tibet belong to china . " later during the day , the chinese volunteers forcefully took away placards from two other malaysians protesting at the relay . one of the protesting malaysian was hit in the head . [ sep ] taiwan and tibet belong to china .
just days before the relay supporters of falun gong demonstrated in front of the chinese embassy in the malaysian capital . as many as 1 , 000 personnel from the special police unit were expected to be deployed on the day of the relay . a japanese family with malaysian citizenship and their 5 - year - old child who unfurled a tibetan flag were hit by a group of chinese nationals with plastic air - filled batons and heckled by a crowd of chinese citizens during the confrontation at independence square where the relay began , and the chinese group shouted : " taiwan and tibet belong to china . " later during the day , the chinese volunteers forcefully took away placards from two other malaysians protesting at the relay . one of the protesting malaysian was hit in the head . [ sep ] placards
indonesia : the olympic flame reached jakarta on april 22 . the original 20 km relay through jakarta was cancelled due to " security worries " , at the request of the chinese embassy , and the torch was instead carried round the city main ' s stadium , as it had been in islamabad . several dozen pro - tibet protesters gathered near the stadium , and were dispersed by the police . the event was held in the streets around the city main ' s stadium . the cancelling of the relay through the city itself was decided due to security concerns and at the request of the chinese embassy . only invitees and journalists were admitted inside the stadium . protests took place outside the stadium . [ sep ] jakarta
indonesia : the olympic flame reached jakarta on april 22 . the original 20 km relay through jakarta was cancelled due to " security worries " , at the request of the chinese embassy , and the torch was instead carried round the city main ' s stadium , as it had been in islamabad . several dozen pro - tibet protesters gathered near the stadium , and were dispersed by the police . the event was held in the streets around the city main ' s stadium . the cancelling of the relay through the city itself was decided due to security concerns and at the request of the chinese embassy . only invitees and journalists were admitted inside the stadium . protests took place outside the stadium . [ sep ] 20
indonesia : the olympic flame reached jakarta on april 22 . the original 20 km relay through jakarta was cancelled due to " security worries " , at the request of the chinese embassy , and the torch was instead carried round the city main ' s stadium , as it had been in islamabad . several dozen pro - tibet protesters gathered near the stadium , and were dispersed by the police . the event was held in the streets around the city main ' s stadium . the cancelling of the relay through the city itself was decided due to security concerns and at the request of the chinese embassy . only invitees and journalists were admitted inside the stadium . protests took place outside the stadium . [ sep ] security worries
indonesia : the olympic flame reached jakarta on april 22 . the original 20 km relay through jakarta was cancelled due to " security worries " , at the request of the chinese embassy , and the torch was instead carried round the city main ' s stadium , as it had been in islamabad . several dozen pro - tibet protesters gathered near the stadium , and were dispersed by the police . the event was held in the streets around the city main ' s stadium . the cancelling of the relay through the city itself was decided due to security concerns and at the request of the chinese embassy . only invitees and journalists were admitted inside the stadium . protests took place outside the stadium . [ sep ] stadium .
indonesia : the olympic flame reached jakarta on april 22 . the original 20 km relay through jakarta was cancelled due to " security worries " , at the request of the chinese embassy , and the torch was instead carried round the city main ' s stadium , as it had been in islamabad . several dozen pro - tibet protesters gathered near the stadium , and were dispersed by the police . the event was held in the streets around the city main ' s stadium . the cancelling of the relay through the city itself was decided due to security concerns and at the request of the chinese embassy . only invitees and journalists were admitted inside the stadium . protests took place outside the stadium . [ sep ] outside the stadium .
australia : the event was held in canberra , australian capital territory on april 24 , and covered around 16 km of canberra ' s central areas , from reconciliation place to commonwealth park . upon its arrival in canberra , the olympic flame was presented by chinese officials to local aboriginal elder agnes shea , of the ngunnawal people . she , in turn , offered them a message stick , as a gift of peace and welcome . hundreds of pro - tibet protesters and thousands of chinese students reportedly attended . demonstrators and counter - demonstrators were kept apart by the australian federal police . preparations for the event were marred by a disagreement over the role of the chinese flame attendants , with australian and chinese officials arguing publicly over their function and prerogatives during a press conference . [ sep ] canberra
australia : the event was held in canberra , australian capital territory on april 24 , and covered around 16 km of canberra ' s central areas , from reconciliation place to commonwealth park . upon its arrival in canberra , the olympic flame was presented by chinese officials to local aboriginal elder agnes shea , of the ngunnawal people . she , in turn , offered them a message stick , as a gift of peace and welcome . hundreds of pro - tibet protesters and thousands of chinese students reportedly attended . demonstrators and counter - demonstrators were kept apart by the australian federal police . preparations for the event were marred by a disagreement over the role of the chinese flame attendants , with australian and chinese officials arguing publicly over their function and prerogatives during a press conference . [ sep ] 16
australia : the event was held in canberra , australian capital territory on april 24 , and covered around 16 km of canberra ' s central areas , from reconciliation place to commonwealth park . upon its arrival in canberra , the olympic flame was presented by chinese officials to local aboriginal elder agnes shea , of the ngunnawal people . she , in turn , offered them a message stick , as a gift of peace and welcome . hundreds of pro - tibet protesters and thousands of chinese students reportedly attended . demonstrators and counter - demonstrators were kept apart by the australian federal police . preparations for the event were marred by a disagreement over the role of the chinese flame attendants , with australian and chinese officials arguing publicly over their function and prerogatives during a press conference . [ sep ] reconciliation place
australia : the event was held in canberra , australian capital territory on april 24 , and covered around 16 km of canberra ' s central areas , from reconciliation place to commonwealth park . upon its arrival in canberra , the olympic flame was presented by chinese officials to local aboriginal elder agnes shea , of the ngunnawal people . she , in turn , offered them a message stick , as a gift of peace and welcome . hundreds of pro - tibet protesters and thousands of chinese students reportedly attended . demonstrators and counter - demonstrators were kept apart by the australian federal police . preparations for the event were marred by a disagreement over the role of the chinese flame attendants , with australian and chinese officials arguing publicly over their function and prerogatives during a press conference . [ sep ] australian federal police .
australia : the event was held in canberra , australian capital territory on april 24 , and covered around 16 km of canberra ' s central areas , from reconciliation place to commonwealth park . upon its arrival in canberra , the olympic flame was presented by chinese officials to local aboriginal elder agnes shea , of the ngunnawal people . she , in turn , offered them a message stick , as a gift of peace and welcome . hundreds of pro - tibet protesters and thousands of chinese students reportedly attended . demonstrators and counter - demonstrators were kept apart by the australian federal police . preparations for the event were marred by a disagreement over the role of the chinese flame attendants , with australian and chinese officials arguing publicly over their function and prerogatives during a press conference . [ sep ] agnes shea
following the events in olympia , there were reports that china requested permission to deploy people ' s liberation army personnel along the relay route to protect the flame in canberra . australian authorities stated that such a request , if it were to be made , would be refused . chinese officials labeled it a rumor . australian police have been given powers to search relay spectators , following a call by the chinese students and scholars association for chinese australian students to " go defend our sacred torch " against " ethnic degenerate scum and anti - china separatists " . tony goh , chairman of the australian council of chinese organisations , has said the acco would be taking " thousands " of pro - beijing demonstrators to canberra by bus , to support the torch relay . zhang rongan , a chinese australian student organising pro - beijing demonstrations , told the press that chinese diplomats were assisting with the organization of buses , meals and accommodation for pro - beijing demonstrators , and helping them organise a " peaceful show of strength " . foreign minister stephen smith said chinese officials were urging supporters to " turn up and put a point of view " , but that he had no objection to it as long as they remained peaceful . [ sep ] people ' s liberation army
following the events in olympia , there were reports that china requested permission to deploy people ' s liberation army personnel along the relay route to protect the flame in canberra . australian authorities stated that such a request , if it were to be made , would be refused . chinese officials labeled it a rumor . australian police have been given powers to search relay spectators , following a call by the chinese students and scholars association for chinese australian students to " go defend our sacred torch " against " ethnic degenerate scum and anti - china separatists " . tony goh , chairman of the australian council of chinese organisations , has said the acco would be taking " thousands " of pro - beijing demonstrators to canberra by bus , to support the torch relay . zhang rongan , a chinese australian student organising pro - beijing demonstrations , told the press that chinese diplomats were assisting with the organization of buses , meals and accommodation for pro - beijing demonstrators , and helping them organise a " peaceful show of strength " . foreign minister stephen smith said chinese officials were urging supporters to " turn up and put a point of view " , but that he had no objection to it as long as they remained peaceful . [ sep ] australian police
following the events in olympia , there were reports that china requested permission to deploy people ' s liberation army personnel along the relay route to protect the flame in canberra . australian authorities stated that such a request , if it were to be made , would be refused . chinese officials labeled it a rumor . australian police have been given powers to search relay spectators , following a call by the chinese students and scholars association for chinese australian students to " go defend our sacred torch " against " ethnic degenerate scum and anti - china separatists " . tony goh , chairman of the australian council of chinese organisations , has said the acco would be taking " thousands " of pro - beijing demonstrators to canberra by bus , to support the torch relay . zhang rongan , a chinese australian student organising pro - beijing demonstrations , told the press that chinese diplomats were assisting with the organization of buses , meals and accommodation for pro - beijing demonstrators , and helping them organise a " peaceful show of strength " . foreign minister stephen smith said chinese officials were urging supporters to " turn up and put a point of view " , but that he had no objection to it as long as they remained peaceful . [ sep ] tony goh
following the events in olympia , there were reports that china requested permission to deploy people ' s liberation army personnel along the relay route to protect the flame in canberra . australian authorities stated that such a request , if it were to be made , would be refused . chinese officials labeled it a rumor . australian police have been given powers to search relay spectators , following a call by the chinese students and scholars association for chinese australian students to " go defend our sacred torch " against " ethnic degenerate scum and anti - china separatists " . tony goh , chairman of the australian council of chinese organisations , has said the acco would be taking " thousands " of pro - beijing demonstrators to canberra by bus , to support the torch relay . zhang rongan , a chinese australian student organising pro - beijing demonstrations , told the press that chinese diplomats were assisting with the organization of buses , meals and accommodation for pro - beijing demonstrators , and helping them organise a " peaceful show of strength " . foreign minister stephen smith said chinese officials were urging supporters to " turn up and put a point of view " , but that he had no objection to it as long as they remained peaceful . [ sep ] zhang rongan
following the events in olympia , there were reports that china requested permission to deploy people ' s liberation army personnel along the relay route to protect the flame in canberra . australian authorities stated that such a request , if it were to be made , would be refused . chinese officials labeled it a rumor . australian police have been given powers to search relay spectators , following a call by the chinese students and scholars association for chinese australian students to " go defend our sacred torch " against " ethnic degenerate scum and anti - china separatists " . tony goh , chairman of the australian council of chinese organisations , has said the acco would be taking " thousands " of pro - beijing demonstrators to canberra by bus , to support the torch relay . zhang rongan , a chinese australian student organising pro - beijing demonstrations , told the press that chinese diplomats were assisting with the organization of buses , meals and accommodation for pro - beijing demonstrators , and helping them organise a " peaceful show of strength " . foreign minister stephen smith said chinese officials were urging supporters to " turn up and put a point of view " , but that he had no objection to it as long as they remained peaceful . [ sep ] stephen smith
nick fradiani won the season , defeating clark beckham . by winning , fradiani became the first winner from the northeast region . fradiani released " beautiful life " as his coronation single while beckham released " champion " . jax , the third place finalist , also released a single called " forcefield " . [ sep ] nick fradiani
nick fradiani won the season , defeating clark beckham . by winning , fradiani became the first winner from the northeast region . fradiani released " beautiful life " as his coronation single while beckham released " champion " . jax , the third place finalist , also released a single called " forcefield " . [ sep ] clark beckham
nick fradiani won the season , defeating clark beckham . by winning , fradiani became the first winner from the northeast region . fradiani released " beautiful life " as his coronation single while beckham released " champion " . jax , the third place finalist , also released a single called " forcefield " . [ sep ] beautiful life
nick fradiani won the season , defeating clark beckham . by winning , fradiani became the first winner from the northeast region . fradiani released " beautiful life " as his coronation single while beckham released " champion " . jax , the third place finalist , also released a single called " forcefield " . [ sep ] champion
nick fradiani won the season , defeating clark beckham . by winning , fradiani became the first winner from the northeast region . fradiani released " beautiful life " as his coronation single while beckham released " champion " . jax , the third place finalist , also released a single called " forcefield " . [ sep ] jax
fox announced on may 11 , 2015 that the fifteenth season would be the final season of american idol ; as such , the season is expected to have an additional focus on the program ' s alumni . ryan seacrest returns as host , with harry connick jr . , keith urban , and jennifer lopez all returning for their respective third , fourth , and fifth seasons as judges . [ sep ] may 11 , 2015
fox announced on may 11 , 2015 that the fifteenth season would be the final season of american idol ; as such , the season is expected to have an additional focus on the program ' s alumni . ryan seacrest returns as host , with harry connick jr . , keith urban , and jennifer lopez all returning for their respective third , fourth , and fifth seasons as judges . [ sep ] ryan seacrest
since the show ' s inception in 2002 , ten of the fourteen idol winners , including its first five , have come from the southern united states . a large number of other notable finalists during the series ' run have also hailed from the american south , including clay aiken , kellie pickler , and chris daughtry , who are all from north carolina . in 2012 , an analysis of the 131 contestants who have appeared in the finals of all seasons of the show up to that point found that 48 % have some connection to the southern united states . [ sep ] ten
since the show ' s inception in 2002 , ten of the fourteen idol winners , including its first five , have come from the southern united states . a large number of other notable finalists during the series ' run have also hailed from the american south , including clay aiken , kellie pickler , and chris daughtry , who are all from north carolina . in 2012 , an analysis of the 131 contestants who have appeared in the finals of all seasons of the show up to that point found that 48 % have some connection to the southern united states . [ sep ] chris daughtry
the show itself is popular in the southern united states , with households in the southeastern united states 10 % more likely to watch american idol during the eighth season in 2009 , and those in the east central region , such as kentucky , were 16 percent more likely to tune into the series . data from nielsen soundscan , a music - sales tracking service , showed that of the 47 million cds sold by idol contestants through january 2010 , 85 percent were by contestants with ties to the american south . [ sep ] 16 percent
the show itself is popular in the southern united states , with households in the southeastern united states 10 % more likely to watch american idol during the eighth season in 2009 , and those in the east central region , such as kentucky , were 16 percent more likely to tune into the series . data from nielsen soundscan , a music - sales tracking service , showed that of the 47 million cds sold by idol contestants through january 2010 , 85 percent were by contestants with ties to the american south . [ sep ] 47 million
the show itself is popular in the southern united states , with households in the southeastern united states 10 % more likely to watch american idol during the eighth season in 2009 , and those in the east central region , such as kentucky , were 16 percent more likely to tune into the series . data from nielsen soundscan , a music - sales tracking service , showed that of the 47 million cds sold by idol contestants through january 2010 , 85 percent were by contestants with ties to the american south . [ sep ] 85 percent
theories given for the success of southerners on idol have been : more versatility with musical genres , as the southern u . s . is home to several music genre scenes ; not having as many opportunities to break into the pop music business ; text - voting due to the south having the highest percentage of cell - phone only households ; and the strong heritage of music and singing , which is notable in the bible belt , where it is in church that many people get their start in public singing . others also suggest that the southern character of these contestants appeal to the south , as well as local pride . according to season five winner taylor hicks , who is from the state of alabama , " people in the south have a lot of pride . . . so , they ' re adamant about supporting the contestants who do well from their state or region . " [ sep ] church
theories given for the success of southerners on idol have been : more versatility with musical genres , as the southern u . s . is home to several music genre scenes ; not having as many opportunities to break into the pop music business ; text - voting due to the south having the highest percentage of cell - phone only households ; and the strong heritage of music and singing , which is notable in the bible belt , where it is in church that many people get their start in public singing . others also suggest that the southern character of these contestants appeal to the south , as well as local pride . according to season five winner taylor hicks , who is from the state of alabama , " people in the south have a lot of pride . . . so , they ' re adamant about supporting the contestants who do well from their state or region . " [ sep ] alabama
for five consecutive seasons , starting in season seven , the title was given to a white male who plays the guitar – a trend that idol pundits call the " white guy with guitar " or " wgwg " factor . just hours before the season eleven finale , where phillip phillips was named the winner , richard rushfield , author of the book american idol : the untold story , said , " you have this alliance between young girls and grandmas and they see it , not necessarily as a contest to create a pop star competing on the contemporary radio , but as . . . . who ' s the nicest guy in a popularity contest , " he says , " and that has led to this dynasty of four , and possibly now five , consecutive , affable , very nice , good - looking white boys . " [ sep ] guitar
for five consecutive seasons , starting in season seven , the title was given to a white male who plays the guitar – a trend that idol pundits call the " white guy with guitar " or " wgwg " factor . just hours before the season eleven finale , where phillip phillips was named the winner , richard rushfield , author of the book american idol : the untold story , said , " you have this alliance between young girls and grandmas and they see it , not necessarily as a contest to create a pop star competing on the contemporary radio , but as . . . . who ' s the nicest guy in a popularity contest , " he says , " and that has led to this dynasty of four , and possibly now five , consecutive , affable , very nice , good - looking white boys . " [ sep ] white guy with guitar
for five consecutive seasons , starting in season seven , the title was given to a white male who plays the guitar – a trend that idol pundits call the " white guy with guitar " or " wgwg " factor . just hours before the season eleven finale , where phillip phillips was named the winner , richard rushfield , author of the book american idol : the untold story , said , " you have this alliance between young girls and grandmas and they see it , not necessarily as a contest to create a pop star competing on the contemporary radio , but as . . . . who ' s the nicest guy in a popularity contest , " he says , " and that has led to this dynasty of four , and possibly now five , consecutive , affable , very nice , good - looking white boys . " [ sep ] richard rushfield
for five consecutive seasons , starting in season seven , the title was given to a white male who plays the guitar – a trend that idol pundits call the " white guy with guitar " or " wgwg " factor . just hours before the season eleven finale , where phillip phillips was named the winner , richard rushfield , author of the book american idol : the untold story , said , " you have this alliance between young girls and grandmas and they see it , not necessarily as a contest to create a pop star competing on the contemporary radio , but as . . . . who ' s the nicest guy in a popularity contest , " he says , " and that has led to this dynasty of four , and possibly now five , consecutive , affable , very nice , good - looking white boys . " [ sep ] phillip phillips
individual contestants have generated controversy in this competition for their past actions , or for being ' ringers ' planted by the producers . a number of contestants had been disqualified for various reasons , such as for having an existing contract or undisclosed criminal records , although the show had been accused of double standard for disqualifying some but not others . [ sep ] ringers
voting results have been a consistent source of controversy . the mechanism of voting had also aroused considerable criticisms , most notably in season two when ruben studdard beat clay aiken in a close vote , and in season eight , when the massive increase in text votes ( 100 million more text votes than season 7 ) fueled the texting controversy . concerns about power voting have been expressed from the very first season . since 2004 , votes also have been affected to a limited degree by online communities such as dialidol , vote for the worst ( closed in 2013 ) , and vote for the girls ( started 2010 ) . [ sep ] season two
voting results have been a consistent source of controversy . the mechanism of voting had also aroused considerable criticisms , most notably in season two when ruben studdard beat clay aiken in a close vote , and in season eight , when the massive increase in text votes ( 100 million more text votes than season 7 ) fueled the texting controversy . concerns about power voting have been expressed from the very first season . since 2004 , votes also have been affected to a limited degree by online communities such as dialidol , vote for the worst ( closed in 2013 ) , and vote for the girls ( started 2010 ) . [ sep ] season eight
voting results have been a consistent source of controversy . the mechanism of voting had also aroused considerable criticisms , most notably in season two when ruben studdard beat clay aiken in a close vote , and in season eight , when the massive increase in text votes ( 100 million more text votes than season 7 ) fueled the texting controversy . concerns about power voting have been expressed from the very first season . since 2004 , votes also have been affected to a limited degree by online communities such as dialidol , vote for the worst ( closed in 2013 ) , and vote for the girls ( started 2010 ) . [ sep ] power voting
voting results have been a consistent source of controversy . the mechanism of voting had also aroused considerable criticisms , most notably in season two when ruben studdard beat clay aiken in a close vote , and in season eight , when the massive increase in text votes ( 100 million more text votes than season 7 ) fueled the texting controversy . concerns about power voting have been expressed from the very first season . since 2004 , votes also have been affected to a limited degree by online communities such as dialidol , vote for the worst ( closed in 2013 ) , and vote for the girls ( started 2010 ) . [ sep ] 2010
voting results have been a consistent source of controversy . the mechanism of voting had also aroused considerable criticisms , most notably in season two when ruben studdard beat clay aiken in a close vote , and in season eight , when the massive increase in text votes ( 100 million more text votes than season 7 ) fueled the texting controversy . concerns about power voting have been expressed from the very first season . since 2004 , votes also have been affected to a limited degree by online communities such as dialidol , vote for the worst ( closed in 2013 ) , and vote for the girls ( started 2010 ) . [ sep ] 2013
idol gives back is a special charity event started in season six featuring performances by celebrities and various fund - raising initiatives . this event was also held in seasons seven and nine and has raised nearly $ 185 million in total . [ sep ] idol gives back
idol gives back is a special charity event started in season six featuring performances by celebrities and various fund - raising initiatives . this event was also held in seasons seven and nine and has raised nearly $ 185 million in total . [ sep ] season six
seasonal rankings ( based on average total viewers per episode ) of american idol . it holds the distinction of having the longest winning streak in the nielsen annual television ratings ; it became the highest - rated of all television programs in the united states overall for an unprecedented seven consecutive years , or eight consecutive ( and total ) years when either its performance or result show was ranked number one overall . [ sep ] seven
seasonal rankings ( based on average total viewers per episode ) of american idol . it holds the distinction of having the longest winning streak in the nielsen annual television ratings ; it became the highest - rated of all television programs in the united states overall for an unprecedented seven consecutive years , or eight consecutive ( and total ) years when either its performance or result show was ranked number one overall . [ sep ] eight
american idol premiered in june 2002 and became the surprise summer hit show of 2002 . the first show drew 9 . 9 million viewers , giving fox the best viewing figure for the 8 . 30 pm spot in over a year . the audience steadily grew , and by finale night , the audience had averaged 23 million , with more than 40 million watching some part of that show . that episode was placed third amongst all age groups , but more importantly it led in the 18 – 49 demographic , the age group most valued by advertisers . [ sep ] june 2002
american idol premiered in june 2002 and became the surprise summer hit show of 2002 . the first show drew 9 . 9 million viewers , giving fox the best viewing figure for the 8 . 30 pm spot in over a year . the audience steadily grew , and by finale night , the audience had averaged 23 million , with more than 40 million watching some part of that show . that episode was placed third amongst all age groups , but more importantly it led in the 18 – 49 demographic , the age group most valued by advertisers . [ sep ] 9 . 9 million
american idol premiered in june 2002 and became the surprise summer hit show of 2002 . the first show drew 9 . 9 million viewers , giving fox the best viewing figure for the 8 . 30 pm spot in over a year . the audience steadily grew , and by finale night , the audience had averaged 23 million , with more than 40 million watching some part of that show . that episode was placed third amongst all age groups , but more importantly it led in the 18 – 49 demographic , the age group most valued by advertisers . [ sep ] 23 million
the growth continued into the next season , starting with a season premiere of 26 . 5 million . the season attracted an average of 21 . 7 million viewers , and was placed second overall amongst the 18 – 49 age group . the finale night when ruben studdard won over clay aiken was also the highest - rated ever american idol episode at 38 . 1 million for the final hour . by season three , the show had become the top show in the 18 – 49 demographic a position it has held for all subsequent years up to and including season ten , and its competition stages ranked first in the nationwide overall ratings . by season four , american idol had become the most watched series amongst all viewers on american tv for the first time , with an average viewership of 26 . 8 million . the show reached its peak in season five with numbers averaging 30 . 6 million per episode , and season five remains the highest - rated season of the series . [ sep ] 26 . 5 million
the growth continued into the next season , starting with a season premiere of 26 . 5 million . the season attracted an average of 21 . 7 million viewers , and was placed second overall amongst the 18 – 49 age group . the finale night when ruben studdard won over clay aiken was also the highest - rated ever american idol episode at 38 . 1 million for the final hour . by season three , the show had become the top show in the 18 – 49 demographic a position it has held for all subsequent years up to and including season ten , and its competition stages ranked first in the nationwide overall ratings . by season four , american idol had become the most watched series amongst all viewers on american tv for the first time , with an average viewership of 26 . 8 million . the show reached its peak in season five with numbers averaging 30 . 6 million per episode , and season five remains the highest - rated season of the series . [ sep ] 21 . 7 million
the growth continued into the next season , starting with a season premiere of 26 . 5 million . the season attracted an average of 21 . 7 million viewers , and was placed second overall amongst the 18 – 49 age group . the finale night when ruben studdard won over clay aiken was also the highest - rated ever american idol episode at 38 . 1 million for the final hour . by season three , the show had become the top show in the 18 – 49 demographic a position it has held for all subsequent years up to and including season ten , and its competition stages ranked first in the nationwide overall ratings . by season four , american idol had become the most watched series amongst all viewers on american tv for the first time , with an average viewership of 26 . 8 million . the show reached its peak in season five with numbers averaging 30 . 6 million per episode , and season five remains the highest - rated season of the series . [ sep ] four
season six premiered with the series ' highest - rated debut episode and a few of its succeeding episodes rank among the most watched episodes of american idol . during this time , many television executives begun to regard the show as a programming force unlike any seen before , as its consistent dominance of up to two hours two or three nights a week exceeded the 30 - or 60 - minute reach of previous hits such as nbc ' s the cosby show . the show was dubbed " the death star " , and competing networks often rearranged their schedules in order to minimize losses . however , season six also showed a steady decline in viewership over the course of the season . the season finale saw a drop in ratings of 16 % from the previous year . season six was the first season wherein the average results show rated higher than the competition stages ( unlike in the previous seasons ) , and became the second highest - rated of the series after the preceding season . [ sep ] season six
season six premiered with the series ' highest - rated debut episode and a few of its succeeding episodes rank among the most watched episodes of american idol . during this time , many television executives begun to regard the show as a programming force unlike any seen before , as its consistent dominance of up to two hours two or three nights a week exceeded the 30 - or 60 - minute reach of previous hits such as nbc ' s the cosby show . the show was dubbed " the death star " , and competing networks often rearranged their schedules in order to minimize losses . however , season six also showed a steady decline in viewership over the course of the season . the season finale saw a drop in ratings of 16 % from the previous year . season six was the first season wherein the average results show rated higher than the competition stages ( unlike in the previous seasons ) , and became the second highest - rated of the series after the preceding season . [ sep ] the death star
season six premiered with the series ' highest - rated debut episode and a few of its succeeding episodes rank among the most watched episodes of american idol . during this time , many television executives begun to regard the show as a programming force unlike any seen before , as its consistent dominance of up to two hours two or three nights a week exceeded the 30 - or 60 - minute reach of previous hits such as nbc ' s the cosby show . the show was dubbed " the death star " , and competing networks often rearranged their schedules in order to minimize losses . however , season six also showed a steady decline in viewership over the course of the season . the season finale saw a drop in ratings of 16 % from the previous year . season six was the first season wherein the average results show rated higher than the competition stages ( unlike in the previous seasons ) , and became the second highest - rated of the series after the preceding season . [ sep ] decline
season six premiered with the series ' highest - rated debut episode and a few of its succeeding episodes rank among the most watched episodes of american idol . during this time , many television executives begun to regard the show as a programming force unlike any seen before , as its consistent dominance of up to two hours two or three nights a week exceeded the 30 - or 60 - minute reach of previous hits such as nbc ' s the cosby show . the show was dubbed " the death star " , and competing networks often rearranged their schedules in order to minimize losses . however , season six also showed a steady decline in viewership over the course of the season . the season finale saw a drop in ratings of 16 % from the previous year . season six was the first season wherein the average results show rated higher than the competition stages ( unlike in the previous seasons ) , and became the second highest - rated of the series after the preceding season . [ sep ] results show
the loss of viewers continued into season seven . the premiere was down 11 % among total viewers , and the results show in which kristy lee cook was eliminated delivered its lowest - rated wednesday show among the 18 – 34 demo since the first season in 2002 . however , the ratings rebounded for the season seven finale with the excitement over the battle of the davids , and improved over season six as the series ' third most watched finale . the strong finish of season seven also helped fox become the most watched tv network in the country for the first time since its inception , a first ever in american television history for a non - big three major broadcast network . overall ratings for the season were down 10 % from season six , which is in line with the fall in viewership across all networks due in part to the 2007 – 2008 writers guild of america strike . [ sep ] kristy lee cook
the loss of viewers continued into season seven . the premiere was down 11 % among total viewers , and the results show in which kristy lee cook was eliminated delivered its lowest - rated wednesday show among the 18 – 34 demo since the first season in 2002 . however , the ratings rebounded for the season seven finale with the excitement over the battle of the davids , and improved over season six as the series ' third most watched finale . the strong finish of season seven also helped fox become the most watched tv network in the country for the first time since its inception , a first ever in american television history for a non - big three major broadcast network . overall ratings for the season were down 10 % from season six , which is in line with the fall in viewership across all networks due in part to the 2007 – 2008 writers guild of america strike . [ sep ] season seven
the loss of viewers continued into season seven . the premiere was down 11 % among total viewers , and the results show in which kristy lee cook was eliminated delivered its lowest - rated wednesday show among the 18 – 34 demo since the first season in 2002 . however , the ratings rebounded for the season seven finale with the excitement over the battle of the davids , and improved over season six as the series ' third most watched finale . the strong finish of season seven also helped fox become the most watched tv network in the country for the first time since its inception , a first ever in american television history for a non - big three major broadcast network . overall ratings for the season were down 10 % from season six , which is in line with the fall in viewership across all networks due in part to the 2007 – 2008 writers guild of america strike . [ sep ] the most watched tv network
the loss of viewers continued into season seven . the premiere was down 11 % among total viewers , and the results show in which kristy lee cook was eliminated delivered its lowest - rated wednesday show among the 18 – 34 demo since the first season in 2002 . however , the ratings rebounded for the season seven finale with the excitement over the battle of the davids , and improved over season six as the series ' third most watched finale . the strong finish of season seven also helped fox become the most watched tv network in the country for the first time since its inception , a first ever in american television history for a non - big three major broadcast network . overall ratings for the season were down 10 % from season six , which is in line with the fall in viewership across all networks due in part to the 2007 – 2008 writers guild of america strike . [ sep ] writers guild of america strike
the declining trend however continued into season eight , as total viewers numbers fell by 5 – 10 % for early episodes compared to season seven , and by 9 % for the finale . in season nine , idol ' s six - year extended streak of perfection in the ratings was broken , when nbc ' s coverage of the 2010 winter olympics on february 17 beat idol in the same time slot with 30 . 1 million viewers over idol ' s 18 . 4 million . nevertheless , american idol overall finished its ninth season as the most watched tv series for the sixth year running , breaking the previous record of five consecutive seasons achieved by cbs ' all in the family and nbc ' s the cosby show . [ sep ] 2010 winter olympics
the declining trend however continued into season eight , as total viewers numbers fell by 5 – 10 % for early episodes compared to season seven , and by 9 % for the finale . in season nine , idol ' s six - year extended streak of perfection in the ratings was broken , when nbc ' s coverage of the 2010 winter olympics on february 17 beat idol in the same time slot with 30 . 1 million viewers over idol ' s 18 . 4 million . nevertheless , american idol overall finished its ninth season as the most watched tv series for the sixth year running , breaking the previous record of five consecutive seasons achieved by cbs ' all in the family and nbc ' s the cosby show . [ sep ] 30 . 1 million
the declining trend however continued into season eight , as total viewers numbers fell by 5 – 10 % for early episodes compared to season seven , and by 9 % for the finale . in season nine , idol ' s six - year extended streak of perfection in the ratings was broken , when nbc ' s coverage of the 2010 winter olympics on february 17 beat idol in the same time slot with 30 . 1 million viewers over idol ' s 18 . 4 million . nevertheless , american idol overall finished its ninth season as the most watched tv series for the sixth year running , breaking the previous record of five consecutive seasons achieved by cbs ' all in the family and nbc ' s the cosby show . [ sep ] six
in season ten , the total viewer numbers for the first week of shows fell 12 – 13 % , and by up to 23 % in the 18 – 49 demo compared to season nine . later episodes , however , retained viewers better , and the season ended on a high with a significant increase in viewership for the finale – up 12 % for the adults 18 – 49 demo and a 21 % increase in total viewers from the season nine finale . while the overall viewer number has increased this season , its viewer demographics have continued to age year on year – the median age this season was 47 . 2 compared to a median age of 32 . 1 in its first season . by the time of the 2010 – 11 television season , fox was in its seventh consecutive season of victory overall in the 18 – 49 demographic ratings in the united states . [ sep ] 47 . 2
in season ten , the total viewer numbers for the first week of shows fell 12 – 13 % , and by up to 23 % in the 18 – 49 demo compared to season nine . later episodes , however , retained viewers better , and the season ended on a high with a significant increase in viewership for the finale – up 12 % for the adults 18 – 49 demo and a 21 % increase in total viewers from the season nine finale . while the overall viewer number has increased this season , its viewer demographics have continued to age year on year – the median age this season was 47 . 2 compared to a median age of 32 . 1 in its first season . by the time of the 2010 – 11 television season , fox was in its seventh consecutive season of victory overall in the 18 – 49 demographic ratings in the united states . [ sep ] 32 . 1
season eleven , however , suffered a steep drop in ratings , a drop attributed by some to the arrival of new shows such as the voice and the x - factor . the ratings for the first two episodes of season eleven fell 16 – 21 % in overall viewer numbers and 24 – 27 % in the 18 / 49 demo , while the season finale fell 27 % in total viewer number and 30 % in the 18 - 49 demo . the average viewership for the season fell below 20 million viewers the first time since 2003 , a drop of 23 % in total viewers and 30 % in the 18 / 49 demo . for the first time in eight years , american idol lost the leading position in both the total viewers number and the 18 / 49 demo , coming in second to nbc sunday night football , although the strengths of idol in its second year in the wednesday - thursday primetime slots helped fox achieve the longest period of 18 - 49 demographic victory in the nielsen ratings , standing at 8 straight years from 2004 to 2012 . [ sep ] sunday night football
season eleven , however , suffered a steep drop in ratings , a drop attributed by some to the arrival of new shows such as the voice and the x - factor . the ratings for the first two episodes of season eleven fell 16 – 21 % in overall viewer numbers and 24 – 27 % in the 18 / 49 demo , while the season finale fell 27 % in total viewer number and 30 % in the 18 - 49 demo . the average viewership for the season fell below 20 million viewers the first time since 2003 , a drop of 23 % in total viewers and 30 % in the 18 / 49 demo . for the first time in eight years , american idol lost the leading position in both the total viewers number and the 18 / 49 demo , coming in second to nbc sunday night football , although the strengths of idol in its second year in the wednesday - thursday primetime slots helped fox achieve the longest period of 18 - 49 demographic victory in the nielsen ratings , standing at 8 straight years from 2004 to 2012 . [ sep ] eight years
the loss of viewers continued into season 12 , which saw the show hitting a number of series low in the 18 - 49 demo . the finale had 7 . 2 million fewer viewers than the previous season , and saw a drop of 44 % in the 18 - 49 demo . the season viewers averaged at 13 . 3 million , a drop of 24 % from the previous season . the thirteenth season suffered a huge decline in the 18 – 49 demographic , a drop of 28 % from the twelfth season , and american idol lost its top 10 position in the nielsen ratings by the end of the 2013 – 14 television season for the first time since its entry to the rankings in 2003 as a result , although the entire series to date had not yet been dropped from the nielsen top 30 rankings since its inception in 2002 . [ sep ] 7 . 2 million
the loss of viewers continued into season 12 , which saw the show hitting a number of series low in the 18 - 49 demo . the finale had 7 . 2 million fewer viewers than the previous season , and saw a drop of 44 % in the 18 - 49 demo . the season viewers averaged at 13 . 3 million , a drop of 24 % from the previous season . the thirteenth season suffered a huge decline in the 18 – 49 demographic , a drop of 28 % from the twelfth season , and american idol lost its top 10 position in the nielsen ratings by the end of the 2013 – 14 television season for the first time since its entry to the rankings in 2003 as a result , although the entire series to date had not yet been dropped from the nielsen top 30 rankings since its inception in 2002 . [ sep ] 13 . 3 million
the continuing decline influenced further changes for season 14 , including the loss of coca - cola as the show ' s major sponsor , and a decision to only broadcast one , two - hour show per week during the top 12 rounds ( with results from the previous week integrated into the performance show , rather than having a separate results show ) . on may 11 , 2015 , prior to the fourteenth season finale , fox announced that the fifteenth season of american idol would be its last . despite these changes , the show ' s ratings would decline more sharply . the fourteenth season finale was the lowest - rated finale ever , with an average of only 8 . 03 million viewers watching the finale . [ sep ] may 11 , 2015
the continuing decline influenced further changes for season 14 , including the loss of coca - cola as the show ' s major sponsor , and a decision to only broadcast one , two - hour show per week during the top 12 rounds ( with results from the previous week integrated into the performance show , rather than having a separate results show ) . on may 11 , 2015 , prior to the fourteenth season finale , fox announced that the fifteenth season of american idol would be its last . despite these changes , the show ' s ratings would decline more sharply . the fourteenth season finale was the lowest - rated finale ever , with an average of only 8 . 03 million viewers watching the finale . [ sep ] 8 . 03 million
various american idol alumni had success on various record charts around the world ; in the u . s . they had achieved 345 number ones on the billboard charts in its first ten years . according to fred bronson , author of books on the billboard charts , no other entity has ever created as many hit - making artists and best - selling albums and singles . in 2007 , american idol alums accounted for 2 . 1 % of all music sales . its alumni have a massive impact on radio ; in 2007 , american idol had become " a dominant force in radio " according to the president of the research company mediabase which monitors radio stations rich meyer . by 2010 , four winners each had more than a million radio spins , with kelly clarkson leading the field with over four million spins . [ sep ] 345
various american idol alumni had success on various record charts around the world ; in the u . s . they had achieved 345 number ones on the billboard charts in its first ten years . according to fred bronson , author of books on the billboard charts , no other entity has ever created as many hit - making artists and best - selling albums and singles . in 2007 , american idol alums accounted for 2 . 1 % of all music sales . its alumni have a massive impact on radio ; in 2007 , american idol had become " a dominant force in radio " according to the president of the research company mediabase which monitors radio stations rich meyer . by 2010 , four winners each had more than a million radio spins , with kelly clarkson leading the field with over four million spins . [ sep ] fred bronson
various american idol alumni had success on various record charts around the world ; in the u . s . they had achieved 345 number ones on the billboard charts in its first ten years . according to fred bronson , author of books on the billboard charts , no other entity has ever created as many hit - making artists and best - selling albums and singles . in 2007 , american idol alums accounted for 2 . 1 % of all music sales . its alumni have a massive impact on radio ; in 2007 , american idol had become " a dominant force in radio " according to the president of the research company mediabase which monitors radio stations rich meyer . by 2010 , four winners each had more than a million radio spins , with kelly clarkson leading the field with over four million spins . [ sep ] four
various american idol alumni had success on various record charts around the world ; in the u . s . they had achieved 345 number ones on the billboard charts in its first ten years . according to fred bronson , author of books on the billboard charts , no other entity has ever created as many hit - making artists and best - selling albums and singles . in 2007 , american idol alums accounted for 2 . 1 % of all music sales . its alumni have a massive impact on radio ; in 2007 , american idol had become " a dominant force in radio " according to the president of the research company mediabase which monitors radio stations rich meyer . by 2010 , four winners each had more than a million radio spins , with kelly clarkson leading the field with over four million spins . [ sep ] over four million
as of 2013 , the american idol alumni in their post - idol careers have amassed over 59 million albums and 120 million singles and digital track downloads in the united states alone . [ sep ] 59 million
as of 2013 , the american idol alumni in their post - idol careers have amassed over 59 million albums and 120 million singles and digital track downloads in the united states alone . [ sep ] 120 million
the impact of american idol is also strongly felt in musical theatre , where many of idol alumni have forged successful careers . the striking effect of former american idol contestants on broadway has been noted and commented on . the casting of a popular idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales . other alumni have gone on to work in television and films , the most notable being jennifer hudson who , on the recommendation of the idol vocal coach debra byrd , won a role in dreamgirls and subsequently received an academy award for her performance . [ sep ] musical theatre
the impact of american idol is also strongly felt in musical theatre , where many of idol alumni have forged successful careers . the striking effect of former american idol contestants on broadway has been noted and commented on . the casting of a popular idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales . other alumni have gone on to work in television and films , the most notable being jennifer hudson who , on the recommendation of the idol vocal coach debra byrd , won a role in dreamgirls and subsequently received an academy award for her performance . [ sep ] jennifer hudson
the impact of american idol is also strongly felt in musical theatre , where many of idol alumni have forged successful careers . the striking effect of former american idol contestants on broadway has been noted and commented on . the casting of a popular idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales . other alumni have gone on to work in television and films , the most notable being jennifer hudson who , on the recommendation of the idol vocal coach debra byrd , won a role in dreamgirls and subsequently received an academy award for her performance . [ sep ] dreamgirls
the impact of american idol is also strongly felt in musical theatre , where many of idol alumni have forged successful careers . the striking effect of former american idol contestants on broadway has been noted and commented on . the casting of a popular idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales . other alumni have gone on to work in television and films , the most notable being jennifer hudson who , on the recommendation of the idol vocal coach debra byrd , won a role in dreamgirls and subsequently received an academy award for her performance . [ sep ] debra byrd
early reviews were mixed in their assessment . ken tucker of entertainment weekly considered that " as tv , american idol is crazily entertaining ; as music , it ' s dust - mote inconsequential " . others , however , thought that " the most striking aspect of the series was the genuine talent it revealed " . it was also described as a " sadistic musical bake - off " , and " a romp in humiliation " . other aspects of the show have attracted criticisms . the product placement in the show in particular was noted , and some critics were harsh about what they perceived as its blatant commercial calculations – karla peterson of the san diego union - tribune charged that american idol is " a conniving multimedia monster " that has " absorbed the sin of our debauched culture and spit them out in a lump of reconstituted evil " . the decision to send the season one winner to sing the national anthem at the lincoln memorial on the first anniversary of the september 11 attacks in 2002 was also poorly received by many . lisa de moraes of the washington post noted sarcastically that " the terrorists have won " and , with a sideswipe at the show ' s commercialism and voting process , that the decision as to who " gets to turn this important site into just another cog in the ' great american idol marketing mandala ' is in the hands of the millions of girls who have made american idol a hit . them and a handful of phone - redialer geeks who have been clocking up to 10 , 000 calls each week for their contestant of choice ( but who , according to fox , are in absolutely no way skewing the outcome ) . " [ sep ] ken tucker
early reviews were mixed in their assessment . ken tucker of entertainment weekly considered that " as tv , american idol is crazily entertaining ; as music , it ' s dust - mote inconsequential " . others , however , thought that " the most striking aspect of the series was the genuine talent it revealed " . it was also described as a " sadistic musical bake - off " , and " a romp in humiliation " . other aspects of the show have attracted criticisms . the product placement in the show in particular was noted , and some critics were harsh about what they perceived as its blatant commercial calculations – karla peterson of the san diego union - tribune charged that american idol is " a conniving multimedia monster " that has " absorbed the sin of our debauched culture and spit them out in a lump of reconstituted evil " . the decision to send the season one winner to sing the national anthem at the lincoln memorial on the first anniversary of the september 11 attacks in 2002 was also poorly received by many . lisa de moraes of the washington post noted sarcastically that " the terrorists have won " and , with a sideswipe at the show ' s commercialism and voting process , that the decision as to who " gets to turn this important site into just another cog in the ' great american idol marketing mandala ' is in the hands of the millions of girls who have made american idol a hit . them and a handful of phone - redialer geeks who have been clocking up to 10 , 000 calls each week for their contestant of choice ( but who , according to fox , are in absolutely no way skewing the outcome ) . " [ sep ] entertainment weekly
early reviews were mixed in their assessment . ken tucker of entertainment weekly considered that " as tv , american idol is crazily entertaining ; as music , it ' s dust - mote inconsequential " . others , however , thought that " the most striking aspect of the series was the genuine talent it revealed " . it was also described as a " sadistic musical bake - off " , and " a romp in humiliation " . other aspects of the show have attracted criticisms . the product placement in the show in particular was noted , and some critics were harsh about what they perceived as its blatant commercial calculations – karla peterson of the san diego union - tribune charged that american idol is " a conniving multimedia monster " that has " absorbed the sin of our debauched culture and spit them out in a lump of reconstituted evil " . the decision to send the season one winner to sing the national anthem at the lincoln memorial on the first anniversary of the september 11 attacks in 2002 was also poorly received by many . lisa de moraes of the washington post noted sarcastically that " the terrorists have won " and , with a sideswipe at the show ' s commercialism and voting process , that the decision as to who " gets to turn this important site into just another cog in the ' great american idol marketing mandala ' is in the hands of the millions of girls who have made american idol a hit . them and a handful of phone - redialer geeks who have been clocking up to 10 , 000 calls each week for their contestant of choice ( but who , according to fox , are in absolutely no way skewing the outcome ) . " [ sep ] karla peterson
early reviews were mixed in their assessment . ken tucker of entertainment weekly considered that " as tv , american idol is crazily entertaining ; as music , it ' s dust - mote inconsequential " . others , however , thought that " the most striking aspect of the series was the genuine talent it revealed " . it was also described as a " sadistic musical bake - off " , and " a romp in humiliation " . other aspects of the show have attracted criticisms . the product placement in the show in particular was noted , and some critics were harsh about what they perceived as its blatant commercial calculations – karla peterson of the san diego union - tribune charged that american idol is " a conniving multimedia monster " that has " absorbed the sin of our debauched culture and spit them out in a lump of reconstituted evil " . the decision to send the season one winner to sing the national anthem at the lincoln memorial on the first anniversary of the september 11 attacks in 2002 was also poorly received by many . lisa de moraes of the washington post noted sarcastically that " the terrorists have won " and , with a sideswipe at the show ' s commercialism and voting process , that the decision as to who " gets to turn this important site into just another cog in the ' great american idol marketing mandala ' is in the hands of the millions of girls who have made american idol a hit . them and a handful of phone - redialer geeks who have been clocking up to 10 , 000 calls each week for their contestant of choice ( but who , according to fox , are in absolutely no way skewing the outcome ) . " [ sep ] lincoln memorial
some of the later writers about the show were more positive , michael slezak , again of entertainment weekly , thought that " for all its bloated , synthetic , product - shilling , money - making trappings , idol provides a once - a - year chance for the average american to combat the evils of today ' s music business . " singer sheryl crow , who was later to act as a mentor on the show , however took the view that the show " undermines art in every way and promotes commercialism " . pop music critic ann powers nevertheless suggested that idol has " reshaped the american songbook " , " led us toward a new way of viewing ourselves in relationship to mainstream popular culture " , and connects " the classic hollywood dream to the multicentered popular culture of the future . " others focused on the personalities in the show ; ramin setoodeh of newsweek accused judge simon cowell ' s cruel critiques in the show of helping to establish in the wider world a culture of meanness , that " simon cowell has dragged the rest of us in the mud with him . " some such as singer john mayer disparaged the contestants , suggesting that those who appeared on idol are not real artists with self - respect . [ sep ] commercialism
some of the later writers about the show were more positive , michael slezak , again of entertainment weekly , thought that " for all its bloated , synthetic , product - shilling , money - making trappings , idol provides a once - a - year chance for the average american to combat the evils of today ' s music business . " singer sheryl crow , who was later to act as a mentor on the show , however took the view that the show " undermines art in every way and promotes commercialism " . pop music critic ann powers nevertheless suggested that idol has " reshaped the american songbook " , " led us toward a new way of viewing ourselves in relationship to mainstream popular culture " , and connects " the classic hollywood dream to the multicentered popular culture of the future . " others focused on the personalities in the show ; ramin setoodeh of newsweek accused judge simon cowell ' s cruel critiques in the show of helping to establish in the wider world a culture of meanness , that " simon cowell has dragged the rest of us in the mud with him . " some such as singer john mayer disparaged the contestants , suggesting that those who appeared on idol are not real artists with self - respect . [ sep ] ann powers
some of the later writers about the show were more positive , michael slezak , again of entertainment weekly , thought that " for all its bloated , synthetic , product - shilling , money - making trappings , idol provides a once - a - year chance for the average american to combat the evils of today ' s music business . " singer sheryl crow , who was later to act as a mentor on the show , however took the view that the show " undermines art in every way and promotes commercialism " . pop music critic ann powers nevertheless suggested that idol has " reshaped the american songbook " , " led us toward a new way of viewing ourselves in relationship to mainstream popular culture " , and connects " the classic hollywood dream to the multicentered popular culture of the future . " others focused on the personalities in the show ; ramin setoodeh of newsweek accused judge simon cowell ' s cruel critiques in the show of helping to establish in the wider world a culture of meanness , that " simon cowell has dragged the rest of us in the mud with him . " some such as singer john mayer disparaged the contestants , suggesting that those who appeared on idol are not real artists with self - respect . [ sep ] simon cowell
some of the later writers about the show were more positive , michael slezak , again of entertainment weekly , thought that " for all its bloated , synthetic , product - shilling , money - making trappings , idol provides a once - a - year chance for the average american to combat the evils of today ' s music business . " singer sheryl crow , who was later to act as a mentor on the show , however took the view that the show " undermines art in every way and promotes commercialism " . pop music critic ann powers nevertheless suggested that idol has " reshaped the american songbook " , " led us toward a new way of viewing ourselves in relationship to mainstream popular culture " , and connects " the classic hollywood dream to the multicentered popular culture of the future . " others focused on the personalities in the show ; ramin setoodeh of newsweek accused judge simon cowell ' s cruel critiques in the show of helping to establish in the wider world a culture of meanness , that " simon cowell has dragged the rest of us in the mud with him . " some such as singer john mayer disparaged the contestants , suggesting that those who appeared on idol are not real artists with self - respect . [ sep ] john mayer
some in the entertainment industry were critical of the star - making aspect of the show . usher , a mentor on the show , bemoaning the loss of the " true art form of music " , thought that shows like american idol made it seem " so easy that everyone can do it , and that it can happen overnight " , and that " television is a lie " . musician michael feinstein , while acknowledging that the show had uncovered promising performers , said that american idol " isn ' t really about music . it ' s about all the bad aspects of the music business – the arrogance of commerce , this sense of ' i know what will make this person a star ; artists themselves don ' t know . ' " that american idol is seen to be a fast track to success for its contestants has been a cause of resentment for some in the industry . leann rimes , commenting on carrie underwood winning best female artist in country music awards over faith hill in 2006 , said that " carrie has not paid her dues long enough to fully deserve that award " . it is a common theme that has been echoed by many others . elton john , who had appeared as a mentor in the show but turned down an offer to be a judge on american idol , commenting on talent shows in general , said that " there have been some good acts but the only way to sustain a career is to pay your dues in small clubs " . [ sep ] usher
some in the entertainment industry were critical of the star - making aspect of the show . usher , a mentor on the show , bemoaning the loss of the " true art form of music " , thought that shows like american idol made it seem " so easy that everyone can do it , and that it can happen overnight " , and that " television is a lie " . musician michael feinstein , while acknowledging that the show had uncovered promising performers , said that american idol " isn ' t really about music . it ' s about all the bad aspects of the music business – the arrogance of commerce , this sense of ' i know what will make this person a star ; artists themselves don ' t know . ' " that american idol is seen to be a fast track to success for its contestants has been a cause of resentment for some in the industry . leann rimes , commenting on carrie underwood winning best female artist in country music awards over faith hill in 2006 , said that " carrie has not paid her dues long enough to fully deserve that award " . it is a common theme that has been echoed by many others . elton john , who had appeared as a mentor in the show but turned down an offer to be a judge on american idol , commenting on talent shows in general , said that " there have been some good acts but the only way to sustain a career is to pay your dues in small clubs " . [ sep ] carrie underwood
some in the entertainment industry were critical of the star - making aspect of the show . usher , a mentor on the show , bemoaning the loss of the " true art form of music " , thought that shows like american idol made it seem " so easy that everyone can do it , and that it can happen overnight " , and that " television is a lie " . musician michael feinstein , while acknowledging that the show had uncovered promising performers , said that american idol " isn ' t really about music . it ' s about all the bad aspects of the music business – the arrogance of commerce , this sense of ' i know what will make this person a star ; artists themselves don ' t know . ' " that american idol is seen to be a fast track to success for its contestants has been a cause of resentment for some in the industry . leann rimes , commenting on carrie underwood winning best female artist in country music awards over faith hill in 2006 , said that " carrie has not paid her dues long enough to fully deserve that award " . it is a common theme that has been echoed by many others . elton john , who had appeared as a mentor in the show but turned down an offer to be a judge on american idol , commenting on talent shows in general , said that " there have been some good acts but the only way to sustain a career is to pay your dues in small clubs " . [ sep ] faith hill
some in the entertainment industry were critical of the star - making aspect of the show . usher , a mentor on the show , bemoaning the loss of the " true art form of music " , thought that shows like american idol made it seem " so easy that everyone can do it , and that it can happen overnight " , and that " television is a lie " . musician michael feinstein , while acknowledging that the show had uncovered promising performers , said that american idol " isn ' t really about music . it ' s about all the bad aspects of the music business – the arrogance of commerce , this sense of ' i know what will make this person a star ; artists themselves don ' t know . ' " that american idol is seen to be a fast track to success for its contestants has been a cause of resentment for some in the industry . leann rimes , commenting on carrie underwood winning best female artist in country music awards over faith hill in 2006 , said that " carrie has not paid her dues long enough to fully deserve that award " . it is a common theme that has been echoed by many others . elton john , who had appeared as a mentor in the show but turned down an offer to be a judge on american idol , commenting on talent shows in general , said that " there have been some good acts but the only way to sustain a career is to pay your dues in small clubs " . [ sep ] leann rimes
some in the entertainment industry were critical of the star - making aspect of the show . usher , a mentor on the show , bemoaning the loss of the " true art form of music " , thought that shows like american idol made it seem " so easy that everyone can do it , and that it can happen overnight " , and that " television is a lie " . musician michael feinstein , while acknowledging that the show had uncovered promising performers , said that american idol " isn ' t really about music . it ' s about all the bad aspects of the music business – the arrogance of commerce , this sense of ' i know what will make this person a star ; artists themselves don ' t know . ' " that american idol is seen to be a fast track to success for its contestants has been a cause of resentment for some in the industry . leann rimes , commenting on carrie underwood winning best female artist in country music awards over faith hill in 2006 , said that " carrie has not paid her dues long enough to fully deserve that award " . it is a common theme that has been echoed by many others . elton john , who had appeared as a mentor in the show but turned down an offer to be a judge on american idol , commenting on talent shows in general , said that " there have been some good acts but the only way to sustain a career is to pay your dues in small clubs " . [ sep ] elton john
the success of the show ' s alumni however has led to a more positive assessment of the show , and the show was described as having " proven it has a valid way to pick talent and a proven way to sell records " . while the industry is divided on the show success , its impact is felt particularly strongly in the country music format . according to a cmt exec , reflecting on the success of idol alumni in the country genre , " if you want to try and get famous fast by going to a cattle call audition on tv , idol reasonably remains the first choice for anyone , " and that country music and idol " go together well " . [ sep ] country music
american idol was nominated for the emmy ' s outstanding reality competition program for nine years but never won . director bruce gower won a primetime emmy award for outstanding directing for a variety , music or comedy series in 2009 , and the show won a creative arts emmys each in 2007 and 2008 , three in 2009 , and two in 2011 , as well as a governor ' s award in 2007 for its idol gives back edition . it won the people ' s choice award , which honors the popular culture of the previous year as voted by the public , for favorite competition / reality show in 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2011 and 2012 . it won the first critics ' choice television award in 2011 for best reality competition . [ sep ] nine
american idol was nominated for the emmy ' s outstanding reality competition program for nine years but never won . director bruce gower won a primetime emmy award for outstanding directing for a variety , music or comedy series in 2009 , and the show won a creative arts emmys each in 2007 and 2008 , three in 2009 , and two in 2011 , as well as a governor ' s award in 2007 for its idol gives back edition . it won the people ' s choice award , which honors the popular culture of the previous year as voted by the public , for favorite competition / reality show in 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2011 and 2012 . it won the first critics ' choice television award in 2011 for best reality competition . [ sep ] governor ' s award in 2007
the dominance of american idol in the ratings had made it the most profitable show in u . s . tv for many years . the show was estimated to generate $ 900 million for the year 2004 through sales of tv ads , albums , merchandise and concert tickets . by season seven , the show was estimated to earn around $ 900 million from its ad revenue alone , not including ancillary sponsorship deals and other income . one estimate puts the total tv revenue for the first eight seasons of american at $ 6 . 4 billion . sponsors that bought fully integrated packages can expect a variety of promotions of their products on the show , such as product placement , adverts and product promotion integrated into the show , and various promotional opportunities . other off - air promotional partners pay for the rights to feature " idol " branding on their packaging , products and marketing programs . american idol also partnered with disney in its theme park attraction the american idol experience . [ sep ] disney
american idol became the most expensive series on broadcast networks for advertisers starting season four , and by the next season , it had broken the record in advertising rate for a regularly scheduled prime - time network series , selling over $ 700 , 000 for a 30 - seconds slot , and reaching up to $ 1 . 3 million for the finale . its ad prices reached a peak in season seven at $ 737 , 000 . estimated revenue more than doubled from $ 404 million in season three to $ 870 million in season six . while that declined from season eight onwards , it still earned significantly more than its nearest competitor , with advertising revenue topping $ 800 million annually the next few seasons . however , the sharp drop in ratings in season eleven also resulted in a sharp drop in advertising rate for season twelve , and the show lost its leading position as the costliest show for advertisers . by 2014 , ad revenue from had fallen to $ 427 million where a 30 - second spot went for less than $ 300 , 000 . [ sep ] four
american idol became the most expensive series on broadcast networks for advertisers starting season four , and by the next season , it had broken the record in advertising rate for a regularly scheduled prime - time network series , selling over $ 700 , 000 for a 30 - seconds slot , and reaching up to $ 1 . 3 million for the finale . its ad prices reached a peak in season seven at $ 737 , 000 . estimated revenue more than doubled from $ 404 million in season three to $ 870 million in season six . while that declined from season eight onwards , it still earned significantly more than its nearest competitor , with advertising revenue topping $ 800 million annually the next few seasons . however , the sharp drop in ratings in season eleven also resulted in a sharp drop in advertising rate for season twelve , and the show lost its leading position as the costliest show for advertisers . by 2014 , ad revenue from had fallen to $ 427 million where a 30 - second spot went for less than $ 300 , 000 . [ sep ] 800 million
ford motor company and coca - cola were two of the first sponsors of american idol in its first season . the sponsorship deal cost around $ 10 million in season one , rising to $ 35 million by season 7 , and between $ 50 to $ 60 million in season 10 . the third major sponsor at & t wireless joined in the second season but ended after season 12 , and coca - cola officially ended its sponsorship after season 13 amidst the declining ratings of idol in the mid - 2010s . itunes sponsored the show since season seven . [ sep ] 10 million
ford motor company and coca - cola were two of the first sponsors of american idol in its first season . the sponsorship deal cost around $ 10 million in season one , rising to $ 35 million by season 7 , and between $ 50 to $ 60 million in season 10 . the third major sponsor at & t wireless joined in the second season but ended after season 12 , and coca - cola officially ended its sponsorship after season 13 amidst the declining ratings of idol in the mid - 2010s . itunes sponsored the show since season seven . [ sep ] 35 million
ford motor company and coca - cola were two of the first sponsors of american idol in its first season . the sponsorship deal cost around $ 10 million in season one , rising to $ 35 million by season 7 , and between $ 50 to $ 60 million in season 10 . the third major sponsor at & t wireless joined in the second season but ended after season 12 , and coca - cola officially ended its sponsorship after season 13 amidst the declining ratings of idol in the mid - 2010s . itunes sponsored the show since season seven . [ sep ] at & t
american idol prominent display of its sponsors ' logo and products had been noted since the early seasons . by season six , idol showed 4 , 349 product placements according to nielsen media research . the branded entertainment integration proved beneficial to its advertisers – promotion of at & t text - messaging as a means to vote successfully introduced the technology into the wider culture , and coca - cola has seen its equity increased during the show . [ sep ] 4 , 349
coca - cola ' s archrival pepsico declined to sponsor american idol at the show ' s start . what the los angeles times later called " missing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation " contributed to pepsi losing market share , by 2010 falling to third place from second in the united states . pepsico sponsored the american version of cowell ' s the x factor in hopes of not repeating its idol mistake until its cancellation . [ sep ] pepsico
coca - cola ' s archrival pepsico declined to sponsor american idol at the show ' s start . what the los angeles times later called " missing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation " contributed to pepsi losing market share , by 2010 falling to third place from second in the united states . pepsico sponsored the american version of cowell ' s the x factor in hopes of not repeating its idol mistake until its cancellation . [ sep ] the x factor
coca - cola ' s archrival pepsico declined to sponsor american idol at the show ' s start . what the los angeles times later called " missing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation " contributed to pepsi losing market share , by 2010 falling to third place from second in the united states . pepsico sponsored the american version of cowell ' s the x factor in hopes of not repeating its idol mistake until its cancellation . [ sep ] third
the top ten ( eleven in season ten ) toured at the end of every season . in the season twelve tour a semi - finalist who won a sing - off was also added to the tour . kellogg ' s pop - tarts was the sponsor for the first seven seasons , and guitar hero was added for the season seven tour . m & m ' s pretzel chocolate candies was a sponsor of the season nine tour . the season five tour was the most successful tour with gross of over $ 35 million . [ sep ] a semi - finalist who won a sing - off
the top ten ( eleven in season ten ) toured at the end of every season . in the season twelve tour a semi - finalist who won a sing - off was also added to the tour . kellogg ' s pop - tarts was the sponsor for the first seven seasons , and guitar hero was added for the season seven tour . m & m ' s pretzel chocolate candies was a sponsor of the season nine tour . the season five tour was the most successful tour with gross of over $ 35 million . [ sep ] kellogg ' s pop - tarts
the top ten ( eleven in season ten ) toured at the end of every season . in the season twelve tour a semi - finalist who won a sing - off was also added to the tour . kellogg ' s pop - tarts was the sponsor for the first seven seasons , and guitar hero was added for the season seven tour . m & m ' s pretzel chocolate candies was a sponsor of the season nine tour . the season five tour was the most successful tour with gross of over $ 35 million . [ sep ] m & m ' s pretzel chocolate candies
the top ten ( eleven in season ten ) toured at the end of every season . in the season twelve tour a semi - finalist who won a sing - off was also added to the tour . kellogg ' s pop - tarts was the sponsor for the first seven seasons , and guitar hero was added for the season seven tour . m & m ' s pretzel chocolate candies was a sponsor of the season nine tour . the season five tour was the most successful tour with gross of over $ 35 million . [ sep ] season five
american idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants ' performances as well as the winner ' s coronation single for sale . for the first five seasons , the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season . all five of these albums reached the top ten in billboard 200 which made then american idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program . starting late in season five , individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads , initially from the american idol official website only . in season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from itunes when it joined as a sponsor . in season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night . [ sep ] the winner ' s coronation single
american idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants ' performances as well as the winner ' s coronation single for sale . for the first five seasons , the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season . all five of these albums reached the top ten in billboard 200 which made then american idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program . starting late in season five , individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads , initially from the american idol official website only . in season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from itunes when it joined as a sponsor . in season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night . [ sep ] as a compilation album
american idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants ' performances as well as the winner ' s coronation single for sale . for the first five seasons , the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season . all five of these albums reached the top ten in billboard 200 which made then american idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program . starting late in season five , individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads , initially from the american idol official website only . in season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from itunes when it joined as a sponsor . in season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night . [ sep ] the most successful soundtrack franchise
american idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants ' performances as well as the winner ' s coronation single for sale . for the first five seasons , the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season . all five of these albums reached the top ten in billboard 200 which made then american idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program . starting late in season five , individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads , initially from the american idol official website only . in season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from itunes when it joined as a sponsor . in season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night . [ sep ] itunes
19 recordings , a recording label owned by 19 entertainment , currently hold the rights to phonographic material recorded by all the contestants . 19 originally partnered with bertelsmann music group ( bmg ) to promote and distribute the recordings through its labels rca records , arista records , j records , jive records . in 2005 - 2007 , bmg partnered with sony music entertainment to form a joint venture known as sony bmg music entertainment . from 2008 - 2010 , sony music handled the distribution following their acquisition of bmg . sony music was partnered with american idol and distribute its music , and in 2010 , sony was replaced by as the music label for american idol by umg ' s interscope - geffen - a & m records . [ sep ] 19 entertainment
19 recordings , a recording label owned by 19 entertainment , currently hold the rights to phonographic material recorded by all the contestants . 19 originally partnered with bertelsmann music group ( bmg ) to promote and distribute the recordings through its labels rca records , arista records , j records , jive records . in 2005 - 2007 , bmg partnered with sony music entertainment to form a joint venture known as sony bmg music entertainment . from 2008 - 2010 , sony music handled the distribution following their acquisition of bmg . sony music was partnered with american idol and distribute its music , and in 2010 , sony was replaced by as the music label for american idol by umg ' s interscope - geffen - a & m records . [ sep ] 19 recordings
19 recordings , a recording label owned by 19 entertainment , currently hold the rights to phonographic material recorded by all the contestants . 19 originally partnered with bertelsmann music group ( bmg ) to promote and distribute the recordings through its labels rca records , arista records , j records , jive records . in 2005 - 2007 , bmg partnered with sony music entertainment to form a joint venture known as sony bmg music entertainment . from 2008 - 2010 , sony music handled the distribution following their acquisition of bmg . sony music was partnered with american idol and distribute its music , and in 2010 , sony was replaced by as the music label for american idol by umg ' s interscope - geffen - a & m records . [ sep ] bmg
19 recordings , a recording label owned by 19 entertainment , currently hold the rights to phonographic material recorded by all the contestants . 19 originally partnered with bertelsmann music group ( bmg ) to promote and distribute the recordings through its labels rca records , arista records , j records , jive records . in 2005 - 2007 , bmg partnered with sony music entertainment to form a joint venture known as sony bmg music entertainment . from 2008 - 2010 , sony music handled the distribution following their acquisition of bmg . sony music was partnered with american idol and distribute its music , and in 2010 , sony was replaced by as the music label for american idol by umg ' s interscope - geffen - a & m records . [ sep ] sony music entertainment
19 recordings , a recording label owned by 19 entertainment , currently hold the rights to phonographic material recorded by all the contestants . 19 originally partnered with bertelsmann music group ( bmg ) to promote and distribute the recordings through its labels rca records , arista records , j records , jive records . in 2005 - 2007 , bmg partnered with sony music entertainment to form a joint venture known as sony bmg music entertainment . from 2008 - 2010 , sony music handled the distribution following their acquisition of bmg . sony music was partnered with american idol and distribute its music , and in 2010 , sony was replaced by as the music label for american idol by umg ' s interscope - geffen - a & m records . [ sep ] umg ' s interscope - geffen - a & m records
on february 14 , 2009 , the walt disney company debuted " the american idol experience " at its disney ' s hollywood studios theme park at the walt disney world resort in florida . in this live production , co - produced by 19 entertainment , park guests chose from a list of songs and auditioned privately for disney cast members . those selected then performed on a stage in a 1000 - seat theater replicating the idol set . three judges , whose mannerisms and style mimicked those of the real idol judges , critiqued the performances . audience members then voted for their favorite performer . there were several preliminary - round shows during the day that culminated in a " finals " show in the evening where one of the winners of the previous rounds that day was selected as the overall winner . the winner of the finals show received a " dream ticket " that granted them front - of - the - line privileges at any future american idol audition . the attraction closed on august 30 , 2014 . [ sep ] february 14 , 2009
on february 14 , 2009 , the walt disney company debuted " the american idol experience " at its disney ' s hollywood studios theme park at the walt disney world resort in florida . in this live production , co - produced by 19 entertainment , park guests chose from a list of songs and auditioned privately for disney cast members . those selected then performed on a stage in a 1000 - seat theater replicating the idol set . three judges , whose mannerisms and style mimicked those of the real idol judges , critiqued the performances . audience members then voted for their favorite performer . there were several preliminary - round shows during the day that culminated in a " finals " show in the evening where one of the winners of the previous rounds that day was selected as the overall winner . the winner of the finals show received a " dream ticket " that granted them front - of - the - line privileges at any future american idol audition . the attraction closed on august 30 , 2014 . [ sep ] walt disney world
on february 14 , 2009 , the walt disney company debuted " the american idol experience " at its disney ' s hollywood studios theme park at the walt disney world resort in florida . in this live production , co - produced by 19 entertainment , park guests chose from a list of songs and auditioned privately for disney cast members . those selected then performed on a stage in a 1000 - seat theater replicating the idol set . three judges , whose mannerisms and style mimicked those of the real idol judges , critiqued the performances . audience members then voted for their favorite performer . there were several preliminary - round shows during the day that culminated in a " finals " show in the evening where one of the winners of the previous rounds that day was selected as the overall winner . the winner of the finals show received a " dream ticket " that granted them front - of - the - line privileges at any future american idol audition . the attraction closed on august 30 , 2014 . [ sep ] dream ticket
on february 14 , 2009 , the walt disney company debuted " the american idol experience " at its disney ' s hollywood studios theme park at the walt disney world resort in florida . in this live production , co - produced by 19 entertainment , park guests chose from a list of songs and auditioned privately for disney cast members . those selected then performed on a stage in a 1000 - seat theater replicating the idol set . three judges , whose mannerisms and style mimicked those of the real idol judges , critiqued the performances . audience members then voted for their favorite performer . there were several preliminary - round shows during the day that culminated in a " finals " show in the evening where one of the winners of the previous rounds that day was selected as the overall winner . the winner of the finals show received a " dream ticket " that granted them front - of - the - line privileges at any future american idol audition . the attraction closed on august 30 , 2014 . [ sep ] august 30 , 2014
american idol is broadcast to over 100 nations outside of the united states . in most nations these are not live broadcasts and may be tape delayed by several days or weeks . in canada , the first thirteen seasons of american idol were aired live by ctv and / or ctv two , in simulcast with fox . ctv dropped idol after its thirteenth season and in august 2014 , yes tv announced that it had picked up canadian rights to american idol beginning in its 2015 season . [ sep ] over 100
american idol is broadcast to over 100 nations outside of the united states . in most nations these are not live broadcasts and may be tape delayed by several days or weeks . in canada , the first thirteen seasons of american idol were aired live by ctv and / or ctv two , in simulcast with fox . ctv dropped idol after its thirteenth season and in august 2014 , yes tv announced that it had picked up canadian rights to american idol beginning in its 2015 season . [ sep ] ctv and / or ctv two
american idol is broadcast to over 100 nations outside of the united states . in most nations these are not live broadcasts and may be tape delayed by several days or weeks . in canada , the first thirteen seasons of american idol were aired live by ctv and / or ctv two , in simulcast with fox . ctv dropped idol after its thirteenth season and in august 2014 , yes tv announced that it had picked up canadian rights to american idol beginning in its 2015 season . [ sep ] yes tv
in latin america , the show is broadcast and subtitled by sony entertainment television . in southeast asia , it is broadcast by star world every thursday and friday nine or ten hours after . in philippines , it is aired every thursday and friday nine or ten hours after its united states telecast ; from 2002 to 2007 on abc 5 ; 2008 – 11 on qtv , then gma news tv ; and since 2012 on etc . on philippine television history . in australia , it is aired a few hours after the u . s . telecast . it was aired on network ten from 2002 to 2007 and then again in 2013 , from 2008 to 2012 on fox8 , from season 13 onwards it airs on digital channel , eleven , a sister channel to network ten . in the united kingdom , episodes are aired one day after the u . s . broadcast on digital channel itv2 . as of season 12 , the episodes air on 5 * . it is also aired in ireland on tv3 two days after the telecast . in brazil and israel , the show airs two days after its original broadcast . in the instances where the airing is delayed , the shows may sometimes be combined into one episode to summarize the results . in italy , the twelfth season was broadcast by la3 . [ sep ] star world
in latin america , the show is broadcast and subtitled by sony entertainment television . in southeast asia , it is broadcast by star world every thursday and friday nine or ten hours after . in philippines , it is aired every thursday and friday nine or ten hours after its united states telecast ; from 2002 to 2007 on abc 5 ; 2008 – 11 on qtv , then gma news tv ; and since 2012 on etc . on philippine television history . in australia , it is aired a few hours after the u . s . telecast . it was aired on network ten from 2002 to 2007 and then again in 2013 , from 2008 to 2012 on fox8 , from season 13 onwards it airs on digital channel , eleven , a sister channel to network ten . in the united kingdom , episodes are aired one day after the u . s . broadcast on digital channel itv2 . as of season 12 , the episodes air on 5 * . it is also aired in ireland on tv3 two days after the telecast . in brazil and israel , the show airs two days after its original broadcast . in the instances where the airing is delayed , the shows may sometimes be combined into one episode to summarize the results . in italy , the twelfth season was broadcast by la3 . [ sep ] la3
vietnam : the event was held in ho chi minh city on april 29 . some 60 torchbearers carried the torch from the downtown opera house to the military zone 7 competition hall stadium near tan son nhat international airport along an undisclosed route . vietnam is involved in a territorial dispute with china ( and other countries ) for sovereignty of the spratly and paracel islands ; tensions have risen recently [ when ? ] following reports that the chinese government had established a county - level city named sansha in the disputed territories , resulting in anti - chinese demonstrations in december 2007 in hanoi and ho chi minh city . however to sustain its relationship with china the vietnamese government has actively sought to head off protests during the torch relay , with prime minister nguyen tan dung warning government agencies that " hostile forces " may try to disrupt the torch relay . [ sep ] ho chi minh city .
vietnam : the event was held in ho chi minh city on april 29 . some 60 torchbearers carried the torch from the downtown opera house to the military zone 7 competition hall stadium near tan son nhat international airport along an undisclosed route . vietnam is involved in a territorial dispute with china ( and other countries ) for sovereignty of the spratly and paracel islands ; tensions have risen recently [ when ? ] following reports that the chinese government had established a county - level city named sansha in the disputed territories , resulting in anti - chinese demonstrations in december 2007 in hanoi and ho chi minh city . however to sustain its relationship with china the vietnamese government has actively sought to head off protests during the torch relay , with prime minister nguyen tan dung warning government agencies that " hostile forces " may try to disrupt the torch relay . [ sep ] the spratly and paracel islands
vietnam : the event was held in ho chi minh city on april 29 . some 60 torchbearers carried the torch from the downtown opera house to the military zone 7 competition hall stadium near tan son nhat international airport along an undisclosed route . vietnam is involved in a territorial dispute with china ( and other countries ) for sovereignty of the spratly and paracel islands ; tensions have risen recently [ when ? ] following reports that the chinese government had established a county - level city named sansha in the disputed territories , resulting in anti - chinese demonstrations in december 2007 in hanoi and ho chi minh city . however to sustain its relationship with china the vietnamese government has actively sought to head off protests during the torch relay , with prime minister nguyen tan dung warning government agencies that " hostile forces " may try to disrupt the torch relay . [ sep ] sansha
vietnam : the event was held in ho chi minh city on april 29 . some 60 torchbearers carried the torch from the downtown opera house to the military zone 7 competition hall stadium near tan son nhat international airport along an undisclosed route . vietnam is involved in a territorial dispute with china ( and other countries ) for sovereignty of the spratly and paracel islands ; tensions have risen recently [ when ? ] following reports that the chinese government had established a county - level city named sansha in the disputed territories , resulting in anti - chinese demonstrations in december 2007 in hanoi and ho chi minh city . however to sustain its relationship with china the vietnamese government has actively sought to head off protests during the torch relay , with prime minister nguyen tan dung warning government agencies that " hostile forces " may try to disrupt the torch relay . [ sep ] hanoi and ho chi minh city .
vietnam : the event was held in ho chi minh city on april 29 . some 60 torchbearers carried the torch from the downtown opera house to the military zone 7 competition hall stadium near tan son nhat international airport along an undisclosed route . vietnam is involved in a territorial dispute with china ( and other countries ) for sovereignty of the spratly and paracel islands ; tensions have risen recently [ when ? ] following reports that the chinese government had established a county - level city named sansha in the disputed territories , resulting in anti - chinese demonstrations in december 2007 in hanoi and ho chi minh city . however to sustain its relationship with china the vietnamese government has actively sought to head off protests during the torch relay , with prime minister nguyen tan dung warning government agencies that " hostile forces " may try to disrupt the torch relay . [ sep ] nguyen tan dung
prior to the rally , seven anti - china protestors were arrested in hanoi after unfurling a banner and shouting " boycott the beijing olympics " through a loudhailer at a market . a vietnamese american was deported for planning protests against the torch , while a prominent blogger , đieu cay ( real name nguyen van hai ) , who blogged about protests around the world and who called for demonstrations in vietnam , was arrested on charges of tax evasion . outside vietnam , there were protests by overseas vietnamese in paris , san francisco and canberra . le minh phieu , a torchbearer who is a vietnamese law student studying in france , wrote a letter to the president of the international olympic committee protesting china ' s " politicisation of the olympics " , citing maps of the torch relay at the official beijing olympic website depicting the disputed islands as chinese territory and posted it on his blog . one day before the relay was to start , the official website appeared to have been updated to remove the disputed islands and dotted lines marking china ' s maritime claims in the south china sea . [ sep ] seven
prior to the rally , seven anti - china protestors were arrested in hanoi after unfurling a banner and shouting " boycott the beijing olympics " through a loudhailer at a market . a vietnamese american was deported for planning protests against the torch , while a prominent blogger , đieu cay ( real name nguyen van hai ) , who blogged about protests around the world and who called for demonstrations in vietnam , was arrested on charges of tax evasion . outside vietnam , there were protests by overseas vietnamese in paris , san francisco and canberra . le minh phieu , a torchbearer who is a vietnamese law student studying in france , wrote a letter to the president of the international olympic committee protesting china ' s " politicisation of the olympics " , citing maps of the torch relay at the official beijing olympic website depicting the disputed islands as chinese territory and posted it on his blog . one day before the relay was to start , the official website appeared to have been updated to remove the disputed islands and dotted lines marking china ' s maritime claims in the south china sea . [ sep ] nguyen van hai
prior to the rally , seven anti - china protestors were arrested in hanoi after unfurling a banner and shouting " boycott the beijing olympics " through a loudhailer at a market . a vietnamese american was deported for planning protests against the torch , while a prominent blogger , đieu cay ( real name nguyen van hai ) , who blogged about protests around the world and who called for demonstrations in vietnam , was arrested on charges of tax evasion . outside vietnam , there were protests by overseas vietnamese in paris , san francisco and canberra . le minh phieu , a torchbearer who is a vietnamese law student studying in france , wrote a letter to the president of the international olympic committee protesting china ' s " politicisation of the olympics " , citing maps of the torch relay at the official beijing olympic website depicting the disputed islands as chinese territory and posted it on his blog . one day before the relay was to start , the official website appeared to have been updated to remove the disputed islands and dotted lines marking china ' s maritime claims in the south china sea . [ sep ] tax evasion .
prior to the rally , seven anti - china protestors were arrested in hanoi after unfurling a banner and shouting " boycott the beijing olympics " through a loudhailer at a market . a vietnamese american was deported for planning protests against the torch , while a prominent blogger , đieu cay ( real name nguyen van hai ) , who blogged about protests around the world and who called for demonstrations in vietnam , was arrested on charges of tax evasion . outside vietnam , there were protests by overseas vietnamese in paris , san francisco and canberra . le minh phieu , a torchbearer who is a vietnamese law student studying in france , wrote a letter to the president of the international olympic committee protesting china ' s " politicisation of the olympics " , citing maps of the torch relay at the official beijing olympic website depicting the disputed islands as chinese territory and posted it on his blog . one day before the relay was to start , the official website appeared to have been updated to remove the disputed islands and dotted lines marking china ' s maritime claims in the south china sea . [ sep ] le minh phieu
prior to the rally , seven anti - china protestors were arrested in hanoi after unfurling a banner and shouting " boycott the beijing olympics " through a loudhailer at a market . a vietnamese american was deported for planning protests against the torch , while a prominent blogger , đieu cay ( real name nguyen van hai ) , who blogged about protests around the world and who called for demonstrations in vietnam , was arrested on charges of tax evasion . outside vietnam , there were protests by overseas vietnamese in paris , san francisco and canberra . le minh phieu , a torchbearer who is a vietnamese law student studying in france , wrote a letter to the president of the international olympic committee protesting china ' s " politicisation of the olympics " , citing maps of the torch relay at the official beijing olympic website depicting the disputed islands as chinese territory and posted it on his blog . one day before the relay was to start , the official website appeared to have been updated to remove the disputed islands and dotted lines marking china ' s maritime claims in the south china sea . [ sep ] disputed islands and dotted lines marking china ' s maritime claims
intended torchbearer lin hatfield dodds withdrew from the event , explaining that she wished to express concern about china ' s human rights record . foreign minister stephen smith said her decision was " a very good example of peacefully making a point " . [ sep ] lin hatfield dodds
intended torchbearer lin hatfield dodds withdrew from the event , explaining that she wished to express concern about china ' s human rights record . foreign minister stephen smith said her decision was " a very good example of peacefully making a point " . [ sep ] stephen smith
up to 600 pro - tibet protesters were expected to attend the relay , along with between 2 , 000 and 10 , 000 chinese supporters . taking note of the high number of chinese supporters , ted quinlan , head of the canberra torch relay committee , said : " we didn ' t expect this reaction from the chinese community . it is obviously a well - coordinated plan to take the day by weight of numbers . but we have assurances that it will be done peacefully . " . also , australia ' s act chief minister , jon stanhope confirmed that the chinese embassy was closely involve to ensure that " pro - china demonstrators vastly outnumbered tibetan activists . " australian freestyle swimmer and five - time olympic gold medalist ian thorpe ended the australian leg of the torch relay april 24 , 2008 , touching the flame to light a cauldron after a run that was only marginally marked by protests . people demonstrated both for china and for tibet . at least five people were arrested during the torch relay . police said " the five were arrested for interfering with the event under special powers enacted in the wake of massive protests against chinese policy toward tibet . " at one point , groups of chinese students surrounded and intimidated pro - tibet protesters . one person had to be pulled aboard a police launch when a group of pro - chinese students looked like they might force him into the lake . [ sep ] up to 600
up to 600 pro - tibet protesters were expected to attend the relay , along with between 2 , 000 and 10 , 000 chinese supporters . taking note of the high number of chinese supporters , ted quinlan , head of the canberra torch relay committee , said : " we didn ' t expect this reaction from the chinese community . it is obviously a well - coordinated plan to take the day by weight of numbers . but we have assurances that it will be done peacefully . " . also , australia ' s act chief minister , jon stanhope confirmed that the chinese embassy was closely involve to ensure that " pro - china demonstrators vastly outnumbered tibetan activists . " australian freestyle swimmer and five - time olympic gold medalist ian thorpe ended the australian leg of the torch relay april 24 , 2008 , touching the flame to light a cauldron after a run that was only marginally marked by protests . people demonstrated both for china and for tibet . at least five people were arrested during the torch relay . police said " the five were arrested for interfering with the event under special powers enacted in the wake of massive protests against chinese policy toward tibet . " at one point , groups of chinese students surrounded and intimidated pro - tibet protesters . one person had to be pulled aboard a police launch when a group of pro - chinese students looked like they might force him into the lake . [ sep ] between 2 , 000 and 10 , 000
up to 600 pro - tibet protesters were expected to attend the relay , along with between 2 , 000 and 10 , 000 chinese supporters . taking note of the high number of chinese supporters , ted quinlan , head of the canberra torch relay committee , said : " we didn ' t expect this reaction from the chinese community . it is obviously a well - coordinated plan to take the day by weight of numbers . but we have assurances that it will be done peacefully . " . also , australia ' s act chief minister , jon stanhope confirmed that the chinese embassy was closely involve to ensure that " pro - china demonstrators vastly outnumbered tibetan activists . " australian freestyle swimmer and five - time olympic gold medalist ian thorpe ended the australian leg of the torch relay april 24 , 2008 , touching the flame to light a cauldron after a run that was only marginally marked by protests . people demonstrated both for china and for tibet . at least five people were arrested during the torch relay . police said " the five were arrested for interfering with the event under special powers enacted in the wake of massive protests against chinese policy toward tibet . " at one point , groups of chinese students surrounded and intimidated pro - tibet protesters . one person had to be pulled aboard a police launch when a group of pro - chinese students looked like they might force him into the lake . [ sep ] ted quinlan
up to 600 pro - tibet protesters were expected to attend the relay , along with between 2 , 000 and 10 , 000 chinese supporters . taking note of the high number of chinese supporters , ted quinlan , head of the canberra torch relay committee , said : " we didn ' t expect this reaction from the chinese community . it is obviously a well - coordinated plan to take the day by weight of numbers . but we have assurances that it will be done peacefully . " . also , australia ' s act chief minister , jon stanhope confirmed that the chinese embassy was closely involve to ensure that " pro - china demonstrators vastly outnumbered tibetan activists . " australian freestyle swimmer and five - time olympic gold medalist ian thorpe ended the australian leg of the torch relay april 24 , 2008 , touching the flame to light a cauldron after a run that was only marginally marked by protests . people demonstrated both for china and for tibet . at least five people were arrested during the torch relay . police said " the five were arrested for interfering with the event under special powers enacted in the wake of massive protests against chinese policy toward tibet . " at one point , groups of chinese students surrounded and intimidated pro - tibet protesters . one person had to be pulled aboard a police launch when a group of pro - chinese students looked like they might force him into the lake . [ sep ] the chinese embassy
japan : the event was held in nagano , which hosted the 1998 winter olympics , on april 26 . japanese buddhist temple zenko - ji , which was originally scheduled to be the starting point for the olympic torch relay in nagano , refused to host the torch and pulled out of the relay plans , amid speculation that monks there sympathized with anti - chinese government protesters . as well as the risk of disruption by violent protests . parts of zenko - ji temple ' s main building ( zenko - ji hondo ) , reconstructed in 1707 and one of the national treasures of japan , was then vandalized with spraypaint . a new starting point , previously the site of a municipal building and now a parking lot , was chosen by the city . an event the city had planned to hold at the minami nagano sports park following the torch relay was also canceled out of concern about disruptions caused by demonstrators protesting against china ' s recent crackdown in tibet . thousands of riot police were mobilized to protect the torch along its route . the show of force kept most protesters in check , but slogans shouted by pro - china or pro - tibet demonstrators , japanese nationalists , and human rights organizations flooded the air . five men were arrested and four injured amidst scenes of mob violence . the torch route was packed with mostly peaceful demonstrators . the public was not allowed at the parking lot where the relay started . after the zenkoji monks held a prayer ceremony for victims of the recent events in tibet . more than 100 police officers ran with the torch and riot police lined the streets while three helicopters flew above . only two chinese guards were allowed to accompany the torch because of japan ' s concern over their treatment of demonstrators at previous relays . a man with a tibetan flag tried to stop the torch at the beginning of the relay but was dragged off by police . some raw eggs were also thrown from the crowd . [ sep ] nagano
japan : the event was held in nagano , which hosted the 1998 winter olympics , on april 26 . japanese buddhist temple zenko - ji , which was originally scheduled to be the starting point for the olympic torch relay in nagano , refused to host the torch and pulled out of the relay plans , amid speculation that monks there sympathized with anti - chinese government protesters . as well as the risk of disruption by violent protests . parts of zenko - ji temple ' s main building ( zenko - ji hondo ) , reconstructed in 1707 and one of the national treasures of japan , was then vandalized with spraypaint . a new starting point , previously the site of a municipal building and now a parking lot , was chosen by the city . an event the city had planned to hold at the minami nagano sports park following the torch relay was also canceled out of concern about disruptions caused by demonstrators protesting against china ' s recent crackdown in tibet . thousands of riot police were mobilized to protect the torch along its route . the show of force kept most protesters in check , but slogans shouted by pro - china or pro - tibet demonstrators , japanese nationalists , and human rights organizations flooded the air . five men were arrested and four injured amidst scenes of mob violence . the torch route was packed with mostly peaceful demonstrators . the public was not allowed at the parking lot where the relay started . after the zenkoji monks held a prayer ceremony for victims of the recent events in tibet . more than 100 police officers ran with the torch and riot police lined the streets while three helicopters flew above . only two chinese guards were allowed to accompany the torch because of japan ' s concern over their treatment of demonstrators at previous relays . a man with a tibetan flag tried to stop the torch at the beginning of the relay but was dragged off by police . some raw eggs were also thrown from the crowd . [ sep ] 1998 winter olympics
japan : the event was held in nagano , which hosted the 1998 winter olympics , on april 26 . japanese buddhist temple zenko - ji , which was originally scheduled to be the starting point for the olympic torch relay in nagano , refused to host the torch and pulled out of the relay plans , amid speculation that monks there sympathized with anti - chinese government protesters . as well as the risk of disruption by violent protests . parts of zenko - ji temple ' s main building ( zenko - ji hondo ) , reconstructed in 1707 and one of the national treasures of japan , was then vandalized with spraypaint . a new starting point , previously the site of a municipal building and now a parking lot , was chosen by the city . an event the city had planned to hold at the minami nagano sports park following the torch relay was also canceled out of concern about disruptions caused by demonstrators protesting against china ' s recent crackdown in tibet . thousands of riot police were mobilized to protect the torch along its route . the show of force kept most protesters in check , but slogans shouted by pro - china or pro - tibet demonstrators , japanese nationalists , and human rights organizations flooded the air . five men were arrested and four injured amidst scenes of mob violence . the torch route was packed with mostly peaceful demonstrators . the public was not allowed at the parking lot where the relay started . after the zenkoji monks held a prayer ceremony for victims of the recent events in tibet . more than 100 police officers ran with the torch and riot police lined the streets while three helicopters flew above . only two chinese guards were allowed to accompany the torch because of japan ' s concern over their treatment of demonstrators at previous relays . a man with a tibetan flag tried to stop the torch at the beginning of the relay but was dragged off by police . some raw eggs were also thrown from the crowd . [ sep ] japanese buddhist temple zenko - ji
japan : the event was held in nagano , which hosted the 1998 winter olympics , on april 26 . japanese buddhist temple zenko - ji , which was originally scheduled to be the starting point for the olympic torch relay in nagano , refused to host the torch and pulled out of the relay plans , amid speculation that monks there sympathized with anti - chinese government protesters . as well as the risk of disruption by violent protests . parts of zenko - ji temple ' s main building ( zenko - ji hondo ) , reconstructed in 1707 and one of the national treasures of japan , was then vandalized with spraypaint . a new starting point , previously the site of a municipal building and now a parking lot , was chosen by the city . an event the city had planned to hold at the minami nagano sports park following the torch relay was also canceled out of concern about disruptions caused by demonstrators protesting against china ' s recent crackdown in tibet . thousands of riot police were mobilized to protect the torch along its route . the show of force kept most protesters in check , but slogans shouted by pro - china or pro - tibet demonstrators , japanese nationalists , and human rights organizations flooded the air . five men were arrested and four injured amidst scenes of mob violence . the torch route was packed with mostly peaceful demonstrators . the public was not allowed at the parking lot where the relay started . after the zenkoji monks held a prayer ceremony for victims of the recent events in tibet . more than 100 police officers ran with the torch and riot police lined the streets while three helicopters flew above . only two chinese guards were allowed to accompany the torch because of japan ' s concern over their treatment of demonstrators at previous relays . a man with a tibetan flag tried to stop the torch at the beginning of the relay but was dragged off by police . some raw eggs were also thrown from the crowd . [ sep ] a municipal building
japan : the event was held in nagano , which hosted the 1998 winter olympics , on april 26 . japanese buddhist temple zenko - ji , which was originally scheduled to be the starting point for the olympic torch relay in nagano , refused to host the torch and pulled out of the relay plans , amid speculation that monks there sympathized with anti - chinese government protesters . as well as the risk of disruption by violent protests . parts of zenko - ji temple ' s main building ( zenko - ji hondo ) , reconstructed in 1707 and one of the national treasures of japan , was then vandalized with spraypaint . a new starting point , previously the site of a municipal building and now a parking lot , was chosen by the city . an event the city had planned to hold at the minami nagano sports park following the torch relay was also canceled out of concern about disruptions caused by demonstrators protesting against china ' s recent crackdown in tibet . thousands of riot police were mobilized to protect the torch along its route . the show of force kept most protesters in check , but slogans shouted by pro - china or pro - tibet demonstrators , japanese nationalists , and human rights organizations flooded the air . five men were arrested and four injured amidst scenes of mob violence . the torch route was packed with mostly peaceful demonstrators . the public was not allowed at the parking lot where the relay started . after the zenkoji monks held a prayer ceremony for victims of the recent events in tibet . more than 100 police officers ran with the torch and riot police lined the streets while three helicopters flew above . only two chinese guards were allowed to accompany the torch because of japan ' s concern over their treatment of demonstrators at previous relays . a man with a tibetan flag tried to stop the torch at the beginning of the relay but was dragged off by police . some raw eggs were also thrown from the crowd . [ sep ] two
south korea : the event was held in seoul , which hosted the 1988 summer olympics , on april 27 . intended torchbearers choi seung - kook and park won - sun boycotted the event to protest against the chinese government ' s crackdown in tibet . more than 8 , 000 riot police were deployed to guard the 24 - kilometre route , which began at olympic park , which was built when seoul hosted the 1988 summer games . on the day of the torch relay in seoul , chinese students clashed with protesters , throwing rocks , bottles , and punches . a north korean defector whose brother defected to china but was captured and executed by the dprk , attempted to set himself on fire in protest of china ' s treatment of north korean refugees . he poured gasoline on himself but police quickly surrounded him and carried him away . two other demonstrators tried to storm the torch but failed . fighting broke out near the beginning of the relay between a group of 500 chinese supporters and approximately 50 protesters who carried a banner that read : " free north korean refugees in china . " the students threw stones and water bottles as approximately 2 , 500 police tried to keep the groups separated . police said they arrested five people , including a chinese student who was arrested for allegedly throwing rocks . thousands of chinese followed the torch on its 4 . 5 hour journey , some chanting , " go china , go olympics ! " by the end of the relay , chinese students became violent , and it was reported in korean media that they were " lynching " everyone who was disagreeing with them . one police man was also rushed to hospital after being attacked by chinese students . on apr 29 , the secretary of justice , kim kyung han , told the prime minister that he will find " every single chinese who was involved and bring them to justice . " later in the day , south korea ' s prosecutor ' s office , national police agency , ministry of foreign affairs and national intelligence service made a joint statement saying that they will be deporting every chinese student that was involved in the incident . china defended the conduct of the students . [ sep ] seoul
south korea : the event was held in seoul , which hosted the 1988 summer olympics , on april 27 . intended torchbearers choi seung - kook and park won - sun boycotted the event to protest against the chinese government ' s crackdown in tibet . more than 8 , 000 riot police were deployed to guard the 24 - kilometre route , which began at olympic park , which was built when seoul hosted the 1988 summer games . on the day of the torch relay in seoul , chinese students clashed with protesters , throwing rocks , bottles , and punches . a north korean defector whose brother defected to china but was captured and executed by the dprk , attempted to set himself on fire in protest of china ' s treatment of north korean refugees . he poured gasoline on himself but police quickly surrounded him and carried him away . two other demonstrators tried to storm the torch but failed . fighting broke out near the beginning of the relay between a group of 500 chinese supporters and approximately 50 protesters who carried a banner that read : " free north korean refugees in china . " the students threw stones and water bottles as approximately 2 , 500 police tried to keep the groups separated . police said they arrested five people , including a chinese student who was arrested for allegedly throwing rocks . thousands of chinese followed the torch on its 4 . 5 hour journey , some chanting , " go china , go olympics ! " by the end of the relay , chinese students became violent , and it was reported in korean media that they were " lynching " everyone who was disagreeing with them . one police man was also rushed to hospital after being attacked by chinese students . on apr 29 , the secretary of justice , kim kyung han , told the prime minister that he will find " every single chinese who was involved and bring them to justice . " later in the day , south korea ' s prosecutor ' s office , national police agency , ministry of foreign affairs and national intelligence service made a joint statement saying that they will be deporting every chinese student that was involved in the incident . china defended the conduct of the students . [ sep ] 1988 summer olympics
north korea : the event was held in pyongyang on april 28 . it was the first time that the olympic torch has traveled to north korea . a crowd of thousands waving pink paper flowers and small flags with the beijing olympics logo were organized by the authoritarian regime watched the beginning of the relay in pyongyang , some waving chinese flags . the event was presided over by the head of the country ' s parliament , kim yong nam . the north , an ally of china , has been critical of disruptions to the torch relay elsewhere and has supported beijing in its actions against protests in tibet . kim passed the torch to the first runner pak du ik , who played on north korea ' s 1966 world cup soccer team , as he began the 19 - kilometre route through pyongyang . the relay began from the large sculpted flame of the obelisk of the juche tower , which commemorates the national ideology of juche , or " self - reliance " , created by the country ' s late founding president kim il sung , father of leader kim jong il , who did not attend . [ sep ] pyongyang .
north korea : the event was held in pyongyang on april 28 . it was the first time that the olympic torch has traveled to north korea . a crowd of thousands waving pink paper flowers and small flags with the beijing olympics logo were organized by the authoritarian regime watched the beginning of the relay in pyongyang , some waving chinese flags . the event was presided over by the head of the country ' s parliament , kim yong nam . the north , an ally of china , has been critical of disruptions to the torch relay elsewhere and has supported beijing in its actions against protests in tibet . kim passed the torch to the first runner pak du ik , who played on north korea ' s 1966 world cup soccer team , as he began the 19 - kilometre route through pyongyang . the relay began from the large sculpted flame of the obelisk of the juche tower , which commemorates the national ideology of juche , or " self - reliance " , created by the country ' s late founding president kim il sung , father of leader kim jong il , who did not attend . [ sep ] april 28 .
north korea : the event was held in pyongyang on april 28 . it was the first time that the olympic torch has traveled to north korea . a crowd of thousands waving pink paper flowers and small flags with the beijing olympics logo were organized by the authoritarian regime watched the beginning of the relay in pyongyang , some waving chinese flags . the event was presided over by the head of the country ' s parliament , kim yong nam . the north , an ally of china , has been critical of disruptions to the torch relay elsewhere and has supported beijing in its actions against protests in tibet . kim passed the torch to the first runner pak du ik , who played on north korea ' s 1966 world cup soccer team , as he began the 19 - kilometre route through pyongyang . the relay began from the large sculpted flame of the obelisk of the juche tower , which commemorates the national ideology of juche , or " self - reliance " , created by the country ' s late founding president kim il sung , father of leader kim jong il , who did not attend . [ sep ] pink paper flowers and small flags
north korea : the event was held in pyongyang on april 28 . it was the first time that the olympic torch has traveled to north korea . a crowd of thousands waving pink paper flowers and small flags with the beijing olympics logo were organized by the authoritarian regime watched the beginning of the relay in pyongyang , some waving chinese flags . the event was presided over by the head of the country ' s parliament , kim yong nam . the north , an ally of china , has been critical of disruptions to the torch relay elsewhere and has supported beijing in its actions against protests in tibet . kim passed the torch to the first runner pak du ik , who played on north korea ' s 1966 world cup soccer team , as he began the 19 - kilometre route through pyongyang . the relay began from the large sculpted flame of the obelisk of the juche tower , which commemorates the national ideology of juche , or " self - reliance " , created by the country ' s late founding president kim il sung , father of leader kim jong il , who did not attend . [ sep ] pak du ik
the united nations organization and its children ' s agency unicef withdrew their staff , saying that it wasn ' t sure the event would help its mission of raising awareness of conditions for children and amid concerns that the relay would be used as a propaganda stunt . " it was unconscionable , " said a un official who was briefed on the arguments . north korea is frequently listed among the world ’ s worst offenders against human rights . [ sep ] unicef
the united nations organization and its children ' s agency unicef withdrew their staff , saying that it wasn ' t sure the event would help its mission of raising awareness of conditions for children and amid concerns that the relay would be used as a propaganda stunt . " it was unconscionable , " said a un official who was briefed on the arguments . north korea is frequently listed among the world ’ s worst offenders against human rights . [ sep ] their staff
the united nations organization and its children ' s agency unicef withdrew their staff , saying that it wasn ' t sure the event would help its mission of raising awareness of conditions for children and amid concerns that the relay would be used as a propaganda stunt . " it was unconscionable , " said a un official who was briefed on the arguments . north korea is frequently listed among the world ’ s worst offenders against human rights . [ sep ] raising awareness of conditions for children
the united nations organization and its children ' s agency unicef withdrew their staff , saying that it wasn ' t sure the event would help its mission of raising awareness of conditions for children and amid concerns that the relay would be used as a propaganda stunt . " it was unconscionable , " said a un official who was briefed on the arguments . north korea is frequently listed among the world ’ s worst offenders against human rights . [ sep ] north korea
hong kong : the event was held in hong kong on may 2 . in the ceremony held at the hong kong cultural centre in tsim sha tsui , chief executive donald tsang handed the torch to the first torchbearer , olympic medalist lee lai shan . the torch relay then traveled through nathan road , lantau link , sha tin ( crossed shing mun river via a dragon boat , which had been never used before in the history of olympic torch relays ) , victoria harbour ( crossed by tin hau , a vip vessel managed by the marine department ) before ending in golden bauhinia square in wan chai . a total of 120 torchbearers were selected to participate in the event consisting of celebrities , athletes and pro - beijing camp politicians . no politicians from the pro - democracy camp were selected as torchbearers . one torchbearer could not participate due to flight delay . it was estimated that more than 200 , 000 spectators came out and watched the relay . many enthusiastic supporters wore red shirts and waved large chinese flags . according to hong kong chief secretary for administration henry tang , 3 , 000 police were deployed to ensure order . [ sep ] may 2 .
hong kong : the event was held in hong kong on may 2 . in the ceremony held at the hong kong cultural centre in tsim sha tsui , chief executive donald tsang handed the torch to the first torchbearer , olympic medalist lee lai shan . the torch relay then traveled through nathan road , lantau link , sha tin ( crossed shing mun river via a dragon boat , which had been never used before in the history of olympic torch relays ) , victoria harbour ( crossed by tin hau , a vip vessel managed by the marine department ) before ending in golden bauhinia square in wan chai . a total of 120 torchbearers were selected to participate in the event consisting of celebrities , athletes and pro - beijing camp politicians . no politicians from the pro - democracy camp were selected as torchbearers . one torchbearer could not participate due to flight delay . it was estimated that more than 200 , 000 spectators came out and watched the relay . many enthusiastic supporters wore red shirts and waved large chinese flags . according to hong kong chief secretary for administration henry tang , 3 , 000 police were deployed to ensure order . [ sep ] donald tsang
hong kong : the event was held in hong kong on may 2 . in the ceremony held at the hong kong cultural centre in tsim sha tsui , chief executive donald tsang handed the torch to the first torchbearer , olympic medalist lee lai shan . the torch relay then traveled through nathan road , lantau link , sha tin ( crossed shing mun river via a dragon boat , which had been never used before in the history of olympic torch relays ) , victoria harbour ( crossed by tin hau , a vip vessel managed by the marine department ) before ending in golden bauhinia square in wan chai . a total of 120 torchbearers were selected to participate in the event consisting of celebrities , athletes and pro - beijing camp politicians . no politicians from the pro - democracy camp were selected as torchbearers . one torchbearer could not participate due to flight delay . it was estimated that more than 200 , 000 spectators came out and watched the relay . many enthusiastic supporters wore red shirts and waved large chinese flags . according to hong kong chief secretary for administration henry tang , 3 , 000 police were deployed to ensure order . [ sep ] a dragon boat
hong kong : the event was held in hong kong on may 2 . in the ceremony held at the hong kong cultural centre in tsim sha tsui , chief executive donald tsang handed the torch to the first torchbearer , olympic medalist lee lai shan . the torch relay then traveled through nathan road , lantau link , sha tin ( crossed shing mun river via a dragon boat , which had been never used before in the history of olympic torch relays ) , victoria harbour ( crossed by tin hau , a vip vessel managed by the marine department ) before ending in golden bauhinia square in wan chai . a total of 120 torchbearers were selected to participate in the event consisting of celebrities , athletes and pro - beijing camp politicians . no politicians from the pro - democracy camp were selected as torchbearers . one torchbearer could not participate due to flight delay . it was estimated that more than 200 , 000 spectators came out and watched the relay . many enthusiastic supporters wore red shirts and waved large chinese flags . according to hong kong chief secretary for administration henry tang , 3 , 000 police were deployed to ensure order . [ sep ] 120
hong kong : the event was held in hong kong on may 2 . in the ceremony held at the hong kong cultural centre in tsim sha tsui , chief executive donald tsang handed the torch to the first torchbearer , olympic medalist lee lai shan . the torch relay then traveled through nathan road , lantau link , sha tin ( crossed shing mun river via a dragon boat , which had been never used before in the history of olympic torch relays ) , victoria harbour ( crossed by tin hau , a vip vessel managed by the marine department ) before ending in golden bauhinia square in wan chai . a total of 120 torchbearers were selected to participate in the event consisting of celebrities , athletes and pro - beijing camp politicians . no politicians from the pro - democracy camp were selected as torchbearers . one torchbearer could not participate due to flight delay . it was estimated that more than 200 , 000 spectators came out and watched the relay . many enthusiastic supporters wore red shirts and waved large chinese flags . according to hong kong chief secretary for administration henry tang , 3 , 000 police were deployed to ensure order . [ sep ] pro - beijing camp politicians .
there were several protests along the torch relay route . members of the hong kong alliance in support of patriotic democratic movements in china , including pro - democracy activist szeto wah , waved novelty inflatable plastic olympic flames , which they said symbolised democracy . they wanted accountability for the tiananmen square protests of 1989 and the implementation of democracy in hong kong . political activist and legislative council member leung kwok - hung ( longhair ) also joined the protest , saying " i ' m very proud that in hong kong we still have people brave enough to speak out . " pro - democracy activists were overwhelmed by a crowd of torch supporters with insults like " running dog , " " traitor , " " get out ! , " and " i love the communist party . " at the same time , about 10 members of the civil human rights front had orange banners calling for human rights improvements and universal suffrage . onlookers were saying " aren ' t you chinese ? " in mandarin putonghua as they tried to cover the orange banners with a large chinese national flag . one woman had an orange sign that said , " olympic flame for democracy " , while a man carried a poster with a tank and the slogan " one world , two dreams " . a university student and former rdhk radio host christina chan wrapped the tibetan snow lion flag around her body and later began waving it . several onlookers heckled chan , shouting " what kind of chinese are you ? " and " what a shame ! " in the end , she and some of the protesters were taken away against their will by the authorities via a police vehicle " for their own protection . " chan is currently [ when ? ] suing the hong kong government , claiming her human rights were breached . ( case number hcal139 / 08 ) [ sep ] democracy .
there were several protests along the torch relay route . members of the hong kong alliance in support of patriotic democratic movements in china , including pro - democracy activist szeto wah , waved novelty inflatable plastic olympic flames , which they said symbolised democracy . they wanted accountability for the tiananmen square protests of 1989 and the implementation of democracy in hong kong . political activist and legislative council member leung kwok - hung ( longhair ) also joined the protest , saying " i ' m very proud that in hong kong we still have people brave enough to speak out . " pro - democracy activists were overwhelmed by a crowd of torch supporters with insults like " running dog , " " traitor , " " get out ! , " and " i love the communist party . " at the same time , about 10 members of the civil human rights front had orange banners calling for human rights improvements and universal suffrage . onlookers were saying " aren ' t you chinese ? " in mandarin putonghua as they tried to cover the orange banners with a large chinese national flag . one woman had an orange sign that said , " olympic flame for democracy " , while a man carried a poster with a tank and the slogan " one world , two dreams " . a university student and former rdhk radio host christina chan wrapped the tibetan snow lion flag around her body and later began waving it . several onlookers heckled chan , shouting " what kind of chinese are you ? " and " what a shame ! " in the end , she and some of the protesters were taken away against their will by the authorities via a police vehicle " for their own protection . " chan is currently [ when ? ] suing the hong kong government , claiming her human rights were breached . ( case number hcal139 / 08 ) [ sep ] leung kwok - hung
there were several protests along the torch relay route . members of the hong kong alliance in support of patriotic democratic movements in china , including pro - democracy activist szeto wah , waved novelty inflatable plastic olympic flames , which they said symbolised democracy . they wanted accountability for the tiananmen square protests of 1989 and the implementation of democracy in hong kong . political activist and legislative council member leung kwok - hung ( longhair ) also joined the protest , saying " i ' m very proud that in hong kong we still have people brave enough to speak out . " pro - democracy activists were overwhelmed by a crowd of torch supporters with insults like " running dog , " " traitor , " " get out ! , " and " i love the communist party . " at the same time , about 10 members of the civil human rights front had orange banners calling for human rights improvements and universal suffrage . onlookers were saying " aren ' t you chinese ? " in mandarin putonghua as they tried to cover the orange banners with a large chinese national flag . one woman had an orange sign that said , " olympic flame for democracy " , while a man carried a poster with a tank and the slogan " one world , two dreams " . a university student and former rdhk radio host christina chan wrapped the tibetan snow lion flag around her body and later began waving it . several onlookers heckled chan , shouting " what kind of chinese are you ? " and " what a shame ! " in the end , she and some of the protesters were taken away against their will by the authorities via a police vehicle " for their own protection . " chan is currently [ when ? ] suing the hong kong government , claiming her human rights were breached . ( case number hcal139 / 08 ) [ sep ] tibetan snow lion flag
the color orange democracy group , led by danish sculptor jens galschiøt , originally planned to join the hong kong alliance relay and paint the " pillar of shame " , a structure he built in hong kong to commemorate the 1989 tiananmen square protests . however , galschiøt and two other people were denied entry to hong kong on april 26 , 2008 due to " immigration reasons " and were forced to leave hong kong . in response , lee cheuk yan , vice chairman of the hong kong alliance in support of patriotic democratic movements in china , said , " it ' s outrageous that the government is willing to sacrifice the image of hong kong because of the torch relay . " hollywood actress mia farrow was also briefly questioned at the hong kong airport though officials allowed her to enter . she later gave a speech criticizing china ' s relations with sudan in hong kong , as there was also a small minority of people protesting about china ' s role in the crisis of darfur . legislator cheung man kwong have also said the government ' s decision allowing farrow to enter while denying others is a double standard and a violation to hong kong ' s one country , two systems policy . [ sep ] the color orange
the color orange democracy group , led by danish sculptor jens galschiøt , originally planned to join the hong kong alliance relay and paint the " pillar of shame " , a structure he built in hong kong to commemorate the 1989 tiananmen square protests . however , galschiøt and two other people were denied entry to hong kong on april 26 , 2008 due to " immigration reasons " and were forced to leave hong kong . in response , lee cheuk yan , vice chairman of the hong kong alliance in support of patriotic democratic movements in china , said , " it ' s outrageous that the government is willing to sacrifice the image of hong kong because of the torch relay . " hollywood actress mia farrow was also briefly questioned at the hong kong airport though officials allowed her to enter . she later gave a speech criticizing china ' s relations with sudan in hong kong , as there was also a small minority of people protesting about china ' s role in the crisis of darfur . legislator cheung man kwong have also said the government ' s decision allowing farrow to enter while denying others is a double standard and a violation to hong kong ' s one country , two systems policy . [ sep ] pillar of shame
the color orange democracy group , led by danish sculptor jens galschiøt , originally planned to join the hong kong alliance relay and paint the " pillar of shame " , a structure he built in hong kong to commemorate the 1989 tiananmen square protests . however , galschiøt and two other people were denied entry to hong kong on april 26 , 2008 due to " immigration reasons " and were forced to leave hong kong . in response , lee cheuk yan , vice chairman of the hong kong alliance in support of patriotic democratic movements in china , said , " it ' s outrageous that the government is willing to sacrifice the image of hong kong because of the torch relay . " hollywood actress mia farrow was also briefly questioned at the hong kong airport though officials allowed her to enter . she later gave a speech criticizing china ' s relations with sudan in hong kong , as there was also a small minority of people protesting about china ' s role in the crisis of darfur . legislator cheung man kwong have also said the government ' s decision allowing farrow to enter while denying others is a double standard and a violation to hong kong ' s one country , two systems policy . [ sep ] immigration reasons
the color orange democracy group , led by danish sculptor jens galschiøt , originally planned to join the hong kong alliance relay and paint the " pillar of shame " , a structure he built in hong kong to commemorate the 1989 tiananmen square protests . however , galschiøt and two other people were denied entry to hong kong on april 26 , 2008 due to " immigration reasons " and were forced to leave hong kong . in response , lee cheuk yan , vice chairman of the hong kong alliance in support of patriotic democratic movements in china , said , " it ' s outrageous that the government is willing to sacrifice the image of hong kong because of the torch relay . " hollywood actress mia farrow was also briefly questioned at the hong kong airport though officials allowed her to enter . she later gave a speech criticizing china ' s relations with sudan in hong kong , as there was also a small minority of people protesting about china ' s role in the crisis of darfur . legislator cheung man kwong have also said the government ' s decision allowing farrow to enter while denying others is a double standard and a violation to hong kong ' s one country , two systems policy . [ sep ] mia farrow
the coverage of the events by the media came under scrutiny during the relay . chinese media coverage of the torch relay has been distinct in a number of ways from coverage elsewhere . western reporters in beijing have described chinese media coverage as partial and censored ( for example when chinese media did not broadcast reporters without borders ' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony ) , whereas chinese netizens have in turn accused western media coverage of being biased . the french newspaper liberation was criticised by the chinese state press agency xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting ; xinhua suggested that liberation needed " a stinging slap in the face " for having " insulted the olympic flame " and " supported a handful of saboteurs " . [ sep ] media coverage
the coverage of the events by the media came under scrutiny during the relay . chinese media coverage of the torch relay has been distinct in a number of ways from coverage elsewhere . western reporters in beijing have described chinese media coverage as partial and censored ( for example when chinese media did not broadcast reporters without borders ' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony ) , whereas chinese netizens have in turn accused western media coverage of being biased . the french newspaper liberation was criticised by the chinese state press agency xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting ; xinhua suggested that liberation needed " a stinging slap in the face " for having " insulted the olympic flame " and " supported a handful of saboteurs " . [ sep ] censored
the coverage of the events by the media came under scrutiny during the relay . chinese media coverage of the torch relay has been distinct in a number of ways from coverage elsewhere . western reporters in beijing have described chinese media coverage as partial and censored ( for example when chinese media did not broadcast reporters without borders ' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony ) , whereas chinese netizens have in turn accused western media coverage of being biased . the french newspaper liberation was criticised by the chinese state press agency xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting ; xinhua suggested that liberation needed " a stinging slap in the face " for having " insulted the olympic flame " and " supported a handful of saboteurs " . [ sep ] reporters without borders
the coverage of the events by the media came under scrutiny during the relay . chinese media coverage of the torch relay has been distinct in a number of ways from coverage elsewhere . western reporters in beijing have described chinese media coverage as partial and censored ( for example when chinese media did not broadcast reporters without borders ' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony ) , whereas chinese netizens have in turn accused western media coverage of being biased . the french newspaper liberation was criticised by the chinese state press agency xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting ; xinhua suggested that liberation needed " a stinging slap in the face " for having " insulted the olympic flame " and " supported a handful of saboteurs " . [ sep ] liberation
the coverage of the events by the media came under scrutiny during the relay . chinese media coverage of the torch relay has been distinct in a number of ways from coverage elsewhere . western reporters in beijing have described chinese media coverage as partial and censored ( for example when chinese media did not broadcast reporters without borders ' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony ) , whereas chinese netizens have in turn accused western media coverage of being biased . the french newspaper liberation was criticised by the chinese state press agency xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting ; xinhua suggested that liberation needed " a stinging slap in the face " for having " insulted the olympic flame " and " supported a handful of saboteurs " . [ sep ] saboteurs
macao : the event was held in macau on may 3 . it was the first time that the olympic torch had traveled to macau . a ceremony was held at macau fisherman ' s wharf . afterward , the torch traveled through macau , passing by a number of landmarks including a - ma temple , macau tower , ponte governador nobre de carvalho , ponte de sai van , macau cultural centre , macau stadium and then back to the fisherman ' s wharf for the closing ceremony . parts of the route near ruins of st . paul ' s and taipa was shortened due to large crowds of supporters blocking narrow streets . a total of 120 torchbearers participated in this event including casino tycoon stanley ho . leong hong man and leong heng teng were the first and last torchbearer in the relay respectively . an article published on macao daily news criticized that the list of the torchbearers could not fully represent the macanese and that there were too many non - athletes among the torchbearers . ( some of whom had already been torchbearers of other sporting events ) [ sep ] may 3
macao : the event was held in macau on may 3 . it was the first time that the olympic torch had traveled to macau . a ceremony was held at macau fisherman ' s wharf . afterward , the torch traveled through macau , passing by a number of landmarks including a - ma temple , macau tower , ponte governador nobre de carvalho , ponte de sai van , macau cultural centre , macau stadium and then back to the fisherman ' s wharf for the closing ceremony . parts of the route near ruins of st . paul ' s and taipa was shortened due to large crowds of supporters blocking narrow streets . a total of 120 torchbearers participated in this event including casino tycoon stanley ho . leong hong man and leong heng teng were the first and last torchbearer in the relay respectively . an article published on macao daily news criticized that the list of the torchbearers could not fully represent the macanese and that there were too many non - athletes among the torchbearers . ( some of whom had already been torchbearers of other sporting events ) [ sep ] 120
macao : the event was held in macau on may 3 . it was the first time that the olympic torch had traveled to macau . a ceremony was held at macau fisherman ' s wharf . afterward , the torch traveled through macau , passing by a number of landmarks including a - ma temple , macau tower , ponte governador nobre de carvalho , ponte de sai van , macau cultural centre , macau stadium and then back to the fisherman ' s wharf for the closing ceremony . parts of the route near ruins of st . paul ' s and taipa was shortened due to large crowds of supporters blocking narrow streets . a total of 120 torchbearers participated in this event including casino tycoon stanley ho . leong hong man and leong heng teng were the first and last torchbearer in the relay respectively . an article published on macao daily news criticized that the list of the torchbearers could not fully represent the macanese and that there were too many non - athletes among the torchbearers . ( some of whom had already been torchbearers of other sporting events ) [ sep ] leong hong man
macao : the event was held in macau on may 3 . it was the first time that the olympic torch had traveled to macau . a ceremony was held at macau fisherman ' s wharf . afterward , the torch traveled through macau , passing by a number of landmarks including a - ma temple , macau tower , ponte governador nobre de carvalho , ponte de sai van , macau cultural centre , macau stadium and then back to the fisherman ' s wharf for the closing ceremony . parts of the route near ruins of st . paul ' s and taipa was shortened due to large crowds of supporters blocking narrow streets . a total of 120 torchbearers participated in this event including casino tycoon stanley ho . leong hong man and leong heng teng were the first and last torchbearer in the relay respectively . an article published on macao daily news criticized that the list of the torchbearers could not fully represent the macanese and that there were too many non - athletes among the torchbearers . ( some of whom had already been torchbearers of other sporting events ) [ sep ] stanley ho .
macao : the event was held in macau on may 3 . it was the first time that the olympic torch had traveled to macau . a ceremony was held at macau fisherman ' s wharf . afterward , the torch traveled through macau , passing by a number of landmarks including a - ma temple , macau tower , ponte governador nobre de carvalho , ponte de sai van , macau cultural centre , macau stadium and then back to the fisherman ' s wharf for the closing ceremony . parts of the route near ruins of st . paul ' s and taipa was shortened due to large crowds of supporters blocking narrow streets . a total of 120 torchbearers participated in this event including casino tycoon stanley ho . leong hong man and leong heng teng were the first and last torchbearer in the relay respectively . an article published on macao daily news criticized that the list of the torchbearers could not fully represent the macanese and that there were too many non - athletes among the torchbearers . ( some of whom had already been torchbearers of other sporting events ) [ sep ] macao daily news
a union planned to protest at the relay for better living conditions . hong kong legislator michael mak kwok - fung and activist chan cheong , both members of the league of social democrats , were not allowed to enter macau . [ sep ] hong kong legislator
a macau resident was arrested on april 26 for posting a message on cyberctm . com encouraging people to disrupt the relay . both orchidbbs . com and cyberctm . com internet forums were shut down from may 2 to 4 . this fueled speculation that the shutdowns were targeting speeches against the relay . the head of the bureau of telecommunications regulation has denied that the shutdowns of the websites were politically motivated . about 2 , 200 police were deployed on the streets , there were no interruptions . [ sep ] a macau resident
a macau resident was arrested on april 26 for posting a message on cyberctm . com encouraging people to disrupt the relay . both orchidbbs . com and cyberctm . com internet forums were shut down from may 2 to 4 . this fueled speculation that the shutdowns were targeting speeches against the relay . the head of the bureau of telecommunications regulation has denied that the shutdowns of the websites were politically motivated . about 2 , 200 police were deployed on the streets , there were no interruptions . [ sep ] cyberctm . com
a macau resident was arrested on april 26 for posting a message on cyberctm . com encouraging people to disrupt the relay . both orchidbbs . com and cyberctm . com internet forums were shut down from may 2 to 4 . this fueled speculation that the shutdowns were targeting speeches against the relay . the head of the bureau of telecommunications regulation has denied that the shutdowns of the websites were politically motivated . about 2 , 200 police were deployed on the streets , there were no interruptions . [ sep ] the head of the bureau of telecommunications regulation
china : the torch returned to china for the first time since april . the torch arrived in sanya , hainan on may 4 with celebrations attended by international olympic committee ( ioc ) officials and chinese big names like jackie chan . the entire relay through mainland china was largely a success with many people welcoming the arrival of the torch along the way . [ sep ] may 4
china : the torch returned to china for the first time since april . the torch arrived in sanya , hainan on may 4 with celebrations attended by international olympic committee ( ioc ) officials and chinese big names like jackie chan . the entire relay through mainland china was largely a success with many people welcoming the arrival of the torch along the way . [ sep ] april .
china : the torch returned to china for the first time since april . the torch arrived in sanya , hainan on may 4 with celebrations attended by international olympic committee ( ioc ) officials and chinese big names like jackie chan . the entire relay through mainland china was largely a success with many people welcoming the arrival of the torch along the way . [ sep ] ioc
china : the torch returned to china for the first time since april . the torch arrived in sanya , hainan on may 4 with celebrations attended by international olympic committee ( ioc ) officials and chinese big names like jackie chan . the entire relay through mainland china was largely a success with many people welcoming the arrival of the torch along the way . [ sep ] jackie chan .
xinhua and cctv quoted relay spectators who condemned the protests , to a greater extent than most western media , but did not quote any alternate viewpoints , providing no coverage of support for the protests by some ordinary citizens in western countries . it quoted athletes who expressed pride at taking part in the relays , to a greater extent than western media , but not those who , like marie - jose perec , expressed understanding and support for the protestors . the beijing organising committee for the games mentioned the " smiling faces of the elderly , children and the artists on the streets " , of cheering and supportive londoners . xinhua said that protesters were " radicals " who " trampled human rights " and whose activities were condemned by " the people of the world who cordially love the olympic spirit " . [ sep ] marie - jose perec
xinhua and cctv quoted relay spectators who condemned the protests , to a greater extent than most western media , but did not quote any alternate viewpoints , providing no coverage of support for the protests by some ordinary citizens in western countries . it quoted athletes who expressed pride at taking part in the relays , to a greater extent than western media , but not those who , like marie - jose perec , expressed understanding and support for the protestors . the beijing organising committee for the games mentioned the " smiling faces of the elderly , children and the artists on the streets " , of cheering and supportive londoners . xinhua said that protesters were " radicals " who " trampled human rights " and whose activities were condemned by " the people of the world who cordially love the olympic spirit " . [ sep ] xinhua
reports on the delhi relay were similarly distinct . despite intended torchbearers kiran bedi , soha ali khan , sachin tendulkar and bhaichung bhutia all withdrawing from the event , the official chinese website for the relay reported " indian torchbearers vow to run for spirit of olympics " , and quoted torchbearers manavjit singh sandhu , abhinav bindra , ayaan ali khan and rajinder singh rahelu all stating that sports and politics should not be mixed . [ sep ] run for spirit of olympics
reports on the delhi relay were similarly distinct . despite intended torchbearers kiran bedi , soha ali khan , sachin tendulkar and bhaichung bhutia all withdrawing from the event , the official chinese website for the relay reported " indian torchbearers vow to run for spirit of olympics " , and quoted torchbearers manavjit singh sandhu , abhinav bindra , ayaan ali khan and rajinder singh rahelu all stating that sports and politics should not be mixed . [ sep ] sports and politics
chinese media have also reported on jin jing , whom the official chinese torch relay website described as " heroic " and an " angel " , whereas western media initially gave her little mention – despite a chinese claim that " chinese paralympic athlete jin jing has garnered much attention from the media " . [ sep ] jin jing
chinese media have also reported on jin jing , whom the official chinese torch relay website described as " heroic " and an " angel " , whereas western media initially gave her little mention – despite a chinese claim that " chinese paralympic athlete jin jing has garnered much attention from the media " . [ sep ] western media
some western media have reported on chinese accusations of western media bias . the daily telegraph published an opinion piece by the chinese ambassador to the united kingdom , fu ying , who accused western media of " demonising " china during their coverage of the torch relays . the telegraph also asked its readers to send their views in response to the question " is the west demonising china ? " the bbc reported on a demonstration in sydney by chinese australians " voicing support for beijing amid controversy over tibet " and protesting against what they saw as western media bias . the report showed demonstrators carrying signs which read " shame on some western media " , " bbc cnn lies too " and " stop media distortion ! " . one demonstrator interviewed by the bbc stated : " i saw some news from cnn , from the bbc , some media [ inaudible ] , and they are just lying . " liberation also reported that it had been accused of bias by the chinese media . [ sep ] western media bias .
some western media have reported on chinese accusations of western media bias . the daily telegraph published an opinion piece by the chinese ambassador to the united kingdom , fu ying , who accused western media of " demonising " china during their coverage of the torch relays . the telegraph also asked its readers to send their views in response to the question " is the west demonising china ? " the bbc reported on a demonstration in sydney by chinese australians " voicing support for beijing amid controversy over tibet " and protesting against what they saw as western media bias . the report showed demonstrators carrying signs which read " shame on some western media " , " bbc cnn lies too " and " stop media distortion ! " . one demonstrator interviewed by the bbc stated : " i saw some news from cnn , from the bbc , some media [ inaudible ] , and they are just lying . " liberation also reported that it had been accused of bias by the chinese media . [ sep ] fu ying
some western media have reported on chinese accusations of western media bias . the daily telegraph published an opinion piece by the chinese ambassador to the united kingdom , fu ying , who accused western media of " demonising " china during their coverage of the torch relays . the telegraph also asked its readers to send their views in response to the question " is the west demonising china ? " the bbc reported on a demonstration in sydney by chinese australians " voicing support for beijing amid controversy over tibet " and protesting against what they saw as western media bias . the report showed demonstrators carrying signs which read " shame on some western media " , " bbc cnn lies too " and " stop media distortion ! " . one demonstrator interviewed by the bbc stated : " i saw some news from cnn , from the bbc , some media [ inaudible ] , and they are just lying . " liberation also reported that it had been accused of bias by the chinese media . [ sep ] the daily telegraph
some western media have reported on chinese accusations of western media bias . the daily telegraph published an opinion piece by the chinese ambassador to the united kingdom , fu ying , who accused western media of " demonising " china during their coverage of the torch relays . the telegraph also asked its readers to send their views in response to the question " is the west demonising china ? " the bbc reported on a demonstration in sydney by chinese australians " voicing support for beijing amid controversy over tibet " and protesting against what they saw as western media bias . the report showed demonstrators carrying signs which read " shame on some western media " , " bbc cnn lies too " and " stop media distortion ! " . one demonstrator interviewed by the bbc stated : " i saw some news from cnn , from the bbc , some media [ inaudible ] , and they are just lying . " liberation also reported that it had been accused of bias by the chinese media . [ sep ] liberation
on april 17 , xinhua condemned what it called " biased coverage of the lhasa riots and the olympic torch relay by the u . s . - based cable news network ( cnn ) " . the same day , the chinese government called on cnn to " apologise " for having allegedly insulted the chinese people , and for " attempting to incite the chinese people against the government " . cnn issued a statement on april 14 , responded to china over ' thugs and goons ' comment by jack cafferty . [ sep ] cnn
on april 17 , xinhua condemned what it called " biased coverage of the lhasa riots and the olympic torch relay by the u . s . - based cable news network ( cnn ) " . the same day , the chinese government called on cnn to " apologise " for having allegedly insulted the chinese people , and for " attempting to incite the chinese people against the government " . cnn issued a statement on april 14 , responded to china over ' thugs and goons ' comment by jack cafferty . [ sep ] the chinese government
on april 19 , the bbc reported that 1 , 300 people had gathered outside bbc buildings in manchester and london , protesting against what they described as western media bias . several days earlier , the bbc had published an article entitled " the challenges of reporting in china " , responding to earlier criticism . the bbc ' s paul danahar noted that chinese people were now " able to access the bbc news website for the first time , after years of strict censorship " , and that " many were critical of our coverage " . he provided readers with a reminder of censorship in china , and added : " people who criticise the media for their coverage in tibet should acknowledge that we were and still are banned from reporting there . " he also quoted critical chinese responses , and invited readers to comment . [ sep ] 1 , 300
on april 19 , the bbc reported that 1 , 300 people had gathered outside bbc buildings in manchester and london , protesting against what they described as western media bias . several days earlier , the bbc had published an article entitled " the challenges of reporting in china " , responding to earlier criticism . the bbc ' s paul danahar noted that chinese people were now " able to access the bbc news website for the first time , after years of strict censorship " , and that " many were critical of our coverage " . he provided readers with a reminder of censorship in china , and added : " people who criticise the media for their coverage in tibet should acknowledge that we were and still are banned from reporting there . " he also quoted critical chinese responses , and invited readers to comment . [ sep ] paul danahar
on april 19 , the bbc reported that 1 , 300 people had gathered outside bbc buildings in manchester and london , protesting against what they described as western media bias . several days earlier , the bbc had published an article entitled " the challenges of reporting in china " , responding to earlier criticism . the bbc ' s paul danahar noted that chinese people were now " able to access the bbc news website for the first time , after years of strict censorship " , and that " many were critical of our coverage " . he provided readers with a reminder of censorship in china , and added : " people who criticise the media for their coverage in tibet should acknowledge that we were and still are banned from reporting there . " he also quoted critical chinese responses , and invited readers to comment . [ sep ] tibet
on april 20 , the people ' s daily published a report entitled " overseas chinese rally against biased media coverage , for olympics " . it included images of chinese people demonstrating in france , the united kingdom , germany and the united states . one picture showed chinese demonstrators holding a sign which claimed , incorrectly , that the bbc had not reported on jin jing . the people ' s daily quoted one protestor who claimed the " bbc on some of the recent events has misled the british public and the rest of the world by providing intensive untruthful reports and biased coverage . " [ sep ] people ' s daily
on april 4 , it was reported that the chinese government appeared to be running an anti - cnn website that criticizes the cable network ’ s coverage of recent events . the site claims to have been created by a beijing citizen . however , foreign correspondents in beijing voiced suspicions that anti - cnn may be a semi - government - made website . a chinese government spokesman insisted the site was spontaneously set up by a chinese citizen angered over media coverage . [ sep ] a beijing citizen .
on april 4 , it was reported that the chinese government appeared to be running an anti - cnn website that criticizes the cable network ’ s coverage of recent events . the site claims to have been created by a beijing citizen . however , foreign correspondents in beijing voiced suspicions that anti - cnn may be a semi - government - made website . a chinese government spokesman insisted the site was spontaneously set up by a chinese citizen angered over media coverage . [ sep ] foreign correspondents
the beijing olympic organizing committee sent out a team of 30 unarmed attendants selected from the people ' s armed police to escort the flame throughout its journey . according to asian times , sworn in as the " beijing olympic games sacred flame protection unit " during a ceremony in august 2007 , their main job is to keep the olympic flame alight throughout the journey and to assist in transferring the flame between the torches , the lanterns and the cauldrons . they wear matching blue tracksuits and are intended to accompany the torch every step of the way . one of the torch attendants , dubbed " second right brother , " has developed a significant online fan - base , particularly among china ' s female netizens . [ sep ] 30
the beijing olympic organizing committee sent out a team of 30 unarmed attendants selected from the people ' s armed police to escort the flame throughout its journey . according to asian times , sworn in as the " beijing olympic games sacred flame protection unit " during a ceremony in august 2007 , their main job is to keep the olympic flame alight throughout the journey and to assist in transferring the flame between the torches , the lanterns and the cauldrons . they wear matching blue tracksuits and are intended to accompany the torch every step of the way . one of the torch attendants , dubbed " second right brother , " has developed a significant online fan - base , particularly among china ' s female netizens . [ sep ] august 2007
the beijing olympic organizing committee sent out a team of 30 unarmed attendants selected from the people ' s armed police to escort the flame throughout its journey . according to asian times , sworn in as the " beijing olympic games sacred flame protection unit " during a ceremony in august 2007 , their main job is to keep the olympic flame alight throughout the journey and to assist in transferring the flame between the torches , the lanterns and the cauldrons . they wear matching blue tracksuits and are intended to accompany the torch every step of the way . one of the torch attendants , dubbed " second right brother , " has developed a significant online fan - base , particularly among china ' s female netizens . [ sep ] blue tracksuits
the beijing olympic organizing committee sent out a team of 30 unarmed attendants selected from the people ' s armed police to escort the flame throughout its journey . according to asian times , sworn in as the " beijing olympic games sacred flame protection unit " during a ceremony in august 2007 , their main job is to keep the olympic flame alight throughout the journey and to assist in transferring the flame between the torches , the lanterns and the cauldrons . they wear matching blue tracksuits and are intended to accompany the torch every step of the way . one of the torch attendants , dubbed " second right brother , " has developed a significant online fan - base , particularly among china ' s female netizens . [ sep ] second right brother
two additional teams of 40 attendants each will accompany the flame on its mainland china route . this arrangement has however sparked several controversies . [ sep ] two
two additional teams of 40 attendants each will accompany the flame on its mainland china route . this arrangement has however sparked several controversies . [ sep ] 40
in china , a call to boycott french hypermart carrefour from may 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the chinese over the weekend from april 12 , accusing the company ' s major shareholder , the lvmh group , of donating funds to the dalai lama . there were also calls to extend the boycott to include french luxury goods and cosmetic products . chinese protesters organized boycotts of the french - owned retail chain carrefour in major chinese cities including kunming , hefei and wuhan , accusing the french nation of pro - secessionist conspiracy and anti - chinese racism . some burned french flags , some added swastika ( due to its conotaions with nazism ) to the french flag , and spread short online messages calling for large protests in front of french consulates and embassy . some shoppers who insisted on entering one of the carrefour stores in kunming were blocked by boycotters wielding large chinese flags and hit by water bottles . hundreds of people joined anti - french rallies in beijing , wuhan , hefei , kunming and qingdao , which quickly spread to other cities like xi ' an , harbin and jinan . carrefour denied any support or involvement in the tibetan issue , and had its staff in its chinese stores wear uniforms emblazoned with the chinese national flag and caps with olympic insignia and as well as the words " beijing 2008 " to show its support for the games . the effort had to be ceased when the bocog deemed the use of official olympic insignia as illegal and a violation of copyright . [ sep ] lvmh group
in china , a call to boycott french hypermart carrefour from may 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the chinese over the weekend from april 12 , accusing the company ' s major shareholder , the lvmh group , of donating funds to the dalai lama . there were also calls to extend the boycott to include french luxury goods and cosmetic products . chinese protesters organized boycotts of the french - owned retail chain carrefour in major chinese cities including kunming , hefei and wuhan , accusing the french nation of pro - secessionist conspiracy and anti - chinese racism . some burned french flags , some added swastika ( due to its conotaions with nazism ) to the french flag , and spread short online messages calling for large protests in front of french consulates and embassy . some shoppers who insisted on entering one of the carrefour stores in kunming were blocked by boycotters wielding large chinese flags and hit by water bottles . hundreds of people joined anti - french rallies in beijing , wuhan , hefei , kunming and qingdao , which quickly spread to other cities like xi ' an , harbin and jinan . carrefour denied any support or involvement in the tibetan issue , and had its staff in its chinese stores wear uniforms emblazoned with the chinese national flag and caps with olympic insignia and as well as the words " beijing 2008 " to show its support for the games . the effort had to be ceased when the bocog deemed the use of official olympic insignia as illegal and a violation of copyright . [ sep ] anti - chinese racism .
in response to the demonstrations , the chinese government attempted to calm the situation , possibly fearing the protests may spiral out of control as has happened in recent years , including the anti - japanese protests in 2005 . state media and commentaries began to call for calm , such as an editorial in the people ' s daily which urged chinese people to " express [ their ] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally , and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner " . the government also began to patrol and censor the internet forums such as sohu . com , with comments related to the carrefour boycott removed . in the days prior to the planned boycott , evidence of efforts by chinese authorities to choke the mass boycott ' s efforts online became even more evident , including barring searches of words related to the french protests , but protests broke out nonetheless in front of carrefour ' s stores at beijing , changsha , fuzhou and shenyang on may 1 . [ sep ] the anti - japanese protests in 2005 .
in response to the demonstrations , the chinese government attempted to calm the situation , possibly fearing the protests may spiral out of control as has happened in recent years , including the anti - japanese protests in 2005 . state media and commentaries began to call for calm , such as an editorial in the people ' s daily which urged chinese people to " express [ their ] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally , and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner " . the government also began to patrol and censor the internet forums such as sohu . com , with comments related to the carrefour boycott removed . in the days prior to the planned boycott , evidence of efforts by chinese authorities to choke the mass boycott ' s efforts online became even more evident , including barring searches of words related to the french protests , but protests broke out nonetheless in front of carrefour ' s stores at beijing , changsha , fuzhou and shenyang on may 1 . [ sep ] people ' s daily
in response to the demonstrations , the chinese government attempted to calm the situation , possibly fearing the protests may spiral out of control as has happened in recent years , including the anti - japanese protests in 2005 . state media and commentaries began to call for calm , such as an editorial in the people ' s daily which urged chinese people to " express [ their ] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally , and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner " . the government also began to patrol and censor the internet forums such as sohu . com , with comments related to the carrefour boycott removed . in the days prior to the planned boycott , evidence of efforts by chinese authorities to choke the mass boycott ' s efforts online became even more evident , including barring searches of words related to the french protests , but protests broke out nonetheless in front of carrefour ' s stores at beijing , changsha , fuzhou and shenyang on may 1 . [ sep ] the chinese government
in response to the demonstrations , the chinese government attempted to calm the situation , possibly fearing the protests may spiral out of control as has happened in recent years , including the anti - japanese protests in 2005 . state media and commentaries began to call for calm , such as an editorial in the people ' s daily which urged chinese people to " express [ their ] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally , and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner " . the government also began to patrol and censor the internet forums such as sohu . com , with comments related to the carrefour boycott removed . in the days prior to the planned boycott , evidence of efforts by chinese authorities to choke the mass boycott ' s efforts online became even more evident , including barring searches of words related to the french protests , but protests broke out nonetheless in front of carrefour ' s stores at beijing , changsha , fuzhou and shenyang on may 1 . [ sep ] may 1 .
in japan , the mayor of nagano , shoichi washizawa said that it has become a " great nuisance " for the city to host the torch relay prior to the nagano leg . washizawa ' s aides said the mayor ' s remark was not criticism about the relay itself but about the potential disruptions and confusion surrounding it . a city employee of the nagano city office ridiculed the protests in europe , he said " they are doing something foolish " , in a televised interview . nagano city officially apologized later and explained what he had wanted to say was " such violent protests were not easy to accept " . also citing concerns about protests as well as the recent violence in tibet , a major buddhist temple in nagano cancelled its plans to host the opening stage of the olympic torch relay , this temple was vandalised by an un - identified person the day after in apparent revenge , [ sep ] shoichi washizawa
in japan , the mayor of nagano , shoichi washizawa said that it has become a " great nuisance " for the city to host the torch relay prior to the nagano leg . washizawa ' s aides said the mayor ' s remark was not criticism about the relay itself but about the potential disruptions and confusion surrounding it . a city employee of the nagano city office ridiculed the protests in europe , he said " they are doing something foolish " , in a televised interview . nagano city officially apologized later and explained what he had wanted to say was " such violent protests were not easy to accept " . also citing concerns about protests as well as the recent violence in tibet , a major buddhist temple in nagano cancelled its plans to host the opening stage of the olympic torch relay , this temple was vandalised by an un - identified person the day after in apparent revenge , [ sep ] great nuisance
in japan , the mayor of nagano , shoichi washizawa said that it has become a " great nuisance " for the city to host the torch relay prior to the nagano leg . washizawa ' s aides said the mayor ' s remark was not criticism about the relay itself but about the potential disruptions and confusion surrounding it . a city employee of the nagano city office ridiculed the protests in europe , he said " they are doing something foolish " , in a televised interview . nagano city officially apologized later and explained what he had wanted to say was " such violent protests were not easy to accept " . also citing concerns about protests as well as the recent violence in tibet , a major buddhist temple in nagano cancelled its plans to host the opening stage of the olympic torch relay , this temple was vandalised by an un - identified person the day after in apparent revenge , [ sep ] a major buddhist temple
in modern molecular biology and genetics , the genome is the genetic material of an organism . it consists of dna ( or rna in rna viruses ) . the genome includes both the genes and the non - coding sequences of the dna / rna . [ sep ] molecular biology and genetics
in modern molecular biology and genetics , the genome is the genetic material of an organism . it consists of dna ( or rna in rna viruses ) . the genome includes both the genes and the non - coding sequences of the dna / rna . [ sep ] dna
in modern molecular biology and genetics , the genome is the genetic material of an organism . it consists of dna ( or rna in rna viruses ) . the genome includes both the genes and the non - coding sequences of the dna / rna . [ sep ] rna
the term was created in 1920 by hans winkler , professor of botany at the university of hamburg , germany . the oxford dictionary suggests the name to be a blend of the words gene and chromosome . however , see omics for a more thorough discussion . a few related - ome words already existed — such as biome , rhizome , forming a vocabulary into which genome fits systematically . [ sep ] hans winkler
the term was created in 1920 by hans winkler , professor of botany at the university of hamburg , germany . the oxford dictionary suggests the name to be a blend of the words gene and chromosome . however , see omics for a more thorough discussion . a few related - ome words already existed — such as biome , rhizome , forming a vocabulary into which genome fits systematically . [ sep ] 1920
the term was created in 1920 by hans winkler , professor of botany at the university of hamburg , germany . the oxford dictionary suggests the name to be a blend of the words gene and chromosome . however , see omics for a more thorough discussion . a few related - ome words already existed — such as biome , rhizome , forming a vocabulary into which genome fits systematically . [ sep ] university of hamburg
the term was created in 1920 by hans winkler , professor of botany at the university of hamburg , germany . the oxford dictionary suggests the name to be a blend of the words gene and chromosome . however , see omics for a more thorough discussion . a few related - ome words already existed — such as biome , rhizome , forming a vocabulary into which genome fits systematically . [ sep ] biome , rhizome
some organisms have multiple copies of chromosomes : diploid , triploid , tetraploid and so on . in classical genetics , in a sexually reproducing organism ( typically eukarya ) the gamete has half the number of chromosomes of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a diploid cell . the halving of the genetic material in gametes is accomplished by the segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis . in haploid organisms , including cells of bacteria , archaea , and in organelles including mitochondria and chloroplasts , or viruses , that similarly contain genes , the single or set of circular or linear chains of dna ( or rna for some viruses ) , likewise constitute the genome . the term genome can be applied specifically to mean what is stored on a complete set of nuclear dna ( i . e . , the " nuclear genome " ) but can also be applied to what is stored within organelles that contain their own dna , as with the " mitochondrial genome " or the " chloroplast genome " . additionally , the genome can comprise non - chromosomal genetic elements such as viruses , plasmids , and transposable elements . [ sep ] half
some organisms have multiple copies of chromosomes : diploid , triploid , tetraploid and so on . in classical genetics , in a sexually reproducing organism ( typically eukarya ) the gamete has half the number of chromosomes of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a diploid cell . the halving of the genetic material in gametes is accomplished by the segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis . in haploid organisms , including cells of bacteria , archaea , and in organelles including mitochondria and chloroplasts , or viruses , that similarly contain genes , the single or set of circular or linear chains of dna ( or rna for some viruses ) , likewise constitute the genome . the term genome can be applied specifically to mean what is stored on a complete set of nuclear dna ( i . e . , the " nuclear genome " ) but can also be applied to what is stored within organelles that contain their own dna , as with the " mitochondrial genome " or the " chloroplast genome " . additionally , the genome can comprise non - chromosomal genetic elements such as viruses , plasmids , and transposable elements . [ sep ] meiosis
some organisms have multiple copies of chromosomes : diploid , triploid , tetraploid and so on . in classical genetics , in a sexually reproducing organism ( typically eukarya ) the gamete has half the number of chromosomes of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a diploid cell . the halving of the genetic material in gametes is accomplished by the segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis . in haploid organisms , including cells of bacteria , archaea , and in organelles including mitochondria and chloroplasts , or viruses , that similarly contain genes , the single or set of circular or linear chains of dna ( or rna for some viruses ) , likewise constitute the genome . the term genome can be applied specifically to mean what is stored on a complete set of nuclear dna ( i . e . , the " nuclear genome " ) but can also be applied to what is stored within organelles that contain their own dna , as with the " mitochondrial genome " or the " chloroplast genome " . additionally , the genome can comprise non - chromosomal genetic elements such as viruses , plasmids , and transposable elements . [ sep ] mitochondria and chloroplasts
when people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been " sequenced " , typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome , which together represent both of the possible sexes . even in species that exist in only one sex , what is described as a " genome sequence " may be a composite read from the chromosomes of various individuals . colloquially , the phrase " genetic makeup " is sometimes used to signify the genome of a particular individual or organism . [ citation needed ] the study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics , which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes . [ sep ] genomics
when people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been " sequenced " , typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome , which together represent both of the possible sexes . even in species that exist in only one sex , what is described as a " genome sequence " may be a composite read from the chromosomes of various individuals . colloquially , the phrase " genetic makeup " is sometimes used to signify the genome of a particular individual or organism . [ citation needed ] the study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics , which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes . [ sep ] single genes or groups of genes
when people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been " sequenced " , typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome , which together represent both of the possible sexes . even in species that exist in only one sex , what is described as a " genome sequence " may be a composite read from the chromosomes of various individuals . colloquially , the phrase " genetic makeup " is sometimes used to signify the genome of a particular individual or organism . [ citation needed ] the study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics , which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes . [ sep ] sequenced
both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another , and there is only a rough correlation between the two ( an observation known as the c - value paradox ) . at present , the highest known number of genes is around 60 , 000 , for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis ( see list of sequenced eukaryotic genomes ) , almost three times as many as in the human genome . [ sep ] c - value paradox
both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another , and there is only a rough correlation between the two ( an observation known as the c - value paradox ) . at present , the highest known number of genes is around 60 , 000 , for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis ( see list of sequenced eukaryotic genomes ) , almost three times as many as in the human genome . [ sep ] trichomoniasis
both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another , and there is only a rough correlation between the two ( an observation known as the c - value paradox ) . at present , the highest known number of genes is around 60 , 000 , for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis ( see list of sequenced eukaryotic genomes ) , almost three times as many as in the human genome . [ sep ] 60 , 000
both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another , and there is only a rough correlation between the two ( an observation known as the c - value paradox ) . at present , the highest known number of genes is around 60 , 000 , for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis ( see list of sequenced eukaryotic genomes ) , almost three times as many as in the human genome . [ sep ] three times
in 1976 , walter fiers at the university of ghent ( belgium ) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral rna - genome ( bacteriophage ms2 ) . the next year fred sanger completed the first dna - genome sequence : phage φ - x174 , of 5386 base pairs . the first complete genome sequences among all three domains of life were released within a short period during the mid - 1990s : the first bacterial genome to be sequenced was that of haemophilus influenzae , completed by a team at the institute for genomic research in 1995 . a few months later , the first eukaryotic genome was completed , with sequences of the 16 chromosomes of budding yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae published as the result of a european - led effort begun in the mid - 1980s . the first genome sequence for an archaeon , methanococcus jannaschii , was completed in 1996 , again by the institute for genomic research . [ sep ] walter fiers
in 1976 , walter fiers at the university of ghent ( belgium ) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral rna - genome ( bacteriophage ms2 ) . the next year fred sanger completed the first dna - genome sequence : phage φ - x174 , of 5386 base pairs . the first complete genome sequences among all three domains of life were released within a short period during the mid - 1990s : the first bacterial genome to be sequenced was that of haemophilus influenzae , completed by a team at the institute for genomic research in 1995 . a few months later , the first eukaryotic genome was completed , with sequences of the 16 chromosomes of budding yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae published as the result of a european - led effort begun in the mid - 1980s . the first genome sequence for an archaeon , methanococcus jannaschii , was completed in 1996 , again by the institute for genomic research . [ sep ] bacteriophage ms2
in 1976 , walter fiers at the university of ghent ( belgium ) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral rna - genome ( bacteriophage ms2 ) . the next year fred sanger completed the first dna - genome sequence : phage φ - x174 , of 5386 base pairs . the first complete genome sequences among all three domains of life were released within a short period during the mid - 1990s : the first bacterial genome to be sequenced was that of haemophilus influenzae , completed by a team at the institute for genomic research in 1995 . a few months later , the first eukaryotic genome was completed , with sequences of the 16 chromosomes of budding yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae published as the result of a european - led effort begun in the mid - 1980s . the first genome sequence for an archaeon , methanococcus jannaschii , was completed in 1996 , again by the institute for genomic research . [ sep ] fred sanger
in 1976 , walter fiers at the university of ghent ( belgium ) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral rna - genome ( bacteriophage ms2 ) . the next year fred sanger completed the first dna - genome sequence : phage φ - x174 , of 5386 base pairs . the first complete genome sequences among all three domains of life were released within a short period during the mid - 1990s : the first bacterial genome to be sequenced was that of haemophilus influenzae , completed by a team at the institute for genomic research in 1995 . a few months later , the first eukaryotic genome was completed , with sequences of the 16 chromosomes of budding yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae published as the result of a european - led effort begun in the mid - 1980s . the first genome sequence for an archaeon , methanococcus jannaschii , was completed in 1996 , again by the institute for genomic research . [ sep ] institute for genomic research
in 1976 , walter fiers at the university of ghent ( belgium ) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral rna - genome ( bacteriophage ms2 ) . the next year fred sanger completed the first dna - genome sequence : phage φ - x174 , of 5386 base pairs . the first complete genome sequences among all three domains of life were released within a short period during the mid - 1990s : the first bacterial genome to be sequenced was that of haemophilus influenzae , completed by a team at the institute for genomic research in 1995 . a few months later , the first eukaryotic genome was completed , with sequences of the 16 chromosomes of budding yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae published as the result of a european - led effort begun in the mid - 1980s . the first genome sequence for an archaeon , methanococcus jannaschii , was completed in 1996 , again by the institute for genomic research . [ sep ] 1996
the development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing , and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly . the us national institutes of health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information . among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice , a mouse , the plant arabidopsis thaliana , the puffer fish , and the bacteria e . coli . in december 2013 , scientists first sequenced the entire genome of a neanderthal , an extinct species of humans . the genome was extracted from the toe bone of a 130 , 000 - year - old neanderthal found in a siberian cave . [ sep ] us national institutes of health
the development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing , and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly . the us national institutes of health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information . among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice , a mouse , the plant arabidopsis thaliana , the puffer fish , and the bacteria e . coli . in december 2013 , scientists first sequenced the entire genome of a neanderthal , an extinct species of humans . the genome was extracted from the toe bone of a 130 , 000 - year - old neanderthal found in a siberian cave . [ sep ] mouse
the development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing , and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly . the us national institutes of health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information . among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice , a mouse , the plant arabidopsis thaliana , the puffer fish , and the bacteria e . coli . in december 2013 , scientists first sequenced the entire genome of a neanderthal , an extinct species of humans . the genome was extracted from the toe bone of a 130 , 000 - year - old neanderthal found in a siberian cave . [ sep ] puffer fish
the development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing , and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly . the us national institutes of health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information . among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice , a mouse , the plant arabidopsis thaliana , the puffer fish , and the bacteria e . coli . in december 2013 , scientists first sequenced the entire genome of a neanderthal , an extinct species of humans . the genome was extracted from the toe bone of a 130 , 000 - year - old neanderthal found in a siberian cave . [ sep ] december 2013
the development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing , and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly . the us national institutes of health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information . among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice , a mouse , the plant arabidopsis thaliana , the puffer fish , and the bacteria e . coli . in december 2013 , scientists first sequenced the entire genome of a neanderthal , an extinct species of humans . the genome was extracted from the toe bone of a 130 , 000 - year - old neanderthal found in a siberian cave . [ sep ] 130 , 000
new sequencing technologies , such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool , as pioneered by manteia predictive medicine . a major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of james d . watson , one of the co - discoverers of the structure of dna . [ sep ] massive parallel sequencing
new sequencing technologies , such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool , as pioneered by manteia predictive medicine . a major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of james d . watson , one of the co - discoverers of the structure of dna . [ sep ] manteia predictive medicine
new sequencing technologies , such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool , as pioneered by manteia predictive medicine . a major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of james d . watson , one of the co - discoverers of the structure of dna . [ sep ] james d . watson
new sequencing technologies , such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool , as pioneered by manteia predictive medicine . a major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of james d . watson , one of the co - discoverers of the structure of dna . [ sep ] the structure of dna
whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every dna base in a genome , a genome map identifies the landmarks . a genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome . the human genome project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome . a fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by jean weissenbach and his team at the genoscope in paris . [ sep ] genome map
whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every dna base in a genome , a genome map identifies the landmarks . a genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome . the human genome project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome . a fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by jean weissenbach and his team at the genoscope in paris . [ sep ] the human genome project
whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every dna base in a genome , a genome map identifies the landmarks . a genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome . the human genome project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome . a fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by jean weissenbach and his team at the genoscope in paris . [ sep ] jean weissenbach
whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every dna base in a genome , a genome map identifies the landmarks . a genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome . the human genome project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome . a fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by jean weissenbach and his team at the genoscope in paris . [ sep ] genoscope
genome composition is used to describe the make up of contents of a haploid genome , which should include genome size , proportions of non - repetitive dna and repetitive dna in details . by comparing the genome compositions between genomes , scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given genome . [ sep ] genome composition
genome composition is used to describe the make up of contents of a haploid genome , which should include genome size , proportions of non - repetitive dna and repetitive dna in details . by comparing the genome compositions between genomes , scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given genome . [ sep ] evolutionary history
when talking about genome composition , one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have . in prokaryotes , most of the genome ( 85 – 90 % ) is non - repetitive dna , which means coding dna mainly forms it , while non - coding regions only take a small part . on the contrary , eukaryotes have the feature of exon - intron organization of protein coding genes ; the variation of repetitive dna content in eukaryotes is also extremely high . in mammals and plants , the major part of the genome is composed of repetitive dna . [ sep ] prokaryotes and eukaryotes
when talking about genome composition , one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have . in prokaryotes , most of the genome ( 85 – 90 % ) is non - repetitive dna , which means coding dna mainly forms it , while non - coding regions only take a small part . on the contrary , eukaryotes have the feature of exon - intron organization of protein coding genes ; the variation of repetitive dna content in eukaryotes is also extremely high . in mammals and plants , the major part of the genome is composed of repetitive dna . [ sep ] exon - intron
when talking about genome composition , one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have . in prokaryotes , most of the genome ( 85 – 90 % ) is non - repetitive dna , which means coding dna mainly forms it , while non - coding regions only take a small part . on the contrary , eukaryotes have the feature of exon - intron organization of protein coding genes ; the variation of repetitive dna content in eukaryotes is also extremely high . in mammals and plants , the major part of the genome is composed of repetitive dna . [ sep ] mammals and plants
most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes . in some contexts , such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe , " genome " is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material , which is carried in plasmids . in such circumstances then , " genome " describes all of the genes and information on non - coding dna that have the potential to be present . [ sep ] pathogenic microbe
most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes . in some contexts , such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe , " genome " is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material , which is carried in plasmids . in such circumstances then , " genome " describes all of the genes and information on non - coding dna that have the potential to be present . [ sep ] virus
most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes . in some contexts , such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe , " genome " is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material , which is carried in plasmids . in such circumstances then , " genome " describes all of the genes and information on non - coding dna that have the potential to be present . [ sep ] plasmids
in eukaryotes such as plants , protozoa and animals , however , " genome " carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal dna . so although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own dna , the genetic information contained by dna within these organelles is not considered part of the genome . in fact , mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the " mitochondrial genome " . the dna found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the " plastome " . [ sep ] plants , protozoa and animals
in eukaryotes such as plants , protozoa and animals , however , " genome " carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal dna . so although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own dna , the genetic information contained by dna within these organelles is not considered part of the genome . in fact , mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the " mitochondrial genome " . the dna found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the " plastome " . [ sep ] plastome
in eukaryotes such as plants , protozoa and animals , however , " genome " carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal dna . so although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own dna , the genetic information contained by dna within these organelles is not considered part of the genome . in fact , mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the " mitochondrial genome " . the dna found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the " plastome " . [ sep ] mitochondrial genome
genome size is the total number of dna base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome . the genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes ; however , after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above , this correlation is no longer effective . this phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive dna act on the genomes . [ sep ] genome size
genome size is the total number of dna base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome . the genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes ; however , after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above , this correlation is no longer effective . this phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive dna act on the genomes . [ sep ] morphological complexity
genome size is the total number of dna base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome . the genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes ; however , after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above , this correlation is no longer effective . this phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive dna act on the genomes . [ sep ] repetitive dna
since genomes are very complex , one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive . there is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi - cellular organisms ( see developmental biology ) . the work is both in vivo and in silico . [ sep ] minimal genomes
since genomes are very complex , one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive . there is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi - cellular organisms ( see developmental biology ) . the work is both in vivo and in silico . [ sep ] in vivo and in silico
the proportion of non - repetitive dna is calculated by using the length of non - repetitive dna divided by genome size . protein - coding genes and rna - coding genes are generally non - repetitive dna . a bigger genome does not mean more genes , and the proportion of non - repetitive dna decreases along with increasing genome size in higher eukaryotes . [ sep ] protein - coding genes and rna - coding genes
the proportion of non - repetitive dna is calculated by using the length of non - repetitive dna divided by genome size . protein - coding genes and rna - coding genes are generally non - repetitive dna . a bigger genome does not mean more genes , and the proportion of non - repetitive dna decreases along with increasing genome size in higher eukaryotes . [ sep ] proportion of non - repetitive dna
the proportion of non - repetitive dna is calculated by using the length of non - repetitive dna divided by genome size . protein - coding genes and rna - coding genes are generally non - repetitive dna . a bigger genome does not mean more genes , and the proportion of non - repetitive dna decreases along with increasing genome size in higher eukaryotes . [ sep ] genome size
it had been found that the proportion of non - repetitive dna can vary a lot between species . some e . coli as prokaryotes only have non - repetitive dna , lower eukaryotes such as c . elegans and fruit fly , still possess more non - repetitive dna than repetitive dna . higher eukaryotes tend to have more repetitive dna than non - repetitive ones . in some plants and amphibians , the proportion of non - repetitive dna is no more than 20 % , becoming a minority component . [ sep ] e . coli
it had been found that the proportion of non - repetitive dna can vary a lot between species . some e . coli as prokaryotes only have non - repetitive dna , lower eukaryotes such as c . elegans and fruit fly , still possess more non - repetitive dna than repetitive dna . higher eukaryotes tend to have more repetitive dna than non - repetitive ones . in some plants and amphibians , the proportion of non - repetitive dna is no more than 20 % , becoming a minority component . [ sep ] c . elegans and fruit fly
it had been found that the proportion of non - repetitive dna can vary a lot between species . some e . coli as prokaryotes only have non - repetitive dna , lower eukaryotes such as c . elegans and fruit fly , still possess more non - repetitive dna than repetitive dna . higher eukaryotes tend to have more repetitive dna than non - repetitive ones . in some plants and amphibians , the proportion of non - repetitive dna is no more than 20 % , becoming a minority component . [ sep ] 20 %
the proportion of repetitive dna is calculated by using length of repetitive dna divide by genome size . there are two categories of repetitive dna in genome : tandem repeats and interspersed repeats . [ sep ] tandem repeats and interspersed repeats
the proportion of repetitive dna is calculated by using length of repetitive dna divide by genome size . there are two categories of repetitive dna in genome : tandem repeats and interspersed repeats . [ sep ] proportion of repetitive dna
tandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication , unequal crossing - over and gene conversion , satellite dna and microsatellites are forms of tandem repeats in the genome . although tandem repeats count for a significant proportion in genome , the largest proportion in mammalian is the other type , interspersed repeats . [ sep ] tandem repeats
tandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication , unequal crossing - over and gene conversion , satellite dna and microsatellites are forms of tandem repeats in the genome . although tandem repeats count for a significant proportion in genome , the largest proportion in mammalian is the other type , interspersed repeats . [ sep ] satellite dna and microsatellites
tandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication , unequal crossing - over and gene conversion , satellite dna and microsatellites are forms of tandem repeats in the genome . although tandem repeats count for a significant proportion in genome , the largest proportion in mammalian is the other type , interspersed repeats . [ sep ] interspersed repeats .
interspersed repeats mainly come from transposable elements ( tes ) , but they also include some protein coding gene families and pseudogenes . transposable elements are able to integrate into the genome at another site within the cell . it is believed that tes are an important driving force on genome evolution of higher eukaryotes . tes can be classified into two categories , class 1 ( retrotransposons ) and class 2 ( dna transposons ) . [ sep ] transposable elements
interspersed repeats mainly come from transposable elements ( tes ) , but they also include some protein coding gene families and pseudogenes . transposable elements are able to integrate into the genome at another site within the cell . it is believed that tes are an important driving force on genome evolution of higher eukaryotes . tes can be classified into two categories , class 1 ( retrotransposons ) and class 2 ( dna transposons ) . [ sep ] genome evolution
interspersed repeats mainly come from transposable elements ( tes ) , but they also include some protein coding gene families and pseudogenes . transposable elements are able to integrate into the genome at another site within the cell . it is believed that tes are an important driving force on genome evolution of higher eukaryotes . tes can be classified into two categories , class 1 ( retrotransposons ) and class 2 ( dna transposons ) . [ sep ] retrotransposons
interspersed repeats mainly come from transposable elements ( tes ) , but they also include some protein coding gene families and pseudogenes . transposable elements are able to integrate into the genome at another site within the cell . it is believed that tes are an important driving force on genome evolution of higher eukaryotes . tes can be classified into two categories , class 1 ( retrotransposons ) and class 2 ( dna transposons ) . [ sep ] dna transposons
retrotransposons can be transcribed into rna , which are then duplicated at another site into the genome . retrotransposons can be divided into long terminal repeats ( ltrs ) and non - long terminal repeats ( non - ltr ) . [ sep ] rna
dna transposons generally move by " cut and paste " in the genome , but duplication has also been observed . class 2 tes do not use rna as intermediate and are popular in bacteria , in metazoan it has also been found . [ sep ] cut and paste
dna transposons generally move by " cut and paste " in the genome , but duplication has also been observed . class 2 tes do not use rna as intermediate and are popular in bacteria , in metazoan it has also been found . [ sep ] rna
genomes are more than the sum of an organism ' s genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products . researchers compare traits such as chromosome number ( karyotype ) , genome size , gene order , codon usage bias , and gc - content to determine what mechanisms could have produced the great variety of genomes that exist today ( for recent overviews , see brown 2002 ; saccone and pesole 2003 ; benfey and protopapas 2004 ; gibson and muse 2004 ; reese 2004 ; gregory 2005 ) . [ sep ] karyotype
genomes are more than the sum of an organism ' s genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products . researchers compare traits such as chromosome number ( karyotype ) , genome size , gene order , codon usage bias , and gc - content to determine what mechanisms could have produced the great variety of genomes that exist today ( for recent overviews , see brown 2002 ; saccone and pesole 2003 ; benfey and protopapas 2004 ; gibson and muse 2004 ; reese 2004 ; gregory 2005 ) . [ sep ] genome size , gene order , codon usage bias , and gc - content
duplications play a major role in shaping the genome . duplication may range from extension of short tandem repeats , to duplication of a cluster of genes , and all the way to duplication of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes . such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic novelty . [ sep ] duplications
duplications play a major role in shaping the genome . duplication may range from extension of short tandem repeats , to duplication of a cluster of genes , and all the way to duplication of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes . such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic novelty . [ sep ] genetic novelty
horizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related . horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes . also , eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genetic material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes to their nuclear chromosomes . [ sep ] horizontal gene transfer
horizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related . horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes . also , eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genetic material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes to their nuclear chromosomes . [ sep ] microbes
horizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related . horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes . also , eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genetic material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes to their nuclear chromosomes . [ sep ] chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes
a comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude . this is in contrast to the selective school system , where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria . the term is commonly used in relation to england and wales , where comprehensive schools were introduced on an experimental basis in the 1940s and became more widespread from 1965 . about 90 % of british secondary school pupils now attend comprehensive schools . they correspond broadly to the public high school in the united states and canada and to the german gesamtschule . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] comprehensive school
a comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude . this is in contrast to the selective school system , where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria . the term is commonly used in relation to england and wales , where comprehensive schools were introduced on an experimental basis in the 1940s and became more widespread from 1965 . about 90 % of british secondary school pupils now attend comprehensive schools . they correspond broadly to the public high school in the united states and canada and to the german gesamtschule . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] selective school system
a comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude . this is in contrast to the selective school system , where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria . the term is commonly used in relation to england and wales , where comprehensive schools were introduced on an experimental basis in the 1940s and became more widespread from 1965 . about 90 % of british secondary school pupils now attend comprehensive schools . they correspond broadly to the public high school in the united states and canada and to the german gesamtschule . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] england and wales
a comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude . this is in contrast to the selective school system , where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria . the term is commonly used in relation to england and wales , where comprehensive schools were introduced on an experimental basis in the 1940s and became more widespread from 1965 . about 90 % of british secondary school pupils now attend comprehensive schools . they correspond broadly to the public high school in the united states and canada and to the german gesamtschule . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] 90 %
a comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude . this is in contrast to the selective school system , where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria . the term is commonly used in relation to england and wales , where comprehensive schools were introduced on an experimental basis in the 1940s and became more widespread from 1965 . about 90 % of british secondary school pupils now attend comprehensive schools . they correspond broadly to the public high school in the united states and canada and to the german gesamtschule . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] gesamtschule
comprehensive schools are primarily about providing an entitlement curriculum to all children , without selection whether due to financial considerations or attainment . a consequence of that is a wider ranging curriculum , including practical subjects such as design and technology and vocational learning , which were less common or non - existent in grammar schools . providing post - 16 education cost - effectively becomes more challenging for smaller comprehensive schools , because of the number of courses needed to cover a broader curriculum with comparatively fewer students . this is why schools have tended to get larger and also why many local authorities have organised secondary education into 11 – 16 schools , with the post - 16 provision provided by sixth form colleges and further education colleges . comprehensive schools do not select their intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude , but there are demographic reasons why the attainment profiles of different schools vary considerably . in addition , government initiatives such as the city technology colleges and specialist schools programmes have made the comprehensive ideal less certain . [ sep ] design and technology and vocational learning
comprehensive schools are primarily about providing an entitlement curriculum to all children , without selection whether due to financial considerations or attainment . a consequence of that is a wider ranging curriculum , including practical subjects such as design and technology and vocational learning , which were less common or non - existent in grammar schools . providing post - 16 education cost - effectively becomes more challenging for smaller comprehensive schools , because of the number of courses needed to cover a broader curriculum with comparatively fewer students . this is why schools have tended to get larger and also why many local authorities have organised secondary education into 11 – 16 schools , with the post - 16 provision provided by sixth form colleges and further education colleges . comprehensive schools do not select their intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude , but there are demographic reasons why the attainment profiles of different schools vary considerably . in addition , government initiatives such as the city technology colleges and specialist schools programmes have made the comprehensive ideal less certain . [ sep ] sixth form colleges and further education colleges
comprehensive schools are primarily about providing an entitlement curriculum to all children , without selection whether due to financial considerations or attainment . a consequence of that is a wider ranging curriculum , including practical subjects such as design and technology and vocational learning , which were less common or non - existent in grammar schools . providing post - 16 education cost - effectively becomes more challenging for smaller comprehensive schools , because of the number of courses needed to cover a broader curriculum with comparatively fewer students . this is why schools have tended to get larger and also why many local authorities have organised secondary education into 11 – 16 schools , with the post - 16 provision provided by sixth form colleges and further education colleges . comprehensive schools do not select their intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude , but there are demographic reasons why the attainment profiles of different schools vary considerably . in addition , government initiatives such as the city technology colleges and specialist schools programmes have made the comprehensive ideal less certain . [ sep ] city technology colleges and specialist schools programmes
in these schools children could be selected on the basis of curriculum aptitude related to the school ' s specialism even though the schools do take quotas from each quartile of the attainment range to ensure they were not selective by attainment . a problem with this is whether the quotas should be taken from a normal distribution or from the specific distribution of attainment in the immediate catchment area . in the selective school system , which survives in several parts of the united kingdom , admission is dependent on selection criteria , most commonly a cognitive test or tests . although comprehensive schools were introduced to england and wales in 1965 , there are 164 selective grammar schools that are still in operation . [ citation needed ] ( though this is a small number compared to approximately 3500 state secondary schools in england ) . most comprehensives are secondary schools for children between the ages of 11 to 16 , but in a few areas there are comprehensive middle schools , and in some places the secondary level is divided into two , for students aged 11 to 14 and those aged 14 to 18 , roughly corresponding to the us middle school ( or junior high school ) and high school , respectively . with the advent of key stages in the national curriculum some local authorities reverted from the middle school system to 11 – 16 and 11 – 18 schools so that the transition between schools corresponds to the end of one key stage and the start of another . [ sep ] 164
in these schools children could be selected on the basis of curriculum aptitude related to the school ' s specialism even though the schools do take quotas from each quartile of the attainment range to ensure they were not selective by attainment . a problem with this is whether the quotas should be taken from a normal distribution or from the specific distribution of attainment in the immediate catchment area . in the selective school system , which survives in several parts of the united kingdom , admission is dependent on selection criteria , most commonly a cognitive test or tests . although comprehensive schools were introduced to england and wales in 1965 , there are 164 selective grammar schools that are still in operation . [ citation needed ] ( though this is a small number compared to approximately 3500 state secondary schools in england ) . most comprehensives are secondary schools for children between the ages of 11 to 16 , but in a few areas there are comprehensive middle schools , and in some places the secondary level is divided into two , for students aged 11 to 14 and those aged 14 to 18 , roughly corresponding to the us middle school ( or junior high school ) and high school , respectively . with the advent of key stages in the national curriculum some local authorities reverted from the middle school system to 11 – 16 and 11 – 18 schools so that the transition between schools corresponds to the end of one key stage and the start of another . [ sep ] 1965
in principle , comprehensive schools were conceived as " neighbourhood " schools for all students in a specified catchment area . current education reforms with academies programme , free schools and university technical colleges will no doubt have some impact on the comprehensive ideal but it is too early to say to what degree . [ sep ] neighbourhood
in principle , comprehensive schools were conceived as " neighbourhood " schools for all students in a specified catchment area . current education reforms with academies programme , free schools and university technical colleges will no doubt have some impact on the comprehensive ideal but it is too early to say to what degree . [ sep ] academies programme , free schools and university technical colleges
finland has used comprehensive schools since the 1970s , in the sense that everyone is expected to complete the nine grades of peruskoulu , from the age 7 to 16 . the division to lower comprehensive school ( grades 1 – 6 , ala - aste , alakoulu ) and upper comprehensive school ( grades 7 – 9 , ylaaste , ylakoulu ) has been discontinued . [ sep ] 1970s
finland has used comprehensive schools since the 1970s , in the sense that everyone is expected to complete the nine grades of peruskoulu , from the age 7 to 16 . the division to lower comprehensive school ( grades 1 – 6 , ala - aste , alakoulu ) and upper comprehensive school ( grades 7 – 9 , ylaaste , ylakoulu ) has been discontinued . [ sep ] 7 to 16
germany has a comprehensive school known as the gesamtschule . while some german schools such as the gymnasium and the realschule have rather strict entrance requirements , the gesamtschule does not have such requirements . they offer college preparatory classes for the students who are doing well , general education classes for average students , and remedial courses for those who aren ' t doing that well . in most cases students attending a gesamtschule may graduate with the hauptschulabschluss , the realschulabschluss or the abitur depending on how well they did in school . [ sep ] comprehensive
germany has a comprehensive school known as the gesamtschule . while some german schools such as the gymnasium and the realschule have rather strict entrance requirements , the gesamtschule does not have such requirements . they offer college preparatory classes for the students who are doing well , general education classes for average students , and remedial courses for those who aren ' t doing that well . in most cases students attending a gesamtschule may graduate with the hauptschulabschluss , the realschulabschluss or the abitur depending on how well they did in school . [ sep ] remedial
germany has a comprehensive school known as the gesamtschule . while some german schools such as the gymnasium and the realschule have rather strict entrance requirements , the gesamtschule does not have such requirements . they offer college preparatory classes for the students who are doing well , general education classes for average students , and remedial courses for those who aren ' t doing that well . in most cases students attending a gesamtschule may graduate with the hauptschulabschluss , the realschulabschluss or the abitur depending on how well they did in school . [ sep ] the hauptschulabschluss , the realschulabschluss or the abitur
the percentage of students attending a gesamtschule varies by bundesland . in the state of brandenburg more than 50 % of all students attended a gesamtschule in 2007 , while in the state of bavaria less than 1 % did . [ sep ] 50 %
the percentage of students attending a gesamtschule varies by bundesland . in the state of brandenburg more than 50 % of all students attended a gesamtschule in 2007 , while in the state of bavaria less than 1 % did . [ sep ] less than 1 %
starting in 2010 / 2011 , hauptschulen were merged with realschulen and gesamtschulen to form a new type of comprehensive school in the german states of berlin and hamburg , called stadtteilschule in hamburg and sekundarschule in berlin ( see : education in berlin , education in hamburg ) . [ sep ] stadtteilschule
starting in 2010 / 2011 , hauptschulen were merged with realschulen and gesamtschulen to form a new type of comprehensive school in the german states of berlin and hamburg , called stadtteilschule in hamburg and sekundarschule in berlin ( see : education in berlin , education in hamburg ) . [ sep ] sekundarschule
starting in 2010 / 2011 , hauptschulen were merged with realschulen and gesamtschulen to form a new type of comprehensive school in the german states of berlin and hamburg , called stadtteilschule in hamburg and sekundarschule in berlin ( see : education in berlin , education in hamburg ) . [ sep ] 2010 / 2011
the " mittelschule " is a school in some states of germany that offers regular classes and remedial classes but no college preparatory classes . in some states of germany , the hauptschule does not exist , and any student who has not been accepted by another school has to attend the mittelschule . students may be awarded the hauptschulabschluss or the mittlere reife but not the abitur . [ sep ] college preparatory classes
the " mittelschule " is a school in some states of germany that offers regular classes and remedial classes but no college preparatory classes . in some states of germany , the hauptschule does not exist , and any student who has not been accepted by another school has to attend the mittelschule . students may be awarded the hauptschulabschluss or the mittlere reife but not the abitur . [ sep ] abitur
the " mittelschule " is a school in some states of germany that offers regular classes and remedial classes but no college preparatory classes . in some states of germany , the hauptschule does not exist , and any student who has not been accepted by another school has to attend the mittelschule . students may be awarded the hauptschulabschluss or the mittlere reife but not the abitur . [ sep ] hauptschule
comprehensive schools have been accused of grade inflation after a study revealed that gymnasium senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves at the very bottom of their class and had an average grade of " five " , which means " failed " . gesamtschule senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves in the upper half of their class and had an average grade of " three plus " . when a central abitur examination was established in the state of north rhine - westphalia , it was revealed that gesamtschule students did worse than could be predicted by their grades or class rank . barbara sommer ( christian democratic union ) , education minister of north rhine - westphalia , commented that : looking at the performance gap between comprehensives and the gymnasium [ at the abitur central examination ] [ . . . ] it is difficult to understand why the social democratic party of germany wants to do away with the gymnasium . [ . . . ] the comprehensives do not help students achieve [ . . . ] i am sick and tired of the comprehensive schools blaming their problems on the social class origins of their students . what kind of attitude is this to blame their own students ? she also called the abitur awarded by the gymnasium the true abitur and the abitur awarded by the gesamtschule " abitur light " . as a reaction , sigrid beer ( alliance ' 90 / the greens ) stated that comprehensives were structurally discriminated against by the government , which favoured the gymnasiums . she also said that many of the students awarded the abitur by the comprehensives came from " underprivileged groups " and sneering at their performance was a " piece of impudence " . [ sep ] grade inflation
comprehensive schools have been accused of grade inflation after a study revealed that gymnasium senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves at the very bottom of their class and had an average grade of " five " , which means " failed " . gesamtschule senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves in the upper half of their class and had an average grade of " three plus " . when a central abitur examination was established in the state of north rhine - westphalia , it was revealed that gesamtschule students did worse than could be predicted by their grades or class rank . barbara sommer ( christian democratic union ) , education minister of north rhine - westphalia , commented that : looking at the performance gap between comprehensives and the gymnasium [ at the abitur central examination ] [ . . . ] it is difficult to understand why the social democratic party of germany wants to do away with the gymnasium . [ . . . ] the comprehensives do not help students achieve [ . . . ] i am sick and tired of the comprehensive schools blaming their problems on the social class origins of their students . what kind of attitude is this to blame their own students ? she also called the abitur awarded by the gymnasium the true abitur and the abitur awarded by the gesamtschule " abitur light " . as a reaction , sigrid beer ( alliance ' 90 / the greens ) stated that comprehensives were structurally discriminated against by the government , which favoured the gymnasiums . she also said that many of the students awarded the abitur by the comprehensives came from " underprivileged groups " and sneering at their performance was a " piece of impudence " . [ sep ] barbara sommer
comprehensive schools have been accused of grade inflation after a study revealed that gymnasium senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves at the very bottom of their class and had an average grade of " five " , which means " failed " . gesamtschule senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves in the upper half of their class and had an average grade of " three plus " . when a central abitur examination was established in the state of north rhine - westphalia , it was revealed that gesamtschule students did worse than could be predicted by their grades or class rank . barbara sommer ( christian democratic union ) , education minister of north rhine - westphalia , commented that : looking at the performance gap between comprehensives and the gymnasium [ at the abitur central examination ] [ . . . ] it is difficult to understand why the social democratic party of germany wants to do away with the gymnasium . [ . . . ] the comprehensives do not help students achieve [ . . . ] i am sick and tired of the comprehensive schools blaming their problems on the social class origins of their students . what kind of attitude is this to blame their own students ? she also called the abitur awarded by the gymnasium the true abitur and the abitur awarded by the gesamtschule " abitur light " . as a reaction , sigrid beer ( alliance ' 90 / the greens ) stated that comprehensives were structurally discriminated against by the government , which favoured the gymnasiums . she also said that many of the students awarded the abitur by the comprehensives came from " underprivileged groups " and sneering at their performance was a " piece of impudence " . [ sep ] sigrid beer
comprehensive schools have been accused of grade inflation after a study revealed that gymnasium senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves at the very bottom of their class and had an average grade of " five " , which means " failed " . gesamtschule senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves in the upper half of their class and had an average grade of " three plus " . when a central abitur examination was established in the state of north rhine - westphalia , it was revealed that gesamtschule students did worse than could be predicted by their grades or class rank . barbara sommer ( christian democratic union ) , education minister of north rhine - westphalia , commented that : looking at the performance gap between comprehensives and the gymnasium [ at the abitur central examination ] [ . . . ] it is difficult to understand why the social democratic party of germany wants to do away with the gymnasium . [ . . . ] the comprehensives do not help students achieve [ . . . ] i am sick and tired of the comprehensive schools blaming their problems on the social class origins of their students . what kind of attitude is this to blame their own students ? she also called the abitur awarded by the gymnasium the true abitur and the abitur awarded by the gesamtschule " abitur light " . as a reaction , sigrid beer ( alliance ' 90 / the greens ) stated that comprehensives were structurally discriminated against by the government , which favoured the gymnasiums . she also said that many of the students awarded the abitur by the comprehensives came from " underprivileged groups " and sneering at their performance was a " piece of impudence " . [ sep ] christian democratic union
comprehensive schools have been accused of grade inflation after a study revealed that gymnasium senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves at the very bottom of their class and had an average grade of " five " , which means " failed " . gesamtschule senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves in the upper half of their class and had an average grade of " three plus " . when a central abitur examination was established in the state of north rhine - westphalia , it was revealed that gesamtschule students did worse than could be predicted by their grades or class rank . barbara sommer ( christian democratic union ) , education minister of north rhine - westphalia , commented that : looking at the performance gap between comprehensives and the gymnasium [ at the abitur central examination ] [ . . . ] it is difficult to understand why the social democratic party of germany wants to do away with the gymnasium . [ . . . ] the comprehensives do not help students achieve [ . . . ] i am sick and tired of the comprehensive schools blaming their problems on the social class origins of their students . what kind of attitude is this to blame their own students ? she also called the abitur awarded by the gymnasium the true abitur and the abitur awarded by the gesamtschule " abitur light " . as a reaction , sigrid beer ( alliance ' 90 / the greens ) stated that comprehensives were structurally discriminated against by the government , which favoured the gymnasiums . she also said that many of the students awarded the abitur by the comprehensives came from " underprivileged groups " and sneering at their performance was a " piece of impudence " . [ sep ] alliance ' 90 / the greens
gesamtschulen might put bright working class students at risk according to several studies . it could be shown that an achievement gap opens between working class students attending a comprehensive and their middle class peers . also working class students attending a gymnasium or a realschule outperform students from similar backgrounds attending a comprehensive . however it is not students attending a comprehensive , but students attending a hauptschule , who perform the poorest . [ sep ] bright working class students
gesamtschulen might put bright working class students at risk according to several studies . it could be shown that an achievement gap opens between working class students attending a comprehensive and their middle class peers . also working class students attending a gymnasium or a realschule outperform students from similar backgrounds attending a comprehensive . however it is not students attending a comprehensive , but students attending a hauptschule , who perform the poorest . [ sep ] middle class peers
gesamtschulen might put bright working class students at risk according to several studies . it could be shown that an achievement gap opens between working class students attending a comprehensive and their middle class peers . also working class students attending a gymnasium or a realschule outperform students from similar backgrounds attending a comprehensive . however it is not students attending a comprehensive , but students attending a hauptschule , who perform the poorest . [ sep ] hauptschule
according to a study done by helmut fend ( who had always been a fierce proponent of comprehensive schools ) revealed that comprehensive schools do not help working class students . he compared alumni of the tripartite system to alumni of comprehensive schools . while working class alumni of comprehensive schools were awarded better school diplomas at age 35 , they held similar occupational positions as working class alumni of the tripartite system and were as unlikely to graduate from college . [ sep ] helmut fend
according to a study done by helmut fend ( who had always been a fierce proponent of comprehensive schools ) revealed that comprehensive schools do not help working class students . he compared alumni of the tripartite system to alumni of comprehensive schools . while working class alumni of comprehensive schools were awarded better school diplomas at age 35 , they held similar occupational positions as working class alumni of the tripartite system and were as unlikely to graduate from college . [ sep ] tripartite system
gibraltar opened its first comprehensive school in 1972 . between the ages of 12 and 16 two comprehensive schools cater for girls and boys separately . students may also continue into the sixth form to complete their a - levels . [ sep ] 1972
gibraltar opened its first comprehensive school in 1972 . between the ages of 12 and 16 two comprehensive schools cater for girls and boys separately . students may also continue into the sixth form to complete their a - levels . [ sep ] sixth form
gibraltar opened its first comprehensive school in 1972 . between the ages of 12 and 16 two comprehensive schools cater for girls and boys separately . students may also continue into the sixth form to complete their a - levels . [ sep ] a - levels
comprehensive schools were introduced into ireland in 1966 by an initiative by patrick hillery , minister for education , to give a broader range of education compared to that of the vocational school system , which was then the only system of schools completely controlled by the state . until then , education in ireland was largely dominated by religious persuasion , particularly the voluntary secondary school system was a particular realisation of this . the comprehensive school system is still relatively small and to an extent has been superseded by the community school concept . the irish word for a comprehensive school is a ' scoil chuimsitheach . ' [ sep ] 1966
comprehensive schools were introduced into ireland in 1966 by an initiative by patrick hillery , minister for education , to give a broader range of education compared to that of the vocational school system , which was then the only system of schools completely controlled by the state . until then , education in ireland was largely dominated by religious persuasion , particularly the voluntary secondary school system was a particular realisation of this . the comprehensive school system is still relatively small and to an extent has been superseded by the community school concept . the irish word for a comprehensive school is a ' scoil chuimsitheach . ' [ sep ] patrick hillery
comprehensive schools were introduced into ireland in 1966 by an initiative by patrick hillery , minister for education , to give a broader range of education compared to that of the vocational school system , which was then the only system of schools completely controlled by the state . until then , education in ireland was largely dominated by religious persuasion , particularly the voluntary secondary school system was a particular realisation of this . the comprehensive school system is still relatively small and to an extent has been superseded by the community school concept . the irish word for a comprehensive school is a ' scoil chuimsitheach . ' [ sep ] vocational school system
comprehensive schools were introduced into ireland in 1966 by an initiative by patrick hillery , minister for education , to give a broader range of education compared to that of the vocational school system , which was then the only system of schools completely controlled by the state . until then , education in ireland was largely dominated by religious persuasion , particularly the voluntary secondary school system was a particular realisation of this . the comprehensive school system is still relatively small and to an extent has been superseded by the community school concept . the irish word for a comprehensive school is a ' scoil chuimsitheach . ' [ sep ] community school
in ireland comprehensive schools were an earlier model of state schools , introduced in the late 1960s and largely replaced by the secular community model of the 1970s . the comprehensive model generally incorporated older schools that were under roman catholic or protestant ownership , and the various denominations still manage the school as patrons or trustees . the state owns the school property , which is vested in the trustees in perpetuity . the model was adopted to make state schools more acceptable to a largely conservative society of the time . [ sep ] 1970s
in ireland comprehensive schools were an earlier model of state schools , introduced in the late 1960s and largely replaced by the secular community model of the 1970s . the comprehensive model generally incorporated older schools that were under roman catholic or protestant ownership , and the various denominations still manage the school as patrons or trustees . the state owns the school property , which is vested in the trustees in perpetuity . the model was adopted to make state schools more acceptable to a largely conservative society of the time . [ sep ] the state
the introduction of the community school model in the 1970s controversially removed the denominational basis of the schools , but religious interests were invited to be represented on the boards of management . community schools are divided into two models , the community school vested in the minister for education and the community college vested in the local education and training board . community colleges tended to be amalgamations of unviable local schools under the umbrella of a new community school model , but community schools have tended to be entirely new foundations . [ sep ] the denominational basis of the schools
the introduction of the community school model in the 1970s controversially removed the denominational basis of the schools , but religious interests were invited to be represented on the boards of management . community schools are divided into two models , the community school vested in the minister for education and the community college vested in the local education and training board . community colleges tended to be amalgamations of unviable local schools under the umbrella of a new community school model , but community schools have tended to be entirely new foundations . [ sep ] community colleges
the first comprehensives were set up after the second world war . in 1946 , for example , walworth school was one of five ' experimental ' comprehensive schools set up by the london county council another early comprehensive school was holyhead county school in anglesey in 1949 . other early examples of comprehensive schools included woodlands boys school in coventry ( opened in 1954 ) and tividale comprehensive school in tipton . [ sep ] 1946
the first comprehensives were set up after the second world war . in 1946 , for example , walworth school was one of five ' experimental ' comprehensive schools set up by the london county council another early comprehensive school was holyhead county school in anglesey in 1949 . other early examples of comprehensive schools included woodlands boys school in coventry ( opened in 1954 ) and tividale comprehensive school in tipton . [ sep ] london county council
the first comprehensives were set up after the second world war . in 1946 , for example , walworth school was one of five ' experimental ' comprehensive schools set up by the london county council another early comprehensive school was holyhead county school in anglesey in 1949 . other early examples of comprehensive schools included woodlands boys school in coventry ( opened in 1954 ) and tividale comprehensive school in tipton . [ sep ] holyhead county school
the first comprehensives were set up after the second world war . in 1946 , for example , walworth school was one of five ' experimental ' comprehensive schools set up by the london county council another early comprehensive school was holyhead county school in anglesey in 1949 . other early examples of comprehensive schools included woodlands boys school in coventry ( opened in 1954 ) and tividale comprehensive school in tipton . [ sep ] 1949
the first comprehensives were set up after the second world war . in 1946 , for example , walworth school was one of five ' experimental ' comprehensive schools set up by the london county council another early comprehensive school was holyhead county school in anglesey in 1949 . other early examples of comprehensive schools included woodlands boys school in coventry ( opened in 1954 ) and tividale comprehensive school in tipton . [ sep ] woodlands boys school
the largest expansion of comprehensive schools in 1965 resulted from a policy decision taken in 1965 by anthony crosland , secretary of state for education in the 1964 – 1970 labour government . the policy decision was implemented by circular 10 / 65 , an instruction to local education authorities to plan for conversion . students sat the 11 + examination in their last year of primary education and were sent to one of a secondary modern , secondary technical or grammar school depending on their perceived ability . secondary technical schools were never widely implemented and for 20 years there was a virtual bipartite system which saw fierce competition for the available grammar school places , which varied between 15 % and 25 % of total secondary places , depending on location . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] anthony crosland
the largest expansion of comprehensive schools in 1965 resulted from a policy decision taken in 1965 by anthony crosland , secretary of state for education in the 1964 – 1970 labour government . the policy decision was implemented by circular 10 / 65 , an instruction to local education authorities to plan for conversion . students sat the 11 + examination in their last year of primary education and were sent to one of a secondary modern , secondary technical or grammar school depending on their perceived ability . secondary technical schools were never widely implemented and for 20 years there was a virtual bipartite system which saw fierce competition for the available grammar school places , which varied between 15 % and 25 % of total secondary places , depending on location . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] secretary of state for education
the largest expansion of comprehensive schools in 1965 resulted from a policy decision taken in 1965 by anthony crosland , secretary of state for education in the 1964 – 1970 labour government . the policy decision was implemented by circular 10 / 65 , an instruction to local education authorities to plan for conversion . students sat the 11 + examination in their last year of primary education and were sent to one of a secondary modern , secondary technical or grammar school depending on their perceived ability . secondary technical schools were never widely implemented and for 20 years there was a virtual bipartite system which saw fierce competition for the available grammar school places , which varied between 15 % and 25 % of total secondary places , depending on location . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] secondary technical schools
in 1970 margaret thatcher became secretary of state for education of the new conservative government . she ended the compulsion on local authorities to convert , however , many local authorities were so far down the path that it would have been prohibitively expensive to attempt to reverse the process , and more comprehensive schools were established under mrs thatcher than any other education secretary . [ sep ] margaret thatcher
in 1970 margaret thatcher became secretary of state for education of the new conservative government . she ended the compulsion on local authorities to convert , however , many local authorities were so far down the path that it would have been prohibitively expensive to attempt to reverse the process , and more comprehensive schools were established under mrs thatcher than any other education secretary . [ sep ] comprehensive
in 1970 margaret thatcher became secretary of state for education of the new conservative government . she ended the compulsion on local authorities to convert , however , many local authorities were so far down the path that it would have been prohibitively expensive to attempt to reverse the process , and more comprehensive schools were established under mrs thatcher than any other education secretary . [ sep ] conservative
by 1975 the majority of local authorities in england and wales had abandoned the 11 - plus examination and moved to a comprehensive system . over that 10 - year period many secondary modern schools and grammar schools were amalgamated to form large neighbourhood comprehensives , whilst a number of new schools were built to accommodate a growing school population . by the mid - 1970s the system had been almost fully implemented , with virtually no secondary modern schools remaining . many grammar schools were either closed or changed to comprehensive status . some local authorities , including sandwell and dudley in the west midlands , changed all of its state secondary schools to comprehensive schools during the 1970s . [ sep ] 1975
by 1975 the majority of local authorities in england and wales had abandoned the 11 - plus examination and moved to a comprehensive system . over that 10 - year period many secondary modern schools and grammar schools were amalgamated to form large neighbourhood comprehensives , whilst a number of new schools were built to accommodate a growing school population . by the mid - 1970s the system had been almost fully implemented , with virtually no secondary modern schools remaining . many grammar schools were either closed or changed to comprehensive status . some local authorities , including sandwell and dudley in the west midlands , changed all of its state secondary schools to comprehensive schools during the 1970s . [ sep ] neighbourhood comprehensives
by 1975 the majority of local authorities in england and wales had abandoned the 11 - plus examination and moved to a comprehensive system . over that 10 - year period many secondary modern schools and grammar schools were amalgamated to form large neighbourhood comprehensives , whilst a number of new schools were built to accommodate a growing school population . by the mid - 1970s the system had been almost fully implemented , with virtually no secondary modern schools remaining . many grammar schools were either closed or changed to comprehensive status . some local authorities , including sandwell and dudley in the west midlands , changed all of its state secondary schools to comprehensive schools during the 1970s . [ sep ] comprehensive schools
by 1975 the majority of local authorities in england and wales had abandoned the 11 - plus examination and moved to a comprehensive system . over that 10 - year period many secondary modern schools and grammar schools were amalgamated to form large neighbourhood comprehensives , whilst a number of new schools were built to accommodate a growing school population . by the mid - 1970s the system had been almost fully implemented , with virtually no secondary modern schools remaining . many grammar schools were either closed or changed to comprehensive status . some local authorities , including sandwell and dudley in the west midlands , changed all of its state secondary schools to comprehensive schools during the 1970s . [ sep ] sandwell and dudley
in 1976 the future labour prime minister james callaghan launched what became known as the ' great debate ' on the education system . he went on to list the areas he felt needed closest scrutiny : the case for a core curriculum , the validity and use of informal teaching methods , the role of school inspection and the future of the examination system . comprehensive school remains the most common type of state secondary school in england , and the only type in wales . they account for around 90 % of pupils , or 64 % if one does not count schools with low - level selection . this figure varies by region . [ sep ] james callaghan
in 1976 the future labour prime minister james callaghan launched what became known as the ' great debate ' on the education system . he went on to list the areas he felt needed closest scrutiny : the case for a core curriculum , the validity and use of informal teaching methods , the role of school inspection and the future of the examination system . comprehensive school remains the most common type of state secondary school in england , and the only type in wales . they account for around 90 % of pupils , or 64 % if one does not count schools with low - level selection . this figure varies by region . [ sep ] comprehensive school
in 1976 the future labour prime minister james callaghan launched what became known as the ' great debate ' on the education system . he went on to list the areas he felt needed closest scrutiny : the case for a core curriculum , the validity and use of informal teaching methods , the role of school inspection and the future of the examination system . comprehensive school remains the most common type of state secondary school in england , and the only type in wales . they account for around 90 % of pupils , or 64 % if one does not count schools with low - level selection . this figure varies by region . [ sep ] labour
since the 1988 education reform act , parents have a right to choose which school their child should go to or whether to not send them to school at all and to home educate them instead . the concept of " school choice " introduces the idea of competition between state schools , a fundamental change to the original " neighbourhood comprehensive " model , and is partly intended as a means by which schools that are perceived to be inferior are forced either to improve or , if hardly anyone wants to go there , to close down . government policy is currently promoting ' specialisation ' whereby parents choose a secondary school appropriate for their child ' s interests and skills . most initiatives focus on parental choice and information , implementing a pseudo - market incentive to encourage better schools . this logic has underpinned the controversial league tables of school performance . [ sep ] education reform act
since the 1988 education reform act , parents have a right to choose which school their child should go to or whether to not send them to school at all and to home educate them instead . the concept of " school choice " introduces the idea of competition between state schools , a fundamental change to the original " neighbourhood comprehensive " model , and is partly intended as a means by which schools that are perceived to be inferior are forced either to improve or , if hardly anyone wants to go there , to close down . government policy is currently promoting ' specialisation ' whereby parents choose a secondary school appropriate for their child ' s interests and skills . most initiatives focus on parental choice and information , implementing a pseudo - market incentive to encourage better schools . this logic has underpinned the controversial league tables of school performance . [ sep ] 1988
since the 1988 education reform act , parents have a right to choose which school their child should go to or whether to not send them to school at all and to home educate them instead . the concept of " school choice " introduces the idea of competition between state schools , a fundamental change to the original " neighbourhood comprehensive " model , and is partly intended as a means by which schools that are perceived to be inferior are forced either to improve or , if hardly anyone wants to go there , to close down . government policy is currently promoting ' specialisation ' whereby parents choose a secondary school appropriate for their child ' s interests and skills . most initiatives focus on parental choice and information , implementing a pseudo - market incentive to encourage better schools . this logic has underpinned the controversial league tables of school performance . [ sep ] specialisation
since the 1988 education reform act , parents have a right to choose which school their child should go to or whether to not send them to school at all and to home educate them instead . the concept of " school choice " introduces the idea of competition between state schools , a fundamental change to the original " neighbourhood comprehensive " model , and is partly intended as a means by which schools that are perceived to be inferior are forced either to improve or , if hardly anyone wants to go there , to close down . government policy is currently promoting ' specialisation ' whereby parents choose a secondary school appropriate for their child ' s interests and skills . most initiatives focus on parental choice and information , implementing a pseudo - market incentive to encourage better schools . this logic has underpinned the controversial league tables of school performance . [ sep ] league tables of school performance
scotland has a very different educational system from england and wales , though also based on comprehensive education . it has different ages of transfer , different examinations and a different philosophy of choice and provision . all publicly funded primary and secondary schools are comprehensive . the scottish government has rejected plans for specialist schools as of 2005 . [ sep ] comprehensive
scotland has a very different educational system from england and wales , though also based on comprehensive education . it has different ages of transfer , different examinations and a different philosophy of choice and provision . all publicly funded primary and secondary schools are comprehensive . the scottish government has rejected plans for specialist schools as of 2005 . [ sep ] specialist schools
scotland has a very different educational system from england and wales , though also based on comprehensive education . it has different ages of transfer , different examinations and a different philosophy of choice and provision . all publicly funded primary and secondary schools are comprehensive . the scottish government has rejected plans for specialist schools as of 2005 . [ sep ] 2005
education in northern ireland differs slightly from systems used elsewhere in the united kingdom , but it is more similar to that used in england and wales than it is to scotland . [ sep ] scotland
education in northern ireland differs slightly from systems used elsewhere in the united kingdom , but it is more similar to that used in england and wales than it is to scotland . [ sep ] england and wales
the republic of the congo ( french : republique du congo ) , also known as congo , congo republic , west congo [ citation needed ] , or congo - brazzaville , is a country located in central africa . it is bordered by five countries : gabon to the west ; cameroon to the northwest ; the central african republic to the northeast ; the democratic republic of the congo to the east and south ; and the angolan exclave of cabinda to the southwest . [ sep ] republique du congo
the republic of the congo ( french : republique du congo ) , also known as congo , congo republic , west congo [ citation needed ] , or congo - brazzaville , is a country located in central africa . it is bordered by five countries : gabon to the west ; cameroon to the northwest ; the central african republic to the northeast ; the democratic republic of the congo to the east and south ; and the angolan exclave of cabinda to the southwest . [ sep ] central african republic
the republic of the congo ( french : republique du congo ) , also known as congo , congo republic , west congo [ citation needed ] , or congo - brazzaville , is a country located in central africa . it is bordered by five countries : gabon to the west ; cameroon to the northwest ; the central african republic to the northeast ; the democratic republic of the congo to the east and south ; and the angolan exclave of cabinda to the southwest . [ sep ] gabon
the republic of the congo ( french : republique du congo ) , also known as congo , congo republic , west congo [ citation needed ] , or congo - brazzaville , is a country located in central africa . it is bordered by five countries : gabon to the west ; cameroon to the northwest ; the central african republic to the northeast ; the democratic republic of the congo to the east and south ; and the angolan exclave of cabinda to the southwest . [ sep ] cameroon
the republic of the congo ( french : republique du congo ) , also known as congo , congo republic , west congo [ citation needed ] , or congo - brazzaville , is a country located in central africa . it is bordered by five countries : gabon to the west ; cameroon to the northwest ; the central african republic to the northeast ; the democratic republic of the congo to the east and south ; and the angolan exclave of cabinda to the southwest . [ sep ] central africa
the region was dominated by bantu - speaking tribes , who built trade links leading into the congo river basin . congo - brazzaville was formerly part of the french colony of equatorial africa . upon independence in 1960 , the former colony of french congo became the republic of the congo . the people ' s republic of the congo was a marxist – leninist one - party state from 1970 to 1991 . multi - party elections have been held since 1992 , although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 republic of the congo civil war and president denis sassou nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years . [ sep ] bantu
the region was dominated by bantu - speaking tribes , who built trade links leading into the congo river basin . congo - brazzaville was formerly part of the french colony of equatorial africa . upon independence in 1960 , the former colony of french congo became the republic of the congo . the people ' s republic of the congo was a marxist – leninist one - party state from 1970 to 1991 . multi - party elections have been held since 1992 , although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 republic of the congo civil war and president denis sassou nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years . [ sep ] 1960
the region was dominated by bantu - speaking tribes , who built trade links leading into the congo river basin . congo - brazzaville was formerly part of the french colony of equatorial africa . upon independence in 1960 , the former colony of french congo became the republic of the congo . the people ' s republic of the congo was a marxist – leninist one - party state from 1970 to 1991 . multi - party elections have been held since 1992 , although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 republic of the congo civil war and president denis sassou nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years . [ sep ] denis sassou nguesso
the region was dominated by bantu - speaking tribes , who built trade links leading into the congo river basin . congo - brazzaville was formerly part of the french colony of equatorial africa . upon independence in 1960 , the former colony of french congo became the republic of the congo . the people ' s republic of the congo was a marxist – leninist one - party state from 1970 to 1991 . multi - party elections have been held since 1992 , although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 republic of the congo civil war and president denis sassou nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years . [ sep ] president
the political stability and development of hydrocarbon production made republic of congo the fourth largest oil producer in the gulf of guinea and provided the country with a relative prosperity despite the poor state of its infrastructure and public services and an unequal distribution of oil revenues . [ sep ] fourth
the political stability and development of hydrocarbon production made republic of congo the fourth largest oil producer in the gulf of guinea and provided the country with a relative prosperity despite the poor state of its infrastructure and public services and an unequal distribution of oil revenues . [ sep ] oil revenues
bantu - speaking peoples who founded tribes during the bantu expansions largely displaced and absorbed the earliest inhabitants of the region , the pygmy people , about 1500 bc . the bakongo , a bantu ethnic group that also occupied parts of present - day angola , gabon , and democratic republic of the congo , formed the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries . several bantu kingdoms — notably those of the kongo , the loango , and the teke — built trade links leading into the congo river basin . [ sep ] pygmy
bantu - speaking peoples who founded tribes during the bantu expansions largely displaced and absorbed the earliest inhabitants of the region , the pygmy people , about 1500 bc . the bakongo , a bantu ethnic group that also occupied parts of present - day angola , gabon , and democratic republic of the congo , formed the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries . several bantu kingdoms — notably those of the kongo , the loango , and the teke — built trade links leading into the congo river basin . [ sep ] 1500 bc
bantu - speaking peoples who founded tribes during the bantu expansions largely displaced and absorbed the earliest inhabitants of the region , the pygmy people , about 1500 bc . the bakongo , a bantu ethnic group that also occupied parts of present - day angola , gabon , and democratic republic of the congo , formed the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries . several bantu kingdoms — notably those of the kongo , the loango , and the teke — built trade links leading into the congo river basin . [ sep ] bantu
the portuguese explorer diogo cao reached the mouth of the congo in 1484 . commercial relationships quickly grew between the inland bantu kingdoms and european merchants who traded various commodities , manufactured goods , and people captured from the hinterlands . after centuries as a major hub for transatlantic trade , direct european colonization of the congo river delta began in the late 19th century , subsequently eroding the power of the bantu societies in the region . [ sep ] diogo cao
the portuguese explorer diogo cao reached the mouth of the congo in 1484 . commercial relationships quickly grew between the inland bantu kingdoms and european merchants who traded various commodities , manufactured goods , and people captured from the hinterlands . after centuries as a major hub for transatlantic trade , direct european colonization of the congo river delta began in the late 19th century , subsequently eroding the power of the bantu societies in the region . [ sep ] portuguese
the portuguese explorer diogo cao reached the mouth of the congo in 1484 . commercial relationships quickly grew between the inland bantu kingdoms and european merchants who traded various commodities , manufactured goods , and people captured from the hinterlands . after centuries as a major hub for transatlantic trade , direct european colonization of the congo river delta began in the late 19th century , subsequently eroding the power of the bantu societies in the region . [ sep ] commodities , manufactured goods , and people
the portuguese explorer diogo cao reached the mouth of the congo in 1484 . commercial relationships quickly grew between the inland bantu kingdoms and european merchants who traded various commodities , manufactured goods , and people captured from the hinterlands . after centuries as a major hub for transatlantic trade , direct european colonization of the congo river delta began in the late 19th century , subsequently eroding the power of the bantu societies in the region . [ sep ] late 19th century
the portuguese explorer diogo cao reached the mouth of the congo in 1484 . commercial relationships quickly grew between the inland bantu kingdoms and european merchants who traded various commodities , manufactured goods , and people captured from the hinterlands . after centuries as a major hub for transatlantic trade , direct european colonization of the congo river delta began in the late 19th century , subsequently eroding the power of the bantu societies in the region . [ sep ] bantu societies
the area north of the congo river came under french sovereignty in 1880 as a result of pierre de brazza ' s treaty with makoko of the bateke . this congo colony became known first as french congo , then as middle congo in 1903 . in 1908 , france organized french equatorial africa ( aef ) , comprising middle congo , gabon , chad , and oubangui - chari ( the modern central african republic ) . the french designated brazzaville as the federal capital . economic development during the first 50 years of colonial rule in congo centered on natural - resource extraction . the methods were often brutal : construction of the congo – ocean railroad following world war i has been estimated to have cost at least 14 , 000 lives . [ sep ] 1880
the area north of the congo river came under french sovereignty in 1880 as a result of pierre de brazza ' s treaty with makoko of the bateke . this congo colony became known first as french congo , then as middle congo in 1903 . in 1908 , france organized french equatorial africa ( aef ) , comprising middle congo , gabon , chad , and oubangui - chari ( the modern central african republic ) . the french designated brazzaville as the federal capital . economic development during the first 50 years of colonial rule in congo centered on natural - resource extraction . the methods were often brutal : construction of the congo – ocean railroad following world war i has been estimated to have cost at least 14 , 000 lives . [ sep ] pierre de brazza
the area north of the congo river came under french sovereignty in 1880 as a result of pierre de brazza ' s treaty with makoko of the bateke . this congo colony became known first as french congo , then as middle congo in 1903 . in 1908 , france organized french equatorial africa ( aef ) , comprising middle congo , gabon , chad , and oubangui - chari ( the modern central african republic ) . the french designated brazzaville as the federal capital . economic development during the first 50 years of colonial rule in congo centered on natural - resource extraction . the methods were often brutal : construction of the congo – ocean railroad following world war i has been estimated to have cost at least 14 , 000 lives . [ sep ] middle congo
the area north of the congo river came under french sovereignty in 1880 as a result of pierre de brazza ' s treaty with makoko of the bateke . this congo colony became known first as french congo , then as middle congo in 1903 . in 1908 , france organized french equatorial africa ( aef ) , comprising middle congo , gabon , chad , and oubangui - chari ( the modern central african republic ) . the french designated brazzaville as the federal capital . economic development during the first 50 years of colonial rule in congo centered on natural - resource extraction . the methods were often brutal : construction of the congo – ocean railroad following world war i has been estimated to have cost at least 14 , 000 lives . [ sep ] french equatorial africa
the area north of the congo river came under french sovereignty in 1880 as a result of pierre de brazza ' s treaty with makoko of the bateke . this congo colony became known first as french congo , then as middle congo in 1903 . in 1908 , france organized french equatorial africa ( aef ) , comprising middle congo , gabon , chad , and oubangui - chari ( the modern central african republic ) . the french designated brazzaville as the federal capital . economic development during the first 50 years of colonial rule in congo centered on natural - resource extraction . the methods were often brutal : construction of the congo – ocean railroad following world war i has been estimated to have cost at least 14 , 000 lives . [ sep ] 14 , 000
during the nazi occupation of france during world war ii , brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of free france between 1940 and 1943 . the brazzaville conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in french colonial policy . congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within aef and the federal capital at brazzaville . it also received a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the fourth republic . [ sep ] brazzaville
during the nazi occupation of france during world war ii , brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of free france between 1940 and 1943 . the brazzaville conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in french colonial policy . congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within aef and the federal capital at brazzaville . it also received a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the fourth republic . [ sep ] brazzaville conference of 1944
during the nazi occupation of france during world war ii , brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of free france between 1940 and 1943 . the brazzaville conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in french colonial policy . congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within aef and the federal capital at brazzaville . it also received a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the fourth republic . [ sep ] 1946
during the nazi occupation of france during world war ii , brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of free france between 1940 and 1943 . the brazzaville conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in french colonial policy . congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within aef and the federal capital at brazzaville . it also received a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the fourth republic . [ sep ] the fourth republic
following the revision of the french constitution that established the fifth republic in 1958 , the aef dissolved into its constituent parts , each of which became an autonomous colony within the french community . during these reforms , middle congo became known as the republic of the congo in 1958 and published its first constitution in 1959 . antagonism between the pro - opangault mbochis and the pro - youlou balalis resulted in a series of riots in brazzaville in february 1959 , which the french army subdued . [ sep ] 1958
following the revision of the french constitution that established the fifth republic in 1958 , the aef dissolved into its constituent parts , each of which became an autonomous colony within the french community . during these reforms , middle congo became known as the republic of the congo in 1958 and published its first constitution in 1959 . antagonism between the pro - opangault mbochis and the pro - youlou balalis resulted in a series of riots in brazzaville in february 1959 , which the french army subdued . [ sep ] the aef
following the revision of the french constitution that established the fifth republic in 1958 , the aef dissolved into its constituent parts , each of which became an autonomous colony within the french community . during these reforms , middle congo became known as the republic of the congo in 1958 and published its first constitution in 1959 . antagonism between the pro - opangault mbochis and the pro - youlou balalis resulted in a series of riots in brazzaville in february 1959 , which the french army subdued . [ sep ] the republic of the congo
following the revision of the french constitution that established the fifth republic in 1958 , the aef dissolved into its constituent parts , each of which became an autonomous colony within the french community . during these reforms , middle congo became known as the republic of the congo in 1958 and published its first constitution in 1959 . antagonism between the pro - opangault mbochis and the pro - youlou balalis resulted in a series of riots in brazzaville in february 1959 , which the french army subdued . [ sep ] 1959
the republic of the congo received full independence from france on august 15 , 1960 . fulbert youlou ruled as the country ' s first president until labour elements and rival political parties instigated a three - day uprising that ousted him . the congolese military took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional government headed by alphonse massamba - debat . [ sep ] august 15 , 1960
the republic of the congo received full independence from france on august 15 , 1960 . fulbert youlou ruled as the country ' s first president until labour elements and rival political parties instigated a three - day uprising that ousted him . the congolese military took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional government headed by alphonse massamba - debat . [ sep ] fulbert youlou
the republic of the congo received full independence from france on august 15 , 1960 . fulbert youlou ruled as the country ' s first president until labour elements and rival political parties instigated a three - day uprising that ousted him . the congolese military took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional government headed by alphonse massamba - debat . [ sep ] alphonse massamba - debat
the republic of the congo received full independence from france on august 15 , 1960 . fulbert youlou ruled as the country ' s first president until labour elements and rival political parties instigated a three - day uprising that ousted him . the congolese military took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional government headed by alphonse massamba - debat . [ sep ] labour elements and rival political parties
the republic of the congo received full independence from france on august 15 , 1960 . fulbert youlou ruled as the country ' s first president until labour elements and rival political parties instigated a three - day uprising that ousted him . the congolese military took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional government headed by alphonse massamba - debat . [ sep ] congolese military
under the 1963 constitution , massamba - debat was elected president for a five - year term . during massamba - debat ' s term in office the regime adopted " scientific socialism " as the country ' s constitutional ideology . in 1965 , congo established relations with the soviet union , the people ' s republic of china , north korea and north vietnam . massamba - debat ' s regime also invited several hundred cuban army troops into the country to train his party ' s militia units and these troops helped his government survive a coup in 1966 led by paratroopers loyal to future president marien ngouabi . nevertheless , massamba - debat was unable to reconcile various institutional , tribal and ideological factions within the country and his regime ended abruptly with a bloodless coup d ' etat in september 1968 . [ sep ] massamba - debat
under the 1963 constitution , massamba - debat was elected president for a five - year term . during massamba - debat ' s term in office the regime adopted " scientific socialism " as the country ' s constitutional ideology . in 1965 , congo established relations with the soviet union , the people ' s republic of china , north korea and north vietnam . massamba - debat ' s regime also invited several hundred cuban army troops into the country to train his party ' s militia units and these troops helped his government survive a coup in 1966 led by paratroopers loyal to future president marien ngouabi . nevertheless , massamba - debat was unable to reconcile various institutional , tribal and ideological factions within the country and his regime ended abruptly with a bloodless coup d ' etat in september 1968 . [ sep ] scientific socialism
under the 1963 constitution , massamba - debat was elected president for a five - year term . during massamba - debat ' s term in office the regime adopted " scientific socialism " as the country ' s constitutional ideology . in 1965 , congo established relations with the soviet union , the people ' s republic of china , north korea and north vietnam . massamba - debat ' s regime also invited several hundred cuban army troops into the country to train his party ' s militia units and these troops helped his government survive a coup in 1966 led by paratroopers loyal to future president marien ngouabi . nevertheless , massamba - debat was unable to reconcile various institutional , tribal and ideological factions within the country and his regime ended abruptly with a bloodless coup d ' etat in september 1968 . [ sep ] cuban
under the 1963 constitution , massamba - debat was elected president for a five - year term . during massamba - debat ' s term in office the regime adopted " scientific socialism " as the country ' s constitutional ideology . in 1965 , congo established relations with the soviet union , the people ' s republic of china , north korea and north vietnam . massamba - debat ' s regime also invited several hundred cuban army troops into the country to train his party ' s militia units and these troops helped his government survive a coup in 1966 led by paratroopers loyal to future president marien ngouabi . nevertheless , massamba - debat was unable to reconcile various institutional , tribal and ideological factions within the country and his regime ended abruptly with a bloodless coup d ' etat in september 1968 . [ sep ] september 1968
marien ngouabi , who had participated in the coup , assumed the presidency on december 31 , 1968 . one year later , president ngouabi proclaimed congo africa ' s first " people ' s republic " , the people ' s republic of the congo , and announced the decision of the national revolutionary movement to change its name to the congolese labour party ( pct ) . ngouabi survived an attempted coup in 1972 but was assassinated on march 16 , 1977 . an 11 - member military committee of the party ( cmp ) was then named to head an interim government with joachim yhombi - opango to serve as president of the republic . two years later , yhombi - opango was forced from power and denis sassou nguesso become the new president . [ sep ] marien ngouabi
marien ngouabi , who had participated in the coup , assumed the presidency on december 31 , 1968 . one year later , president ngouabi proclaimed congo africa ' s first " people ' s republic " , the people ' s republic of the congo , and announced the decision of the national revolutionary movement to change its name to the congolese labour party ( pct ) . ngouabi survived an attempted coup in 1972 but was assassinated on march 16 , 1977 . an 11 - member military committee of the party ( cmp ) was then named to head an interim government with joachim yhombi - opango to serve as president of the republic . two years later , yhombi - opango was forced from power and denis sassou nguesso become the new president . [ sep ] people ' s republic of the congo
marien ngouabi , who had participated in the coup , assumed the presidency on december 31 , 1968 . one year later , president ngouabi proclaimed congo africa ' s first " people ' s republic " , the people ' s republic of the congo , and announced the decision of the national revolutionary movement to change its name to the congolese labour party ( pct ) . ngouabi survived an attempted coup in 1972 but was assassinated on march 16 , 1977 . an 11 - member military committee of the party ( cmp ) was then named to head an interim government with joachim yhombi - opango to serve as president of the republic . two years later , yhombi - opango was forced from power and denis sassou nguesso become the new president . [ sep ] congolese labour party
marien ngouabi , who had participated in the coup , assumed the presidency on december 31 , 1968 . one year later , president ngouabi proclaimed congo africa ' s first " people ' s republic " , the people ' s republic of the congo , and announced the decision of the national revolutionary movement to change its name to the congolese labour party ( pct ) . ngouabi survived an attempted coup in 1972 but was assassinated on march 16 , 1977 . an 11 - member military committee of the party ( cmp ) was then named to head an interim government with joachim yhombi - opango to serve as president of the republic . two years later , yhombi - opango was forced from power and denis sassou nguesso become the new president . [ sep ] 1972
marien ngouabi , who had participated in the coup , assumed the presidency on december 31 , 1968 . one year later , president ngouabi proclaimed congo africa ' s first " people ' s republic " , the people ' s republic of the congo , and announced the decision of the national revolutionary movement to change its name to the congolese labour party ( pct ) . ngouabi survived an attempted coup in 1972 but was assassinated on march 16 , 1977 . an 11 - member military committee of the party ( cmp ) was then named to head an interim government with joachim yhombi - opango to serve as president of the republic . two years later , yhombi - opango was forced from power and denis sassou nguesso become the new president . [ sep ] march 16 , 1977
sassou nguesso aligned the country with the eastern bloc and signed a twenty - year friendship pact with the soviet union . over the years , sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship . [ sep ] eastern bloc
sassou nguesso aligned the country with the eastern bloc and signed a twenty - year friendship pact with the soviet union . over the years , sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship . [ sep ] the soviet union
sassou nguesso aligned the country with the eastern bloc and signed a twenty - year friendship pact with the soviet union . over the years , sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship . [ sep ] dictatorship
sassou nguesso aligned the country with the eastern bloc and signed a twenty - year friendship pact with the soviet union . over the years , sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship . [ sep ] political repression
pascal lissouba , who became congo ' s first elected president ( 1992 – 1997 ) during the period of multi - party democracy , attempted to implement economic reforms with imf backing to liberalise the economy . in june 1996 the imf approved a three - year sdr69 . 5m ( us $ 100m ) enhanced structural adjustment facility ( esaf ) and was on the verge of announcing a renewed annual agreement when civil war broke out in congo in mid - 1997 . [ sep ] pascal lissouba
pascal lissouba , who became congo ' s first elected president ( 1992 – 1997 ) during the period of multi - party democracy , attempted to implement economic reforms with imf backing to liberalise the economy . in june 1996 the imf approved a three - year sdr69 . 5m ( us $ 100m ) enhanced structural adjustment facility ( esaf ) and was on the verge of announcing a renewed annual agreement when civil war broke out in congo in mid - 1997 . [ sep ] imf
pascal lissouba , who became congo ' s first elected president ( 1992 – 1997 ) during the period of multi - party democracy , attempted to implement economic reforms with imf backing to liberalise the economy . in june 1996 the imf approved a three - year sdr69 . 5m ( us $ 100m ) enhanced structural adjustment facility ( esaf ) and was on the verge of announcing a renewed annual agreement when civil war broke out in congo in mid - 1997 . [ sep ] civil war
pascal lissouba , who became congo ' s first elected president ( 1992 – 1997 ) during the period of multi - party democracy , attempted to implement economic reforms with imf backing to liberalise the economy . in june 1996 the imf approved a three - year sdr69 . 5m ( us $ 100m ) enhanced structural adjustment facility ( esaf ) and was on the verge of announcing a renewed annual agreement when civil war broke out in congo in mid - 1997 . [ sep ] enhanced structural adjustment facility
congo ' s democratic progress was derailed in 1997 when lissouba and sassou started to fight for power in the civil war . as presidential elections scheduled for july 1997 approached , tensions between the lissouba and sassou camps mounted . on june 5 , president lissouba ' s government forces surrounded sassou ' s compound in brazzaville and sassou ordered members of his private militia ( known as " cobras " ) to resist . thus began a four - month conflict that destroyed or damaged much of brazzaville and caused tens of thousands of civilian deaths . in early october , the angolan socialist regime began an invasion of congo to install sassou in power . in mid - october , the lissouba government fell . soon thereafter , sassou declared himself president . [ sep ] lissouba and sassou
congo ' s democratic progress was derailed in 1997 when lissouba and sassou started to fight for power in the civil war . as presidential elections scheduled for july 1997 approached , tensions between the lissouba and sassou camps mounted . on june 5 , president lissouba ' s government forces surrounded sassou ' s compound in brazzaville and sassou ordered members of his private militia ( known as " cobras " ) to resist . thus began a four - month conflict that destroyed or damaged much of brazzaville and caused tens of thousands of civilian deaths . in early october , the angolan socialist regime began an invasion of congo to install sassou in power . in mid - october , the lissouba government fell . soon thereafter , sassou declared himself president . [ sep ] cobras
congo ' s democratic progress was derailed in 1997 when lissouba and sassou started to fight for power in the civil war . as presidential elections scheduled for july 1997 approached , tensions between the lissouba and sassou camps mounted . on june 5 , president lissouba ' s government forces surrounded sassou ' s compound in brazzaville and sassou ordered members of his private militia ( known as " cobras " ) to resist . thus began a four - month conflict that destroyed or damaged much of brazzaville and caused tens of thousands of civilian deaths . in early october , the angolan socialist regime began an invasion of congo to install sassou in power . in mid - october , the lissouba government fell . soon thereafter , sassou declared himself president . [ sep ] angolan
congo ' s democratic progress was derailed in 1997 when lissouba and sassou started to fight for power in the civil war . as presidential elections scheduled for july 1997 approached , tensions between the lissouba and sassou camps mounted . on june 5 , president lissouba ' s government forces surrounded sassou ' s compound in brazzaville and sassou ordered members of his private militia ( known as " cobras " ) to resist . thus began a four - month conflict that destroyed or damaged much of brazzaville and caused tens of thousands of civilian deaths . in early october , the angolan socialist regime began an invasion of congo to install sassou in power . in mid - october , the lissouba government fell . soon thereafter , sassou declared himself president . [ sep ] october
in the controversial elections in 2002 , sassou won with almost 90 % of the vote cast . his two main rivals , lissouba and bernard kolelas , were prevented from competing and the only remaining credible rival , andre milongo , advised his supporters to boycott the elections and then withdrew from the race . a new constitution , agreed upon by referendum in january 2002 , granted the president new powers , extended his term to seven years , and introduced a new bicameral assembly . international observers took issue with the organization of the presidential election and the constitutional referendum , both of which were reminiscent in their organization of congo ' s era of the one - party state . following the presidential elections , fighting restarted in the pool region between government forces and rebels led by pastor ntumi ; a peace treaty to end the conflict was signed in april 2003 . [ sep ] milongo
in the controversial elections in 2002 , sassou won with almost 90 % of the vote cast . his two main rivals , lissouba and bernard kolelas , were prevented from competing and the only remaining credible rival , andre milongo , advised his supporters to boycott the elections and then withdrew from the race . a new constitution , agreed upon by referendum in january 2002 , granted the president new powers , extended his term to seven years , and introduced a new bicameral assembly . international observers took issue with the organization of the presidential election and the constitutional referendum , both of which were reminiscent in their organization of congo ' s era of the one - party state . following the presidential elections , fighting restarted in the pool region between government forces and rebels led by pastor ntumi ; a peace treaty to end the conflict was signed in april 2003 . [ sep ] seven years
in the controversial elections in 2002 , sassou won with almost 90 % of the vote cast . his two main rivals , lissouba and bernard kolelas , were prevented from competing and the only remaining credible rival , andre milongo , advised his supporters to boycott the elections and then withdrew from the race . a new constitution , agreed upon by referendum in january 2002 , granted the president new powers , extended his term to seven years , and introduced a new bicameral assembly . international observers took issue with the organization of the presidential election and the constitutional referendum , both of which were reminiscent in their organization of congo ' s era of the one - party state . following the presidential elections , fighting restarted in the pool region between government forces and rebels led by pastor ntumi ; a peace treaty to end the conflict was signed in april 2003 . [ sep ] january 2002
in the controversial elections in 2002 , sassou won with almost 90 % of the vote cast . his two main rivals , lissouba and bernard kolelas , were prevented from competing and the only remaining credible rival , andre milongo , advised his supporters to boycott the elections and then withdrew from the race . a new constitution , agreed upon by referendum in january 2002 , granted the president new powers , extended his term to seven years , and introduced a new bicameral assembly . international observers took issue with the organization of the presidential election and the constitutional referendum , both of which were reminiscent in their organization of congo ' s era of the one - party state . following the presidential elections , fighting restarted in the pool region between government forces and rebels led by pastor ntumi ; a peace treaty to end the conflict was signed in april 2003 . [ sep ] april 2003
sassou also won the following presidential election in july 2009 . according to the congolese observatory of human rights , a non - governmental organization , the election was marked by " very low " turnout and " fraud and irregularities " . [ sep ] sassou
sassou also won the following presidential election in july 2009 . according to the congolese observatory of human rights , a non - governmental organization , the election was marked by " very low " turnout and " fraud and irregularities " . [ sep ] congolese observatory of human rights
sassou also won the following presidential election in july 2009 . according to the congolese observatory of human rights , a non - governmental organization , the election was marked by " very low " turnout and " fraud and irregularities " . [ sep ] very low
congo - brazzaville has had a multi - party political system since the early 1990s , although the system is heavily dominated by president denis sassou nguesso ; he has lacked serious competition in the presidential elections held under his rule . sassou nguesso is backed by his own congolese labour party ( french : parti congolais du travail ) as well as a range of smaller parties . [ sep ] multi - party
congo - brazzaville has had a multi - party political system since the early 1990s , although the system is heavily dominated by president denis sassou nguesso ; he has lacked serious competition in the presidential elections held under his rule . sassou nguesso is backed by his own congolese labour party ( french : parti congolais du travail ) as well as a range of smaller parties . [ sep ] congolese labour party
congo - brazzaville has had a multi - party political system since the early 1990s , although the system is heavily dominated by president denis sassou nguesso ; he has lacked serious competition in the presidential elections held under his rule . sassou nguesso is backed by his own congolese labour party ( french : parti congolais du travail ) as well as a range of smaller parties . [ sep ] parti congolais du travail
internationally , sassou ' s regime has been hit by corruption revelations despite attempts to censor them . one french investigation found over 110 bank accounts and dozens of lavish properties in france ; sassou denounced embezzlement investigations as " racist " and " colonial " . [ sep ] corruption revelations
internationally , sassou ' s regime has been hit by corruption revelations despite attempts to censor them . one french investigation found over 110 bank accounts and dozens of lavish properties in france ; sassou denounced embezzlement investigations as " racist " and " colonial " . [ sep ] france
on march 27 , 2015 sassou nguesso announced that his government would hold a referendum to change the country ' s 2002 constitution and allow him to run for a third consecutive term in office . on october 25 the government held a referendum to allow sassou nguesso to run in the next election . the government claimed that the proposal as approved by 92 percent of voters with 72 percent of eligible voters participating . the opposition , who had boycotted the referendum claimed that the government ' s statistics were false and that the vote was a sham . [ sep ] march 27 , 2015
on march 27 , 2015 sassou nguesso announced that his government would hold a referendum to change the country ' s 2002 constitution and allow him to run for a third consecutive term in office . on october 25 the government held a referendum to allow sassou nguesso to run in the next election . the government claimed that the proposal as approved by 92 percent of voters with 72 percent of eligible voters participating . the opposition , who had boycotted the referendum claimed that the government ' s statistics were false and that the vote was a sham . [ sep ] third
in 2008 , the main media were owned by the government , but many more privately run forms of media were being created . there is one government - owned television station and around 10 small private television channels . [ sep ] the government
in 2008 , the main media were owned by the government , but many more privately run forms of media were being created . there is one government - owned television station and around 10 small private television channels . [ sep ] one
in 2008 , the main media were owned by the government , but many more privately run forms of media were being created . there is one government - owned television station and around 10 small private television channels . [ sep ] 10
many pygmies belong from birth to bantus in a relationship many refer to as slavery . the congolese human rights observatory says that the pygmies are treated as property the same way " pets " are . on december 30 , 2010 , the congolese parliament adopted a law for the promotion and protection of the rights of indigenous peoples . this law is the first of its kind in africa , and its adoption is a historic development for indigenous peoples on the continent . [ sep ] bantus
many pygmies belong from birth to bantus in a relationship many refer to as slavery . the congolese human rights observatory says that the pygmies are treated as property the same way " pets " are . on december 30 , 2010 , the congolese parliament adopted a law for the promotion and protection of the rights of indigenous peoples . this law is the first of its kind in africa , and its adoption is a historic development for indigenous peoples on the continent . [ sep ] pets
many pygmies belong from birth to bantus in a relationship many refer to as slavery . the congolese human rights observatory says that the pygmies are treated as property the same way " pets " are . on december 30 , 2010 , the congolese parliament adopted a law for the promotion and protection of the rights of indigenous peoples . this law is the first of its kind in africa , and its adoption is a historic development for indigenous peoples on the continent . [ sep ] december 30 , 2010
congo is located in the central - western part of sub - saharan africa , along the equator , lying between latitudes 4°n and 5°s , and longitudes 11° and 19°e . to the south and east of it is the democratic republic of congo . it is also bounded by gabon to the west , cameroon and the central african republic to the north , and cabinda ( angola ) to the southwest . it has a short coast on the atlantic ocean . [ sep ] 4°n and 5°s
congo is located in the central - western part of sub - saharan africa , along the equator , lying between latitudes 4°n and 5°s , and longitudes 11° and 19°e . to the south and east of it is the democratic republic of congo . it is also bounded by gabon to the west , cameroon and the central african republic to the north , and cabinda ( angola ) to the southwest . it has a short coast on the atlantic ocean . [ sep ] 11° and 19°e
congo is located in the central - western part of sub - saharan africa , along the equator , lying between latitudes 4°n and 5°s , and longitudes 11° and 19°e . to the south and east of it is the democratic republic of congo . it is also bounded by gabon to the west , cameroon and the central african republic to the north , and cabinda ( angola ) to the southwest . it has a short coast on the atlantic ocean . [ sep ] atlantic ocean
congo is located in the central - western part of sub - saharan africa , along the equator , lying between latitudes 4°n and 5°s , and longitudes 11° and 19°e . to the south and east of it is the democratic republic of congo . it is also bounded by gabon to the west , cameroon and the central african republic to the north , and cabinda ( angola ) to the southwest . it has a short coast on the atlantic ocean . [ sep ] cabinda
congo is located in the central - western part of sub - saharan africa , along the equator , lying between latitudes 4°n and 5°s , and longitudes 11° and 19°e . to the south and east of it is the democratic republic of congo . it is also bounded by gabon to the west , cameroon and the central african republic to the north , and cabinda ( angola ) to the southwest . it has a short coast on the atlantic ocean . [ sep ] angola
the capital , brazzaville , is located on the congo river , in the south of the country , immediately across from kinshasa , the capital of the democratic republic of the congo . [ sep ] brazzaville
the capital , brazzaville , is located on the congo river , in the south of the country , immediately across from kinshasa , the capital of the democratic republic of the congo . [ sep ] congo river
the capital , brazzaville , is located on the congo river , in the south of the country , immediately across from kinshasa , the capital of the democratic republic of the congo . [ sep ] kinshasa
the capital , brazzaville , is located on the congo river , in the south of the country , immediately across from kinshasa , the capital of the democratic republic of the congo . [ sep ] democratic republic of the congo
the southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is the kouilou - niari river ; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between two basins to the south and north . forests are under increasing exploitation pressure . [ sep ] coastal plain
the southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is the kouilou - niari river ; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between two basins to the south and north . forests are under increasing exploitation pressure . [ sep ] kouilou - niari river
the southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is the kouilou - niari river ; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between two basins to the south and north . forests are under increasing exploitation pressure . [ sep ] plateau
the southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is the kouilou - niari river ; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between two basins to the south and north . forests are under increasing exploitation pressure . [ sep ] forests
since the country is located on the equator , the climate is consistent year - round , with the average day temperature being a humid 24 °c ( 75 °f ) and nights generally between 16 °c ( 61 °f ) and 21 °c ( 70 °f ) . the average yearly rainfall ranges from 1 , 100 millimetres ( 43 in ) in south in the niari valley to over 2 , 000 millimetres ( 79 in ) in central parts of the country . the dry season is from june to august while in the majority of the country the wet season has two rainfall maxima : one in march – may and another in september – november . [ sep ] equator
since the country is located on the equator , the climate is consistent year - round , with the average day temperature being a humid 24 °c ( 75 °f ) and nights generally between 16 °c ( 61 °f ) and 21 °c ( 70 °f ) . the average yearly rainfall ranges from 1 , 100 millimetres ( 43 in ) in south in the niari valley to over 2 , 000 millimetres ( 79 in ) in central parts of the country . the dry season is from june to august while in the majority of the country the wet season has two rainfall maxima : one in march – may and another in september – november . [ sep ] 24 °c ( 75 °f )
since the country is located on the equator , the climate is consistent year - round , with the average day temperature being a humid 24 °c ( 75 °f ) and nights generally between 16 °c ( 61 °f ) and 21 °c ( 70 °f ) . the average yearly rainfall ranges from 1 , 100 millimetres ( 43 in ) in south in the niari valley to over 2 , 000 millimetres ( 79 in ) in central parts of the country . the dry season is from june to august while in the majority of the country the wet season has two rainfall maxima : one in march – may and another in september – november . [ sep ] 16 °c ( 61 °f ) and 21 °c ( 70 °f )
since the country is located on the equator , the climate is consistent year - round , with the average day temperature being a humid 24 °c ( 75 °f ) and nights generally between 16 °c ( 61 °f ) and 21 °c ( 70 °f ) . the average yearly rainfall ranges from 1 , 100 millimetres ( 43 in ) in south in the niari valley to over 2 , 000 millimetres ( 79 in ) in central parts of the country . the dry season is from june to august while in the majority of the country the wet season has two rainfall maxima : one in march – may and another in september – november . [ sep ] june to august
in 2006 – 07 , researchers from the wildlife conservation society studied gorillas in heavily forested regions centered on the ouesso district of the sangha region . they suggest a population on the order of 125 , 000 western lowland gorillas , whose isolation from humans has been largely preserved by inhospitable swamps . [ sep ] wildlife conservation society
in 2006 – 07 , researchers from the wildlife conservation society studied gorillas in heavily forested regions centered on the ouesso district of the sangha region . they suggest a population on the order of 125 , 000 western lowland gorillas , whose isolation from humans has been largely preserved by inhospitable swamps . [ sep ] sangha region
in 2006 – 07 , researchers from the wildlife conservation society studied gorillas in heavily forested regions centered on the ouesso district of the sangha region . they suggest a population on the order of 125 , 000 western lowland gorillas , whose isolation from humans has been largely preserved by inhospitable swamps . [ sep ] inhospitable swamps
the economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts , an industrial sector based largely on petroleum , support services , and a government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing . petroleum extraction has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy . in 2008 , oil sector accounted for 65 % of the gdp , 85 % of government revenue , and 92 % of exports . the country also has large untapped mineral wealth . [ sep ] petroleum
the economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts , an industrial sector based largely on petroleum , support services , and a government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing . petroleum extraction has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy . in 2008 , oil sector accounted for 65 % of the gdp , 85 % of government revenue , and 92 % of exports . the country also has large untapped mineral wealth . [ sep ] budget problems and overstaffing
the economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts , an industrial sector based largely on petroleum , support services , and a government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing . petroleum extraction has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy . in 2008 , oil sector accounted for 65 % of the gdp , 85 % of government revenue , and 92 % of exports . the country also has large untapped mineral wealth . [ sep ] forestry
the economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts , an industrial sector based largely on petroleum , support services , and a government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing . petroleum extraction has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy . in 2008 , oil sector accounted for 65 % of the gdp , 85 % of government revenue , and 92 % of exports . the country also has large untapped mineral wealth . [ sep ] 65 %
the economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts , an industrial sector based largely on petroleum , support services , and a government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing . petroleum extraction has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy . in 2008 , oil sector accounted for 65 % of the gdp , 85 % of government revenue , and 92 % of exports . the country also has large untapped mineral wealth . [ sep ] 92 %
in the early 1980s , rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance large - scale development projects with gdp growth averaging 5 % annually , one of the highest rates in africa . the government has mortgaged a substantial portion of its petroleum earnings , contributing to a shortage of revenues . january 12 , 1994 devaluation of franc zone currencies by 50 % resulted in inflation of 46 % in 1994 , but inflation has subsided since . [ sep ] large - scale development projects
in the early 1980s , rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance large - scale development projects with gdp growth averaging 5 % annually , one of the highest rates in africa . the government has mortgaged a substantial portion of its petroleum earnings , contributing to a shortage of revenues . january 12 , 1994 devaluation of franc zone currencies by 50 % resulted in inflation of 46 % in 1994 , but inflation has subsided since . [ sep ] 5 %
in the early 1980s , rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance large - scale development projects with gdp growth averaging 5 % annually , one of the highest rates in africa . the government has mortgaged a substantial portion of its petroleum earnings , contributing to a shortage of revenues . january 12 , 1994 devaluation of franc zone currencies by 50 % resulted in inflation of 46 % in 1994 , but inflation has subsided since . [ sep ] 50 %
in the early 1980s , rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance large - scale development projects with gdp growth averaging 5 % annually , one of the highest rates in africa . the government has mortgaged a substantial portion of its petroleum earnings , contributing to a shortage of revenues . january 12 , 1994 devaluation of franc zone currencies by 50 % resulted in inflation of 46 % in 1994 , but inflation has subsided since . [ sep ] 46 %
economic reform efforts continued with the support of international organizations , notably the world bank and the international monetary fund . the reform program came to a halt in june 1997 when civil war erupted . when sassou nguesso returned to power at the end of the war in october 1997 , he publicly expressed interest in moving forward on economic reforms and privatization and in renewing cooperation with international financial institutions . however , economic progress was badly hurt by slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict in december 1998 , which worsened the republic ' s budget deficit . [ sep ] civil war
economic reform efforts continued with the support of international organizations , notably the world bank and the international monetary fund . the reform program came to a halt in june 1997 when civil war erupted . when sassou nguesso returned to power at the end of the war in october 1997 , he publicly expressed interest in moving forward on economic reforms and privatization and in renewing cooperation with international financial institutions . however , economic progress was badly hurt by slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict in december 1998 , which worsened the republic ' s budget deficit . [ sep ] slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict
economic reform efforts continued with the support of international organizations , notably the world bank and the international monetary fund . the reform program came to a halt in june 1997 when civil war erupted . when sassou nguesso returned to power at the end of the war in october 1997 , he publicly expressed interest in moving forward on economic reforms and privatization and in renewing cooperation with international financial institutions . however , economic progress was badly hurt by slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict in december 1998 , which worsened the republic ' s budget deficit . [ sep ] december 1998
the current administration presides over an uneasy internal peace and faces difficult economic problems of stimulating recovery and reducing poverty , despite record - high oil prices since 2003 . natural gas and diamonds are also recent major congolese exports , although congo was excluded from the kimberley process in 2004 amid allegations that most of its diamond exports were in fact being smuggled out of the neighboring democratic republic of congo ; it was re - admitted to the group in 2007 . [ sep ] stimulating recovery and reducing poverty
the current administration presides over an uneasy internal peace and faces difficult economic problems of stimulating recovery and reducing poverty , despite record - high oil prices since 2003 . natural gas and diamonds are also recent major congolese exports , although congo was excluded from the kimberley process in 2004 amid allegations that most of its diamond exports were in fact being smuggled out of the neighboring democratic republic of congo ; it was re - admitted to the group in 2007 . [ sep ] natural gas and diamonds
the current administration presides over an uneasy internal peace and faces difficult economic problems of stimulating recovery and reducing poverty , despite record - high oil prices since 2003 . natural gas and diamonds are also recent major congolese exports , although congo was excluded from the kimberley process in 2004 amid allegations that most of its diamond exports were in fact being smuggled out of the neighboring democratic republic of congo ; it was re - admitted to the group in 2007 . [ sep ] 2007
the republic of the congo also has large untapped base metal , gold , iron and phosphate deposits . the country is a member of the organization for the harmonization of business law in africa ( ohada ) . the congolese government signed an agreement in 2009 to lease 200 , 000 hectares of land to south african farmers to reduce its dependence on imports . [ sep ] base metal , gold , iron and phosphate
the republic of the congo also has large untapped base metal , gold , iron and phosphate deposits . the country is a member of the organization for the harmonization of business law in africa ( ohada ) . the congolese government signed an agreement in 2009 to lease 200 , 000 hectares of land to south african farmers to reduce its dependence on imports . [ sep ] organization for the harmonization of business law in africa
the republic of the congo also has large untapped base metal , gold , iron and phosphate deposits . the country is a member of the organization for the harmonization of business law in africa ( ohada ) . the congolese government signed an agreement in 2009 to lease 200 , 000 hectares of land to south african farmers to reduce its dependence on imports . [ sep ] 200 , 000 hectares
transport in the republic of the congo includes land , air and water transportation . the country ' s rail system was built by forced laborers during the 1930s and largely remains in operation . there are also over 1000 km of paved roads and two major international airports ( maya - maya airport and pointe noire airport ) which have flights to paris and many african cities . the country also has a large port on the atlantic ocean at pointe - noire and others along the congo river at brazzaville and impfondo . [ sep ] land , air and water
transport in the republic of the congo includes land , air and water transportation . the country ' s rail system was built by forced laborers during the 1930s and largely remains in operation . there are also over 1000 km of paved roads and two major international airports ( maya - maya airport and pointe noire airport ) which have flights to paris and many african cities . the country also has a large port on the atlantic ocean at pointe - noire and others along the congo river at brazzaville and impfondo . [ sep ] 1930s
transport in the republic of the congo includes land , air and water transportation . the country ' s rail system was built by forced laborers during the 1930s and largely remains in operation . there are also over 1000 km of paved roads and two major international airports ( maya - maya airport and pointe noire airport ) which have flights to paris and many african cities . the country also has a large port on the atlantic ocean at pointe - noire and others along the congo river at brazzaville and impfondo . [ sep ] paris
transport in the republic of the congo includes land , air and water transportation . the country ' s rail system was built by forced laborers during the 1930s and largely remains in operation . there are also over 1000 km of paved roads and two major international airports ( maya - maya airport and pointe noire airport ) which have flights to paris and many african cities . the country also has a large port on the atlantic ocean at pointe - noire and others along the congo river at brazzaville and impfondo . [ sep ] atlantic ocean
the republic of the congo ' s sparse population is concentrated in the southwestern portion of the country , leaving the vast areas of tropical jungle in the north virtually uninhabited . thus , congo is one of the most urbanized countries in africa , with 70 % of its total population living in a few urban areas , namely in brazzaville , pointe - noire or one of the small cities or villages lining the 534 - kilometre ( 332 mi ) railway which connects the two cities . in rural areas , industrial and commercial activity has declined rapidly in recent years , leaving rural economies dependent on the government for support and subsistence . [ sep ] southwest
the republic of the congo ' s sparse population is concentrated in the southwestern portion of the country , leaving the vast areas of tropical jungle in the north virtually uninhabited . thus , congo is one of the most urbanized countries in africa , with 70 % of its total population living in a few urban areas , namely in brazzaville , pointe - noire or one of the small cities or villages lining the 534 - kilometre ( 332 mi ) railway which connects the two cities . in rural areas , industrial and commercial activity has declined rapidly in recent years , leaving rural economies dependent on the government for support and subsistence . [ sep ] 534 - kilometre ( 332 mi )
ethnically and linguistically the population of the republic of the congo is diverse — ethnologue recognises 62 spoken languages in the country — but can be grouped into three categories . the kongo are the largest ethnic group and form roughly half of the population . the most significant subgroups of the kongo are laari in brazzaville and pool regions and vili around pointe - noire and along the atlantic coast . the second largest group are the teke who live to the north of brazzaville with 17 % of the population . boulangui ( m ’ boshi ) live in the northwest and in brazzaville and form 12 % of the population . pygmies make up 2 % of congo ' s population . [ sep ] 62
ethnically and linguistically the population of the republic of the congo is diverse — ethnologue recognises 62 spoken languages in the country — but can be grouped into three categories . the kongo are the largest ethnic group and form roughly half of the population . the most significant subgroups of the kongo are laari in brazzaville and pool regions and vili around pointe - noire and along the atlantic coast . the second largest group are the teke who live to the north of brazzaville with 17 % of the population . boulangui ( m ’ boshi ) live in the northwest and in brazzaville and form 12 % of the population . pygmies make up 2 % of congo ' s population . [ sep ] kongo
ethnically and linguistically the population of the republic of the congo is diverse — ethnologue recognises 62 spoken languages in the country — but can be grouped into three categories . the kongo are the largest ethnic group and form roughly half of the population . the most significant subgroups of the kongo are laari in brazzaville and pool regions and vili around pointe - noire and along the atlantic coast . the second largest group are the teke who live to the north of brazzaville with 17 % of the population . boulangui ( m ’ boshi ) live in the northwest and in brazzaville and form 12 % of the population . pygmies make up 2 % of congo ' s population . [ sep ] 2 %
ethnically and linguistically the population of the republic of the congo is diverse — ethnologue recognises 62 spoken languages in the country — but can be grouped into three categories . the kongo are the largest ethnic group and form roughly half of the population . the most significant subgroups of the kongo are laari in brazzaville and pool regions and vili around pointe - noire and along the atlantic coast . the second largest group are the teke who live to the north of brazzaville with 17 % of the population . boulangui ( m ’ boshi ) live in the northwest and in brazzaville and form 12 % of the population . pygmies make up 2 % of congo ' s population . [ sep ] 12 %
before the 1997 war , about 9 , 000 europeans and other non - africans lived in congo , most of whom were french ; only a fraction of this number remains . around 300 american expatriates reside in the congo . [ sep ] about 9 , 000
before the 1997 war , about 9 , 000 europeans and other non - africans lived in congo , most of whom were french ; only a fraction of this number remains . around 300 american expatriates reside in the congo . [ sep ] french
before the 1997 war , about 9 , 000 europeans and other non - africans lived in congo , most of whom were french ; only a fraction of this number remains . around 300 american expatriates reside in the congo . [ sep ] around 300
according to cia world factbook , the people of republic of the congo are largely a mix of catholics ( 33 . 1 % ) , awakening lutherans ( 22 . 3 % ) and other protestants ( 19 . 9 % ) . followers of islam make up 1 . 6 % , and this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers . [ sep ] catholics
according to cia world factbook , the people of republic of the congo are largely a mix of catholics ( 33 . 1 % ) , awakening lutherans ( 22 . 3 % ) and other protestants ( 19 . 9 % ) . followers of islam make up 1 . 6 % , and this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers . [ sep ] 22 . 3 %
according to cia world factbook , the people of republic of the congo are largely a mix of catholics ( 33 . 1 % ) , awakening lutherans ( 22 . 3 % ) and other protestants ( 19 . 9 % ) . followers of islam make up 1 . 6 % , and this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers . [ sep ] 19 . 9 %
according to cia world factbook , the people of republic of the congo are largely a mix of catholics ( 33 . 1 % ) , awakening lutherans ( 22 . 3 % ) and other protestants ( 19 . 9 % ) . followers of islam make up 1 . 6 % , and this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers . [ sep ] 1 . 6 %
according to cia world factbook , the people of republic of the congo are largely a mix of catholics ( 33 . 1 % ) , awakening lutherans ( 22 . 3 % ) and other protestants ( 19 . 9 % ) . followers of islam make up 1 . 6 % , and this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers . [ sep ] foreign workers
public expenditure health was at 8 . 9 % of the gdp in 2004 , whereas private expenditure was at 1 . 3 % . as of 2012 , the hiv / aids prevalence was at 2 . 8 % among 15 - to 49 - year - olds . health expenditure was at us $ 30 per capita in 2004 . a large proportion of the population is undernourished , with malnutrition being a problem in congo - brazzaville . there were 20 physicians per 100 , 000 persons in the early 2000s ( decade ) . [ sep ] 8 . 9 %
public expenditure health was at 8 . 9 % of the gdp in 2004 , whereas private expenditure was at 1 . 3 % . as of 2012 , the hiv / aids prevalence was at 2 . 8 % among 15 - to 49 - year - olds . health expenditure was at us $ 30 per capita in 2004 . a large proportion of the population is undernourished , with malnutrition being a problem in congo - brazzaville . there were 20 physicians per 100 , 000 persons in the early 2000s ( decade ) . [ sep ] 2 . 8 %
public expenditure health was at 8 . 9 % of the gdp in 2004 , whereas private expenditure was at 1 . 3 % . as of 2012 , the hiv / aids prevalence was at 2 . 8 % among 15 - to 49 - year - olds . health expenditure was at us $ 30 per capita in 2004 . a large proportion of the population is undernourished , with malnutrition being a problem in congo - brazzaville . there were 20 physicians per 100 , 000 persons in the early 2000s ( decade ) . [ sep ] $ 30
public expenditure health was at 8 . 9 % of the gdp in 2004 , whereas private expenditure was at 1 . 3 % . as of 2012 , the hiv / aids prevalence was at 2 . 8 % among 15 - to 49 - year - olds . health expenditure was at us $ 30 per capita in 2004 . a large proportion of the population is undernourished , with malnutrition being a problem in congo - brazzaville . there were 20 physicians per 100 , 000 persons in the early 2000s ( decade ) . [ sep ] 20
as of 2010 , the maternal mortality rate was 560 deaths / 100 , 000 live births , and the infant mortality rate was 59 . 34 deaths / 1 , 000 live births . female genital mutilation ( fgm ) is rare in the country , being confined to limited geographic areas of the country . [ sep ] 560
as of 2010 , the maternal mortality rate was 560 deaths / 100 , 000 live births , and the infant mortality rate was 59 . 34 deaths / 1 , 000 live births . female genital mutilation ( fgm ) is rare in the country , being confined to limited geographic areas of the country . [ sep ] female genital mutilation
as of 2010 , the maternal mortality rate was 560 deaths / 100 , 000 live births , and the infant mortality rate was 59 . 34 deaths / 1 , 000 live births . female genital mutilation ( fgm ) is rare in the country , being confined to limited geographic areas of the country . [ sep ] 59 . 34
public expenditure of the gdp was less in 2002 – 05 than in 1991 . public education is theoretically free and mandatory for under - 16 - year - olds , but in practice , expenses exist . net primary enrollment rate was 44 % in 2005 , much less than the 79 % in 1991 . the country has universities . education between ages six and sixteen is compulsory . pupils who complete six years of primary school and seven years of secondary school obtain a baccalaureate . at the university , students can obtain a bachelor ' s degree in three years and a master ' s after four . marien ngouabi university — which offers courses in medicine , law and several other fields — is the country ' s only public university . instruction at all levels is in french , and the educational system as a whole models the french system . the educational infrastructure has been seriously degraded as a result of political and economic crises . there are no seats in most classrooms , forcing children to sit on the floor . enterprising individuals have set up private schools , but they often lack the technical knowledge and familiarity with the national curriculum to teach effectively . families frequently enroll their children in private schools only to find they cannot make the payments . [ sep ] 16
public expenditure of the gdp was less in 2002 – 05 than in 1991 . public education is theoretically free and mandatory for under - 16 - year - olds , but in practice , expenses exist . net primary enrollment rate was 44 % in 2005 , much less than the 79 % in 1991 . the country has universities . education between ages six and sixteen is compulsory . pupils who complete six years of primary school and seven years of secondary school obtain a baccalaureate . at the university , students can obtain a bachelor ' s degree in three years and a master ' s after four . marien ngouabi university — which offers courses in medicine , law and several other fields — is the country ' s only public university . instruction at all levels is in french , and the educational system as a whole models the french system . the educational infrastructure has been seriously degraded as a result of political and economic crises . there are no seats in most classrooms , forcing children to sit on the floor . enterprising individuals have set up private schools , but they often lack the technical knowledge and familiarity with the national curriculum to teach effectively . families frequently enroll their children in private schools only to find they cannot make the payments . [ sep ] 44 %
public expenditure of the gdp was less in 2002 – 05 than in 1991 . public education is theoretically free and mandatory for under - 16 - year - olds , but in practice , expenses exist . net primary enrollment rate was 44 % in 2005 , much less than the 79 % in 1991 . the country has universities . education between ages six and sixteen is compulsory . pupils who complete six years of primary school and seven years of secondary school obtain a baccalaureate . at the university , students can obtain a bachelor ' s degree in three years and a master ' s after four . marien ngouabi university — which offers courses in medicine , law and several other fields — is the country ' s only public university . instruction at all levels is in french , and the educational system as a whole models the french system . the educational infrastructure has been seriously degraded as a result of political and economic crises . there are no seats in most classrooms , forcing children to sit on the floor . enterprising individuals have set up private schools , but they often lack the technical knowledge and familiarity with the national curriculum to teach effectively . families frequently enroll their children in private schools only to find they cannot make the payments . [ sep ] baccalaureate
public expenditure of the gdp was less in 2002 – 05 than in 1991 . public education is theoretically free and mandatory for under - 16 - year - olds , but in practice , expenses exist . net primary enrollment rate was 44 % in 2005 , much less than the 79 % in 1991 . the country has universities . education between ages six and sixteen is compulsory . pupils who complete six years of primary school and seven years of secondary school obtain a baccalaureate . at the university , students can obtain a bachelor ' s degree in three years and a master ' s after four . marien ngouabi university — which offers courses in medicine , law and several other fields — is the country ' s only public university . instruction at all levels is in french , and the educational system as a whole models the french system . the educational infrastructure has been seriously degraded as a result of political and economic crises . there are no seats in most classrooms , forcing children to sit on the floor . enterprising individuals have set up private schools , but they often lack the technical knowledge and familiarity with the national curriculum to teach effectively . families frequently enroll their children in private schools only to find they cannot make the payments . [ sep ] french
a prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government , often in a parliamentary or semi - presidential system . in many systems , the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet , and allocates posts to members within the government . in most systems , the prime minister is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet . in a minority of systems , notably in semi - presidential systems of government , a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the head of state . [ sep ] executive
a prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government , often in a parliamentary or semi - presidential system . in many systems , the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet , and allocates posts to members within the government . in most systems , the prime minister is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet . in a minority of systems , notably in semi - presidential systems of government , a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the head of state . [ sep ] cabinet
a prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government , often in a parliamentary or semi - presidential system . in many systems , the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet , and allocates posts to members within the government . in most systems , the prime minister is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet . in a minority of systems , notably in semi - presidential systems of government , a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the head of state . [ sep ] civil service
in parliamentary systems fashioned after the westminster system , the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of government and head of the executive branch . in such systems , the head of state or the head of state ' s official representative ( i . e . the monarch , president , or governor - general ) usually holds a largely ceremonial position , although often with reserve powers . [ sep ] westminster system
in parliamentary systems fashioned after the westminster system , the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of government and head of the executive branch . in such systems , the head of state or the head of state ' s official representative ( i . e . the monarch , president , or governor - general ) usually holds a largely ceremonial position , although often with reserve powers . [ sep ] ceremonial
the prime minister is often , but not always , a member of parliament [ clarification needed ] and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature . in some monarchies the monarch may also exercise executive powers ( known as the royal prerogative ) that are constitutionally vested in the crown and may be exercised without the approval of parliament . [ sep ] ensure the passage of bills
the prime minister is often , but not always , a member of parliament [ clarification needed ] and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature . in some monarchies the monarch may also exercise executive powers ( known as the royal prerogative ) that are constitutionally vested in the crown and may be exercised without the approval of parliament . [ sep ] royal prerogative
the prime minister is often , but not always , a member of parliament [ clarification needed ] and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature . in some monarchies the monarch may also exercise executive powers ( known as the royal prerogative ) that are constitutionally vested in the crown and may be exercised without the approval of parliament . [ sep ] parliament
as well as being head of government , a prime minister may have other roles or titles — the prime minister of the united kingdom , for example , is also first lord of the treasury and minister for the civil service . prime ministers may take other ministerial posts — for example , during the second world war , winston churchill was also minister of defence ( although there was then no ministry of defence ) , and in the current cabinet of israel , benjamin netanyahu also serves as minister of communications , foreign affairs , regional cooperation , economy and interior [ sep ] first lord of the treasury and minister for the civil service
as well as being head of government , a prime minister may have other roles or titles — the prime minister of the united kingdom , for example , is also first lord of the treasury and minister for the civil service . prime ministers may take other ministerial posts — for example , during the second world war , winston churchill was also minister of defence ( although there was then no ministry of defence ) , and in the current cabinet of israel , benjamin netanyahu also serves as minister of communications , foreign affairs , regional cooperation , economy and interior [ sep ] minister of defence
the first actual usage of the term prime minister or premier ministre [ citation needed ] was used by cardinal richelieu when in 1625 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of france . louis xiv and his descendants generally attempted to avoid giving this title to their chief ministers . [ sep ] 1625
the first actual usage of the term prime minister or premier ministre [ citation needed ] was used by cardinal richelieu when in 1625 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of france . louis xiv and his descendants generally attempted to avoid giving this title to their chief ministers . [ sep ] cardinal richelieu
the first actual usage of the term prime minister or premier ministre [ citation needed ] was used by cardinal richelieu when in 1625 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of france . louis xiv and his descendants generally attempted to avoid giving this title to their chief ministers . [ sep ] france
the first actual usage of the term prime minister or premier ministre [ citation needed ] was used by cardinal richelieu when in 1625 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of france . louis xiv and his descendants generally attempted to avoid giving this title to their chief ministers . [ sep ] louis xiv
the term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the united kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to sir robert walpole . over time , the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century . [ sep ] 18th century
the term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the united kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to sir robert walpole . over time , the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century . [ sep ] sir robert walpole
the monarchs of england and the united kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government . examples were thomas cromwell under henry viii ; william cecil , lord burghley under elizabeth i ; clarendon under charles ii and godolphin under queen anne . these ministers held a variety of formal posts , but were commonly known as " the minister " , the " chief minister " , the " first minister " and finally the " prime minister " . [ sep ] thomas cromwell
the monarchs of england and the united kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government . examples were thomas cromwell under henry viii ; william cecil , lord burghley under elizabeth i ; clarendon under charles ii and godolphin under queen anne . these ministers held a variety of formal posts , but were commonly known as " the minister " , the " chief minister " , the " first minister " and finally the " prime minister " . [ sep ] godolphin
the monarchs of england and the united kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government . examples were thomas cromwell under henry viii ; william cecil , lord burghley under elizabeth i ; clarendon under charles ii and godolphin under queen anne . these ministers held a variety of formal posts , but were commonly known as " the minister " , the " chief minister " , the " first minister " and finally the " prime minister " . [ sep ] clarendon
the power of these ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch . although managing the parliament was among the necessary skills of holding high office , they did not depend on a parliamentary majority for their power . although there was a cabinet , it was appointed entirely by the monarch , and the monarch usually presided over its meetings . [ sep ] the monarch
the power of these ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch . although managing the parliament was among the necessary skills of holding high office , they did not depend on a parliamentary majority for their power . although there was a cabinet , it was appointed entirely by the monarch , and the monarch usually presided over its meetings . [ sep ] the monarch
when the monarch grew tired of a first minister , he or she could be dismissed , or worse : cromwell was executed and clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour . kings sometimes divided power equally between two or more ministers to prevent one minister from becoming too powerful . late in anne ' s reign , for example , the tory ministers harley and st john shared power . [ sep ] harley and st john
when the monarch grew tired of a first minister , he or she could be dismissed , or worse : cromwell was executed and clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour . kings sometimes divided power equally between two or more ministers to prevent one minister from becoming too powerful . late in anne ' s reign , for example , the tory ministers harley and st john shared power . [ sep ] clarendon
in the mid 17th century , after the english civil war ( 1642 – 1651 ) , parliament strengthened its position relative to the monarch then gained more power through the glorious revolution of 1688 and passage of the bill of rights in 1689 . the monarch could no longer establish any law or impose any tax without its permission and thus the house of commons became a part of the government . it is at this point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge . [ sep ] glorious revolution
in the mid 17th century , after the english civil war ( 1642 – 1651 ) , parliament strengthened its position relative to the monarch then gained more power through the glorious revolution of 1688 and passage of the bill of rights in 1689 . the monarch could no longer establish any law or impose any tax without its permission and thus the house of commons became a part of the government . it is at this point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge . [ sep ] bill of rights
in the mid 17th century , after the english civil war ( 1642 – 1651 ) , parliament strengthened its position relative to the monarch then gained more power through the glorious revolution of 1688 and passage of the bill of rights in 1689 . the monarch could no longer establish any law or impose any tax without its permission and thus the house of commons became a part of the government . it is at this point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge . [ sep ] house of commons
a tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of anne in 1714 and the accession of george i to the throne . george spoke no english , spent much of his time at his home in hanover , and had neither knowledge of , nor interest in , the details of english government . in these circumstances it was inevitable that the king ' s first minister would become the de facto head of the government . [ sep ] george i
a tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of anne in 1714 and the accession of george i to the throne . george spoke no english , spent much of his time at his home in hanover , and had neither knowledge of , nor interest in , the details of english government . in these circumstances it was inevitable that the king ' s first minister would become the de facto head of the government . [ sep ] 1714
a tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of anne in 1714 and the accession of george i to the throne . george spoke no english , spent much of his time at his home in hanover , and had neither knowledge of , nor interest in , the details of english government . in these circumstances it was inevitable that the king ' s first minister would become the de facto head of the government . [ sep ] hanover
from 1721 this was the whig politician robert walpole , who held office for twenty - one years . walpole chaired cabinet meetings , appointed all the other ministers , dispensed the royal patronage and packed the house of commons with his supporters . under walpole , the doctrine of cabinet solidarity developed . walpole required that no minister other than himself have private dealings with the king , and also that when the cabinet had agreed on a policy , all ministers must defend it in public , or resign . as a later prime minister , lord melbourne , said , " it matters not what we say , gentlemen , so long as we all say the same thing . " [ sep ] twenty - one years
from 1721 this was the whig politician robert walpole , who held office for twenty - one years . walpole chaired cabinet meetings , appointed all the other ministers , dispensed the royal patronage and packed the house of commons with his supporters . under walpole , the doctrine of cabinet solidarity developed . walpole required that no minister other than himself have private dealings with the king , and also that when the cabinet had agreed on a policy , all ministers must defend it in public , or resign . as a later prime minister , lord melbourne , said , " it matters not what we say , gentlemen , so long as we all say the same thing . " [ sep ] whig
from 1721 this was the whig politician robert walpole , who held office for twenty - one years . walpole chaired cabinet meetings , appointed all the other ministers , dispensed the royal patronage and packed the house of commons with his supporters . under walpole , the doctrine of cabinet solidarity developed . walpole required that no minister other than himself have private dealings with the king , and also that when the cabinet had agreed on a policy , all ministers must defend it in public , or resign . as a later prime minister , lord melbourne , said , " it matters not what we say , gentlemen , so long as we all say the same thing . " [ sep ] doctrine of cabinet solidarity
from 1721 this was the whig politician robert walpole , who held office for twenty - one years . walpole chaired cabinet meetings , appointed all the other ministers , dispensed the royal patronage and packed the house of commons with his supporters . under walpole , the doctrine of cabinet solidarity developed . walpole required that no minister other than himself have private dealings with the king , and also that when the cabinet had agreed on a policy , all ministers must defend it in public , or resign . as a later prime minister , lord melbourne , said , " it matters not what we say , gentlemen , so long as we all say the same thing . " [ sep ] resign
from 1721 this was the whig politician robert walpole , who held office for twenty - one years . walpole chaired cabinet meetings , appointed all the other ministers , dispensed the royal patronage and packed the house of commons with his supporters . under walpole , the doctrine of cabinet solidarity developed . walpole required that no minister other than himself have private dealings with the king , and also that when the cabinet had agreed on a policy , all ministers must defend it in public , or resign . as a later prime minister , lord melbourne , said , " it matters not what we say , gentlemen , so long as we all say the same thing . " [ sep ] lord melbourne
walpole always denied that he was " prime minister " , and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to deny that any such position was known to the constitution . george ii and george iii made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the monarch , but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who could command the loyalty of the commons was increasingly necessary . the long tenure of the wartime prime minister william pitt the younger ( 1783 – 1801 ) , combined with the mental illness of george iii , consolidated the power of the post . the title was first referred to on government documents during the administration of benjamin disraeli but did not appear in the formal british order of precedence until 1905 . [ sep ] parliamentarians and legal scholars
walpole always denied that he was " prime minister " , and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to deny that any such position was known to the constitution . george ii and george iii made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the monarch , but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who could command the loyalty of the commons was increasingly necessary . the long tenure of the wartime prime minister william pitt the younger ( 1783 – 1801 ) , combined with the mental illness of george iii , consolidated the power of the post . the title was first referred to on government documents during the administration of benjamin disraeli but did not appear in the formal british order of precedence until 1905 . [ sep ] george ii and george iii
walpole always denied that he was " prime minister " , and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to deny that any such position was known to the constitution . george ii and george iii made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the monarch , but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who could command the loyalty of the commons was increasingly necessary . the long tenure of the wartime prime minister william pitt the younger ( 1783 – 1801 ) , combined with the mental illness of george iii , consolidated the power of the post . the title was first referred to on government documents during the administration of benjamin disraeli but did not appear in the formal british order of precedence until 1905 . [ sep ] benjamin disraeli
walpole always denied that he was " prime minister " , and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to deny that any such position was known to the constitution . george ii and george iii made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the monarch , but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who could command the loyalty of the commons was increasingly necessary . the long tenure of the wartime prime minister william pitt the younger ( 1783 – 1801 ) , combined with the mental illness of george iii , consolidated the power of the post . the title was first referred to on government documents during the administration of benjamin disraeli but did not appear in the formal british order of precedence until 1905 . [ sep ] 1905
by the late 20th century , the majority of the world ' s countries had a prime minister or equivalent minister , holding office under either a constitutional monarchy or a ceremonial president . the main exceptions to this system have been the united states and the presidential republics in latin america modelled on the u . s . system , in which the president directly exercises executive authority . [ sep ] president
bahrain ' s prime minister , sheikh khalifah bin sulman al khalifah has been in the post since 1970 , making him the longest serving non - elected prime minister . [ sep ] sheikh khalifah bin sulman al khalifah
bahrain ' s prime minister , sheikh khalifah bin sulman al khalifah has been in the post since 1970 , making him the longest serving non - elected prime minister . [ sep ] 1970
bahrain ' s prime minister , sheikh khalifah bin sulman al khalifah has been in the post since 1970 , making him the longest serving non - elected prime minister . [ sep ] bahrain
the post of prime minister may be encountered both in constitutional monarchies ( such as belgium , denmark , japan , luxembourg , the netherlands , norway , malaysia , morocco , spain , sweden , thailand , canada , australia , new zealand , and the united kingdom ) , and in parliamentary republics in which the head of state is an elected official ( such as finland , the czech republic , france , greece , hungary , india , indonesia , ireland , pakistan , portugal , montenegro , croatia , bulgaria , romania , serbia and turkey ) . see also " first minister " , " premier " , " chief minister " , " chancellor " , " taoiseach " , " statsminister " and " secretary of state " : alternative titles usually equivalent in meaning to , or translated as , " prime minister " . [ sep ] parliamentary republics
the post of prime minister may be encountered both in constitutional monarchies ( such as belgium , denmark , japan , luxembourg , the netherlands , norway , malaysia , morocco , spain , sweden , thailand , canada , australia , new zealand , and the united kingdom ) , and in parliamentary republics in which the head of state is an elected official ( such as finland , the czech republic , france , greece , hungary , india , indonesia , ireland , pakistan , portugal , montenegro , croatia , bulgaria , romania , serbia and turkey ) . see also " first minister " , " premier " , " chief minister " , " chancellor " , " taoiseach " , " statsminister " and " secretary of state " : alternative titles usually equivalent in meaning to , or translated as , " prime minister " . [ sep ] parliamentary republics
this contrasts with the presidential system , in which the president ( or equivalent ) is both the head of state and the head of the government . in some presidential or semi - presidential systems , such as those of france , russia or south korea , the prime minister is an official generally appointed by the president but usually approved by the legislature and responsible for carrying out the directives of the president and managing the civil service . the head of government of the people ' s republic of china is referred to as the premier of the state council and the premier of the republic of china ( taiwan ) is also appointed by the president , but requires no approval by the legislature . [ sep ] premier of the state council
this contrasts with the presidential system , in which the president ( or equivalent ) is both the head of state and the head of the government . in some presidential or semi - presidential systems , such as those of france , russia or south korea , the prime minister is an official generally appointed by the president but usually approved by the legislature and responsible for carrying out the directives of the president and managing the civil service . the head of government of the people ' s republic of china is referred to as the premier of the state council and the premier of the republic of china ( taiwan ) is also appointed by the president , but requires no approval by the legislature . [ sep ] taiwan
this contrasts with the presidential system , in which the president ( or equivalent ) is both the head of state and the head of the government . in some presidential or semi - presidential systems , such as those of france , russia or south korea , the prime minister is an official generally appointed by the president but usually approved by the legislature and responsible for carrying out the directives of the president and managing the civil service . the head of government of the people ' s republic of china is referred to as the premier of the state council and the premier of the republic of china ( taiwan ) is also appointed by the president , but requires no approval by the legislature . [ sep ] legislature
appointment of the prime minister of france requires no approval by the parliament either , but the parliament may force the resignation of the government . in these systems , it is possible for the president and the prime minister to be from different political parties if the legislature is controlled by a party different from that of the president . when it arises , such a state of affairs is usually referred to as ( political ) cohabitation . [ sep ] cohabitation
appointment of the prime minister of france requires no approval by the parliament either , but the parliament may force the resignation of the government . in these systems , it is possible for the president and the prime minister to be from different political parties if the legislature is controlled by a party different from that of the president . when it arises , such a state of affairs is usually referred to as ( political ) cohabitation . [ sep ] resignation of the government
bangladesh ' s constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the prime minister , and also details the process of his / her appointment and dismissal . [ sep ] bangladesh ' s
bangladesh ' s constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the prime minister , and also details the process of his / her appointment and dismissal . [ sep ] the process of his / her appointment and dismissal
the people ' s republic of china constitution set a premier just one place below the national people ' s congress in china . premier read as ( simplified chinese : [unk] [unk] ; pinyin : zongli ) in chinese . [ sep ] the national people ' s congress
the people ' s republic of china constitution set a premier just one place below the national people ' s congress in china . premier read as ( simplified chinese : [unk] [unk] ; pinyin : zongli ) in chinese . [ sep ] zongli
canada ' s constitution , being a ' mixed ' or hybrid constitution ( a constitution that is partly formally codified and partly uncodified ) originally did not make any reference whatsoever to a prime minister , with her or his specific duties and method of appointment instead dictated by " convention " . in the constitution act , 1982 , passing reference to a " prime minister of canada " is added , though only regarding the composition of conferences of federal and provincial first ministers . [ sep ] the constitution act
canada ' s constitution , being a ' mixed ' or hybrid constitution ( a constitution that is partly formally codified and partly uncodified ) originally did not make any reference whatsoever to a prime minister , with her or his specific duties and method of appointment instead dictated by " convention " . in the constitution act , 1982 , passing reference to a " prime minister of canada " is added , though only regarding the composition of conferences of federal and provincial first ministers . [ sep ] 1982
canada ' s constitution , being a ' mixed ' or hybrid constitution ( a constitution that is partly formally codified and partly uncodified ) originally did not make any reference whatsoever to a prime minister , with her or his specific duties and method of appointment instead dictated by " convention " . in the constitution act , 1982 , passing reference to a " prime minister of canada " is added , though only regarding the composition of conferences of federal and provincial first ministers . [ sep ] federal and provincial first ministers
czech republic ' s constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the prime minister of the czech republic , and also details the process of his / her appointment and dismissal . [ sep ] constitution
the united kingdom ' s constitution , being uncodified and largely unwritten , makes no mention of a prime minister . though it had de facto existed for centuries , its first mention in official state documents did not occur until the first decade of the twentieth century . accordingly , it is often said " not to exist " , indeed there are several instances of parliament declaring this to be the case . the prime minister sits in the cabinet solely by virtue of occupying another office , either first lord of the treasury ( office in commission ) , or more rarely chancellor of the exchequer ( the last of whom was balfour in 1905 ) . [ sep ] first decade of the twentieth century
the united kingdom ' s constitution , being uncodified and largely unwritten , makes no mention of a prime minister . though it had de facto existed for centuries , its first mention in official state documents did not occur until the first decade of the twentieth century . accordingly , it is often said " not to exist " , indeed there are several instances of parliament declaring this to be the case . the prime minister sits in the cabinet solely by virtue of occupying another office , either first lord of the treasury ( office in commission ) , or more rarely chancellor of the exchequer ( the last of whom was balfour in 1905 ) . [ sep ] balfour
the united kingdom ' s constitution , being uncodified and largely unwritten , makes no mention of a prime minister . though it had de facto existed for centuries , its first mention in official state documents did not occur until the first decade of the twentieth century . accordingly , it is often said " not to exist " , indeed there are several instances of parliament declaring this to be the case . the prime minister sits in the cabinet solely by virtue of occupying another office , either first lord of the treasury ( office in commission ) , or more rarely chancellor of the exchequer ( the last of whom was balfour in 1905 ) . [ sep ] 1905
most prime ministers in parliamentary systems are not appointed for a specific term in office and in effect may remain in power through a number of elections and parliaments . for example , margaret thatcher was only ever appointed prime minister on one occasion , in 1979 . she remained continuously in power until 1990 , though she used the assembly of each house of commons after a general election to reshuffle her cabinet . [ sep ] margaret thatcher
most prime ministers in parliamentary systems are not appointed for a specific term in office and in effect may remain in power through a number of elections and parliaments . for example , margaret thatcher was only ever appointed prime minister on one occasion , in 1979 . she remained continuously in power until 1990 , though she used the assembly of each house of commons after a general election to reshuffle her cabinet . [ sep ] 1979
most prime ministers in parliamentary systems are not appointed for a specific term in office and in effect may remain in power through a number of elections and parliaments . for example , margaret thatcher was only ever appointed prime minister on one occasion , in 1979 . she remained continuously in power until 1990 , though she used the assembly of each house of commons after a general election to reshuffle her cabinet . [ sep ] 1990
most prime ministers in parliamentary systems are not appointed for a specific term in office and in effect may remain in power through a number of elections and parliaments . for example , margaret thatcher was only ever appointed prime minister on one occasion , in 1979 . she remained continuously in power until 1990 , though she used the assembly of each house of commons after a general election to reshuffle her cabinet . [ sep ] cabinet
some states , however , do have a term of office of the prime minister linked to the period in office of the parliament . hence the irish taoiseach is formally ' renominated ' after every general election . ( some constitutional experts have questioned whether this process is actually in keeping with the provisions of the irish constitution , which appear to suggest that a taoiseach should remain in office , without the requirement of a renomination , unless s / he has clearly lost the general election . ) the position of prime minister is normally chosen from the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament . [ sep ] taoiseach
some states , however , do have a term of office of the prime minister linked to the period in office of the parliament . hence the irish taoiseach is formally ' renominated ' after every general election . ( some constitutional experts have questioned whether this process is actually in keeping with the provisions of the irish constitution , which appear to suggest that a taoiseach should remain in office , without the requirement of a renomination , unless s / he has clearly lost the general election . ) the position of prime minister is normally chosen from the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament . [ sep ] the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament
some states , however , do have a term of office of the prime minister linked to the period in office of the parliament . hence the irish taoiseach is formally ' renominated ' after every general election . ( some constitutional experts have questioned whether this process is actually in keeping with the provisions of the irish constitution , which appear to suggest that a taoiseach should remain in office , without the requirement of a renomination , unless s / he has clearly lost the general election . ) the position of prime minister is normally chosen from the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament . [ sep ] after every general election
in parliamentary systems , governments are generally required to have the confidence of the lower house of parliament ( though a small minority of parliaments , by giving a right to block supply to upper houses , in effect make the cabinet responsible to both houses , though in reality upper houses , even when they have the power , rarely exercise it ) . where they lose a vote of confidence , have a motion of no confidence passed against them , or where they lose supply , most constitutional systems require either : [ sep ] lower house of parliament
in parliamentary systems , governments are generally required to have the confidence of the lower house of parliament ( though a small minority of parliaments , by giving a right to block supply to upper houses , in effect make the cabinet responsible to both houses , though in reality upper houses , even when they have the power , rarely exercise it ) . where they lose a vote of confidence , have a motion of no confidence passed against them , or where they lose supply , most constitutional systems require either : [ sep ] upper houses
in parliamentary systems , governments are generally required to have the confidence of the lower house of parliament ( though a small minority of parliaments , by giving a right to block supply to upper houses , in effect make the cabinet responsible to both houses , though in reality upper houses , even when they have the power , rarely exercise it ) . where they lose a vote of confidence , have a motion of no confidence passed against them , or where they lose supply , most constitutional systems require either : [ sep ] vote of confidence
the latter in effect allows the government to appeal the opposition of parliament to the electorate . however , in many jurisdictions a head of state may refuse a parliamentary dissolution , requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government . in most modern parliamentary systems , the prime minister is the person who decides when to request a parliamentary dissolution . [ sep ] head of state
the latter in effect allows the government to appeal the opposition of parliament to the electorate . however , in many jurisdictions a head of state may refuse a parliamentary dissolution , requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government . in most modern parliamentary systems , the prime minister is the person who decides when to request a parliamentary dissolution . [ sep ] resignation of the prime minister and his or her government
the latter in effect allows the government to appeal the opposition of parliament to the electorate . however , in many jurisdictions a head of state may refuse a parliamentary dissolution , requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government . in most modern parliamentary systems , the prime minister is the person who decides when to request a parliamentary dissolution . [ sep ] prime minister
older constitutions often vest this power in the cabinet . in the united kingdom , for example , the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918 . prior to then , it was the entire government that made the request . similarly , though the modern 1937 irish constitution grants to the taoiseach the right to make the request , the earlier 1922 irish free state constitution vested the power in the executive council ( the then name for the irish cabinet ) . [ sep ] 1918
older constitutions often vest this power in the cabinet . in the united kingdom , for example , the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918 . prior to then , it was the entire government that made the request . similarly , though the modern 1937 irish constitution grants to the taoiseach the right to make the request , the earlier 1922 irish free state constitution vested the power in the executive council ( the then name for the irish cabinet ) . [ sep ] 1937
older constitutions often vest this power in the cabinet . in the united kingdom , for example , the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918 . prior to then , it was the entire government that made the request . similarly , though the modern 1937 irish constitution grants to the taoiseach the right to make the request , the earlier 1922 irish free state constitution vested the power in the executive council ( the then name for the irish cabinet ) . [ sep ] the executive council
older constitutions often vest this power in the cabinet . in the united kingdom , for example , the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918 . prior to then , it was the entire government that made the request . similarly , though the modern 1937 irish constitution grants to the taoiseach the right to make the request , the earlier 1922 irish free state constitution vested the power in the executive council ( the then name for the irish cabinet ) . [ sep ] cabinet
in australia , the prime minister is expected to step down if s / he loses the majority support of his / her party under a spill motion as have many such as tony abbott , julia gillard and kevin rudd . [ sep ] spill motion
in the russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled chairman of the government while the irish prime minister is called the taoiseach ( which is rendered into english as prime minister ) , and in israel he is rosh hamemshalah meaning " head of the government " . in many cases , though commonly used , " prime minister " is not the official title of the office - holder ; the spanish prime minister is the president of the government ( presidente del gobierno ) . [ sep ] chairman of the government
in the russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled chairman of the government while the irish prime minister is called the taoiseach ( which is rendered into english as prime minister ) , and in israel he is rosh hamemshalah meaning " head of the government " . in many cases , though commonly used , " prime minister " is not the official title of the office - holder ; the spanish prime minister is the president of the government ( presidente del gobierno ) . [ sep ] rosh hamemshalah
in the russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled chairman of the government while the irish prime minister is called the taoiseach ( which is rendered into english as prime minister ) , and in israel he is rosh hamemshalah meaning " head of the government " . in many cases , though commonly used , " prime minister " is not the official title of the office - holder ; the spanish prime minister is the president of the government ( presidente del gobierno ) . [ sep ] president of the government ( presidente del gobierno )
in the russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled chairman of the government while the irish prime minister is called the taoiseach ( which is rendered into english as prime minister ) , and in israel he is rosh hamemshalah meaning " head of the government " . in many cases , though commonly used , " prime minister " is not the official title of the office - holder ; the spanish prime minister is the president of the government ( presidente del gobierno ) . [ sep ] taoiseach
other common forms include president of the council of ministers ( for example in italy , presidente del consiglio dei ministri ) , president of the executive council , or minister - president . in the scandinavian countries the prime minister is called statsminister in the native languages ( i . e . minister of state ) . in federations , the head of government of subnational entities such as provinces is most commonly known as the premier , chief minister , governor or minister - president . [ sep ] president of the council of ministers
other common forms include president of the council of ministers ( for example in italy , presidente del consiglio dei ministri ) , president of the executive council , or minister - president . in the scandinavian countries the prime minister is called statsminister in the native languages ( i . e . minister of state ) . in federations , the head of government of subnational entities such as provinces is most commonly known as the premier , chief minister , governor or minister - president . [ sep ] statsminister
the convention in the english language is to call nearly all national heads of government " prime minister " ( sometimes modified to the equivalent term of premier ) , regardless of the correct title of the head of government as applied in his or her respective country . the few exceptions to the rule are germany and austria , whose heads of government titles are almost always translated as chancellor ; monaco , whose head of government is referred to as the minister of state ; and vatican city , for which the head of government is titled the secretary of state . in the case of ireland , the head of government is occasionally referred to as the taoiseach by english speakers . a stand - out case is the president of iran , who is not actually a head of state , but the head of the government of iran . he is referred to as " president " in both the persian and english languages . [ sep ] premier
the convention in the english language is to call nearly all national heads of government " prime minister " ( sometimes modified to the equivalent term of premier ) , regardless of the correct title of the head of government as applied in his or her respective country . the few exceptions to the rule are germany and austria , whose heads of government titles are almost always translated as chancellor ; monaco , whose head of government is referred to as the minister of state ; and vatican city , for which the head of government is titled the secretary of state . in the case of ireland , the head of government is occasionally referred to as the taoiseach by english speakers . a stand - out case is the president of iran , who is not actually a head of state , but the head of the government of iran . he is referred to as " president " in both the persian and english languages . [ sep ] germany and austria
the convention in the english language is to call nearly all national heads of government " prime minister " ( sometimes modified to the equivalent term of premier ) , regardless of the correct title of the head of government as applied in his or her respective country . the few exceptions to the rule are germany and austria , whose heads of government titles are almost always translated as chancellor ; monaco , whose head of government is referred to as the minister of state ; and vatican city , for which the head of government is titled the secretary of state . in the case of ireland , the head of government is occasionally referred to as the taoiseach by english speakers . a stand - out case is the president of iran , who is not actually a head of state , but the head of the government of iran . he is referred to as " president " in both the persian and english languages . [ sep ] minister of state
the convention in the english language is to call nearly all national heads of government " prime minister " ( sometimes modified to the equivalent term of premier ) , regardless of the correct title of the head of government as applied in his or her respective country . the few exceptions to the rule are germany and austria , whose heads of government titles are almost always translated as chancellor ; monaco , whose head of government is referred to as the minister of state ; and vatican city , for which the head of government is titled the secretary of state . in the case of ireland , the head of government is occasionally referred to as the taoiseach by english speakers . a stand - out case is the president of iran , who is not actually a head of state , but the head of the government of iran . he is referred to as " president " in both the persian and english languages . [ sep ] secretary of state
the convention in the english language is to call nearly all national heads of government " prime minister " ( sometimes modified to the equivalent term of premier ) , regardless of the correct title of the head of government as applied in his or her respective country . the few exceptions to the rule are germany and austria , whose heads of government titles are almost always translated as chancellor ; monaco , whose head of government is referred to as the minister of state ; and vatican city , for which the head of government is titled the secretary of state . in the case of ireland , the head of government is occasionally referred to as the taoiseach by english speakers . a stand - out case is the president of iran , who is not actually a head of state , but the head of the government of iran . he is referred to as " president " in both the persian and english languages . [ sep ] president
in non - commonwealth countries the prime minister may be entitled to the style of excellency like a president . in some commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled right honourable due to their position , for example in the prime minister of canada . in the united kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also be styled right honourable , however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of her majesty ' s most honourable privy council . [ sep ] non - commonwealth countries
in non - commonwealth countries the prime minister may be entitled to the style of excellency like a president . in some commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled right honourable due to their position , for example in the prime minister of canada . in the united kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also be styled right honourable , however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of her majesty ' s most honourable privy council . [ sep ] right honourable
in non - commonwealth countries the prime minister may be entitled to the style of excellency like a president . in some commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled right honourable due to their position , for example in the prime minister of canada . in the united kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also be styled right honourable , however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of her majesty ' s most honourable privy council . [ sep ] her majesty ' s most honourable privy council
in non - commonwealth countries the prime minister may be entitled to the style of excellency like a president . in some commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled right honourable due to their position , for example in the prime minister of canada . in the united kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also be styled right honourable , however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of her majesty ' s most honourable privy council . [ sep ] canada
in the uk , where devolved government is in place , the leaders of the scottish , northern irish and welsh governments are styled first minister . in india , the prime minister is referred to as " pradhan mantri " , meaning " prime minister " . in pakistan , the prime minister is referred to as " wazir - e - azam " , meaning " grand vizier " . [ sep ] devolved
in the uk , where devolved government is in place , the leaders of the scottish , northern irish and welsh governments are styled first minister . in india , the prime minister is referred to as " pradhan mantri " , meaning " prime minister " . in pakistan , the prime minister is referred to as " wazir - e - azam " , meaning " grand vizier " . [ sep ] first minister
in the uk , where devolved government is in place , the leaders of the scottish , northern irish and welsh governments are styled first minister . in india , the prime minister is referred to as " pradhan mantri " , meaning " prime minister " . in pakistan , the prime minister is referred to as " wazir - e - azam " , meaning " grand vizier " . [ sep ] pradhan mantri
in the uk , where devolved government is in place , the leaders of the scottish , northern irish and welsh governments are styled first minister . in india , the prime minister is referred to as " pradhan mantri " , meaning " prime minister " . in pakistan , the prime minister is referred to as " wazir - e - azam " , meaning " grand vizier " . [ sep ] wazir - e - azam
in the uk , where devolved government is in place , the leaders of the scottish , northern irish and welsh governments are styled first minister . in india , the prime minister is referred to as " pradhan mantri " , meaning " prime minister " . in pakistan , the prime minister is referred to as " wazir - e - azam " , meaning " grand vizier " . [ sep ] grand vizier
the prime minister ' s executive office is usually called the office of the prime minister in the case of the canada and other commonwealth countries , it is called cabinet office in united kingdom . some prime minister ' s office do include the role of cabinet . in other countries , it is called the prime minister ' s department or the department of the prime minister and cabinet as for australia . [ sep ] office of the prime minister
the prime minister ' s executive office is usually called the office of the prime minister in the case of the canada and other commonwealth countries , it is called cabinet office in united kingdom . some prime minister ' s office do include the role of cabinet . in other countries , it is called the prime minister ' s department or the department of the prime minister and cabinet as for australia . [ sep ] cabinet office
institute of technology ( also : university of technology , polytechnic university , technikon , and technical college ) is a designation employed for a wide range of learning institutions awarding different types of degrees and operating often at variable levels of the educational system . it may be an institution of higher education and advanced engineering and scientific research or professional vocational education , specializing in science , engineering , and technology or different sorts of technical subjects . it may also refer to a secondary education school focused in vocational training . [ citation needed ] the term institute of technology is often abbreviated it and is not to be confused with information technology . [ sep ] it
the english term polytechnic appeared in the early 19th century , from the french ecole polytechnique , an engineering school founded in 1794 in paris . the french term comes from the greek πολυ ( polu or poly ) meaning " many " and τεχνικος ( tekhnikos ) meaning " arts " . [ sep ] 19th century
the english term polytechnic appeared in the early 19th century , from the french ecole polytechnique , an engineering school founded in 1794 in paris . the french term comes from the greek πολυ ( polu or poly ) meaning " many " and τεχνικος ( tekhnikos ) meaning " arts " . [ sep ] ecole polytechnique
the english term polytechnic appeared in the early 19th century , from the french ecole polytechnique , an engineering school founded in 1794 in paris . the french term comes from the greek πολυ ( polu or poly ) meaning " many " and τεχνικος ( tekhnikos ) meaning " arts " . [ sep ] greek
while the terms " institute of technology " and " polytechnic " are synonymous , the preference concerning which one is the preferred term varies from country to country . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] polytechnic
the institutes of technology and polytechnics have been in existence since at least the 18th century , but became popular after world war ii with the expansion of engineering and applied science education , associated with the new needs created by industrialization . the world ' s first institution of technology , the berg - schola ( today its legal successor is the university of miskolc ) was founded by the court chamber of vienna in selmecbanya , kingdom of hungary in 1735 in order to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining according to the requirements of the industrial revolution in hungary . the oldest german institute of technology is the braunschweig university of technology ( founded in 1745 as " collegium carolinum " ) . another exception is the ecole polytechnique , which has educated french elites since its foundation in 1794 . in some cases , polytechnics or institutes of technology are engineering schools or technical colleges . [ sep ] the berg - schola
the institutes of technology and polytechnics have been in existence since at least the 18th century , but became popular after world war ii with the expansion of engineering and applied science education , associated with the new needs created by industrialization . the world ' s first institution of technology , the berg - schola ( today its legal successor is the university of miskolc ) was founded by the court chamber of vienna in selmecbanya , kingdom of hungary in 1735 in order to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining according to the requirements of the industrial revolution in hungary . the oldest german institute of technology is the braunschweig university of technology ( founded in 1745 as " collegium carolinum " ) . another exception is the ecole polytechnique , which has educated french elites since its foundation in 1794 . in some cases , polytechnics or institutes of technology are engineering schools or technical colleges . [ sep ] world war ii
the institutes of technology and polytechnics have been in existence since at least the 18th century , but became popular after world war ii with the expansion of engineering and applied science education , associated with the new needs created by industrialization . the world ' s first institution of technology , the berg - schola ( today its legal successor is the university of miskolc ) was founded by the court chamber of vienna in selmecbanya , kingdom of hungary in 1735 in order to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining according to the requirements of the industrial revolution in hungary . the oldest german institute of technology is the braunschweig university of technology ( founded in 1745 as " collegium carolinum " ) . another exception is the ecole polytechnique , which has educated french elites since its foundation in 1794 . in some cases , polytechnics or institutes of technology are engineering schools or technical colleges . [ sep ] collegium carolinum
the institutes of technology and polytechnics have been in existence since at least the 18th century , but became popular after world war ii with the expansion of engineering and applied science education , associated with the new needs created by industrialization . the world ' s first institution of technology , the berg - schola ( today its legal successor is the university of miskolc ) was founded by the court chamber of vienna in selmecbanya , kingdom of hungary in 1735 in order to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining according to the requirements of the industrial revolution in hungary . the oldest german institute of technology is the braunschweig university of technology ( founded in 1745 as " collegium carolinum " ) . another exception is the ecole polytechnique , which has educated french elites since its foundation in 1794 . in some cases , polytechnics or institutes of technology are engineering schools or technical colleges . [ sep ] 1794
in several countries , like germany , the netherlands , switzerland and turkey , institutes of technology and polytechnics are institutions of higher education , and have been accredited to award academic degrees and doctorates . famous examples are the istanbul technical university , eth zurich , iyte , delft university of technology and rwth aachen , all considered universities . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] institutions of higher education
in countries like iran , finland , malaysia , portugal , singapore or the united kingdom , there is often a significant and confused distinction between polytechnics and universities . in the uk a binary system of higher education emerged consisting of universities ( research orientation ) and polytechnics ( engineering and applied science and professional practice orientation ) . polytechnics offered university equivalent degrees from bachelor ' s , master ' s and phd that were validated and governed at the national level by the independent uk council for national academic awards . in 1992 uk polytechnics were designated as universities which meant they could award their own degrees . the cnaa was disbanded . the uk ' s first polytechnic , the royal polytechnic institution ( now the university of westminster ) was founded in 1838 in regent street , london . in ireland the term institute of technology is the more favored synonym of a regional technical college though the latter is the legally correct term ; however , dublin institute of technology is a university in all but name as it can confer degrees in accordance with law , cork institute of technology and another of other institutes of technology have delegated authority from hetac to make awards to and including master ' s degree level — level 9 of the national framework for qualifications ( nfq ) — for all areas of study and doctorate level in a number of others . [ sep ] 1992
in countries like iran , finland , malaysia , portugal , singapore or the united kingdom , there is often a significant and confused distinction between polytechnics and universities . in the uk a binary system of higher education emerged consisting of universities ( research orientation ) and polytechnics ( engineering and applied science and professional practice orientation ) . polytechnics offered university equivalent degrees from bachelor ' s , master ' s and phd that were validated and governed at the national level by the independent uk council for national academic awards . in 1992 uk polytechnics were designated as universities which meant they could award their own degrees . the cnaa was disbanded . the uk ' s first polytechnic , the royal polytechnic institution ( now the university of westminster ) was founded in 1838 in regent street , london . in ireland the term institute of technology is the more favored synonym of a regional technical college though the latter is the legally correct term ; however , dublin institute of technology is a university in all but name as it can confer degrees in accordance with law , cork institute of technology and another of other institutes of technology have delegated authority from hetac to make awards to and including master ' s degree level — level 9 of the national framework for qualifications ( nfq ) — for all areas of study and doctorate level in a number of others . [ sep ] university of westminster
in countries like iran , finland , malaysia , portugal , singapore or the united kingdom , there is often a significant and confused distinction between polytechnics and universities . in the uk a binary system of higher education emerged consisting of universities ( research orientation ) and polytechnics ( engineering and applied science and professional practice orientation ) . polytechnics offered university equivalent degrees from bachelor ' s , master ' s and phd that were validated and governed at the national level by the independent uk council for national academic awards . in 1992 uk polytechnics were designated as universities which meant they could award their own degrees . the cnaa was disbanded . the uk ' s first polytechnic , the royal polytechnic institution ( now the university of westminster ) was founded in 1838 in regent street , london . in ireland the term institute of technology is the more favored synonym of a regional technical college though the latter is the legally correct term ; however , dublin institute of technology is a university in all but name as it can confer degrees in accordance with law , cork institute of technology and another of other institutes of technology have delegated authority from hetac to make awards to and including master ' s degree level — level 9 of the national framework for qualifications ( nfq ) — for all areas of study and doctorate level in a number of others . [ sep ] regent street
in a number of countries , although being today generally considered similar institutions of higher learning across many countries , polytechnics and institutes of technology used to have a quite different statute among each other , its teaching competences and organizational history . in many cases polytechnic were elite technological universities concentrating on applied science and engineering and may also be a former designation for a vocational institution , before it has been granted the exclusive right to award academic degrees and can be truly called an institute of technology . a number of polytechnics providing higher education is simply a result of a formal upgrading from their original and historical role as intermediate technical education schools . in some situations , former polytechnics or other non - university institutions have emerged solely through an administrative change of statutes , which often included a name change with the introduction of new designations like institute of technology , polytechnic university , university of applied sciences , or university of technology for marketing purposes . such emergence of so many upgraded polytechnics , former vocational education and technical schools converted into more university - like institutions has caused concern where the lack of specialized intermediate technical professionals lead to industrial skill shortages in some fields , being also associated to an increase of the graduate unemployment rate . this is mostly the case in those countries , where the education system is not controlled by the state and everybody can grant degrees . [ citation needed ] evidence have also shown a decline in the general quality of teaching and graduate ' s preparation for the workplace , due to the fast - paced conversion of that technical institutions to more advanced higher level institutions . mentz , kotze and van der merwe ( 2008 ) argues that all the tools are in place to promote the debate on the place of technology in higher education in general and in universities of technology specifically . the aspects of this debate can follow the following lines : • to what degree is technology defined as a concept ? • what is the scope of technology discourse ? • what is the place and relation of science with technology ? • how useful is the mitcham framework in thinking about technology in south africa ? • can a measure of cooperation as opposed to competition be achieved amongst higher education institutions ? • who ultimately is responsible for vocational training and what is the role of technology in this ? [ sep ] polytechnics
during the 1970s to early 1990s , the term was used to describe state owned and funded technical schools that offered both vocational and higher education . they were part of the college of advanced education system . in the 1990s most of these merged with existing universities , or formed new ones of their own . these new universities often took the title university of technology , for marketing rather than legal purposes . avcc report the most prominent such university in each state founded the australian technology network a few years later . [ sep ] university of technology
during the 1970s to early 1990s , the term was used to describe state owned and funded technical schools that offered both vocational and higher education . they were part of the college of advanced education system . in the 1990s most of these merged with existing universities , or formed new ones of their own . these new universities often took the title university of technology , for marketing rather than legal purposes . avcc report the most prominent such university in each state founded the australian technology network a few years later . [ sep ] college of advanced education system
since the mid - 1990s , the term has been applied to some technically minded technical and further education ( tafe ) institutes . a recent example is the melbourne polytechnic rebranding and repositioning in 2014 from northern melbourne institute of tafe . these primarily offer vocational education , although some like melbourne polytechnic are expanding into higher education offering vocationally oriented applied bachelor degress . this usage of the term is most prevalent historically in nsw and the act . the new terminology is apt given that this category of institution are becoming very much like the institutes of the 1970s – 1990s period . [ sep ] tafe
since the mid - 1990s , the term has been applied to some technically minded technical and further education ( tafe ) institutes . a recent example is the melbourne polytechnic rebranding and repositioning in 2014 from northern melbourne institute of tafe . these primarily offer vocational education , although some like melbourne polytechnic are expanding into higher education offering vocationally oriented applied bachelor degress . this usage of the term is most prevalent historically in nsw and the act . the new terminology is apt given that this category of institution are becoming very much like the institutes of the 1970s – 1990s period . [ sep ] melbourne polytechnic
in tasmania in 2009 the old college system and tafe tasmania have started a 3 - year restructure to become the tasmanian polytechnic www . polytechnic . tas . edu . au , tasmanian skills institute www . skillsinstitute . tas . edu . au and tasmanian academy www . academy . tas . edu . au [ sep ] 2009
the wayback machine is a digital archive of the world wide web and other information on the internet created by the internet archive , a nonprofit organization , based in san francisco , california , united states . it was set up by brewster kahle and bruce gilliat , and is maintained with content from alexa internet . the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time , which the archive calls a " three dimensional index . " [ sep ] world wide web
the wayback machine is a digital archive of the world wide web and other information on the internet created by the internet archive , a nonprofit organization , based in san francisco , california , united states . it was set up by brewster kahle and bruce gilliat , and is maintained with content from alexa internet . the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time , which the archive calls a " three dimensional index . " [ sep ] internet archive
the wayback machine is a digital archive of the world wide web and other information on the internet created by the internet archive , a nonprofit organization , based in san francisco , california , united states . it was set up by brewster kahle and bruce gilliat , and is maintained with content from alexa internet . the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time , which the archive calls a " three dimensional index . " [ sep ] san francisco
the wayback machine is a digital archive of the world wide web and other information on the internet created by the internet archive , a nonprofit organization , based in san francisco , california , united states . it was set up by brewster kahle and bruce gilliat , and is maintained with content from alexa internet . the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time , which the archive calls a " three dimensional index . " [ sep ] brewster kahle and bruce gilliat
the wayback machine is a digital archive of the world wide web and other information on the internet created by the internet archive , a nonprofit organization , based in san francisco , california , united states . it was set up by brewster kahle and bruce gilliat , and is maintained with content from alexa internet . the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time , which the archive calls a " three dimensional index . " [ sep ] three dimensional index
since 1996 , they have been archiving cached pages of web sites onto their large cluster of linux nodes . they revisit sites every few weeks or months and archive a new version if the content has changed . sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who are offered a link to do so . the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down . their grand vision is to archive the entire internet . [ sep ] linux
since 1996 , they have been archiving cached pages of web sites onto their large cluster of linux nodes . they revisit sites every few weeks or months and archive a new version if the content has changed . sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who are offered a link to do so . the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down . their grand vision is to archive the entire internet . [ sep ] if the content has changed
since 1996 , they have been archiving cached pages of web sites onto their large cluster of linux nodes . they revisit sites every few weeks or months and archive a new version if the content has changed . sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who are offered a link to do so . the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down . their grand vision is to archive the entire internet . [ sep ] to archive the entire internet
the name wayback machine was chosen as a droll reference to a plot device in an animated cartoon series , the rocky and bullwinkle show . in one of the animated cartoon ' s component segments , peabody ' s improbable history , lead characters mr . peabody and sherman routinely used a time machine called the " wabac machine " ( pronounced way - back ) to witness , participate in , and , more often than not , alter famous events in history . [ sep ] the rocky and bullwinkle show
the name wayback machine was chosen as a droll reference to a plot device in an animated cartoon series , the rocky and bullwinkle show . in one of the animated cartoon ' s component segments , peabody ' s improbable history , lead characters mr . peabody and sherman routinely used a time machine called the " wabac machine " ( pronounced way - back ) to witness , participate in , and , more often than not , alter famous events in history . [ sep ] mr . peabody and sherman
the name wayback machine was chosen as a droll reference to a plot device in an animated cartoon series , the rocky and bullwinkle show . in one of the animated cartoon ' s component segments , peabody ' s improbable history , lead characters mr . peabody and sherman routinely used a time machine called the " wabac machine " ( pronounced way - back ) to witness , participate in , and , more often than not , alter famous events in history . [ sep ] wabac machine
in 1996 brewster kahle , with bruce gilliat , developed software to crawl and download all publicly accessible world wide web pages , the gopher hierarchy , the netnews ( usenet ) bulletin board system , and downloadable software . the information collected by these " crawlers " does not include all the information available on the internet , since much of the data is restricted by the publisher or stored in databases that are not accessible . these " crawlers " also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached . to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached web sites , archive - it . org was developed in 2005 by the internet archive as a means of allowing institutions and content creators to voluntarily harvest and preserve collections of digital content , and create digital archives . [ sep ] 1996
in 1996 brewster kahle , with bruce gilliat , developed software to crawl and download all publicly accessible world wide web pages , the gopher hierarchy , the netnews ( usenet ) bulletin board system , and downloadable software . the information collected by these " crawlers " does not include all the information available on the internet , since much of the data is restricted by the publisher or stored in databases that are not accessible . these " crawlers " also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached . to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached web sites , archive - it . org was developed in 2005 by the internet archive as a means of allowing institutions and content creators to voluntarily harvest and preserve collections of digital content , and create digital archives . [ sep ] crawlers
in 1996 brewster kahle , with bruce gilliat , developed software to crawl and download all publicly accessible world wide web pages , the gopher hierarchy , the netnews ( usenet ) bulletin board system , and downloadable software . the information collected by these " crawlers " does not include all the information available on the internet , since much of the data is restricted by the publisher or stored in databases that are not accessible . these " crawlers " also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached . to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached web sites , archive - it . org was developed in 2005 by the internet archive as a means of allowing institutions and content creators to voluntarily harvest and preserve collections of digital content , and create digital archives . [ sep ] robots exclusion standard
in 1996 brewster kahle , with bruce gilliat , developed software to crawl and download all publicly accessible world wide web pages , the gopher hierarchy , the netnews ( usenet ) bulletin board system , and downloadable software . the information collected by these " crawlers " does not include all the information available on the internet , since much of the data is restricted by the publisher or stored in databases that are not accessible . these " crawlers " also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached . to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached web sites , archive - it . org was developed in 2005 by the internet archive as a means of allowing institutions and content creators to voluntarily harvest and preserve collections of digital content , and create digital archives . [ sep ] archive - it . org
information had been kept on digital tape for five years , with kahle occasionally allowing researchers and scientists to tap into the clunky database . when the archive reached its fifth anniversary , it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the university of california , berkeley . [ sep ] digital tape
information had been kept on digital tape for five years , with kahle occasionally allowing researchers and scientists to tap into the clunky database . when the archive reached its fifth anniversary , it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the university of california , berkeley . [ sep ] researchers and scientists
information had been kept on digital tape for five years , with kahle occasionally allowing researchers and scientists to tap into the clunky database . when the archive reached its fifth anniversary , it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the university of california , berkeley . [ sep ] fifth anniversary
information had been kept on digital tape for five years , with kahle occasionally allowing researchers and scientists to tap into the clunky database . when the archive reached its fifth anniversary , it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the university of california , berkeley . [ sep ] university of california , berkeley
snapshots usually become available more than six months after they are archived or , in some cases , even later ; it can take twenty - four months or longer . the frequency of snapshots is variable , so not all tracked web site updates are recorded . sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots . [ sep ] snapshots
snapshots usually become available more than six months after they are archived or , in some cases , even later ; it can take twenty - four months or longer . the frequency of snapshots is variable , so not all tracked web site updates are recorded . sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots . [ sep ] six months
snapshots usually become available more than six months after they are archived or , in some cases , even later ; it can take twenty - four months or longer . the frequency of snapshots is variable , so not all tracked web site updates are recorded . sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots . [ sep ] variable
after august 2008 sites had to be listed on the open directory in order to be included . according to jeff kaplan of the internet archive in november 2010 , other sites were still being archived , but more recent captures would become visible only after the next major indexing , an infrequent operation . [ sep ] after august 2008
after august 2008 sites had to be listed on the open directory in order to be included . according to jeff kaplan of the internet archive in november 2010 , other sites were still being archived , but more recent captures would become visible only after the next major indexing , an infrequent operation . [ sep ] jeff kaplan
after august 2008 sites had to be listed on the open directory in order to be included . according to jeff kaplan of the internet archive in november 2010 , other sites were still being archived , but more recent captures would become visible only after the next major indexing , an infrequent operation . [ sep ] november 2010
as of 2009 [ update ] , the wayback machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month ; the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes / month . the data is stored on petabox rack systems manufactured by capricorn technologies . [ sep ] three petabytes
as of 2009 [ update ] , the wayback machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month ; the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes / month . the data is stored on petabox rack systems manufactured by capricorn technologies . [ sep ] 12 terabytes / month
as of 2009 [ update ] , the wayback machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month ; the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes / month . the data is stored on petabox rack systems manufactured by capricorn technologies . [ sep ] petabox rack systems
as of 2009 [ update ] , the wayback machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month ; the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes / month . the data is stored on petabox rack systems manufactured by capricorn technologies . [ sep ] capricorn technologies
in 2009 , the internet archive migrated its customized storage architecture to sun open storage , and hosts a new data center in a sun modular datacenter on sun microsystems ' california campus . [ sep ] 2009
in 2009 , the internet archive migrated its customized storage architecture to sun open storage , and hosts a new data center in a sun modular datacenter on sun microsystems ' california campus . [ sep ] sun open storage
in 2009 , the internet archive migrated its customized storage architecture to sun open storage , and hosts a new data center in a sun modular datacenter on sun microsystems ' california campus . [ sep ] sun microsystems ' california campus
in 2011 a new , improved version of the wayback machine , with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content , was made available for public testing . [ sep ] 2011
in march 2011 , it was said on the wayback machine forum that " the beta of the new wayback machine has a more complete and up - to - date index of all crawled materials into 2010 , and will continue to be updated regularly . the index driving the classic wayback machine only has a little bit of material past 2008 , and no further index updates are planned , as it will be phased out this year " . [ sep ] march 2011
in march 2011 , it was said on the wayback machine forum that " the beta of the new wayback machine has a more complete and up - to - date index of all crawled materials into 2010 , and will continue to be updated regularly . the index driving the classic wayback machine only has a little bit of material past 2008 , and no further index updates are planned , as it will be phased out this year " . [ sep ] 2008
in march 2011 , it was said on the wayback machine forum that " the beta of the new wayback machine has a more complete and up - to - date index of all crawled materials into 2010 , and will continue to be updated regularly . the index driving the classic wayback machine only has a little bit of material past 2008 , and no further index updates are planned , as it will be phased out this year " . [ sep ] 2010
in october 2013 , the company announced the " save a page " feature which allows any internet user to archive the contents of a url . this became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries . [ sep ] save a page
in october 2013 , the company announced the " save a page " feature which allows any internet user to archive the contents of a url . this became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries . [ sep ] october 2013
in the higher education sector , there are seven designated universities of technology in australia ( though , note , not all use the phrase " university of technology " , such as the universities of canberra and south australia , which used to be colleges of advanced education before transitioning into fully - fledged universities with the ability - most important of all - to confer doctorates ) : [ sep ] seven
in a 2009 case , netbula , llc v . chordiant software inc . , defendant chordiant filed a motion to compel netbula to disable the robots . txt file on its web site that was causing the wayback machine to retroactively remove access to previous versions of pages it had archived from nebula ' s site , pages that chordiant believed would support its case . [ sep ] netbula , llc v . chordiant software inc .
in a 2009 case , netbula , llc v . chordiant software inc . , defendant chordiant filed a motion to compel netbula to disable the robots . txt file on its web site that was causing the wayback machine to retroactively remove access to previous versions of pages it had archived from nebula ' s site , pages that chordiant believed would support its case . [ sep ] chordiant
in a 2009 case , netbula , llc v . chordiant software inc . , defendant chordiant filed a motion to compel netbula to disable the robots . txt file on its web site that was causing the wayback machine to retroactively remove access to previous versions of pages it had archived from nebula ' s site , pages that chordiant believed would support its case . [ sep ] the robots . txt file
fachhochschule is a german type of tertiary education institution and adopted later in austria and switzerland . they do not focus exclusively on technology , but may also offer courses in social science , medicine , business and design . they grant bachelor ' s degrees and master ' s degrees , and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science . [ sep ] fachhochschule
fachhochschule is a german type of tertiary education institution and adopted later in austria and switzerland . they do not focus exclusively on technology , but may also offer courses in social science , medicine , business and design . they grant bachelor ' s degrees and master ' s degrees , and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science . [ sep ] master ' s degrees
netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter netbula ' s web site and that they should have subpoenaed internet archive for the pages directly . an employee of internet archive filed a sworn statement supporting chordiant ' s motion , however , stating that it could not produce the web pages by any other means " without considerable burden , expense and disruption to its operations . " [ sep ] internet archive
netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter netbula ' s web site and that they should have subpoenaed internet archive for the pages directly . an employee of internet archive filed a sworn statement supporting chordiant ' s motion , however , stating that it could not produce the web pages by any other means " without considerable burden , expense and disruption to its operations . " [ sep ] chordiant
magistrate judge howard lloyd in the northern district of california , san jose division , rejected netbula ' s arguments and ordered them to disable the robots . txt blockage temporarily in order to allow chordiant to retrieve the archived pages that they sought . [ sep ] magistrate judge howard lloyd
magistrate judge howard lloyd in the northern district of california , san jose division , rejected netbula ' s arguments and ordered them to disable the robots . txt blockage temporarily in order to allow chordiant to retrieve the archived pages that they sought . [ sep ] northern district of california , san jose division
magistrate judge howard lloyd in the northern district of california , san jose division , rejected netbula ' s arguments and ordered them to disable the robots . txt blockage temporarily in order to allow chordiant to retrieve the archived pages that they sought . [ sep ] chordiant
hogeschool is used in belgium and in the netherlands . the hogeschool has many similarities to the fachhochschule in the german language areas and to the ammattikorkeakoulu in finland . [ sep ] hogeschool
in an october 2004 case , telewizja polska usa , inc . v . echostar satellite , no . 02 c 3293 , 65 fed . r . evid . serv . 673 ( n . d . ill . oct . 15 , 2004 ) , a litigant attempted to use the wayback machine archives as a source of admissible evidence , perhaps for the first time . telewizja polska is the provider of tvp polonia and echostar operates the dish network . prior to the trial proceedings , echostar indicated that it intended to offer wayback machine snapshots as proof of the past content of telewizja polska ' s web site . telewizja polska brought a motion in limine to suppress the snapshots on the grounds of hearsay and unauthenticated source , but magistrate judge arlander keys rejected telewizja polska ' s assertion of hearsay and denied tvp ' s motion in limine to exclude the evidence at trial . at the trial , however , district court judge ronald guzman , the trial judge , overruled magistrate keys ' findings , [ citation needed ] and held that neither the affidavit of the internet archive employee nor the underlying pages ( i . e . , the telewizja polska website ) were admissible as evidence . judge guzman reasoned that the employee ' s affidavit contained both hearsay and inconclusive supporting statements , and the purported web page printouts were not self - authenticating . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] tvp polonia
in an october 2004 case , telewizja polska usa , inc . v . echostar satellite , no . 02 c 3293 , 65 fed . r . evid . serv . 673 ( n . d . ill . oct . 15 , 2004 ) , a litigant attempted to use the wayback machine archives as a source of admissible evidence , perhaps for the first time . telewizja polska is the provider of tvp polonia and echostar operates the dish network . prior to the trial proceedings , echostar indicated that it intended to offer wayback machine snapshots as proof of the past content of telewizja polska ' s web site . telewizja polska brought a motion in limine to suppress the snapshots on the grounds of hearsay and unauthenticated source , but magistrate judge arlander keys rejected telewizja polska ' s assertion of hearsay and denied tvp ' s motion in limine to exclude the evidence at trial . at the trial , however , district court judge ronald guzman , the trial judge , overruled magistrate keys ' findings , [ citation needed ] and held that neither the affidavit of the internet archive employee nor the underlying pages ( i . e . , the telewizja polska website ) were admissible as evidence . judge guzman reasoned that the employee ' s affidavit contained both hearsay and inconclusive supporting statements , and the purported web page printouts were not self - authenticating . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] the dish network
in an october 2004 case , telewizja polska usa , inc . v . echostar satellite , no . 02 c 3293 , 65 fed . r . evid . serv . 673 ( n . d . ill . oct . 15 , 2004 ) , a litigant attempted to use the wayback machine archives as a source of admissible evidence , perhaps for the first time . telewizja polska is the provider of tvp polonia and echostar operates the dish network . prior to the trial proceedings , echostar indicated that it intended to offer wayback machine snapshots as proof of the past content of telewizja polska ' s web site . telewizja polska brought a motion in limine to suppress the snapshots on the grounds of hearsay and unauthenticated source , but magistrate judge arlander keys rejected telewizja polska ' s assertion of hearsay and denied tvp ' s motion in limine to exclude the evidence at trial . at the trial , however , district court judge ronald guzman , the trial judge , overruled magistrate keys ' findings , [ citation needed ] and held that neither the affidavit of the internet archive employee nor the underlying pages ( i . e . , the telewizja polska website ) were admissible as evidence . judge guzman reasoned that the employee ' s affidavit contained both hearsay and inconclusive supporting statements , and the purported web page printouts were not self - authenticating . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] magistrate judge arlander keys
in an october 2004 case , telewizja polska usa , inc . v . echostar satellite , no . 02 c 3293 , 65 fed . r . evid . serv . 673 ( n . d . ill . oct . 15 , 2004 ) , a litigant attempted to use the wayback machine archives as a source of admissible evidence , perhaps for the first time . telewizja polska is the provider of tvp polonia and echostar operates the dish network . prior to the trial proceedings , echostar indicated that it intended to offer wayback machine snapshots as proof of the past content of telewizja polska ' s web site . telewizja polska brought a motion in limine to suppress the snapshots on the grounds of hearsay and unauthenticated source , but magistrate judge arlander keys rejected telewizja polska ' s assertion of hearsay and denied tvp ' s motion in limine to exclude the evidence at trial . at the trial , however , district court judge ronald guzman , the trial judge , overruled magistrate keys ' findings , [ citation needed ] and held that neither the affidavit of the internet archive employee nor the underlying pages ( i . e . , the telewizja polska website ) were admissible as evidence . judge guzman reasoned that the employee ' s affidavit contained both hearsay and inconclusive supporting statements , and the purported web page printouts were not self - authenticating . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] district court judge ronald guzman
provided some additional requirements are met ( e . g . providing an authoritative statement of the archivist ) , the united states patent office and the european patent office will accept date stamps from the internet archive as evidence of when a given web page was accessible to the public . these dates are used to determine if a web page is available as prior art for instance in examining a patent application . [ sep ] in examining a patent application
provided some additional requirements are met ( e . g . providing an authoritative statement of the archivist ) , the united states patent office and the european patent office will accept date stamps from the internet archive as evidence of when a given web page was accessible to the public . these dates are used to determine if a web page is available as prior art for instance in examining a patent application . [ sep ] authoritative statement of the archivist
hogeschool institutions in the flemish community of belgium ( such as the erasmus hogeschool brussel ) are currently undergoing a process of academization . they form associations with a university and integrate research into the curriculum , which will allow them to deliver academic master ' s degrees . [ sep ] academization
in the netherlands , four former institutes of technology have become universities over the past decades . these are the current three technical universities ( at delft , eindhoven and enschede ) , plus the former agricultural institute in wageningen . a list of all hogescholen in the netherlands , including some which might be called polytechnics , can be found here . [ sep ] four
in the netherlands , four former institutes of technology have become universities over the past decades . these are the current three technical universities ( at delft , eindhoven and enschede ) , plus the former agricultural institute in wageningen . a list of all hogescholen in the netherlands , including some which might be called polytechnics , can be found here . [ sep ] three
in cambodia , there are institutes of technology / polytechnic institutes , and universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to : certificates , diplomas , and degrees . institutes of technology / polytechnic institutes and universities tend to be independent institutions . [ sep ] cambodia
in canada , there are affiliate schools , colleges , institutes of technology / polytechnic institutes , and universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to : engineering and applied science degrees , apprenticeship and trade programs , certificates , and diplomas . affiliate schools are polytechnic divisions belonging to a national university and offer select technical and engineering programs . colleges , institutes of technology / polytechnic institutes , and universities tend to be independent institutions . [ sep ] affiliate schools
there are technical limitations to archiving a web site , and as a consequence , it is possible for opposing parties in litigation to misuse the results provided by web site archives . this problem can be exacerbated by the practice of submitting screen shots of web pages in complaints , answers , or expert witness reports , when the underlying links are not exposed and therefore , can contain errors . for example , archives such as the wayback machine do not fill out forms and therefore , do not include the contents of non - restful e - commerce databases in their archives . [ sep ] technical
there are technical limitations to archiving a web site , and as a consequence , it is possible for opposing parties in litigation to misuse the results provided by web site archives . this problem can be exacerbated by the practice of submitting screen shots of web pages in complaints , answers , or expert witness reports , when the underlying links are not exposed and therefore , can contain errors . for example , archives such as the wayback machine do not fill out forms and therefore , do not include the contents of non - restful e - commerce databases in their archives . [ sep ] underlying links
there are technical limitations to archiving a web site , and as a consequence , it is possible for opposing parties in litigation to misuse the results provided by web site archives . this problem can be exacerbated by the practice of submitting screen shots of web pages in complaints , answers , or expert witness reports , when the underlying links are not exposed and therefore , can contain errors . for example , archives such as the wayback machine do not fill out forms and therefore , do not include the contents of non - restful e - commerce databases in their archives . [ sep ] forms
there are technical limitations to archiving a web site , and as a consequence , it is possible for opposing parties in litigation to misuse the results provided by web site archives . this problem can be exacerbated by the practice of submitting screen shots of web pages in complaints , answers , or expert witness reports , when the underlying links are not exposed and therefore , can contain errors . for example , archives such as the wayback machine do not fill out forms and therefore , do not include the contents of non - restful e - commerce databases in their archives . [ sep ] e - commerce
credentials are typically conferred at the undergraduate level , however university - affiliated schools like the ecole de technologie superieure and the ecole polytechnique de montreal ( both of which are located in quebec ) , also offer graduate and postgraduate programs , in accordance with provincial higher education guidelines . canadian higher education institutions , at all levels , undertake directed and applied research with financing allocated through public funding , private equity , or industry sources . [ sep ] quebec
credentials are typically conferred at the undergraduate level , however university - affiliated schools like the ecole de technologie superieure and the ecole polytechnique de montreal ( both of which are located in quebec ) , also offer graduate and postgraduate programs , in accordance with provincial higher education guidelines . canadian higher education institutions , at all levels , undertake directed and applied research with financing allocated through public funding , private equity , or industry sources . [ sep ] public funding
in europe the wayback machine could be interpreted as violating copyright laws . only the content creator can decide where their content is published or duplicated , so the archive would have to delete pages from its system upon request of the creator . the exclusion policies for the wayback machine may be found in the faq section of the site . the wayback machine also retroactively respects robots . txt files , i . e . , pages that currently are blocked to robots on the live web temporarily will be made unavailable from the archives as well . [ sep ] copyright laws
in europe the wayback machine could be interpreted as violating copyright laws . only the content creator can decide where their content is published or duplicated , so the archive would have to delete pages from its system upon request of the creator . the exclusion policies for the wayback machine may be found in the faq section of the site . the wayback machine also retroactively respects robots . txt files , i . e . , pages that currently are blocked to robots on the live web temporarily will be made unavailable from the archives as well . [ sep ] delete pages from its system
in europe the wayback machine could be interpreted as violating copyright laws . only the content creator can decide where their content is published or duplicated , so the archive would have to delete pages from its system upon request of the creator . the exclusion policies for the wayback machine may be found in the faq section of the site . the wayback machine also retroactively respects robots . txt files , i . e . , pages that currently are blocked to robots on the live web temporarily will be made unavailable from the archives as well . [ sep ] faq
some of canada ' s most esteemed colleges and polytechnic institutions also partake in collaborative institute - industry projects , leading to technology commercialization , made possible through the scope of polytechnics canada ; a national alliance of eleven leading research - intensive colleges and institutes of technology . [ sep ] polytechnics canada
some of canada ' s most esteemed colleges and polytechnic institutions also partake in collaborative institute - industry projects , leading to technology commercialization , made possible through the scope of polytechnics canada ; a national alliance of eleven leading research - intensive colleges and institutes of technology . [ sep ] collaborative institute - industry projects
china ' s modern higher education began in 1895 with the imperial tientsin university which was a polytechnic plus a law department . liberal arts were not offered until three years later at capital university . to this day , about half of china ' s elite universities remain essentially polytechnical . [ sep ] 1895
china ' s modern higher education began in 1895 with the imperial tientsin university which was a polytechnic plus a law department . liberal arts were not offered until three years later at capital university . to this day , about half of china ' s elite universities remain essentially polytechnical . [ sep ] capital university
china ' s modern higher education began in 1895 with the imperial tientsin university which was a polytechnic plus a law department . liberal arts were not offered until three years later at capital university . to this day , about half of china ' s elite universities remain essentially polytechnical . [ sep ] half
in late 2002 , the internet archive removed various sites that were critical of scientology from the wayback machine . an error message stated that this was in response to a " request by the site owner . " later , it was clarified that lawyers from the church of scientology had demanded the removal and that the site owners did not want their material removed . [ sep ] scientology
in late 2002 , the internet archive removed various sites that were critical of scientology from the wayback machine . an error message stated that this was in response to a " request by the site owner . " later , it was clarified that lawyers from the church of scientology had demanded the removal and that the site owners did not want their material removed . [ sep ] the site owner
in late 2002 , the internet archive removed various sites that were critical of scientology from the wayback machine . an error message stated that this was in response to a " request by the site owner . " later , it was clarified that lawyers from the church of scientology had demanded the removal and that the site owners did not want their material removed . [ sep ] church of scientology
in croatia there are many polytechnic institutes and colleges that offer a polytechnic education . the law about polytechnic education in croatia was passed in 1997 . [ sep ] 1997
epn is known for research and education in the applied science , astronomy , atmospheric physics , engineering and physical sciences . the geophysics institute monitors over the country ` s seismic , tectonic and volcanic activity in the continental territory and in the galapagos islands . [ sep ] the geophysics institute
one of the oldest observatories in south america is the quito astronomical observatory . founded in 1873 and located 12 minutes south of the equator in quito , ecuador . the quito astronomical observatory is the national observatory of ecuador and is located in the historic center of quito and is managed by the national polytechnic school . [ sep ] quito astronomical observatory
one of the oldest observatories in south america is the quito astronomical observatory . founded in 1873 and located 12 minutes south of the equator in quito , ecuador . the quito astronomical observatory is the national observatory of ecuador and is located in the historic center of quito and is managed by the national polytechnic school . [ sep ] national polytechnic school
one of the oldest observatories in south america is the quito astronomical observatory . founded in 1873 and located 12 minutes south of the equator in quito , ecuador . the quito astronomical observatory is the national observatory of ecuador and is located in the historic center of quito and is managed by the national polytechnic school . [ sep ] 1873
the nuclear science department at epn is the only one in ecuador and has the large infrastructure , related to irrradiation factilities like cobalt - 60 source and electron beam processing . [ sep ] one
in 2003 , harding earley follmer & frailey defended a client from a trademark dispute using the archive ' s wayback machine . the attorneys were able to demonstrate that the claims made by the plaintiff were invalid , based on the content of their web site from several years prior . the plaintiff , healthcare advocates , then amended their complaint to include the internet archive , accusing the organization of copyright infringement as well as violations of the dmca and the computer fraud and abuse act . healthcare advocates claimed that , since they had installed a robots . txt file on their web site , even if after the initial lawsuit was filed , the archive should have removed all previous copies of the plaintiff web site from the wayback machine . the lawsuit was settled out of court . [ sep ] harding earley follmer & frailey
in 2003 , harding earley follmer & frailey defended a client from a trademark dispute using the archive ' s wayback machine . the attorneys were able to demonstrate that the claims made by the plaintiff were invalid , based on the content of their web site from several years prior . the plaintiff , healthcare advocates , then amended their complaint to include the internet archive , accusing the organization of copyright infringement as well as violations of the dmca and the computer fraud and abuse act . healthcare advocates claimed that , since they had installed a robots . txt file on their web site , even if after the initial lawsuit was filed , the archive should have removed all previous copies of the plaintiff web site from the wayback machine . the lawsuit was settled out of court . [ sep ] healthcare advocates
in 2003 , harding earley follmer & frailey defended a client from a trademark dispute using the archive ' s wayback machine . the attorneys were able to demonstrate that the claims made by the plaintiff were invalid , based on the content of their web site from several years prior . the plaintiff , healthcare advocates , then amended their complaint to include the internet archive , accusing the organization of copyright infringement as well as violations of the dmca and the computer fraud and abuse act . healthcare advocates claimed that , since they had installed a robots . txt file on their web site , even if after the initial lawsuit was filed , the archive should have removed all previous copies of the plaintiff web site from the wayback machine . the lawsuit was settled out of court . [ sep ] internet archive
in 2003 , harding earley follmer & frailey defended a client from a trademark dispute using the archive ' s wayback machine . the attorneys were able to demonstrate that the claims made by the plaintiff were invalid , based on the content of their web site from several years prior . the plaintiff , healthcare advocates , then amended their complaint to include the internet archive , accusing the organization of copyright infringement as well as violations of the dmca and the computer fraud and abuse act . healthcare advocates claimed that , since they had installed a robots . txt file on their web site , even if after the initial lawsuit was filed , the archive should have removed all previous copies of the plaintiff web site from the wayback machine . the lawsuit was settled out of court . [ sep ] the dmca and the computer fraud and abuse act
robots . txt is used as part of the robots exclusion standard , a voluntary protocol the internet archive respects that disallows bots from indexing certain pages delineated by its creator as off - limits . as a result , the internet archive has rendered unavailable a number of web sites that now are inaccessible through the wayback machine . currently , the internet archive applies robots . txt rules retroactively ; if a site blocks the internet archive , such as healthcare advocates , any previously archived pages from the domain are rendered unavailable as well . in cases of blocked sites , only the robots . txt file is archived . [ sep ] voluntary
robots . txt is used as part of the robots exclusion standard , a voluntary protocol the internet archive respects that disallows bots from indexing certain pages delineated by its creator as off - limits . as a result , the internet archive has rendered unavailable a number of web sites that now are inaccessible through the wayback machine . currently , the internet archive applies robots . txt rules retroactively ; if a site blocks the internet archive , such as healthcare advocates , any previously archived pages from the domain are rendered unavailable as well . in cases of blocked sites , only the robots . txt file is archived . [ sep ] robots . txt
robots . txt is used as part of the robots exclusion standard , a voluntary protocol the internet archive respects that disallows bots from indexing certain pages delineated by its creator as off - limits . as a result , the internet archive has rendered unavailable a number of web sites that now are inaccessible through the wayback machine . currently , the internet archive applies robots . txt rules retroactively ; if a site blocks the internet archive , such as healthcare advocates , any previously archived pages from the domain are rendered unavailable as well . in cases of blocked sites , only the robots . txt file is archived . [ sep ] robots . txt
the internet archive states , however , " sometimes a website owner will contact us directly and ask us to stop crawling or archiving a site . we comply with these requests . " in addition , the web site says : " the internet archive is not interested in preserving or offering access to web sites or other internet documents of persons who do not want their materials in the collection . " [ sep ] internet archive
its mission is to provide high quality education , training and research in the areas of science and technology to produce qualified professionals that can apply their knowledge and skills in the country ' s development . [ sep ] the country ' s development
the dutch republic , also known as the republic of the seven united netherlands ( republiek der zeven verenigde nederlanden ) , republic of the united netherlands or republic of the seven united provinces ( republiek der zeven verenigde provincien ) , was a republic in europe existing from 1581 , when part of the netherlands separated from spanish rule , until 1795 . it preceded the batavian republic , the kingdom of holland , the united kingdom of the netherlands , and ultimately the modern kingdom of the netherlands . alternative names include the united provinces ( verenigde provincien ) , federated dutch provinces ( foederatae belgii provinciae ) , and dutch federation ( belgica foederata ) . [ sep ] the united provinces ( verenigde provincien ) , federated dutch provinces ( foederatae belgii provinciae ) , and dutch federation ( belgica foederata )
the dutch republic , also known as the republic of the seven united netherlands ( republiek der zeven verenigde nederlanden ) , republic of the united netherlands or republic of the seven united provinces ( republiek der zeven verenigde provincien ) , was a republic in europe existing from 1581 , when part of the netherlands separated from spanish rule , until 1795 . it preceded the batavian republic , the kingdom of holland , the united kingdom of the netherlands , and ultimately the modern kingdom of the netherlands . alternative names include the united provinces ( verenigde provincien ) , federated dutch provinces ( foederatae belgii provinciae ) , and dutch federation ( belgica foederata ) . [ sep ] from 1581 , when part of the netherlands separated from spanish rule , until 1795
the dutch republic , also known as the republic of the seven united netherlands ( republiek der zeven verenigde nederlanden ) , republic of the united netherlands or republic of the seven united provinces ( republiek der zeven verenigde provincien ) , was a republic in europe existing from 1581 , when part of the netherlands separated from spanish rule , until 1795 . it preceded the batavian republic , the kingdom of holland , the united kingdom of the netherlands , and ultimately the modern kingdom of the netherlands . alternative names include the united provinces ( verenigde provincien ) , federated dutch provinces ( foederatae belgii provinciae ) , and dutch federation ( belgica foederata ) . [ sep ] batavian republic , the kingdom of holland , the united kingdom of the netherlands , and ultimately the modern kingdom of the netherlands
symbiosis ( from greek συν " together " and βιωσις " living " ) is close and often long - term interaction between two different biological species . in 1877 albert bernhard frank used the word symbiosis ( which previously had been used to depict people living together in community ) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens . in 1879 , the german mycologist heinrich anton de bary defined it as " the living together of unlike organisms . " [ sep ] greek
symbiosis ( from greek συν " together " and βιωσις " living " ) is close and often long - term interaction between two different biological species . in 1877 albert bernhard frank used the word symbiosis ( which previously had been used to depict people living together in community ) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens . in 1879 , the german mycologist heinrich anton de bary defined it as " the living together of unlike organisms . " [ sep ] lichens
symbiosis ( from greek συν " together " and βιωσις " living " ) is close and often long - term interaction between two different biological species . in 1877 albert bernhard frank used the word symbiosis ( which previously had been used to depict people living together in community ) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens . in 1879 , the german mycologist heinrich anton de bary defined it as " the living together of unlike organisms . " [ sep ] german
until the 16th century , the low countries – corresponding roughly to the present - day netherlands , belgium , and luxembourg – consisted of a number of duchies , counties , and prince - bishoprics , almost all of which were under the supremacy of the holy roman empire , with the exception of the county of flanders , which was under the kingdom of france . [ sep ] netherlands , belgium , and luxembourg
until the 16th century , the low countries – corresponding roughly to the present - day netherlands , belgium , and luxembourg – consisted of a number of duchies , counties , and prince - bishoprics , almost all of which were under the supremacy of the holy roman empire , with the exception of the county of flanders , which was under the kingdom of france . [ sep ] flanders
in december 2005 , activist suzanne shell filed suit demanding internet archive pay her us $ 100 , 000 for archiving her web site profane - justice . org between 1999 and 2004 . internet archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the united states district court for the northern district of california on january 20 , 2006 , seeking a judicial determination that internet archive did not violate shell ' s copyright . shell responded and brought a countersuit against internet archive for archiving her site , which she alleges is in violation of her terms of service . on february 13 , 2007 , a judge for the united states district court for the district of colorado dismissed all counterclaims except breach of contract . the internet archive did not move to dismiss copyright infringement claims shell asserted arising out of its copying activities , which would also go forward . [ sep ] suzanne shell
in december 2005 , activist suzanne shell filed suit demanding internet archive pay her us $ 100 , 000 for archiving her web site profane - justice . org between 1999 and 2004 . internet archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the united states district court for the northern district of california on january 20 , 2006 , seeking a judicial determination that internet archive did not violate shell ' s copyright . shell responded and brought a countersuit against internet archive for archiving her site , which she alleges is in violation of her terms of service . on february 13 , 2007 , a judge for the united states district court for the district of colorado dismissed all counterclaims except breach of contract . the internet archive did not move to dismiss copyright infringement claims shell asserted arising out of its copying activities , which would also go forward . [ sep ] profane - justice . org
in december 2005 , activist suzanne shell filed suit demanding internet archive pay her us $ 100 , 000 for archiving her web site profane - justice . org between 1999 and 2004 . internet archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the united states district court for the northern district of california on january 20 , 2006 , seeking a judicial determination that internet archive did not violate shell ' s copyright . shell responded and brought a countersuit against internet archive for archiving her site , which she alleges is in violation of her terms of service . on february 13 , 2007 , a judge for the united states district court for the district of colorado dismissed all counterclaims except breach of contract . the internet archive did not move to dismiss copyright infringement claims shell asserted arising out of its copying activities , which would also go forward . [ sep ] northern district of california
in december 2005 , activist suzanne shell filed suit demanding internet archive pay her us $ 100 , 000 for archiving her web site profane - justice . org between 1999 and 2004 . internet archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the united states district court for the northern district of california on january 20 , 2006 , seeking a judicial determination that internet archive did not violate shell ' s copyright . shell responded and brought a countersuit against internet archive for archiving her site , which she alleges is in violation of her terms of service . on february 13 , 2007 , a judge for the united states district court for the district of colorado dismissed all counterclaims except breach of contract . the internet archive did not move to dismiss copyright infringement claims shell asserted arising out of its copying activities , which would also go forward . [ sep ] district of colorado
the definition of symbiosis has varied among scientists . some believe symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms , while others believe it should apply to any type of persistent biological interaction ( in other words mutualistic , commensalistic , or parasitic ) . after 130 years of debate , current biology and ecology textbooks now use the latter " de bary " definition or an even broader definition ( where symbiosis means all species interactions ) , with the restrictive definition no longer used ( in other words , symbiosis means mutualism ) . [ sep ] 130 years
on april 25 , 2007 , internet archive and suzanne shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit . the internet archive said it " . . . has no interest in including materials in the wayback machine of persons who do not wish to have their web content archived . we recognize that ms . shell has a valid and enforceable copyright in her web site and we regret that the inclusion of her web site in the wayback machine resulted in this litigation . " shell said , " i respect the historical value of internet archive ' s goal . i never intended to interfere with that goal nor cause it any harm . " [ sep ] april 25 , 2007
on april 25 , 2007 , internet archive and suzanne shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit . the internet archive said it " . . . has no interest in including materials in the wayback machine of persons who do not wish to have their web content archived . we recognize that ms . shell has a valid and enforceable copyright in her web site and we regret that the inclusion of her web site in the wayback machine resulted in this litigation . " shell said , " i respect the historical value of internet archive ' s goal . i never intended to interfere with that goal nor cause it any harm . " [ sep ] internet archive
on april 25 , 2007 , internet archive and suzanne shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit . the internet archive said it " . . . has no interest in including materials in the wayback machine of persons who do not wish to have their web content archived . we recognize that ms . shell has a valid and enforceable copyright in her web site and we regret that the inclusion of her web site in the wayback machine resulted in this litigation . " shell said , " i respect the historical value of internet archive ' s goal . i never intended to interfere with that goal nor cause it any harm . " [ sep ] suzanne shell
in 2013 – 14 a pornographic actor was trying to remove archived images of himself , first by sending multiple dmca requests to the archive and then in the federal court of canada . [ sep ] dmca requests
in 2013 – 14 a pornographic actor was trying to remove archived images of himself , first by sending multiple dmca requests to the archive and then in the federal court of canada . [ sep ] federal court of canada
some symbiotic relationships are obligate , meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival . for example , many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own . others are facultative ( optional ) : they can , but do not have to live with the other organism . [ sep ] obligate
some symbiotic relationships are obligate , meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival . for example , many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own . others are facultative ( optional ) : they can , but do not have to live with the other organism . [ sep ] facultative
some symbiotic relationships are obligate , meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival . for example , many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own . others are facultative ( optional ) : they can , but do not have to live with the other organism . [ sep ] lichens
most of the low countries had come under the rule of the house of burgundy and subsequently the house of habsburg . in 1549 holy roman emperor charles v issued the pragmatic sanction , which further unified the seventeen provinces under his rule . charles was succeeded by his son , king philip ii of spain . in 1568 the netherlands , led by william i of orange , revolted against philip ii because of high taxes , persecution of protestants by the government , and philip ' s efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved - medieval government structures of the provinces . this was the start of the eighty years ' war . [ sep ] the house of burgundy and subsequently the house of habsburg
most of the low countries had come under the rule of the house of burgundy and subsequently the house of habsburg . in 1549 holy roman emperor charles v issued the pragmatic sanction , which further unified the seventeen provinces under his rule . charles was succeeded by his son , king philip ii of spain . in 1568 the netherlands , led by william i of orange , revolted against philip ii because of high taxes , persecution of protestants by the government , and philip ' s efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved - medieval government structures of the provinces . this was the start of the eighty years ' war . [ sep ] holy roman emperor charles v
most of the low countries had come under the rule of the house of burgundy and subsequently the house of habsburg . in 1549 holy roman emperor charles v issued the pragmatic sanction , which further unified the seventeen provinces under his rule . charles was succeeded by his son , king philip ii of spain . in 1568 the netherlands , led by william i of orange , revolted against philip ii because of high taxes , persecution of protestants by the government , and philip ' s efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved - medieval government structures of the provinces . this was the start of the eighty years ' war . [ sep ] 1568
most of the low countries had come under the rule of the house of burgundy and subsequently the house of habsburg . in 1549 holy roman emperor charles v issued the pragmatic sanction , which further unified the seventeen provinces under his rule . charles was succeeded by his son , king philip ii of spain . in 1568 the netherlands , led by william i of orange , revolted against philip ii because of high taxes , persecution of protestants by the government , and philip ' s efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved - medieval government structures of the provinces . this was the start of the eighty years ' war . [ sep ] high taxes , persecution of protestants by the government , and philip ' s efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved - medieval government structures of the provinces
in 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the low countries signed the union of utrecht , in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the spanish army . this was followed in 1581 by the act of abjuration , the declaration of independence of the provinces from philip ii . [ sep ] 1579
in 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the low countries signed the union of utrecht , in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the spanish army . this was followed in 1581 by the act of abjuration , the declaration of independence of the provinces from philip ii . [ sep ] a number of the northern provinces of the low countries
in 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the low countries signed the union of utrecht , in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the spanish army . this was followed in 1581 by the act of abjuration , the declaration of independence of the provinces from philip ii . [ sep ] the act of abjuration
in 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the low countries signed the union of utrecht , in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the spanish army . this was followed in 1581 by the act of abjuration , the declaration of independence of the provinces from philip ii . [ sep ] 1581
in 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the low countries signed the union of utrecht , in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the spanish army . this was followed in 1581 by the act of abjuration , the declaration of independence of the provinces from philip ii . [ sep ] to support each other in their defence against the spanish army
in 1582 the united provinces invited francis , duke of anjou to lead them ; but after a failed attempt to take antwerp in 1583 , the duke left the netherlands again . after the assassination of william of orange ( 10 july 1584 ) , both henry iii of france and elizabeth i of england declined the offer of sovereignty . however , the latter agreed to turn the united provinces into a protectorate of england ( treaty of nonsuch , 1585 ) , and sent the earl of leicester as governor - general . this was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces became a confederacy . the union of utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the republic of the seven united provinces , which was not recognized by the spanish empire until the peace of westphalia in 1648 . [ sep ] 1582
in 1582 the united provinces invited francis , duke of anjou to lead them ; but after a failed attempt to take antwerp in 1583 , the duke left the netherlands again . after the assassination of william of orange ( 10 july 1584 ) , both henry iii of france and elizabeth i of england declined the offer of sovereignty . however , the latter agreed to turn the united provinces into a protectorate of england ( treaty of nonsuch , 1585 ) , and sent the earl of leicester as governor - general . this was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces became a confederacy . the union of utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the republic of the seven united provinces , which was not recognized by the spanish empire until the peace of westphalia in 1648 . [ sep ] 1583
in 1582 the united provinces invited francis , duke of anjou to lead them ; but after a failed attempt to take antwerp in 1583 , the duke left the netherlands again . after the assassination of william of orange ( 10 july 1584 ) , both henry iii of france and elizabeth i of england declined the offer of sovereignty . however , the latter agreed to turn the united provinces into a protectorate of england ( treaty of nonsuch , 1585 ) , and sent the earl of leicester as governor - general . this was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces became a confederacy . the union of utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the republic of the seven united provinces , which was not recognized by the spanish empire until the peace of westphalia in 1648 . [ sep ] 10 july 1584
in 1582 the united provinces invited francis , duke of anjou to lead them ; but after a failed attempt to take antwerp in 1583 , the duke left the netherlands again . after the assassination of william of orange ( 10 july 1584 ) , both henry iii of france and elizabeth i of england declined the offer of sovereignty . however , the latter agreed to turn the united provinces into a protectorate of england ( treaty of nonsuch , 1585 ) , and sent the earl of leicester as governor - general . this was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces became a confederacy . the union of utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the republic of the seven united provinces , which was not recognized by the spanish empire until the peace of westphalia in 1648 . [ sep ] elizabeth i
in 1582 the united provinces invited francis , duke of anjou to lead them ; but after a failed attempt to take antwerp in 1583 , the duke left the netherlands again . after the assassination of william of orange ( 10 july 1584 ) , both henry iii of france and elizabeth i of england declined the offer of sovereignty . however , the latter agreed to turn the united provinces into a protectorate of england ( treaty of nonsuch , 1585 ) , and sent the earl of leicester as governor - general . this was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces became a confederacy . the union of utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the republic of the seven united provinces , which was not recognized by the spanish empire until the peace of westphalia in 1648 . [ sep ] 1588
mit raises funds from non - governmental organizations and individuals who support the mission and objectives of the institute . tigray development association , its supporters , and rest have provided the initial funds for the launching of the institute . as a result of the unstinting efforts made by the provisional governing board to obtain technical and financial assistance , the institute has so far secured financial and material support as well as pledges of sponsorship for 50 students , covering their tuition fees , room and board up to graduation . the mit has also been able to create linkages with some universities and colleges in the united states of america , which have provided manpower and material support to mit . the institute is governed by a provisional governing board . [ sep ] 50
symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another ( ectosymbiosis , such as mistletoe ) , or where one partner lives inside the other ( endosymbiosis , such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or symbiodinium in corals ) . symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms ; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis , and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis . [ sep ] mistletoe
symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another ( ectosymbiosis , such as mistletoe ) , or where one partner lives inside the other ( endosymbiosis , such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or symbiodinium in corals ) . symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms ; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis , and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis . [ sep ] disjunctive symbiosis
symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another ( ectosymbiosis , such as mistletoe ) , or where one partner lives inside the other ( endosymbiosis , such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or symbiodinium in corals ) . symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms ; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis , and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis . [ sep ] endosymbiosis
universities of technology are categorised as universities , are allowed to grant b . sc . ( tech . ) , m . sc . ( tech . ) , lic . sc . ( tech . ) , ph . d . and d . sc . ( tech . ) degrees and roughly correspond to instituts de technologie of french - speaking areas and technische universitat of germany in prestige . in addition to universities of technology , some universities , e . g . university of oulu and abo akademi university , are allowed to grant the b . sc . ( tech . ) , m . sc . ( tech . ) and d . sc . ( tech . ) degrees . [ sep ] instituts de technologie
the republic of the united provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783 – 1795 created the batavian republic . during this period , republican forces took several major cities of the netherlands . after initially fleeing , the monarchist forces came back with british , austrian , and prussian troops and retook the netherlands . the republican forces fled to france , but then successfully re - invaded alongside the army of the french republic . after the french republic became the french empire under napoleon , the batavian republic was replaced by the napoleonic kingdom of holland . [ sep ] a series of republican revolutions in 1783 – 1795
the republic of the united provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783 – 1795 created the batavian republic . during this period , republican forces took several major cities of the netherlands . after initially fleeing , the monarchist forces came back with british , austrian , and prussian troops and retook the netherlands . the republican forces fled to france , but then successfully re - invaded alongside the army of the french republic . after the french republic became the french empire under napoleon , the batavian republic was replaced by the napoleonic kingdom of holland . [ sep ] france
the republic of the united provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783 – 1795 created the batavian republic . during this period , republican forces took several major cities of the netherlands . after initially fleeing , the monarchist forces came back with british , austrian , and prussian troops and retook the netherlands . the republican forces fled to france , but then successfully re - invaded alongside the army of the french republic . after the french republic became the french empire under napoleon , the batavian republic was replaced by the napoleonic kingdom of holland . [ sep ] the batavian republic
the netherlands regained independence from france in 1813 . in the anglo - dutch treaty of 1814 the names " united provinces of the netherlands " and " united netherlands " were used . in 1815 it was rejoined with the austrian netherlands , luxembourg and liege ( the " southern provinces " ) to become the kingdom of the netherlands , informally known as the kingdom of the united netherlands , to create a strong buffer state north of france . after belgium and luxembourg became independent , the state became unequivocally known as the kingdom of the netherlands , as it remains today . [ sep ] 1813
the netherlands regained independence from france in 1813 . in the anglo - dutch treaty of 1814 the names " united provinces of the netherlands " and " united netherlands " were used . in 1815 it was rejoined with the austrian netherlands , luxembourg and liege ( the " southern provinces " ) to become the kingdom of the netherlands , informally known as the kingdom of the united netherlands , to create a strong buffer state north of france . after belgium and luxembourg became independent , the state became unequivocally known as the kingdom of the netherlands , as it remains today . [ sep ] " united provinces of the netherlands " and " united netherlands "
the netherlands regained independence from france in 1813 . in the anglo - dutch treaty of 1814 the names " united provinces of the netherlands " and " united netherlands " were used . in 1815 it was rejoined with the austrian netherlands , luxembourg and liege ( the " southern provinces " ) to become the kingdom of the netherlands , informally known as the kingdom of the united netherlands , to create a strong buffer state north of france . after belgium and luxembourg became independent , the state became unequivocally known as the kingdom of the netherlands , as it remains today . [ sep ] austrian netherlands , luxembourg and liege
universities of technology are academically similar to other ( non - polytechnic ) universities . prior to bologna process , m . sc . ( tech . ) required 180 credits , whereas m . sc . from a normal university required 160 credits . the credits between universities of technology and normal universities are comparable . [ sep ] 180
universities of technology are academically similar to other ( non - polytechnic ) universities . prior to bologna process , m . sc . ( tech . ) required 180 credits , whereas m . sc . from a normal university required 160 credits . the credits between universities of technology and normal universities are comparable . [ sep ] 160
during the dutch golden age in the late 16th century onward , the dutch republic dominated world trade in the 17th century , conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation . the county of holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world . [ sep ] the dutch golden age
during the dutch golden age in the late 16th century onward , the dutch republic dominated world trade in the 17th century , conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation . the county of holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world . [ sep ] the county of holland
the canadian armed forces ( caf ; french : forces armees canadiennes , fac ) , or canadian forces ( cf ) ( french : les forces canadiennes , fc ) , is the unified armed force of canada , as constituted by the national defence act , which states : " the canadian forces are the armed forces of her majesty raised by canada and consist of one service called the canadian armed forces . " [ sep ] forces armees canadiennes
the canadian armed forces ( caf ; french : forces armees canadiennes , fac ) , or canadian forces ( cf ) ( french : les forces canadiennes , fc ) , is the unified armed force of canada , as constituted by the national defence act , which states : " the canadian forces are the armed forces of her majesty raised by canada and consist of one service called the canadian armed forces . " [ sep ] the national defence act
the canadian armed forces ( caf ; french : forces armees canadiennes , fac ) , or canadian forces ( cf ) ( french : les forces canadiennes , fc ) , is the unified armed force of canada , as constituted by the national defence act , which states : " the canadian forces are the armed forces of her majesty raised by canada and consist of one service called the canadian armed forces . " [ sep ] her majesty
the canadian armed forces ( caf ; french : forces armees canadiennes , fac ) , or canadian forces ( cf ) ( french : les forces canadiennes , fc ) , is the unified armed force of canada , as constituted by the national defence act , which states : " the canadian forces are the armed forces of her majesty raised by canada and consist of one service called the canadian armed forces . " [ sep ] forces canadiennes
polytechnic schools are distinct from academic universities in finland . ammattikorkeakoulu is the common term in finland , as is the swedish alternative " yrkeshogskola " – their focus is on studies leading to a degree ( for instance insinoori , engineer ; in international use , bachelor of engineering ) in kind different from but in level comparable to an academic bachelor ' s degree awarded by a university . since 2006 the polytechnics have offered studies leading to master ' s degrees ( master of engineering ) . after january 1 , 2006 , some finnish ammattikorkeakoulus switched the english term " polytechnic " to the term " university of applied sciences " in the english translations of their legal names . the ammattikorkeakoulu has many similarities to the hogeschool in belgium and in the netherlands and to the fachhochschule in the german language areas . [ sep ] finland
polytechnic schools are distinct from academic universities in finland . ammattikorkeakoulu is the common term in finland , as is the swedish alternative " yrkeshogskola " – their focus is on studies leading to a degree ( for instance insinoori , engineer ; in international use , bachelor of engineering ) in kind different from but in level comparable to an academic bachelor ' s degree awarded by a university . since 2006 the polytechnics have offered studies leading to master ' s degrees ( master of engineering ) . after january 1 , 2006 , some finnish ammattikorkeakoulus switched the english term " polytechnic " to the term " university of applied sciences " in the english translations of their legal names . the ammattikorkeakoulu has many similarities to the hogeschool in belgium and in the netherlands and to the fachhochschule in the german language areas . [ sep ] ammattikorkeakoulus
polytechnic schools are distinct from academic universities in finland . ammattikorkeakoulu is the common term in finland , as is the swedish alternative " yrkeshogskola " – their focus is on studies leading to a degree ( for instance insinoori , engineer ; in international use , bachelor of engineering ) in kind different from but in level comparable to an academic bachelor ' s degree awarded by a university . since 2006 the polytechnics have offered studies leading to master ' s degrees ( master of engineering ) . after january 1 , 2006 , some finnish ammattikorkeakoulus switched the english term " polytechnic " to the term " university of applied sciences " in the english translations of their legal names . the ammattikorkeakoulu has many similarities to the hogeschool in belgium and in the netherlands and to the fachhochschule in the german language areas . [ sep ] yrkeshogskola
this unified institution consists of sea , land , and air elements referred to as the royal canadian navy ( rcn ) , canadian army , and royal canadian air force ( rcaf ) . personnel may belong to either the regular force or the reserve force , which has four sub - components : the primary reserve , supplementary reserve , cadet organizations administration and training service , and the canadian rangers . under the national defence act , the canadian armed forces are an entity separate and distinct from the department of national defence ( the federal government department responsible for administration and formation of defence policy ) , which also exists as the civilian support system for the forces . [ sep ] four
this unified institution consists of sea , land , and air elements referred to as the royal canadian navy ( rcn ) , canadian army , and royal canadian air force ( rcaf ) . personnel may belong to either the regular force or the reserve force , which has four sub - components : the primary reserve , supplementary reserve , cadet organizations administration and training service , and the canadian rangers . under the national defence act , the canadian armed forces are an entity separate and distinct from the department of national defence ( the federal government department responsible for administration and formation of defence policy ) , which also exists as the civilian support system for the forces . [ sep ] the national defence act
the free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern , effective stock market in the low countries . the netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world , founded in 1602 by the dutch east india company . while rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the netherlands , the world ' s first stock exchange – that of the dutch east - india company – went public in six different cities . later , a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city , so amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles . while the banking system evolved in the low countries , it was quickly incorporated by the well - connected english , stimulating english economic output . [ sep ] 1602
the free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern , effective stock market in the low countries . the netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world , founded in 1602 by the dutch east india company . while rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the netherlands , the world ' s first stock exchange – that of the dutch east - india company – went public in six different cities . later , a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city , so amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles . while the banking system evolved in the low countries , it was quickly incorporated by the well - connected english , stimulating english economic output . [ sep ] rotterdam
the free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern , effective stock market in the low countries . the netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world , founded in 1602 by the dutch east india company . while rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the netherlands , the world ' s first stock exchange – that of the dutch east - india company – went public in six different cities . later , a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city , so amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles . while the banking system evolved in the low countries , it was quickly incorporated by the well - connected english , stimulating english economic output . [ sep ] six
the free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern , effective stock market in the low countries . the netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world , founded in 1602 by the dutch east india company . while rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the netherlands , the world ' s first stock exchange – that of the dutch east - india company – went public in six different cities . later , a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city , so amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles . while the banking system evolved in the low countries , it was quickly incorporated by the well - connected english , stimulating english economic output . [ sep ] amsterdam
the commander - in - chief of the canadian armed forces is the reigning canadian monarch , queen elizabeth ii , who is represented by the governor general of canada . the canadian armed forces is led by the chief of the defence staff , who is advised and assisted by the armed forces council . [ sep ] queen elizabeth ii
the commander - in - chief of the canadian armed forces is the reigning canadian monarch , queen elizabeth ii , who is represented by the governor general of canada . the canadian armed forces is led by the chief of the defence staff , who is advised and assisted by the armed forces council . [ sep ] the governor general of canada
the commander - in - chief of the canadian armed forces is the reigning canadian monarch , queen elizabeth ii , who is represented by the governor general of canada . the canadian armed forces is led by the chief of the defence staff , who is advised and assisted by the armed forces council . [ sep ] the chief of the defence staff
the commander - in - chief of the canadian armed forces is the reigning canadian monarch , queen elizabeth ii , who is represented by the governor general of canada . the canadian armed forces is led by the chief of the defence staff , who is advised and assisted by the armed forces council . [ sep ] the armed forces council .
during the cold war , a principal focus of canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of europe in the face of the soviet military threat . toward that end , canadian ground and air forces were based in europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s . [ sep ] cold war
during the cold war , a principal focus of canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of europe in the face of the soviet military threat . toward that end , canadian ground and air forces were based in europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s . [ sep ] the security of europe
during the cold war , a principal focus of canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of europe in the face of the soviet military threat . toward that end , canadian ground and air forces were based in europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s . [ sep ] the soviet military threat
during the cold war , a principal focus of canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of europe in the face of the soviet military threat . toward that end , canadian ground and air forces were based in europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s . [ sep ] the early 1950s
during the cold war , a principal focus of canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of europe in the face of the soviet military threat . toward that end , canadian ground and air forces were based in europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s . [ sep ] the early 1990s
between 1590 – 1712 the dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world , allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the portuguese sphere of influence on the indian ocean and in the orient , as well as a lucrative slave trade from africa and the pacific . [ sep ] 1590 – 1712
between 1590 – 1712 the dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world , allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the portuguese sphere of influence on the indian ocean and in the orient , as well as a lucrative slave trade from africa and the pacific . [ sep ] africa and the pacific
between 1590 – 1712 the dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world , allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the portuguese sphere of influence on the indian ocean and in the orient , as well as a lucrative slave trade from africa and the pacific . [ sep ] breaking the portuguese sphere of influence on the indian ocean and in the orient
however , since the end of the cold war , as the north atlantic treaty organization ( nato ) has moved much of its defence focus " out of area " , the canadian military has also become more deeply engaged in international security operations in various other parts of the world – most notably in afghanistan since 2002 . [ sep ] the north atlantic treaty organization ( nato )
however , since the end of the cold war , as the north atlantic treaty organization ( nato ) has moved much of its defence focus " out of area " , the canadian military has also become more deeply engaged in international security operations in various other parts of the world – most notably in afghanistan since 2002 . [ sep ] international security operations
however , since the end of the cold war , as the north atlantic treaty organization ( nato ) has moved much of its defence focus " out of area " , the canadian military has also become more deeply engaged in international security operations in various other parts of the world – most notably in afghanistan since 2002 . [ sep ] afghanistan
however , since the end of the cold war , as the north atlantic treaty organization ( nato ) has moved much of its defence focus " out of area " , the canadian military has also become more deeply engaged in international security operations in various other parts of the world – most notably in afghanistan since 2002 . [ sep ] 2002
however , since the end of the cold war , as the north atlantic treaty organization ( nato ) has moved much of its defence focus " out of area " , the canadian military has also become more deeply engaged in international security operations in various other parts of the world – most notably in afghanistan since 2002 . [ sep ] out of area
canadian defence policy today is based on the canada first defence strategy , introduced in 2008 . based on that strategy , the canadian military is oriented and being equipped to carry out six core missions within canada , in north america and globally . specifically , the canadian armed forces are tasked with having the capacity to : [ sep ] canada first defence strategy
canadian defence policy today is based on the canada first defence strategy , introduced in 2008 . based on that strategy , the canadian military is oriented and being equipped to carry out six core missions within canada , in north america and globally . specifically , the canadian armed forces are tasked with having the capacity to : [ sep ] 2008
canadian defence policy today is based on the canada first defence strategy , introduced in 2008 . based on that strategy , the canadian military is oriented and being equipped to carry out six core missions within canada , in north america and globally . specifically , the canadian armed forces are tasked with having the capacity to : [ sep ] six core missions
canadian defence policy today is based on the canada first defence strategy , introduced in 2008 . based on that strategy , the canadian military is oriented and being equipped to carry out six core missions within canada , in north america and globally . specifically , the canadian armed forces are tasked with having the capacity to : [ sep ] north america
the republic was a confederation of seven provinces , which had their own governments and were very independent , and a number of so - called generality lands . the latter were governed directly by the states general ( staten - generaal in dutch ) , the federal government . the states general were seated in the hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces . the provinces of the republic were , in official feudal order : [ sep ] seven
the republic was a confederation of seven provinces , which had their own governments and were very independent , and a number of so - called generality lands . the latter were governed directly by the states general ( staten - generaal in dutch ) , the federal government . the states general were seated in the hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces . the provinces of the republic were , in official feudal order : [ sep ] the states general ( staten - generaal in dutch ) , the federal government
the republic was a confederation of seven provinces , which had their own governments and were very independent , and a number of so - called generality lands . the latter were governed directly by the states general ( staten - generaal in dutch ) , the federal government . the states general were seated in the hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces . the provinces of the republic were , in official feudal order : [ sep ] representatives of each of the seven provinces
consistent with the missions and priorities outlined above , the canadian armed forces also contribute to the conduct of canadian defence diplomacy through a range of activities , including the deployment of canadian defence attaches , participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums ( e . g . the system of cooperation among the american air forces ) , ship and aircraft visits , military training and cooperation , and other such outreach and relationship - building efforts . [ sep ] conduct of canadian defence diplomacy
consistent with the missions and priorities outlined above , the canadian armed forces also contribute to the conduct of canadian defence diplomacy through a range of activities , including the deployment of canadian defence attaches , participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums ( e . g . the system of cooperation among the american air forces ) , ship and aircraft visits , military training and cooperation , and other such outreach and relationship - building efforts . [ sep ] deployment of canadian defence attaches
consistent with the missions and priorities outlined above , the canadian armed forces also contribute to the conduct of canadian defence diplomacy through a range of activities , including the deployment of canadian defence attaches , participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums ( e . g . the system of cooperation among the american air forces ) , ship and aircraft visits , military training and cooperation , and other such outreach and relationship - building efforts . [ sep ] the american air forces
consistent with the missions and priorities outlined above , the canadian armed forces also contribute to the conduct of canadian defence diplomacy through a range of activities , including the deployment of canadian defence attaches , participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums ( e . g . the system of cooperation among the american air forces ) , ship and aircraft visits , military training and cooperation , and other such outreach and relationship - building efforts . [ sep ] military training
consistent with the missions and priorities outlined above , the canadian armed forces also contribute to the conduct of canadian defence diplomacy through a range of activities , including the deployment of canadian defence attaches , participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums ( e . g . the system of cooperation among the american air forces ) , ship and aircraft visits , military training and cooperation , and other such outreach and relationship - building efforts . [ sep ] relationship - building efforts
in fact , there was an eighth province , the county of drenthe , but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the states general . each province was governed by the provincial states , the main executive official ( though not the official head of state ) was a raadspensionaris . in times of war , the stadtholder , who commanded the army , would have more power than the raadspensionaris . [ sep ] the county of drenthe
in fact , there was an eighth province , the county of drenthe , but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the states general . each province was governed by the provincial states , the main executive official ( though not the official head of state ) was a raadspensionaris . in times of war , the stadtholder , who commanded the army , would have more power than the raadspensionaris . [ sep ] this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes
in fact , there was an eighth province , the county of drenthe , but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the states general . each province was governed by the provincial states , the main executive official ( though not the official head of state ) was a raadspensionaris . in times of war , the stadtholder , who commanded the army , would have more power than the raadspensionaris . [ sep ] raadspensionaris
in fact , there was an eighth province , the county of drenthe , but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the states general . each province was governed by the provincial states , the main executive official ( though not the official head of state ) was a raadspensionaris . in times of war , the stadtholder , who commanded the army , would have more power than the raadspensionaris . [ sep ] the stadtholder
in fact , there was an eighth province , the county of drenthe , but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the states general . each province was governed by the provincial states , the main executive official ( though not the official head of state ) was a raadspensionaris . in times of war , the stadtholder , who commanded the army , would have more power than the raadspensionaris . [ sep ] the stadtholder
in 1059 , the right of electing the pope was reserved to the principal clergy of rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees . in the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside rome as cardinals began , with each of them assigned a church in rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses , while still being incardinated in a diocese other than that of rome . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] the principal clergy of rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees .
in 1059 , the right of electing the pope was reserved to the principal clergy of rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees . in the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside rome as cardinals began , with each of them assigned a church in rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses , while still being incardinated in a diocese other than that of rome . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] a church in rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses
prior to confederation in 1867 , residents of the colonies in what is now canada served as regular members of french and british forces and in local militia groups . the latter aided in the defence of their respective territories against attacks by other european powers , aboriginal peoples , and later american forces during the american revolutionary war and war of 1812 , as well as in the fenian raids , red river rebellion , and north - west rebellion . consequently , the lineages of some canadian army units stretch back to the early 19th century , when militia units were formed to assist in the defence of british north america against invasion by the united states . [ sep ] 1867
prior to confederation in 1867 , residents of the colonies in what is now canada served as regular members of french and british forces and in local militia groups . the latter aided in the defence of their respective territories against attacks by other european powers , aboriginal peoples , and later american forces during the american revolutionary war and war of 1812 , as well as in the fenian raids , red river rebellion , and north - west rebellion . consequently , the lineages of some canadian army units stretch back to the early 19th century , when militia units were formed to assist in the defence of british north america against invasion by the united states . [ sep ] french and british forces
prior to confederation in 1867 , residents of the colonies in what is now canada served as regular members of french and british forces and in local militia groups . the latter aided in the defence of their respective territories against attacks by other european powers , aboriginal peoples , and later american forces during the american revolutionary war and war of 1812 , as well as in the fenian raids , red river rebellion , and north - west rebellion . consequently , the lineages of some canadian army units stretch back to the early 19th century , when militia units were formed to assist in the defence of british north america against invasion by the united states . [ sep ] european powers
prior to confederation in 1867 , residents of the colonies in what is now canada served as regular members of french and british forces and in local militia groups . the latter aided in the defence of their respective territories against attacks by other european powers , aboriginal peoples , and later american forces during the american revolutionary war and war of 1812 , as well as in the fenian raids , red river rebellion , and north - west rebellion . consequently , the lineages of some canadian army units stretch back to the early 19th century , when militia units were formed to assist in the defence of british north america against invasion by the united states . [ sep ] the american revolutionary war
prior to confederation in 1867 , residents of the colonies in what is now canada served as regular members of french and british forces and in local militia groups . the latter aided in the defence of their respective territories against attacks by other european powers , aboriginal peoples , and later american forces during the american revolutionary war and war of 1812 , as well as in the fenian raids , red river rebellion , and north - west rebellion . consequently , the lineages of some canadian army units stretch back to the early 19th century , when militia units were formed to assist in the defence of british north america against invasion by the united states . [ sep ] invasion by the united states
the responsibility for military command remained with the british crown - in - council , with a commander - in - chief for north america stationed at halifax until the final withdrawal of british army and royal navy units from that city in 1906 . thereafter , the royal canadian navy was formed , and , with the advent of military aviation , the royal canadian air force . these forces were organised under the department of militia and defence , and split into the permanent and non - permanent active militias — frequently shortened to simply the militia . by 1923 , the department was merged into the department of national defence , but land forces in canada were not referred to as the canadian army until november 1940 . [ sep ] the british crown - in - council
the responsibility for military command remained with the british crown - in - council , with a commander - in - chief for north america stationed at halifax until the final withdrawal of british army and royal navy units from that city in 1906 . thereafter , the royal canadian navy was formed , and , with the advent of military aviation , the royal canadian air force . these forces were organised under the department of militia and defence , and split into the permanent and non - permanent active militias — frequently shortened to simply the militia . by 1923 , the department was merged into the department of national defence , but land forces in canada were not referred to as the canadian army until november 1940 . [ sep ] halifax
the responsibility for military command remained with the british crown - in - council , with a commander - in - chief for north america stationed at halifax until the final withdrawal of british army and royal navy units from that city in 1906 . thereafter , the royal canadian navy was formed , and , with the advent of military aviation , the royal canadian air force . these forces were organised under the department of militia and defence , and split into the permanent and non - permanent active militias — frequently shortened to simply the militia . by 1923 , the department was merged into the department of national defence , but land forces in canada were not referred to as the canadian army until november 1940 . [ sep ] 1906
the responsibility for military command remained with the british crown - in - council , with a commander - in - chief for north america stationed at halifax until the final withdrawal of british army and royal navy units from that city in 1906 . thereafter , the royal canadian navy was formed , and , with the advent of military aviation , the royal canadian air force . these forces were organised under the department of militia and defence , and split into the permanent and non - permanent active militias — frequently shortened to simply the militia . by 1923 , the department was merged into the department of national defence , but land forces in canada were not referred to as the canadian army until november 1940 . [ sep ] the department of militia and defence
the responsibility for military command remained with the british crown - in - council , with a commander - in - chief for north america stationed at halifax until the final withdrawal of british army and royal navy units from that city in 1906 . thereafter , the royal canadian navy was formed , and , with the advent of military aviation , the royal canadian air force . these forces were organised under the department of militia and defence , and split into the permanent and non - permanent active militias — frequently shortened to simply the militia . by 1923 , the department was merged into the department of national defence , but land forces in canada were not referred to as the canadian army until november 1940 . [ sep ] november 1940
the term cardinal at one time applied to any priest permanently assigned or incardinated to a church , or specifically to the senior priest of an important church , based on the latin cardo ( hinge ) , meaning " principal " or " chief " . the term was applied in this sense as early as the ninth century to the priests of the tituli ( parishes ) of the diocese of rome . the church of england retains an instance of this origin of the title , which is held by the two senior members of the college of minor canons of st paul ' s cathedral . [ sep ] cardinal
the term cardinal at one time applied to any priest permanently assigned or incardinated to a church , or specifically to the senior priest of an important church , based on the latin cardo ( hinge ) , meaning " principal " or " chief " . the term was applied in this sense as early as the ninth century to the priests of the tituli ( parishes ) of the diocese of rome . the church of england retains an instance of this origin of the title , which is held by the two senior members of the college of minor canons of st paul ' s cathedral . [ sep ] ninth century
the term cardinal at one time applied to any priest permanently assigned or incardinated to a church , or specifically to the senior priest of an important church , based on the latin cardo ( hinge ) , meaning " principal " or " chief " . the term was applied in this sense as early as the ninth century to the priests of the tituli ( parishes ) of the diocese of rome . the church of england retains an instance of this origin of the title , which is held by the two senior members of the college of minor canons of st paul ' s cathedral . [ sep ] tituli
the first overseas deployment of canadian military forces occurred during the second boer war , when several units were raised to serve under british command . similarly , when the united kingdom entered into conflict with germany in the first world war , canadian troops were called to participate in european theatres . the canadian crown - in - council then decided to send its forces into the second world war , as well as the korean war . [ sep ] second boer war
the first overseas deployment of canadian military forces occurred during the second boer war , when several units were raised to serve under british command . similarly , when the united kingdom entered into conflict with germany in the first world war , canadian troops were called to participate in european theatres . the canadian crown - in - council then decided to send its forces into the second world war , as well as the korean war . [ sep ] british command
the first overseas deployment of canadian military forces occurred during the second boer war , when several units were raised to serve under british command . similarly , when the united kingdom entered into conflict with germany in the first world war , canadian troops were called to participate in european theatres . the canadian crown - in - council then decided to send its forces into the second world war , as well as the korean war . [ sep ] the first world war
the first overseas deployment of canadian military forces occurred during the second boer war , when several units were raised to serve under british command . similarly , when the united kingdom entered into conflict with germany in the first world war , canadian troops were called to participate in european theatres . the canadian crown - in - council then decided to send its forces into the second world war , as well as the korean war . [ sep ] second world war
the first overseas deployment of canadian military forces occurred during the second boer war , when several units were raised to serve under british command . similarly , when the united kingdom entered into conflict with germany in the first world war , canadian troops were called to participate in european theatres . the canadian crown - in - council then decided to send its forces into the second world war , as well as the korean war . [ sep ] korean war
in theory , the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province . however , in practice the princes of orange of the house of orange - nassau , beginning with william the silent , were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces . zeeland and usually utrecht had the same stadtholder as holland . [ sep ] the states of each province
in theory , the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province . however , in practice the princes of orange of the house of orange - nassau , beginning with william the silent , were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces . zeeland and usually utrecht had the same stadtholder as holland . [ sep ] the princes of orange of the house of orange - nassau , beginning with william the silent
in theory , the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province . however , in practice the princes of orange of the house of orange - nassau , beginning with william the silent , were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces . zeeland and usually utrecht had the same stadtholder as holland . [ sep ] zeeland and usually utrecht
there is disagreement about the origin of the term , but general consensus that " cardinalis " from the word cardo ( meaning ' pivot ' or ' hinge ' ) was first used in late antiquity to designate a bishop or priest who was incorporated into a church for which he had not originally been ordained . in rome the first persons to be called cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century , when the word began to mean “ principal , ” “ eminent , ” or " superior . " the name was also given to the senior priest in each of the " title " churches ( the parish churches ) of rome and to the bishops of the seven sees surrounding the city . by the 8th century the roman cardinals constituted a privileged class among the roman clergy . they took part in the administration of the church of rome and in the papal liturgy . by decree of a synod of 769 , only a cardinal was eligible to become pope . in 1059 , during the pontificate of nicholas ii , cardinals were given the right to elect the pope under the papal bull in nomine domini . for a time this power was assigned exclusively to the cardinal bishops , but the third lateran council in 1179 gave back the right to the whole body of cardinals . cardinals were granted the privilege of wearing the red hat by pope innocent iv in 1244 . [ sep ] the deacons of the seven regions of the city
there is disagreement about the origin of the term , but general consensus that " cardinalis " from the word cardo ( meaning ' pivot ' or ' hinge ' ) was first used in late antiquity to designate a bishop or priest who was incorporated into a church for which he had not originally been ordained . in rome the first persons to be called cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century , when the word began to mean “ principal , ” “ eminent , ” or " superior . " the name was also given to the senior priest in each of the " title " churches ( the parish churches ) of rome and to the bishops of the seven sees surrounding the city . by the 8th century the roman cardinals constituted a privileged class among the roman clergy . they took part in the administration of the church of rome and in the papal liturgy . by decree of a synod of 769 , only a cardinal was eligible to become pope . in 1059 , during the pontificate of nicholas ii , cardinals were given the right to elect the pope under the papal bull in nomine domini . for a time this power was assigned exclusively to the cardinal bishops , but the third lateran council in 1179 gave back the right to the whole body of cardinals . cardinals were granted the privilege of wearing the red hat by pope innocent iv in 1244 . [ sep ] 8th century
there is disagreement about the origin of the term , but general consensus that " cardinalis " from the word cardo ( meaning ' pivot ' or ' hinge ' ) was first used in late antiquity to designate a bishop or priest who was incorporated into a church for which he had not originally been ordained . in rome the first persons to be called cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century , when the word began to mean “ principal , ” “ eminent , ” or " superior . " the name was also given to the senior priest in each of the " title " churches ( the parish churches ) of rome and to the bishops of the seven sees surrounding the city . by the 8th century the roman cardinals constituted a privileged class among the roman clergy . they took part in the administration of the church of rome and in the papal liturgy . by decree of a synod of 769 , only a cardinal was eligible to become pope . in 1059 , during the pontificate of nicholas ii , cardinals were given the right to elect the pope under the papal bull in nomine domini . for a time this power was assigned exclusively to the cardinal bishops , but the third lateran council in 1179 gave back the right to the whole body of cardinals . cardinals were granted the privilege of wearing the red hat by pope innocent iv in 1244 . [ sep ] 769
there is disagreement about the origin of the term , but general consensus that " cardinalis " from the word cardo ( meaning ' pivot ' or ' hinge ' ) was first used in late antiquity to designate a bishop or priest who was incorporated into a church for which he had not originally been ordained . in rome the first persons to be called cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century , when the word began to mean “ principal , ” “ eminent , ” or " superior . " the name was also given to the senior priest in each of the " title " churches ( the parish churches ) of rome and to the bishops of the seven sees surrounding the city . by the 8th century the roman cardinals constituted a privileged class among the roman clergy . they took part in the administration of the church of rome and in the papal liturgy . by decree of a synod of 769 , only a cardinal was eligible to become pope . in 1059 , during the pontificate of nicholas ii , cardinals were given the right to elect the pope under the papal bull in nomine domini . for a time this power was assigned exclusively to the cardinal bishops , but the third lateran council in 1179 gave back the right to the whole body of cardinals . cardinals were granted the privilege of wearing the red hat by pope innocent iv in 1244 . [ sep ] nicholas ii
there was a constant power struggle between the orangists , who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of orange , and the republicans , who supported the states general and hoped to replace the semi - hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure . [ sep ] orangists
there was a constant power struggle between the orangists , who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of orange , and the republicans , who supported the states general and hoped to replace the semi - hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure . [ sep ] republicans
since 1947 , canadian military units have participated in more than 200 operations worldwide , and completed 72 international operations . canadian soldiers , sailors , and aviators came to be considered world - class professionals through conspicuous service during these conflicts and the country ' s integral participation in nato during the cold war , first gulf war , kosovo war , and in united nations peacekeeping operations , such as the suez crisis , golan heights , cyprus , croatia , bosnia , afghanistan , and libya . canada maintained an aircraft carrier from 1957 to 1970 during the cold war , which never saw combat but participated in patrols during the cuban missile crisis . [ sep ] more than 200 operations
since 1947 , canadian military units have participated in more than 200 operations worldwide , and completed 72 international operations . canadian soldiers , sailors , and aviators came to be considered world - class professionals through conspicuous service during these conflicts and the country ' s integral participation in nato during the cold war , first gulf war , kosovo war , and in united nations peacekeeping operations , such as the suez crisis , golan heights , cyprus , croatia , bosnia , afghanistan , and libya . canada maintained an aircraft carrier from 1957 to 1970 during the cold war , which never saw combat but participated in patrols during the cuban missile crisis . [ sep ] 72
since 1947 , canadian military units have participated in more than 200 operations worldwide , and completed 72 international operations . canadian soldiers , sailors , and aviators came to be considered world - class professionals through conspicuous service during these conflicts and the country ' s integral participation in nato during the cold war , first gulf war , kosovo war , and in united nations peacekeeping operations , such as the suez crisis , golan heights , cyprus , croatia , bosnia , afghanistan , and libya . canada maintained an aircraft carrier from 1957 to 1970 during the cold war , which never saw combat but participated in patrols during the cuban missile crisis . [ sep ] cold war , first gulf war , kosovo war
since 1947 , canadian military units have participated in more than 200 operations worldwide , and completed 72 international operations . canadian soldiers , sailors , and aviators came to be considered world - class professionals through conspicuous service during these conflicts and the country ' s integral participation in nato during the cold war , first gulf war , kosovo war , and in united nations peacekeeping operations , such as the suez crisis , golan heights , cyprus , croatia , bosnia , afghanistan , and libya . canada maintained an aircraft carrier from 1957 to 1970 during the cold war , which never saw combat but participated in patrols during the cuban missile crisis . [ sep ] united nations peacekeeping operations
since 1947 , canadian military units have participated in more than 200 operations worldwide , and completed 72 international operations . canadian soldiers , sailors , and aviators came to be considered world - class professionals through conspicuous service during these conflicts and the country ' s integral participation in nato during the cold war , first gulf war , kosovo war , and in united nations peacekeeping operations , such as the suez crisis , golan heights , cyprus , croatia , bosnia , afghanistan , and libya . canada maintained an aircraft carrier from 1957 to 1970 during the cold war , which never saw combat but participated in patrols during the cuban missile crisis . [ sep ] an aircraft carrier
in cities other than rome , the name cardinal began to be applied to certain church men as a mark of honour . the earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by pope zacharias in 747 to pippin iii ( the short ) , ruler of the franks , in which zacharias applied the title to the priests of paris to distinguish them from country clergy . this meaning of the word spread rapidly , and from the 9th century various episcopal cities had a special class among the clergy known as cardinals . the use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of rome in 1567 by pius v . [ sep ] cardinal
in cities other than rome , the name cardinal began to be applied to certain church men as a mark of honour . the earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by pope zacharias in 747 to pippin iii ( the short ) , ruler of the franks , in which zacharias applied the title to the priests of paris to distinguish them from country clergy . this meaning of the word spread rapidly , and from the 9th century various episcopal cities had a special class among the clergy known as cardinals . the use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of rome in 1567 by pius v . [ sep ] 747
in cities other than rome , the name cardinal began to be applied to certain church men as a mark of honour . the earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by pope zacharias in 747 to pippin iii ( the short ) , ruler of the franks , in which zacharias applied the title to the priests of paris to distinguish them from country clergy . this meaning of the word spread rapidly , and from the 9th century various episcopal cities had a special class among the clergy known as cardinals . the use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of rome in 1567 by pius v . [ sep ] 1567
after the peace of westphalia , several border territories were assigned to the united provinces . they were federally - governed generality lands ( generaliteitslanden ) . they were staats - brabant ( present north brabant ) , staats - vlaanderen ( present zeeuws - vlaanderen ) , staats - limburg ( around maastricht ) and staats - oppergelre ( around venlo , after 1715 ) . [ sep ] the peace of westphalia
after the peace of westphalia , several border territories were assigned to the united provinces . they were federally - governed generality lands ( generaliteitslanden ) . they were staats - brabant ( present north brabant ) , staats - vlaanderen ( present zeeuws - vlaanderen ) , staats - limburg ( around maastricht ) and staats - oppergelre ( around venlo , after 1715 ) . [ sep ] federally - governed generality lands ( generaliteitslanden )
after the peace of westphalia , several border territories were assigned to the united provinces . they were federally - governed generality lands ( generaliteitslanden ) . they were staats - brabant ( present north brabant ) , staats - vlaanderen ( present zeeuws - vlaanderen ) , staats - limburg ( around maastricht ) and staats - oppergelre ( around venlo , after 1715 ) . [ sep ] staats - brabant ( present north brabant ) , staats - vlaanderen ( present zeeuws - vlaanderen ) , staats - limburg ( around maastricht ) and staats - oppergelre ( around venlo , after 1715 )
battles which are particularly notable to the canadian military include the battle of vimy ridge , the dieppe raid , the battle of ortona , the battle of passchendaele , the normandy landings , the battle for caen , the battle of the scheldt , the battle of britain , the battle of the atlantic , the strategic bombing of german cities , and more recently the battle of medak pocket , in croatia . [ sep ] the normandy landings
battles which are particularly notable to the canadian military include the battle of vimy ridge , the dieppe raid , the battle of ortona , the battle of passchendaele , the normandy landings , the battle for caen , the battle of the scheldt , the battle of britain , the battle of the atlantic , the strategic bombing of german cities , and more recently the battle of medak pocket , in croatia . [ sep ] the strategic bombing of german cities
battles which are particularly notable to the canadian military include the battle of vimy ridge , the dieppe raid , the battle of ortona , the battle of passchendaele , the normandy landings , the battle for caen , the battle of the scheldt , the battle of britain , the battle of the atlantic , the strategic bombing of german cities , and more recently the battle of medak pocket , in croatia . [ sep ] the battle of vimy ridge
battles which are particularly notable to the canadian military include the battle of vimy ridge , the dieppe raid , the battle of ortona , the battle of passchendaele , the normandy landings , the battle for caen , the battle of the scheldt , the battle of britain , the battle of the atlantic , the strategic bombing of german cities , and more recently the battle of medak pocket , in croatia . [ sep ] croatia
in the year 1563 the influential ecumenical council of trent , headed by pope pius iv , wrote about the importance of selecting good cardinals . according to this historic council " nothing is more necessary to the church of god than that the holy roman pontiff apply that solicitude which by the duty of his office he owes the universal church in a very special way by associating with himself as cardinals the most select persons only , and appoint to each church most eminently upright and competent shepherds ; and this the more so , because our lord jesus christ will require at his hands the blood of the sheep of christ that perish through the evil government of shepherds who are negligent and forgetful of their office . " [ sep ] 1563
in the year 1563 the influential ecumenical council of trent , headed by pope pius iv , wrote about the importance of selecting good cardinals . according to this historic council " nothing is more necessary to the church of god than that the holy roman pontiff apply that solicitude which by the duty of his office he owes the universal church in a very special way by associating with himself as cardinals the most select persons only , and appoint to each church most eminently upright and competent shepherds ; and this the more so , because our lord jesus christ will require at his hands the blood of the sheep of christ that perish through the evil government of shepherds who are negligent and forgetful of their office . " [ sep ] pope pius iv
the states general of the united provinces were in control of the dutch east india company ( voc ) and the dutch west india company ( wic ) , but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces , mostly holland and / or zeeland . [ sep ] the states general of the united provinces
the states general of the united provinces were in control of the dutch east india company ( voc ) and the dutch west india company ( wic ) , but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces , mostly holland and / or zeeland . [ sep ] holland and / or zeeland
the earlier influence of temporal rulers , notably the french kings , reasserted itself through the influence of cardinals of certain nationalities or politically significant movements . traditions even developed entitling certain monarchs , including those of austria , spain , and portugal , to nominate one of their trusted clerical subjects to be created cardinal , a so - called crown - cardinal . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] french kings
at the end of the second world war , canada possessed the fourth - largest air force and fifth - largest naval surface fleet in the world , as well as the largest volunteer army ever fielded . conscription for overseas service was introduced only near the end of the war , and only 2 , 400 conscripts actually made it into battle . originally , canada was thought to have had the third - largest navy in the world , but with the fall of the soviet union , new data based on japanese and soviet sources found that to be incorrect . [ sep ] the largest volunteer army ever
at the end of the second world war , canada possessed the fourth - largest air force and fifth - largest naval surface fleet in the world , as well as the largest volunteer army ever fielded . conscription for overseas service was introduced only near the end of the war , and only 2 , 400 conscripts actually made it into battle . originally , canada was thought to have had the third - largest navy in the world , but with the fall of the soviet union , new data based on japanese and soviet sources found that to be incorrect . [ sep ] the soviet union
at the end of the second world war , canada possessed the fourth - largest air force and fifth - largest naval surface fleet in the world , as well as the largest volunteer army ever fielded . conscription for overseas service was introduced only near the end of the war , and only 2 , 400 conscripts actually made it into battle . originally , canada was thought to have had the third - largest navy in the world , but with the fall of the soviet union , new data based on japanese and soviet sources found that to be incorrect . [ sep ] japanese
the current iteration of the canadian armed forces dates from 1 february 1968 , when the royal canadian navy , canadian army , and royal canadian air force were merged into a unified structure and superseded by elemental commands . its roots , however , lie in colonial militia groups that served alongside garrisons of the french and british armies and navies ; a structure that remained in place until the early 20th century . thereafter , a distinctly canadian army and navy was established , followed by an air force , that , because of the constitutional arrangements at the time , remained effectively under the control of the british government until canada gained legislative independence from the united kingdom in 1931 , in part due to the distinguished achievement and sacrifice of the canadian corps in the first world war . [ sep ] 1 february 1968
the current iteration of the canadian armed forces dates from 1 february 1968 , when the royal canadian navy , canadian army , and royal canadian air force were merged into a unified structure and superseded by elemental commands . its roots , however , lie in colonial militia groups that served alongside garrisons of the french and british armies and navies ; a structure that remained in place until the early 20th century . thereafter , a distinctly canadian army and navy was established , followed by an air force , that , because of the constitutional arrangements at the time , remained effectively under the control of the british government until canada gained legislative independence from the united kingdom in 1931 , in part due to the distinguished achievement and sacrifice of the canadian corps in the first world war . [ sep ] the royal canadian navy , canadian army , and royal canadian air force
the current iteration of the canadian armed forces dates from 1 february 1968 , when the royal canadian navy , canadian army , and royal canadian air force were merged into a unified structure and superseded by elemental commands . its roots , however , lie in colonial militia groups that served alongside garrisons of the french and british armies and navies ; a structure that remained in place until the early 20th century . thereafter , a distinctly canadian army and navy was established , followed by an air force , that , because of the constitutional arrangements at the time , remained effectively under the control of the british government until canada gained legislative independence from the united kingdom in 1931 , in part due to the distinguished achievement and sacrifice of the canadian corps in the first world war . [ sep ] the british government
the current iteration of the canadian armed forces dates from 1 february 1968 , when the royal canadian navy , canadian army , and royal canadian air force were merged into a unified structure and superseded by elemental commands . its roots , however , lie in colonial militia groups that served alongside garrisons of the french and british armies and navies ; a structure that remained in place until the early 20th century . thereafter , a distinctly canadian army and navy was established , followed by an air force , that , because of the constitutional arrangements at the time , remained effectively under the control of the british government until canada gained legislative independence from the united kingdom in 1931 , in part due to the distinguished achievement and sacrifice of the canadian corps in the first world war . [ sep ] 1931
the current iteration of the canadian armed forces dates from 1 february 1968 , when the royal canadian navy , canadian army , and royal canadian air force were merged into a unified structure and superseded by elemental commands . its roots , however , lie in colonial militia groups that served alongside garrisons of the french and british armies and navies ; a structure that remained in place until the early 20th century . thereafter , a distinctly canadian army and navy was established , followed by an air force , that , because of the constitutional arrangements at the time , remained effectively under the control of the british government until canada gained legislative independence from the united kingdom in 1931 , in part due to the distinguished achievement and sacrifice of the canadian corps in the first world war . [ sep ] the first world war
in early modern times , cardinals often had important roles in secular affairs . in some cases , they took on powerful positions in government . in henry viii ' s england , his chief minister was cardinal wolsey . cardinal richelieu ' s power was so great that he was for many years effectively the ruler of france . richelieu successor was also a cardinal , jules mazarin . guillaume dubois and andre - hercule de fleury complete the list of the " four great " cardinals to have ruled france . [ citation needed ] in portugal , due to a succession crisis , one cardinal , henry , king of portugal , was crowned king , the only example of a cardinal - king . [ sep ] secular affairs .
in early modern times , cardinals often had important roles in secular affairs . in some cases , they took on powerful positions in government . in henry viii ' s england , his chief minister was cardinal wolsey . cardinal richelieu ' s power was so great that he was for many years effectively the ruler of france . richelieu successor was also a cardinal , jules mazarin . guillaume dubois and andre - hercule de fleury complete the list of the " four great " cardinals to have ruled france . [ citation needed ] in portugal , due to a succession crisis , one cardinal , henry , king of portugal , was crowned king , the only example of a cardinal - king . [ sep ] cardinal richelieu
after the 1980s , the use of the " canadian armed forces " name gave way to " canadian forces " ; [ citation needed ] the " canadian armed forces " name returned in 2013 . [ sep ] canadian armed forces
after the 1980s , the use of the " canadian armed forces " name gave way to " canadian forces " ; [ citation needed ] the " canadian armed forces " name returned in 2013 . [ sep ] after the 1980s
after the 1980s , the use of the " canadian armed forces " name gave way to " canadian forces " ; [ citation needed ] the " canadian armed forces " name returned in 2013 . [ sep ] 2013
after the 1980s , the use of the " canadian armed forces " name gave way to " canadian forces " ; [ citation needed ] the " canadian armed forces " name returned in 2013 . [ sep ] canadian forces
pope sixtus v limited the number of cardinals to 70 , comprising six cardinal bishops , 50 cardinal priests , and 14 cardinal deacons . starting in the pontificate of pope john xxiii , that limit has been exceeded . at the start of 1971 , pope paul vi set the number of cardinal electors at a maximum of 120 , but set no limit on the number of cardinals generally . he also established a maximum age of eighty years for electors . his action deprived twenty - five living cardinals , including the three living cardinals elevated by pope pius xi , of the right to participate in a conclave . [ citation needed ] popes can dispense from church laws and have sometimes brought the number of cardinals under the age of 80 to more than 120 . pope paul vi also increased the number of cardinal bishops by giving that rank to patriarchs of the eastern catholic churches . [ sep ] 70
pope sixtus v limited the number of cardinals to 70 , comprising six cardinal bishops , 50 cardinal priests , and 14 cardinal deacons . starting in the pontificate of pope john xxiii , that limit has been exceeded . at the start of 1971 , pope paul vi set the number of cardinal electors at a maximum of 120 , but set no limit on the number of cardinals generally . he also established a maximum age of eighty years for electors . his action deprived twenty - five living cardinals , including the three living cardinals elevated by pope pius xi , of the right to participate in a conclave . [ citation needed ] popes can dispense from church laws and have sometimes brought the number of cardinals under the age of 80 to more than 120 . pope paul vi also increased the number of cardinal bishops by giving that rank to patriarchs of the eastern catholic churches . [ sep ] comprising six cardinal bishops , 50 cardinal priests , and 14 cardinal deacons .
pope sixtus v limited the number of cardinals to 70 , comprising six cardinal bishops , 50 cardinal priests , and 14 cardinal deacons . starting in the pontificate of pope john xxiii , that limit has been exceeded . at the start of 1971 , pope paul vi set the number of cardinal electors at a maximum of 120 , but set no limit on the number of cardinals generally . he also established a maximum age of eighty years for electors . his action deprived twenty - five living cardinals , including the three living cardinals elevated by pope pius xi , of the right to participate in a conclave . [ citation needed ] popes can dispense from church laws and have sometimes brought the number of cardinals under the age of 80 to more than 120 . pope paul vi also increased the number of cardinal bishops by giving that rank to patriarchs of the eastern catholic churches . [ sep ] pope john xxiii
pope sixtus v limited the number of cardinals to 70 , comprising six cardinal bishops , 50 cardinal priests , and 14 cardinal deacons . starting in the pontificate of pope john xxiii , that limit has been exceeded . at the start of 1971 , pope paul vi set the number of cardinal electors at a maximum of 120 , but set no limit on the number of cardinals generally . he also established a maximum age of eighty years for electors . his action deprived twenty - five living cardinals , including the three living cardinals elevated by pope pius xi , of the right to participate in a conclave . [ citation needed ] popes can dispense from church laws and have sometimes brought the number of cardinals under the age of 80 to more than 120 . pope paul vi also increased the number of cardinal bishops by giving that rank to patriarchs of the eastern catholic churches . [ sep ] 120
pope sixtus v limited the number of cardinals to 70 , comprising six cardinal bishops , 50 cardinal priests , and 14 cardinal deacons . starting in the pontificate of pope john xxiii , that limit has been exceeded . at the start of 1971 , pope paul vi set the number of cardinal electors at a maximum of 120 , but set no limit on the number of cardinals generally . he also established a maximum age of eighty years for electors . his action deprived twenty - five living cardinals , including the three living cardinals elevated by pope pius xi , of the right to participate in a conclave . [ citation needed ] popes can dispense from church laws and have sometimes brought the number of cardinals under the age of 80 to more than 120 . pope paul vi also increased the number of cardinal bishops by giving that rank to patriarchs of the eastern catholic churches . [ sep ] 80
each cardinal takes on a titular church , either a church in the city of rome or one of the suburbicarian sees . the only exception is for patriarchs of eastern catholic churches . nevertheless , cardinals possess no power of governance nor are they to intervene in any way in matters which pertain to the administration of goods , discipline , or the service of their titular churches . they are allowed to celebrate mass and hear confessions and lead visits and pilgrimages to their titular churches , in coordination with the staff of the church . they often support their churches monetarily , and many cardinals do keep in contact with the pastoral staffs of their titular churches . [ sep ] a church in the city of rome or one of the suburbicarian sees
the dean of the college of cardinals in addition to such a titular church also receives the titular bishopric of ostia , the primary suburbicarian see . cardinals governing a particular church retain that church . [ sep ] the dean of the college of cardinals
in 1630 , pope urban viii decreed their title to be eminence ( previously , it had been " illustrissimo " and " reverendissimo " ) and decreed that their secular rank would equate to prince , making them secondary only to the pope and crowned monarchs . [ sep ] 1630
in 1630 , pope urban viii decreed their title to be eminence ( previously , it had been " illustrissimo " and " reverendissimo " ) and decreed that their secular rank would equate to prince , making them secondary only to the pope and crowned monarchs . [ sep ] pope urban viii
in 1630 , pope urban viii decreed their title to be eminence ( previously , it had been " illustrissimo " and " reverendissimo " ) and decreed that their secular rank would equate to prince , making them secondary only to the pope and crowned monarchs . [ sep ] prince
in 1630 , pope urban viii decreed their title to be eminence ( previously , it had been " illustrissimo " and " reverendissimo " ) and decreed that their secular rank would equate to prince , making them secondary only to the pope and crowned monarchs . [ sep ] the pope and crowned monarchs
the framers of the us constitution were influenced by the constitution of the republic of the united provinces , as federalist no . 20 , by james madison , shows . such influence appears , however , to have been of a negative nature , as madison describes the dutch confederacy as exhibiting " imbecility in the government ; discord among the provinces ; foreign influence and indignities ; a precarious existence in peace , and peculiar calamities from war . " apart from this , the american declaration of independence is similar to the act of abjuration , essentially the declaration of independence of the united provinces , but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent . [ sep ] the framers of the us constitution
the framers of the us constitution were influenced by the constitution of the republic of the united provinces , as federalist no . 20 , by james madison , shows . such influence appears , however , to have been of a negative nature , as madison describes the dutch confederacy as exhibiting " imbecility in the government ; discord among the provinces ; foreign influence and indignities ; a precarious existence in peace , and peculiar calamities from war . " apart from this , the american declaration of independence is similar to the act of abjuration , essentially the declaration of independence of the united provinces , but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent . [ sep ] james madison
the framers of the us constitution were influenced by the constitution of the republic of the united provinces , as federalist no . 20 , by james madison , shows . such influence appears , however , to have been of a negative nature , as madison describes the dutch confederacy as exhibiting " imbecility in the government ; discord among the provinces ; foreign influence and indignities ; a precarious existence in peace , and peculiar calamities from war . " apart from this , the american declaration of independence is similar to the act of abjuration , essentially the declaration of independence of the united provinces , but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent . [ sep ] the act of abjuration , essentially the declaration of independence of the united provinces
in accordance with tradition , they sign by placing the title " cardinal " ( abbreviated card . ) after their personal name and before their surname as , for instance , " john card ( inal ) doe " or , in latin , " ioannes card ( inalis ) cognomen " . some writers , such as james - charles noonan , hold that , in the case of cardinals , the form used for signatures should be used also when referring to them in english . official sources such as the archdiocese of milwaukee and catholic news service say that the correct form for referring to a cardinal in english is normally as " cardinal [ first name ] [ surname ] " . this is the rule given also in stylebooks not associated with the catholic church . this style is also generally followed on the websites of the holy see and episcopal conferences . oriental patriarchs who are created cardinals customarily use " sanctae ecclesiae cardinalis " as their full title , probably because they do not belong to the roman clergy . [ sep ] " cardinal [ first name ] [ surname ] "
in the union of utrecht of 20 january 1579 , holland and zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion ( in practice , calvinism ) . every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished , although the union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice . william of orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite protestants and catholics in the new union , and , for him , the union was a defeat . in practice , catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden , and the reformed church became the " public " or " privileged " church in the republic . [ sep ] the union of utrecht of 20 january 1579
in the union of utrecht of 20 january 1579 , holland and zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion ( in practice , calvinism ) . every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished , although the union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice . william of orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite protestants and catholics in the new union , and , for him , the union was a defeat . in practice , catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden , and the reformed church became the " public " or " privileged " church in the republic . [ sep ] personal religion
in the union of utrecht of 20 january 1579 , holland and zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion ( in practice , calvinism ) . every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished , although the union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice . william of orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite protestants and catholics in the new union , and , for him , the union was a defeat . in practice , catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden , and the reformed church became the " public " or " privileged " church in the republic . [ sep ] william of orange
in the union of utrecht of 20 january 1579 , holland and zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion ( in practice , calvinism ) . every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished , although the union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice . william of orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite protestants and catholics in the new union , and , for him , the union was a defeat . in practice , catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden , and the reformed church became the " public " or " privileged " church in the republic . [ sep ] catholic services
in latin , on the other hand , the [ first name ] cardinal [ surname ] order is used in the proclamation of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon : " annuntio vobis gaudium magnum ; habemus papam : eminentissimum ac reverendissimum dominum , dominum ( first name ) sanctae romanae ecclesiae cardinalem ( last name ) , . . . " ( meaning : " i announce to you a great joy ; we have a pope : the most eminent and most reverend lord , lord ( first name ) cardinal of the holy roman church ( last name ) , . . . " ) this assumes that the new pope had been a cardinal just before becoming pope ; the most recent election of a non - cardinal as pope was in 1378 . [ sep ] [ first name ] cardinal [ surname ]
in latin , on the other hand , the [ first name ] cardinal [ surname ] order is used in the proclamation of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon : " annuntio vobis gaudium magnum ; habemus papam : eminentissimum ac reverendissimum dominum , dominum ( first name ) sanctae romanae ecclesiae cardinalem ( last name ) , . . . " ( meaning : " i announce to you a great joy ; we have a pope : the most eminent and most reverend lord , lord ( first name ) cardinal of the holy roman church ( last name ) , . . . " ) this assumes that the new pope had been a cardinal just before becoming pope ; the most recent election of a non - cardinal as pope was in 1378 . [ sep ] cardinal
in latin , on the other hand , the [ first name ] cardinal [ surname ] order is used in the proclamation of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon : " annuntio vobis gaudium magnum ; habemus papam : eminentissimum ac reverendissimum dominum , dominum ( first name ) sanctae romanae ecclesiae cardinalem ( last name ) , . . . " ( meaning : " i announce to you a great joy ; we have a pope : the most eminent and most reverend lord , lord ( first name ) cardinal of the holy roman church ( last name ) , . . . " ) this assumes that the new pope had been a cardinal just before becoming pope ; the most recent election of a non - cardinal as pope was in 1378 . [ sep ] 1378
the iranian languages or iranic languages form a branch of the indo - iranian languages , which in turn are a branch of the indo - european language family . the speakers of iranian languages are known as iranian peoples . historical iranian languages are grouped in three stages : old iranian ( until 400 bce ) , middle iranian ( 400 bce – 900 ce ) , and new iranian ( since 900 ce ) . of the old iranian languages , the better understood and recorded ones are old persian ( a language of achaemenid iran ) and avestan ( the language of the avesta ) . middle iranian languages included middle persian ( a language of sassanid iran ) , parthian , and bactrian . [ sep ] iranic languages
the iranian languages or iranic languages form a branch of the indo - iranian languages , which in turn are a branch of the indo - european language family . the speakers of iranian languages are known as iranian peoples . historical iranian languages are grouped in three stages : old iranian ( until 400 bce ) , middle iranian ( 400 bce – 900 ce ) , and new iranian ( since 900 ce ) . of the old iranian languages , the better understood and recorded ones are old persian ( a language of achaemenid iran ) and avestan ( the language of the avesta ) . middle iranian languages included middle persian ( a language of sassanid iran ) , parthian , and bactrian . [ sep ] indo - iranian languages
the iranian languages or iranic languages form a branch of the indo - iranian languages , which in turn are a branch of the indo - european language family . the speakers of iranian languages are known as iranian peoples . historical iranian languages are grouped in three stages : old iranian ( until 400 bce ) , middle iranian ( 400 bce – 900 ce ) , and new iranian ( since 900 ce ) . of the old iranian languages , the better understood and recorded ones are old persian ( a language of achaemenid iran ) and avestan ( the language of the avesta ) . middle iranian languages included middle persian ( a language of sassanid iran ) , parthian , and bactrian . [ sep ] indo - european language family
the iranian languages or iranic languages form a branch of the indo - iranian languages , which in turn are a branch of the indo - european language family . the speakers of iranian languages are known as iranian peoples . historical iranian languages are grouped in three stages : old iranian ( until 400 bce ) , middle iranian ( 400 bce – 900 ce ) , and new iranian ( since 900 ce ) . of the old iranian languages , the better understood and recorded ones are old persian ( a language of achaemenid iran ) and avestan ( the language of the avesta ) . middle iranian languages included middle persian ( a language of sassanid iran ) , parthian , and bactrian . [ sep ] 400 bce
the iranian languages or iranic languages form a branch of the indo - iranian languages , which in turn are a branch of the indo - european language family . the speakers of iranian languages are known as iranian peoples . historical iranian languages are grouped in three stages : old iranian ( until 400 bce ) , middle iranian ( 400 bce – 900 ce ) , and new iranian ( since 900 ce ) . of the old iranian languages , the better understood and recorded ones are old persian ( a language of achaemenid iran ) and avestan ( the language of the avesta ) . middle iranian languages included middle persian ( a language of sassanid iran ) , parthian , and bactrian . [ sep ] middle persian
as of 2008 , there were an estimated 150 – 200 million native speakers of iranian languages . ethnologue estimates there are 86 iranian languages , the largest amongst them being persian , pashto , kurdish , and balochi . [ sep ] 86
the term iranian is applied to any language which descends from the ancestral proto - iranian language . iranian derives from the persian and sanskrit origin word arya . [ sep ] proto - iranian
the term iranian is applied to any language which descends from the ancestral proto - iranian language . iranian derives from the persian and sanskrit origin word arya . [ sep ] persian and sanskrit
during the republic , any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the reformed church and take an oath to this effect . the extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders . in the beginning , this was especially focused on roman catholics , being the religion of the enemy . in 17th - century leiden , for instance , people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders ( a year ' s wage for a skilled tradesman ) and banned from the city . throughout this , however , personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor – along with economic reasons – in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of europe . [ sep ] the reformed church
during the republic , any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the reformed church and take an oath to this effect . the extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders . in the beginning , this was especially focused on roman catholics , being the religion of the enemy . in 17th - century leiden , for instance , people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders ( a year ' s wage for a skilled tradesman ) and banned from the city . throughout this , however , personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor – along with economic reasons – in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of europe . [ sep ] the time period and regional or city leaders
during the republic , any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the reformed church and take an oath to this effect . the extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders . in the beginning , this was especially focused on roman catholics , being the religion of the enemy . in 17th - century leiden , for instance , people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders ( a year ' s wage for a skilled tradesman ) and banned from the city . throughout this , however , personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor – along with economic reasons – in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of europe . [ sep ] fined 200 guilders ( a year ' s wage for a skilled tradesman ) and banned from the city
during the republic , any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the reformed church and take an oath to this effect . the extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders . in the beginning , this was especially focused on roman catholics , being the religion of the enemy . in 17th - century leiden , for instance , people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders ( a year ' s wage for a skilled tradesman ) and banned from the city . throughout this , however , personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor – along with economic reasons – in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of europe . [ sep ] personal freedom of religion
the use of the term for the iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by christian lassen . robert needham cust used the term irano - aryan in 1878 , and orientalists such as george abraham grierson and max muller contrasted irano - aryan ( iranian ) and indo - aryan ( indic ) . some recent scholarship , primarily in german , has revived this convention . [ sep ] 1836
the use of the term for the iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by christian lassen . robert needham cust used the term irano - aryan in 1878 , and orientalists such as george abraham grierson and max muller contrasted irano - aryan ( iranian ) and indo - aryan ( indic ) . some recent scholarship , primarily in german , has revived this convention . [ sep ] christian lassen
the use of the term for the iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by christian lassen . robert needham cust used the term irano - aryan in 1878 , and orientalists such as george abraham grierson and max muller contrasted irano - aryan ( iranian ) and indo - aryan ( indic ) . some recent scholarship , primarily in german , has revived this convention . [ sep ] robert needham cust
the use of the term for the iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by christian lassen . robert needham cust used the term irano - aryan in 1878 , and orientalists such as george abraham grierson and max muller contrasted irano - aryan ( iranian ) and indo - aryan ( indic ) . some recent scholarship , primarily in german , has revived this convention . [ sep ] 1878
while the incumbents of some sees are regularly made cardinals , and some countries are entitled to at least one cardinal by concordate ( usually earning its primate the cardinal ' s hat ) , no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate , not even if its bishop is a patriarch . [ sep ] no
collegiate universities grouping several engineering schools or multi - site clusters of french grandes ecoles provide sciences and technology curricula as autonomous higher education engineering institutes . they include : [ sep ] technology
all iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor , proto - iranian . in turn , and together with proto - indo - aryan and the nuristani languages , proto - iranian descends from a common ancestor proto - indo - iranian . the indo - iranian languages are thought to have originated in central asia . the andronovo culture is the suggested candidate for the common indo - iranian culture ca . 2000 bc . [ sep ] proto - iranian
all iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor , proto - iranian . in turn , and together with proto - indo - aryan and the nuristani languages , proto - iranian descends from a common ancestor proto - indo - iranian . the indo - iranian languages are thought to have originated in central asia . the andronovo culture is the suggested candidate for the common indo - iranian culture ca . 2000 bc . [ sep ] central asia
all iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor , proto - iranian . in turn , and together with proto - indo - aryan and the nuristani languages , proto - iranian descends from a common ancestor proto - indo - iranian . the indo - iranian languages are thought to have originated in central asia . the andronovo culture is the suggested candidate for the common indo - iranian culture ca . 2000 bc . [ sep ] andronovo
all iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor , proto - iranian . in turn , and together with proto - indo - aryan and the nuristani languages , proto - iranian descends from a common ancestor proto - indo - iranian . the indo - iranian languages are thought to have originated in central asia . the andronovo culture is the suggested candidate for the common indo - iranian culture ca . 2000 bc . [ sep ] 2000 bc
cardinal bishops ( cardinals of the episcopal order ) are among the most senior prelates of the catholic church . though in modern times most cardinals are also bishops , the term " cardinal bishop " only refers to the cardinals who are titular bishops of one of the " suburbicarian " sees . [ sep ] cardinal bishops
cardinal bishops ( cardinals of the episcopal order ) are among the most senior prelates of the catholic church . though in modern times most cardinals are also bishops , the term " cardinal bishop " only refers to the cardinals who are titular bishops of one of the " suburbicarian " sees . [ sep ] cardinals of the episcopal order
in the first years of the republic , controversy arose within the reformed church , mainly around the subject of predestination . this has become known as the struggle between arminianism and gomarism , or between remonstrants and contra - remonstrants . in 1618 the synod of dort tackled this issue , which led to the banning of the remonstrant faith . [ sep ] predestination
in the first years of the republic , controversy arose within the reformed church , mainly around the subject of predestination . this has become known as the struggle between arminianism and gomarism , or between remonstrants and contra - remonstrants . in 1618 the synod of dort tackled this issue , which led to the banning of the remonstrant faith . [ sep ] the struggle between arminianism and gomarism , or between remonstrants and contra - remonstrants
in the first years of the republic , controversy arose within the reformed church , mainly around the subject of predestination . this has become known as the struggle between arminianism and gomarism , or between remonstrants and contra - remonstrants . in 1618 the synod of dort tackled this issue , which led to the banning of the remonstrant faith . [ sep ] the synod of dort
it was situated precisely in the western part of central asia that borders present - day russia ( and present - day kazakhstan ) . it was in relative proximity to the other satem ethno - linguistic groups of the indo - european family , like thracian , balto - slavic and others , and to common indo - european ' s original homeland ( more precisely , the steppes of southern russia to the north of the caucasus ) , according to the reconstructed linguistic relationships of common indo - european . [ sep ] indo - european
in addition , france ' s education system includes many institutes of technology , embedded within most french universities . they are referred - to as institut universitaire de technologie ( iut ) . instituts universitaires de technologie provide undergraduate technology curricula . ' polytech institutes ' , embedded as a part of eleven french universities provide both undergraduate and graduate engineering curricula . [ sep ] institut universitaire de technologie
in addition , france ' s education system includes many institutes of technology , embedded within most french universities . they are referred - to as institut universitaire de technologie ( iut ) . instituts universitaires de technologie provide undergraduate technology curricula . ' polytech institutes ' , embedded as a part of eleven french universities provide both undergraduate and graduate engineering curricula . [ sep ] iut
in early times , the privilege of papal election was not reserved to the cardinals , and for centuries the person elected was customarily a roman priest and never a bishop from elsewhere . to preserve apostolic succession the rite of consecrating him a bishop had to be performed by someone who was already a bishop . the rule remains that , if the person elected pope is not yet a bishop , he is consecrated by the dean of the college of cardinals , the cardinal bishop of ostia . [ sep ] a roman priest
in early times , the privilege of papal election was not reserved to the cardinals , and for centuries the person elected was customarily a roman priest and never a bishop from elsewhere . to preserve apostolic succession the rite of consecrating him a bishop had to be performed by someone who was already a bishop . the rule remains that , if the person elected pope is not yet a bishop , he is consecrated by the dean of the college of cardinals , the cardinal bishop of ostia . [ sep ] to preserve apostolic succession
in early times , the privilege of papal election was not reserved to the cardinals , and for centuries the person elected was customarily a roman priest and never a bishop from elsewhere . to preserve apostolic succession the rite of consecrating him a bishop had to be performed by someone who was already a bishop . the rule remains that , if the person elected pope is not yet a bishop , he is consecrated by the dean of the college of cardinals , the cardinal bishop of ostia . [ sep ] he is consecrated by the dean of the college of cardinals , the cardinal bishop of ostia .
in the french - speaking part of switzerland exists also the term haute ecole specialisee for a type of institution called fachhochschule in the german - speaking part of the country . ( see below ) . [ sep ] fachhochschule
there are seven suburbicarian sees : ostia , albano , porto and santa rufina , palestrina , sabina and mentana , frascati and velletri . velletri was united with ostia from 1150 until 1914 , when pope pius x separated them again , but decreed that whatever cardinal bishop became dean of the college of cardinals would keep the suburbicarian see he already held , adding to it that of ostia , with the result that there continued to be only six cardinal bishops . [ sep ] seven
there are seven suburbicarian sees : ostia , albano , porto and santa rufina , palestrina , sabina and mentana , frascati and velletri . velletri was united with ostia from 1150 until 1914 , when pope pius x separated them again , but decreed that whatever cardinal bishop became dean of the college of cardinals would keep the suburbicarian see he already held , adding to it that of ostia , with the result that there continued to be only six cardinal bishops . [ sep ] 1150 until 1914
there are seven suburbicarian sees : ostia , albano , porto and santa rufina , palestrina , sabina and mentana , frascati and velletri . velletri was united with ostia from 1150 until 1914 , when pope pius x separated them again , but decreed that whatever cardinal bishop became dean of the college of cardinals would keep the suburbicarian see he already held , adding to it that of ostia , with the result that there continued to be only six cardinal bishops . [ sep ] pope pius x
beginning in the 18th century , the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions , as long as their services took place secretly in private churches . [ sep ] in the 18th century
beginning in the 18th century , the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions , as long as their services took place secretly in private churches . [ sep ] as long as their services took place secretly in private churches
since 1962 , the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees , with no powers of governance over them . each see has its own bishop , with the exception of ostia , in which the cardinal vicar of the see of rome is apostolic administrator . [ sep ] 1962
since 1962 , the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees , with no powers of governance over them . each see has its own bishop , with the exception of ostia , in which the cardinal vicar of the see of rome is apostolic administrator . [ sep ] ostia
since 1962 , the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees , with no powers of governance over them . each see has its own bishop , with the exception of ostia , in which the cardinal vicar of the see of rome is apostolic administrator . [ sep ] cardinal vicar of the see of rome is apostolic administrator .
higher education systems , that are influenced by the french education system set at the end of the 18th century , use a terminology derived by reference to the french ecole polytechnique . such terms include ecoles polytechniques ( algeria , belgium , canada , france , switzerland , tunisia ) , escola politecnica ( brasil , spain ) , polytechnicum ( eastern europe ) . [ sep ] polytechnicum
higher education systems , that are influenced by the french education system set at the end of the 18th century , use a terminology derived by reference to the french ecole polytechnique . such terms include ecoles polytechniques ( algeria , belgium , canada , france , switzerland , tunisia ) , escola politecnica ( brasil , spain ) , polytechnicum ( eastern europe ) . [ sep ] 18th
higher education systems , that are influenced by the french education system set at the end of the 18th century , use a terminology derived by reference to the french ecole polytechnique . such terms include ecoles polytechniques ( algeria , belgium , canada , france , switzerland , tunisia ) , escola politecnica ( brasil , spain ) , polytechnicum ( eastern europe ) . [ sep ] escola politecnica
proto - iranian thus dates to some time after proto - indo - iranian break - up , or the early second millennium bce , as the old iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern europe , the iranian plateau , and central asia . [ sep ] southeastern europe , the iranian plateau , and central asia
fachhochschulen were first founded in the early 1970s . they do not focus exclusively on technology , but may also offer courses in social science , medicine , business and design . they grant bachelor ' s degrees and master ' s degrees , and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science . [ sep ] 1970s
fachhochschulen were first founded in the early 1970s . they do not focus exclusively on technology , but may also offer courses in social science , medicine , business and design . they grant bachelor ' s degrees and master ' s degrees , and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science . [ sep ] teaching
fachhochschulen were first founded in the early 1970s . they do not focus exclusively on technology , but may also offer courses in social science , medicine , business and design . they grant bachelor ' s degrees and master ' s degrees , and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science . [ sep ] business
the multitude of middle iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of iranian languages . of that variety of languages / dialects , direct evidence of only two have survived . these are : [ sep ] linguistic diversity
the multitude of middle iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of iranian languages . of that variety of languages / dialects , direct evidence of only two have survived . these are : [ sep ] two
technische universitat ( abbreviation : tu ) are the common terms for universities of technology or technical university . these institutions can grant habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research . [ sep ] tu
technische universitat ( abbreviation : tu ) are the common terms for universities of technology or technical university . these institutions can grant habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research . [ sep ] research
old persian is the old iranian dialect as it was spoken in south - western iran by the inhabitants of parsa , who also gave their name to their region and language . genuine old persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the behistun inscription , composed circa 520 bc , and which is the last inscription ( and only inscription of significant length ) in which old persian is still grammatically correct . later inscriptions are comparatively brief , and typically simply copies of words and phrases from earlier ones , often with grammatical errors , which suggests that by the 4th century bc the transition from old persian to middle persian was already far advanced , but efforts were still being made to retain an " old " quality for official proclamations . [ sep ] the behistun inscription
old persian is the old iranian dialect as it was spoken in south - western iran by the inhabitants of parsa , who also gave their name to their region and language . genuine old persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the behistun inscription , composed circa 520 bc , and which is the last inscription ( and only inscription of significant length ) in which old persian is still grammatically correct . later inscriptions are comparatively brief , and typically simply copies of words and phrases from earlier ones , often with grammatical errors , which suggests that by the 4th century bc the transition from old persian to middle persian was already far advanced , but efforts were still being made to retain an " old " quality for official proclamations . [ sep ] 520 bc
old persian is the old iranian dialect as it was spoken in south - western iran by the inhabitants of parsa , who also gave their name to their region and language . genuine old persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the behistun inscription , composed circa 520 bc , and which is the last inscription ( and only inscription of significant length ) in which old persian is still grammatically correct . later inscriptions are comparatively brief , and typically simply copies of words and phrases from earlier ones , often with grammatical errors , which suggests that by the 4th century bc the transition from old persian to middle persian was already far advanced , but efforts were still being made to retain an " old " quality for official proclamations . [ sep ] 4th century bc
the other directly attested old iranian dialects are the two forms of avestan , which take their name from their use in the avesta , the liturgical texts of indigenous iranian religion that now goes by the name of zoroastrianism but in the avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena ( later : behdin ) . the language of the avesta is subdivided into two dialects , conventionally known as " old ( or ' gathic ' ) avestan " , and " younger avestan " . these terms , which date to the 19th century , are slightly misleading since ' younger avestan ' is not only much younger than ' old avestan ' , but also from a different geographic region . the old avestan dialect is very archaic , and at roughly the same stage of development as rigvedic sanskrit . on the other hand , younger avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as old persian , but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its " old " characteristics long after the old iranian languages had yielded to their middle iranian stage . unlike old persian , which has middle persian as its known successor , avestan has no clearly identifiable middle iranian stage ( the effect of middle iranian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes ) . [ sep ] avestan
the other directly attested old iranian dialects are the two forms of avestan , which take their name from their use in the avesta , the liturgical texts of indigenous iranian religion that now goes by the name of zoroastrianism but in the avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena ( later : behdin ) . the language of the avesta is subdivided into two dialects , conventionally known as " old ( or ' gathic ' ) avestan " , and " younger avestan " . these terms , which date to the 19th century , are slightly misleading since ' younger avestan ' is not only much younger than ' old avestan ' , but also from a different geographic region . the old avestan dialect is very archaic , and at roughly the same stage of development as rigvedic sanskrit . on the other hand , younger avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as old persian , but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its " old " characteristics long after the old iranian languages had yielded to their middle iranian stage . unlike old persian , which has middle persian as its known successor , avestan has no clearly identifiable middle iranian stage ( the effect of middle iranian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes ) . [ sep ] zoroastrianism
the other directly attested old iranian dialects are the two forms of avestan , which take their name from their use in the avesta , the liturgical texts of indigenous iranian religion that now goes by the name of zoroastrianism but in the avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena ( later : behdin ) . the language of the avesta is subdivided into two dialects , conventionally known as " old ( or ' gathic ' ) avestan " , and " younger avestan " . these terms , which date to the 19th century , are slightly misleading since ' younger avestan ' is not only much younger than ' old avestan ' , but also from a different geographic region . the old avestan dialect is very archaic , and at roughly the same stage of development as rigvedic sanskrit . on the other hand , younger avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as old persian , but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its " old " characteristics long after the old iranian languages had yielded to their middle iranian stage . unlike old persian , which has middle persian as its known successor , avestan has no clearly identifiable middle iranian stage ( the effect of middle iranian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes ) . [ sep ] rigvedic sanskrit
the other directly attested old iranian dialects are the two forms of avestan , which take their name from their use in the avesta , the liturgical texts of indigenous iranian religion that now goes by the name of zoroastrianism but in the avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena ( later : behdin ) . the language of the avesta is subdivided into two dialects , conventionally known as " old ( or ' gathic ' ) avestan " , and " younger avestan " . these terms , which date to the 19th century , are slightly misleading since ' younger avestan ' is not only much younger than ' old avestan ' , but also from a different geographic region . the old avestan dialect is very archaic , and at roughly the same stage of development as rigvedic sanskrit . on the other hand , younger avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as old persian , but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its " old " characteristics long after the old iranian languages had yielded to their middle iranian stage . unlike old persian , which has middle persian as its known successor , avestan has no clearly identifiable middle iranian stage ( the effect of middle iranian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes ) . [ sep ] old persian
the nine largest and most renowned technische universitaten in germany have formed tu9 german institutes of technology as community of interests . technische universitaten normally have faculties or departements of natural sciences and often of economics but can also have units of cultural and social sciences and arts . rwth aachen , tu dresden and tu munchen also have a faculty of medicine associated with university hospitals ( klinikum aachen , university hospital dresden , rechts der isar hospital ) . [ sep ] medicine
the nine largest and most renowned technische universitaten in germany have formed tu9 german institutes of technology as community of interests . technische universitaten normally have faculties or departements of natural sciences and often of economics but can also have units of cultural and social sciences and arts . rwth aachen , tu dresden and tu munchen also have a faculty of medicine associated with university hospitals ( klinikum aachen , university hospital dresden , rechts der isar hospital ) . [ sep ] nine
in addition to old persian and avestan , which are the only directly attested old iranian languages , all middle iranian languages must have had a predecessor " old iranian " form of that language , and thus can all be said to have had an ( at least hypothetical ) " old " form . such hypothetical old iranian languages include carduchi ( the hypothetical predecessor to kurdish ) and old parthian . additionally , the existence of unattested languages can sometimes be inferred from the impact they had on neighbouring languages . such transfer is known to have occurred for old persian , which has ( what is called ) a " median " substrate in some of its vocabulary . also , foreign references to languages can also provide a hint to the existence of otherwise unattested languages , for example through toponyms / ethnonyms or in the recording of vocabulary , as herodotus did for what he called " scythian " . [ sep ] kurdish
in addition to old persian and avestan , which are the only directly attested old iranian languages , all middle iranian languages must have had a predecessor " old iranian " form of that language , and thus can all be said to have had an ( at least hypothetical ) " old " form . such hypothetical old iranian languages include carduchi ( the hypothetical predecessor to kurdish ) and old parthian . additionally , the existence of unattested languages can sometimes be inferred from the impact they had on neighbouring languages . such transfer is known to have occurred for old persian , which has ( what is called ) a " median " substrate in some of its vocabulary . also , foreign references to languages can also provide a hint to the existence of otherwise unattested languages , for example through toponyms / ethnonyms or in the recording of vocabulary , as herodotus did for what he called " scythian " . [ sep ] scythian
conventionally , iranian languages are grouped in " western " and " eastern " branches . these terms have little meaning with respect to old avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the iranian peoples into western and eastern groups . the geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to younger avestan since it isn ' t known where that dialect ( or dialects ) was spoken either . certain is only that avestan ( all forms ) and old persian are distinct , and since old persian is " western " , and avestan was not old persian , avestan acquired a default assignment to " eastern " . confusing the issue is the introduction of a western iranian substrate in later avestan compositions and redactions undertaken at the centers of imperial power in western iran ( either in the south - west in persia , or in the north - west in nisa / parthia and ecbatana / media ) . [ sep ] western and eastern
conventionally , iranian languages are grouped in " western " and " eastern " branches . these terms have little meaning with respect to old avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the iranian peoples into western and eastern groups . the geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to younger avestan since it isn ' t known where that dialect ( or dialects ) was spoken either . certain is only that avestan ( all forms ) and old persian are distinct , and since old persian is " western " , and avestan was not old persian , avestan acquired a default assignment to " eastern " . confusing the issue is the introduction of a western iranian substrate in later avestan compositions and redactions undertaken at the centers of imperial power in western iran ( either in the south - west in persia , or in the north - west in nisa / parthia and ecbatana / media ) . [ sep ] old persian
conventionally , iranian languages are grouped in " western " and " eastern " branches . these terms have little meaning with respect to old avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the iranian peoples into western and eastern groups . the geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to younger avestan since it isn ' t known where that dialect ( or dialects ) was spoken either . certain is only that avestan ( all forms ) and old persian are distinct , and since old persian is " western " , and avestan was not old persian , avestan acquired a default assignment to " eastern " . confusing the issue is the introduction of a western iranian substrate in later avestan compositions and redactions undertaken at the centers of imperial power in western iran ( either in the south - west in persia , or in the north - west in nisa / parthia and ecbatana / media ) . [ sep ] avestan
there are 17 universities of technology in germany with about 290 , 000 students enrolled . the four states of bremen , mecklenburg - vorpommern , saxony - anhalt and schleswig - holstein are not operating a technische universitat . saxony and lower saxony have the highest counts of tus , while in saxony three out of four universities are universities of technology . [ sep ] 17
there are 17 universities of technology in germany with about 290 , 000 students enrolled . the four states of bremen , mecklenburg - vorpommern , saxony - anhalt and schleswig - holstein are not operating a technische universitat . saxony and lower saxony have the highest counts of tus , while in saxony three out of four universities are universities of technology . [ sep ] 290 , 000
there are 17 universities of technology in germany with about 290 , 000 students enrolled . the four states of bremen , mecklenburg - vorpommern , saxony - anhalt and schleswig - holstein are not operating a technische universitat . saxony and lower saxony have the highest counts of tus , while in saxony three out of four universities are universities of technology . [ sep ] saxony
niedersachsische technische hochschule is a joint - venture of tu clausthal , tu braunschweig and university of hanover . some universities in germany can also be seen as institutes of technology due to comprising a wide spread of technical sciences and having a history as a technical university . examples are [ sep ] niedersachsische technische hochschule
in greece , there are 2 " polytechnics " part of the public higher education in greece and they confer a 5 - year diplom uni ( 300e . c . t . s – i . s . c . e . d . 5a ) , the national technical university of athens and the technical university of crete . also , there are greek higher technological educational institutes ( ανωτατα τεχνολογικα εκπαιδευτικα ιδρυματα – α . t . e . i ) . after the n . 1404 / 1983 higher education reform act ( ν . 1404 / 1983 - 2916 / 2001 - ν . 3549 / 2007 - n . 3685 / 2008 - n . 4009 / 2011 ) the technological educational institute constitute , a parallel and equivalent with universities part of the public higher education in greece . they confer 4 - year bachelor ' s degree ( diplom fh ) ( 240e . c . t . s – i . s . c . e . d . 5a ) . [ sep ] higher education reform act
the first polytechnic in hong kong is the hong kong polytechnic , established in 1972 through upgrading the hong kong technical college ( government trade school before 1947 ) . the second polytechnic , the city polytechnic of hong kong , was founded in 1984 . these polytechnics awards diplomas , higher diplomas , as well as academic degrees . like the united kingdom , the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994 , and renamed the hong kong polytechnic university and the city university of hong kong respectively . the hong kong university of science and technology , a university with a focus in applied science , engineering and business , was founded in 1991 . [ sep ] the hong kong polytechnic
the first polytechnic in hong kong is the hong kong polytechnic , established in 1972 through upgrading the hong kong technical college ( government trade school before 1947 ) . the second polytechnic , the city polytechnic of hong kong , was founded in 1984 . these polytechnics awards diplomas , higher diplomas , as well as academic degrees . like the united kingdom , the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994 , and renamed the hong kong polytechnic university and the city university of hong kong respectively . the hong kong university of science and technology , a university with a focus in applied science , engineering and business , was founded in 1991 . [ sep ] hong kong technical college
the first polytechnic in hong kong is the hong kong polytechnic , established in 1972 through upgrading the hong kong technical college ( government trade school before 1947 ) . the second polytechnic , the city polytechnic of hong kong , was founded in 1984 . these polytechnics awards diplomas , higher diplomas , as well as academic degrees . like the united kingdom , the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994 , and renamed the hong kong polytechnic university and the city university of hong kong respectively . the hong kong university of science and technology , a university with a focus in applied science , engineering and business , was founded in 1991 . [ sep ] 1984
the first polytechnic in hong kong is the hong kong polytechnic , established in 1972 through upgrading the hong kong technical college ( government trade school before 1947 ) . the second polytechnic , the city polytechnic of hong kong , was founded in 1984 . these polytechnics awards diplomas , higher diplomas , as well as academic degrees . like the united kingdom , the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994 , and renamed the hong kong polytechnic university and the city university of hong kong respectively . the hong kong university of science and technology , a university with a focus in applied science , engineering and business , was founded in 1991 . [ sep ] hong kong university of science and technology
the first polytechnic in hong kong is the hong kong polytechnic , established in 1972 through upgrading the hong kong technical college ( government trade school before 1947 ) . the second polytechnic , the city polytechnic of hong kong , was founded in 1984 . these polytechnics awards diplomas , higher diplomas , as well as academic degrees . like the united kingdom , the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994 , and renamed the hong kong polytechnic university and the city university of hong kong respectively . the hong kong university of science and technology , a university with a focus in applied science , engineering and business , was founded in 1991 . [ sep ] 1994
the world ' s first institute of technology the berg - schola ( bergschule ) established in selmecbanya , kingdom of hungary by the court chamber of vienna in 1735 providing further education to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining . in 1762 the institute ranked up to be academia providing higher education courses . after the treaty of trianon the institute had to be moved to sopron . [ sep ] copper
the world ' s first institute of technology the berg - schola ( bergschule ) established in selmecbanya , kingdom of hungary by the court chamber of vienna in 1735 providing further education to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining . in 1762 the institute ranked up to be academia providing higher education courses . after the treaty of trianon the institute had to be moved to sopron . [ sep ] 1735
the world ' s first institute of technology the berg - schola ( bergschule ) established in selmecbanya , kingdom of hungary by the court chamber of vienna in 1735 providing further education to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining . in 1762 the institute ranked up to be academia providing higher education courses . after the treaty of trianon the institute had to be moved to sopron . [ sep ] court chamber of vienna
there are 16 autonomous indian institutes of technology in addition to 30 national institutes of technology which are government institutions . in addition to these there are many other universities which offer higher technical courses . the authority over technical education in india is the aicte . [ sep ] 16
there are 16 autonomous indian institutes of technology in addition to 30 national institutes of technology which are government institutions . in addition to these there are many other universities which offer higher technical courses . the authority over technical education in india is the aicte . [ sep ] 30
there are 16 autonomous indian institutes of technology in addition to 30 national institutes of technology which are government institutions . in addition to these there are many other universities which offer higher technical courses . the authority over technical education in india is the aicte . [ sep ] aicte
in india there are many polytechnic institutes and collages that offer a polytechnic education . in india a diploma in engineering is a specific academic award usually awarded in technical or vocational courses e . g . engineering , pharmacy , designing , etc . these institutions offer three year diploma in engineering post tenth class . these institutes have affiliation from state bord of technical education of respective state governments . after which one can apply for post of junior engineer or continue higher studies by appearing for exams of amie to become an engineering graduate . [ sep ] diploma in engineering
two of the earliest dialectal divisions among iranian indeed happen to not follow the later division into western and eastern blocks . these concern the fate of the proto - indo - iranian first - series palatal consonants , * c and * dz : [ sep ] * c and * dz
two of the earliest dialectal divisions among iranian indeed happen to not follow the later division into western and eastern blocks . these concern the fate of the proto - indo - iranian first - series palatal consonants , * c and * dz : [ sep ] first - series palatal consonants
there are four public institutes of technology in indonesia that owned by the government of indonesia . other than that , there are hundreds other institute that owned by private or other institutions . [ sep ] four
as a common intermediate stage , it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates : * c , * dz . ( this coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring nuristani languages . ) a further complication however concerns the consonant clusters * cw and * dzw : [ sep ] nuristani languages
as a common intermediate stage , it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates : * c , * dz . ( this coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring nuristani languages . ) a further complication however concerns the consonant clusters * cw and * dzw : [ sep ] * cw and * dzw
as a common intermediate stage , it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates : * c , * dz . ( this coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring nuristani languages . ) a further complication however concerns the consonant clusters * cw and * dzw : [ sep ] consonant clusters
however , in bahasa indonesia , politeknik carries a rather different meaning than institut teknologi . politeknik provides vocational education and typically offers three - year diploma degrees , which is similar to associate degrees , instead of full , four - year bachelor ' s degree and the more advanced master ' s and doctoral degrees being offered by an institut teknologi . [ sep ] three
ireland has an " institute of technology " system , formerly referred to as regional technical college ( rtcs ) system . the terms " it " and " it ' s " are now widely used to describe an institute ( s ) of technology . these institutions offer sub - degree , degree and post - graduate level studies . unlike the irish university system an institute of technology also offers sub - degree programmes such as 2 - year higher certificate programme in various academic fields of study . some institutions have " delegated authority " that allows them to make awards in their own name , after authorisation by the higher education & training awards council . [ sep ] regional technical college
dublin institute of technology developed separately from the regional technical college system , and after several decades of association with the university of dublin , trinity college it acquired the authority to confer its own degrees . [ sep ] dublin institute of technology
in higher education , politecnico refers to a technical university awarding degrees in engineering . historically there were two politecnici , one in each of the two largest industrial cities of the north : [ sep ] politecnico
in higher education , politecnico refers to a technical university awarding degrees in engineering . historically there were two politecnici , one in each of the two largest industrial cities of the north : [ sep ] two
it is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period . good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of alanian / scytho - sarmatian subgroup of scythian in the far northwest ; and the hypothetical " old parthian " ( the old iranian ancestor of parthian ) in the near northwest , where original * dw > * b ( paralleling the development of * cw ) . [ sep ] other distinct dialect groups
it is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period . good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of alanian / scytho - sarmatian subgroup of scythian in the far northwest ; and the hypothetical " old parthian " ( the old iranian ancestor of parthian ) in the near northwest , where original * dw > * b ( paralleling the development of * cw ) . [ sep ] alanian / scytho - sarmatian
it is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period . good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of alanian / scytho - sarmatian subgroup of scythian in the far northwest ; and the hypothetical " old parthian " ( the old iranian ancestor of parthian ) in the near northwest , where original * dw > * b ( paralleling the development of * cw ) . [ sep ] old parthian
in 2003 , the ministry of education , universities and research and the ministry of economy and finance jointly established the istituto italiano di tecnologia ( italian institute of technology ) , headquartered in genoa with 10 laboratories around italy , which however focuses on research and does not offer undergraduate degrees . [ sep ] genoa
what is known in iranian linguistic history as the " middle iranian " era is thought to begin around the 4th century bce lasting through the 9th century . linguistically the middle iranian languages are conventionally classified into two main groups , western and eastern . [ sep ] 9th century
what is known in iranian linguistic history as the " middle iranian " era is thought to begin around the 4th century bce lasting through the 9th century . linguistically the middle iranian languages are conventionally classified into two main groups , western and eastern . [ sep ] western and eastern
the western family includes parthian ( arsacid pahlavi ) and middle persian , while bactrian , sogdian , khwarezmian , saka , and old ossetic ( scytho - sarmatian ) fall under the eastern category . the two languages of the western group were linguistically very close to each other , but quite distinct from their eastern counterparts . on the other hand , the eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to avestan . they were inscribed in various aramaic - derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the achaemenid imperial aramaic script , though bactrian was written using an adapted greek script . [ sep ] eastern
the western family includes parthian ( arsacid pahlavi ) and middle persian , while bactrian , sogdian , khwarezmian , saka , and old ossetic ( scytho - sarmatian ) fall under the eastern category . the two languages of the western group were linguistically very close to each other , but quite distinct from their eastern counterparts . on the other hand , the eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to avestan . they were inscribed in various aramaic - derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the achaemenid imperial aramaic script , though bactrian was written using an adapted greek script . [ sep ] avestan
the western family includes parthian ( arsacid pahlavi ) and middle persian , while bactrian , sogdian , khwarezmian , saka , and old ossetic ( scytho - sarmatian ) fall under the eastern category . the two languages of the western group were linguistically very close to each other , but quite distinct from their eastern counterparts . on the other hand , the eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to avestan . they were inscribed in various aramaic - derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the achaemenid imperial aramaic script , though bactrian was written using an adapted greek script . [ sep ] aramaic
the western family includes parthian ( arsacid pahlavi ) and middle persian , while bactrian , sogdian , khwarezmian , saka , and old ossetic ( scytho - sarmatian ) fall under the eastern category . the two languages of the western group were linguistically very close to each other , but quite distinct from their eastern counterparts . on the other hand , the eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to avestan . they were inscribed in various aramaic - derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the achaemenid imperial aramaic script , though bactrian was written using an adapted greek script . [ sep ] greek script
middle persian ( pahlavi ) was the official language under the sasanian dynasty in iran . it was in use from the 3rd century ce until the beginning of the 10th century . the script used for middle persian in this era underwent significant maturity . middle persian , parthian and sogdian were also used as literary languages by the manichaeans , whose texts also survive in various non - iranian languages , from latin to chinese . manichaean texts were written in a script closely akin to the syriac script . [ sep ] pahlavi
middle persian ( pahlavi ) was the official language under the sasanian dynasty in iran . it was in use from the 3rd century ce until the beginning of the 10th century . the script used for middle persian in this era underwent significant maturity . middle persian , parthian and sogdian were also used as literary languages by the manichaeans , whose texts also survive in various non - iranian languages , from latin to chinese . manichaean texts were written in a script closely akin to the syriac script . [ sep ] 3rd century ce
middle persian ( pahlavi ) was the official language under the sasanian dynasty in iran . it was in use from the 3rd century ce until the beginning of the 10th century . the script used for middle persian in this era underwent significant maturity . middle persian , parthian and sogdian were also used as literary languages by the manichaeans , whose texts also survive in various non - iranian languages , from latin to chinese . manichaean texts were written in a script closely akin to the syriac script . [ sep ] middle persian , parthian and sogdian
middle persian ( pahlavi ) was the official language under the sasanian dynasty in iran . it was in use from the 3rd century ce until the beginning of the 10th century . the script used for middle persian in this era underwent significant maturity . middle persian , parthian and sogdian were also used as literary languages by the manichaeans , whose texts also survive in various non - iranian languages , from latin to chinese . manichaean texts were written in a script closely akin to the syriac script . [ sep ] syriac script
in japan , an institute of technology ( [unk] [unk] 大 [unk] , kogyo daigaku ? ) is a type of university that specializes in the sciences . see also the imperial college of engineering , which was the forerunner of the university of tokyo ' s engineering faculty . [ sep ] imperial college of engineering
in japan , an institute of technology ( [unk] [unk] 大 [unk] , kogyo daigaku ? ) is a type of university that specializes in the sciences . see also the imperial college of engineering , which was the forerunner of the university of tokyo ' s engineering faculty . [ sep ] sciences
polytechnics in malaysia has been operated for almost 44 years . the institutions provide courses for bachelor ' s degree & bachelor of science ( bsc ) ( offer at premier polytechnics for september 2013 intake & 2014 intake ) , advanced diploma , diploma and special skills certificate . it was established by the ministry of education with the help of unesco in 1969 . the amount of rm24 . 5 million is used to fund the pioneer of politeknik ungku omar located in ipoh , perak from the united nations development program ( undp ) . [ sep ] malaysia
polytechnics in malaysia has been operated for almost 44 years . the institutions provide courses for bachelor ' s degree & bachelor of science ( bsc ) ( offer at premier polytechnics for september 2013 intake & 2014 intake ) , advanced diploma , diploma and special skills certificate . it was established by the ministry of education with the help of unesco in 1969 . the amount of rm24 . 5 million is used to fund the pioneer of politeknik ungku omar located in ipoh , perak from the united nations development program ( undp ) . [ sep ] unesco
polytechnics in malaysia has been operated for almost 44 years . the institutions provide courses for bachelor ' s degree & bachelor of science ( bsc ) ( offer at premier polytechnics for september 2013 intake & 2014 intake ) , advanced diploma , diploma and special skills certificate . it was established by the ministry of education with the help of unesco in 1969 . the amount of rm24 . 5 million is used to fund the pioneer of politeknik ungku omar located in ipoh , perak from the united nations development program ( undp ) . [ sep ] ipoh
following the islamic conquest of persia ( iran ) , there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the persian empire . the old prestige form of middle iranian , also known as pahlavi , was replaced by a new standard dialect called dari as the official language of the court . the name dari comes from the word darbar ( دربار ) , which refers to the royal court , where many of the poets , protagonists , and patrons of the literature flourished . the saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 ce . dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern iran , whereas the earlier pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects . this new prestige dialect became the basis of standard new persian . medieval iranian scholars such as abdullah ibn al - muqaffa ( 8th century ) and ibn al - nadim ( 10th century ) associated the term " dari " with the eastern province of khorasan , while they used the term " pahlavi " to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between isfahan and azerbaijan , and " parsi " ( " persian " proper ) to describe the dialects of fars . they also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect , " khuzi " , associated with the western province of khuzestan . [ sep ] islam
following the islamic conquest of persia ( iran ) , there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the persian empire . the old prestige form of middle iranian , also known as pahlavi , was replaced by a new standard dialect called dari as the official language of the court . the name dari comes from the word darbar ( دربار ) , which refers to the royal court , where many of the poets , protagonists , and patrons of the literature flourished . the saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 ce . dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern iran , whereas the earlier pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects . this new prestige dialect became the basis of standard new persian . medieval iranian scholars such as abdullah ibn al - muqaffa ( 8th century ) and ibn al - nadim ( 10th century ) associated the term " dari " with the eastern province of khorasan , while they used the term " pahlavi " to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between isfahan and azerbaijan , and " parsi " ( " persian " proper ) to describe the dialects of fars . they also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect , " khuzi " , associated with the western province of khuzestan . [ sep ] dari
following the islamic conquest of persia ( iran ) , there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the persian empire . the old prestige form of middle iranian , also known as pahlavi , was replaced by a new standard dialect called dari as the official language of the court . the name dari comes from the word darbar ( دربار ) , which refers to the royal court , where many of the poets , protagonists , and patrons of the literature flourished . the saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 ce . dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern iran , whereas the earlier pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects . this new prestige dialect became the basis of standard new persian . medieval iranian scholars such as abdullah ibn al - muqaffa ( 8th century ) and ibn al - nadim ( 10th century ) associated the term " dari " with the eastern province of khorasan , while they used the term " pahlavi " to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between isfahan and azerbaijan , and " parsi " ( " persian " proper ) to describe the dialects of fars . they also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect , " khuzi " , associated with the western province of khuzestan . [ sep ] saffarid
following the islamic conquest of persia ( iran ) , there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the persian empire . the old prestige form of middle iranian , also known as pahlavi , was replaced by a new standard dialect called dari as the official language of the court . the name dari comes from the word darbar ( دربار ) , which refers to the royal court , where many of the poets , protagonists , and patrons of the literature flourished . the saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 ce . dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern iran , whereas the earlier pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects . this new prestige dialect became the basis of standard new persian . medieval iranian scholars such as abdullah ibn al - muqaffa ( 8th century ) and ibn al - nadim ( 10th century ) associated the term " dari " with the eastern province of khorasan , while they used the term " pahlavi " to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between isfahan and azerbaijan , and " parsi " ( " persian " proper ) to describe the dialects of fars . they also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect , " khuzi " , associated with the western province of khuzestan . [ sep ] 875 ce
following the islamic conquest of persia ( iran ) , there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the persian empire . the old prestige form of middle iranian , also known as pahlavi , was replaced by a new standard dialect called dari as the official language of the court . the name dari comes from the word darbar ( دربار ) , which refers to the royal court , where many of the poets , protagonists , and patrons of the literature flourished . the saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 ce . dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern iran , whereas the earlier pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects . this new prestige dialect became the basis of standard new persian . medieval iranian scholars such as abdullah ibn al - muqaffa ( 8th century ) and ibn al - nadim ( 10th century ) associated the term " dari " with the eastern province of khorasan , while they used the term " pahlavi " to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between isfahan and azerbaijan , and " parsi " ( " persian " proper ) to describe the dialects of fars . they also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect , " khuzi " , associated with the western province of khuzestan . [ sep ] khorasan
at present , malaysia have developed 32 polytechnic at all over states in engineering , agriculture , commerce , hospitality and design courses with 60 , 840 students in 2009 to 87 , 440 students in 2012 . [ sep ] 32
at present , malaysia have developed 32 polytechnic at all over states in engineering , agriculture , commerce , hospitality and design courses with 60 , 840 students in 2009 to 87 , 440 students in 2012 . [ sep ] 60 , 840
at present , malaysia have developed 32 polytechnic at all over states in engineering , agriculture , commerce , hospitality and design courses with 60 , 840 students in 2009 to 87 , 440 students in 2012 . [ sep ] 87 , 440
the islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of arabic script for writing persian and much later , kurdish , pashto and balochi . all three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters . this development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century , when the old middle persian script began dwindling in usage . the arabic script remains in use in contemporary modern persian . tajik script was first latinised in the 1920s under the then soviet nationality policy . the script was however subsequently cyrillicized in the 1930s by the soviet government . [ sep ] arabic script
the islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of arabic script for writing persian and much later , kurdish , pashto and balochi . all three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters . this development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century , when the old middle persian script began dwindling in usage . the arabic script remains in use in contemporary modern persian . tajik script was first latinised in the 1920s under the then soviet nationality policy . the script was however subsequently cyrillicized in the 1930s by the soviet government . [ sep ] second half of the 8th century
the islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of arabic script for writing persian and much later , kurdish , pashto and balochi . all three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters . this development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century , when the old middle persian script began dwindling in usage . the arabic script remains in use in contemporary modern persian . tajik script was first latinised in the 1920s under the then soviet nationality policy . the script was however subsequently cyrillicized in the 1930s by the soviet government . [ sep ] tajik script
the islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of arabic script for writing persian and much later , kurdish , pashto and balochi . all three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters . this development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century , when the old middle persian script began dwindling in usage . the arabic script remains in use in contemporary modern persian . tajik script was first latinised in the 1920s under the then soviet nationality policy . the script was however subsequently cyrillicized in the 1930s by the soviet government . [ sep ] the 1930s
the islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of arabic script for writing persian and much later , kurdish , pashto and balochi . all three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters . this development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century , when the old middle persian script began dwindling in usage . the arabic script remains in use in contemporary modern persian . tajik script was first latinised in the 1920s under the then soviet nationality policy . the script was however subsequently cyrillicized in the 1930s by the soviet government . [ sep ] the soviet government
the only technical university in mauritius is the university of technology , mauritius with its main campus situated in la tour koenig , pointe aux sables . it has a specialized mission with a technology focus . it applies traditional and beyond traditional approaches to teaching , training , research and consultancy . the university has been founded with the aim to play a key role in the economic and social development of mauritius through the development of programmes of direct relevance to the country ’ s needs , for example in areas like technology , sustainable development science , and public sector policy and management . [ sep ] university of technology , mauritius
the only technical university in mauritius is the university of technology , mauritius with its main campus situated in la tour koenig , pointe aux sables . it has a specialized mission with a technology focus . it applies traditional and beyond traditional approaches to teaching , training , research and consultancy . the university has been founded with the aim to play a key role in the economic and social development of mauritius through the development of programmes of direct relevance to the country ’ s needs , for example in areas like technology , sustainable development science , and public sector policy and management . [ sep ] technology
new zealand polytechnics are established under the education act 1989 as amended , and are considered state - owned tertiary institutions along with universities , colleges of education , and wananga ; there is today often much crossover in courses and qualifications offered between all these types of tertiary education institutions . some have officially taken the title ' institute of technology ' which is a term recognized in government strategies equal to that of the term ' polytechnic ' . one has opted for the name ' universal college of learning ' ( ucol ) , and another ' unitec new zealand ' . these are legal names but not recognized terms like ' polytechnic ' or ' institute of technology ' . many if not all now grant at least bachelor - level degrees . [ sep ] new zealand
new zealand polytechnics are established under the education act 1989 as amended , and are considered state - owned tertiary institutions along with universities , colleges of education , and wananga ; there is today often much crossover in courses and qualifications offered between all these types of tertiary education institutions . some have officially taken the title ' institute of technology ' which is a term recognized in government strategies equal to that of the term ' polytechnic ' . one has opted for the name ' universal college of learning ' ( ucol ) , and another ' unitec new zealand ' . these are legal names but not recognized terms like ' polytechnic ' or ' institute of technology ' . many if not all now grant at least bachelor - level degrees . [ sep ] universal college of learning
new zealand polytechnics are established under the education act 1989 as amended , and are considered state - owned tertiary institutions along with universities , colleges of education , and wananga ; there is today often much crossover in courses and qualifications offered between all these types of tertiary education institutions . some have officially taken the title ' institute of technology ' which is a term recognized in government strategies equal to that of the term ' polytechnic ' . one has opted for the name ' universal college of learning ' ( ucol ) , and another ' unitec new zealand ' . these are legal names but not recognized terms like ' polytechnic ' or ' institute of technology ' . many if not all now grant at least bachelor - level degrees . [ sep ] 1989
endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other , either within the cells or extracellularly . examples include diverse microbiomes , rhizobia , nitrogen - fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots ; actinomycete nitrogen - fixing bacteria called frankia , which live in alder tree root nodules ; single - celled algae inside reef - building corals ; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10 % – 15 % of insects . [ sep ] insects
endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other , either within the cells or extracellularly . examples include diverse microbiomes , rhizobia , nitrogen - fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots ; actinomycete nitrogen - fixing bacteria called frankia , which live in alder tree root nodules ; single - celled algae inside reef - building corals ; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10 % – 15 % of insects . [ sep ] frankia
endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other , either within the cells or extracellularly . examples include diverse microbiomes , rhizobia , nitrogen - fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots ; actinomycete nitrogen - fixing bacteria called frankia , which live in alder tree root nodules ; single - celled algae inside reef - building corals ; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10 % – 15 % of insects . [ sep ] algae
lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect . lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures , as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight . daylighting ( using windows , skylights , or light shelves ) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings . this can save energy in place of using artificial lighting , which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings . proper lighting can enhance task performance , improve the appearance of an area , or have positive psychological effects on occupants . [ sep ] daylighting
lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect . lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures , as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight . daylighting ( using windows , skylights , or light shelves ) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings . this can save energy in place of using artificial lighting , which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings . proper lighting can enhance task performance , improve the appearance of an area , or have positive psychological effects on occupants . [ sep ] positive
lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect . lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures , as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight . daylighting ( using windows , skylights , or light shelves ) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings . this can save energy in place of using artificial lighting , which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings . proper lighting can enhance task performance , improve the appearance of an area , or have positive psychological effects on occupants . [ sep ] energy consumption
lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect . lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures , as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight . daylighting ( using windows , skylights , or light shelves ) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings . this can save energy in place of using artificial lighting , which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings . proper lighting can enhance task performance , improve the appearance of an area , or have positive psychological effects on occupants . [ sep ] artificial light sources
lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect . lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures , as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight . daylighting ( using windows , skylights , or light shelves ) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings . this can save energy in place of using artificial lighting , which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings . proper lighting can enhance task performance , improve the appearance of an area , or have positive psychological effects on occupants . [ sep ] lighting or illumination
ectosymbiosis , also referred to as exosymbiosis , is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host , including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands . examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice , commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales , and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish . [ sep ] barnacles
ectosymbiosis , also referred to as exosymbiosis , is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host , including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands . examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice , commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales , and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish . [ sep ] lice
ectosymbiosis , also referred to as exosymbiosis , is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host , including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands . examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice , commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales , and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish . [ sep ] exosymbiosis
indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures , and is a key part of interior design . lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects . [ sep ] light fixtures
indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures , and is a key part of interior design . lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects . [ sep ] indoor lighting
indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures , and is a key part of interior design . lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects . [ sep ] lighting
the geographical regions in which iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages . arabic spread into some parts of western iran ( khuzestan ) , and turkic languages spread through much of central asia , displacing various iranian languages such as sogdian and bactrian in parts of what is today turkmenistan , uzbekistan and tajikistan . in eastern europe , mostly comprising the territory of modern - day ukraine , southern european russia , and parts of the balkans , the core region of the native scythians , sarmatians , and alans had been decisively been taken over as a result of absorption and assimilation ( e . g . slavicisation ) by the various proto - slavic population of the region , by the 6th century ad . this resulted in the displacement and extinction of the once predominant scythian languages of the region . sogdian ' s close relative yaghnobi barely survives in a small area of the zarafshan valley east of samarkand , and saka as ossetic in the caucasus , which is the sole remnant of the once predominant scythian languages in eastern europe proper and large parts of the north caucasus . various small iranian languages in the pamirs survive that are derived from eastern iranian . [ sep ] khuzestan
the geographical regions in which iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages . arabic spread into some parts of western iran ( khuzestan ) , and turkic languages spread through much of central asia , displacing various iranian languages such as sogdian and bactrian in parts of what is today turkmenistan , uzbekistan and tajikistan . in eastern europe , mostly comprising the territory of modern - day ukraine , southern european russia , and parts of the balkans , the core region of the native scythians , sarmatians , and alans had been decisively been taken over as a result of absorption and assimilation ( e . g . slavicisation ) by the various proto - slavic population of the region , by the 6th century ad . this resulted in the displacement and extinction of the once predominant scythian languages of the region . sogdian ' s close relative yaghnobi barely survives in a small area of the zarafshan valley east of samarkand , and saka as ossetic in the caucasus , which is the sole remnant of the once predominant scythian languages in eastern europe proper and large parts of the north caucasus . various small iranian languages in the pamirs survive that are derived from eastern iranian . [ sep ] sogdian and bactrian
the geographical regions in which iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages . arabic spread into some parts of western iran ( khuzestan ) , and turkic languages spread through much of central asia , displacing various iranian languages such as sogdian and bactrian in parts of what is today turkmenistan , uzbekistan and tajikistan . in eastern europe , mostly comprising the territory of modern - day ukraine , southern european russia , and parts of the balkans , the core region of the native scythians , sarmatians , and alans had been decisively been taken over as a result of absorption and assimilation ( e . g . slavicisation ) by the various proto - slavic population of the region , by the 6th century ad . this resulted in the displacement and extinction of the once predominant scythian languages of the region . sogdian ' s close relative yaghnobi barely survives in a small area of the zarafshan valley east of samarkand , and saka as ossetic in the caucasus , which is the sole remnant of the once predominant scythian languages in eastern europe proper and large parts of the north caucasus . various small iranian languages in the pamirs survive that are derived from eastern iranian . [ sep ] 6th century ad
the geographical regions in which iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages . arabic spread into some parts of western iran ( khuzestan ) , and turkic languages spread through much of central asia , displacing various iranian languages such as sogdian and bactrian in parts of what is today turkmenistan , uzbekistan and tajikistan . in eastern europe , mostly comprising the territory of modern - day ukraine , southern european russia , and parts of the balkans , the core region of the native scythians , sarmatians , and alans had been decisively been taken over as a result of absorption and assimilation ( e . g . slavicisation ) by the various proto - slavic population of the region , by the 6th century ad . this resulted in the displacement and extinction of the once predominant scythian languages of the region . sogdian ' s close relative yaghnobi barely survives in a small area of the zarafshan valley east of samarkand , and saka as ossetic in the caucasus , which is the sole remnant of the once predominant scythian languages in eastern europe proper and large parts of the north caucasus . various small iranian languages in the pamirs survive that are derived from eastern iranian . [ sep ] zarafshan valley
the geographical regions in which iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages . arabic spread into some parts of western iran ( khuzestan ) , and turkic languages spread through much of central asia , displacing various iranian languages such as sogdian and bactrian in parts of what is today turkmenistan , uzbekistan and tajikistan . in eastern europe , mostly comprising the territory of modern - day ukraine , southern european russia , and parts of the balkans , the core region of the native scythians , sarmatians , and alans had been decisively been taken over as a result of absorption and assimilation ( e . g . slavicisation ) by the various proto - slavic population of the region , by the 6th century ad . this resulted in the displacement and extinction of the once predominant scythian languages of the region . sogdian ' s close relative yaghnobi barely survives in a small area of the zarafshan valley east of samarkand , and saka as ossetic in the caucasus , which is the sole remnant of the once predominant scythian languages in eastern europe proper and large parts of the north caucasus . various small iranian languages in the pamirs survive that are derived from eastern iranian . [ sep ] saka
mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit . in general , only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic . mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species , obligate for one but facultative for the other , or facultative for both . many biologists restrict the definition of symbiosis to close mutualist relationships . [ sep ] interspecies reciprocal altruism
mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit . in general , only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic . mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species , obligate for one but facultative for the other , or facultative for both . many biologists restrict the definition of symbiosis to close mutualist relationships . [ sep ] lifelong
since the 1990s , there has been consolidation in new zealand ' s state - owned tertiary education system . in the polytechnic sector : wellington polytechnic amalgamated with massey university . the central institute of technology explored a merger with the waikato institute of technology , which was abandoned , but later , after financial concerns , controversially amalgamated with hutt valley polytechnic , which in turn became wellington institute of technology . some smaller polytechnics in the north island , such as waiarapa polytechnic , amalgamated with ucol . ( the only other amalgamations have been in the colleges of education . ) [ sep ] wellington polytechnic
since the 1990s , there has been consolidation in new zealand ' s state - owned tertiary education system . in the polytechnic sector : wellington polytechnic amalgamated with massey university . the central institute of technology explored a merger with the waikato institute of technology , which was abandoned , but later , after financial concerns , controversially amalgamated with hutt valley polytechnic , which in turn became wellington institute of technology . some smaller polytechnics in the north island , such as waiarapa polytechnic , amalgamated with ucol . ( the only other amalgamations have been in the colleges of education . ) [ sep ] 1990s
since the 1990s , there has been consolidation in new zealand ' s state - owned tertiary education system . in the polytechnic sector : wellington polytechnic amalgamated with massey university . the central institute of technology explored a merger with the waikato institute of technology , which was abandoned , but later , after financial concerns , controversially amalgamated with hutt valley polytechnic , which in turn became wellington institute of technology . some smaller polytechnics in the north island , such as waiarapa polytechnic , amalgamated with ucol . ( the only other amalgamations have been in the colleges of education . ) [ sep ] central institute of technology
since the 1990s , there has been consolidation in new zealand ' s state - owned tertiary education system . in the polytechnic sector : wellington polytechnic amalgamated with massey university . the central institute of technology explored a merger with the waikato institute of technology , which was abandoned , but later , after financial concerns , controversially amalgamated with hutt valley polytechnic , which in turn became wellington institute of technology . some smaller polytechnics in the north island , such as waiarapa polytechnic , amalgamated with ucol . ( the only other amalgamations have been in the colleges of education . ) [ sep ] north island
the auckland university of technology is the only polytechnic to have been elevated to university status ; while unitec has had repeated attempts blocked by government policy and consequent decisions ; unitec has not been able to convince the courts to overturn these decisions . [ sep ] auckland university of technology
lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect . lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures , as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight . daylighting ( using windows , skylights , or light shelves ) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings . this can save energy in place of using artificial lighting , which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings . proper lighting can enhance task performance , improve the appearance of an area , or have positive psychological effects on occupants . [ sep ] daylighting
lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect . lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures , as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight . daylighting ( using windows , skylights , or light shelves ) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings . this can save energy in place of using artificial lighting , which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings . proper lighting can enhance task performance , improve the appearance of an area , or have positive psychological effects on occupants . [ sep ] lighting
lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect . lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures , as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight . daylighting ( using windows , skylights , or light shelves ) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings . this can save energy in place of using artificial lighting , which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings . proper lighting can enhance task performance , improve the appearance of an area , or have positive psychological effects on occupants . [ sep ] positive
lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect . lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures , as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight . daylighting ( using windows , skylights , or light shelves ) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings . this can save energy in place of using artificial lighting , which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings . proper lighting can enhance task performance , improve the appearance of an area , or have positive psychological effects on occupants . [ sep ] energy consumption
lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect . lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures , as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight . daylighting ( using windows , skylights , or light shelves ) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings . this can save energy in place of using artificial lighting , which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings . proper lighting can enhance task performance , improve the appearance of an area , or have positive psychological effects on occupants . [ sep ] lighting or illumination
the polytechnic institutes in pakistan , offer a diploma spanning three years in different branches . students are admitted to the diploma program based on their results in the 10th grade standardized exams . the main purpose of polytechnic institutes is to train people in various trades . [ sep ] 10th
the polytechnic institutes in pakistan , offer a diploma spanning three years in different branches . students are admitted to the diploma program based on their results in the 10th grade standardized exams . the main purpose of polytechnic institutes is to train people in various trades . [ sep ] trades
the polytechnic institutes in pakistan , offer a diploma spanning three years in different branches . students are admitted to the diploma program based on their results in the 10th grade standardized exams . the main purpose of polytechnic institutes is to train people in various trades . [ sep ] three
after successfully completing a diploma at a polytechnic , students can gain lateral entry to engineering degree ( under graduate ) courses called be , which are conducted by engineering colleges affiliated to universities or university of engineering & technology or university of engineering sciences . [ sep ] be
university of engineering & technology or university of engineering sciences are the recognized universities that grant bachelor ' s and master ' s degrees in undergraduate and graduate studies respectively . the bachelor of science degree awarded by universities of engineering & technology or university of engineering sciences are 4 years full - time program after finishing 13 years of education ( international high school certificate ) in pakistan known as f . sc equivalent to british system a - level . [ sep ] f . sc
politechnika ( translated as a " technical university " or " university of technology " ) is a main kind of technical university name in poland . there are some biggest polytechnic in poland : [ sep ] politechnika
a large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter , which is more difficult to digest than animal prey . this gut flora is made up of cellulose - digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores ' intestines . coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them . most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants , which fix carbon from the air , and mycorrhyzal fungi , which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground . [ sep ] mutualistic
a large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter , which is more difficult to digest than animal prey . this gut flora is made up of cellulose - digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores ' intestines . coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them . most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants , which fix carbon from the air , and mycorrhyzal fungi , which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground . [ sep ] coral reefs
a large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter , which is more difficult to digest than animal prey . this gut flora is made up of cellulose - digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores ' intestines . coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them . most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants , which fix carbon from the air , and mycorrhyzal fungi , which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground . [ sep ] fix carbon from the air
a large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter , which is more difficult to digest than animal prey . this gut flora is made up of cellulose - digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores ' intestines . coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them . most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants , which fix carbon from the air , and mycorrhyzal fungi , which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground . [ sep ] mycorrhyzal
an example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of ritteri sea anemones . the territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone - eating fish , and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators . a special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles . [ sep ] ocellaris clownfish
an example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of ritteri sea anemones . the territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone - eating fish , and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators . a special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles . [ sep ] a special mucus
an example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of ritteri sea anemones . the territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone - eating fish , and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators . a special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles . [ sep ] mutual symbiosis
a further example is the goby fish , which sometimes lives together with a shrimp . the shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live . the shrimp is almost blind , leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow . in case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail to warn it . when that happens both the shrimp and goby fish quickly retreat into the burrow . different species of gobies ( elacatinus spp . ) also exhibit mutualistic behavior through cleaning up ectoparasites in other fish . [ sep ] the goby fish
a further example is the goby fish , which sometimes lives together with a shrimp . the shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live . the shrimp is almost blind , leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow . in case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail to warn it . when that happens both the shrimp and goby fish quickly retreat into the burrow . different species of gobies ( elacatinus spp . ) also exhibit mutualistic behavior through cleaning up ectoparasites in other fish . [ sep ] its tail
separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of montesquieu in the spirit of the laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government . each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches . this idea was called separation of powers . this philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the united states constitution , according to which the legislative , executive , and judicial branches of the united states government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power . this united states form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances . [ sep ] separation of powers
separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of montesquieu in the spirit of the laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government . each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches . this idea was called separation of powers . this philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the united states constitution , according to which the legislative , executive , and judicial branches of the united states government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power . this united states form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances . [ sep ] three
separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of montesquieu in the spirit of the laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government . each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches . this idea was called separation of powers . this philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the united states constitution , according to which the legislative , executive , and judicial branches of the united states government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power . this united states form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances . [ sep ] united states constitution
separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of montesquieu in the spirit of the laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government . each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches . this idea was called separation of powers . this philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the united states constitution , according to which the legislative , executive , and judicial branches of the united states government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power . this united states form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances . [ sep ] checks and balances
another non - obligate symbiosis is known from encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs that live in a close relationship . the bryozoan colony ( acanthodesia commensale ) develops a cirumrotatory growth and offers the crab ( pseudopagurus granulimanus ) a helicospiral - tubular extension of its living chamber that initially was situated within a gastropod shell . [ sep ] non - obligate
during the age of enlightenment , philosophers such as john locke advocated the principle in their writings , whereas others , such as thomas hobbes , strongly opposed it . montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature , the executive , and the judiciary . his writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the united states constitution . [ sep ] john locke
during the age of enlightenment , philosophers such as john locke advocated the principle in their writings , whereas others , such as thomas hobbes , strongly opposed it . montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature , the executive , and the judiciary . his writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the united states constitution . [ sep ] thomas hobbes
during the age of enlightenment , philosophers such as john locke advocated the principle in their writings , whereas others , such as thomas hobbes , strongly opposed it . montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature , the executive , and the judiciary . his writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the united states constitution . [ sep ] montesquieu
during the age of enlightenment , philosophers such as john locke advocated the principle in their writings , whereas others , such as thomas hobbes , strongly opposed it . montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature , the executive , and the judiciary . his writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the united states constitution . [ sep ] the framers of the united states constitution
one of the most spectacular examples of obligate mutualism is between the siboglinid tube worms and symbiotic bacteria that live at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps . the worm has no digestive tract and is wholly reliant on its internal symbionts for nutrition . the bacteria oxidize either hydrogen sulfide or methane , which the host supplies to them . these worms were discovered in the late 1980s at the hydrothermal vents near the galapagos islands and have since been found at deep - sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in all of the world ' s oceans . [ sep ] the late 1980s
one of the most spectacular examples of obligate mutualism is between the siboglinid tube worms and symbiotic bacteria that live at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps . the worm has no digestive tract and is wholly reliant on its internal symbionts for nutrition . the bacteria oxidize either hydrogen sulfide or methane , which the host supplies to them . these worms were discovered in the late 1980s at the hydrothermal vents near the galapagos islands and have since been found at deep - sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in all of the world ' s oceans . [ sep ] nutrition
one of the most spectacular examples of obligate mutualism is between the siboglinid tube worms and symbiotic bacteria that live at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps . the worm has no digestive tract and is wholly reliant on its internal symbionts for nutrition . the bacteria oxidize either hydrogen sulfide or methane , which the host supplies to them . these worms were discovered in the late 1980s at the hydrothermal vents near the galapagos islands and have since been found at deep - sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in all of the world ' s oceans . [ sep ] the galapagos islands
during mutualistic symbioses , the host cell lacks some of the nutrients , which are provided by the endosymbiont . as a result , the host favors endosymbiont ' s growth processes within itself by producing some specialized cells . these cells affect the genetic composition of the host in order to regulate the increasing population of the endosymbionts and ensuring that these genetic changes are passed onto the offspring via vertical transmission ( heredity ) . [ sep ] nutrients
during mutualistic symbioses , the host cell lacks some of the nutrients , which are provided by the endosymbiont . as a result , the host favors endosymbiont ' s growth processes within itself by producing some specialized cells . these cells affect the genetic composition of the host in order to regulate the increasing population of the endosymbionts and ensuring that these genetic changes are passed onto the offspring via vertical transmission ( heredity ) . [ sep ] specialized cells
during mutualistic symbioses , the host cell lacks some of the nutrients , which are provided by the endosymbiont . as a result , the host favors endosymbiont ' s growth processes within itself by producing some specialized cells . these cells affect the genetic composition of the host in order to regulate the increasing population of the endosymbionts and ensuring that these genetic changes are passed onto the offspring via vertical transmission ( heredity ) . [ sep ] vertical transmission
strict separation of powers did not operate in the united kingdom , the political structure of which served in most instances [ citation needed ] as a model for the government created by the u . s . constitution . [ citation needed ] under the uk westminster system , based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government , parliament ( consisting of the sovereign ( king - in - parliament ) , house of lords and house of commons ) was the supreme lawmaking authority . the executive branch acted in the name of the king ( " his majesty ' s government " ) , as did the judiciary . the king ' s ministers were in most cases members of one of the two houses of parliament , and the government needed to sustain the support of a majority in the house of commons . one minister , the lord chancellor , was at the same time the sole judge in the court of chancery and the presiding officer in the house of lords . therefore , it may be seen that the three branches of british government often violated the strict principle of separation of powers , even though there were many occasions when the different branches of the government disagreed with each other . some u . s . states did not observe a strict separation of powers in the 18th century . in new jersey , the governor also functioned as a member of the state ' s highest court and as the presiding officer of one house of the new jersey legislature . the president of delaware was a member of the court of appeals ; the presiding officers of the two houses of the state legislature also served in the executive department as vice presidents . in both delaware and pennsylvania , members of the executive council served at the same time as judges . on the other hand , many southern states explicitly required separation of powers . maryland , virginia , north carolina and georgia all kept the branches of government " separate and distinct . " [ sep ] uk
strict separation of powers did not operate in the united kingdom , the political structure of which served in most instances [ citation needed ] as a model for the government created by the u . s . constitution . [ citation needed ] under the uk westminster system , based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government , parliament ( consisting of the sovereign ( king - in - parliament ) , house of lords and house of commons ) was the supreme lawmaking authority . the executive branch acted in the name of the king ( " his majesty ' s government " ) , as did the judiciary . the king ' s ministers were in most cases members of one of the two houses of parliament , and the government needed to sustain the support of a majority in the house of commons . one minister , the lord chancellor , was at the same time the sole judge in the court of chancery and the presiding officer in the house of lords . therefore , it may be seen that the three branches of british government often violated the strict principle of separation of powers , even though there were many occasions when the different branches of the government disagreed with each other . some u . s . states did not observe a strict separation of powers in the 18th century . in new jersey , the governor also functioned as a member of the state ' s highest court and as the presiding officer of one house of the new jersey legislature . the president of delaware was a member of the court of appeals ; the presiding officers of the two houses of the state legislature also served in the executive department as vice presidents . in both delaware and pennsylvania , members of the executive council served at the same time as judges . on the other hand , many southern states explicitly required separation of powers . maryland , virginia , north carolina and georgia all kept the branches of government " separate and distinct . " [ sep ] parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government
strict separation of powers did not operate in the united kingdom , the political structure of which served in most instances [ citation needed ] as a model for the government created by the u . s . constitution . [ citation needed ] under the uk westminster system , based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government , parliament ( consisting of the sovereign ( king - in - parliament ) , house of lords and house of commons ) was the supreme lawmaking authority . the executive branch acted in the name of the king ( " his majesty ' s government " ) , as did the judiciary . the king ' s ministers were in most cases members of one of the two houses of parliament , and the government needed to sustain the support of a majority in the house of commons . one minister , the lord chancellor , was at the same time the sole judge in the court of chancery and the presiding officer in the house of lords . therefore , it may be seen that the three branches of british government often violated the strict principle of separation of powers , even though there were many occasions when the different branches of the government disagreed with each other . some u . s . states did not observe a strict separation of powers in the 18th century . in new jersey , the governor also functioned as a member of the state ' s highest court and as the presiding officer of one house of the new jersey legislature . the president of delaware was a member of the court of appeals ; the presiding officers of the two houses of the state legislature also served in the executive department as vice presidents . in both delaware and pennsylvania , members of the executive council served at the same time as judges . on the other hand , many southern states explicitly required separation of powers . maryland , virginia , north carolina and georgia all kept the branches of government " separate and distinct . " [ sep ] separate and distinct
architecture ( latin architectura , from the greek αρχιτεκτων arkhitekton " architect " , from αρχι - " chief " and τεκτων " builder " ) is both the process and the product of planning , designing , and constructing buildings and other physical structures . architectural works , in the material form of buildings , are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art . historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements . [ sep ] architectural
congress has the sole power to legislate for the united states . under the nondelegation doctrine , congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency . in this vein , the supreme court held in the 1998 case clinton v . city of new york that congress could not delegate a " line - item veto " to the president , by powers vested in the government by the constitution . [ sep ] congress
congress has the sole power to legislate for the united states . under the nondelegation doctrine , congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency . in this vein , the supreme court held in the 1998 case clinton v . city of new york that congress could not delegate a " line - item veto " to the president , by powers vested in the government by the constitution . [ sep ] clinton v . city of new york
congress has the sole power to legislate for the united states . under the nondelegation doctrine , congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency . in this vein , the supreme court held in the 1998 case clinton v . city of new york that congress could not delegate a " line - item veto " to the president , by powers vested in the government by the constitution . [ sep ] 1998
adaptation of the endosymbiont to the host ' s lifestyle leads to many changes in the endosymbiont – the foremost being drastic reduction in its genome size . this is due to many genes being lost during the process of metabolism , and dna repair and recombination . while important genes participating in the dna to rna transcription , protein translation and dna / rna replication are retained . that is , a decrease in genome size is due to loss of protein coding genes and not due to lessening of inter - genic regions or open reading frame ( orf ) size . thus , species that are naturally evolving and contain reduced sizes of genes can be accounted for an increased number of noticeable differences between them , thereby leading to changes in their evolutionary rates . as the endosymbiotic bacteria related with these insects are passed on to the offspring strictly via vertical genetic transmission , intracellular bacteria goes through many hurdles during the process , resulting in the decrease in effective population sizes when compared to the free living bacteria . this incapability of the endosymbiotic bacteria to reinstate its wild type phenotype via a recombination process is called as muller ' s ratchet phenomenon . muller ' s ratchet phenomenon together with less effective population sizes has led to an accretion of deleterious mutations in the non - essential genes of the intracellular bacteria . this could have been due to lack of selection mechanisms prevailing in the rich environment of the host . [ sep ] drastic reduction in its genome size
adaptation of the endosymbiont to the host ' s lifestyle leads to many changes in the endosymbiont – the foremost being drastic reduction in its genome size . this is due to many genes being lost during the process of metabolism , and dna repair and recombination . while important genes participating in the dna to rna transcription , protein translation and dna / rna replication are retained . that is , a decrease in genome size is due to loss of protein coding genes and not due to lessening of inter - genic regions or open reading frame ( orf ) size . thus , species that are naturally evolving and contain reduced sizes of genes can be accounted for an increased number of noticeable differences between them , thereby leading to changes in their evolutionary rates . as the endosymbiotic bacteria related with these insects are passed on to the offspring strictly via vertical genetic transmission , intracellular bacteria goes through many hurdles during the process , resulting in the decrease in effective population sizes when compared to the free living bacteria . this incapability of the endosymbiotic bacteria to reinstate its wild type phenotype via a recombination process is called as muller ' s ratchet phenomenon . muller ' s ratchet phenomenon together with less effective population sizes has led to an accretion of deleterious mutations in the non - essential genes of the intracellular bacteria . this could have been due to lack of selection mechanisms prevailing in the rich environment of the host . [ sep ] muller ' s ratchet phenomenon
adaptation of the endosymbiont to the host ' s lifestyle leads to many changes in the endosymbiont – the foremost being drastic reduction in its genome size . this is due to many genes being lost during the process of metabolism , and dna repair and recombination . while important genes participating in the dna to rna transcription , protein translation and dna / rna replication are retained . that is , a decrease in genome size is due to loss of protein coding genes and not due to lessening of inter - genic regions or open reading frame ( orf ) size . thus , species that are naturally evolving and contain reduced sizes of genes can be accounted for an increased number of noticeable differences between them , thereby leading to changes in their evolutionary rates . as the endosymbiotic bacteria related with these insects are passed on to the offspring strictly via vertical genetic transmission , intracellular bacteria goes through many hurdles during the process , resulting in the decrease in effective population sizes when compared to the free living bacteria . this incapability of the endosymbiotic bacteria to reinstate its wild type phenotype via a recombination process is called as muller ' s ratchet phenomenon . muller ' s ratchet phenomenon together with less effective population sizes has led to an accretion of deleterious mutations in the non - essential genes of the intracellular bacteria . this could have been due to lack of selection mechanisms prevailing in the rich environment of the host . [ sep ] lack of selection mechanisms
the earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is de architectura , by the roman architect vitruvius in the early 1st century ad . according to vitruvius , a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas , utilitas , venustas , commonly known by the original translation – firmness , commodity and delight . an equivalent in modern english would be : [ sep ] de architectura
the earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is de architectura , by the roman architect vitruvius in the early 1st century ad . according to vitruvius , a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas , utilitas , venustas , commonly known by the original translation – firmness , commodity and delight . an equivalent in modern english would be : [ sep ] roman architect vitruvius
the earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is de architectura , by the roman architect vitruvius in the early 1st century ad . according to vitruvius , a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas , utilitas , venustas , commonly known by the original translation – firmness , commodity and delight . an equivalent in modern english would be : [ sep ] 1st century ad .
the earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is de architectura , by the roman architect vitruvius in the early 1st century ad . according to vitruvius , a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas , utilitas , venustas , commonly known by the original translation – firmness , commodity and delight . an equivalent in modern english would be : [ sep ] firmness , commodity and delight .
land forces during this period also deployed in support of peacekeeping operations within united nations sanctioned conflicts . the nature of the canadian forces has continued to evolve . they have been deployed in afghanistan until 2011 , under the nato - led united nations international security assistance force ( isaf ) , at the request of the government of afghanistan . [ sep ] land forces
land forces during this period also deployed in support of peacekeeping operations within united nations sanctioned conflicts . the nature of the canadian forces has continued to evolve . they have been deployed in afghanistan until 2011 , under the nato - led united nations international security assistance force ( isaf ) , at the request of the government of afghanistan . [ sep ] 2011
land forces during this period also deployed in support of peacekeeping operations within united nations sanctioned conflicts . the nature of the canadian forces has continued to evolve . they have been deployed in afghanistan until 2011 , under the nato - led united nations international security assistance force ( isaf ) , at the request of the government of afghanistan . [ sep ] isaf
land forces during this period also deployed in support of peacekeeping operations within united nations sanctioned conflicts . the nature of the canadian forces has continued to evolve . they have been deployed in afghanistan until 2011 , under the nato - led united nations international security assistance force ( isaf ) , at the request of the government of afghanistan . [ sep ] the government of afghanistan
land forces during this period also deployed in support of peacekeeping operations within united nations sanctioned conflicts . the nature of the canadian forces has continued to evolve . they have been deployed in afghanistan until 2011 , under the nato - led united nations international security assistance force ( isaf ) , at the request of the government of afghanistan . [ sep ] peacekeeping
commensalism describes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped . it is derived from the english word commensal used of human social interaction . the word derives from the medieval latin word , formed from com - and mensa , meaning " sharing a table " . [ sep ] latin
commensalism describes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped . it is derived from the english word commensal used of human social interaction . the word derives from the medieval latin word , formed from com - and mensa , meaning " sharing a table " . [ sep ] commensalism
according to vitruvius , the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible . leon battista alberti , who elaborates on the ideas of vitruvius in his treatise , de re aedificatoria , saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion , although ornament also played a part . for alberti , the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure , the golden mean . the most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object , rather than something applied superficially ; and was based on universal , recognisable truths . the notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century , with the writing of vasari : by the 18th century , his lives of the most excellent painters , sculptors , and architects had been translated into italian , french , spanish and english . [ sep ] 16th century
according to vitruvius , the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible . leon battista alberti , who elaborates on the ideas of vitruvius in his treatise , de re aedificatoria , saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion , although ornament also played a part . for alberti , the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure , the golden mean . the most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object , rather than something applied superficially ; and was based on universal , recognisable truths . the notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century , with the writing of vasari : by the 18th century , his lives of the most excellent painters , sculptors , and architects had been translated into italian , french , spanish and english . [ sep ] vasari
according to vitruvius , the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible . leon battista alberti , who elaborates on the ideas of vitruvius in his treatise , de re aedificatoria , saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion , although ornament also played a part . for alberti , the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure , the golden mean . the most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object , rather than something applied superficially ; and was based on universal , recognisable truths . the notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century , with the writing of vasari : by the 18th century , his lives of the most excellent painters , sculptors , and architects had been translated into italian , french , spanish and english . [ sep ] italian , french , spanish and english
the human development index ( hdi ) is a composite statistic of life expectancy , education , and income per capita indicators , which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development . a country scores higher hdi when the life expectancy at birth is longer , the education period is longer , and the income per capita is higher . the hdi was developed by the pakistani economist mahbub ul haq , often framed in terms of whether people are able to " be " and " do " desirable things in their life , and was published by the united nations development programme . [ sep ] life expectancy , education , and income per capita
the human development index ( hdi ) is a composite statistic of life expectancy , education , and income per capita indicators , which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development . a country scores higher hdi when the life expectancy at birth is longer , the education period is longer , and the income per capita is higher . the hdi was developed by the pakistani economist mahbub ul haq , often framed in terms of whether people are able to " be " and " do " desirable things in their life , and was published by the united nations development programme . [ sep ] longer
the human development index ( hdi ) is a composite statistic of life expectancy , education , and income per capita indicators , which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development . a country scores higher hdi when the life expectancy at birth is longer , the education period is longer , and the income per capita is higher . the hdi was developed by the pakistani economist mahbub ul haq , often framed in terms of whether people are able to " be " and " do " desirable things in their life , and was published by the united nations development programme . [ sep ] mahbub ul haq
the human development index ( hdi ) is a composite statistic of life expectancy , education , and income per capita indicators , which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development . a country scores higher hdi when the life expectancy at birth is longer , the education period is longer , and the income per capita is higher . the hdi was developed by the pakistani economist mahbub ul haq , often framed in terms of whether people are able to " be " and " do " desirable things in their life , and was published by the united nations development programme . [ sep ] united nations development programme
where congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority , the supreme court has been less stringent . one of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non - delegation was wayman v . southard 23 u . s . ( 10 wet . ) 1 , 42 ( 1825 ) . congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure ; it was contended that congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers . while chief justice john marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function , he distinguished between " important " subjects and mere details . marshall wrote that " a general provision may be made , and power given to those who are to act under such general provisions , to fill up the details . " [ sep ] wayman v . southard
where congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority , the supreme court has been less stringent . one of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non - delegation was wayman v . southard 23 u . s . ( 10 wet . ) 1 , 42 ( 1825 ) . congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure ; it was contended that congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers . while chief justice john marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function , he distinguished between " important " subjects and mere details . marshall wrote that " a general provision may be made , and power given to those who are to act under such general provisions , to fill up the details . " [ sep ] 1825
where congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority , the supreme court has been less stringent . one of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non - delegation was wayman v . southard 23 u . s . ( 10 wet . ) 1 , 42 ( 1825 ) . congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure ; it was contended that congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers . while chief justice john marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function , he distinguished between " important " subjects and mere details . marshall wrote that " a general provision may be made , and power given to those who are to act under such general provisions , to fill up the details . " [ sep ] john marshall
where congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority , the supreme court has been less stringent . one of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non - delegation was wayman v . southard 23 u . s . ( 10 wet . ) 1 , 42 ( 1825 ) . congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure ; it was contended that congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers . while chief justice john marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function , he distinguished between " important " subjects and mere details . marshall wrote that " a general provision may be made , and power given to those who are to act under such general provisions , to fill up the details . " [ sep ] the judiciary
commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation ( phoresy ) or for housing ( inquilinism ) , or it may also involve one organism using something another created , after its death ( metabiosis ) . examples of metabiosis are hermit crabs using gastropod shells to protect their bodies and spiders building their webs on plants . [ sep ] inquilinism
commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation ( phoresy ) or for housing ( inquilinism ) , or it may also involve one organism using something another created , after its death ( metabiosis ) . examples of metabiosis are hermit crabs using gastropod shells to protect their bodies and spiders building their webs on plants . [ sep ] metabiosis
commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation ( phoresy ) or for housing ( inquilinism ) , or it may also involve one organism using something another created , after its death ( metabiosis ) . examples of metabiosis are hermit crabs using gastropod shells to protect their bodies and spiders building their webs on plants . [ sep ] phoresy
in the early 19th century , augustus welby northmore pugin wrote contrasts ( 1836 ) that , as the titled suggested , contrasted the modern , industrial world , which he disparaged , with an idealized image of neo - medieval world . gothic architecture , pugin believed , was the only " true christian form of architecture . " [ sep ] augustus welby northmore pugin
in the early 19th century , augustus welby northmore pugin wrote contrasts ( 1836 ) that , as the titled suggested , contrasted the modern , industrial world , which he disparaged , with an idealized image of neo - medieval world . gothic architecture , pugin believed , was the only " true christian form of architecture . " [ sep ] 1836
the 19th - century english art critic , john ruskin , in his seven lamps of architecture , published 1849 , was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture . architecture was the " art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men . . . that the sight of them " contributes " to his mental health , power , and pleasure " . [ sep ] john ruskin
the 2010 human development report introduced an inequality - adjusted human development index ( ihdi ) . while the simple hdi remains useful , it stated that " the ihdi is the actual level of human development ( accounting for inequality ) , " and " the hdi can be viewed as an index of ' potential ' human development ( or the maximum ihdi that could be achieved if there were no inequality ) . " [ sep ] 2010
the 2010 human development report introduced an inequality - adjusted human development index ( ihdi ) . while the simple hdi remains useful , it stated that " the ihdi is the actual level of human development ( accounting for inequality ) , " and " the hdi can be viewed as an index of ' potential ' human development ( or the maximum ihdi that could be achieved if there were no inequality ) . " [ sep ] inequality - adjusted human development index
the 2010 human development report introduced an inequality - adjusted human development index ( ihdi ) . while the simple hdi remains useful , it stated that " the ihdi is the actual level of human development ( accounting for inequality ) , " and " the hdi can be viewed as an index of ' potential ' human development ( or the maximum ihdi that could be achieved if there were no inequality ) . " [ sep ] the ihdi
marshall ' s words and future court decisions gave congress much latitude in delegating powers . it was not until the 1930s that the supreme court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional . in a case involving the creation of the national recovery administration called a . l . a . schechter poultry corp . v . united states , 295 u . s . 495 ( 1935 ) , congress could not authorize the president to formulate codes of " fair competition . " it was held that congress must set some standards governing the actions of executive officers . the court , however , has deemed that phrases such as " just and reasonable , " " public interest " and " public convenience " suffice . [ sep ] the 1930s
marshall ' s words and future court decisions gave congress much latitude in delegating powers . it was not until the 1930s that the supreme court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional . in a case involving the creation of the national recovery administration called a . l . a . schechter poultry corp . v . united states , 295 u . s . 495 ( 1935 ) , congress could not authorize the president to formulate codes of " fair competition . " it was held that congress must set some standards governing the actions of executive officers . the court , however , has deemed that phrases such as " just and reasonable , " " public interest " and " public convenience " suffice . [ sep ] national recovery administration
marshall ' s words and future court decisions gave congress much latitude in delegating powers . it was not until the 1930s that the supreme court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional . in a case involving the creation of the national recovery administration called a . l . a . schechter poultry corp . v . united states , 295 u . s . 495 ( 1935 ) , congress could not authorize the president to formulate codes of " fair competition . " it was held that congress must set some standards governing the actions of executive officers . the court , however , has deemed that phrases such as " just and reasonable , " " public interest " and " public convenience " suffice . [ sep ] 1935
for ruskin , the aesthetic was of overriding significance . his work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way " adorned " . for ruskin , a well - constructed , well - proportioned , functional building needed string courses or rustication , at the very least . [ sep ] not
on the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction , the renowned 20th - century architect le corbusier wrote : " you employ stone , wood , and concrete , and with these materials you build houses and palaces : that is construction . ingenuity is at work . but suddenly you touch my heart , you do me good . i am happy and i say : this is beautiful . that is architecture " . [ sep ] 20th - century
executive power is vested , with exceptions and qualifications , in the president . by law ( section 2 . ) the president becomes the commander in chief of the army and navy , militia of several states when called into service , has power to make treaties and appointments to office " with the advice and consent of the senate , " receive ambassadors and public ministers , and " take care that the laws be faithfully executed " ( section 3 . ) by using these words , the constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law ; rather , officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties . the constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by congress and approved by the president . congress may itself terminate such appointments , by impeachment , and restrict the president . bodies such as the war claims commission , the interstate commerce commission and the federal trade commission — all quasi - judicial — often have direct congressional oversight . [ sep ] army and navy
executive power is vested , with exceptions and qualifications , in the president . by law ( section 2 . ) the president becomes the commander in chief of the army and navy , militia of several states when called into service , has power to make treaties and appointments to office " with the advice and consent of the senate , " receive ambassadors and public ministers , and " take care that the laws be faithfully executed " ( section 3 . ) by using these words , the constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law ; rather , officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties . the constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by congress and approved by the president . congress may itself terminate such appointments , by impeachment , and restrict the president . bodies such as the war claims commission , the interstate commerce commission and the federal trade commission — all quasi - judicial — often have direct congressional oversight . [ sep ] senate
executive power is vested , with exceptions and qualifications , in the president . by law ( section 2 . ) the president becomes the commander in chief of the army and navy , militia of several states when called into service , has power to make treaties and appointments to office " with the advice and consent of the senate , " receive ambassadors and public ministers , and " take care that the laws be faithfully executed " ( section 3 . ) by using these words , the constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law ; rather , officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties . the constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by congress and approved by the president . congress may itself terminate such appointments , by impeachment , and restrict the president . bodies such as the war claims commission , the interstate commerce commission and the federal trade commission — all quasi - judicial — often have direct congressional oversight . [ sep ] impeachment
executive power is vested , with exceptions and qualifications , in the president . by law ( section 2 . ) the president becomes the commander in chief of the army and navy , militia of several states when called into service , has power to make treaties and appointments to office " with the advice and consent of the senate , " receive ambassadors and public ministers , and " take care that the laws be faithfully executed " ( section 3 . ) by using these words , the constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law ; rather , officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties . the constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by congress and approved by the president . congress may itself terminate such appointments , by impeachment , and restrict the president . bodies such as the war claims commission , the interstate commerce commission and the federal trade commission — all quasi - judicial — often have direct congressional oversight . [ sep ] quasi - judicial
while the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism , it had the effect of introducing the concept of " function " in place of vitruvius ' " utility " . " function " came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use , perception and enjoyment of a building , not only practical but also aesthetic , psychological and cultural . [ sep ] function
a parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed . this is also known as antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis . parasitic symbioses take many forms , from endoparasites that live within the host ' s body to ectoparasites that live on its surface . in addition , parasites may be necrotrophic , which is to say they kill their host , or biotrophic , meaning they rely on their host ' s surviving . biotrophic parasitism is an extremely successful mode of life . depending on the definition used , as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles , and it is also frequent in plants and fungi . moreover , almost all free - living animals are host to one or more parasite taxa . an example of a biotrophic relationship would be a tick feeding on the blood of its host . [ sep ] a parasitic relationship
a parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed . this is also known as antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis . parasitic symbioses take many forms , from endoparasites that live within the host ' s body to ectoparasites that live on its surface . in addition , parasites may be necrotrophic , which is to say they kill their host , or biotrophic , meaning they rely on their host ' s surviving . biotrophic parasitism is an extremely successful mode of life . depending on the definition used , as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles , and it is also frequent in plants and fungi . moreover , almost all free - living animals are host to one or more parasite taxa . an example of a biotrophic relationship would be a tick feeding on the blood of its host . [ sep ] necrotrophic
a parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed . this is also known as antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis . parasitic symbioses take many forms , from endoparasites that live within the host ' s body to ectoparasites that live on its surface . in addition , parasites may be necrotrophic , which is to say they kill their host , or biotrophic , meaning they rely on their host ' s surviving . biotrophic parasitism is an extremely successful mode of life . depending on the definition used , as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles , and it is also frequent in plants and fungi . moreover , almost all free - living animals are host to one or more parasite taxa . an example of a biotrophic relationship would be a tick feeding on the blood of its host . [ sep ] biotrophic
a parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed . this is also known as antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis . parasitic symbioses take many forms , from endoparasites that live within the host ' s body to ectoparasites that live on its surface . in addition , parasites may be necrotrophic , which is to say they kill their host , or biotrophic , meaning they rely on their host ' s surviving . biotrophic parasitism is an extremely successful mode of life . depending on the definition used , as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles , and it is also frequent in plants and fungi . moreover , almost all free - living animals are host to one or more parasite taxa . an example of a biotrophic relationship would be a tick feeding on the blood of its host . [ sep ] as many as half
a parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed . this is also known as antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis . parasitic symbioses take many forms , from endoparasites that live within the host ' s body to ectoparasites that live on its surface . in addition , parasites may be necrotrophic , which is to say they kill their host , or biotrophic , meaning they rely on their host ' s surviving . biotrophic parasitism is an extremely successful mode of life . depending on the definition used , as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles , and it is also frequent in plants and fungi . moreover , almost all free - living animals are host to one or more parasite taxa . an example of a biotrophic relationship would be a tick feeding on the blood of its host . [ sep ] a tick
the origins of the hdi are found in the annual development reports of the united nations development programme ( undp ) . these were devised and launched by pakistani economist mahbub ul haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose " to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people - centered policies " . to produce the human development reports , mahbub ul haq formed a group of development economists including paul streeten , frances stewart , gustav ranis , keith griffin , sudhir anand , and meghnad desai . working alongside nobel laureate amartya sen , they worked on capabilities and functions that provided the underlying conceptual framework . haq was sure that a simple composite measure of human development was needed in order to convince the public , academics , and politicians that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well - being . sen initially opposed this idea , but he soon went on to help haq develop the index . sen was worried that it was going to be difficult to capture the full complexity of human capabilities in a single index , but haq persuaded him that only a single number would shift the immediate attention of politicians from economic to human well - being . [ sep ] 1990
the origins of the hdi are found in the annual development reports of the united nations development programme ( undp ) . these were devised and launched by pakistani economist mahbub ul haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose " to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people - centered policies " . to produce the human development reports , mahbub ul haq formed a group of development economists including paul streeten , frances stewart , gustav ranis , keith griffin , sudhir anand , and meghnad desai . working alongside nobel laureate amartya sen , they worked on capabilities and functions that provided the underlying conceptual framework . haq was sure that a simple composite measure of human development was needed in order to convince the public , academics , and politicians that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well - being . sen initially opposed this idea , but he soon went on to help haq develop the index . sen was worried that it was going to be difficult to capture the full complexity of human capabilities in a single index , but haq persuaded him that only a single number would shift the immediate attention of politicians from economic to human well - being . [ sep ] amartya sen
the origins of the hdi are found in the annual development reports of the united nations development programme ( undp ) . these were devised and launched by pakistani economist mahbub ul haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose " to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people - centered policies " . to produce the human development reports , mahbub ul haq formed a group of development economists including paul streeten , frances stewart , gustav ranis , keith griffin , sudhir anand , and meghnad desai . working alongside nobel laureate amartya sen , they worked on capabilities and functions that provided the underlying conceptual framework . haq was sure that a simple composite measure of human development was needed in order to convince the public , academics , and politicians that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well - being . sen initially opposed this idea , but he soon went on to help haq develop the index . sen was worried that it was going to be difficult to capture the full complexity of human capabilities in a single index , but haq persuaded him that only a single number would shift the immediate attention of politicians from economic to human well - being . [ sep ] people - centered policies
le : life expectancy at birth mys : mean years of schooling ( years that a person 25 years - of - age or older has spent in schools ) eys : expected years of schooling ( years that a 5 - year - old child will spend in schools throughout his life ) gnipc : gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita [ sep ] life expectancy at birth
le : life expectancy at birth mys : mean years of schooling ( years that a person 25 years - of - age or older has spent in schools ) eys : expected years of schooling ( years that a 5 - year - old child will spend in schools throughout his life ) gnipc : gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita [ sep ] mean years of schooling
le : life expectancy at birth mys : mean years of schooling ( years that a person 25 years - of - age or older has spent in schools ) eys : expected years of schooling ( years that a 5 - year - old child will spend in schools throughout his life ) gnipc : gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita [ sep ] expected years of schooling
le : life expectancy at birth mys : mean years of schooling ( years that a person 25 years - of - age or older has spent in schools ) eys : expected years of schooling ( years that a 5 - year - old child will spend in schools throughout his life ) gnipc : gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita [ sep ] gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita
the formula defining the hdi is promulgated by the united nations development programme ( undp ) . in general , to transform a raw variable , say , into a unit - free index between 0 and 1 ( which allows different indices to be added together ) , the following formula is used : [ sep ] the united nations development programme
among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism , empiricism , structuralism , poststructuralism , and phenomenology . [ sep ] rationalism , empiricism , structuralism , poststructuralism , and phenomenology .
the 2015 human development report by the united nations development program was released on december 14 , 2015 , and calculates hdi values based on estimates for 2014 . below is the list of the " very high human development " countries : [ sep ] december 14 , 2015
the 2015 human development report by the united nations development program was released on december 14 , 2015 , and calculates hdi values based on estimates for 2014 . below is the list of the " very high human development " countries : [ sep ] 2014
the 2014 human development report by the united nations development program was released on july 24 , 2014 , and calculates hdi values based on estimates for 2013 . below is the list of the " very high human development " countries : [ sep ] july 24 , 2014
the 2014 human development report by the united nations development program was released on july 24 , 2014 , and calculates hdi values based on estimates for 2013 . below is the list of the " very high human development " countries : [ sep ] 2013
congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties , as laid out by the laws congress passes . in ins v . chadha ( 1983 ) , the supreme court decided ( a ) the prescription for legislative action in art . i , § 1 — requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a congress consisting of a senate and a house of representatives — and § 7 — requiring every bill passed by the house and senate , before becoming law , to be presented to the president , and , if he disapproves , to be repassed by two - thirds of the senate and house — represents the framers ' decision that the legislative power of the federal government be exercised in accord with a single , finely wrought and exhaustively considered procedure . this procedure is an integral part of the constitutional design for the separation of powers . further rulings clarified the case ; even both houses acting together cannot override executive vetos without a 2⁄3 majority . legislation may always prescribe regulations governing executive officers . [ sep ] the performance of their duties
congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties , as laid out by the laws congress passes . in ins v . chadha ( 1983 ) , the supreme court decided ( a ) the prescription for legislative action in art . i , § 1 — requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a congress consisting of a senate and a house of representatives — and § 7 — requiring every bill passed by the house and senate , before becoming law , to be presented to the president , and , if he disapproves , to be repassed by two - thirds of the senate and house — represents the framers ' decision that the legislative power of the federal government be exercised in accord with a single , finely wrought and exhaustively considered procedure . this procedure is an integral part of the constitutional design for the separation of powers . further rulings clarified the case ; even both houses acting together cannot override executive vetos without a 2⁄3 majority . legislation may always prescribe regulations governing executive officers . [ sep ] ins v . chadha
congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties , as laid out by the laws congress passes . in ins v . chadha ( 1983 ) , the supreme court decided ( a ) the prescription for legislative action in art . i , § 1 — requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a congress consisting of a senate and a house of representatives — and § 7 — requiring every bill passed by the house and senate , before becoming law , to be presented to the president , and , if he disapproves , to be repassed by two - thirds of the senate and house — represents the framers ' decision that the legislative power of the federal government be exercised in accord with a single , finely wrought and exhaustively considered procedure . this procedure is an integral part of the constitutional design for the separation of powers . further rulings clarified the case ; even both houses acting together cannot override executive vetos without a 2⁄3 majority . legislation may always prescribe regulations governing executive officers . [ sep ] 1983
the inequality - adjusted human development index ( ihdi ) is a " measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account . " [ sep ] inequality
the inequality - adjusted human development index ( ihdi ) is a " measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account . " [ sep ] the average level
judicial power — the power to decide cases and controversies — is vested in the supreme court and inferior courts established by congress . the judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the senate , hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office . if a court ' s judges do not have such attributes , the court may not exercise the judicial power of the united states . courts exercising the judicial power are called " constitutional courts . " [ sep ] judicial
judicial power — the power to decide cases and controversies — is vested in the supreme court and inferior courts established by congress . the judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the senate , hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office . if a court ' s judges do not have such attributes , the court may not exercise the judicial power of the united states . courts exercising the judicial power are called " constitutional courts . " [ sep ] president
judicial power — the power to decide cases and controversies — is vested in the supreme court and inferior courts established by congress . the judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the senate , hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office . if a court ' s judges do not have such attributes , the court may not exercise the judicial power of the united states . courts exercising the judicial power are called " constitutional courts . " [ sep ] senate
judicial power — the power to decide cases and controversies — is vested in the supreme court and inferior courts established by congress . the judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the senate , hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office . if a court ' s judges do not have such attributes , the court may not exercise the judicial power of the united states . courts exercising the judicial power are called " constitutional courts . " [ sep ] constitutional courts
in the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function , the consideration of sustainability , hence sustainable architecture . to satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials , its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non - sustainable power sources for heating , cooling , water and waste management and lighting . [ sep ] late 20th century
countries in the top quartile of hdi ( " very high human development " group ) with a missing ihdi : new zealand , singapore , hong kong , liechtenstein , brunei , qatar , saudi arabia , andorra , united arab emirates , bahrain , cuba , and kuwait . [ sep ] cuba
countries in the top quartile of hdi ( " very high human development " group ) with a missing ihdi : new zealand , singapore , hong kong , liechtenstein , brunei , qatar , saudi arabia , andorra , united arab emirates , bahrain , cuba , and kuwait . [ sep ] very high
building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs ( shelter , security , worship , etc . ) and means ( available building materials and attendant skills ) . as human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices , building became a craft , and " architecture " is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft . [ sep ] shelter , security , worship
some countries were not included for various reasons , primarily the lack of necessary data . the following united nations member states were not included in the 2014 report : north korea , marshall islands , monaco , nauru , san marino , somalia , india , pakistan , south sudan , and tuvalu . [ sep ] lack of necessary data
the 2013 human development report by the united nations development program was released on march 14 , 2013 , and calculates hdi values based on estimates for 2012 . below is the list of the " very high human development " countries : [ sep ] march 14 , 2013
the 2013 human development report by the united nations development program was released on march 14 , 2013 , and calculates hdi values based on estimates for 2012 . below is the list of the " very high human development " countries : [ sep ] 2012
some definitions of southern europe , also known as mediterranean europe , include the countries of the iberian peninsula ( spain and portugal ) , the italian peninsula , southern france and greece . other definitions sometimes include the balkan countries of southeast europe , which are geographically in the southern part of europe , but which have different historical , political , economic , and cultural backgrounds . [ sep ] mediterranean europe
some definitions of southern europe , also known as mediterranean europe , include the countries of the iberian peninsula ( spain and portugal ) , the italian peninsula , southern france and greece . other definitions sometimes include the balkan countries of southeast europe , which are geographically in the southern part of europe , but which have different historical , political , economic , and cultural backgrounds . [ sep ] iberian peninsula
some definitions of southern europe , also known as mediterranean europe , include the countries of the iberian peninsula ( spain and portugal ) , the italian peninsula , southern france and greece . other definitions sometimes include the balkan countries of southeast europe , which are geographically in the southern part of europe , but which have different historical , political , economic , and cultural backgrounds . [ sep ] balkan countries
some definitions of southern europe , also known as mediterranean europe , include the countries of the iberian peninsula ( spain and portugal ) , the italian peninsula , southern france and greece . other definitions sometimes include the balkan countries of southeast europe , which are geographically in the southern part of europe , but which have different historical , political , economic , and cultural backgrounds . [ sep ] southern france
the inequality - adjusted human development index ( ihdi ) is a " measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account . " [ sep ] the average level
it is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error , with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory . what is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world . indeed , vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day . early human settlements were mostly rural . due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases , such as that of catal hoyuk in anatolia and mohenjo daro of the indus valley civilization in modern - day pakistan . [ sep ] vernacular buildings
it is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error , with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory . what is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world . indeed , vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day . early human settlements were mostly rural . due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases , such as that of catal hoyuk in anatolia and mohenjo daro of the indus valley civilization in modern - day pakistan . [ sep ] a surplus in production
countries in the top quartile of hdi ( " very high human development " group ) with a missing ihdi : new zealand , chile , japan , hong kong , singapore , taiwan , liechtenstein , brunei , andorra , qatar , barbados , united arab emirates , and seychelles . [ sep ] barbados
the 2011 human development report was released on 2 november 2011 , and calculated hdi values based on estimates for 2011 . below is the list of the " very high human development " countries ( equal to the top quartile ) : [ sep ] 2011
countries in the top quartile of hdi ( " very high human development " group ) with a missing ihdi include : new zealand , liechtenstein , japan , hong kong , singapore , taiwan , united arab emirates , andorra , brunei , malta , qatar , bahrain , chile , argentina and barbados . [ sep ] barbados
separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of montesquieu in the spirit of the laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government . each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches . this idea was called separation of powers . this philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the united states constitution , according to which the legislative , executive , and judicial branches of the united states government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power . this united states form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances . [ sep ] separation of powers
during the age of enlightenment , philosophers such as john locke advocated the principle in their writings , whereas others , such as thomas hobbes , strongly opposed it . montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature , the executive , and the judiciary . his writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the united states constitution . [ sep ] john locke
during the age of enlightenment , philosophers such as john locke advocated the principle in their writings , whereas others , such as thomas hobbes , strongly opposed it . montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature , the executive , and the judiciary . his writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the united states constitution . [ sep ] thomas hobbes
during the age of enlightenment , philosophers such as john locke advocated the principle in their writings , whereas others , such as thomas hobbes , strongly opposed it . montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature , the executive , and the judiciary . his writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the united states constitution . [ sep ] montesquieu
different methods can be used to define southern europe , including its political , economic , and cultural attributes . southern europe can also be defined by its natural features — its geography , climate , and flora . [ sep ] political , economic , and cultural attributes
different methods can be used to define southern europe , including its political , economic , and cultural attributes . southern europe can also be defined by its natural features — its geography , climate , and flora . [ sep ] geography , climate , and flora
southern europe ' s most emblematic climate is that of the mediterranean climate , which has become a typically known characteristic of the area . the mediterranean climate covers much of portugal , spain , southeast france , italy , croatia , albania , montenegro , greece , the western and southern coastal regions of turkey as well as the mediterranean islands . those areas of mediterranean climate present similar vegetations and landscapes throughout , including dry hills , small plains , pine forests and olive trees . [ sep ] the mediterranean climate
southern europe ' s most emblematic climate is that of the mediterranean climate , which has become a typically known characteristic of the area . the mediterranean climate covers much of portugal , spain , southeast france , italy , croatia , albania , montenegro , greece , the western and southern coastal regions of turkey as well as the mediterranean islands . those areas of mediterranean climate present similar vegetations and landscapes throughout , including dry hills , small plains , pine forests and olive trees . [ sep ] western and southern coastal regions
southern europe ' s most emblematic climate is that of the mediterranean climate , which has become a typically known characteristic of the area . the mediterranean climate covers much of portugal , spain , southeast france , italy , croatia , albania , montenegro , greece , the western and southern coastal regions of turkey as well as the mediterranean islands . those areas of mediterranean climate present similar vegetations and landscapes throughout , including dry hills , small plains , pine forests and olive trees . [ sep ] vegetations and landscapes
cooler climates can be found in certain parts of southern european countries , for example within the mountain ranges of spain and italy . additionally , the north coast of spain experiences a wetter atlantic climate . [ sep ] mountain ranges of spain and italy
cooler climates can be found in certain parts of southern european countries , for example within the mountain ranges of spain and italy . additionally , the north coast of spain experiences a wetter atlantic climate . [ sep ] north coast of spain
cooler climates can be found in certain parts of southern european countries , for example within the mountain ranges of spain and italy . additionally , the north coast of spain experiences a wetter atlantic climate . [ sep ] atlantic climate
strict separation of powers did not operate in the united kingdom , the political structure of which served in most instances [ citation needed ] as a model for the government created by the u . s . constitution . [ citation needed ] under the uk westminster system , based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government , parliament ( consisting of the sovereign ( king - in - parliament ) , house of lords and house of commons ) was the supreme lawmaking authority . the executive branch acted in the name of the king ( " his majesty ' s government " ) , as did the judiciary . the king ' s ministers were in most cases members of one of the two houses of parliament , and the government needed to sustain the support of a majority in the house of commons . one minister , the lord chancellor , was at the same time the sole judge in the court of chancery and the presiding officer in the house of lords . therefore , it may be seen that the three branches of british government often violated the strict principle of separation of powers , even though there were many occasions when the different branches of the government disagreed with each other . some u . s . states did not observe a strict separation of powers in the 18th century . in new jersey , the governor also functioned as a member of the state ' s highest court and as the presiding officer of one house of the new jersey legislature . the president of delaware was a member of the court of appeals ; the presiding officers of the two houses of the state legislature also served in the executive department as vice presidents . in both delaware and pennsylvania , members of the executive council served at the same time as judges . on the other hand , many southern states explicitly required separation of powers . maryland , virginia , north carolina and georgia all kept the branches of government " separate and distinct . " [ sep ] united kingdom
strict separation of powers did not operate in the united kingdom , the political structure of which served in most instances [ citation needed ] as a model for the government created by the u . s . constitution . [ citation needed ] under the uk westminster system , based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government , parliament ( consisting of the sovereign ( king - in - parliament ) , house of lords and house of commons ) was the supreme lawmaking authority . the executive branch acted in the name of the king ( " his majesty ' s government " ) , as did the judiciary . the king ' s ministers were in most cases members of one of the two houses of parliament , and the government needed to sustain the support of a majority in the house of commons . one minister , the lord chancellor , was at the same time the sole judge in the court of chancery and the presiding officer in the house of lords . therefore , it may be seen that the three branches of british government often violated the strict principle of separation of powers , even though there were many occasions when the different branches of the government disagreed with each other . some u . s . states did not observe a strict separation of powers in the 18th century . in new jersey , the governor also functioned as a member of the state ' s highest court and as the presiding officer of one house of the new jersey legislature . the president of delaware was a member of the court of appeals ; the presiding officers of the two houses of the state legislature also served in the executive department as vice presidents . in both delaware and pennsylvania , members of the executive council served at the same time as judges . on the other hand , many southern states explicitly required separation of powers . maryland , virginia , north carolina and georgia all kept the branches of government " separate and distinct . " [ sep ] a member of the court of appeals
southern europe ' s flora is that of the mediterranean region , one of the phytochoria recognized by armen takhtajan . the mediterranean and submediterranean climate regions in europe are found in much of southern europe , mainly in southern portugal , most of spain , the southern coast of france , italy , the croatian coast , much of bosnia , montenegro , albania , macedonia , greece , and the mediterranean islands . [ sep ] phytochoria
southern europe ' s flora is that of the mediterranean region , one of the phytochoria recognized by armen takhtajan . the mediterranean and submediterranean climate regions in europe are found in much of southern europe , mainly in southern portugal , most of spain , the southern coast of france , italy , the croatian coast , much of bosnia , montenegro , albania , macedonia , greece , and the mediterranean islands . [ sep ] armen takhtajan
the period known as classical antiquity began with the rise of the city - states of ancient greece . greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of alexander the great , spreading throughout asia . [ sep ] classical antiquity
the period known as classical antiquity began with the rise of the city - states of ancient greece . greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of alexander the great , spreading throughout asia . [ sep ] city - states
the period known as classical antiquity began with the rise of the city - states of ancient greece . greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of alexander the great , spreading throughout asia . [ sep ] alexander the great
congress has the sole power to legislate for the united states . under the nondelegation doctrine , congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency . in this vein , the supreme court held in the 1998 case clinton v . city of new york that congress could not delegate a " line - item veto " to the president , by powers vested in the government by the constitution . [ sep ] congress
congress has the sole power to legislate for the united states . under the nondelegation doctrine , congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency . in this vein , the supreme court held in the 1998 case clinton v . city of new york that congress could not delegate a " line - item veto " to the president , by powers vested in the government by the constitution . [ sep ] nondelegation doctrine
congress has the sole power to legislate for the united states . under the nondelegation doctrine , congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency . in this vein , the supreme court held in the 1998 case clinton v . city of new york that congress could not delegate a " line - item veto " to the president , by powers vested in the government by the constitution . [ sep ] clinton v . city of new york
congress has the sole power to legislate for the united states . under the nondelegation doctrine , congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency . in this vein , the supreme court held in the 1998 case clinton v . city of new york that congress could not delegate a " line - item veto " to the president , by powers vested in the government by the constitution . [ sep ] 1998
the roman empire came to dominate the entire mediterranean basin in a vast empire based on roman law and roman legions . it promoted trade , tolerance , and greek culture . by 300 ad the roman empire was divided into the western roman empire based in rome , and the eastern roman empire based in constantinople . the attacks of the germanic peoples of northern europe led to the fall of the western roman empire in ad 476 , a date which traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the middle ages . [ sep ] rome
the roman empire came to dominate the entire mediterranean basin in a vast empire based on roman law and roman legions . it promoted trade , tolerance , and greek culture . by 300 ad the roman empire was divided into the western roman empire based in rome , and the eastern roman empire based in constantinople . the attacks of the germanic peoples of northern europe led to the fall of the western roman empire in ad 476 , a date which traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the middle ages . [ sep ] constantinople
the roman empire came to dominate the entire mediterranean basin in a vast empire based on roman law and roman legions . it promoted trade , tolerance , and greek culture . by 300 ad the roman empire was divided into the western roman empire based in rome , and the eastern roman empire based in constantinople . the attacks of the germanic peoples of northern europe led to the fall of the western roman empire in ad 476 , a date which traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the middle ages . [ sep ] germanic
the roman empire came to dominate the entire mediterranean basin in a vast empire based on roman law and roman legions . it promoted trade , tolerance , and greek culture . by 300 ad the roman empire was divided into the western roman empire based in rome , and the eastern roman empire based in constantinople . the attacks of the germanic peoples of northern europe led to the fall of the western roman empire in ad 476 , a date which traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the middle ages . [ sep ] ad 476
the roman empire came to dominate the entire mediterranean basin in a vast empire based on roman law and roman legions . it promoted trade , tolerance , and greek culture . by 300 ad the roman empire was divided into the western roman empire based in rome , and the eastern roman empire based in constantinople . the attacks of the germanic peoples of northern europe led to the fall of the western roman empire in ad 476 , a date which traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the middle ages . [ sep ] 300 ad
where congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority , the supreme court has been less stringent . one of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non - delegation was wayman v . southard 23 u . s . ( 10 wet . ) 1 , 42 ( 1825 ) . congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure ; it was contended that congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers . while chief justice john marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function , he distinguished between " important " subjects and mere details . marshall wrote that " a general provision may be made , and power given to those who are to act under such general provisions , to fill up the details . " [ sep ] wayman v . southard
where congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority , the supreme court has been less stringent . one of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non - delegation was wayman v . southard 23 u . s . ( 10 wet . ) 1 , 42 ( 1825 ) . congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure ; it was contended that congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers . while chief justice john marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function , he distinguished between " important " subjects and mere details . marshall wrote that " a general provision may be made , and power given to those who are to act under such general provisions , to fill up the details . " [ sep ] john marshall
during the middle ages , the eastern roman empire survived , though modern historians refer to this state as the byzantine empire . in western europe , germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former western roman empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own . [ sep ] the byzantine empire
during the middle ages , the eastern roman empire survived , though modern historians refer to this state as the byzantine empire . in western europe , germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former western roman empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own . [ sep ] germanic peoples
during the middle ages , the eastern roman empire survived , though modern historians refer to this state as the byzantine empire . in western europe , germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former western roman empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own . [ sep ] kingdoms and empires of their own
marshall ' s words and future court decisions gave congress much latitude in delegating powers . it was not until the 1930s that the supreme court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional . in a case involving the creation of the national recovery administration called a . l . a . schechter poultry corp . v . united states , 295 u . s . 495 ( 1935 ) , congress could not authorize the president to formulate codes of " fair competition . " it was held that congress must set some standards governing the actions of executive officers . the court , however , has deemed that phrases such as " just and reasonable , " " public interest " and " public convenience " suffice . [ sep ] 1935
marshall ' s words and future court decisions gave congress much latitude in delegating powers . it was not until the 1930s that the supreme court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional . in a case involving the creation of the national recovery administration called a . l . a . schechter poultry corp . v . united states , 295 u . s . 495 ( 1935 ) , congress could not authorize the president to formulate codes of " fair competition . " it was held that congress must set some standards governing the actions of executive officers . the court , however , has deemed that phrases such as " just and reasonable , " " public interest " and " public convenience " suffice . [ sep ] schechter poultry corp . v . united states
the period known as the crusades , a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the levant back into christian rule , began . several crusader states were founded in the eastern mediterranean . these were all short - lived . the crusaders would have a profound impact on many parts of europe . their sack of constantinople in 1204 brought an abrupt end to the byzantine empire . though it would later be re - established , it would never recover its former glory . the crusaders would establish trade routes that would develop into the silk road and open the way for the merchant republics of genoa and venice to become major economic powers . the reconquista , a related movement , worked to reconquer iberia for christendom . [ sep ] the crusades
the period known as the crusades , a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the levant back into christian rule , began . several crusader states were founded in the eastern mediterranean . these were all short - lived . the crusaders would have a profound impact on many parts of europe . their sack of constantinople in 1204 brought an abrupt end to the byzantine empire . though it would later be re - established , it would never recover its former glory . the crusaders would establish trade routes that would develop into the silk road and open the way for the merchant republics of genoa and venice to become major economic powers . the reconquista , a related movement , worked to reconquer iberia for christendom . [ sep ] 1204
the period known as the crusades , a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the levant back into christian rule , began . several crusader states were founded in the eastern mediterranean . these were all short - lived . the crusaders would have a profound impact on many parts of europe . their sack of constantinople in 1204 brought an abrupt end to the byzantine empire . though it would later be re - established , it would never recover its former glory . the crusaders would establish trade routes that would develop into the silk road and open the way for the merchant republics of genoa and venice to become major economic powers . the reconquista , a related movement , worked to reconquer iberia for christendom . [ sep ] genoa and venice
the period known as the crusades , a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the levant back into christian rule , began . several crusader states were founded in the eastern mediterranean . these were all short - lived . the crusaders would have a profound impact on many parts of europe . their sack of constantinople in 1204 brought an abrupt end to the byzantine empire . though it would later be re - established , it would never recover its former glory . the crusaders would establish trade routes that would develop into the silk road and open the way for the merchant republics of genoa and venice to become major economic powers . the reconquista , a related movement , worked to reconquer iberia for christendom . [ sep ] the reconquista
the period known as the crusades , a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the levant back into christian rule , began . several crusader states were founded in the eastern mediterranean . these were all short - lived . the crusaders would have a profound impact on many parts of europe . their sack of constantinople in 1204 brought an abrupt end to the byzantine empire . though it would later be re - established , it would never recover its former glory . the crusaders would establish trade routes that would develop into the silk road and open the way for the merchant republics of genoa and venice to become major economic powers . the reconquista , a related movement , worked to reconquer iberia for christendom . [ sep ] the byzantine empire
executive power is vested , with exceptions and qualifications , in the president . by law ( section 2 . ) the president becomes the commander in chief of the army and navy , militia of several states when called into service , has power to make treaties and appointments to office " with the advice and consent of the senate , " receive ambassadors and public ministers , and " take care that the laws be faithfully executed " ( section 3 . ) by using these words , the constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law ; rather , officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties . the constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by congress and approved by the president . congress may itself terminate such appointments , by impeachment , and restrict the president . bodies such as the war claims commission , the interstate commerce commission and the federal trade commission — all quasi - judicial — often have direct congressional oversight . [ sep ] executive
executive power is vested , with exceptions and qualifications , in the president . by law ( section 2 . ) the president becomes the commander in chief of the army and navy , militia of several states when called into service , has power to make treaties and appointments to office " with the advice and consent of the senate , " receive ambassadors and public ministers , and " take care that the laws be faithfully executed " ( section 3 . ) by using these words , the constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law ; rather , officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties . the constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by congress and approved by the president . congress may itself terminate such appointments , by impeachment , and restrict the president . bodies such as the war claims commission , the interstate commerce commission and the federal trade commission — all quasi - judicial — often have direct congressional oversight . [ sep ] the president
executive power is vested , with exceptions and qualifications , in the president . by law ( section 2 . ) the president becomes the commander in chief of the army and navy , militia of several states when called into service , has power to make treaties and appointments to office " with the advice and consent of the senate , " receive ambassadors and public ministers , and " take care that the laws be faithfully executed " ( section 3 . ) by using these words , the constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law ; rather , officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties . the constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by congress and approved by the president . congress may itself terminate such appointments , by impeachment , and restrict the president . bodies such as the war claims commission , the interstate commerce commission and the federal trade commission — all quasi - judicial — often have direct congressional oversight . [ sep ] impeachment
executive power is vested , with exceptions and qualifications , in the president . by law ( section 2 . ) the president becomes the commander in chief of the army and navy , militia of several states when called into service , has power to make treaties and appointments to office " with the advice and consent of the senate , " receive ambassadors and public ministers , and " take care that the laws be faithfully executed " ( section 3 . ) by using these words , the constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law ; rather , officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties . the constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by congress and approved by the president . congress may itself terminate such appointments , by impeachment , and restrict the president . bodies such as the war claims commission , the interstate commerce commission and the federal trade commission — all quasi - judicial — often have direct congressional oversight . [ sep ] congress
the late middle ages represented a period of upheaval in europe . the epidemic known as the black death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in europe as the population plummeted . dynastic struggles and wars of conquest kept many of the states of europe at war for much of the period . in the balkans , the ottoman empire , a turkish state originating in anatolia , encroached steadily on former byzantine lands , culminating in the fall of constantinople in 1453 . [ sep ] the late middle ages
the late middle ages represented a period of upheaval in europe . the epidemic known as the black death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in europe as the population plummeted . dynastic struggles and wars of conquest kept many of the states of europe at war for much of the period . in the balkans , the ottoman empire , a turkish state originating in anatolia , encroached steadily on former byzantine lands , culminating in the fall of constantinople in 1453 . [ sep ] the black death
the late middle ages represented a period of upheaval in europe . the epidemic known as the black death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in europe as the population plummeted . dynastic struggles and wars of conquest kept many of the states of europe at war for much of the period . in the balkans , the ottoman empire , a turkish state originating in anatolia , encroached steadily on former byzantine lands , culminating in the fall of constantinople in 1453 . [ sep ] the ottoman empire
the late middle ages represented a period of upheaval in europe . the epidemic known as the black death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in europe as the population plummeted . dynastic struggles and wars of conquest kept many of the states of europe at war for much of the period . in the balkans , the ottoman empire , a turkish state originating in anatolia , encroached steadily on former byzantine lands , culminating in the fall of constantinople in 1453 . [ sep ] 1453
in many ancient civilizations , such as those of egypt and mesopotamia , architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural , and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler , the ruling elite , or the state itself . [ sep ] egypt and mesopotamia
beginning roughly in the 14th century in florence , and later spreading through europe with the development of the printing press , a renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology , with the arabic texts and thought bringing about rediscovery of classical greek and roman knowledge . [ sep ] 14th century
beginning roughly in the 14th century in florence , and later spreading through europe with the development of the printing press , a renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology , with the arabic texts and thought bringing about rediscovery of classical greek and roman knowledge . [ sep ] florence
beginning roughly in the 14th century in florence , and later spreading through europe with the development of the printing press , a renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology , with the arabic texts and thought bringing about rediscovery of classical greek and roman knowledge . [ sep ] science and theology
beginning roughly in the 14th century in florence , and later spreading through europe with the development of the printing press , a renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology , with the arabic texts and thought bringing about rediscovery of classical greek and roman knowledge . [ sep ] greek and roman
congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties , as laid out by the laws congress passes . in ins v . chadha ( 1983 ) , the supreme court decided ( a ) the prescription for legislative action in art . i , § 1 — requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a congress consisting of a senate and a house of representatives — and § 7 — requiring every bill passed by the house and senate , before becoming law , to be presented to the president , and , if he disapproves , to be repassed by two - thirds of the senate and house — represents the framers ' decision that the legislative power of the federal government be exercised in accord with a single , finely wrought and exhaustively considered procedure . this procedure is an integral part of the constitutional design for the separation of powers . further rulings clarified the case ; even both houses acting together cannot override executive vetos without a 2⁄3 majority . legislation may always prescribe regulations governing executive officers . [ sep ] two - thirds
judicial power — the power to decide cases and controversies — is vested in the supreme court and inferior courts established by congress . the judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the senate , hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office . if a court ' s judges do not have such attributes , the court may not exercise the judicial power of the united states . courts exercising the judicial power are called " constitutional courts . " [ sep ] judicial power
judicial power — the power to decide cases and controversies — is vested in the supreme court and inferior courts established by congress . the judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the senate , hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office . if a court ' s judges do not have such attributes , the court may not exercise the judicial power of the united states . courts exercising the judicial power are called " constitutional courts . " [ sep ] the president
judicial power — the power to decide cases and controversies — is vested in the supreme court and inferior courts established by congress . the judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the senate , hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office . if a court ' s judges do not have such attributes , the court may not exercise the judicial power of the united states . courts exercising the judicial power are called " constitutional courts . " [ sep ] the senate
early asian writings on architecture include the kao gong ji of china from the 7th – 5th centuries bce ; the shilpa shastras of ancient india and manjusri vasthu vidya sastra of sri lanka . [ sep ] kao gong ji
congress may establish " legislative courts , " which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions , whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges . legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the united states . in murray ' s lessee v . hoboken land & improvement co . ( 1856 ) , the supreme court held that a legislative court may not decide " a suit at the common law , or in equity , or admiralty , " as such a suit is inherently judicial . legislative courts may only adjudicate " public rights " questions ( cases between the government and an individual and political determinations ) . [ sep ] legislative courts
congress may establish " legislative courts , " which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions , whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges . legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the united states . in murray ' s lessee v . hoboken land & improvement co . ( 1856 ) , the supreme court held that a legislative court may not decide " a suit at the common law , or in equity , or admiralty , " as such a suit is inherently judicial . legislative courts may only adjudicate " public rights " questions ( cases between the government and an individual and political determinations ) . [ sep ] judicial power of the united states
the architecture of different parts of asia developed along different lines from that of europe ; buddhist , hindu and sikh architecture each having different characteristics . buddhist architecture , in particular , showed great regional diversity . hindu temple architecture , which developed around the 3rd century bce , is governed by concepts laid down in the shastras , and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm . in many asian countries , pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape . [ sep ] pantheistic religion
the architecture of different parts of asia developed along different lines from that of europe ; buddhist , hindu and sikh architecture each having different characteristics . buddhist architecture , in particular , showed great regional diversity . hindu temple architecture , which developed around the 3rd century bce , is governed by concepts laid down in the shastras , and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm . in many asian countries , pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape . [ sep ] buddhist architecture
the human development index ( hdi ) is a composite statistic of life expectancy , education , and income per capita indicators , which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development . a country scores higher hdi when the life expectancy at birth is longer , the education period is longer , and the income per capita is higher . the hdi was developed by the pakistani economist mahbub ul haq , often framed in terms of whether people are able to " be " and " do " desirable things in their life , and was published by the united nations development programme . [ sep ] longer
islamic architecture began in the 7th century ce , incorporating architectural forms from the ancient middle east and byzantium , but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society . examples can be found throughout the middle east , north africa , spain and the indian sub - continent . the widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence european architecture of the medieval period . [ sep ] european architecture
the 2010 human development report introduced an inequality - adjusted human development index ( ihdi ) . while the simple hdi remains useful , it stated that " the ihdi is the actual level of human development ( accounting for inequality ) , " and " the hdi can be viewed as an index of ' potential ' human development ( or the maximum ihdi that could be achieved if there were no inequality ) . " [ sep ] the hdi
the president exercises a check over congress through his power to veto bills , but congress may override any veto ( excluding the so - called " pocket veto " ) by a two - thirds majority in each house . when the two houses of congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment , the president may settle the dispute . either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the president . the vice president serves as president of the senate , but he may only vote to break a tie . [ sep ] president
the president exercises a check over congress through his power to veto bills , but congress may override any veto ( excluding the so - called " pocket veto " ) by a two - thirds majority in each house . when the two houses of congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment , the president may settle the dispute . either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the president . the vice president serves as president of the senate , but he may only vote to break a tie . [ sep ] the president
the president exercises a check over congress through his power to veto bills , but congress may override any veto ( excluding the so - called " pocket veto " ) by a two - thirds majority in each house . when the two houses of congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment , the president may settle the dispute . either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the president . the vice president serves as president of the senate , but he may only vote to break a tie . [ sep ] the vice president
the origins of the hdi are found in the annual development reports of the united nations development programme ( undp ) . these were devised and launched by pakistani economist mahbub ul haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose " to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people - centered policies " . to produce the human development reports , mahbub ul haq formed a group of development economists including paul streeten , frances stewart , gustav ranis , keith griffin , sudhir anand , and meghnad desai . working alongside nobel laureate amartya sen , they worked on capabilities and functions that provided the underlying conceptual framework . haq was sure that a simple composite measure of human development was needed in order to convince the public , academics , and politicians that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well - being . sen initially opposed this idea , but he soon went on to help haq develop the index . sen was worried that it was going to be difficult to capture the full complexity of human capabilities in a single index , but haq persuaded him that only a single number would shift the immediate attention of politicians from economic to human well - being . [ sep ] 1990
the president , as noted above , appoints judges with the senate ' s advice and consent . he also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves . such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the house of representatives or the senate , or even to acceptance by the recipient . [ sep ] the president
the president , as noted above , appoints judges with the senate ' s advice and consent . he also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves . such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the house of representatives or the senate , or even to acceptance by the recipient . [ sep ] the president
the major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals . from about 900 ce onwards , the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across europe , resulting in the pan - european styles romanesque and gothic . [ sep ] abbeys and cathedrals .
the president is the civilian commander in chief of the army and navy of the united states . he has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis . however , only the congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se , as well as to raise , fund and maintain the armed forces . congress also has the duty and authority to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate , such as the uniform code of military justice , and requires that all generals and admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the senate before they can assume their office . [ sep ] the president
the president is the civilian commander in chief of the army and navy of the united states . he has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis . however , only the congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se , as well as to raise , fund and maintain the armed forces . congress also has the duty and authority to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate , such as the uniform code of military justice , and requires that all generals and admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the senate before they can assume their office . [ sep ] congress
the president is the civilian commander in chief of the army and navy of the united states . he has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis . however , only the congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se , as well as to raise , fund and maintain the armed forces . congress also has the duty and authority to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate , such as the uniform code of military justice , and requires that all generals and admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the senate before they can assume their office . [ sep ] the senate
in renaissance europe , from about 1400 onwards , there was a revival of classical learning accompanied by the development of renaissance humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the medieval period . buildings were ascribed to specific architects – brunelleschi , alberti , michelangelo , palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun . there was still no dividing line between artist , architect and engineer , or any of the related vocations , and the appellation was often one of regional preference . [ sep ] 1400
courts check both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review . this concept is not written into the constitution , but was envisioned by many of the constitution ' s framers ( for example , the federalist papers mention it ) . the supreme court established a precedent for judicial review in marbury v . madison . there were protests by some at this decision , born chiefly of political expediency , but political realities in the particular case paradoxically restrained opposing views from asserting themselves . for this reason , precedent alone established the principle that a court may strike down a law it deems unconstitutional . [ sep ] courts
courts check both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review . this concept is not written into the constitution , but was envisioned by many of the constitution ' s framers ( for example , the federalist papers mention it ) . the supreme court established a precedent for judicial review in marbury v . madison . there were protests by some at this decision , born chiefly of political expediency , but political realities in the particular case paradoxically restrained opposing views from asserting themselves . for this reason , precedent alone established the principle that a court may strike down a law it deems unconstitutional . [ sep ] marbury v . madison
a common misperception is that the supreme court is the only court that may determine constitutionality ; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts . but only supreme court decisions are binding across the nation . decisions of a court of appeals , for instance , are binding only in the circuit over which the court has jurisdiction . [ sep ] the supreme court
some countries were not included for various reasons , primarily the lack of necessary data . the following united nations member states were not included in the 2014 report : north korea , marshall islands , monaco , nauru , san marino , somalia , india , pakistan , south sudan , and tuvalu . [ sep ] north korea
the power to review the constitutionality of laws may be limited by congress , which has the power to set the jurisdiction of the courts . the only constitutional limit on congress ' power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the supreme court ; the supreme court may exercise only appellate jurisdiction except in cases involving states and cases affecting foreign ambassadors , ministers or consuls . [ sep ] congress
the power to review the constitutionality of laws may be limited by congress , which has the power to set the jurisdiction of the courts . the only constitutional limit on congress ' power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the supreme court ; the supreme court may exercise only appellate jurisdiction except in cases involving states and cases affecting foreign ambassadors , ministers or consuls . [ sep ] the supreme court
amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected . this type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts , but is omnipresent in the natural world . [ citation needed ] there are two types of amensalism , competition and antibiosis . competition is where a larger or stronger organisms deprives a smaller or weaker one from a resource . antibiosis occurs when one organism is damaged or killed by another through a chemical secretion . an example of competition is a sapling growing under the shadow of a mature tree . the mature tree can begin to rob the sapling of necessary sunlight and , if the mature tree is very large , it can take up rainwater and deplete soil nutrients . throughout the process the mature tree is unaffected . indeed , if the sapling dies , the mature tree gains nutrients from the decaying sapling . note that these nutrients become available because of the sapling ' s decomposition , rather than from the living sapling , which would be a case of parasitism . [ citation needed ] an example of antibiosis is juglans nigra ( black walnut ) , secreting juglone , a substance which destroys many herbaceous plants within its root zone . [ sep ] amensalism
amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected . this type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts , but is omnipresent in the natural world . [ citation needed ] there are two types of amensalism , competition and antibiosis . competition is where a larger or stronger organisms deprives a smaller or weaker one from a resource . antibiosis occurs when one organism is damaged or killed by another through a chemical secretion . an example of competition is a sapling growing under the shadow of a mature tree . the mature tree can begin to rob the sapling of necessary sunlight and , if the mature tree is very large , it can take up rainwater and deplete soil nutrients . throughout the process the mature tree is unaffected . indeed , if the sapling dies , the mature tree gains nutrients from the decaying sapling . note that these nutrients become available because of the sapling ' s decomposition , rather than from the living sapling , which would be a case of parasitism . [ citation needed ] an example of antibiosis is juglans nigra ( black walnut ) , secreting juglone , a substance which destroys many herbaceous plants within its root zone . [ sep ] competition and antibiosis
amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected . this type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts , but is omnipresent in the natural world . [ citation needed ] there are two types of amensalism , competition and antibiosis . competition is where a larger or stronger organisms deprives a smaller or weaker one from a resource . antibiosis occurs when one organism is damaged or killed by another through a chemical secretion . an example of competition is a sapling growing under the shadow of a mature tree . the mature tree can begin to rob the sapling of necessary sunlight and , if the mature tree is very large , it can take up rainwater and deplete soil nutrients . throughout the process the mature tree is unaffected . indeed , if the sapling dies , the mature tree gains nutrients from the decaying sapling . note that these nutrients become available because of the sapling ' s decomposition , rather than from the living sapling , which would be a case of parasitism . [ citation needed ] an example of antibiosis is juglans nigra ( black walnut ) , secreting juglone , a substance which destroys many herbaceous plants within its root zone . [ sep ] competition
amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected . this type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts , but is omnipresent in the natural world . [ citation needed ] there are two types of amensalism , competition and antibiosis . competition is where a larger or stronger organisms deprives a smaller or weaker one from a resource . antibiosis occurs when one organism is damaged or killed by another through a chemical secretion . an example of competition is a sapling growing under the shadow of a mature tree . the mature tree can begin to rob the sapling of necessary sunlight and , if the mature tree is very large , it can take up rainwater and deplete soil nutrients . throughout the process the mature tree is unaffected . indeed , if the sapling dies , the mature tree gains nutrients from the decaying sapling . note that these nutrients become available because of the sapling ' s decomposition , rather than from the living sapling , which would be a case of parasitism . [ citation needed ] an example of antibiosis is juglans nigra ( black walnut ) , secreting juglone , a substance which destroys many herbaceous plants within its root zone . [ sep ] juglone
the chief justice presides in the senate during a president ' s impeachment trial . the rules of the senate , however , generally do not grant much authority to the presiding officer . thus , the chief justice ' s role in this regard is a limited one . [ sep ] the chief justice
countries in the top quartile of hdi ( " very high human development " group ) with a missing ihdi : new zealand , chile , japan , hong kong , singapore , taiwan , liechtenstein , brunei , andorra , qatar , barbados , united arab emirates , and seychelles . [ sep ] barbados
the constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre - eminence of any particular branch of government . however , james madison wrote in federalist 51 , regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others , that " it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self - defense . in republican government , the legislative authority necessarily predominates . " [ sep ] james madison
the constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre - eminence of any particular branch of government . however , james madison wrote in federalist 51 , regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others , that " it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self - defense . in republican government , the legislative authority necessarily predominates . " [ sep ] federalist 51
amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other . a clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass . whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal ' s hoof , the grass suffers from being crushed . amensalism is often used to describe strongly asymmetrical competitive interactions , such as has been observed between the spanish ibex and weevils of the genus timarcha which feed upon the same type of shrub . whilst the presence of the weevil has almost no influence on food availability , the presence of ibex has an enormous detrimental effect on weevil numbers , as they consume significant quantities of plant matter and incidentally ingest the weevils upon it . [ sep ] weevils
amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other . a clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass . whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal ' s hoof , the grass suffers from being crushed . amensalism is often used to describe strongly asymmetrical competitive interactions , such as has been observed between the spanish ibex and weevils of the genus timarcha which feed upon the same type of shrub . whilst the presence of the weevil has almost no influence on food availability , the presence of ibex has an enormous detrimental effect on weevil numbers , as they consume significant quantities of plant matter and incidentally ingest the weevils upon it . [ sep ] shrub
amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other . a clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass . whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal ' s hoof , the grass suffers from being crushed . amensalism is often used to describe strongly asymmetrical competitive interactions , such as has been observed between the spanish ibex and weevils of the genus timarcha which feed upon the same type of shrub . whilst the presence of the weevil has almost no influence on food availability , the presence of ibex has an enormous detrimental effect on weevil numbers , as they consume significant quantities of plant matter and incidentally ingest the weevils upon it . [ sep ] amensalism
countries in the top quartile of hdi ( " very high human development " group ) with a missing ihdi include : new zealand , liechtenstein , japan , hong kong , singapore , taiwan , united arab emirates , andorra , brunei , malta , qatar , bahrain , chile , argentina and barbados . [ sep ] barbados
some countries were not included for various reasons , mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data . the following united nations member states were not included in the 2011 report : north korea , marshall islands , monaco , nauru , san marino , south sudan , somalia and tuvalu . [ sep ] unavailability of certain crucial data
some countries were not included for various reasons , mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data . the following united nations member states were not included in the 2011 report : north korea , marshall islands , monaco , nauru , san marino , south sudan , somalia and tuvalu . [ sep ] north korea
the 2010 human development report by the united nations development program was released on november 4 , 2010 , and calculates hdi values based on estimates for 2010 . below is the list of the " very high human development " countries : [ sep ] november 4 , 2010
the 2010 human development report by the united nations development program was released on november 4 , 2010 , and calculates hdi values based on estimates for 2010 . below is the list of the " very high human development " countries : [ sep ] 2010
the 2010 human development report was the first to calculate an inequality - adjusted human development index ( ihdi ) , which factors in inequalities in the three basic dimensions of human development ( income , life expectancy , and education ) . below is a list of countries in the top quartile by ihdi : [ sep ] income , life expectancy , and education
synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved . it is a short - lived condition , as the interaction eventually causes death . because of this , evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature . an example of this is the relationship between some species of bees and victims of the bee sting . species of bees who die after stinging their prey inflict pain on themselves ( albeit to protect the hive ) as well as on the victim . this term is rarely used . [ sep ] synnecrosis
synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved . it is a short - lived condition , as the interaction eventually causes death . because of this , evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature . an example of this is the relationship between some species of bees and victims of the bee sting . species of bees who die after stinging their prey inflict pain on themselves ( albeit to protect the hive ) as well as on the victim . this term is rarely used . [ sep ] death
synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved . it is a short - lived condition , as the interaction eventually causes death . because of this , evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature . an example of this is the relationship between some species of bees and victims of the bee sting . species of bees who die after stinging their prey inflict pain on themselves ( albeit to protect the hive ) as well as on the victim . this term is rarely used . [ sep ] uncommon
synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved . it is a short - lived condition , as the interaction eventually causes death . because of this , evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature . an example of this is the relationship between some species of bees and victims of the bee sting . species of bees who die after stinging their prey inflict pain on themselves ( albeit to protect the hive ) as well as on the victim . this term is rarely used . [ sep ] to protect the hive
countries in the top quartile of hdi ( " very high human development " group ) with a missing ihdi include : new zealand , liechtenstein , japan , hong kong , singapore , republic of china ( taiwan ) , andorra , united arab emirates , malta , brunei , qatar , bahrain and barbados . [ sep ] barbados
throughout america ' s history dominance of one of the three branches has essentially been a see - saw struggle between congress and the president . both have had periods of great power and weakness such as immediately after the civil war when republicans had a majority in congress and were able to pass major legislation and shoot down most of the president ' s vetoes . they also passed acts to essentially make the president subordinate to congress , such as the tenure of office act . johnson ' s later impeachment also cost the presidency much political power . however the president has also exercised greater power largely during the 20th century . both roosevelts greatly expanded the powers of the president and wielded great power during their terms . [ sep ] congress
some countries were not included for various reasons , mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data . the following united nations member states were not included in the 2010 report . cuba lodged a formal protest at its lack of inclusion . the undp explained that cuba had been excluded due to the lack of an " internationally reported figure for cuba ’ s gross national income adjusted for purchasing power parity " . all other indicators for cuba were available , and reported by the undp , but the lack of one indicator meant that no ranking could be attributed to the country . the situation has been addressed and , in later years , cuba has ranked as a high human development country . [ sep ] unavailability of certain crucial data
some countries were not included for various reasons , mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data . the following united nations member states were not included in the 2010 report . cuba lodged a formal protest at its lack of inclusion . the undp explained that cuba had been excluded due to the lack of an " internationally reported figure for cuba ’ s gross national income adjusted for purchasing power parity " . all other indicators for cuba were available , and reported by the undp , but the lack of one indicator meant that no ranking could be attributed to the country . the situation has been addressed and , in later years , cuba has ranked as a high human development country . [ sep ] cuba
some countries were not included for various reasons , mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data . the following united nations member states were not included in the 2010 report . cuba lodged a formal protest at its lack of inclusion . the undp explained that cuba had been excluded due to the lack of an " internationally reported figure for cuba ’ s gross national income adjusted for purchasing power parity " . all other indicators for cuba were available , and reported by the undp , but the lack of one indicator meant that no ranking could be attributed to the country . the situation has been addressed and , in later years , cuba has ranked as a high human development country . [ sep ] high human development country
while historically , symbiosis has received less attention than other interactions such as predation or competition , it is increasingly recognized as an important selective force behind evolution , with many species having a long history of interdependent co - evolution . in fact , the evolution of all eukaryotes ( plants , animals , fungi , and protists ) is believed under the endosymbiotic theory to have resulted from a symbiosis between various sorts of bacteria . this theory is supported by certain organelles dividing independently of the cell , and the observation that some organelles seem to have their own nucleic acid . [ sep ] the evolution of all eukaryotes
while historically , symbiosis has received less attention than other interactions such as predation or competition , it is increasingly recognized as an important selective force behind evolution , with many species having a long history of interdependent co - evolution . in fact , the evolution of all eukaryotes ( plants , animals , fungi , and protists ) is believed under the endosymbiotic theory to have resulted from a symbiosis between various sorts of bacteria . this theory is supported by certain organelles dividing independently of the cell , and the observation that some organelles seem to have their own nucleic acid . [ sep ] plants , animals , fungi , and protists
the first six presidents of the united states did not make extensive use of the veto power : george washington only vetoed two bills , james monroe one , and john adams , thomas jefferson and john quincy adams none . james madison , a firm believer in a strong executive , vetoed seven bills . none of the first six presidents , however , used the veto to direct national policy . it was andrew jackson , the seventh president , who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon . during his two terms in office , he vetoed twelve bills — more than all of his predecessors combined . furthermore , he defied the supreme court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing native american tribes ( " indian removal " ) ; he stated ( perhaps apocryphally ) , " john marshall has made his decision . now let him enforce it ! " [ sep ] two
the first six presidents of the united states did not make extensive use of the veto power : george washington only vetoed two bills , james monroe one , and john adams , thomas jefferson and john quincy adams none . james madison , a firm believer in a strong executive , vetoed seven bills . none of the first six presidents , however , used the veto to direct national policy . it was andrew jackson , the seventh president , who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon . during his two terms in office , he vetoed twelve bills — more than all of his predecessors combined . furthermore , he defied the supreme court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing native american tribes ( " indian removal " ) ; he stated ( perhaps apocryphally ) , " john marshall has made his decision . now let him enforce it ! " [ sep ] one
the first six presidents of the united states did not make extensive use of the veto power : george washington only vetoed two bills , james monroe one , and john adams , thomas jefferson and john quincy adams none . james madison , a firm believer in a strong executive , vetoed seven bills . none of the first six presidents , however , used the veto to direct national policy . it was andrew jackson , the seventh president , who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon . during his two terms in office , he vetoed twelve bills — more than all of his predecessors combined . furthermore , he defied the supreme court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing native american tribes ( " indian removal " ) ; he stated ( perhaps apocryphally ) , " john marshall has made his decision . now let him enforce it ! " [ sep ] twelve
the first six presidents of the united states did not make extensive use of the veto power : george washington only vetoed two bills , james monroe one , and john adams , thomas jefferson and john quincy adams none . james madison , a firm believer in a strong executive , vetoed seven bills . none of the first six presidents , however , used the veto to direct national policy . it was andrew jackson , the seventh president , who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon . during his two terms in office , he vetoed twelve bills — more than all of his predecessors combined . furthermore , he defied the supreme court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing native american tribes ( " indian removal " ) ; he stated ( perhaps apocryphally ) , " john marshall has made his decision . now let him enforce it ! " [ sep ] andrew jackson
the 2009 human development report by undp was released on october 5 , 2009 , and covers the period up to 2007 . it was titled " overcoming barriers : human mobility and development " . the top countries by hdi were grouped in a new category called " very high human development " . the report refers to these countries as developed countries . they are : [ sep ] october 5 , 2009
the 2009 human development report by undp was released on october 5 , 2009 , and covers the period up to 2007 . it was titled " overcoming barriers : human mobility and development " . the top countries by hdi were grouped in a new category called " very high human development " . the report refers to these countries as developed countries . they are : [ sep ] period up to 2007
the 2009 human development report by undp was released on october 5 , 2009 , and covers the period up to 2007 . it was titled " overcoming barriers : human mobility and development " . the top countries by hdi were grouped in a new category called " very high human development " . the report refers to these countries as developed countries . they are : [ sep ] overcoming barriers : human mobility and development
the 2009 human development report by undp was released on october 5 , 2009 , and covers the period up to 2007 . it was titled " overcoming barriers : human mobility and development " . the top countries by hdi were grouped in a new category called " very high human development " . the report refers to these countries as developed countries . they are : [ sep ] very high human development
the 2009 human development report by undp was released on october 5 , 2009 , and covers the period up to 2007 . it was titled " overcoming barriers : human mobility and development " . the top countries by hdi were grouped in a new category called " very high human development " . the report refers to these countries as developed countries . they are : [ sep ] developed countries
some countries were not included for various reasons , such as being a non - un member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication . besides the states with limited recognition , the following states were also not included . [ sep ] being a non - un member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication
the reconquista of portugal and spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the age of discovery that established direct links with africa , the americas , and asia , while religious wars continued to be fought in europe , which ended in 1648 with the peace of westphalia . the spanish crown maintained its hegemony in europe and was the leading power on the continent until the signing of the treaty of the pyrenees , which ended a conflict between spain and france that had begun during the thirty years ' war . an unprecedented series of major wars and political revolutions took place around europe and indeed the world in the period between 1610 and 1700 . observers at the time , and many historians since , have argued that wars caused the revolutions . galileo galilei , invented the telescope and the thermometer which allowed him to observe and describe the solar system . leonardo da vinci painted the most famous work in the world . guglielmo marconi invented the radio . [ sep ] portugal and spain
the reconquista of portugal and spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the age of discovery that established direct links with africa , the americas , and asia , while religious wars continued to be fought in europe , which ended in 1648 with the peace of westphalia . the spanish crown maintained its hegemony in europe and was the leading power on the continent until the signing of the treaty of the pyrenees , which ended a conflict between spain and france that had begun during the thirty years ' war . an unprecedented series of major wars and political revolutions took place around europe and indeed the world in the period between 1610 and 1700 . observers at the time , and many historians since , have argued that wars caused the revolutions . galileo galilei , invented the telescope and the thermometer which allowed him to observe and describe the solar system . leonardo da vinci painted the most famous work in the world . guglielmo marconi invented the radio . [ sep ] 1648
the reconquista of portugal and spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the age of discovery that established direct links with africa , the americas , and asia , while religious wars continued to be fought in europe , which ended in 1648 with the peace of westphalia . the spanish crown maintained its hegemony in europe and was the leading power on the continent until the signing of the treaty of the pyrenees , which ended a conflict between spain and france that had begun during the thirty years ' war . an unprecedented series of major wars and political revolutions took place around europe and indeed the world in the period between 1610 and 1700 . observers at the time , and many historians since , have argued that wars caused the revolutions . galileo galilei , invented the telescope and the thermometer which allowed him to observe and describe the solar system . leonardo da vinci painted the most famous work in the world . guglielmo marconi invented the radio . [ sep ] spain and france
the reconquista of portugal and spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the age of discovery that established direct links with africa , the americas , and asia , while religious wars continued to be fought in europe , which ended in 1648 with the peace of westphalia . the spanish crown maintained its hegemony in europe and was the leading power on the continent until the signing of the treaty of the pyrenees , which ended a conflict between spain and france that had begun during the thirty years ' war . an unprecedented series of major wars and political revolutions took place around europe and indeed the world in the period between 1610 and 1700 . observers at the time , and many historians since , have argued that wars caused the revolutions . galileo galilei , invented the telescope and the thermometer which allowed him to observe and describe the solar system . leonardo da vinci painted the most famous work in the world . guglielmo marconi invented the radio . [ sep ] galileo galilei
the reconquista of portugal and spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the age of discovery that established direct links with africa , the americas , and asia , while religious wars continued to be fought in europe , which ended in 1648 with the peace of westphalia . the spanish crown maintained its hegemony in europe and was the leading power on the continent until the signing of the treaty of the pyrenees , which ended a conflict between spain and france that had begun during the thirty years ' war . an unprecedented series of major wars and political revolutions took place around europe and indeed the world in the period between 1610 and 1700 . observers at the time , and many historians since , have argued that wars caused the revolutions . galileo galilei , invented the telescope and the thermometer which allowed him to observe and describe the solar system . leonardo da vinci painted the most famous work in the world . guglielmo marconi invented the radio . [ sep ] guglielmo marconi
some of jackson ' s successors made no use of the veto power , while others used it intermittently . it was only after the civil war that presidents began to use the power to truly counterbalance congress . andrew johnson , a democrat , vetoed several reconstruction bills passed by the " radical republicans . " congress , however , managed to override fifteen of johnson ' s twenty - nine vetoes . furthermore , it attempted to curb the power of the presidency by passing the tenure of office act . the act required senate approval for the dismissal of senior cabinet officials . when johnson deliberately violated the act , which he felt was unconstitutional ( supreme court decisions later vindicated such a position ) , the house of representatives impeached him ; he was acquitted in the senate by one vote . [ sep ] fifteen
some of jackson ' s successors made no use of the veto power , while others used it intermittently . it was only after the civil war that presidents began to use the power to truly counterbalance congress . andrew johnson , a democrat , vetoed several reconstruction bills passed by the " radical republicans . " congress , however , managed to override fifteen of johnson ' s twenty - nine vetoes . furthermore , it attempted to curb the power of the presidency by passing the tenure of office act . the act required senate approval for the dismissal of senior cabinet officials . when johnson deliberately violated the act , which he felt was unconstitutional ( supreme court decisions later vindicated such a position ) , the house of representatives impeached him ; he was acquitted in the senate by one vote . [ sep ] tenure of office act
a new index was released on december 18 , 2008 . this so - called " statistical update " covered the period up to 2006 and was published without an accompanying human development report . the update is relevant due to newly released estimates of purchasing power parities ( ppp ) , implying substantial adjustments for many countries , resulting in changes in hdi values and , in many cases , hdi ranks . [ sep ] statistical update
a new index was released on december 18 , 2008 . this so - called " statistical update " covered the period up to 2006 and was published without an accompanying human development report . the update is relevant due to newly released estimates of purchasing power parities ( ppp ) , implying substantial adjustments for many countries , resulting in changes in hdi values and , in many cases , hdi ranks . [ sep ] an accompanying human development report
a new index was released on december 18 , 2008 . this so - called " statistical update " covered the period up to 2006 and was published without an accompanying human development report . the update is relevant due to newly released estimates of purchasing power parities ( ppp ) , implying substantial adjustments for many countries , resulting in changes in hdi values and , in many cases , hdi ranks . [ sep ] up to 2006
johnson ' s impeachment was perceived to have done great damage to the presidency , which came to be almost subordinate to congress . some believed that the president would become a mere figurehead , with the speaker of the house of representatives becoming a de facto prime minister . grover cleveland , the first democratic president following johnson , attempted to restore the power of his office . during his first term , he vetoed over four hundred bills — twice as many bills as his twenty - one predecessors combined . he also began to suspend bureaucrats who were appointed as a result of the patronage system , replacing them with more " deserving " individuals . the senate , however , refused to confirm many new nominations , instead demanding that cleveland turn over the confidential records relating to the suspensions . cleveland steadfastly refused , asserting , " these suspensions are my executive acts . . . i am not responsible to the senate , and i am unwilling to submit my actions to them for judgment . " cleveland ' s popular support forced the senate to back down and confirm the nominees . furthermore , congress finally repealed the controversial tenure of office act that had been passed during the johnson administration . overall , this meant that cleveland ' s administration marked the end of presidential subordination . [ sep ] grover cleveland
johnson ' s impeachment was perceived to have done great damage to the presidency , which came to be almost subordinate to congress . some believed that the president would become a mere figurehead , with the speaker of the house of representatives becoming a de facto prime minister . grover cleveland , the first democratic president following johnson , attempted to restore the power of his office . during his first term , he vetoed over four hundred bills — twice as many bills as his twenty - one predecessors combined . he also began to suspend bureaucrats who were appointed as a result of the patronage system , replacing them with more " deserving " individuals . the senate , however , refused to confirm many new nominations , instead demanding that cleveland turn over the confidential records relating to the suspensions . cleveland steadfastly refused , asserting , " these suspensions are my executive acts . . . i am not responsible to the senate , and i am unwilling to submit my actions to them for judgment . " cleveland ' s popular support forced the senate to back down and confirm the nominees . furthermore , congress finally repealed the controversial tenure of office act that had been passed during the johnson administration . overall , this meant that cleveland ' s administration marked the end of presidential subordination . [ sep ] grover cleveland
the biologist lynn margulis , famous for her work on endosymbiosis , contends that symbiosis is a major driving force behind evolution . she considers darwin ' s notion of evolution , driven by competition , to be incomplete and claims that evolution is strongly based on co - operation , interaction , and mutual dependence among organisms . according to margulis and dorion sagan , " life did not take over the globe by combat , but by networking . " [ sep ] symbiosis
the biologist lynn margulis , famous for her work on endosymbiosis , contends that symbiosis is a major driving force behind evolution . she considers darwin ' s notion of evolution , driven by competition , to be incomplete and claims that evolution is strongly based on co - operation , interaction , and mutual dependence among organisms . according to margulis and dorion sagan , " life did not take over the globe by combat , but by networking . " [ sep ] dorion sagan
the human development report for 2007 / 2008 was launched in brasilia , brazil , on november 27 , 2007 . its focus was on " fighting climate change : human solidarity in a divided world . " most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier , thus indicating an hdi for 2005 . not all un member states choose to or are able to provide the necessary statistics . [ sep ] november 27 , 2007
the human development report for 2007 / 2008 was launched in brasilia , brazil , on november 27 , 2007 . its focus was on " fighting climate change : human solidarity in a divided world . " most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier , thus indicating an hdi for 2005 . not all un member states choose to or are able to provide the necessary statistics . [ sep ] fighting climate change : human solidarity in a divided world
the human development report for 2007 / 2008 was launched in brasilia , brazil , on november 27 , 2007 . its focus was on " fighting climate change : human solidarity in a divided world . " most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier , thus indicating an hdi for 2005 . not all un member states choose to or are able to provide the necessary statistics . [ sep ] 2005
the human development report for 2007 / 2008 was launched in brasilia , brazil , on november 27 , 2007 . its focus was on " fighting climate change : human solidarity in a divided world . " most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier , thus indicating an hdi for 2005 . not all un member states choose to or are able to provide the necessary statistics . [ sep ] 2005
the human development report for 2007 / 2008 was launched in brasilia , brazil , on november 27 , 2007 . its focus was on " fighting climate change : human solidarity in a divided world . " most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier , thus indicating an hdi for 2005 . not all un member states choose to or are able to provide the necessary statistics . [ sep ] brasilia , brazil
european overseas expansion led to the rise of colonial empires , producing the columbian exchange . the combination of resource inflows from the new world and the industrial revolution of great britain , allowed a new economy based on manufacturing instead of subsistence agriculture . [ sep ] the rise of colonial empires
european overseas expansion led to the rise of colonial empires , producing the columbian exchange . the combination of resource inflows from the new world and the industrial revolution of great britain , allowed a new economy based on manufacturing instead of subsistence agriculture . [ sep ] the columbian exchange
european overseas expansion led to the rise of colonial empires , producing the columbian exchange . the combination of resource inflows from the new world and the industrial revolution of great britain , allowed a new economy based on manufacturing instead of subsistence agriculture . [ sep ] manufacturing
european overseas expansion led to the rise of colonial empires , producing the columbian exchange . the combination of resource inflows from the new world and the industrial revolution of great britain , allowed a new economy based on manufacturing instead of subsistence agriculture . [ sep ] the industrial revolution of great britain
several twentieth - century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency . theodore roosevelt , for instance , claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law — in direct contrast to his immediate successor , william howard taft . franklin delano roosevelt held considerable power during the great depression . congress had granted franklin roosevelt sweeping authority ; in panama refining v . ryan , the court for the first time struck down a congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers . the aforementioned schechter poultry corp . v . united states , another separation of powers case , was also decided during franklin roosevelt ' s presidency . in response to many unfavorable supreme court decisions , roosevelt introduced a " court packing " plan , under which more seats would be added to the supreme court for the president to fill . such a plan ( which was defeated in congress ) would have seriously undermined the judiciary ' s independence and power . [ sep ] franklin roosevelt
several twentieth - century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency . theodore roosevelt , for instance , claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law — in direct contrast to his immediate successor , william howard taft . franklin delano roosevelt held considerable power during the great depression . congress had granted franklin roosevelt sweeping authority ; in panama refining v . ryan , the court for the first time struck down a congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers . the aforementioned schechter poultry corp . v . united states , another separation of powers case , was also decided during franklin roosevelt ' s presidency . in response to many unfavorable supreme court decisions , roosevelt introduced a " court packing " plan , under which more seats would be added to the supreme court for the president to fill . such a plan ( which was defeated in congress ) would have seriously undermined the judiciary ' s independence and power . [ sep ] congress
the report showed a small increase in world hdi in comparison with last year ' s report . this rise was fueled by a general improvement in the developing world , especially of the least developed countries group . this marked improvement at the bottom was offset with a decrease in hdi of high income countries . [ sep ] high income countries
richard nixon used national security as a basis for his expansion of power . he asserted , for example , that " the inherent power of the president to safeguard the security of the nation " authorized him to order a wiretap without a judge ' s warrant . nixon also asserted that " executive privilege " shielded him from all legislative oversight ; furthermore , he impounded federal funds ( that is to say , he refused to spend money that congress had appropriated for government programs ) . in the specific cases aforementioned , however , the supreme court ruled against nixon . this was also because of an ongoing criminal investigation into the watergate tapes , even though they acknowledged the general need for executive privilege . since then , nixon ' s successors have sometimes asserted that they may act in the interests of national security or that executive privilege shields them from congressional oversight . though such claims have in general been more limited than nixon ' s , one may still conclude that the presidency ' s power has been greatly augmented since the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries . [ sep ] national security
symbiosis played a major role in the co - evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them . many plants that are pollinated by insects , bats , or birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also correspondingly adapted . the first flowering plants in the fossil record had relatively simple flowers . adaptive speciation quickly gave rise to many diverse groups of plants , and , at the same time , corresponding speciation occurred in certain insect groups . some groups of plants developed nectar and large sticky pollen , while insects evolved more specialized morphologies to access and collect these rich food sources . in some taxa of plants and insects the relationship has become dependent , where the plant species can only be pollinated by one species of insect . [ sep ] a major role
symbiosis played a major role in the co - evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them . many plants that are pollinated by insects , bats , or birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also correspondingly adapted . the first flowering plants in the fossil record had relatively simple flowers . adaptive speciation quickly gave rise to many diverse groups of plants , and , at the same time , corresponding speciation occurred in certain insect groups . some groups of plants developed nectar and large sticky pollen , while insects evolved more specialized morphologies to access and collect these rich food sources . in some taxa of plants and insects the relationship has become dependent , where the plant species can only be pollinated by one species of insect . [ sep ] nectar and large sticky pollen
symbiosis played a major role in the co - evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them . many plants that are pollinated by insects , bats , or birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also correspondingly adapted . the first flowering plants in the fossil record had relatively simple flowers . adaptive speciation quickly gave rise to many diverse groups of plants , and , at the same time , corresponding speciation occurred in certain insect groups . some groups of plants developed nectar and large sticky pollen , while insects evolved more specialized morphologies to access and collect these rich food sources . in some taxa of plants and insects the relationship has become dependent , where the plant species can only be pollinated by one species of insect . [ sep ] dependent
a hdi below 0 . 5 is considered to represent " low development " . all 22 countries in that category are located in africa . the highest - scoring sub - saharan countries , gabon and south africa , are ranked 119th and 121st , respectively . nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the " medium development " group . [ sep ] 0 . 5
a hdi below 0 . 5 is considered to represent " low development " . all 22 countries in that category are located in africa . the highest - scoring sub - saharan countries , gabon and south africa , are ranked 119th and 121st , respectively . nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the " medium development " group . [ sep ] africa
a hdi below 0 . 5 is considered to represent " low development " . all 22 countries in that category are located in africa . the highest - scoring sub - saharan countries , gabon and south africa , are ranked 119th and 121st , respectively . nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the " medium development " group . [ sep ] 119th
a hdi below 0 . 5 is considered to represent " low development " . all 22 countries in that category are located in africa . the highest - scoring sub - saharan countries , gabon and south africa , are ranked 119th and 121st , respectively . nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the " medium development " group . [ sep ] 121st
a hdi below 0 . 5 is considered to represent " low development " . all 22 countries in that category are located in africa . the highest - scoring sub - saharan countries , gabon and south africa , are ranked 119th and 121st , respectively . nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the " medium development " group . [ sep ] gabon and south africa
the period between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and independence wars . balkan nations began to regain independence from the ottoman empire . italy unified into a nation state . the capture of rome in 1870 ended the papal temporal power . rivalry in a scramble for empires spread in what is known as the age of empire . [ sep ] between 1815 and 1871
the period between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and independence wars . balkan nations began to regain independence from the ottoman empire . italy unified into a nation state . the capture of rome in 1870 ended the papal temporal power . rivalry in a scramble for empires spread in what is known as the age of empire . [ sep ] the ottoman empire
the period between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and independence wars . balkan nations began to regain independence from the ottoman empire . italy unified into a nation state . the capture of rome in 1870 ended the papal temporal power . rivalry in a scramble for empires spread in what is known as the age of empire . [ sep ] 1870
the period between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and independence wars . balkan nations began to regain independence from the ottoman empire . italy unified into a nation state . the capture of rome in 1870 ended the papal temporal power . rivalry in a scramble for empires spread in what is known as the age of empire . [ sep ] the age of empire
the designation " institute of technology " is not applied at all , being meaningless in portugal . however , there are higher education educational institutions in portugal since the 1980s , which are called polytechnics . after 1998 they were upgraded to institutions which are allowed to confer bachelor ' s degrees ( the portuguese licenciatura ) . before then , they only awarded short - cycle degrees which were known as bacharelatos and did not provide further education . after the bologna process in 2007 , they have been allowed to offer 2nd cycle ( master ' s ) degrees to its students . the polytechnical higher education system provides a more practical training and is profession - oriented , while the university higher education system has a strong theoretical basis and is highly research - oriented . [ sep ] bacharelatos
the designation " institute of technology " is not applied at all , being meaningless in portugal . however , there are higher education educational institutions in portugal since the 1980s , which are called polytechnics . after 1998 they were upgraded to institutions which are allowed to confer bachelor ' s degrees ( the portuguese licenciatura ) . before then , they only awarded short - cycle degrees which were known as bacharelatos and did not provide further education . after the bologna process in 2007 , they have been allowed to offer 2nd cycle ( master ' s ) degrees to its students . the polytechnical higher education system provides a more practical training and is profession - oriented , while the university higher education system has a strong theoretical basis and is highly research - oriented . [ sep ] bologna process
the outbreak of world war i in 1914 was precipitated by the rise of nationalism in southeastern europe as the great powers took up sides . the allies defeated the central powers in 1918 . during the paris peace conference the big four imposed their terms in a series of treaties , especially the treaty of versailles . [ sep ] 1914
the outbreak of world war i in 1914 was precipitated by the rise of nationalism in southeastern europe as the great powers took up sides . the allies defeated the central powers in 1918 . during the paris peace conference the big four imposed their terms in a series of treaties , especially the treaty of versailles . [ sep ] 1918
the outbreak of world war i in 1914 was precipitated by the rise of nationalism in southeastern europe as the great powers took up sides . the allies defeated the central powers in 1918 . during the paris peace conference the big four imposed their terms in a series of treaties , especially the treaty of versailles . [ sep ] the paris peace conference
a hdi of 0 . 8 or more is considered to represent " high development " . this includes all developed countries , such as those in north america , western europe , oceania , and eastern asia , as well as some developing countries in eastern europe , central and south america , southeast asia , the caribbean , and the oil - rich arabian peninsula . seven countries were promoted to this category this year , leaving the " medium development " group : albania , belarus , brazil , libya , macedonia , russia and saudi arabia . [ sep ] 0 . 8
a hdi of 0 . 8 or more is considered to represent " high development " . this includes all developed countries , such as those in north america , western europe , oceania , and eastern asia , as well as some developing countries in eastern europe , central and south america , southeast asia , the caribbean , and the oil - rich arabian peninsula . seven countries were promoted to this category this year , leaving the " medium development " group : albania , belarus , brazil , libya , macedonia , russia and saudi arabia . [ sep ] brazil
a hdi of 0 . 8 or more is considered to represent " high development " . this includes all developed countries , such as those in north america , western europe , oceania , and eastern asia , as well as some developing countries in eastern europe , central and south america , southeast asia , the caribbean , and the oil - rich arabian peninsula . seven countries were promoted to this category this year , leaving the " medium development " group : albania , belarus , brazil , libya , macedonia , russia and saudi arabia . [ sep ] russia
on the following table , green arrows ( ) represent an increase in ranking over the previous study , while red arrows ( ) represent a decrease in ranking . they are followed by the number of spaces they moved . blue dashes ( ) represent a nation that did not move in the rankings since the previous study . [ sep ] red arrows
on the following table , green arrows ( ) represent an increase in ranking over the previous study , while red arrows ( ) represent a decrease in ranking . they are followed by the number of spaces they moved . blue dashes ( ) represent a nation that did not move in the rankings since the previous study . [ sep ] green arrows
on the following table , green arrows ( ) represent an increase in ranking over the previous study , while red arrows ( ) represent a decrease in ranking . they are followed by the number of spaces they moved . blue dashes ( ) represent a nation that did not move in the rankings since the previous study . [ sep ] blue dash
polytechnics in singapore provides industry oriented education equivalent to a junior college or sixth form college in the uk . singapore retains a system similar but not the same as in the united kingdom from 1970 – 1992 , distinguishing between polytechnics and universities . unlike the british polytechnic ( united kingdom ) system singapore polytechnics do not offer bachelors , masters or phd degrees . under this system , most singaporean students sit for their o - level examinations after a four or five years of education in secondary school , and apply for a place at either a technical school termed ite , a polytechnic or a university - preparatory school ( a junior college or the millennia institute , a centralized institute ) . polytechnic graduates may be granted transfer credits when they apply to local and overseas universities , depending on the overall performance in their grades , as well as the university ' s policies on transfer credits . a few secondary schools are now offering six - year program which leads directly to university entrance . [ sep ] millennia institute
the list below displays the top - ranked country from each year of the human development index . norway has been ranked the highest twelve times , canada eight times , followed by japan which has been ranked highest three times . iceland has been ranked highest twice . [ sep ] norway
the list below displays the top - ranked country from each year of the human development index . norway has been ranked the highest twelve times , canada eight times , followed by japan which has been ranked highest three times . iceland has been ranked highest twice . [ sep ] iceland
polytechnics offer three - year diploma courses in fields such as information technology , engineering subjects and other vocational fields , like psychology and nursing . there are 5 polytechnics in singapore . they are namely : [ sep ] 5
polytechnics offer three - year diploma courses in fields such as information technology , engineering subjects and other vocational fields , like psychology and nursing . there are 5 polytechnics in singapore . they are namely : [ sep ] three
it is said [ by whom ? ] on one side of this debate that separation of powers means that powers are shared among different branches ; no one branch may act unilaterally on issues ( other than perhaps minor questions ) , but must obtain some form of agreement across branches . that is , it is argued that " checks and balances " apply to the judicial branch as well as to the other branches . [ sep ] checks and balances
the human development index has been criticized on a number of grounds including alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism and so - called " western models of development " , failure to include any ecological considerations , lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization , focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking , lack of attention to development from a global perspective , measurement error of the underlying statistics , and on the undp ' s changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of ' low ' , ' medium ' , ' high ' or ' very high ' human development countries . [ sep ] national performance and ranking
the human development index has been criticized on a number of grounds including alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism and so - called " western models of development " , failure to include any ecological considerations , lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization , focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking , lack of attention to development from a global perspective , measurement error of the underlying statistics , and on the undp ' s changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of ' low ' , ' medium ' , ' high ' or ' very high ' human development countries . [ sep ] western
the human development index has been criticized on a number of grounds including alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism and so - called " western models of development " , failure to include any ecological considerations , lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization , focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking , lack of attention to development from a global perspective , measurement error of the underlying statistics , and on the undp ' s changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of ' low ' , ' medium ' , ' high ' or ' very high ' human development countries . [ sep ] global
the human development index has been criticized on a number of grounds including alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism and so - called " western models of development " , failure to include any ecological considerations , lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization , focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking , lack of attention to development from a global perspective , measurement error of the underlying statistics , and on the undp ' s changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of ' low ' , ' medium ' , ' high ' or ' very high ' human development countries . [ sep ] egalitarianism
an example of the first view is the regulation of attorneys and judges , and the establishment of rules for the conduct of the courts , by the congress and in the states the legislatures . although in practice these matters are delegated to the supreme court , the congress holds these powers and delegates them to the supreme court only for convenience in light of the supreme court ' s expertise , but can withdraw that delegation at any time . [ sep ] the supreme court
the nazi regime under adolf hitler came to power in 1933 , and along with mussolini ' s italy sought to gain control of the continent by the second world war . following the allied victory in the second world war , europe was divided by the iron curtain . the countries in southeastern europe were dominated by the soviet union and became communist states . the major non - communist southern european countries joined a us - led military alliance ( nato ) and formed the european economic community amongst themselves . the countries in the soviet sphere of influence joined the military alliance known as the warsaw pact and the economic bloc called comecon . yugoslavia was neutal . [ sep ] the nazi regime
the nazi regime under adolf hitler came to power in 1933 , and along with mussolini ' s italy sought to gain control of the continent by the second world war . following the allied victory in the second world war , europe was divided by the iron curtain . the countries in southeastern europe were dominated by the soviet union and became communist states . the major non - communist southern european countries joined a us - led military alliance ( nato ) and formed the european economic community amongst themselves . the countries in the soviet sphere of influence joined the military alliance known as the warsaw pact and the economic bloc called comecon . yugoslavia was neutal . [ sep ] adolf hitler
the nazi regime under adolf hitler came to power in 1933 , and along with mussolini ' s italy sought to gain control of the continent by the second world war . following the allied victory in the second world war , europe was divided by the iron curtain . the countries in southeastern europe were dominated by the soviet union and became communist states . the major non - communist southern european countries joined a us - led military alliance ( nato ) and formed the european economic community amongst themselves . the countries in the soviet sphere of influence joined the military alliance known as the warsaw pact and the economic bloc called comecon . yugoslavia was neutal . [ sep ] italy
the nazi regime under adolf hitler came to power in 1933 , and along with mussolini ' s italy sought to gain control of the continent by the second world war . following the allied victory in the second world war , europe was divided by the iron curtain . the countries in southeastern europe were dominated by the soviet union and became communist states . the major non - communist southern european countries joined a us - led military alliance ( nato ) and formed the european economic community amongst themselves . the countries in the soviet sphere of influence joined the military alliance known as the warsaw pact and the economic bloc called comecon . yugoslavia was neutal . [ sep ] mussolini
the nazi regime under adolf hitler came to power in 1933 , and along with mussolini ' s italy sought to gain control of the continent by the second world war . following the allied victory in the second world war , europe was divided by the iron curtain . the countries in southeastern europe were dominated by the soviet union and became communist states . the major non - communist southern european countries joined a us - led military alliance ( nato ) and formed the european economic community amongst themselves . the countries in the soviet sphere of influence joined the military alliance known as the warsaw pact and the economic bloc called comecon . yugoslavia was neutal . [ sep ] the warsaw pact
an example of the second view at the state level is found in the view of the florida supreme court , that only the florida supreme court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of florida , and only the florida supreme court may set rules for procedures in the florida courts . [ citation needed ] the state of new hampshire also follows this system . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] the florida supreme court
an example of the second view at the state level is found in the view of the florida supreme court , that only the florida supreme court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of florida , and only the florida supreme court may set rules for procedures in the florida courts . [ citation needed ] the state of new hampshire also follows this system . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] the florida supreme court
the world ' s first institution of technology or technical university with tertiary technical education is the banska akademia in banska stiavnica , slovakia , founded in 1735 , academy since december 13 , 1762 established by queen maria theresa in order to train specialists of silver and gold mining and metallurgy in neighbourhood . teaching started in 1764 . later the department of mathematics , mechanics and hydraulics and department of forestry were settled . university buildings are still at their place today and are used for teaching . university has launched the first book of electrotechnics in the world . [ sep ] queen maria theresa
the world ' s first institution of technology or technical university with tertiary technical education is the banska akademia in banska stiavnica , slovakia , founded in 1735 , academy since december 13 , 1762 established by queen maria theresa in order to train specialists of silver and gold mining and metallurgy in neighbourhood . teaching started in 1764 . later the department of mathematics , mechanics and hydraulics and department of forestry were settled . university buildings are still at their place today and are used for teaching . university has launched the first book of electrotechnics in the world . [ sep ] 1735
the world ' s first institution of technology or technical university with tertiary technical education is the banska akademia in banska stiavnica , slovakia , founded in 1735 , academy since december 13 , 1762 established by queen maria theresa in order to train specialists of silver and gold mining and metallurgy in neighbourhood . teaching started in 1764 . later the department of mathematics , mechanics and hydraulics and department of forestry were settled . university buildings are still at their place today and are used for teaching . university has launched the first book of electrotechnics in the world . [ sep ] silver and gold
the world ' s first institution of technology or technical university with tertiary technical education is the banska akademia in banska stiavnica , slovakia , founded in 1735 , academy since december 13 , 1762 established by queen maria theresa in order to train specialists of silver and gold mining and metallurgy in neighbourhood . teaching started in 1764 . later the department of mathematics , mechanics and hydraulics and department of forestry were settled . university buildings are still at their place today and are used for teaching . university has launched the first book of electrotechnics in the world . [ sep ] 1764
the world ' s first institution of technology or technical university with tertiary technical education is the banska akademia in banska stiavnica , slovakia , founded in 1735 , academy since december 13 , 1762 established by queen maria theresa in order to train specialists of silver and gold mining and metallurgy in neighbourhood . teaching started in 1764 . later the department of mathematics , mechanics and hydraulics and department of forestry were settled . university buildings are still at their place today and are used for teaching . university has launched the first book of electrotechnics in the world . [ sep ] teaching
economists hendrik wolff , howard chong and maximilian auffhammer discuss the hdi from the perspective of data error in the underlying health , education and income statistics used to construct the hdi . they identified three sources of data error which are due to ( i ) data updating , ( ii ) formula revisions and ( iii ) thresholds to classify a country ’ s development status and conclude that 11 % , 21 % and 34 % of all countries can be interpreted as currently misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error , respectively . the authors suggest that the united nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because - they claim - the cut - off values seem arbitrary , can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics , and have the potential to misguide politicians , investors , charity donors and the public who use the hdi at large . [ citation needed ] in 2010 the undp reacted to the criticism and updated the thresholds to classify nations as low , medium , and high human development countries . in a comment to the economist in early january 2011 , the human development report office responded to a january 6 , 2011 article in the magazine which discusses the wolff et al . paper . the human development report office states that they undertook a systematic revision of the methods used for the calculation of the hdi and that the new methodology directly addresses the critique by wolff et al . in that it generates a system for continuous updating of the human development categories whenever formula or data revisions take place . [ sep ] three
economists hendrik wolff , howard chong and maximilian auffhammer discuss the hdi from the perspective of data error in the underlying health , education and income statistics used to construct the hdi . they identified three sources of data error which are due to ( i ) data updating , ( ii ) formula revisions and ( iii ) thresholds to classify a country ’ s development status and conclude that 11 % , 21 % and 34 % of all countries can be interpreted as currently misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error , respectively . the authors suggest that the united nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because - they claim - the cut - off values seem arbitrary , can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics , and have the potential to misguide politicians , investors , charity donors and the public who use the hdi at large . [ citation needed ] in 2010 the undp reacted to the criticism and updated the thresholds to classify nations as low , medium , and high human development countries . in a comment to the economist in early january 2011 , the human development report office responded to a january 6 , 2011 article in the magazine which discusses the wolff et al . paper . the human development report office states that they undertook a systematic revision of the methods used for the calculation of the hdi and that the new methodology directly addresses the critique by wolff et al . in that it generates a system for continuous updating of the human development categories whenever formula or data revisions take place . [ sep ] 2010
economists hendrik wolff , howard chong and maximilian auffhammer discuss the hdi from the perspective of data error in the underlying health , education and income statistics used to construct the hdi . they identified three sources of data error which are due to ( i ) data updating , ( ii ) formula revisions and ( iii ) thresholds to classify a country ’ s development status and conclude that 11 % , 21 % and 34 % of all countries can be interpreted as currently misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error , respectively . the authors suggest that the united nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because - they claim - the cut - off values seem arbitrary , can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics , and have the potential to misguide politicians , investors , charity donors and the public who use the hdi at large . [ citation needed ] in 2010 the undp reacted to the criticism and updated the thresholds to classify nations as low , medium , and high human development countries . in a comment to the economist in early january 2011 , the human development report office responded to a january 6 , 2011 article in the magazine which discusses the wolff et al . paper . the human development report office states that they undertook a systematic revision of the methods used for the calculation of the hdi and that the new methodology directly addresses the critique by wolff et al . in that it generates a system for continuous updating of the human development categories whenever formula or data revisions take place . [ sep ] the economist
the hdi has extended its geographical coverage : david hastings , of the united nations economic and social commission for asia and the pacific , published a report geographically extending the hdi to 230 + economies , whereas the undp hdi for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 hdi dropped to 169 countries . [ sep ] 182
the hdi has extended its geographical coverage : david hastings , of the united nations economic and social commission for asia and the pacific , published a report geographically extending the hdi to 230 + economies , whereas the undp hdi for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 hdi dropped to 169 countries . [ sep ] 169
italy became a major industrialized country again , due to its post - war economic miracle . the european union ( eu ) involved the division of powers , with taxation , health and education handled by the nation states , while the eu had charge of market rules , competition , legal standards and environmentalism . the soviet economic and political system collapsed , leading to the end of communism in the satellite countries in 1989 , and the dissolution of the soviet union itself in 1991 . as a consequence , europe ' s integration deepened , the continent became depolarised , and the european union expanded to subsequently include many of the formerly communist european countries – romania and bulgaria ( 2007 ) and croatia ( 2013 ) . [ sep ] european union
italy became a major industrialized country again , due to its post - war economic miracle . the european union ( eu ) involved the division of powers , with taxation , health and education handled by the nation states , while the eu had charge of market rules , competition , legal standards and environmentalism . the soviet economic and political system collapsed , leading to the end of communism in the satellite countries in 1989 , and the dissolution of the soviet union itself in 1991 . as a consequence , europe ' s integration deepened , the continent became depolarised , and the european union expanded to subsequently include many of the formerly communist european countries – romania and bulgaria ( 2007 ) and croatia ( 2013 ) . [ sep ] market rules , competition , legal standards and environmentalism
italy became a major industrialized country again , due to its post - war economic miracle . the european union ( eu ) involved the division of powers , with taxation , health and education handled by the nation states , while the eu had charge of market rules , competition , legal standards and environmentalism . the soviet economic and political system collapsed , leading to the end of communism in the satellite countries in 1989 , and the dissolution of the soviet union itself in 1991 . as a consequence , europe ' s integration deepened , the continent became depolarised , and the european union expanded to subsequently include many of the formerly communist european countries – romania and bulgaria ( 2007 ) and croatia ( 2013 ) . [ sep ] 1989
italy became a major industrialized country again , due to its post - war economic miracle . the european union ( eu ) involved the division of powers , with taxation , health and education handled by the nation states , while the eu had charge of market rules , competition , legal standards and environmentalism . the soviet economic and political system collapsed , leading to the end of communism in the satellite countries in 1989 , and the dissolution of the soviet union itself in 1991 . as a consequence , europe ' s integration deepened , the continent became depolarised , and the european union expanded to subsequently include many of the formerly communist european countries – romania and bulgaria ( 2007 ) and croatia ( 2013 ) . [ sep ] 1991
italy became a major industrialized country again , due to its post - war economic miracle . the european union ( eu ) involved the division of powers , with taxation , health and education handled by the nation states , while the eu had charge of market rules , competition , legal standards and environmentalism . the soviet economic and political system collapsed , leading to the end of communism in the satellite countries in 1989 , and the dissolution of the soviet union itself in 1991 . as a consequence , europe ' s integration deepened , the continent became depolarised , and the european union expanded to subsequently include many of the formerly communist european countries – romania and bulgaria ( 2007 ) and croatia ( 2013 ) . [ sep ] 2013
south africa has completed a process of transforming its " higher education landscape " . historically a division has existed in south africa between universities and technikons ( polytechnics ) as well between institutions servicing particular racial and language groupings . in 1993 technikons were afforded the power to award certain technology degrees . [ sep ] technikons
south africa has completed a process of transforming its " higher education landscape " . historically a division has existed in south africa between universities and technikons ( polytechnics ) as well between institutions servicing particular racial and language groupings . in 1993 technikons were afforded the power to award certain technology degrees . [ sep ] 1993
beginning in 2004 former technikons have either been merged with traditional universities to form comprehensive universities or have become universities of technology , however the universities of technology have not to date acquired all of the traditional rights and privileges of a university ( such as the ability to confer a wide range of degrees ) . [ sep ] 2004
the most widely spoken family of languages in southern europe are the romance languages , the heirs of latin , which have spread from the italian peninsula , and are emblematic of southwestern europe . ( see the latin arch . ) by far the most common romance languages in southern europe are : italian , which is spoken by over 50 million people in italy , san marino , and the vatican ; and spanish , which is spoken by over 40 million people in spain and gibraltar . other common romance languages include : romanian , which is spoken in romania and moldova ; portuguese , which is spoken in portugal ; catalan , which is spoken in eastern spain ; and galician , which is spoken in northwestern spain . [ sep ] romance languages
the most widely spoken family of languages in southern europe are the romance languages , the heirs of latin , which have spread from the italian peninsula , and are emblematic of southwestern europe . ( see the latin arch . ) by far the most common romance languages in southern europe are : italian , which is spoken by over 50 million people in italy , san marino , and the vatican ; and spanish , which is spoken by over 40 million people in spain and gibraltar . other common romance languages include : romanian , which is spoken in romania and moldova ; portuguese , which is spoken in portugal ; catalan , which is spoken in eastern spain ; and galician , which is spoken in northwestern spain . [ sep ] italy , san marino , and the vatican
the most widely spoken family of languages in southern europe are the romance languages , the heirs of latin , which have spread from the italian peninsula , and are emblematic of southwestern europe . ( see the latin arch . ) by far the most common romance languages in southern europe are : italian , which is spoken by over 50 million people in italy , san marino , and the vatican ; and spanish , which is spoken by over 40 million people in spain and gibraltar . other common romance languages include : romanian , which is spoken in romania and moldova ; portuguese , which is spoken in portugal ; catalan , which is spoken in eastern spain ; and galician , which is spoken in northwestern spain . [ sep ] eastern spain
the most widely spoken family of languages in southern europe are the romance languages , the heirs of latin , which have spread from the italian peninsula , and are emblematic of southwestern europe . ( see the latin arch . ) by far the most common romance languages in southern europe are : italian , which is spoken by over 50 million people in italy , san marino , and the vatican ; and spanish , which is spoken by over 40 million people in spain and gibraltar . other common romance languages include : romanian , which is spoken in romania and moldova ; portuguese , which is spoken in portugal ; catalan , which is spoken in eastern spain ; and galician , which is spoken in northwestern spain . [ sep ] galician
the most widely spoken family of languages in southern europe are the romance languages , the heirs of latin , which have spread from the italian peninsula , and are emblematic of southwestern europe . ( see the latin arch . ) by far the most common romance languages in southern europe are : italian , which is spoken by over 50 million people in italy , san marino , and the vatican ; and spanish , which is spoken by over 40 million people in spain and gibraltar . other common romance languages include : romanian , which is spoken in romania and moldova ; portuguese , which is spoken in portugal ; catalan , which is spoken in eastern spain ; and galician , which is spoken in northwestern spain . [ sep ] over 40 million
the hellenic languages or greek language are widely spoken in greece and in the greek part of cyprus . additionally , other varieties of greek are spoken in small communities in parts of other european counties . [ sep ] hellenic
the hellenic languages or greek language are widely spoken in greece and in the greek part of cyprus . additionally , other varieties of greek are spoken in small communities in parts of other european counties . [ sep ] cyprus
several south slavic languages are spoken by millions of people in southern europe . serbian is spoken in serbia , bosnia , and croatia ; bulgarian is spoken in bulgaria ; croatian is spoken in croatia and bosnia ; bosnian is spoken in bosnia ; slovene is spoken in slovenia ; and macedonian is spoken in macedonia . [ sep ] macedonian
several south slavic languages are spoken by millions of people in southern europe . serbian is spoken in serbia , bosnia , and croatia ; bulgarian is spoken in bulgaria ; croatian is spoken in croatia and bosnia ; bosnian is spoken in bosnia ; slovene is spoken in slovenia ; and macedonian is spoken in macedonia . [ sep ] bulgarian
several south slavic languages are spoken by millions of people in southern europe . serbian is spoken in serbia , bosnia , and croatia ; bulgarian is spoken in bulgaria ; croatian is spoken in croatia and bosnia ; bosnian is spoken in bosnia ; slovene is spoken in slovenia ; and macedonian is spoken in macedonia . [ sep ] slovenia
most of thailand ' s institutes of technology were developed from technical colleges , in the past could not grant bachelor ' s degrees ; today , however , they are university level institutions , some of which can grant degrees to the doctoral level . examples are pathumwan institute of technology ( developed from pathumwan technical school ) , king mongkut ' s institute of technology ladkrabang ( nondhaburi telecommunications training centre ) , and king mongkut ' s institute of technology north bangkok ( thai - german technical school ) . [ sep ] technical colleges
most of thailand ' s institutes of technology were developed from technical colleges , in the past could not grant bachelor ' s degrees ; today , however , they are university level institutions , some of which can grant degrees to the doctoral level . examples are pathumwan institute of technology ( developed from pathumwan technical school ) , king mongkut ' s institute of technology ladkrabang ( nondhaburi telecommunications training centre ) , and king mongkut ' s institute of technology north bangkok ( thai - german technical school ) . [ sep ] bachelor ' s degrees
most of thailand ' s institutes of technology were developed from technical colleges , in the past could not grant bachelor ' s degrees ; today , however , they are university level institutions , some of which can grant degrees to the doctoral level . examples are pathumwan institute of technology ( developed from pathumwan technical school ) , king mongkut ' s institute of technology ladkrabang ( nondhaburi telecommunications training centre ) , and king mongkut ' s institute of technology north bangkok ( thai - german technical school ) . [ sep ] pathumwan institute of technology
there are two former institutes of technology , which already changed their name to " university of technology " : rajamangala university of technology ( formerly institute of technology and vocational education ) and king mongkut ' s university of technology thonburi ( thonburi technology institute ) . [ sep ] king mongkut ' s university of technology thonburi
there are two former institutes of technology , which already changed their name to " university of technology " : rajamangala university of technology ( formerly institute of technology and vocational education ) and king mongkut ' s university of technology thonburi ( thonburi technology institute ) . [ sep ] institute of technology and vocational education
english is used as a second language in parts of southern europe . as a primary language , however , english has only a small presence in southern europe , only in gibraltar ( alongside spanish ) and malta ( secondary to maltese ) . [ sep ] english
english is used as a second language in parts of southern europe . as a primary language , however , english has only a small presence in southern europe , only in gibraltar ( alongside spanish ) and malta ( secondary to maltese ) . [ sep ] spanish
english is used as a second language in parts of southern europe . as a primary language , however , english has only a small presence in southern europe , only in gibraltar ( alongside spanish ) and malta ( secondary to maltese ) . [ sep ] maltese
institutes of technology with different origins are asian institute of technology , which developed from seato graduate school of engineering , and sirindhorn international institute of technology , an engineering school of thammasat university . suranaree university of technology is the only government - owned technological university in thailand that was established ( 1989 ) as such ; while mahanakorn university of technology is the most well known private technological institute . technology / technical colleges in thailand is associated with bitter rivalries which erupts into frequent off - campus brawls and assassinations of students in public locations that has been going on for nearly a decade , with innocent bystanders also commonly among the injured and the military under martial law still unable to stop them from occurring . [ sep ] sirindhorn international institute of technology
institutes of technology with different origins are asian institute of technology , which developed from seato graduate school of engineering , and sirindhorn international institute of technology , an engineering school of thammasat university . suranaree university of technology is the only government - owned technological university in thailand that was established ( 1989 ) as such ; while mahanakorn university of technology is the most well known private technological institute . technology / technical colleges in thailand is associated with bitter rivalries which erupts into frequent off - campus brawls and assassinations of students in public locations that has been going on for nearly a decade , with innocent bystanders also commonly among the injured and the military under martial law still unable to stop them from occurring . [ sep ] suranaree university of technology
institutes of technology with different origins are asian institute of technology , which developed from seato graduate school of engineering , and sirindhorn international institute of technology , an engineering school of thammasat university . suranaree university of technology is the only government - owned technological university in thailand that was established ( 1989 ) as such ; while mahanakorn university of technology is the most well known private technological institute . technology / technical colleges in thailand is associated with bitter rivalries which erupts into frequent off - campus brawls and assassinations of students in public locations that has been going on for nearly a decade , with innocent bystanders also commonly among the injured and the military under martial law still unable to stop them from occurring . [ sep ] 1989
institutes of technology with different origins are asian institute of technology , which developed from seato graduate school of engineering , and sirindhorn international institute of technology , an engineering school of thammasat university . suranaree university of technology is the only government - owned technological university in thailand that was established ( 1989 ) as such ; while mahanakorn university of technology is the most well known private technological institute . technology / technical colleges in thailand is associated with bitter rivalries which erupts into frequent off - campus brawls and assassinations of students in public locations that has been going on for nearly a decade , with innocent bystanders also commonly among the injured and the military under martial law still unable to stop them from occurring . [ sep ] mahanakorn university of technology
there are other language groupings in southern europe . albanian is spoken in albania , kosovo , macedoonia , and parts of greece . maltese is a semitic language that is the official language of malta . the basque language is spoken in the basque country , a region in northern spain and southwestern france . [ sep ] albanian
there are other language groupings in southern europe . albanian is spoken in albania , kosovo , macedoonia , and parts of greece . maltese is a semitic language that is the official language of malta . the basque language is spoken in the basque country , a region in northern spain and southwestern france . [ sep ] semitic
there are other language groupings in southern europe . albanian is spoken in albania , kosovo , macedoonia , and parts of greece . maltese is a semitic language that is the official language of malta . the basque language is spoken in the basque country , a region in northern spain and southwestern france . [ sep ] northern spain and southwestern france
the predominant religion is southern europe is christianity . christianity spread throughout southern europe during the roman empire , and christianity was adopted as the official religion of the roman empire in the year 380 ad . due to the historical break of the christian church into the western half based in rome and the eastern half based in constantinople , different branches of christianity are prodominent in different parts of europe . christians in the western half of southern europe — e . g . , portugal , spain , italy — are generally roman catholic . christians in the eastern half of southern europe — e . g . , greece , macedonia — are generally greek orthodox . [ sep ] christianity
the predominant religion is southern europe is christianity . christianity spread throughout southern europe during the roman empire , and christianity was adopted as the official religion of the roman empire in the year 380 ad . due to the historical break of the christian church into the western half based in rome and the eastern half based in constantinople , different branches of christianity are prodominent in different parts of europe . christians in the western half of southern europe — e . g . , portugal , spain , italy — are generally roman catholic . christians in the eastern half of southern europe — e . g . , greece , macedonia — are generally greek orthodox . [ sep ] 380 ad
the predominant religion is southern europe is christianity . christianity spread throughout southern europe during the roman empire , and christianity was adopted as the official religion of the roman empire in the year 380 ad . due to the historical break of the christian church into the western half based in rome and the eastern half based in constantinople , different branches of christianity are prodominent in different parts of europe . christians in the western half of southern europe — e . g . , portugal , spain , italy — are generally roman catholic . christians in the eastern half of southern europe — e . g . , greece , macedonia — are generally greek orthodox . [ sep ] roman catholic
the predominant religion is southern europe is christianity . christianity spread throughout southern europe during the roman empire , and christianity was adopted as the official religion of the roman empire in the year 380 ad . due to the historical break of the christian church into the western half based in rome and the eastern half based in constantinople , different branches of christianity are prodominent in different parts of europe . christians in the western half of southern europe — e . g . , portugal , spain , italy — are generally roman catholic . christians in the eastern half of southern europe — e . g . , greece , macedonia — are generally greek orthodox . [ sep ] greek orthodox
in turkey and the ottoman empire , the oldest technical university is istanbul technical university . its graduates contributed to a wide variety of activities in scientific research and development . in 1950s , 2 technical universities were opened in ankara and trabzon . in recent years , yildiz university is reorganized as yildiz technical university and 2 institutes of technology were founded in kocaeli and izmir . in 2010 , another technical university named bursa technical university was founded in bursa . moreover , a sixth technical university is about to be opened in konya named konya technical university . [ sep ] bursa technical university
in turkey and the ottoman empire , the oldest technical university is istanbul technical university . its graduates contributed to a wide variety of activities in scientific research and development . in 1950s , 2 technical universities were opened in ankara and trabzon . in recent years , yildiz university is reorganized as yildiz technical university and 2 institutes of technology were founded in kocaeli and izmir . in 2010 , another technical university named bursa technical university was founded in bursa . moreover , a sixth technical university is about to be opened in konya named konya technical university . [ sep ] six
in turkey and the ottoman empire , the oldest technical university is istanbul technical university . its graduates contributed to a wide variety of activities in scientific research and development . in 1950s , 2 technical universities were opened in ankara and trabzon . in recent years , yildiz university is reorganized as yildiz technical university and 2 institutes of technology were founded in kocaeli and izmir . in 2010 , another technical university named bursa technical university was founded in bursa . moreover , a sixth technical university is about to be opened in konya named konya technical university . [ sep ] ankara and trabzon
for its official works and publications , the united nations organization groups countries under a classification of regions . the assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories by the united nations . southern europe , as grouped for statistical convenience by the united nations ( the sub - regions according to the un ) , includes following countries and territories : [ sep ] regions
for its official works and publications , the united nations organization groups countries under a classification of regions . the assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories by the united nations . southern europe , as grouped for statistical convenience by the united nations ( the sub - regions according to the un ) , includes following countries and territories : [ sep ] statistical convenience
for its official works and publications , the united nations organization groups countries under a classification of regions . the assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories by the united nations . southern europe , as grouped for statistical convenience by the united nations ( the sub - regions according to the un ) , includes following countries and territories : [ sep ] sub - regions
european travel commission divides the european region on the basis of tourism decision metrics ( tdm ) model . countries which belong to the southern / mediterranean europe are : [ sep ] tourism decision metrics
european travel commission divides the european region on the basis of tourism decision metrics ( tdm ) model . countries which belong to the southern / mediterranean europe are : [ sep ] european travel commission
polytechnics were tertiary education teaching institutions in england , wales and northern ireland . since 1970 uk polytechnics operated under the binary system of education along with universities . polytechnics offered diplomas and degrees ( bachelor ' s , master ' s , phd ) validated at the national level by the uk council for national academic awards cnaa . they particularly excelled in engineering and applied science degree courses similar to technological universities in the usa and continental europe . the comparable institutions in scotland were collectively referred to as central institutions . britain ' s first polytechnic , the royal polytechnic institution later known as the polytechnic of central london ( now the university of westminster ) was established in 1838 at regent street in london and its goal was to educate and popularize engineering and scientific knowledge and inventions in victorian britain " at little expense . " the london polytechnic led a mass movement to create numerous polytechnic institutes across the uk in the late 19th century . most polytechnic institutes were established at the centre of major metropolitan cities and their focus was on engineering , applied science and technology education . [ sep ] 1970
polytechnics were tertiary education teaching institutions in england , wales and northern ireland . since 1970 uk polytechnics operated under the binary system of education along with universities . polytechnics offered diplomas and degrees ( bachelor ' s , master ' s , phd ) validated at the national level by the uk council for national academic awards cnaa . they particularly excelled in engineering and applied science degree courses similar to technological universities in the usa and continental europe . the comparable institutions in scotland were collectively referred to as central institutions . britain ' s first polytechnic , the royal polytechnic institution later known as the polytechnic of central london ( now the university of westminster ) was established in 1838 at regent street in london and its goal was to educate and popularize engineering and scientific knowledge and inventions in victorian britain " at little expense . " the london polytechnic led a mass movement to create numerous polytechnic institutes across the uk in the late 19th century . most polytechnic institutes were established at the centre of major metropolitan cities and their focus was on engineering , applied science and technology education . [ sep ] the uk council for national academic awards
polytechnics were tertiary education teaching institutions in england , wales and northern ireland . since 1970 uk polytechnics operated under the binary system of education along with universities . polytechnics offered diplomas and degrees ( bachelor ' s , master ' s , phd ) validated at the national level by the uk council for national academic awards cnaa . they particularly excelled in engineering and applied science degree courses similar to technological universities in the usa and continental europe . the comparable institutions in scotland were collectively referred to as central institutions . britain ' s first polytechnic , the royal polytechnic institution later known as the polytechnic of central london ( now the university of westminster ) was established in 1838 at regent street in london and its goal was to educate and popularize engineering and scientific knowledge and inventions in victorian britain " at little expense . " the london polytechnic led a mass movement to create numerous polytechnic institutes across the uk in the late 19th century . most polytechnic institutes were established at the centre of major metropolitan cities and their focus was on engineering , applied science and technology education . [ sep ] central institutions
polytechnics were tertiary education teaching institutions in england , wales and northern ireland . since 1970 uk polytechnics operated under the binary system of education along with universities . polytechnics offered diplomas and degrees ( bachelor ' s , master ' s , phd ) validated at the national level by the uk council for national academic awards cnaa . they particularly excelled in engineering and applied science degree courses similar to technological universities in the usa and continental europe . the comparable institutions in scotland were collectively referred to as central institutions . britain ' s first polytechnic , the royal polytechnic institution later known as the polytechnic of central london ( now the university of westminster ) was established in 1838 at regent street in london and its goal was to educate and popularize engineering and scientific knowledge and inventions in victorian britain " at little expense . " the london polytechnic led a mass movement to create numerous polytechnic institutes across the uk in the late 19th century . most polytechnic institutes were established at the centre of major metropolitan cities and their focus was on engineering , applied science and technology education . [ sep ] royal polytechnic institution
in 1956 , some colleges of technology received the designation college of advanced technology . they became universities in the 1960s meaning they could award their own degrees . the designation " institute of technology " was occasionally used by polytechnics ( bolton ) , central institutions ( dundee , robert gordon ' s ) , and postgraduate universities , ( cranfield and wessex ) , most of which later adopted the designation university , and there were two " institutes of science and technology " : umist and uwist , part of the university of wales . loughborough university was called loughborough university of technology from 1966 to 1996 , the only institution in the uk to have had such a designation . [ sep ] two
in 1956 , some colleges of technology received the designation college of advanced technology . they became universities in the 1960s meaning they could award their own degrees . the designation " institute of technology " was occasionally used by polytechnics ( bolton ) , central institutions ( dundee , robert gordon ' s ) , and postgraduate universities , ( cranfield and wessex ) , most of which later adopted the designation university , and there were two " institutes of science and technology " : umist and uwist , part of the university of wales . loughborough university was called loughborough university of technology from 1966 to 1996 , the only institution in the uk to have had such a designation . [ sep ] loughborough university of technology
in 1956 , some colleges of technology received the designation college of advanced technology . they became universities in the 1960s meaning they could award their own degrees . the designation " institute of technology " was occasionally used by polytechnics ( bolton ) , central institutions ( dundee , robert gordon ' s ) , and postgraduate universities , ( cranfield and wessex ) , most of which later adopted the designation university , and there were two " institutes of science and technology " : umist and uwist , part of the university of wales . loughborough university was called loughborough university of technology from 1966 to 1996 , the only institution in the uk to have had such a designation . [ sep ] 1960s
polytechnics were granted university status under the further and higher education act 1992 . this meant that polytechnics could confer degrees without the oversight of the national cnaa organization . these institutions are sometimes referred to as post - 1992 universities . [ sep ] the further and higher education act 1992
polytechnics were granted university status under the further and higher education act 1992 . this meant that polytechnics could confer degrees without the oversight of the national cnaa organization . these institutions are sometimes referred to as post - 1992 universities . [ sep ] cnaa
schools called " technical institute " or " technical school " that were formed in the early 20th century provided further education between high school and university or polytechnic . most technical institutes have been merged into regional colleges and some have been designated university colleges if they are associated with a local university . [ sep ] university colleges
schools called " technical institute " or " technical school " that were formed in the early 20th century provided further education between high school and university or polytechnic . most technical institutes have been merged into regional colleges and some have been designated university colleges if they are associated with a local university . [ sep ] 20th century
schools called " technical institute " or " technical school " that were formed in the early 20th century provided further education between high school and university or polytechnic . most technical institutes have been merged into regional colleges and some have been designated university colleges if they are associated with a local university . [ sep ] high school
polytechnic institutes are technological universities , many dating back to the mid - 19th century . a handful of world - renowned elite american universities include the phrases " institute of technology " , " polytechnic institute " , " polytechnic university " , or similar phrasing in their names ; these are generally research - intensive universities with a focus on engineering , science and technology . the earliest and most famous of these institutions are , respectively , rensselaer polytechnic institute ( rpi , 1824 ) , new york university tandon school of engineering ( 1854 ) and the massachusetts institute of technology ( mit , 1861 ) . conversely , schools dubbed " technical colleges " or " technical institutes " generally provide post - secondary training in technical and mechanical fields , focusing on training vocational skills primarily at a community college level — parallel and sometimes equivalent to the first two years at a bachelor ' s degree - granting institution . [ sep ] 1824
polytechnic institutes are technological universities , many dating back to the mid - 19th century . a handful of world - renowned elite american universities include the phrases " institute of technology " , " polytechnic institute " , " polytechnic university " , or similar phrasing in their names ; these are generally research - intensive universities with a focus on engineering , science and technology . the earliest and most famous of these institutions are , respectively , rensselaer polytechnic institute ( rpi , 1824 ) , new york university tandon school of engineering ( 1854 ) and the massachusetts institute of technology ( mit , 1861 ) . conversely , schools dubbed " technical colleges " or " technical institutes " generally provide post - secondary training in technical and mechanical fields , focusing on training vocational skills primarily at a community college level — parallel and sometimes equivalent to the first two years at a bachelor ' s degree - granting institution . [ sep ] massachusetts institute of technology
institutes of technology in venezuela were developed in the 1950s as an option for post - secondary education in technical and scientific courses , after the polytechnic french concepts . at that time , technical education was considered essential for the development of a sound middle class economy . [ sep ] middle class
institutes of technology in venezuela were developed in the 1950s as an option for post - secondary education in technical and scientific courses , after the polytechnic french concepts . at that time , technical education was considered essential for the development of a sound middle class economy . [ sep ] 1950s
most of these institutes award diplomas after three or three and a half years of education . the institute of technology implementation ( iut from instituto universitario de tecnologia on spanish ) began with the creation of the first iut at caracas , capital city of venezuela , called iut . dr . federico rivero palacio adopted the french " institut universitaire de technologie " s system , using french personnel and study system based on three - year periods , with research and engineering facilities at the same level as the main national universities to obtain french equivalent degrees . this iut is the first and only one in venezuela having french equivalent degrees accepted , implementing this system and observing the high - level degrees some other iut ' s were created in venezuela , regardless of this the term iut was not used appropriately resulting in some institutions with mediocre quality and no equivalent degree in france . later , some private institutions sprang up using iut in their names , but they are not regulated by the original french system and award lower quality degrees . [ sep ] caracas
most of these institutes award diplomas after three or three and a half years of education . the institute of technology implementation ( iut from instituto universitario de tecnologia on spanish ) began with the creation of the first iut at caracas , capital city of venezuela , called iut . dr . federico rivero palacio adopted the french " institut universitaire de technologie " s system , using french personnel and study system based on three - year periods , with research and engineering facilities at the same level as the main national universities to obtain french equivalent degrees . this iut is the first and only one in venezuela having french equivalent degrees accepted , implementing this system and observing the high - level degrees some other iut ' s were created in venezuela , regardless of this the term iut was not used appropriately resulting in some institutions with mediocre quality and no equivalent degree in france . later , some private institutions sprang up using iut in their names , but they are not regulated by the original french system and award lower quality degrees . [ sep ] dr . federico rivero palacio
bbc television is a service of the british broadcasting corporation . the corporation , which has operated in the united kingdom under the terms of a royal charter since 1927 , has produced television programmes from its own since 1932 , although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 november 1936 . [ sep ] bbc
bbc television is a service of the british broadcasting corporation . the corporation , which has operated in the united kingdom under the terms of a royal charter since 1927 , has produced television programmes from its own since 1932 , although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 november 1936 . [ sep ] royal charter
bbc television is a service of the british broadcasting corporation . the corporation , which has operated in the united kingdom under the terms of a royal charter since 1927 , has produced television programmes from its own since 1932 , although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 november 1936 . [ sep ] 1932
bbc television is a service of the british broadcasting corporation . the corporation , which has operated in the united kingdom under the terms of a royal charter since 1927 , has produced television programmes from its own since 1932 , although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 november 1936 . [ sep ] 2 november 1936
bbc television is a service of the british broadcasting corporation . the corporation , which has operated in the united kingdom under the terms of a royal charter since 1927 , has produced television programmes from its own since 1932 , although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 november 1936 . [ sep ] united kingdom
the domestic tv bbc television channels are broadcast without any commercial advertising and collectively they account for more than 30 % of all uk viewing . the services are funded by a television licence . [ sep ] 30 %
the bbc operates several television networks , television stations ( although there is generally very little distinction between the two terms in the uk ) , and related programming services in the united kingdom . as well as being a broadcaster , the corporation also produces a large number of its own programmes in - house , thereby ranking as one of the world ' s largest television production companies . [ sep ] television production companies
baird television ltd . made britain ' s first television broadcast , on 30 september 1929 from its studio in long acre , london , via the bbc ' s london transmitter , using the electromechanical system pioneered by john logie baird . this system used a vertically - scanned image of 30 lines – just enough resolution for a close - up of one person , and with a bandwidth low enough to use existing radio transmitters . simultaneous transmission of sound and picture was achieved on 30 march 1930 , by using the bbc ' s new twin transmitter at brookmans park . by late 1930 , 30 minutes of morning programmes were broadcast monday to friday , and 30 minutes at midnight on tuesdays and fridays , after bbc radio went off the air . baird broadcasts via the bbc continued until june 1932 . [ sep ] 30 september 1929
baird television ltd . made britain ' s first television broadcast , on 30 september 1929 from its studio in long acre , london , via the bbc ' s london transmitter , using the electromechanical system pioneered by john logie baird . this system used a vertically - scanned image of 30 lines – just enough resolution for a close - up of one person , and with a bandwidth low enough to use existing radio transmitters . simultaneous transmission of sound and picture was achieved on 30 march 1930 , by using the bbc ' s new twin transmitter at brookmans park . by late 1930 , 30 minutes of morning programmes were broadcast monday to friday , and 30 minutes at midnight on tuesdays and fridays , after bbc radio went off the air . baird broadcasts via the bbc continued until june 1932 . [ sep ] long acre , london
baird television ltd . made britain ' s first television broadcast , on 30 september 1929 from its studio in long acre , london , via the bbc ' s london transmitter , using the electromechanical system pioneered by john logie baird . this system used a vertically - scanned image of 30 lines – just enough resolution for a close - up of one person , and with a bandwidth low enough to use existing radio transmitters . simultaneous transmission of sound and picture was achieved on 30 march 1930 , by using the bbc ' s new twin transmitter at brookmans park . by late 1930 , 30 minutes of morning programmes were broadcast monday to friday , and 30 minutes at midnight on tuesdays and fridays , after bbc radio went off the air . baird broadcasts via the bbc continued until june 1932 . [ sep ] 30
baird television ltd . made britain ' s first television broadcast , on 30 september 1929 from its studio in long acre , london , via the bbc ' s london transmitter , using the electromechanical system pioneered by john logie baird . this system used a vertically - scanned image of 30 lines – just enough resolution for a close - up of one person , and with a bandwidth low enough to use existing radio transmitters . simultaneous transmission of sound and picture was achieved on 30 march 1930 , by using the bbc ' s new twin transmitter at brookmans park . by late 1930 , 30 minutes of morning programmes were broadcast monday to friday , and 30 minutes at midnight on tuesdays and fridays , after bbc radio went off the air . baird broadcasts via the bbc continued until june 1932 . [ sep ] june 1932
baird television ltd . made britain ' s first television broadcast , on 30 september 1929 from its studio in long acre , london , via the bbc ' s london transmitter , using the electromechanical system pioneered by john logie baird . this system used a vertically - scanned image of 30 lines – just enough resolution for a close - up of one person , and with a bandwidth low enough to use existing radio transmitters . simultaneous transmission of sound and picture was achieved on 30 march 1930 , by using the bbc ' s new twin transmitter at brookmans park . by late 1930 , 30 minutes of morning programmes were broadcast monday to friday , and 30 minutes at midnight on tuesdays and fridays , after bbc radio went off the air . baird broadcasts via the bbc continued until june 1932 . [ sep ] 30 march 1930
arnold alois schwarzenegger ( / [unk] / ; german : [ ˈaɐnɔlt [unk] [unk] ] ; born july 30 , 1947 ) is an austrian - american actor , filmmaker , businessman , investor , author , philanthropist , activist , former professional bodybuilder and politician . he served two terms as the 38th governor of california from 2003 until 2011 . [ sep ] july 30 , 1947
arnold alois schwarzenegger ( / [unk] / ; german : [ ˈaɐnɔlt [unk] [unk] ] ; born july 30 , 1947 ) is an austrian - american actor , filmmaker , businessman , investor , author , philanthropist , activist , former professional bodybuilder and politician . he served two terms as the 38th governor of california from 2003 until 2011 . [ sep ] alois
arnold alois schwarzenegger ( / [unk] / ; german : [ ˈaɐnɔlt [unk] [unk] ] ; born july 30 , 1947 ) is an austrian - american actor , filmmaker , businessman , investor , author , philanthropist , activist , former professional bodybuilder and politician . he served two terms as the 38th governor of california from 2003 until 2011 . [ sep ] two
plymouth ( i / ˈplɪməθ / ) is a city on the south coast of devon , england , about 37 miles ( 60 km ) south - west of exeter and 190 miles ( 310 km ) west - south - west of london , between the mouths of the rivers plym to the east and tamar to the west where they join plymouth sound to form the boundary with cornwall . [ sep ] 60
plymouth ( i / ˈplɪməθ / ) is a city on the south coast of devon , england , about 37 miles ( 60 km ) south - west of exeter and 190 miles ( 310 km ) west - south - west of london , between the mouths of the rivers plym to the east and tamar to the west where they join plymouth sound to form the boundary with cornwall . [ sep ] 190
plymouth ( i / ˈplɪməθ / ) is a city on the south coast of devon , england , about 37 miles ( 60 km ) south - west of exeter and 190 miles ( 310 km ) west - south - west of london , between the mouths of the rivers plym to the east and tamar to the west where they join plymouth sound to form the boundary with cornwall . [ sep ] tamar
plymouth ( i / ˈplɪməθ / ) is a city on the south coast of devon , england , about 37 miles ( 60 km ) south - west of exeter and 190 miles ( 310 km ) west - south - west of london , between the mouths of the rivers plym to the east and tamar to the west where they join plymouth sound to form the boundary with cornwall . [ sep ] devon
plymouth ( i / ˈplɪməθ / ) is a city on the south coast of devon , england , about 37 miles ( 60 km ) south - west of exeter and 190 miles ( 310 km ) west - south - west of london , between the mouths of the rivers plym to the east and tamar to the west where they join plymouth sound to form the boundary with cornwall . [ sep ] plymouth sound
schwarzenegger began weight training at the age of 15 . he won the mr . universe title at age 20 and went on to win the mr . olympia contest seven times . schwarzenegger has remained a prominent presence in bodybuilding and has written many books and articles on the sport . he is widely considered to be among the greatest bodybuilders of all times as well as its biggest icon . schwarzenegger gained worldwide fame as a hollywood action film icon . his breakthrough film was the sword - and - sorcery epic conan the barbarian in 1982 , which was a box - office hit and resulted in a sequel . in 1984 , he appeared in james cameron ' s science - fiction thriller film the terminator , which was a massive critical and box - office success . schwarzenegger subsequently reprised the terminator character in the franchise ' s later installments in 1991 , 2003 , and 2015 . he appeared in a number of successful films , such as commando ( 1985 ) , the running man ( 1987 ) , predator ( 1987 ) , twins ( 1988 ) , total recall ( 1990 ) , kindergarten cop ( 1990 ) and true lies ( 1994 ) . he was nicknamed the " austrian oak " in his bodybuilding days , " arnie " during his acting career , and " the governator " ( a portmanteau of " governor " and " the terminator " , one of his best - known movie roles ) . [ sep ] 15
schwarzenegger began weight training at the age of 15 . he won the mr . universe title at age 20 and went on to win the mr . olympia contest seven times . schwarzenegger has remained a prominent presence in bodybuilding and has written many books and articles on the sport . he is widely considered to be among the greatest bodybuilders of all times as well as its biggest icon . schwarzenegger gained worldwide fame as a hollywood action film icon . his breakthrough film was the sword - and - sorcery epic conan the barbarian in 1982 , which was a box - office hit and resulted in a sequel . in 1984 , he appeared in james cameron ' s science - fiction thriller film the terminator , which was a massive critical and box - office success . schwarzenegger subsequently reprised the terminator character in the franchise ' s later installments in 1991 , 2003 , and 2015 . he appeared in a number of successful films , such as commando ( 1985 ) , the running man ( 1987 ) , predator ( 1987 ) , twins ( 1988 ) , total recall ( 1990 ) , kindergarten cop ( 1990 ) and true lies ( 1994 ) . he was nicknamed the " austrian oak " in his bodybuilding days , " arnie " during his acting career , and " the governator " ( a portmanteau of " governor " and " the terminator " , one of his best - known movie roles ) . [ sep ] seven
schwarzenegger began weight training at the age of 15 . he won the mr . universe title at age 20 and went on to win the mr . olympia contest seven times . schwarzenegger has remained a prominent presence in bodybuilding and has written many books and articles on the sport . he is widely considered to be among the greatest bodybuilders of all times as well as its biggest icon . schwarzenegger gained worldwide fame as a hollywood action film icon . his breakthrough film was the sword - and - sorcery epic conan the barbarian in 1982 , which was a box - office hit and resulted in a sequel . in 1984 , he appeared in james cameron ' s science - fiction thriller film the terminator , which was a massive critical and box - office success . schwarzenegger subsequently reprised the terminator character in the franchise ' s later installments in 1991 , 2003 , and 2015 . he appeared in a number of successful films , such as commando ( 1985 ) , the running man ( 1987 ) , predator ( 1987 ) , twins ( 1988 ) , total recall ( 1990 ) , kindergarten cop ( 1990 ) and true lies ( 1994 ) . he was nicknamed the " austrian oak " in his bodybuilding days , " arnie " during his acting career , and " the governator " ( a portmanteau of " governor " and " the terminator " , one of his best - known movie roles ) . [ sep ] conan the barbarian
schwarzenegger began weight training at the age of 15 . he won the mr . universe title at age 20 and went on to win the mr . olympia contest seven times . schwarzenegger has remained a prominent presence in bodybuilding and has written many books and articles on the sport . he is widely considered to be among the greatest bodybuilders of all times as well as its biggest icon . schwarzenegger gained worldwide fame as a hollywood action film icon . his breakthrough film was the sword - and - sorcery epic conan the barbarian in 1982 , which was a box - office hit and resulted in a sequel . in 1984 , he appeared in james cameron ' s science - fiction thriller film the terminator , which was a massive critical and box - office success . schwarzenegger subsequently reprised the terminator character in the franchise ' s later installments in 1991 , 2003 , and 2015 . he appeared in a number of successful films , such as commando ( 1985 ) , the running man ( 1987 ) , predator ( 1987 ) , twins ( 1988 ) , total recall ( 1990 ) , kindergarten cop ( 1990 ) and true lies ( 1994 ) . he was nicknamed the " austrian oak " in his bodybuilding days , " arnie " during his acting career , and " the governator " ( a portmanteau of " governor " and " the terminator " , one of his best - known movie roles ) . [ sep ] 20
schwarzenegger began weight training at the age of 15 . he won the mr . universe title at age 20 and went on to win the mr . olympia contest seven times . schwarzenegger has remained a prominent presence in bodybuilding and has written many books and articles on the sport . he is widely considered to be among the greatest bodybuilders of all times as well as its biggest icon . schwarzenegger gained worldwide fame as a hollywood action film icon . his breakthrough film was the sword - and - sorcery epic conan the barbarian in 1982 , which was a box - office hit and resulted in a sequel . in 1984 , he appeared in james cameron ' s science - fiction thriller film the terminator , which was a massive critical and box - office success . schwarzenegger subsequently reprised the terminator character in the franchise ' s later installments in 1991 , 2003 , and 2015 . he appeared in a number of successful films , such as commando ( 1985 ) , the running man ( 1987 ) , predator ( 1987 ) , twins ( 1988 ) , total recall ( 1990 ) , kindergarten cop ( 1990 ) and true lies ( 1994 ) . he was nicknamed the " austrian oak " in his bodybuilding days , " arnie " during his acting career , and " the governator " ( a portmanteau of " governor " and " the terminator " , one of his best - known movie roles ) . [ sep ] arnie
plymouth ' s early history extends to the bronze age , when a first settlement emerged at mount batten . this settlement continued as a trading post for the roman empire , until it was surpassed by the more prosperous village of sutton , now called plymouth . in 1620 , the pilgrim fathers departed plymouth for the new world and established plymouth colony – the second english settlement in what is now the united states of america . during the english civil war the town was held by the parliamentarians and was besieged between 1642 and 1646 . [ sep ] mount batten
plymouth ' s early history extends to the bronze age , when a first settlement emerged at mount batten . this settlement continued as a trading post for the roman empire , until it was surpassed by the more prosperous village of sutton , now called plymouth . in 1620 , the pilgrim fathers departed plymouth for the new world and established plymouth colony – the second english settlement in what is now the united states of america . during the english civil war the town was held by the parliamentarians and was besieged between 1642 and 1646 . [ sep ] sutton
plymouth ' s early history extends to the bronze age , when a first settlement emerged at mount batten . this settlement continued as a trading post for the roman empire , until it was surpassed by the more prosperous village of sutton , now called plymouth . in 1620 , the pilgrim fathers departed plymouth for the new world and established plymouth colony – the second english settlement in what is now the united states of america . during the english civil war the town was held by the parliamentarians and was besieged between 1642 and 1646 . [ sep ] 1620
plymouth ' s early history extends to the bronze age , when a first settlement emerged at mount batten . this settlement continued as a trading post for the roman empire , until it was surpassed by the more prosperous village of sutton , now called plymouth . in 1620 , the pilgrim fathers departed plymouth for the new world and established plymouth colony – the second english settlement in what is now the united states of america . during the english civil war the town was held by the parliamentarians and was besieged between 1642 and 1646 . [ sep ] 1646
plymouth ' s early history extends to the bronze age , when a first settlement emerged at mount batten . this settlement continued as a trading post for the roman empire , until it was surpassed by the more prosperous village of sutton , now called plymouth . in 1620 , the pilgrim fathers departed plymouth for the new world and established plymouth colony – the second english settlement in what is now the united states of america . during the english civil war the town was held by the parliamentarians and was besieged between 1642 and 1646 . [ sep ] plymouth colony
throughout the industrial revolution , plymouth grew as a commercial shipping port , handling imports and passengers from the americas , and exporting local minerals ( tin , copper , lime , china clay and arsenic ) while the neighbouring town of devonport became a strategic royal naval shipbuilding and dockyard town . in 1914 three neighbouring independent towns , viz . , the county borough of plymouth , the county borough of devonport , and the urban district of east stonehouse were merged to form a single county borough . the combined town took the name of plymouth which , in 1928 , achieved city status . the city ' s naval importance later led to its targeting and partial destruction during world war ii , an act known as the plymouth blitz . after the war the city centre was completely rebuilt and subsequent expansion led to the incorporation of plympton and plymstock along with other outlying suburbs in 1967 . [ sep ] devonport
throughout the industrial revolution , plymouth grew as a commercial shipping port , handling imports and passengers from the americas , and exporting local minerals ( tin , copper , lime , china clay and arsenic ) while the neighbouring town of devonport became a strategic royal naval shipbuilding and dockyard town . in 1914 three neighbouring independent towns , viz . , the county borough of plymouth , the county borough of devonport , and the urban district of east stonehouse were merged to form a single county borough . the combined town took the name of plymouth which , in 1928 , achieved city status . the city ' s naval importance later led to its targeting and partial destruction during world war ii , an act known as the plymouth blitz . after the war the city centre was completely rebuilt and subsequent expansion led to the incorporation of plympton and plymstock along with other outlying suburbs in 1967 . [ sep ] 1928
throughout the industrial revolution , plymouth grew as a commercial shipping port , handling imports and passengers from the americas , and exporting local minerals ( tin , copper , lime , china clay and arsenic ) while the neighbouring town of devonport became a strategic royal naval shipbuilding and dockyard town . in 1914 three neighbouring independent towns , viz . , the county borough of plymouth , the county borough of devonport , and the urban district of east stonehouse were merged to form a single county borough . the combined town took the name of plymouth which , in 1928 , achieved city status . the city ' s naval importance later led to its targeting and partial destruction during world war ii , an act known as the plymouth blitz . after the war the city centre was completely rebuilt and subsequent expansion led to the incorporation of plympton and plymstock along with other outlying suburbs in 1967 . [ sep ] plymouth blitz
throughout the industrial revolution , plymouth grew as a commercial shipping port , handling imports and passengers from the americas , and exporting local minerals ( tin , copper , lime , china clay and arsenic ) while the neighbouring town of devonport became a strategic royal naval shipbuilding and dockyard town . in 1914 three neighbouring independent towns , viz . , the county borough of plymouth , the county borough of devonport , and the urban district of east stonehouse were merged to form a single county borough . the combined town took the name of plymouth which , in 1928 , achieved city status . the city ' s naval importance later led to its targeting and partial destruction during world war ii , an act known as the plymouth blitz . after the war the city centre was completely rebuilt and subsequent expansion led to the incorporation of plympton and plymstock along with other outlying suburbs in 1967 . [ sep ] 1967
throughout the industrial revolution , plymouth grew as a commercial shipping port , handling imports and passengers from the americas , and exporting local minerals ( tin , copper , lime , china clay and arsenic ) while the neighbouring town of devonport became a strategic royal naval shipbuilding and dockyard town . in 1914 three neighbouring independent towns , viz . , the county borough of plymouth , the county borough of devonport , and the urban district of east stonehouse were merged to form a single county borough . the combined town took the name of plymouth which , in 1928 , achieved city status . the city ' s naval importance later led to its targeting and partial destruction during world war ii , an act known as the plymouth blitz . after the war the city centre was completely rebuilt and subsequent expansion led to the incorporation of plympton and plymstock along with other outlying suburbs in 1967 . [ sep ] east stonehouse
as a republican , he was first elected on october 7 , 2003 , in a special recall election to replace then - governor gray davis . schwarzenegger was sworn in on november 17 , to serve the remainder of davis ' s term . schwarzenegger was then re - elected on november 7 , 2006 , in california ' s 2006 gubernatorial election , to serve a full term as governor , defeating democrat phil angelides , who was california state treasurer at the time . schwarzenegger was sworn in for his second term on january 5 , 2007 . in 2011 , schwarzenegger completed his second term as governor . [ sep ] 2011
as a republican , he was first elected on october 7 , 2003 , in a special recall election to replace then - governor gray davis . schwarzenegger was sworn in on november 17 , to serve the remainder of davis ' s term . schwarzenegger was then re - elected on november 7 , 2006 , in california ' s 2006 gubernatorial election , to serve a full term as governor , defeating democrat phil angelides , who was california state treasurer at the time . schwarzenegger was sworn in for his second term on january 5 , 2007 . in 2011 , schwarzenegger completed his second term as governor . [ sep ] republican
as a republican , he was first elected on october 7 , 2003 , in a special recall election to replace then - governor gray davis . schwarzenegger was sworn in on november 17 , to serve the remainder of davis ' s term . schwarzenegger was then re - elected on november 7 , 2006 , in california ' s 2006 gubernatorial election , to serve a full term as governor , defeating democrat phil angelides , who was california state treasurer at the time . schwarzenegger was sworn in for his second term on january 5 , 2007 . in 2011 , schwarzenegger completed his second term as governor . [ sep ] gray davis
as a republican , he was first elected on october 7 , 2003 , in a special recall election to replace then - governor gray davis . schwarzenegger was sworn in on november 17 , to serve the remainder of davis ' s term . schwarzenegger was then re - elected on november 7 , 2006 , in california ' s 2006 gubernatorial election , to serve a full term as governor , defeating democrat phil angelides , who was california state treasurer at the time . schwarzenegger was sworn in for his second term on january 5 , 2007 . in 2011 , schwarzenegger completed his second term as governor . [ sep ] january 5 , 2007
the city is home to 261 , 546 ( mid - 2014 est . ) people , making it the 30th most populous built - up area in the united kingdom . it is governed locally by plymouth city council and is represented nationally by three mps . plymouth ' s economy remains strongly influenced by shipbuilding and seafaring including ferry links to brittany ( roscoff and st malo ) and spain ( santander ) , but has tended toward a service - based economy since the 1990s . it has the largest operational naval base in western europe – hmnb devonport and is home to plymouth university . [ sep ] 261 , 546
the city is home to 261 , 546 ( mid - 2014 est . ) people , making it the 30th most populous built - up area in the united kingdom . it is governed locally by plymouth city council and is represented nationally by three mps . plymouth ' s economy remains strongly influenced by shipbuilding and seafaring including ferry links to brittany ( roscoff and st malo ) and spain ( santander ) , but has tended toward a service - based economy since the 1990s . it has the largest operational naval base in western europe – hmnb devonport and is home to plymouth university . [ sep ] 30th
the city is home to 261 , 546 ( mid - 2014 est . ) people , making it the 30th most populous built - up area in the united kingdom . it is governed locally by plymouth city council and is represented nationally by three mps . plymouth ' s economy remains strongly influenced by shipbuilding and seafaring including ferry links to brittany ( roscoff and st malo ) and spain ( santander ) , but has tended toward a service - based economy since the 1990s . it has the largest operational naval base in western europe – hmnb devonport and is home to plymouth university . [ sep ] three
the city is home to 261 , 546 ( mid - 2014 est . ) people , making it the 30th most populous built - up area in the united kingdom . it is governed locally by plymouth city council and is represented nationally by three mps . plymouth ' s economy remains strongly influenced by shipbuilding and seafaring including ferry links to brittany ( roscoff and st malo ) and spain ( santander ) , but has tended toward a service - based economy since the 1990s . it has the largest operational naval base in western europe – hmnb devonport and is home to plymouth university . [ sep ] santander
the city is home to 261 , 546 ( mid - 2014 est . ) people , making it the 30th most populous built - up area in the united kingdom . it is governed locally by plymouth city council and is represented nationally by three mps . plymouth ' s economy remains strongly influenced by shipbuilding and seafaring including ferry links to brittany ( roscoff and st malo ) and spain ( santander ) , but has tended toward a service - based economy since the 1990s . it has the largest operational naval base in western europe – hmnb devonport and is home to plymouth university . [ sep ] plymouth university
the bbc began its own regular television programming from the basement of broadcasting house , london , on 22 august 1932 . the studio moved to larger quarters in 16 portland place , london , in february 1934 , and continued broadcasting the 30 - line images , carried by telephone line to the medium wave transmitter at brookmans park , until 11 september 1935 , by which time advances in all - electronic television systems made the electromechanical broadcasts obsolete . [ sep ] broadcasting house , london
the bbc began its own regular television programming from the basement of broadcasting house , london , on 22 august 1932 . the studio moved to larger quarters in 16 portland place , london , in february 1934 , and continued broadcasting the 30 - line images , carried by telephone line to the medium wave transmitter at brookmans park , until 11 september 1935 , by which time advances in all - electronic television systems made the electromechanical broadcasts obsolete . [ sep ] telephone line
the bbc began its own regular television programming from the basement of broadcasting house , london , on 22 august 1932 . the studio moved to larger quarters in 16 portland place , london , in february 1934 , and continued broadcasting the 30 - line images , carried by telephone line to the medium wave transmitter at brookmans park , until 11 september 1935 , by which time advances in all - electronic television systems made the electromechanical broadcasts obsolete . [ sep ] electromechanical
the bbc began its own regular television programming from the basement of broadcasting house , london , on 22 august 1932 . the studio moved to larger quarters in 16 portland place , london , in february 1934 , and continued broadcasting the 30 - line images , carried by telephone line to the medium wave transmitter at brookmans park , until 11 september 1935 , by which time advances in all - electronic television systems made the electromechanical broadcasts obsolete . [ sep ] 16 portland place , london
the bbc began its own regular television programming from the basement of broadcasting house , london , on 22 august 1932 . the studio moved to larger quarters in 16 portland place , london , in february 1934 , and continued broadcasting the 30 - line images , carried by telephone line to the medium wave transmitter at brookmans park , until 11 september 1935 , by which time advances in all - electronic television systems made the electromechanical broadcasts obsolete . [ sep ] february 1934
schwarzenegger was born in thal , a village bordering the city of graz in styria , austria and christened arnold alois . his parents were gustav schwarzenegger ( august 17 , 1907 – december 13 , 1972 ) , and aurelia schwarzenegger ( nee jadrny ; july 29 , 1922 – august 2 , 1998 ) . gustav was the local chief of police , and had served in world war ii as a hauptfeldwebel after voluntarily joining the nazi party in 1938 , though he was discharged in 1943 following a bout of malaria . he married arnold ' s mother on october 20 , 1945 ; – he was 38 , and she was 23 years old . according to schwarzenegger , both of his parents were very strict : " back then in austria it was a very different world , if we did something bad or we disobeyed our parents , the rod was not spared . " he grew up in a roman catholic family who attended mass every sunday . [ sep ] austria
schwarzenegger was born in thal , a village bordering the city of graz in styria , austria and christened arnold alois . his parents were gustav schwarzenegger ( august 17 , 1907 – december 13 , 1972 ) , and aurelia schwarzenegger ( nee jadrny ; july 29 , 1922 – august 2 , 1998 ) . gustav was the local chief of police , and had served in world war ii as a hauptfeldwebel after voluntarily joining the nazi party in 1938 , though he was discharged in 1943 following a bout of malaria . he married arnold ' s mother on october 20 , 1945 ; – he was 38 , and she was 23 years old . according to schwarzenegger , both of his parents were very strict : " back then in austria it was a very different world , if we did something bad or we disobeyed our parents , the rod was not spared . " he grew up in a roman catholic family who attended mass every sunday . [ sep ] jadrny
schwarzenegger was born in thal , a village bordering the city of graz in styria , austria and christened arnold alois . his parents were gustav schwarzenegger ( august 17 , 1907 – december 13 , 1972 ) , and aurelia schwarzenegger ( nee jadrny ; july 29 , 1922 – august 2 , 1998 ) . gustav was the local chief of police , and had served in world war ii as a hauptfeldwebel after voluntarily joining the nazi party in 1938 , though he was discharged in 1943 following a bout of malaria . he married arnold ' s mother on october 20 , 1945 ; – he was 38 , and she was 23 years old . according to schwarzenegger , both of his parents were very strict : " back then in austria it was a very different world , if we did something bad or we disobeyed our parents , the rod was not spared . " he grew up in a roman catholic family who attended mass every sunday . [ sep ] gustav
schwarzenegger was born in thal , a village bordering the city of graz in styria , austria and christened arnold alois . his parents were gustav schwarzenegger ( august 17 , 1907 – december 13 , 1972 ) , and aurelia schwarzenegger ( nee jadrny ; july 29 , 1922 – august 2 , 1998 ) . gustav was the local chief of police , and had served in world war ii as a hauptfeldwebel after voluntarily joining the nazi party in 1938 , though he was discharged in 1943 following a bout of malaria . he married arnold ' s mother on october 20 , 1945 ; – he was 38 , and she was 23 years old . according to schwarzenegger , both of his parents were very strict : " back then in austria it was a very different world , if we did something bad or we disobeyed our parents , the rod was not spared . " he grew up in a roman catholic family who attended mass every sunday . [ sep ] chief of police
after a series of test transmissions and special broadcasts that began in august , regular bbc television broadcasts officially resumed on 1 october 1936 , from a converted wing of alexandra palace in london , which housed two studios , various scenery stores , make - up areas , dressing rooms , offices , and the transmitter itself , now broadcasting on the vhf band . bbc television initially used two systems , on alternate weeks : the 240 - line baird intermediate film system and the 405 - line marconi - emi system , each making the bbc the world ' s first regular high - definition television service , broadcasting monday to saturday from 15 : 00 to 16 : 00 and 21 : 00 to 22 : 00 . [ sep ] alexandra palace
after a series of test transmissions and special broadcasts that began in august , regular bbc television broadcasts officially resumed on 1 october 1936 , from a converted wing of alexandra palace in london , which housed two studios , various scenery stores , make - up areas , dressing rooms , offices , and the transmitter itself , now broadcasting on the vhf band . bbc television initially used two systems , on alternate weeks : the 240 - line baird intermediate film system and the 405 - line marconi - emi system , each making the bbc the world ' s first regular high - definition television service , broadcasting monday to saturday from 15 : 00 to 16 : 00 and 21 : 00 to 22 : 00 . [ sep ] vhf
after a series of test transmissions and special broadcasts that began in august , regular bbc television broadcasts officially resumed on 1 october 1936 , from a converted wing of alexandra palace in london , which housed two studios , various scenery stores , make - up areas , dressing rooms , offices , and the transmitter itself , now broadcasting on the vhf band . bbc television initially used two systems , on alternate weeks : the 240 - line baird intermediate film system and the 405 - line marconi - emi system , each making the bbc the world ' s first regular high - definition television service , broadcasting monday to saturday from 15 : 00 to 16 : 00 and 21 : 00 to 22 : 00 . [ sep ] 240
after a series of test transmissions and special broadcasts that began in august , regular bbc television broadcasts officially resumed on 1 october 1936 , from a converted wing of alexandra palace in london , which housed two studios , various scenery stores , make - up areas , dressing rooms , offices , and the transmitter itself , now broadcasting on the vhf band . bbc television initially used two systems , on alternate weeks : the 240 - line baird intermediate film system and the 405 - line marconi - emi system , each making the bbc the world ' s first regular high - definition television service , broadcasting monday to saturday from 15 : 00 to 16 : 00 and 21 : 00 to 22 : 00 . [ sep ] 405
after a series of test transmissions and special broadcasts that began in august , regular bbc television broadcasts officially resumed on 1 october 1936 , from a converted wing of alexandra palace in london , which housed two studios , various scenery stores , make - up areas , dressing rooms , offices , and the transmitter itself , now broadcasting on the vhf band . bbc television initially used two systems , on alternate weeks : the 240 - line baird intermediate film system and the 405 - line marconi - emi system , each making the bbc the world ' s first regular high - definition television service , broadcasting monday to saturday from 15 : 00 to 16 : 00 and 21 : 00 to 22 : 00 . [ sep ] monday to saturday
upper palaeolithic deposits , including bones of homo sapiens , have been found in local caves , and artefacts dating from the bronze age to the middle iron age have been found at mount batten showing that it was one of the main trading ports of the country at that time . an unidentified settlement named ' tamari ostia ' ( mouth / estuaries of the tamar ) is listed in ptolemy ' s geographia and is presumed to be located in the area of the modern city . [ sep ] tamari ostia
upper palaeolithic deposits , including bones of homo sapiens , have been found in local caves , and artefacts dating from the bronze age to the middle iron age have been found at mount batten showing that it was one of the main trading ports of the country at that time . an unidentified settlement named ' tamari ostia ' ( mouth / estuaries of the tamar ) is listed in ptolemy ' s geographia and is presumed to be located in the area of the modern city . [ sep ] mount batten
upper palaeolithic deposits , including bones of homo sapiens , have been found in local caves , and artefacts dating from the bronze age to the middle iron age have been found at mount batten showing that it was one of the main trading ports of the country at that time . an unidentified settlement named ' tamari ostia ' ( mouth / estuaries of the tamar ) is listed in ptolemy ' s geographia and is presumed to be located in the area of the modern city . [ sep ] mouth / estuaries of the tamar
the settlement of plympton , further up the river plym than the current plymouth , was also an early trading port , but the river silted up in the early 11th century and forced the mariners and merchants to settle at the current day barbican near the river mouth . at the time this village was called sutton , meaning south town in old english . the name plym mouth , meaning " mouth of the river plym " was first mentioned in a pipe roll of 1211 . the name plymouth first officially replaced sutton in a charter of king henry vi in 1440 . see plympton for the derivation of the name plym . [ sep ] 11th
the settlement of plympton , further up the river plym than the current plymouth , was also an early trading port , but the river silted up in the early 11th century and forced the mariners and merchants to settle at the current day barbican near the river mouth . at the time this village was called sutton , meaning south town in old english . the name plym mouth , meaning " mouth of the river plym " was first mentioned in a pipe roll of 1211 . the name plymouth first officially replaced sutton in a charter of king henry vi in 1440 . see plympton for the derivation of the name plym . [ sep ] south town
the settlement of plympton , further up the river plym than the current plymouth , was also an early trading port , but the river silted up in the early 11th century and forced the mariners and merchants to settle at the current day barbican near the river mouth . at the time this village was called sutton , meaning south town in old english . the name plym mouth , meaning " mouth of the river plym " was first mentioned in a pipe roll of 1211 . the name plymouth first officially replaced sutton in a charter of king henry vi in 1440 . see plympton for the derivation of the name plym . [ sep ] 1211
the settlement of plympton , further up the river plym than the current plymouth , was also an early trading port , but the river silted up in the early 11th century and forced the mariners and merchants to settle at the current day barbican near the river mouth . at the time this village was called sutton , meaning south town in old english . the name plym mouth , meaning " mouth of the river plym " was first mentioned in a pipe roll of 1211 . the name plymouth first officially replaced sutton in a charter of king henry vi in 1440 . see plympton for the derivation of the name plym . [ sep ] king henry vi
the settlement of plympton , further up the river plym than the current plymouth , was also an early trading port , but the river silted up in the early 11th century and forced the mariners and merchants to settle at the current day barbican near the river mouth . at the time this village was called sutton , meaning south town in old english . the name plym mouth , meaning " mouth of the river plym " was first mentioned in a pipe roll of 1211 . the name plymouth first officially replaced sutton in a charter of king henry vi in 1440 . see plympton for the derivation of the name plym . [ sep ] mouth of the river plym
during the hundred years ' war a french attack ( 1340 ) burned a manor house and took some prisoners , but failed to get into the town . in 1403 the town was burned by breton raiders . in the late fifteenth century a ' castle quadrate ' was constructed close to the area now known as the barbican ; it included four round towers , one at each corner , as featured on the city coat of arms . the castle served to protect sutton pool , which is where the fleet was based in plymouth prior to the establishment of plymouth dockyard . in 1512 an act of parliament was passed for further fortifying plymouth , and a series of fortifications were then built , including defensive walls at the entrance to sutton pool ( across which a chain would be extended in time of danger ) . defences on st nicholas island also date from this time , and a string of six artillery blockhouses were built , including one on fishers nose at the south - eastern corner of the hoe . this location was further strengthened by the building of a fort ( later known as drake ' s fort ) in 1596 , which itself went on to provide the site for the citadel , established in the 1660s ( see below ) . [ sep ] 1340
during the hundred years ' war a french attack ( 1340 ) burned a manor house and took some prisoners , but failed to get into the town . in 1403 the town was burned by breton raiders . in the late fifteenth century a ' castle quadrate ' was constructed close to the area now known as the barbican ; it included four round towers , one at each corner , as featured on the city coat of arms . the castle served to protect sutton pool , which is where the fleet was based in plymouth prior to the establishment of plymouth dockyard . in 1512 an act of parliament was passed for further fortifying plymouth , and a series of fortifications were then built , including defensive walls at the entrance to sutton pool ( across which a chain would be extended in time of danger ) . defences on st nicholas island also date from this time , and a string of six artillery blockhouses were built , including one on fishers nose at the south - eastern corner of the hoe . this location was further strengthened by the building of a fort ( later known as drake ' s fort ) in 1596 , which itself went on to provide the site for the citadel , established in the 1660s ( see below ) . [ sep ] breton raiders
during the hundred years ' war a french attack ( 1340 ) burned a manor house and took some prisoners , but failed to get into the town . in 1403 the town was burned by breton raiders . in the late fifteenth century a ' castle quadrate ' was constructed close to the area now known as the barbican ; it included four round towers , one at each corner , as featured on the city coat of arms . the castle served to protect sutton pool , which is where the fleet was based in plymouth prior to the establishment of plymouth dockyard . in 1512 an act of parliament was passed for further fortifying plymouth , and a series of fortifications were then built , including defensive walls at the entrance to sutton pool ( across which a chain would be extended in time of danger ) . defences on st nicholas island also date from this time , and a string of six artillery blockhouses were built , including one on fishers nose at the south - eastern corner of the hoe . this location was further strengthened by the building of a fort ( later known as drake ' s fort ) in 1596 , which itself went on to provide the site for the citadel , established in the 1660s ( see below ) . [ sep ] 1596
during the hundred years ' war a french attack ( 1340 ) burned a manor house and took some prisoners , but failed to get into the town . in 1403 the town was burned by breton raiders . in the late fifteenth century a ' castle quadrate ' was constructed close to the area now known as the barbican ; it included four round towers , one at each corner , as featured on the city coat of arms . the castle served to protect sutton pool , which is where the fleet was based in plymouth prior to the establishment of plymouth dockyard . in 1512 an act of parliament was passed for further fortifying plymouth , and a series of fortifications were then built , including defensive walls at the entrance to sutton pool ( across which a chain would be extended in time of danger ) . defences on st nicholas island also date from this time , and a string of six artillery blockhouses were built , including one on fishers nose at the south - eastern corner of the hoe . this location was further strengthened by the building of a fort ( later known as drake ' s fort ) in 1596 , which itself went on to provide the site for the citadel , established in the 1660s ( see below ) . [ sep ] sutton pool
during the hundred years ' war a french attack ( 1340 ) burned a manor house and took some prisoners , but failed to get into the town . in 1403 the town was burned by breton raiders . in the late fifteenth century a ' castle quadrate ' was constructed close to the area now known as the barbican ; it included four round towers , one at each corner , as featured on the city coat of arms . the castle served to protect sutton pool , which is where the fleet was based in plymouth prior to the establishment of plymouth dockyard . in 1512 an act of parliament was passed for further fortifying plymouth , and a series of fortifications were then built , including defensive walls at the entrance to sutton pool ( across which a chain would be extended in time of danger ) . defences on st nicholas island also date from this time , and a string of six artillery blockhouses were built , including one on fishers nose at the south - eastern corner of the hoe . this location was further strengthened by the building of a fort ( later known as drake ' s fort ) in 1596 , which itself went on to provide the site for the citadel , established in the 1660s ( see below ) . [ sep ] 1512
the two systems were to run on a trial basis for six months ; early television sets supported both resolutions . however , the baird system , which used a mechanical camera for filmed programming and farnsworth image dissector cameras for live programming , proved too cumbersome and visually inferior , and ended with closedown ( at 22 : 00 ) on saturday 13 february 1937 . [ sep ] six months
the two systems were to run on a trial basis for six months ; early television sets supported both resolutions . however , the baird system , which used a mechanical camera for filmed programming and farnsworth image dissector cameras for live programming , proved too cumbersome and visually inferior , and ended with closedown ( at 22 : 00 ) on saturday 13 february 1937 . [ sep ] farnsworth image dissector
the two systems were to run on a trial basis for six months ; early television sets supported both resolutions . however , the baird system , which used a mechanical camera for filmed programming and farnsworth image dissector cameras for live programming , proved too cumbersome and visually inferior , and ended with closedown ( at 22 : 00 ) on saturday 13 february 1937 . [ sep ] 13 february 1937
initially , the station ' s range was officially a 40 kilometres radius of the alexandra palace transmitter — in practice , however , transmissions could be picked up a good deal further away , and on one occasion in 1938 were picked up by engineers at rca in new york , who were experimenting with a british television set . [ sep ] 40 kilometres
initially , the station ' s range was officially a 40 kilometres radius of the alexandra palace transmitter — in practice , however , transmissions could be picked up a good deal further away , and on one occasion in 1938 were picked up by engineers at rca in new york , who were experimenting with a british television set . [ sep ] 1938
initially , the station ' s range was officially a 40 kilometres radius of the alexandra palace transmitter — in practice , however , transmissions could be picked up a good deal further away , and on one occasion in 1938 were picked up by engineers at rca in new york , who were experimenting with a british television set . [ sep ] rca
initially , the station ' s range was officially a 40 kilometres radius of the alexandra palace transmitter — in practice , however , transmissions could be picked up a good deal further away , and on one occasion in 1938 were picked up by engineers at rca in new york , who were experimenting with a british television set . [ sep ] a british television set
during the 16th century locally produced wool was the major export commodity . plymouth was the home port for successful maritime traders , among them sir john hawkins , who led england ' s first foray into the atlantic slave trade , as well as sir francis drake , mayor of plymouth in 1581 and 1593 . according to legend , drake insisted on completing his game of bowls on the hoe before engaging the spanish armada in 1588 . in 1620 the pilgrim fathers set sail for the new world from plymouth , establishing plymouth colony – the second english colony in what is now the united states of america . [ sep ] sir john hawkins
during the 16th century locally produced wool was the major export commodity . plymouth was the home port for successful maritime traders , among them sir john hawkins , who led england ' s first foray into the atlantic slave trade , as well as sir francis drake , mayor of plymouth in 1581 and 1593 . according to legend , drake insisted on completing his game of bowls on the hoe before engaging the spanish armada in 1588 . in 1620 the pilgrim fathers set sail for the new world from plymouth , establishing plymouth colony – the second english colony in what is now the united states of america . [ sep ] sir francis drake
during the 16th century locally produced wool was the major export commodity . plymouth was the home port for successful maritime traders , among them sir john hawkins , who led england ' s first foray into the atlantic slave trade , as well as sir francis drake , mayor of plymouth in 1581 and 1593 . according to legend , drake insisted on completing his game of bowls on the hoe before engaging the spanish armada in 1588 . in 1620 the pilgrim fathers set sail for the new world from plymouth , establishing plymouth colony – the second english colony in what is now the united states of america . [ sep ] 1588
during the 16th century locally produced wool was the major export commodity . plymouth was the home port for successful maritime traders , among them sir john hawkins , who led england ' s first foray into the atlantic slave trade , as well as sir francis drake , mayor of plymouth in 1581 and 1593 . according to legend , drake insisted on completing his game of bowls on the hoe before engaging the spanish armada in 1588 . in 1620 the pilgrim fathers set sail for the new world from plymouth , establishing plymouth colony – the second english colony in what is now the united states of america . [ sep ] 1620
during the 16th century locally produced wool was the major export commodity . plymouth was the home port for successful maritime traders , among them sir john hawkins , who led england ' s first foray into the atlantic slave trade , as well as sir francis drake , mayor of plymouth in 1581 and 1593 . according to legend , drake insisted on completing his game of bowls on the hoe before engaging the spanish armada in 1588 . in 1620 the pilgrim fathers set sail for the new world from plymouth , establishing plymouth colony – the second english colony in what is now the united states of america . [ sep ] plymouth colony
during the english civil war plymouth sided with the parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the royalists . the last major attack by the royalist was by sir richard grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards plymouth , but they were defeated by the plymothians at freedom fields park . the civil war ended as a parliamentary win , but monarchy was restored by king charles ii in 1660 , who imprisoned many of the parliamentary heroes on drake ' s island . construction of the royal citadel began in 1665 , after the restoration ; it was armed with cannon facing both out to sea and into the town , rumoured to be a reminder to residents not to oppose the crown . mount batten tower also dates from around this time . [ sep ] parliamentarians
during the english civil war plymouth sided with the parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the royalists . the last major attack by the royalist was by sir richard grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards plymouth , but they were defeated by the plymothians at freedom fields park . the civil war ended as a parliamentary win , but monarchy was restored by king charles ii in 1660 , who imprisoned many of the parliamentary heroes on drake ' s island . construction of the royal citadel began in 1665 , after the restoration ; it was armed with cannon facing both out to sea and into the town , rumoured to be a reminder to residents not to oppose the crown . mount batten tower also dates from around this time . [ sep ] four
during the english civil war plymouth sided with the parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the royalists . the last major attack by the royalist was by sir richard grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards plymouth , but they were defeated by the plymothians at freedom fields park . the civil war ended as a parliamentary win , but monarchy was restored by king charles ii in 1660 , who imprisoned many of the parliamentary heroes on drake ' s island . construction of the royal citadel began in 1665 , after the restoration ; it was armed with cannon facing both out to sea and into the town , rumoured to be a reminder to residents not to oppose the crown . mount batten tower also dates from around this time . [ sep ] freedom fields park
during the english civil war plymouth sided with the parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the royalists . the last major attack by the royalist was by sir richard grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards plymouth , but they were defeated by the plymothians at freedom fields park . the civil war ended as a parliamentary win , but monarchy was restored by king charles ii in 1660 , who imprisoned many of the parliamentary heroes on drake ' s island . construction of the royal citadel began in 1665 , after the restoration ; it was armed with cannon facing both out to sea and into the town , rumoured to be a reminder to residents not to oppose the crown . mount batten tower also dates from around this time . [ sep ] 1660
during the english civil war plymouth sided with the parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the royalists . the last major attack by the royalist was by sir richard grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards plymouth , but they were defeated by the plymothians at freedom fields park . the civil war ended as a parliamentary win , but monarchy was restored by king charles ii in 1660 , who imprisoned many of the parliamentary heroes on drake ' s island . construction of the royal citadel began in 1665 , after the restoration ; it was armed with cannon facing both out to sea and into the town , rumoured to be a reminder to residents not to oppose the crown . mount batten tower also dates from around this time . [ sep ] drake ' s island
throughout the 17th century plymouth had gradually lost its pre - eminence as a trading port . by the mid - 17th century commodities manufactured elsewhere in england cost too much to transport to plymouth and the city had no means of processing sugar or tobacco imports , although it did play a relatively small part in the atlantic slave trade during the early 18th century . [ sep ] 18th
throughout the 17th century plymouth had gradually lost its pre - eminence as a trading port . by the mid - 17th century commodities manufactured elsewhere in england cost too much to transport to plymouth and the city had no means of processing sugar or tobacco imports , although it did play a relatively small part in the atlantic slave trade during the early 18th century . [ sep ] 17th
in the nearby parish of stoke damerel the first dockyard , hmnb devonport , opened in 1690 on the eastern bank of the river tamar . further docks were built here in 1727 , 1762 and 1793 . the settlement that developed here was called " dock " or " plymouth dock " at the time , and a new town , separate from plymouth , grew up . in 1712 there were 318 men employed and by 1733 it had grown to a population of 3 , 000 people . [ sep ] 1690
in the nearby parish of stoke damerel the first dockyard , hmnb devonport , opened in 1690 on the eastern bank of the river tamar . further docks were built here in 1727 , 1762 and 1793 . the settlement that developed here was called " dock " or " plymouth dock " at the time , and a new town , separate from plymouth , grew up . in 1712 there were 318 men employed and by 1733 it had grown to a population of 3 , 000 people . [ sep ] river tamar
in the nearby parish of stoke damerel the first dockyard , hmnb devonport , opened in 1690 on the eastern bank of the river tamar . further docks were built here in 1727 , 1762 and 1793 . the settlement that developed here was called " dock " or " plymouth dock " at the time , and a new town , separate from plymouth , grew up . in 1712 there were 318 men employed and by 1733 it had grown to a population of 3 , 000 people . [ sep ] 318
in the nearby parish of stoke damerel the first dockyard , hmnb devonport , opened in 1690 on the eastern bank of the river tamar . further docks were built here in 1727 , 1762 and 1793 . the settlement that developed here was called " dock " or " plymouth dock " at the time , and a new town , separate from plymouth , grew up . in 1712 there were 318 men employed and by 1733 it had grown to a population of 3 , 000 people . [ sep ] 3 , 000
in the nearby parish of stoke damerel the first dockyard , hmnb devonport , opened in 1690 on the eastern bank of the river tamar . further docks were built here in 1727 , 1762 and 1793 . the settlement that developed here was called " dock " or " plymouth dock " at the time , and a new town , separate from plymouth , grew up . in 1712 there were 318 men employed and by 1733 it had grown to a population of 3 , 000 people . [ sep ] stoke damerel
before the latter half of the 18th century , grain , timber and then coal were plymouth ' s main imports . during this time the real source of wealth was from the neighbouring town of plymouth dock ( renamed in 1824 to devonport ) and the major employer in the entire region was the dockyard . the three towns conurbation of plymouth , stonehouse and devonport enjoyed some prosperity during the late 18th and early 19th century and were enriched by a series of neo - classical urban developments designed by london architect john foulston . foulston was important for both devonport and plymouth and was responsible for several grand public buildings , many now destroyed , including the athenaeum , the theatre royal and royal hotel , and much of union street . [ sep ] timber
before the latter half of the 18th century , grain , timber and then coal were plymouth ' s main imports . during this time the real source of wealth was from the neighbouring town of plymouth dock ( renamed in 1824 to devonport ) and the major employer in the entire region was the dockyard . the three towns conurbation of plymouth , stonehouse and devonport enjoyed some prosperity during the late 18th and early 19th century and were enriched by a series of neo - classical urban developments designed by london architect john foulston . foulston was important for both devonport and plymouth and was responsible for several grand public buildings , many now destroyed , including the athenaeum , the theatre royal and royal hotel , and much of union street . [ sep ] devonport
before the latter half of the 18th century , grain , timber and then coal were plymouth ' s main imports . during this time the real source of wealth was from the neighbouring town of plymouth dock ( renamed in 1824 to devonport ) and the major employer in the entire region was the dockyard . the three towns conurbation of plymouth , stonehouse and devonport enjoyed some prosperity during the late 18th and early 19th century and were enriched by a series of neo - classical urban developments designed by london architect john foulston . foulston was important for both devonport and plymouth and was responsible for several grand public buildings , many now destroyed , including the athenaeum , the theatre royal and royal hotel , and much of union street . [ sep ] stonehouse
before the latter half of the 18th century , grain , timber and then coal were plymouth ' s main imports . during this time the real source of wealth was from the neighbouring town of plymouth dock ( renamed in 1824 to devonport ) and the major employer in the entire region was the dockyard . the three towns conurbation of plymouth , stonehouse and devonport enjoyed some prosperity during the late 18th and early 19th century and were enriched by a series of neo - classical urban developments designed by london architect john foulston . foulston was important for both devonport and plymouth and was responsible for several grand public buildings , many now destroyed , including the athenaeum , the theatre royal and royal hotel , and much of union street . [ sep ] john foulston
before the latter half of the 18th century , grain , timber and then coal were plymouth ' s main imports . during this time the real source of wealth was from the neighbouring town of plymouth dock ( renamed in 1824 to devonport ) and the major employer in the entire region was the dockyard . the three towns conurbation of plymouth , stonehouse and devonport enjoyed some prosperity during the late 18th and early 19th century and were enriched by a series of neo - classical urban developments designed by london architect john foulston . foulston was important for both devonport and plymouth and was responsible for several grand public buildings , many now destroyed , including the athenaeum , the theatre royal and royal hotel , and much of union street . [ sep ] union street
gustav had a preference for his elder son , meinhard ( july 17 , 1946 – may 20 , 1971 ) , over arnold . his favoritism was " strong and blatant , " which stemmed from unfounded suspicion that arnold was not his biological child . schwarzenegger has said his father had " no patience for listening or understanding your problems . " schwarzenegger had a good relationship with his mother and kept in touch with her until her death . in later life , schwarzenegger commissioned the simon wiesenthal center to research his father ' s wartime record , which came up with no evidence of gustav ' s being involved in atrocities , despite gustav ' s membership in the nazi party and sa . schwarzenegger ' s father ' s background received wide press attention during the 2003 california recall campaign . at school , schwarzenegger was apparently in the middle but stood out for his " cheerful , good - humored and exuberant " character . money was a problem in their household ; schwarzenegger recalled that one of the highlights of his youth was when the family bought a refrigerator . [ sep ] meinhard
gustav had a preference for his elder son , meinhard ( july 17 , 1946 – may 20 , 1971 ) , over arnold . his favoritism was " strong and blatant , " which stemmed from unfounded suspicion that arnold was not his biological child . schwarzenegger has said his father had " no patience for listening or understanding your problems . " schwarzenegger had a good relationship with his mother and kept in touch with her until her death . in later life , schwarzenegger commissioned the simon wiesenthal center to research his father ' s wartime record , which came up with no evidence of gustav ' s being involved in atrocities , despite gustav ' s membership in the nazi party and sa . schwarzenegger ' s father ' s background received wide press attention during the 2003 california recall campaign . at school , schwarzenegger was apparently in the middle but stood out for his " cheerful , good - humored and exuberant " character . money was a problem in their household ; schwarzenegger recalled that one of the highlights of his youth was when the family bought a refrigerator . [ sep ] refrigerator
as a boy , schwarzenegger played several sports , heavily influenced by his father . he picked up his first barbell in 1960 , when his soccer coach took his team to a local gym . at the age of 14 , he chose bodybuilding over soccer as a career . schwarzenegger has responded to a question asking if he was 13 when he started weightlifting : " i actually started weight training when i was 15 , but i ' d been participating in sports , like soccer , for years , so i felt that although i was slim , i was well - developed , at least enough so that i could start going to the gym and start olympic lifting . " however , his official website biography claims : " at 14 , he started an intensive training program with dan farmer , studied psychology at 15 ( to learn more about the power of mind over body ) and at 17 , officially started his competitive career . " during a speech in 2001 , he said , " my own plan formed when i was 14 years old . my father had wanted me to be a police officer like he was . my mother wanted me to go to trade school . " schwarzenegger took to visiting a gym in graz , where he also frequented the local movie theaters to see bodybuilding idols such as reg park , steve reeves , and johnny weissmuller on the big screen . when reeves died in 2000 , schwarzenegger fondly remembered him : " as a teenager , i grew up with steve reeves . his remarkable accomplishments allowed me a sense of what was possible , when others around me didn ' t always understand my dreams . steve reeves has been part of everything i ' ve ever been fortunate enough to achieve . " in 1961 , schwarzenegger met former mr . austria kurt marnul , who invited him to train at the gym in graz . he was so dedicated as a youngster that he broke into the local gym on weekends , when it was usually closed , so that he could train . " it would make me sick to miss a workout . . . i knew i couldn ' t look at myself in the mirror the next morning if i didn ' t do it . " when schwarzenegger was asked about his first movie experience as a boy , he replied : " i was very young , but i remember my father taking me to the austrian theaters and seeing some newsreels . the first real movie i saw , that i distinctly remember , was a john wayne movie . " [ sep ] soccer
as a boy , schwarzenegger played several sports , heavily influenced by his father . he picked up his first barbell in 1960 , when his soccer coach took his team to a local gym . at the age of 14 , he chose bodybuilding over soccer as a career . schwarzenegger has responded to a question asking if he was 13 when he started weightlifting : " i actually started weight training when i was 15 , but i ' d been participating in sports , like soccer , for years , so i felt that although i was slim , i was well - developed , at least enough so that i could start going to the gym and start olympic lifting . " however , his official website biography claims : " at 14 , he started an intensive training program with dan farmer , studied psychology at 15 ( to learn more about the power of mind over body ) and at 17 , officially started his competitive career . " during a speech in 2001 , he said , " my own plan formed when i was 14 years old . my father had wanted me to be a police officer like he was . my mother wanted me to go to trade school . " schwarzenegger took to visiting a gym in graz , where he also frequented the local movie theaters to see bodybuilding idols such as reg park , steve reeves , and johnny weissmuller on the big screen . when reeves died in 2000 , schwarzenegger fondly remembered him : " as a teenager , i grew up with steve reeves . his remarkable accomplishments allowed me a sense of what was possible , when others around me didn ' t always understand my dreams . steve reeves has been part of everything i ' ve ever been fortunate enough to achieve . " in 1961 , schwarzenegger met former mr . austria kurt marnul , who invited him to train at the gym in graz . he was so dedicated as a youngster that he broke into the local gym on weekends , when it was usually closed , so that he could train . " it would make me sick to miss a workout . . . i knew i couldn ' t look at myself in the mirror the next morning if i didn ' t do it . " when schwarzenegger was asked about his first movie experience as a boy , he replied : " i was very young , but i remember my father taking me to the austrian theaters and seeing some newsreels . the first real movie i saw , that i distinctly remember , was a john wayne movie . " [ sep ] john wayne
as a boy , schwarzenegger played several sports , heavily influenced by his father . he picked up his first barbell in 1960 , when his soccer coach took his team to a local gym . at the age of 14 , he chose bodybuilding over soccer as a career . schwarzenegger has responded to a question asking if he was 13 when he started weightlifting : " i actually started weight training when i was 15 , but i ' d been participating in sports , like soccer , for years , so i felt that although i was slim , i was well - developed , at least enough so that i could start going to the gym and start olympic lifting . " however , his official website biography claims : " at 14 , he started an intensive training program with dan farmer , studied psychology at 15 ( to learn more about the power of mind over body ) and at 17 , officially started his competitive career . " during a speech in 2001 , he said , " my own plan formed when i was 14 years old . my father had wanted me to be a police officer like he was . my mother wanted me to go to trade school . " schwarzenegger took to visiting a gym in graz , where he also frequented the local movie theaters to see bodybuilding idols such as reg park , steve reeves , and johnny weissmuller on the big screen . when reeves died in 2000 , schwarzenegger fondly remembered him : " as a teenager , i grew up with steve reeves . his remarkable accomplishments allowed me a sense of what was possible , when others around me didn ' t always understand my dreams . steve reeves has been part of everything i ' ve ever been fortunate enough to achieve . " in 1961 , schwarzenegger met former mr . austria kurt marnul , who invited him to train at the gym in graz . he was so dedicated as a youngster that he broke into the local gym on weekends , when it was usually closed , so that he could train . " it would make me sick to miss a workout . . . i knew i couldn ' t look at myself in the mirror the next morning if i didn ' t do it . " when schwarzenegger was asked about his first movie experience as a boy , he replied : " i was very young , but i remember my father taking me to the austrian theaters and seeing some newsreels . the first real movie i saw , that i distinctly remember , was a john wayne movie . " [ sep ] police officer
as a boy , schwarzenegger played several sports , heavily influenced by his father . he picked up his first barbell in 1960 , when his soccer coach took his team to a local gym . at the age of 14 , he chose bodybuilding over soccer as a career . schwarzenegger has responded to a question asking if he was 13 when he started weightlifting : " i actually started weight training when i was 15 , but i ' d been participating in sports , like soccer , for years , so i felt that although i was slim , i was well - developed , at least enough so that i could start going to the gym and start olympic lifting . " however , his official website biography claims : " at 14 , he started an intensive training program with dan farmer , studied psychology at 15 ( to learn more about the power of mind over body ) and at 17 , officially started his competitive career . " during a speech in 2001 , he said , " my own plan formed when i was 14 years old . my father had wanted me to be a police officer like he was . my mother wanted me to go to trade school . " schwarzenegger took to visiting a gym in graz , where he also frequented the local movie theaters to see bodybuilding idols such as reg park , steve reeves , and johnny weissmuller on the big screen . when reeves died in 2000 , schwarzenegger fondly remembered him : " as a teenager , i grew up with steve reeves . his remarkable accomplishments allowed me a sense of what was possible , when others around me didn ' t always understand my dreams . steve reeves has been part of everything i ' ve ever been fortunate enough to achieve . " in 1961 , schwarzenegger met former mr . austria kurt marnul , who invited him to train at the gym in graz . he was so dedicated as a youngster that he broke into the local gym on weekends , when it was usually closed , so that he could train . " it would make me sick to miss a workout . . . i knew i couldn ' t look at myself in the mirror the next morning if i didn ' t do it . " when schwarzenegger was asked about his first movie experience as a boy , he replied : " i was very young , but i remember my father taking me to the austrian theaters and seeing some newsreels . the first real movie i saw , that i distinctly remember , was a john wayne movie . " [ sep ] steve reeves
on may 20 , 1971 , his brother , meinhard , died in a car accident . meinhard had been drinking and was killed instantly . schwarzenegger did not attend his funeral . meinhard was due to marry erika knapp , and the couple had a three - year - old son , patrick . schwarzenegger would pay for patrick ' s education and help him to emigrate to the united states . gustav died the following year from a stroke . in pumping iron , schwarzenegger claimed that he did not attend his father ' s funeral because he was training for a bodybuilding contest . later , he and the film ' s producer said this story was taken from another bodybuilder for the purpose of showing the extremes that some would go to for their sport and to make schwarzenegger ' s image more cold and machine - like in order to fan controversy for the film . barbara baker , his first serious girlfriend , has said he informed her of his father ' s death without emotion and that he never spoke of his brother . over time , he has given at least three versions of why he was absent from his father ' s funeral . [ sep ] 1971
on may 20 , 1971 , his brother , meinhard , died in a car accident . meinhard had been drinking and was killed instantly . schwarzenegger did not attend his funeral . meinhard was due to marry erika knapp , and the couple had a three - year - old son , patrick . schwarzenegger would pay for patrick ' s education and help him to emigrate to the united states . gustav died the following year from a stroke . in pumping iron , schwarzenegger claimed that he did not attend his father ' s funeral because he was training for a bodybuilding contest . later , he and the film ' s producer said this story was taken from another bodybuilder for the purpose of showing the extremes that some would go to for their sport and to make schwarzenegger ' s image more cold and machine - like in order to fan controversy for the film . barbara baker , his first serious girlfriend , has said he informed her of his father ' s death without emotion and that he never spoke of his brother . over time , he has given at least three versions of why he was absent from his father ' s funeral . [ sep ] patrick
on may 20 , 1971 , his brother , meinhard , died in a car accident . meinhard had been drinking and was killed instantly . schwarzenegger did not attend his funeral . meinhard was due to marry erika knapp , and the couple had a three - year - old son , patrick . schwarzenegger would pay for patrick ' s education and help him to emigrate to the united states . gustav died the following year from a stroke . in pumping iron , schwarzenegger claimed that he did not attend his father ' s funeral because he was training for a bodybuilding contest . later , he and the film ' s producer said this story was taken from another bodybuilder for the purpose of showing the extremes that some would go to for their sport and to make schwarzenegger ' s image more cold and machine - like in order to fan controversy for the film . barbara baker , his first serious girlfriend , has said he informed her of his father ' s death without emotion and that he never spoke of his brother . over time , he has given at least three versions of why he was absent from his father ' s funeral . [ sep ] stroke
on may 20 , 1971 , his brother , meinhard , died in a car accident . meinhard had been drinking and was killed instantly . schwarzenegger did not attend his funeral . meinhard was due to marry erika knapp , and the couple had a three - year - old son , patrick . schwarzenegger would pay for patrick ' s education and help him to emigrate to the united states . gustav died the following year from a stroke . in pumping iron , schwarzenegger claimed that he did not attend his father ' s funeral because he was training for a bodybuilding contest . later , he and the film ' s producer said this story was taken from another bodybuilder for the purpose of showing the extremes that some would go to for their sport and to make schwarzenegger ' s image more cold and machine - like in order to fan controversy for the film . barbara baker , his first serious girlfriend , has said he informed her of his father ' s death without emotion and that he never spoke of his brother . over time , he has given at least three versions of why he was absent from his father ' s funeral . [ sep ] barbara baker
in an interview with fortune in 2004 , schwarzenegger told how he suffered what " would now be called child abuse " at the hands of his father : " my hair was pulled . i was hit with belts . so was the kid next door . it was just the way it was . many of the children i ' ve seen were broken by their parents , which was the german - austrian mentality . they didn ' t want to create an individual . it was all about conforming . i was one who did not conform , and whose will could not be broken . therefore , i became a rebel . every time i got hit , and every time someone said , ' you can ' t do this , ' i said , ' this is not going to be for much longer , because i ' m going to move out of here . i want to be rich . i want to be somebody . ' " [ sep ] fortune
schwarzenegger served in the austrian army in 1965 to fulfill the one year of service required at the time of all 18 - year - old austrian males . during his army service , he won the junior mr . europe contest . he went awol during basic training so he could take part in the competition and spent a week in military prison : " participating in the competition meant so much to me that i didn ' t carefully think through the consequences . " he won another bodybuilding contest in graz , at steirer hof hotel ( where he had placed second ) . he was voted best built man of europe , which made him famous . " the mr . universe title was my ticket to america – the land of opportunity , where i could become a star and get rich . " schwarzenegger made his first plane trip in 1966 , attending the nabba mr . universe competition in london . he would come in second in the mr . universe competition , not having the muscle definition of american winner chester yorton . [ sep ] mr . universe
schwarzenegger served in the austrian army in 1965 to fulfill the one year of service required at the time of all 18 - year - old austrian males . during his army service , he won the junior mr . europe contest . he went awol during basic training so he could take part in the competition and spent a week in military prison : " participating in the competition meant so much to me that i didn ' t carefully think through the consequences . " he won another bodybuilding contest in graz , at steirer hof hotel ( where he had placed second ) . he was voted best built man of europe , which made him famous . " the mr . universe title was my ticket to america – the land of opportunity , where i could become a star and get rich . " schwarzenegger made his first plane trip in 1966 , attending the nabba mr . universe competition in london . he would come in second in the mr . universe competition , not having the muscle definition of american winner chester yorton . [ sep ] junior mr . europe
schwarzenegger served in the austrian army in 1965 to fulfill the one year of service required at the time of all 18 - year - old austrian males . during his army service , he won the junior mr . europe contest . he went awol during basic training so he could take part in the competition and spent a week in military prison : " participating in the competition meant so much to me that i didn ' t carefully think through the consequences . " he won another bodybuilding contest in graz , at steirer hof hotel ( where he had placed second ) . he was voted best built man of europe , which made him famous . " the mr . universe title was my ticket to america – the land of opportunity , where i could become a star and get rich . " schwarzenegger made his first plane trip in 1966 , attending the nabba mr . universe competition in london . he would come in second in the mr . universe competition , not having the muscle definition of american winner chester yorton . [ sep ] 1966
schwarzenegger served in the austrian army in 1965 to fulfill the one year of service required at the time of all 18 - year - old austrian males . during his army service , he won the junior mr . europe contest . he went awol during basic training so he could take part in the competition and spent a week in military prison : " participating in the competition meant so much to me that i didn ' t carefully think through the consequences . " he won another bodybuilding contest in graz , at steirer hof hotel ( where he had placed second ) . he was voted best built man of europe , which made him famous . " the mr . universe title was my ticket to america – the land of opportunity , where i could become a star and get rich . " schwarzenegger made his first plane trip in 1966 , attending the nabba mr . universe competition in london . he would come in second in the mr . universe competition , not having the muscle definition of american winner chester yorton . [ sep ] london
charles " wag " bennett , one of the judges at the 1966 competition , was impressed with schwarzenegger and he offered to coach him . as schwarzenegger had little money , bennett invited him to stay in his crowded family home above one of his two gyms in forest gate , london , england . yorton ' s leg definition had been judged superior , and schwarzenegger , under a training program devised by bennett , concentrated on improving the muscle definition and power in his legs . staying in the east end of london helped schwarzenegger improve his rudimentary grasp of the english language . also in 1966 , schwarzenegger had the opportunity to meet childhood idol reg park , who became his friend and mentor . the training paid off and , in 1967 , schwarzenegger won the title for the first time , becoming the youngest ever mr . universe at the age of 20 . he would go on to win the title a further three times . schwarzenegger then flew back to munich , training for four to six hours daily , attending business school and working in a health club ( rolf putziger ' s gym where he worked and trained from 1966 – 1968 ) , returning in 1968 to london to win his next mr . universe title . he frequently told roger c . field , his english coach and friend in munich at that time , " i ' m going to become the greatest actor ! " [ sep ] reg park
charles " wag " bennett , one of the judges at the 1966 competition , was impressed with schwarzenegger and he offered to coach him . as schwarzenegger had little money , bennett invited him to stay in his crowded family home above one of his two gyms in forest gate , london , england . yorton ' s leg definition had been judged superior , and schwarzenegger , under a training program devised by bennett , concentrated on improving the muscle definition and power in his legs . staying in the east end of london helped schwarzenegger improve his rudimentary grasp of the english language . also in 1966 , schwarzenegger had the opportunity to meet childhood idol reg park , who became his friend and mentor . the training paid off and , in 1967 , schwarzenegger won the title for the first time , becoming the youngest ever mr . universe at the age of 20 . he would go on to win the title a further three times . schwarzenegger then flew back to munich , training for four to six hours daily , attending business school and working in a health club ( rolf putziger ' s gym where he worked and trained from 1966 – 1968 ) , returning in 1968 to london to win his next mr . universe title . he frequently told roger c . field , his english coach and friend in munich at that time , " i ' m going to become the greatest actor ! " [ sep ] legs
charles " wag " bennett , one of the judges at the 1966 competition , was impressed with schwarzenegger and he offered to coach him . as schwarzenegger had little money , bennett invited him to stay in his crowded family home above one of his two gyms in forest gate , london , england . yorton ' s leg definition had been judged superior , and schwarzenegger , under a training program devised by bennett , concentrated on improving the muscle definition and power in his legs . staying in the east end of london helped schwarzenegger improve his rudimentary grasp of the english language . also in 1966 , schwarzenegger had the opportunity to meet childhood idol reg park , who became his friend and mentor . the training paid off and , in 1967 , schwarzenegger won the title for the first time , becoming the youngest ever mr . universe at the age of 20 . he would go on to win the title a further three times . schwarzenegger then flew back to munich , training for four to six hours daily , attending business school and working in a health club ( rolf putziger ' s gym where he worked and trained from 1966 – 1968 ) , returning in 1968 to london to win his next mr . universe title . he frequently told roger c . field , his english coach and friend in munich at that time , " i ' m going to become the greatest actor ! " [ sep ] four
charles " wag " bennett , one of the judges at the 1966 competition , was impressed with schwarzenegger and he offered to coach him . as schwarzenegger had little money , bennett invited him to stay in his crowded family home above one of his two gyms in forest gate , london , england . yorton ' s leg definition had been judged superior , and schwarzenegger , under a training program devised by bennett , concentrated on improving the muscle definition and power in his legs . staying in the east end of london helped schwarzenegger improve his rudimentary grasp of the english language . also in 1966 , schwarzenegger had the opportunity to meet childhood idol reg park , who became his friend and mentor . the training paid off and , in 1967 , schwarzenegger won the title for the first time , becoming the youngest ever mr . universe at the age of 20 . he would go on to win the title a further three times . schwarzenegger then flew back to munich , training for four to six hours daily , attending business school and working in a health club ( rolf putziger ' s gym where he worked and trained from 1966 – 1968 ) , returning in 1968 to london to win his next mr . universe title . he frequently told roger c . field , his english coach and friend in munich at that time , " i ' m going to become the greatest actor ! " [ sep ] rolf putziger
schwarzenegger , who dreamed of moving to the u . s . since the age of 10 , and saw bodybuilding as the avenue through which to do so , realized his dream by moving to the united states in september 1968 at the age of 21 , speaking little english . there he trained at gold ' s gym in venice , los angeles , california , under joe weider . from 1970 to 1974 , one of schwarzenegger ' s weight training partners was ric drasin , a professional wrestler who designed the original gold ' s gym logo in 1973 . schwarzenegger also became good friends with professional wrestler superstar billy graham . in 1970 , at age 23 , he captured his first mr . olympia title in new york , and would go on to win the title a total of seven times . [ sep ] 10
schwarzenegger , who dreamed of moving to the u . s . since the age of 10 , and saw bodybuilding as the avenue through which to do so , realized his dream by moving to the united states in september 1968 at the age of 21 , speaking little english . there he trained at gold ' s gym in venice , los angeles , california , under joe weider . from 1970 to 1974 , one of schwarzenegger ' s weight training partners was ric drasin , a professional wrestler who designed the original gold ' s gym logo in 1973 . schwarzenegger also became good friends with professional wrestler superstar billy graham . in 1970 , at age 23 , he captured his first mr . olympia title in new york , and would go on to win the title a total of seven times . [ sep ] 21
schwarzenegger , who dreamed of moving to the u . s . since the age of 10 , and saw bodybuilding as the avenue through which to do so , realized his dream by moving to the united states in september 1968 at the age of 21 , speaking little english . there he trained at gold ' s gym in venice , los angeles , california , under joe weider . from 1970 to 1974 , one of schwarzenegger ' s weight training partners was ric drasin , a professional wrestler who designed the original gold ' s gym logo in 1973 . schwarzenegger also became good friends with professional wrestler superstar billy graham . in 1970 , at age 23 , he captured his first mr . olympia title in new york , and would go on to win the title a total of seven times . [ sep ] new york
schwarzenegger , who dreamed of moving to the u . s . since the age of 10 , and saw bodybuilding as the avenue through which to do so , realized his dream by moving to the united states in september 1968 at the age of 21 , speaking little english . there he trained at gold ' s gym in venice , los angeles , california , under joe weider . from 1970 to 1974 , one of schwarzenegger ' s weight training partners was ric drasin , a professional wrestler who designed the original gold ' s gym logo in 1973 . schwarzenegger also became good friends with professional wrestler superstar billy graham . in 1970 , at age 23 , he captured his first mr . olympia title in new york , and would go on to win the title a total of seven times . [ sep ] ric drasin
immigration law firm siskind & susser have stated that schwarzenegger may have been an illegal immigrant at some point in the late 1960s or early 1970s because of violations in the terms of his visa . la weekly would later say in 2002 that schwarzenegger is the most famous immigrant in america , who " overcame a thick austrian accent and transcended the unlikely background of bodybuilding to become the biggest movie star in the world in the 1990s " . [ sep ] la weekly
in 1977 , schwarzenegger ' s autobiography / weight - training guide arnold : the education of a bodybuilder was published and became a huge success . after taking english classes at santa monica college in california , he earned a ba by correspondence from the university of wisconsin – superior , where he graduated with a degree in international marketing of fitness and business administration in 1979 . [ sep ] arnold : the education of a bodybuilder
in 1977 , schwarzenegger ' s autobiography / weight - training guide arnold : the education of a bodybuilder was published and became a huge success . after taking english classes at santa monica college in california , he earned a ba by correspondence from the university of wisconsin – superior , where he graduated with a degree in international marketing of fitness and business administration in 1979 . [ sep ] santa monica college
he tells that during this time he ran into a friend who told him that he was teaching transcendental meditation ( tm ) , which prompted schwarzenegger to reveal he had been struggling with anxiety for the first time in his life : " even today , i still benefit from [ the year of tm ] because i don ' t merge and bring things together and see everything as one big problem . " [ sep ] transcendental meditation
he tells that during this time he ran into a friend who told him that he was teaching transcendental meditation ( tm ) , which prompted schwarzenegger to reveal he had been struggling with anxiety for the first time in his life : " even today , i still benefit from [ the year of tm ] because i don ' t merge and bring things together and see everything as one big problem . " [ sep ] anxiety
schwarzenegger is considered among the most important figures in the history of bodybuilding , and his legacy is commemorated in the arnold classic annual bodybuilding competition . schwarzenegger has remained a prominent face in the bodybuilding sport long after his retirement , in part because of his ownership of gyms and fitness magazines . he has presided over numerous contests and awards shows . [ sep ] the arnold classic
mechanically scanned , 30 - line television broadcasts by john logie baird began in 1929 , using the bbc transmitter in london , and by 1930 a regular schedule of programmes was transmitted from the bbc antenna in brookmans park . television production was switched from baird ' s company to what is now known as bbc one on 2 august 1932 , and continued until september 1935 . regularly scheduled electronically scanned television began from alexandra palace in london on 2 november 1936 , to just a few hundred viewers in the immediate area . the first programme broadcast – and thus the first ever , on a dedicated tv channel – was " opening of the bbc television service " at 15 : 00 . the first major outside broadcast was the coronation of king george vi and queen elizabeth in may 1937 . the service was reaching an estimated 25 , 000 – 40 , 000 homes before the outbreak of world war ii which caused the service to be suspended in september 1939 . the vhf broadcasts would have provided an ideal radio beacon for german bombers homing in on london , and the engineers and technicians of the service would be needed for the war effort , in particular the radar programme . [ sep ] brookmans park
mechanically scanned , 30 - line television broadcasts by john logie baird began in 1929 , using the bbc transmitter in london , and by 1930 a regular schedule of programmes was transmitted from the bbc antenna in brookmans park . television production was switched from baird ' s company to what is now known as bbc one on 2 august 1932 , and continued until september 1935 . regularly scheduled electronically scanned television began from alexandra palace in london on 2 november 1936 , to just a few hundred viewers in the immediate area . the first programme broadcast – and thus the first ever , on a dedicated tv channel – was " opening of the bbc television service " at 15 : 00 . the first major outside broadcast was the coronation of king george vi and queen elizabeth in may 1937 . the service was reaching an estimated 25 , 000 – 40 , 000 homes before the outbreak of world war ii which caused the service to be suspended in september 1939 . the vhf broadcasts would have provided an ideal radio beacon for german bombers homing in on london , and the engineers and technicians of the service would be needed for the war effort , in particular the radar programme . [ sep ] 2 august 1932
mechanically scanned , 30 - line television broadcasts by john logie baird began in 1929 , using the bbc transmitter in london , and by 1930 a regular schedule of programmes was transmitted from the bbc antenna in brookmans park . television production was switched from baird ' s company to what is now known as bbc one on 2 august 1932 , and continued until september 1935 . regularly scheduled electronically scanned television began from alexandra palace in london on 2 november 1936 , to just a few hundred viewers in the immediate area . the first programme broadcast – and thus the first ever , on a dedicated tv channel – was " opening of the bbc television service " at 15 : 00 . the first major outside broadcast was the coronation of king george vi and queen elizabeth in may 1937 . the service was reaching an estimated 25 , 000 – 40 , 000 homes before the outbreak of world war ii which caused the service to be suspended in september 1939 . the vhf broadcasts would have provided an ideal radio beacon for german bombers homing in on london , and the engineers and technicians of the service would be needed for the war effort , in particular the radar programme . [ sep ] opening of the bbc television service
mechanically scanned , 30 - line television broadcasts by john logie baird began in 1929 , using the bbc transmitter in london , and by 1930 a regular schedule of programmes was transmitted from the bbc antenna in brookmans park . television production was switched from baird ' s company to what is now known as bbc one on 2 august 1932 , and continued until september 1935 . regularly scheduled electronically scanned television began from alexandra palace in london on 2 november 1936 , to just a few hundred viewers in the immediate area . the first programme broadcast – and thus the first ever , on a dedicated tv channel – was " opening of the bbc television service " at 15 : 00 . the first major outside broadcast was the coronation of king george vi and queen elizabeth in may 1937 . the service was reaching an estimated 25 , 000 – 40 , 000 homes before the outbreak of world war ii which caused the service to be suspended in september 1939 . the vhf broadcasts would have provided an ideal radio beacon for german bombers homing in on london , and the engineers and technicians of the service would be needed for the war effort , in particular the radar programme . [ sep ] king george vi and queen elizabeth
mechanically scanned , 30 - line television broadcasts by john logie baird began in 1929 , using the bbc transmitter in london , and by 1930 a regular schedule of programmes was transmitted from the bbc antenna in brookmans park . television production was switched from baird ' s company to what is now known as bbc one on 2 august 1932 , and continued until september 1935 . regularly scheduled electronically scanned television began from alexandra palace in london on 2 november 1936 , to just a few hundred viewers in the immediate area . the first programme broadcast – and thus the first ever , on a dedicated tv channel – was " opening of the bbc television service " at 15 : 00 . the first major outside broadcast was the coronation of king george vi and queen elizabeth in may 1937 . the service was reaching an estimated 25 , 000 – 40 , 000 homes before the outbreak of world war ii which caused the service to be suspended in september 1939 . the vhf broadcasts would have provided an ideal radio beacon for german bombers homing in on london , and the engineers and technicians of the service would be needed for the war effort , in particular the radar programme . [ sep ] september 1939
for many years , he wrote a monthly column for the bodybuilding magazines muscle & fitness and flex . shortly after being elected governor , he was appointed executive editor of both magazines , in a largely symbolic capacity . the magazines agreed to donate $ 250 , 000 a year to the governor ' s various physical fitness initiatives . when the deal , including the contract that gave schwarzenegger at least $ 1 million a year , was made public in 2005 , many criticized it as being a conflict of interest since the governor ' s office made decisions concerning regulation of dietary supplements in california . consequently , schwarzenegger relinquished the executive editor role in 2005 . american media inc . , which owns muscle & fitness and flex , announced in march 2013 that schwarzenegger had accepted their renewed offer to be executive editor of the magazines . [ sep ] monthly
for many years , he wrote a monthly column for the bodybuilding magazines muscle & fitness and flex . shortly after being elected governor , he was appointed executive editor of both magazines , in a largely symbolic capacity . the magazines agreed to donate $ 250 , 000 a year to the governor ' s various physical fitness initiatives . when the deal , including the contract that gave schwarzenegger at least $ 1 million a year , was made public in 2005 , many criticized it as being a conflict of interest since the governor ' s office made decisions concerning regulation of dietary supplements in california . consequently , schwarzenegger relinquished the executive editor role in 2005 . american media inc . , which owns muscle & fitness and flex , announced in march 2013 that schwarzenegger had accepted their renewed offer to be executive editor of the magazines . [ sep ] $ 250 , 000
for many years , he wrote a monthly column for the bodybuilding magazines muscle & fitness and flex . shortly after being elected governor , he was appointed executive editor of both magazines , in a largely symbolic capacity . the magazines agreed to donate $ 250 , 000 a year to the governor ' s various physical fitness initiatives . when the deal , including the contract that gave schwarzenegger at least $ 1 million a year , was made public in 2005 , many criticized it as being a conflict of interest since the governor ' s office made decisions concerning regulation of dietary supplements in california . consequently , schwarzenegger relinquished the executive editor role in 2005 . american media inc . , which owns muscle & fitness and flex , announced in march 2013 that schwarzenegger had accepted their renewed offer to be executive editor of the magazines . [ sep ] executive editor
on 1 september 1939 , two days before britain declared war on germany , the station was taken off air with little warning ; the government was concerned that the vhf transmissions would act as a beacon to enemy aircraft homing in on london . also , many of the television service ' s technical staff and engineers would be needed for the war effort , in particular on the radar programme . the last programme transmitted was a mickey mouse cartoon , mickey ' s gala premier ( 1933 ) , which was followed by test transmissions ; this account refuted the popular memory according to which broadcasting was suspended before the end of the cartoon . [ sep ] vhf transmissions
on 1 september 1939 , two days before britain declared war on germany , the station was taken off air with little warning ; the government was concerned that the vhf transmissions would act as a beacon to enemy aircraft homing in on london . also , many of the television service ' s technical staff and engineers would be needed for the war effort , in particular on the radar programme . the last programme transmitted was a mickey mouse cartoon , mickey ' s gala premier ( 1933 ) , which was followed by test transmissions ; this account refuted the popular memory according to which broadcasting was suspended before the end of the cartoon . [ sep ] the radar programme
on 1 september 1939 , two days before britain declared war on germany , the station was taken off air with little warning ; the government was concerned that the vhf transmissions would act as a beacon to enemy aircraft homing in on london . also , many of the television service ' s technical staff and engineers would be needed for the war effort , in particular on the radar programme . the last programme transmitted was a mickey mouse cartoon , mickey ' s gala premier ( 1933 ) , which was followed by test transmissions ; this account refuted the popular memory according to which broadcasting was suspended before the end of the cartoon . [ sep ] mickey ' s gala premier
on 1 september 1939 , two days before britain declared war on germany , the station was taken off air with little warning ; the government was concerned that the vhf transmissions would act as a beacon to enemy aircraft homing in on london . also , many of the television service ' s technical staff and engineers would be needed for the war effort , in particular on the radar programme . the last programme transmitted was a mickey mouse cartoon , mickey ' s gala premier ( 1933 ) , which was followed by test transmissions ; this account refuted the popular memory according to which broadcasting was suspended before the end of the cartoon . [ sep ] before the end of the cartoon
according to figures from britain ' s radio manufacturers association , 18 , 999 television sets had been manufactured from 1936 to september 1939 , when production was halted by the war . [ sep ] 18 , 999
bbc television returned on 7 june 1946 at 15 : 00 . jasmine bligh , one of the original announcers , made the first announcement , saying , ' good afternoon everybody . how are you ? do you remember me , jasmine bligh ? ' . the mickey mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later . [ unreliable source ? ] alexandra palace was the home base of the channel until the early 1950s when the majority of production moved into the newly acquired lime grove studios . [ original research ? ] [ sep ] jasmine bligh
bbc television returned on 7 june 1946 at 15 : 00 . jasmine bligh , one of the original announcers , made the first announcement , saying , ' good afternoon everybody . how are you ? do you remember me , jasmine bligh ? ' . the mickey mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later . [ unreliable source ? ] alexandra palace was the home base of the channel until the early 1950s when the majority of production moved into the newly acquired lime grove studios . [ original research ? ] [ sep ] 7 june 1946
bbc television returned on 7 june 1946 at 15 : 00 . jasmine bligh , one of the original announcers , made the first announcement , saying , ' good afternoon everybody . how are you ? do you remember me , jasmine bligh ? ' . the mickey mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later . [ unreliable source ? ] alexandra palace was the home base of the channel until the early 1950s when the majority of production moved into the newly acquired lime grove studios . [ original research ? ] [ sep ] lime grove studios
bbc television returned on 7 june 1946 at 15 : 00 . jasmine bligh , one of the original announcers , made the first announcement , saying , ' good afternoon everybody . how are you ? do you remember me , jasmine bligh ? ' . the mickey mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later . [ unreliable source ? ] alexandra palace was the home base of the channel until the early 1950s when the majority of production moved into the newly acquired lime grove studios . [ original research ? ] [ sep ] mickey mouse
local chemist william cookworthy established his somewhat short - lived plymouth porcelain venture in 1768 to exploit the recently discovered deposits of local china clay - an industry which continues to make up a portion of the city income . as an associate and host of engineer john smeaton he was indirectly involved with the development of the eddystone lighthouse . [ sep ] william cookworthy
local chemist william cookworthy established his somewhat short - lived plymouth porcelain venture in 1768 to exploit the recently discovered deposits of local china clay - an industry which continues to make up a portion of the city income . as an associate and host of engineer john smeaton he was indirectly involved with the development of the eddystone lighthouse . [ sep ] 1768
local chemist william cookworthy established his somewhat short - lived plymouth porcelain venture in 1768 to exploit the recently discovered deposits of local china clay - an industry which continues to make up a portion of the city income . as an associate and host of engineer john smeaton he was indirectly involved with the development of the eddystone lighthouse . [ sep ] chemist
local chemist william cookworthy established his somewhat short - lived plymouth porcelain venture in 1768 to exploit the recently discovered deposits of local china clay - an industry which continues to make up a portion of the city income . as an associate and host of engineer john smeaton he was indirectly involved with the development of the eddystone lighthouse . [ sep ] john smeaton
postwar broadcast coverage was extended to birmingham in 1949 with the opening of the sutton coldfield transmitting station , and by the mid - 1950s most of the country was covered , transmitting a 405 - line interlaced image on vhf . [ original research ? ] [ sep ] birmingham
postwar broadcast coverage was extended to birmingham in 1949 with the opening of the sutton coldfield transmitting station , and by the mid - 1950s most of the country was covered , transmitting a 405 - line interlaced image on vhf . [ original research ? ] [ sep ] sutton coldfield transmitting station
postwar broadcast coverage was extended to birmingham in 1949 with the opening of the sutton coldfield transmitting station , and by the mid - 1950s most of the country was covered , transmitting a 405 - line interlaced image on vhf . [ original research ? ] [ sep ] 405 - line interlaced image
postwar broadcast coverage was extended to birmingham in 1949 with the opening of the sutton coldfield transmitting station , and by the mid - 1950s most of the country was covered , transmitting a 405 - line interlaced image on vhf . [ original research ? ] [ sep ] vhf
the 1 - mile - long ( 2 km ) breakwater in plymouth sound was designed by john rennie in order to protect the fleet moving in and out of devonport ; work started in 1812 . numerous technical difficulties and repeated storm damage meant that it was not completed until 1841 , twenty years after rennie ' s death . in the 1860s , a ring of palmerston forts was constructed around the outskirts of devonport , to protect the dockyard from attack from any direction . [ sep ] 2
the 1 - mile - long ( 2 km ) breakwater in plymouth sound was designed by john rennie in order to protect the fleet moving in and out of devonport ; work started in 1812 . numerous technical difficulties and repeated storm damage meant that it was not completed until 1841 , twenty years after rennie ' s death . in the 1860s , a ring of palmerston forts was constructed around the outskirts of devonport , to protect the dockyard from attack from any direction . [ sep ] john rennie
the 1 - mile - long ( 2 km ) breakwater in plymouth sound was designed by john rennie in order to protect the fleet moving in and out of devonport ; work started in 1812 . numerous technical difficulties and repeated storm damage meant that it was not completed until 1841 , twenty years after rennie ' s death . in the 1860s , a ring of palmerston forts was constructed around the outskirts of devonport , to protect the dockyard from attack from any direction . [ sep ] 1841
the 1 - mile - long ( 2 km ) breakwater in plymouth sound was designed by john rennie in order to protect the fleet moving in and out of devonport ; work started in 1812 . numerous technical difficulties and repeated storm damage meant that it was not completed until 1841 , twenty years after rennie ' s death . in the 1860s , a ring of palmerston forts was constructed around the outskirts of devonport , to protect the dockyard from attack from any direction . [ sep ] 1812
the 1 - mile - long ( 2 km ) breakwater in plymouth sound was designed by john rennie in order to protect the fleet moving in and out of devonport ; work started in 1812 . numerous technical difficulties and repeated storm damage meant that it was not completed until 1841 , twenty years after rennie ' s death . in the 1860s , a ring of palmerston forts was constructed around the outskirts of devonport , to protect the dockyard from attack from any direction . [ sep ] devonport
some of the greatest imports to plymouth from the americas and europe during the latter half of the 19th century included maize , wheat , barley , sugar cane , guano , sodium nitrate and phosphate aside from the dockyard in the town of devonport , industries in plymouth such as the gasworks , the railways and tramways and a number of small chemical works had begun to develop in the 19th century , continuing into the 20th century . [ sep ] guano
some of the greatest imports to plymouth from the americas and europe during the latter half of the 19th century included maize , wheat , barley , sugar cane , guano , sodium nitrate and phosphate aside from the dockyard in the town of devonport , industries in plymouth such as the gasworks , the railways and tramways and a number of small chemical works had begun to develop in the 19th century , continuing into the 20th century . [ sep ] devonport
one of the first competitions he won was the junior mr . europe contest in 1965 . he won mr . europe the following year , at age 19 . he would go on to compete in , and win , many bodybuilding contests . his bodybuilding victories included five mr . universe ( 4 – nabba [ england ] , 1 – ifbb [ usa ] ) wins , and seven mr . olympia wins , a record which would stand until lee haney won his eighth consecutive mr . olympia title in 1991 . [ sep ] junior mr . europe
one of the first competitions he won was the junior mr . europe contest in 1965 . he won mr . europe the following year , at age 19 . he would go on to compete in , and win , many bodybuilding contests . his bodybuilding victories included five mr . universe ( 4 – nabba [ england ] , 1 – ifbb [ usa ] ) wins , and seven mr . olympia wins , a record which would stand until lee haney won his eighth consecutive mr . olympia title in 1991 . [ sep ] seven
during the first world war , plymouth was the port of entry for many troops from around the empire and also developed as a facility for the manufacture of munitions . although major units of the royal navy moved to the safety of scapa flow , devonport was an important base for escort vessels and repairs . flying boats operated from mount batten . [ sep ] scapa flow
during the first world war , plymouth was the port of entry for many troops from around the empire and also developed as a facility for the manufacture of munitions . although major units of the royal navy moved to the safety of scapa flow , devonport was an important base for escort vessels and repairs . flying boats operated from mount batten . [ sep ] escort vessels
during the first world war , plymouth was the port of entry for many troops from around the empire and also developed as a facility for the manufacture of munitions . although major units of the royal navy moved to the safety of scapa flow , devonport was an important base for escort vessels and repairs . flying boats operated from mount batten . [ sep ] mount batten
television transmissions resumed from alexandra palace in 1946 . the bbc television service ( renamed " bbc tv " in 1960 ) showed popular programming , including drama , comedies , documentaries , game shows , and soap operas , covering a wide range of genres and regularly competed with itv to become the channel with the highest ratings for that week . the channel also introduced the science fiction show doctor who on 23 november 1963 - at 17 : 16 - which went on to become one of britain ' s most iconic and beloved television programmes . [ sep ] bbc tv
television transmissions resumed from alexandra palace in 1946 . the bbc television service ( renamed " bbc tv " in 1960 ) showed popular programming , including drama , comedies , documentaries , game shows , and soap operas , covering a wide range of genres and regularly competed with itv to become the channel with the highest ratings for that week . the channel also introduced the science fiction show doctor who on 23 november 1963 - at 17 : 16 - which went on to become one of britain ' s most iconic and beloved television programmes . [ sep ] itv
television transmissions resumed from alexandra palace in 1946 . the bbc television service ( renamed " bbc tv " in 1960 ) showed popular programming , including drama , comedies , documentaries , game shows , and soap operas , covering a wide range of genres and regularly competed with itv to become the channel with the highest ratings for that week . the channel also introduced the science fiction show doctor who on 23 november 1963 - at 17 : 16 - which went on to become one of britain ' s most iconic and beloved television programmes . [ sep ] doctor who
television transmissions resumed from alexandra palace in 1946 . the bbc television service ( renamed " bbc tv " in 1960 ) showed popular programming , including drama , comedies , documentaries , game shows , and soap operas , covering a wide range of genres and regularly competed with itv to become the channel with the highest ratings for that week . the channel also introduced the science fiction show doctor who on 23 november 1963 - at 17 : 16 - which went on to become one of britain ' s most iconic and beloved television programmes . [ sep ] alexandra palace
in the first world war , devonport was the headquarters of western approaches command until 1941 and sunderland flying boats were operated by the royal australian air force . it was an important embarkation point for us troops for d - day . the city was heavily bombed by the luftwaffe , in a series of 59 raids known as the plymouth blitz . although the dockyards were the principal targets , much of the city centre and over 3 , 700 houses were completely destroyed and more than 1 , 000 civilians lost their lives . this was largely due to plymouth ' s status as a major port charles church was hit by incendiary bombs and partially destroyed in 1941 during the blitz , but has not been demolished , as it is now an official permanent monument to the bombing of plymouth during world war ii . [ sep ] royal australian air force
in the first world war , devonport was the headquarters of western approaches command until 1941 and sunderland flying boats were operated by the royal australian air force . it was an important embarkation point for us troops for d - day . the city was heavily bombed by the luftwaffe , in a series of 59 raids known as the plymouth blitz . although the dockyards were the principal targets , much of the city centre and over 3 , 700 houses were completely destroyed and more than 1 , 000 civilians lost their lives . this was largely due to plymouth ' s status as a major port charles church was hit by incendiary bombs and partially destroyed in 1941 during the blitz , but has not been demolished , as it is now an official permanent monument to the bombing of plymouth during world war ii . [ sep ] western approaches command
in the first world war , devonport was the headquarters of western approaches command until 1941 and sunderland flying boats were operated by the royal australian air force . it was an important embarkation point for us troops for d - day . the city was heavily bombed by the luftwaffe , in a series of 59 raids known as the plymouth blitz . although the dockyards were the principal targets , much of the city centre and over 3 , 700 houses were completely destroyed and more than 1 , 000 civilians lost their lives . this was largely due to plymouth ' s status as a major port charles church was hit by incendiary bombs and partially destroyed in 1941 during the blitz , but has not been demolished , as it is now an official permanent monument to the bombing of plymouth during world war ii . [ sep ] 59
in the first world war , devonport was the headquarters of western approaches command until 1941 and sunderland flying boats were operated by the royal australian air force . it was an important embarkation point for us troops for d - day . the city was heavily bombed by the luftwaffe , in a series of 59 raids known as the plymouth blitz . although the dockyards were the principal targets , much of the city centre and over 3 , 700 houses were completely destroyed and more than 1 , 000 civilians lost their lives . this was largely due to plymouth ' s status as a major port charles church was hit by incendiary bombs and partially destroyed in 1941 during the blitz , but has not been demolished , as it is now an official permanent monument to the bombing of plymouth during world war ii . [ sep ] more than 1 , 000
in the first world war , devonport was the headquarters of western approaches command until 1941 and sunderland flying boats were operated by the royal australian air force . it was an important embarkation point for us troops for d - day . the city was heavily bombed by the luftwaffe , in a series of 59 raids known as the plymouth blitz . although the dockyards were the principal targets , much of the city centre and over 3 , 700 houses were completely destroyed and more than 1 , 000 civilians lost their lives . this was largely due to plymouth ' s status as a major port charles church was hit by incendiary bombs and partially destroyed in 1941 during the blitz , but has not been demolished , as it is now an official permanent monument to the bombing of plymouth during world war ii . [ sep ] over 3 , 700
bbc tv was renamed bbc1 in 1964 , after the launch of bbc2 ( now bbc two ) , the third television station ( itv was the second ) for the uk ; its remit , to provide more niche programming . the channel was due to launch on 20 april 1964 , but was put off the air by a massive power failure that affected much of london , caused by a fire at battersea power station . a videotape made on the opening night was rediscovered in 2003 by a bbc technician . in the end the launch went ahead the following night , hosted by denis tuohy holding a candle . bbc2 was the first british channel to use uhf and 625 - line pictures , giving higher definition than the existing vhf 405 - line system . [ sep ] itv
bbc tv was renamed bbc1 in 1964 , after the launch of bbc2 ( now bbc two ) , the third television station ( itv was the second ) for the uk ; its remit , to provide more niche programming . the channel was due to launch on 20 april 1964 , but was put off the air by a massive power failure that affected much of london , caused by a fire at battersea power station . a videotape made on the opening night was rediscovered in 2003 by a bbc technician . in the end the launch went ahead the following night , hosted by denis tuohy holding a candle . bbc2 was the first british channel to use uhf and 625 - line pictures , giving higher definition than the existing vhf 405 - line system . [ sep ] bbc2
bbc tv was renamed bbc1 in 1964 , after the launch of bbc2 ( now bbc two ) , the third television station ( itv was the second ) for the uk ; its remit , to provide more niche programming . the channel was due to launch on 20 april 1964 , but was put off the air by a massive power failure that affected much of london , caused by a fire at battersea power station . a videotape made on the opening night was rediscovered in 2003 by a bbc technician . in the end the launch went ahead the following night , hosted by denis tuohy holding a candle . bbc2 was the first british channel to use uhf and 625 - line pictures , giving higher definition than the existing vhf 405 - line system . [ sep ] massive power failure
bbc tv was renamed bbc1 in 1964 , after the launch of bbc2 ( now bbc two ) , the third television station ( itv was the second ) for the uk ; its remit , to provide more niche programming . the channel was due to launch on 20 april 1964 , but was put off the air by a massive power failure that affected much of london , caused by a fire at battersea power station . a videotape made on the opening night was rediscovered in 2003 by a bbc technician . in the end the launch went ahead the following night , hosted by denis tuohy holding a candle . bbc2 was the first british channel to use uhf and 625 - line pictures , giving higher definition than the existing vhf 405 - line system . [ sep ] battersea power station
bbc tv was renamed bbc1 in 1964 , after the launch of bbc2 ( now bbc two ) , the third television station ( itv was the second ) for the uk ; its remit , to provide more niche programming . the channel was due to launch on 20 april 1964 , but was put off the air by a massive power failure that affected much of london , caused by a fire at battersea power station . a videotape made on the opening night was rediscovered in 2003 by a bbc technician . in the end the launch went ahead the following night , hosted by denis tuohy holding a candle . bbc2 was the first british channel to use uhf and 625 - line pictures , giving higher definition than the existing vhf 405 - line system . [ sep ] denis tuohy
the redevelopment of the city was planned by sir patrick abercrombie in his 1943 plan for plymouth whilst simultaneously working on the reconstruction plan for london . between 1951 and 1957 over 1000 homes were completed every year mostly using innovative prefabricated systems of just three main types ; by 1964 over 20 , 000 new homes had been built transforming the dense overcrowded and unsanitary slums of the pre - war city into a low density , dispersed suburbia . most of the city centre shops had been destroyed and those that remained were cleared to enable a zoned reconstruction according to his plan . in 1962 the modernist high rise of the civic centre was constructed , an architecturally significant example of mid twentieth century civic slab - and - tower set piece allowed to fall into disrepair by its owner plymouth city council but recently grade ii listed by english heritage to prevent its demolition . [ sep ] sir patrick abercrombie
the redevelopment of the city was planned by sir patrick abercrombie in his 1943 plan for plymouth whilst simultaneously working on the reconstruction plan for london . between 1951 and 1957 over 1000 homes were completed every year mostly using innovative prefabricated systems of just three main types ; by 1964 over 20 , 000 new homes had been built transforming the dense overcrowded and unsanitary slums of the pre - war city into a low density , dispersed suburbia . most of the city centre shops had been destroyed and those that remained were cleared to enable a zoned reconstruction according to his plan . in 1962 the modernist high rise of the civic centre was constructed , an architecturally significant example of mid twentieth century civic slab - and - tower set piece allowed to fall into disrepair by its owner plymouth city council but recently grade ii listed by english heritage to prevent its demolition . [ sep ] over 1000
the redevelopment of the city was planned by sir patrick abercrombie in his 1943 plan for plymouth whilst simultaneously working on the reconstruction plan for london . between 1951 and 1957 over 1000 homes were completed every year mostly using innovative prefabricated systems of just three main types ; by 1964 over 20 , 000 new homes had been built transforming the dense overcrowded and unsanitary slums of the pre - war city into a low density , dispersed suburbia . most of the city centre shops had been destroyed and those that remained were cleared to enable a zoned reconstruction according to his plan . in 1962 the modernist high rise of the civic centre was constructed , an architecturally significant example of mid twentieth century civic slab - and - tower set piece allowed to fall into disrepair by its owner plymouth city council but recently grade ii listed by english heritage to prevent its demolition . [ sep ] over 20 , 000
the redevelopment of the city was planned by sir patrick abercrombie in his 1943 plan for plymouth whilst simultaneously working on the reconstruction plan for london . between 1951 and 1957 over 1000 homes were completed every year mostly using innovative prefabricated systems of just three main types ; by 1964 over 20 , 000 new homes had been built transforming the dense overcrowded and unsanitary slums of the pre - war city into a low density , dispersed suburbia . most of the city centre shops had been destroyed and those that remained were cleared to enable a zoned reconstruction according to his plan . in 1962 the modernist high rise of the civic centre was constructed , an architecturally significant example of mid twentieth century civic slab - and - tower set piece allowed to fall into disrepair by its owner plymouth city council but recently grade ii listed by english heritage to prevent its demolition . [ sep ] 1962
the redevelopment of the city was planned by sir patrick abercrombie in his 1943 plan for plymouth whilst simultaneously working on the reconstruction plan for london . between 1951 and 1957 over 1000 homes were completed every year mostly using innovative prefabricated systems of just three main types ; by 1964 over 20 , 000 new homes had been built transforming the dense overcrowded and unsanitary slums of the pre - war city into a low density , dispersed suburbia . most of the city centre shops had been destroyed and those that remained were cleared to enable a zoned reconstruction according to his plan . in 1962 the modernist high rise of the civic centre was constructed , an architecturally significant example of mid twentieth century civic slab - and - tower set piece allowed to fall into disrepair by its owner plymouth city council but recently grade ii listed by english heritage to prevent its demolition . [ sep ] grade ii
schwarzenegger continues to work out even today . when asked about his personal training during the 2011 arnold classic he said that he was still working out a half an hour with weights every day . [ sep ] half an hour
on 1 july 1967 , bbc two became the first television channel in europe to broadcast regularly in colour , using the west german pal system that is still in use today although being gradually superseded by digital systems . ( bbc one and itv began 625 - line colour broadcasts simultaneously on 15 november 1969 ) . unlike other terrestrial channels , bbc two does not have soap opera or standard news programming , but a range of programmes intended to be eclectic and diverse ( although if a programme has high audience ratings it is often eventually repositioned to bbc one ) . the different remit of bbc2 allowed its first controller , sir david attenborough to commission the first heavyweight documentaries and documentary series such as civilisation , the ascent of man and horizon . [ sep ] bbc two
on 1 july 1967 , bbc two became the first television channel in europe to broadcast regularly in colour , using the west german pal system that is still in use today although being gradually superseded by digital systems . ( bbc one and itv began 625 - line colour broadcasts simultaneously on 15 november 1969 ) . unlike other terrestrial channels , bbc two does not have soap opera or standard news programming , but a range of programmes intended to be eclectic and diverse ( although if a programme has high audience ratings it is often eventually repositioned to bbc one ) . the different remit of bbc2 allowed its first controller , sir david attenborough to commission the first heavyweight documentaries and documentary series such as civilisation , the ascent of man and horizon . [ sep ] 15 november 1969
on 1 july 1967 , bbc two became the first television channel in europe to broadcast regularly in colour , using the west german pal system that is still in use today although being gradually superseded by digital systems . ( bbc one and itv began 625 - line colour broadcasts simultaneously on 15 november 1969 ) . unlike other terrestrial channels , bbc two does not have soap opera or standard news programming , but a range of programmes intended to be eclectic and diverse ( although if a programme has high audience ratings it is often eventually repositioned to bbc one ) . the different remit of bbc2 allowed its first controller , sir david attenborough to commission the first heavyweight documentaries and documentary series such as civilisation , the ascent of man and horizon . [ sep ] soap opera or standard news programming
on 1 july 1967 , bbc two became the first television channel in europe to broadcast regularly in colour , using the west german pal system that is still in use today although being gradually superseded by digital systems . ( bbc one and itv began 625 - line colour broadcasts simultaneously on 15 november 1969 ) . unlike other terrestrial channels , bbc two does not have soap opera or standard news programming , but a range of programmes intended to be eclectic and diverse ( although if a programme has high audience ratings it is often eventually repositioned to bbc one ) . the different remit of bbc2 allowed its first controller , sir david attenborough to commission the first heavyweight documentaries and documentary series such as civilisation , the ascent of man and horizon . [ sep ] sir david attenborough
on 1 july 1967 , bbc two became the first television channel in europe to broadcast regularly in colour , using the west german pal system that is still in use today although being gradually superseded by digital systems . ( bbc one and itv began 625 - line colour broadcasts simultaneously on 15 november 1969 ) . unlike other terrestrial channels , bbc two does not have soap opera or standard news programming , but a range of programmes intended to be eclectic and diverse ( although if a programme has high audience ratings it is often eventually repositioned to bbc one ) . the different remit of bbc2 allowed its first controller , sir david attenborough to commission the first heavyweight documentaries and documentary series such as civilisation , the ascent of man and horizon . [ sep ] documentaries
in 1967 tom and jerry cartoons first aired on bbc one , with around 2 episodes shown every evening at 17 : 00 , with occasional morning showings on cbbc . the bbc stopped airing the famous cartoon duo in 2000 . [ sep ] 1967
in 1967 tom and jerry cartoons first aired on bbc one , with around 2 episodes shown every evening at 17 : 00 , with occasional morning showings on cbbc . the bbc stopped airing the famous cartoon duo in 2000 . [ sep ] 2000
in 1967 tom and jerry cartoons first aired on bbc one , with around 2 episodes shown every evening at 17 : 00 , with occasional morning showings on cbbc . the bbc stopped airing the famous cartoon duo in 2000 . [ sep ] 2
in 1967 tom and jerry cartoons first aired on bbc one , with around 2 episodes shown every evening at 17 : 00 , with occasional morning showings on cbbc . the bbc stopped airing the famous cartoon duo in 2000 . [ sep ] cbbc
david attenborough was later granted sabbatical leave from his job as controller to work with the bbc natural history unit which had existed since the 1950s . this unit is now famed throughout the world for producing high quality programmes with attenborough such as life on earth , the private life of plants , the blue planet , the life of mammals , planet earth and frozen planet . [ sep ] bbc natural history unit
david attenborough was later granted sabbatical leave from his job as controller to work with the bbc natural history unit which had existed since the 1950s . this unit is now famed throughout the world for producing high quality programmes with attenborough such as life on earth , the private life of plants , the blue planet , the life of mammals , planet earth and frozen planet . [ sep ] the 1950s
david attenborough was later granted sabbatical leave from his job as controller to work with the bbc natural history unit which had existed since the 1950s . this unit is now famed throughout the world for producing high quality programmes with attenborough such as life on earth , the private life of plants , the blue planet , the life of mammals , planet earth and frozen planet . [ sep ] life on earth , the private life of plants , the blue planet , the life of mammals , planet earth and frozen planet
in 1967 , schwarzenegger won the munich stone - lifting contest , in which a stone weighing 508 german pounds ( 254 kg / 560 lbs . ) is lifted between the legs while standing on two foot rests . [ sep ] munich stone - lifting contest
post - war , devonport dockyard was kept busy refitting aircraft carriers such as the ark royal and , later , nuclear submarines while new light industrial factories were constructed in the newly zoned industrial sector attracting rapid growth of the urban population . the army had substantially left the city by 1971 , with barracks pulled down in the 1960s , however the city remains home to the 42 commando of the royal marines . [ sep ] ark royal
post - war , devonport dockyard was kept busy refitting aircraft carriers such as the ark royal and , later , nuclear submarines while new light industrial factories were constructed in the newly zoned industrial sector attracting rapid growth of the urban population . the army had substantially left the city by 1971 , with barracks pulled down in the 1960s , however the city remains home to the 42 commando of the royal marines . [ sep ] 1971
post - war , devonport dockyard was kept busy refitting aircraft carriers such as the ark royal and , later , nuclear submarines while new light industrial factories were constructed in the newly zoned industrial sector attracting rapid growth of the urban population . the army had substantially left the city by 1971 , with barracks pulled down in the 1960s , however the city remains home to the 42 commando of the royal marines . [ sep ] 42 commando of the royal marines
national and regional variations also occur within the bbc one and bbc two schedules . england ' s bbc one output is split up into fifteen regions ( such as south west and east ) , which exist mainly to produce local news programming , but also occasionally opt out of the network to show programmes of local importance ( such as major local events ) . the other nations of the united kingdom ( wales , scotland and northern ireland ) have been granted more autonomy from the english network ; for example , programmes are mostly introduced by local announcers , rather than by those in london . bbc one and bbc two schedules in the other uk nations can vary immensely from bbc one and bbc two in england . [ sep ] fifteen
national and regional variations also occur within the bbc one and bbc two schedules . england ' s bbc one output is split up into fifteen regions ( such as south west and east ) , which exist mainly to produce local news programming , but also occasionally opt out of the network to show programmes of local importance ( such as major local events ) . the other nations of the united kingdom ( wales , scotland and northern ireland ) have been granted more autonomy from the english network ; for example , programmes are mostly introduced by local announcers , rather than by those in london . bbc one and bbc two schedules in the other uk nations can vary immensely from bbc one and bbc two in england . [ sep ] wales , scotland and northern ireland
national and regional variations also occur within the bbc one and bbc two schedules . england ' s bbc one output is split up into fifteen regions ( such as south west and east ) , which exist mainly to produce local news programming , but also occasionally opt out of the network to show programmes of local importance ( such as major local events ) . the other nations of the united kingdom ( wales , scotland and northern ireland ) have been granted more autonomy from the english network ; for example , programmes are mostly introduced by local announcers , rather than by those in london . bbc one and bbc two schedules in the other uk nations can vary immensely from bbc one and bbc two in england . [ sep ] local announcers
national and regional variations also occur within the bbc one and bbc two schedules . england ' s bbc one output is split up into fifteen regions ( such as south west and east ) , which exist mainly to produce local news programming , but also occasionally opt out of the network to show programmes of local importance ( such as major local events ) . the other nations of the united kingdom ( wales , scotland and northern ireland ) have been granted more autonomy from the english network ; for example , programmes are mostly introduced by local announcers , rather than by those in london . bbc one and bbc two schedules in the other uk nations can vary immensely from bbc one and bbc two in england . [ sep ] major local events
the first record of the existence of a settlement at plymouth was in the domesday book in 1086 as sudtone , saxon for south farm , located at the present day barbican . from saxon times , it was in the hundred of roborough . in 1254 it gained status as a town and in 1439 , became the first town in england to be granted a charter by parliament . between 1439 and 1934 , plymouth had a mayor . in 1914 the county boroughs of plymouth and devonport , and the urban district of east stonehouse merged to form a single county borough of plymouth . collectively they were referred to as " the three towns " . [ sep ] domesday book
the first record of the existence of a settlement at plymouth was in the domesday book in 1086 as sudtone , saxon for south farm , located at the present day barbican . from saxon times , it was in the hundred of roborough . in 1254 it gained status as a town and in 1439 , became the first town in england to be granted a charter by parliament . between 1439 and 1934 , plymouth had a mayor . in 1914 the county boroughs of plymouth and devonport , and the urban district of east stonehouse merged to form a single county borough of plymouth . collectively they were referred to as " the three towns " . [ sep ] 1086
the first record of the existence of a settlement at plymouth was in the domesday book in 1086 as sudtone , saxon for south farm , located at the present day barbican . from saxon times , it was in the hundred of roborough . in 1254 it gained status as a town and in 1439 , became the first town in england to be granted a charter by parliament . between 1439 and 1934 , plymouth had a mayor . in 1914 the county boroughs of plymouth and devonport , and the urban district of east stonehouse merged to form a single county borough of plymouth . collectively they were referred to as " the three towns " . [ sep ] sudtone
the first record of the existence of a settlement at plymouth was in the domesday book in 1086 as sudtone , saxon for south farm , located at the present day barbican . from saxon times , it was in the hundred of roborough . in 1254 it gained status as a town and in 1439 , became the first town in england to be granted a charter by parliament . between 1439 and 1934 , plymouth had a mayor . in 1914 the county boroughs of plymouth and devonport , and the urban district of east stonehouse merged to form a single county borough of plymouth . collectively they were referred to as " the three towns " . [ sep ] 1254
the first record of the existence of a settlement at plymouth was in the domesday book in 1086 as sudtone , saxon for south farm , located at the present day barbican . from saxon times , it was in the hundred of roborough . in 1254 it gained status as a town and in 1439 , became the first town in england to be granted a charter by parliament . between 1439 and 1934 , plymouth had a mayor . in 1914 the county boroughs of plymouth and devonport , and the urban district of east stonehouse merged to form a single county borough of plymouth . collectively they were referred to as " the three towns " . [ sep ] 1439
programmes , such as the politically fuelled give my head peace ( produced by bbc northern ireland ) and the soap opera river city ( produced by bbc scotland ) , have been created specifically to cater for some viewers in their respective nations , who may have found programmes created for english audiences irrelevant . bbc scotland produces daily programmes for its gaelic - speaking viewers , including current affairs , political and children ' s programming such as the popular eorpa and de a - nis ? . bbc wales also produces a large amount of welsh language programming for s4c , particularly news , sport and other programmes , especially the soap opera pobol y cwm ( ' people of the valley ' ) . the uk nations also produce a number of programmes that are shown across the uk , such as bbc scotland ' s comedy series chewin ' the fat , and bbc northern ireland ' s talk show patrick kielty almost live . [ sep ] give my head peace
programmes , such as the politically fuelled give my head peace ( produced by bbc northern ireland ) and the soap opera river city ( produced by bbc scotland ) , have been created specifically to cater for some viewers in their respective nations , who may have found programmes created for english audiences irrelevant . bbc scotland produces daily programmes for its gaelic - speaking viewers , including current affairs , political and children ' s programming such as the popular eorpa and de a - nis ? . bbc wales also produces a large amount of welsh language programming for s4c , particularly news , sport and other programmes , especially the soap opera pobol y cwm ( ' people of the valley ' ) . the uk nations also produce a number of programmes that are shown across the uk , such as bbc scotland ' s comedy series chewin ' the fat , and bbc northern ireland ' s talk show patrick kielty almost live . [ sep ] river city
programmes , such as the politically fuelled give my head peace ( produced by bbc northern ireland ) and the soap opera river city ( produced by bbc scotland ) , have been created specifically to cater for some viewers in their respective nations , who may have found programmes created for english audiences irrelevant . bbc scotland produces daily programmes for its gaelic - speaking viewers , including current affairs , political and children ' s programming such as the popular eorpa and de a - nis ? . bbc wales also produces a large amount of welsh language programming for s4c , particularly news , sport and other programmes , especially the soap opera pobol y cwm ( ' people of the valley ' ) . the uk nations also produce a number of programmes that are shown across the uk , such as bbc scotland ' s comedy series chewin ' the fat , and bbc northern ireland ' s talk show patrick kielty almost live . [ sep ] gaelic
programmes , such as the politically fuelled give my head peace ( produced by bbc northern ireland ) and the soap opera river city ( produced by bbc scotland ) , have been created specifically to cater for some viewers in their respective nations , who may have found programmes created for english audiences irrelevant . bbc scotland produces daily programmes for its gaelic - speaking viewers , including current affairs , political and children ' s programming such as the popular eorpa and de a - nis ? . bbc wales also produces a large amount of welsh language programming for s4c , particularly news , sport and other programmes , especially the soap opera pobol y cwm ( ' people of the valley ' ) . the uk nations also produce a number of programmes that are shown across the uk , such as bbc scotland ' s comedy series chewin ' the fat , and bbc northern ireland ' s talk show patrick kielty almost live . [ sep ] eorpa and de a - nis ?
programmes , such as the politically fuelled give my head peace ( produced by bbc northern ireland ) and the soap opera river city ( produced by bbc scotland ) , have been created specifically to cater for some viewers in their respective nations , who may have found programmes created for english audiences irrelevant . bbc scotland produces daily programmes for its gaelic - speaking viewers , including current affairs , political and children ' s programming such as the popular eorpa and de a - nis ? . bbc wales also produces a large amount of welsh language programming for s4c , particularly news , sport and other programmes , especially the soap opera pobol y cwm ( ' people of the valley ' ) . the uk nations also produce a number of programmes that are shown across the uk , such as bbc scotland ' s comedy series chewin ' the fat , and bbc northern ireland ' s talk show patrick kielty almost live . [ sep ] patrick kielty almost live
schwarzenegger ' s goal was to become the greatest bodybuilder in the world , which meant becoming mr . olympia . his first attempt was in 1969 , when he lost to three - time champion sergio oliva . however , schwarzenegger came back in 1970 and won the competition , making him the youngest ever mr . olympia at the age of 23 , a record he still holds to this day . [ sep ] 1969
schwarzenegger ' s goal was to become the greatest bodybuilder in the world , which meant becoming mr . olympia . his first attempt was in 1969 , when he lost to three - time champion sergio oliva . however , schwarzenegger came back in 1970 and won the competition , making him the youngest ever mr . olympia at the age of 23 , a record he still holds to this day . [ sep ] sergio oliva
schwarzenegger ' s goal was to become the greatest bodybuilder in the world , which meant becoming mr . olympia . his first attempt was in 1969 , when he lost to three - time champion sergio oliva . however , schwarzenegger came back in 1970 and won the competition , making him the youngest ever mr . olympia at the age of 23 , a record he still holds to this day . [ sep ] 1970
schwarzenegger ' s goal was to become the greatest bodybuilder in the world , which meant becoming mr . olympia . his first attempt was in 1969 , when he lost to three - time champion sergio oliva . however , schwarzenegger came back in 1970 and won the competition , making him the youngest ever mr . olympia at the age of 23 , a record he still holds to this day . [ sep ] 23
the bbc is also renowned for its production of costume dramas , such as jane austen ' s pride and prejudice and contemporary social dramas such as boys from the blackstuff and our friends in the north . the bbc has come under pressure to commission more programmes from independent british production companies , and indeed is legally required to source 25 % of its output from such companies by the terms of the broadcasting act 1990 . programmes have also been imported mainly from english - speaking countries : notable — though no longer shown — examples include the simpsons from the united states and neighbours from australia . because of the availability of programmes in english , few programmes need use sub - titles or dubbing unlike much european television . [ sep ] 25 %
the bbc is also renowned for its production of costume dramas , such as jane austen ' s pride and prejudice and contemporary social dramas such as boys from the blackstuff and our friends in the north . the bbc has come under pressure to commission more programmes from independent british production companies , and indeed is legally required to source 25 % of its output from such companies by the terms of the broadcasting act 1990 . programmes have also been imported mainly from english - speaking countries : notable — though no longer shown — examples include the simpsons from the united states and neighbours from australia . because of the availability of programmes in english , few programmes need use sub - titles or dubbing unlike much european television . [ sep ] the simpsons
the bbc is also renowned for its production of costume dramas , such as jane austen ' s pride and prejudice and contemporary social dramas such as boys from the blackstuff and our friends in the north . the bbc has come under pressure to commission more programmes from independent british production companies , and indeed is legally required to source 25 % of its output from such companies by the terms of the broadcasting act 1990 . programmes have also been imported mainly from english - speaking countries : notable — though no longer shown — examples include the simpsons from the united states and neighbours from australia . because of the availability of programmes in english , few programmes need use sub - titles or dubbing unlike much european television . [ sep ] neighbours
he continued his winning streak in the 1971 – 74 competitions . in 1975 , schwarzenegger was once again in top form , and won the title for the sixth consecutive time , beating franco columbu . after the 1975 mr . olympia contest , schwarzenegger announced his retirement from professional bodybuilding . [ sep ] franco columbu
he continued his winning streak in the 1971 – 74 competitions . in 1975 , schwarzenegger was once again in top form , and won the title for the sixth consecutive time , beating franco columbu . after the 1975 mr . olympia contest , schwarzenegger announced his retirement from professional bodybuilding . [ sep ] 1975
he continued his winning streak in the 1971 – 74 competitions . in 1975 , schwarzenegger was once again in top form , and won the title for the sixth consecutive time , beating franco columbu . after the 1975 mr . olympia contest , schwarzenegger announced his retirement from professional bodybuilding . [ sep ] mr . olympia
the bbc also introduced ceefax , the first teletext service , starting in 1974 . this service allows bbc viewers to view textual information such as the latest news on their television . ceefax has not made a full transition to digital television , instead being replaced by the new interactive bbci service . [ sep ] teletext
the bbc also introduced ceefax , the first teletext service , starting in 1974 . this service allows bbc viewers to view textual information such as the latest news on their television . ceefax has not made a full transition to digital television , instead being replaced by the new interactive bbci service . [ sep ] 1974
the bbc also introduced ceefax , the first teletext service , starting in 1974 . this service allows bbc viewers to view textual information such as the latest news on their television . ceefax has not made a full transition to digital television , instead being replaced by the new interactive bbci service . [ sep ] bbci
months before the 1975 mr . olympia contest , filmmakers george butler and robert fiore persuaded schwarzenegger to compete , in order to film his training in the bodybuilding documentary called pumping iron . schwarzenegger had only three months to prepare for the competition , after losing significant weight to appear in the film stay hungry with jeff bridges . lou ferrigno proved not to be a threat , and a lighter - than - usual schwarzenegger convincingly won the 1975 mr . olympia . [ sep ] pumping iron
months before the 1975 mr . olympia contest , filmmakers george butler and robert fiore persuaded schwarzenegger to compete , in order to film his training in the bodybuilding documentary called pumping iron . schwarzenegger had only three months to prepare for the competition , after losing significant weight to appear in the film stay hungry with jeff bridges . lou ferrigno proved not to be a threat , and a lighter - than - usual schwarzenegger convincingly won the 1975 mr . olympia . [ sep ] three months
months before the 1975 mr . olympia contest , filmmakers george butler and robert fiore persuaded schwarzenegger to compete , in order to film his training in the bodybuilding documentary called pumping iron . schwarzenegger had only three months to prepare for the competition , after losing significant weight to appear in the film stay hungry with jeff bridges . lou ferrigno proved not to be a threat , and a lighter - than - usual schwarzenegger convincingly won the 1975 mr . olympia . [ sep ] jeff bridges
in march 2003 the bbc announced that from the end of may 2003 ( subsequently deferred to 14 july ) it intended to transmit all eight of its domestic television channels ( including the 15 regional variations of bbc 1 ) unencrypted from the astra 2d satellite . this move was estimated to save the bbc £85 million over the next five years . [ sep ] may 2003
in march 2003 the bbc announced that from the end of may 2003 ( subsequently deferred to 14 july ) it intended to transmit all eight of its domestic television channels ( including the 15 regional variations of bbc 1 ) unencrypted from the astra 2d satellite . this move was estimated to save the bbc £85 million over the next five years . [ sep ] astra 2d satellite
in march 2003 the bbc announced that from the end of may 2003 ( subsequently deferred to 14 july ) it intended to transmit all eight of its domestic television channels ( including the 15 regional variations of bbc 1 ) unencrypted from the astra 2d satellite . this move was estimated to save the bbc £85 million over the next five years . [ sep ] 14 july
in march 2003 the bbc announced that from the end of may 2003 ( subsequently deferred to 14 july ) it intended to transmit all eight of its domestic television channels ( including the 15 regional variations of bbc 1 ) unencrypted from the astra 2d satellite . this move was estimated to save the bbc £85 million over the next five years . [ sep ] £85 million
schwarzenegger came out of retirement , however , to compete in the 1980 mr . olympia . schwarzenegger was training for his role in conan , and he got into such good shape because of the running , horseback riding and sword training , that he decided he wanted to win the mr . olympia contest one last time . he kept this plan a secret , in the event that a training accident would prevent his entry and cause him to lose face . schwarzenegger had been hired to provide color commentary for network television , when he announced at the eleventh hour that while he was there : " why not compete ? " schwarzenegger ended up winning the event with only seven weeks of preparation . after being declared mr . olympia for a seventh time , schwarzenegger then officially retired from competition . [ sep ] conan
schwarzenegger came out of retirement , however , to compete in the 1980 mr . olympia . schwarzenegger was training for his role in conan , and he got into such good shape because of the running , horseback riding and sword training , that he decided he wanted to win the mr . olympia contest one last time . he kept this plan a secret , in the event that a training accident would prevent his entry and cause him to lose face . schwarzenegger had been hired to provide color commentary for network television , when he announced at the eleventh hour that while he was there : " why not compete ? " schwarzenegger ended up winning the event with only seven weeks of preparation . after being declared mr . olympia for a seventh time , schwarzenegger then officially retired from competition . [ sep ] seven
schwarzenegger came out of retirement , however , to compete in the 1980 mr . olympia . schwarzenegger was training for his role in conan , and he got into such good shape because of the running , horseback riding and sword training , that he decided he wanted to win the mr . olympia contest one last time . he kept this plan a secret , in the event that a training accident would prevent his entry and cause him to lose face . schwarzenegger had been hired to provide color commentary for network television , when he announced at the eleventh hour that while he was there : " why not compete ? " schwarzenegger ended up winning the event with only seven weeks of preparation . after being declared mr . olympia for a seventh time , schwarzenegger then officially retired from competition . [ sep ] seven
while the " footprint " of the astra 2d satellite was smaller than that of astra 2a , from which it was previously broadcast encrypted , it meant that viewers with appropriate equipment were able to receive bbc channels " free - to - air " over much of western europe . consequently , some rights concerns have needed to be resolved with programme providers such as hollywood studios and sporting organisations , which have expressed concern about the unencrypted signal leaking out . this led to some broadcasts being made unavailable on the sky digital platform , such as scottish premier league and scottish cup football , while on other platforms such broadcasts were not disrupted . later , when rights contracts were renewed , this problem was resolved . [ sep ] western europe
while the " footprint " of the astra 2d satellite was smaller than that of astra 2a , from which it was previously broadcast encrypted , it meant that viewers with appropriate equipment were able to receive bbc channels " free - to - air " over much of western europe . consequently , some rights concerns have needed to be resolved with programme providers such as hollywood studios and sporting organisations , which have expressed concern about the unencrypted signal leaking out . this led to some broadcasts being made unavailable on the sky digital platform , such as scottish premier league and scottish cup football , while on other platforms such broadcasts were not disrupted . later , when rights contracts were renewed , this problem was resolved . [ sep ] hollywood studios and sporting organisations
while the " footprint " of the astra 2d satellite was smaller than that of astra 2a , from which it was previously broadcast encrypted , it meant that viewers with appropriate equipment were able to receive bbc channels " free - to - air " over much of western europe . consequently , some rights concerns have needed to be resolved with programme providers such as hollywood studios and sporting organisations , which have expressed concern about the unencrypted signal leaking out . this led to some broadcasts being made unavailable on the sky digital platform , such as scottish premier league and scottish cup football , while on other platforms such broadcasts were not disrupted . later , when rights contracts were renewed , this problem was resolved . [ sep ] sky digital
while the " footprint " of the astra 2d satellite was smaller than that of astra 2a , from which it was previously broadcast encrypted , it meant that viewers with appropriate equipment were able to receive bbc channels " free - to - air " over much of western europe . consequently , some rights concerns have needed to be resolved with programme providers such as hollywood studios and sporting organisations , which have expressed concern about the unencrypted signal leaking out . this led to some broadcasts being made unavailable on the sky digital platform , such as scottish premier league and scottish cup football , while on other platforms such broadcasts were not disrupted . later , when rights contracts were renewed , this problem was resolved . [ sep ] scottish premier league and scottish cup football
schwarzenegger has admitted to using performance - enhancing anabolic steroids while they were legal , writing in 1977 that " steroids were helpful to me in maintaining muscle size while on a strict diet in preparation for a contest . i did not use them for muscle growth , but rather for muscle maintenance when cutting up . " he has called the drugs " tissue building . " [ sep ] 1977
on 5 july 2004 , the bbc celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of its television news bulletins ( although it had produced the television newsreel for several years before 1954 ) . this event was marked by the release of a dvd , which showed highlights of the bbc ' s television coverage of significant events over the half - century , as well as changes in the format of the bbc television news ; from the newsreel format of the first bbc television news bulletins , to the 24 - hour , worldwide news coverage available in 2004 . a special edition of radio times was also produced , as well as a special section of the bbc news online website . in 2005 the pioneering bbc television series little angels won a bafta award . little angels was the first reality parenting show and its most famous episode saw welsh actress jynine james try to cope with the tantrums of her six - year - old son . [ sep ] 5 july 2004
on 5 july 2004 , the bbc celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of its television news bulletins ( although it had produced the television newsreel for several years before 1954 ) . this event was marked by the release of a dvd , which showed highlights of the bbc ' s television coverage of significant events over the half - century , as well as changes in the format of the bbc television news ; from the newsreel format of the first bbc television news bulletins , to the 24 - hour , worldwide news coverage available in 2004 . a special edition of radio times was also produced , as well as a special section of the bbc news online website . in 2005 the pioneering bbc television series little angels won a bafta award . little angels was the first reality parenting show and its most famous episode saw welsh actress jynine james try to cope with the tantrums of her six - year - old son . [ sep ] dvd
on 5 july 2004 , the bbc celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of its television news bulletins ( although it had produced the television newsreel for several years before 1954 ) . this event was marked by the release of a dvd , which showed highlights of the bbc ' s television coverage of significant events over the half - century , as well as changes in the format of the bbc television news ; from the newsreel format of the first bbc television news bulletins , to the 24 - hour , worldwide news coverage available in 2004 . a special edition of radio times was also produced , as well as a special section of the bbc news online website . in 2005 the pioneering bbc television series little angels won a bafta award . little angels was the first reality parenting show and its most famous episode saw welsh actress jynine james try to cope with the tantrums of her six - year - old son . [ sep ] newsreel
on 5 july 2004 , the bbc celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of its television news bulletins ( although it had produced the television newsreel for several years before 1954 ) . this event was marked by the release of a dvd , which showed highlights of the bbc ' s television coverage of significant events over the half - century , as well as changes in the format of the bbc television news ; from the newsreel format of the first bbc television news bulletins , to the 24 - hour , worldwide news coverage available in 2004 . a special edition of radio times was also produced , as well as a special section of the bbc news online website . in 2005 the pioneering bbc television series little angels won a bafta award . little angels was the first reality parenting show and its most famous episode saw welsh actress jynine james try to cope with the tantrums of her six - year - old son . [ sep ] little angels
in 1999 , schwarzenegger sued dr . willi heepe , a german doctor who publicly predicted his early death on the basis of a link between his steroid use and his later heart problems . as the doctor had never examined him personally , schwarzenegger collected a us $ 10 , 000 libel judgment against him in a german court . in 1999 , schwarzenegger also sued and settled with the globe , a u . s . tabloid which had made similar predictions about the bodybuilder ' s future health . [ sep ] dr . willi heepe
in 1999 , schwarzenegger sued dr . willi heepe , a german doctor who publicly predicted his early death on the basis of a link between his steroid use and his later heart problems . as the doctor had never examined him personally , schwarzenegger collected a us $ 10 , 000 libel judgment against him in a german court . in 1999 , schwarzenegger also sued and settled with the globe , a u . s . tabloid which had made similar predictions about the bodybuilder ' s future health . [ sep ] $ 10 , 000
in 1999 , schwarzenegger sued dr . willi heepe , a german doctor who publicly predicted his early death on the basis of a link between his steroid use and his later heart problems . as the doctor had never examined him personally , schwarzenegger collected a us $ 10 , 000 libel judgment against him in a german court . in 1999 , schwarzenegger also sued and settled with the globe , a u . s . tabloid which had made similar predictions about the bodybuilder ' s future health . [ sep ] the globe
the bbc television department headed by jana bennett was absorbed into a new , much larger group ; bbc vision , in late 2006 . the new group was part of larger restructuring within the bbc with the onset of new media outlets and technology . [ sep ] jana bennett
the bbc television department headed by jana bennett was absorbed into a new , much larger group ; bbc vision , in late 2006 . the new group was part of larger restructuring within the bbc with the onset of new media outlets and technology . [ sep ] bbc vision
the bbc television department headed by jana bennett was absorbed into a new , much larger group ; bbc vision , in late 2006 . the new group was part of larger restructuring within the bbc with the onset of new media outlets and technology . [ sep ] the onset of new media outlets and technology
in 2008 , the bbc began experimenting with live streaming of certain channels in the uk , and in november 2008 , all standard bbc television channels were made available to watch online . [ sep ] 2008
in 2008 , the bbc began experimenting with live streaming of certain channels in the uk , and in november 2008 , all standard bbc television channels were made available to watch online . [ sep ] november 2008
in february 2016 , it was confirmed by bbc worldwide that keeping up appearances is the corporation ' s most exported television programme , being sold nearly 1000 times to overseas broadcasters . [ sep ] keeping up appearances
in february 2016 , it was confirmed by bbc worldwide that keeping up appearances is the corporation ' s most exported television programme , being sold nearly 1000 times to overseas broadcasters . [ sep ] nearly 1000
in february 2016 , it was confirmed by bbc worldwide that keeping up appearances is the corporation ' s most exported television programme , being sold nearly 1000 times to overseas broadcasters . [ sep ] bbc worldwide
the bbc domestic television channels do not broadcast advertisements ; they are instead funded by a television licence fee which tv viewers are required to pay annually . this includes viewers who watch real - time streams of the bbc ' s channels online or via their mobile phone . the bbc ' s international television channels are funded by advertisements and subscription . [ sep ] annually
the bbc domestic television channels do not broadcast advertisements ; they are instead funded by a television licence fee which tv viewers are required to pay annually . this includes viewers who watch real - time streams of the bbc ' s channels online or via their mobile phone . the bbc ' s international television channels are funded by advertisements and subscription . [ sep ] advertisements and subscription
schwarzenegger wanted to move from bodybuilding into acting , finally achieving it when he was chosen to play the role of hercules in 1970 ' s hercules in new york . credited under the name " arnold strong , " his accent in the film was so thick that his lines were dubbed after production . his second film appearance was as a deaf mute hit - man for the mob in director robert altman ' s the long goodbye ( 1973 ) , which was followed by a much more significant part in the film stay hungry ( 1976 ) , for which he was awarded a golden globe for new male star of the year . schwarzenegger has discussed his early struggles in developing his acting career . " it was very difficult for me in the beginning – i was told by agents and casting people that my body was ' too weird ' , that i had a funny accent , and that my name was too long . you name it , and they told me i had to change it . basically , everywhere i turned , i was told that i had no chance . " [ sep ] hercules
schwarzenegger wanted to move from bodybuilding into acting , finally achieving it when he was chosen to play the role of hercules in 1970 ' s hercules in new york . credited under the name " arnold strong , " his accent in the film was so thick that his lines were dubbed after production . his second film appearance was as a deaf mute hit - man for the mob in director robert altman ' s the long goodbye ( 1973 ) , which was followed by a much more significant part in the film stay hungry ( 1976 ) , for which he was awarded a golden globe for new male star of the year . schwarzenegger has discussed his early struggles in developing his acting career . " it was very difficult for me in the beginning – i was told by agents and casting people that my body was ' too weird ' , that i had a funny accent , and that my name was too long . you name it , and they told me i had to change it . basically , everywhere i turned , i was told that i had no chance . " [ sep ] strong
schwarzenegger wanted to move from bodybuilding into acting , finally achieving it when he was chosen to play the role of hercules in 1970 ' s hercules in new york . credited under the name " arnold strong , " his accent in the film was so thick that his lines were dubbed after production . his second film appearance was as a deaf mute hit - man for the mob in director robert altman ' s the long goodbye ( 1973 ) , which was followed by a much more significant part in the film stay hungry ( 1976 ) , for which he was awarded a golden globe for new male star of the year . schwarzenegger has discussed his early struggles in developing his acting career . " it was very difficult for me in the beginning – i was told by agents and casting people that my body was ' too weird ' , that i had a funny accent , and that my name was too long . you name it , and they told me i had to change it . basically , everywhere i turned , i was told that i had no chance . " [ sep ] robert altman
schwarzenegger wanted to move from bodybuilding into acting , finally achieving it when he was chosen to play the role of hercules in 1970 ' s hercules in new york . credited under the name " arnold strong , " his accent in the film was so thick that his lines were dubbed after production . his second film appearance was as a deaf mute hit - man for the mob in director robert altman ' s the long goodbye ( 1973 ) , which was followed by a much more significant part in the film stay hungry ( 1976 ) , for which he was awarded a golden globe for new male star of the year . schwarzenegger has discussed his early struggles in developing his acting career . " it was very difficult for me in the beginning – i was told by agents and casting people that my body was ' too weird ' , that i had a funny accent , and that my name was too long . you name it , and they told me i had to change it . basically , everywhere i turned , i was told that i had no chance . " [ sep ] new male star of the year
schwarzenegger wanted to move from bodybuilding into acting , finally achieving it when he was chosen to play the role of hercules in 1970 ' s hercules in new york . credited under the name " arnold strong , " his accent in the film was so thick that his lines were dubbed after production . his second film appearance was as a deaf mute hit - man for the mob in director robert altman ' s the long goodbye ( 1973 ) , which was followed by a much more significant part in the film stay hungry ( 1976 ) , for which he was awarded a golden globe for new male star of the year . schwarzenegger has discussed his early struggles in developing his acting career . " it was very difficult for me in the beginning – i was told by agents and casting people that my body was ' too weird ' , that i had a funny accent , and that my name was too long . you name it , and they told me i had to change it . basically , everywhere i turned , i was told that i had no chance . " [ sep ] weird
as a division within the bbc , television was formerly known as bbc vision for a few years in the early 21st century , until its name reverted to television in 2013 . it is responsible for the commissioning , producing , scheduling and broadcasting of all programming on the bbc ' s television channels , and is led by danny cohen . [ sep ] 2013
as a division within the bbc , television was formerly known as bbc vision for a few years in the early 21st century , until its name reverted to television in 2013 . it is responsible for the commissioning , producing , scheduling and broadcasting of all programming on the bbc ' s television channels , and is led by danny cohen . [ sep ] danny cohen
as a division within the bbc , television was formerly known as bbc vision for a few years in the early 21st century , until its name reverted to television in 2013 . it is responsible for the commissioning , producing , scheduling and broadcasting of all programming on the bbc ' s television channels , and is led by danny cohen . [ sep ] commissioning , producing , scheduling and broadcasting
bbc japan was a general entertainment channel , which operated between december 2004 and april 2006 . it ceased operations after its japanese distributor folded . [ sep ] december 2004
bbc japan was a general entertainment channel , which operated between december 2004 and april 2006 . it ceased operations after its japanese distributor folded . [ sep ] april 2006
bbc japan was a general entertainment channel , which operated between december 2004 and april 2006 . it ceased operations after its japanese distributor folded . [ sep ] general entertainment
schwarzenegger drew attention and boosted his profile in the bodybuilding film pumping iron ( 1977 ) , elements of which were dramatized ; in 1991 , he purchased the rights to the film , its outtakes , and associated still photography . in 1977 , he also appeared in an episode of the abc situation comedy the san pedro beach bums . schwarzenegger auditioned for the title role of the incredible hulk , but did not win the role because of his height . later , lou ferrigno got the part of dr . david banner ' s alter ego . schwarzenegger appeared with kirk douglas and ann - margret in the 1979 comedy the villain . in 1980 , he starred in a biographical film of the 1950s actress jayne mansfield as mansfield ' s husband , mickey hargitay . [ sep ] 1991
schwarzenegger drew attention and boosted his profile in the bodybuilding film pumping iron ( 1977 ) , elements of which were dramatized ; in 1991 , he purchased the rights to the film , its outtakes , and associated still photography . in 1977 , he also appeared in an episode of the abc situation comedy the san pedro beach bums . schwarzenegger auditioned for the title role of the incredible hulk , but did not win the role because of his height . later , lou ferrigno got the part of dr . david banner ' s alter ego . schwarzenegger appeared with kirk douglas and ann - margret in the 1979 comedy the villain . in 1980 , he starred in a biographical film of the 1950s actress jayne mansfield as mansfield ' s husband , mickey hargitay . [ sep ] 1980
schwarzenegger drew attention and boosted his profile in the bodybuilding film pumping iron ( 1977 ) , elements of which were dramatized ; in 1991 , he purchased the rights to the film , its outtakes , and associated still photography . in 1977 , he also appeared in an episode of the abc situation comedy the san pedro beach bums . schwarzenegger auditioned for the title role of the incredible hulk , but did not win the role because of his height . later , lou ferrigno got the part of dr . david banner ' s alter ego . schwarzenegger appeared with kirk douglas and ann - margret in the 1979 comedy the villain . in 1980 , he starred in a biographical film of the 1950s actress jayne mansfield as mansfield ' s husband , mickey hargitay . [ sep ] the incredible hulk
schwarzenegger drew attention and boosted his profile in the bodybuilding film pumping iron ( 1977 ) , elements of which were dramatized ; in 1991 , he purchased the rights to the film , its outtakes , and associated still photography . in 1977 , he also appeared in an episode of the abc situation comedy the san pedro beach bums . schwarzenegger auditioned for the title role of the incredible hulk , but did not win the role because of his height . later , lou ferrigno got the part of dr . david banner ' s alter ego . schwarzenegger appeared with kirk douglas and ann - margret in the 1979 comedy the villain . in 1980 , he starred in a biographical film of the 1950s actress jayne mansfield as mansfield ' s husband , mickey hargitay . [ sep ] the villain
schwarzenegger ' s breakthrough film was the sword - and - sorcery epic conan the barbarian in 1982 , which was a box - office hit . this was followed by a sequel , conan the destroyer , in 1984 , although it was not as successful as its predecessor . in 1983 , schwarzenegger starred in the promotional video , carnival in rio . in 1984 , he made his first appearance as the eponymous character , and what some would say was his acting career ' s signature role , in james cameron ' s science fiction thriller film the terminator . following this , schwarzenegger made red sonja in 1985 . [ sep ] conan the destroyer
schwarzenegger ' s breakthrough film was the sword - and - sorcery epic conan the barbarian in 1982 , which was a box - office hit . this was followed by a sequel , conan the destroyer , in 1984 , although it was not as successful as its predecessor . in 1983 , schwarzenegger starred in the promotional video , carnival in rio . in 1984 , he made his first appearance as the eponymous character , and what some would say was his acting career ' s signature role , in james cameron ' s science fiction thriller film the terminator . following this , schwarzenegger made red sonja in 1985 . [ sep ] 1984
schwarzenegger ' s breakthrough film was the sword - and - sorcery epic conan the barbarian in 1982 , which was a box - office hit . this was followed by a sequel , conan the destroyer , in 1984 , although it was not as successful as its predecessor . in 1983 , schwarzenegger starred in the promotional video , carnival in rio . in 1984 , he made his first appearance as the eponymous character , and what some would say was his acting career ' s signature role , in james cameron ' s science fiction thriller film the terminator . following this , schwarzenegger made red sonja in 1985 . [ sep ] james cameron
during the 1980s , audiences had an appetite for action films , with both schwarzenegger and sylvester stallone becoming international stars . schwarzenegger ' s roles reflected his sense of humor , separating him from more serious action hero films , such as the alternative universe poster for terminator 2 : judgment day starring stallone in the comedy thriller last action hero . he made a number of successful films , such as commando ( 1985 ) , raw deal ( 1986 ) , the running man ( 1987 ) , predator ( 1987 ) , and red heat ( 1988 ) . [ sep ] sylvester stallone
during the 1980s , audiences had an appetite for action films , with both schwarzenegger and sylvester stallone becoming international stars . schwarzenegger ' s roles reflected his sense of humor , separating him from more serious action hero films , such as the alternative universe poster for terminator 2 : judgment day starring stallone in the comedy thriller last action hero . he made a number of successful films , such as commando ( 1985 ) , raw deal ( 1986 ) , the running man ( 1987 ) , predator ( 1987 ) , and red heat ( 1988 ) . [ sep ] 1987
twins ( 1988 ) , a comedy with danny devito , also proved successful . total recall ( 1990 ) netted schwarzenegger $ 10 million and 15 % of the film ' s gross . a science fiction script , the film was based on the philip k . dick short story " we can remember it for you wholesale " . kindergarten cop ( 1990 ) reunited him with director ivan reitman , who directed him in twins . schwarzenegger had a brief foray into directing , first with a 1990 episode of the tv series tales from the crypt , entitled " the switch " , and then with the 1992 telemovie christmas in connecticut . he has not directed since . [ sep ] twins
twins ( 1988 ) , a comedy with danny devito , also proved successful . total recall ( 1990 ) netted schwarzenegger $ 10 million and 15 % of the film ' s gross . a science fiction script , the film was based on the philip k . dick short story " we can remember it for you wholesale " . kindergarten cop ( 1990 ) reunited him with director ivan reitman , who directed him in twins . schwarzenegger had a brief foray into directing , first with a 1990 episode of the tv series tales from the crypt , entitled " the switch " , and then with the 1992 telemovie christmas in connecticut . he has not directed since . [ sep ] $ 10 million
twins ( 1988 ) , a comedy with danny devito , also proved successful . total recall ( 1990 ) netted schwarzenegger $ 10 million and 15 % of the film ' s gross . a science fiction script , the film was based on the philip k . dick short story " we can remember it for you wholesale " . kindergarten cop ( 1990 ) reunited him with director ivan reitman , who directed him in twins . schwarzenegger had a brief foray into directing , first with a 1990 episode of the tv series tales from the crypt , entitled " the switch " , and then with the 1992 telemovie christmas in connecticut . he has not directed since . [ sep ] christmas in connecticut
twins ( 1988 ) , a comedy with danny devito , also proved successful . total recall ( 1990 ) netted schwarzenegger $ 10 million and 15 % of the film ' s gross . a science fiction script , the film was based on the philip k . dick short story " we can remember it for you wholesale " . kindergarten cop ( 1990 ) reunited him with director ivan reitman , who directed him in twins . schwarzenegger had a brief foray into directing , first with a 1990 episode of the tv series tales from the crypt , entitled " the switch " , and then with the 1992 telemovie christmas in connecticut . he has not directed since . [ sep ] tales from the crypt
schwarzenegger ' s commercial peak was his return as the title character in 1991 ' s terminator 2 : judgment day , which was the highest - grossing film of 1991 . in 1993 , the national association of theatre owners named him the " international star of the decade " . his next film project , the 1993 self - aware action comedy spoof last action hero , was released opposite jurassic park , and did not do well at the box office . his next film , the comedy drama true lies ( 1994 ) , was a popular spy film , and saw schwarzenegger reunited with james cameron . [ sep ] terminator 2 : judgment day
schwarzenegger ' s commercial peak was his return as the title character in 1991 ' s terminator 2 : judgment day , which was the highest - grossing film of 1991 . in 1993 , the national association of theatre owners named him the " international star of the decade " . his next film project , the 1993 self - aware action comedy spoof last action hero , was released opposite jurassic park , and did not do well at the box office . his next film , the comedy drama true lies ( 1994 ) , was a popular spy film , and saw schwarzenegger reunited with james cameron . [ sep ] the national association of theatre owners
schwarzenegger ' s commercial peak was his return as the title character in 1991 ' s terminator 2 : judgment day , which was the highest - grossing film of 1991 . in 1993 , the national association of theatre owners named him the " international star of the decade " . his next film project , the 1993 self - aware action comedy spoof last action hero , was released opposite jurassic park , and did not do well at the box office . his next film , the comedy drama true lies ( 1994 ) , was a popular spy film , and saw schwarzenegger reunited with james cameron . [ sep ] true lies
that same year , the comedy junior was released , the last of schwarzenegger ' s three collaborations with ivan reitman and again co - starring danny devito . this film brought him his second golden globe nomination , this time for best actor – musical or comedy . it was followed by the action thriller eraser ( 1996 ) , the christmas comedy jingle all the way ( 1996 ) , and the comic book - based batman & robin ( 1997 ) , in which he played the villain mr . freeze . this was his final film before taking time to recuperate from a back injury . following the critical failure of batman & robin , his film career and box office prominence went into decline . he returned with the supernatural thriller end of days ( 1999 ) , later followed by the action films the 6th day ( 2000 ) and collateral damage ( 2002 ) , both of which failed to do well at the box office . in 2003 , he made his third appearance as the title character in terminator 3 : rise of the machines , which went on to earn over $ 150 million domestically . [ sep ] junior
that same year , the comedy junior was released , the last of schwarzenegger ' s three collaborations with ivan reitman and again co - starring danny devito . this film brought him his second golden globe nomination , this time for best actor – musical or comedy . it was followed by the action thriller eraser ( 1996 ) , the christmas comedy jingle all the way ( 1996 ) , and the comic book - based batman & robin ( 1997 ) , in which he played the villain mr . freeze . this was his final film before taking time to recuperate from a back injury . following the critical failure of batman & robin , his film career and box office prominence went into decline . he returned with the supernatural thriller end of days ( 1999 ) , later followed by the action films the 6th day ( 2000 ) and collateral damage ( 2002 ) , both of which failed to do well at the box office . in 2003 , he made his third appearance as the title character in terminator 3 : rise of the machines , which went on to earn over $ 150 million domestically . [ sep ] $ 150 million
in tribute to schwarzenegger in 2002 , forum stadtpark , a local cultural association , proposed plans to build a 25 - meter ( 82 ft ) tall terminator statue in a park in central graz . schwarzenegger reportedly said he was flattered , but thought the money would be better spent on social projects and the special olympics . [ sep ] 82
in tribute to schwarzenegger in 2002 , forum stadtpark , a local cultural association , proposed plans to build a 25 - meter ( 82 ft ) tall terminator statue in a park in central graz . schwarzenegger reportedly said he was flattered , but thought the money would be better spent on social projects and the special olympics . [ sep ] forum stadtpark
his film appearances after becoming governor of california included a three - second cameo appearance in the rundown , and the 2004 remake of around the world in 80 days . in 2005 , he appeared as himself in the film the kid & i . he voiced baron von steuben in the liberty ' s kids episode " valley forge " . he had been rumored to be appearing in terminator salvation as the original t - 800 ; he denied his involvement , but he ultimately did appear briefly via his image being inserted into the movie from stock footage of the first terminator movie . schwarzenegger appeared in sylvester stallone ' s the expendables , where he made a cameo appearance . [ sep ] the kid & i
in january 2011 , just weeks after leaving office in california , schwarzenegger announced that he was reading several new scripts for future films , one of them being the world war ii action drama with wings as eagles , written by randall wallace , based on a true story . on march 6 , 2011 , at the arnold seminar of the arnold classic , schwarzenegger revealed that he was being considered for several films , including sequels to the terminator and remakes of predator and the running man , and that he was " packaging " a comic book character . the character was later revealed to be the governator , star of the comic book and animated series of the same name . schwarzenegger inspired the character and co - developed it with stan lee , who would have produced the series . schwarzenegger would have voiced the governator . [ sep ] the governator
in january 2011 , just weeks after leaving office in california , schwarzenegger announced that he was reading several new scripts for future films , one of them being the world war ii action drama with wings as eagles , written by randall wallace , based on a true story . on march 6 , 2011 , at the arnold seminar of the arnold classic , schwarzenegger revealed that he was being considered for several films , including sequels to the terminator and remakes of predator and the running man , and that he was " packaging " a comic book character . the character was later revealed to be the governator , star of the comic book and animated series of the same name . schwarzenegger inspired the character and co - developed it with stan lee , who would have produced the series . schwarzenegger would have voiced the governator . [ sep ] stan lee
in january 2011 , just weeks after leaving office in california , schwarzenegger announced that he was reading several new scripts for future films , one of them being the world war ii action drama with wings as eagles , written by randall wallace , based on a true story . on march 6 , 2011 , at the arnold seminar of the arnold classic , schwarzenegger revealed that he was being considered for several films , including sequels to the terminator and remakes of predator and the running man , and that he was " packaging " a comic book character . the character was later revealed to be the governator , star of the comic book and animated series of the same name . schwarzenegger inspired the character and co - developed it with stan lee , who would have produced the series . schwarzenegger would have voiced the governator . [ sep ] with wings as eagles
in january 2011 , just weeks after leaving office in california , schwarzenegger announced that he was reading several new scripts for future films , one of them being the world war ii action drama with wings as eagles , written by randall wallace , based on a true story . on march 6 , 2011 , at the arnold seminar of the arnold classic , schwarzenegger revealed that he was being considered for several films , including sequels to the terminator and remakes of predator and the running man , and that he was " packaging " a comic book character . the character was later revealed to be the governator , star of the comic book and animated series of the same name . schwarzenegger inspired the character and co - developed it with stan lee , who would have produced the series . schwarzenegger would have voiced the governator . [ sep ] randall wallace
on may 20 , 2011 , schwarzenegger ' s entertainment counsel announced that all movie projects currently in development were being halted : " schwarzenegger is focusing on personal matters and is not willing to commit to any production schedules or timelines " . on july 11 , 2011 , it was announced that schwarzenegger was considering a comeback film despite his legal problems . he appeared in the expendables 2 ( 2012 ) , and starred in the last stand ( 2013 ) , his first leading role in 10 years , and escape plan ( 2013 ) , his first co - starring role alongside sylvester stallone . he starred in sabotage , released in march 2014 , and appeared in the expendables 3 , released in august 2014 . he starred in the fifth terminator movie terminator genisys in 2015 and will reprise his role as conan the barbarian in the legend of conan . [ sep ] may 20
on may 20 , 2011 , schwarzenegger ' s entertainment counsel announced that all movie projects currently in development were being halted : " schwarzenegger is focusing on personal matters and is not willing to commit to any production schedules or timelines " . on july 11 , 2011 , it was announced that schwarzenegger was considering a comeback film despite his legal problems . he appeared in the expendables 2 ( 2012 ) , and starred in the last stand ( 2013 ) , his first leading role in 10 years , and escape plan ( 2013 ) , his first co - starring role alongside sylvester stallone . he starred in sabotage , released in march 2014 , and appeared in the expendables 3 , released in august 2014 . he starred in the fifth terminator movie terminator genisys in 2015 and will reprise his role as conan the barbarian in the legend of conan . [ sep ] 10 years
on may 20 , 2011 , schwarzenegger ' s entertainment counsel announced that all movie projects currently in development were being halted : " schwarzenegger is focusing on personal matters and is not willing to commit to any production schedules or timelines " . on july 11 , 2011 , it was announced that schwarzenegger was considering a comeback film despite his legal problems . he appeared in the expendables 2 ( 2012 ) , and starred in the last stand ( 2013 ) , his first leading role in 10 years , and escape plan ( 2013 ) , his first co - starring role alongside sylvester stallone . he starred in sabotage , released in march 2014 , and appeared in the expendables 3 , released in august 2014 . he starred in the fifth terminator movie terminator genisys in 2015 and will reprise his role as conan the barbarian in the legend of conan . [ sep ] escape plan
on may 20 , 2011 , schwarzenegger ' s entertainment counsel announced that all movie projects currently in development were being halted : " schwarzenegger is focusing on personal matters and is not willing to commit to any production schedules or timelines " . on july 11 , 2011 , it was announced that schwarzenegger was considering a comeback film despite his legal problems . he appeared in the expendables 2 ( 2012 ) , and starred in the last stand ( 2013 ) , his first leading role in 10 years , and escape plan ( 2013 ) , his first co - starring role alongside sylvester stallone . he starred in sabotage , released in march 2014 , and appeared in the expendables 3 , released in august 2014 . he starred in the fifth terminator movie terminator genisys in 2015 and will reprise his role as conan the barbarian in the legend of conan . [ sep ] terminator genisys
on may 20 , 2011 , schwarzenegger ' s entertainment counsel announced that all movie projects currently in development were being halted : " schwarzenegger is focusing on personal matters and is not willing to commit to any production schedules or timelines " . on july 11 , 2011 , it was announced that schwarzenegger was considering a comeback film despite his legal problems . he appeared in the expendables 2 ( 2012 ) , and starred in the last stand ( 2013 ) , his first leading role in 10 years , and escape plan ( 2013 ) , his first co - starring role alongside sylvester stallone . he starred in sabotage , released in march 2014 , and appeared in the expendables 3 , released in august 2014 . he starred in the fifth terminator movie terminator genisys in 2015 and will reprise his role as conan the barbarian in the legend of conan . [ sep ] 2015
schwarzenegger has been a registered republican for many years . as an actor , his political views were always well known as they contrasted with those of many other prominent hollywood stars , who are generally considered to be a liberal and democratic - leaning community . at the 2004 republican national convention , schwarzenegger gave a speech and explained why he was a republican : [ sep ] 2004
in 1985 , schwarzenegger appeared in " stop the madness " , an anti - drug music video sponsored by the reagan administration . he first came to wide public notice as a republican during the 1988 presidential election , accompanying then - vice president george h . w . bush at a campaign rally . [ sep ] " stop the madness "
in 1985 , schwarzenegger appeared in " stop the madness " , an anti - drug music video sponsored by the reagan administration . he first came to wide public notice as a republican during the 1988 presidential election , accompanying then - vice president george h . w . bush at a campaign rally . [ sep ] 1988
in 1985 , schwarzenegger appeared in " stop the madness " , an anti - drug music video sponsored by the reagan administration . he first came to wide public notice as a republican during the 1988 presidential election , accompanying then - vice president george h . w . bush at a campaign rally . [ sep ] george h . w . bush
schwarzenegger ' s first political appointment was as chairman of the president ' s council on physical fitness and sports , on which he served from 1990 to 1993 . he was nominated by george h . w . bush , who dubbed him " conan the republican " . he later served as chairman for the california governor ' s council on physical fitness and sports under governor pete wilson . [ sep ] conan the republican
in an interview with talk magazine in late 1999 , schwarzenegger was asked if he thought of running for office . he replied , " i think about it many times . the possibility is there , because i feel it inside . " the hollywood reporter claimed shortly after that schwarzenegger sought to end speculation that he might run for governor of california . following his initial comments , schwarzenegger said , " i ' m in show business – i am in the middle of my career . why would i go away from that and jump into something else ? " [ sep ] 1999
in an interview with talk magazine in late 1999 , schwarzenegger was asked if he thought of running for office . he replied , " i think about it many times . the possibility is there , because i feel it inside . " the hollywood reporter claimed shortly after that schwarzenegger sought to end speculation that he might run for governor of california . following his initial comments , schwarzenegger said , " i ' m in show business – i am in the middle of my career . why would i go away from that and jump into something else ? " [ sep ] the hollywood reporter
schwarzenegger announced his candidacy in the 2003 california recall election for governor of california on the august 6 , 2003 episode of the tonight show with jay leno . schwarzenegger had the most name recognition in a crowded field of candidates , but he had never held public office and his political views were unknown to most californians . his candidacy immediately became national and international news , with media outlets dubbing him the " governator " ( referring to the terminator movies , see above ) and " the running man " ( the name of another one of his films ) , and calling the recall election " total recall " ( yet another movie starring schwarzenegger ) . schwarzenegger declined to participate in several debates with other recall replacement candidates , and appeared in only one debate on september 24 , 2003 . [ sep ] august 6 , 2003
schwarzenegger announced his candidacy in the 2003 california recall election for governor of california on the august 6 , 2003 episode of the tonight show with jay leno . schwarzenegger had the most name recognition in a crowded field of candidates , but he had never held public office and his political views were unknown to most californians . his candidacy immediately became national and international news , with media outlets dubbing him the " governator " ( referring to the terminator movies , see above ) and " the running man " ( the name of another one of his films ) , and calling the recall election " total recall " ( yet another movie starring schwarzenegger ) . schwarzenegger declined to participate in several debates with other recall replacement candidates , and appeared in only one debate on september 24 , 2003 . [ sep ] one
on october 7 , 2003 , the recall election resulted in governor gray davis being removed from office with 55 . 4 % of the yes vote in favor of a recall . schwarzenegger was elected governor of california under the second question on the ballot with 48 . 6 % of the vote to choose a successor to davis . schwarzenegger defeated democrat cruz bustamante , fellow republican tom mcclintock , and others . his nearest rival , bustamante , received 31 % of the vote . in total , schwarzenegger won the election by about 1 . 3 million votes . under the regulations of the california constitution , no runoff election was required . schwarzenegger was the second foreign - born governor of california after irish - born governor john g . downey in 1862 . [ sep ] 55 . 4 %
on october 7 , 2003 , the recall election resulted in governor gray davis being removed from office with 55 . 4 % of the yes vote in favor of a recall . schwarzenegger was elected governor of california under the second question on the ballot with 48 . 6 % of the vote to choose a successor to davis . schwarzenegger defeated democrat cruz bustamante , fellow republican tom mcclintock , and others . his nearest rival , bustamante , received 31 % of the vote . in total , schwarzenegger won the election by about 1 . 3 million votes . under the regulations of the california constitution , no runoff election was required . schwarzenegger was the second foreign - born governor of california after irish - born governor john g . downey in 1862 . [ sep ] cruz bustamante
on october 7 , 2003 , the recall election resulted in governor gray davis being removed from office with 55 . 4 % of the yes vote in favor of a recall . schwarzenegger was elected governor of california under the second question on the ballot with 48 . 6 % of the vote to choose a successor to davis . schwarzenegger defeated democrat cruz bustamante , fellow republican tom mcclintock , and others . his nearest rival , bustamante , received 31 % of the vote . in total , schwarzenegger won the election by about 1 . 3 million votes . under the regulations of the california constitution , no runoff election was required . schwarzenegger was the second foreign - born governor of california after irish - born governor john g . downey in 1862 . [ sep ] 1 . 3 million
on october 7 , 2003 , the recall election resulted in governor gray davis being removed from office with 55 . 4 % of the yes vote in favor of a recall . schwarzenegger was elected governor of california under the second question on the ballot with 48 . 6 % of the vote to choose a successor to davis . schwarzenegger defeated democrat cruz bustamante , fellow republican tom mcclintock , and others . his nearest rival , bustamante , received 31 % of the vote . in total , schwarzenegger won the election by about 1 . 3 million votes . under the regulations of the california constitution , no runoff election was required . schwarzenegger was the second foreign - born governor of california after irish - born governor john g . downey in 1862 . [ sep ] 31 %
on october 7 , 2003 , the recall election resulted in governor gray davis being removed from office with 55 . 4 % of the yes vote in favor of a recall . schwarzenegger was elected governor of california under the second question on the ballot with 48 . 6 % of the vote to choose a successor to davis . schwarzenegger defeated democrat cruz bustamante , fellow republican tom mcclintock , and others . his nearest rival , bustamante , received 31 % of the vote . in total , schwarzenegger won the election by about 1 . 3 million votes . under the regulations of the california constitution , no runoff election was required . schwarzenegger was the second foreign - born governor of california after irish - born governor john g . downey in 1862 . [ sep ] john g . downey
as soon as schwarzenegger was elected governor , willie brown said he would start a drive to recall the governor . schwarzenegger was equally entrenched in what he considered to be his mandate in cleaning up gridlock . building on a catchphrase from the sketch " hans and franz " from saturday night live ( which partly parodied his bodybuilding career ) , schwarzenegger called the democratic state politicians " girlie men " . [ sep ] willie brown
as soon as schwarzenegger was elected governor , willie brown said he would start a drive to recall the governor . schwarzenegger was equally entrenched in what he considered to be his mandate in cleaning up gridlock . building on a catchphrase from the sketch " hans and franz " from saturday night live ( which partly parodied his bodybuilding career ) , schwarzenegger called the democratic state politicians " girlie men " . [ sep ] hans and franz
schwarzenegger ' s early victories included repealing an unpopular increase in the vehicle registration fee as well as preventing driver ' s licenses being given out to illegal immigrants , but later he began to feel the backlash when powerful state unions began to oppose his various initiatives . key among his reckoning with political realities was a special election he called in november 2005 , in which four ballot measures he sponsored were defeated . schwarzenegger accepted personal responsibility for the defeats and vowed to continue to seek consensus for the people of california . he would later comment that " no one could win if the opposition raised 160 million dollars to defeat you " . the u . s . supreme court later found the public employee unions ' use of compulsory fundraising during the campaign had been illegal in knox v . service employees international union , local 1000 . [ sep ] november
schwarzenegger ' s early victories included repealing an unpopular increase in the vehicle registration fee as well as preventing driver ' s licenses being given out to illegal immigrants , but later he began to feel the backlash when powerful state unions began to oppose his various initiatives . key among his reckoning with political realities was a special election he called in november 2005 , in which four ballot measures he sponsored were defeated . schwarzenegger accepted personal responsibility for the defeats and vowed to continue to seek consensus for the people of california . he would later comment that " no one could win if the opposition raised 160 million dollars to defeat you " . the u . s . supreme court later found the public employee unions ' use of compulsory fundraising during the campaign had been illegal in knox v . service employees international union , local 1000 . [ sep ] four
schwarzenegger then went against the advice of fellow republican strategists and appointed a democrat , susan kennedy , as his chief of staff . schwarzenegger gradually moved towards a more politically moderate position , determined to build a winning legacy with only a short time to go until the next gubernatorial election . [ sep ] susan kennedy
schwarzenegger ran for re - election against democrat phil angelides , the california state treasurer , in the 2006 elections , held on november 7 , 2006 . despite a poor year nationally for the republican party , schwarzenegger won re - election with 56 . 0 % of the vote compared with 38 . 9 % for angelides , a margin of well over one million votes . in recent years , many commentators have seen schwarzenegger as moving away from the right and towards the center of the political spectrum . after hearing a speech by schwarzenegger at the 2006 martin luther king , jr . breakfast , san francisco mayor gavin newsom said that , " [ h ] e ' s becoming a democrat [ … h ] e ' s running back , not even to the center . i would say center - left " . [ sep ] phil angelides
schwarzenegger ran for re - election against democrat phil angelides , the california state treasurer , in the 2006 elections , held on november 7 , 2006 . despite a poor year nationally for the republican party , schwarzenegger won re - election with 56 . 0 % of the vote compared with 38 . 9 % for angelides , a margin of well over one million votes . in recent years , many commentators have seen schwarzenegger as moving away from the right and towards the center of the political spectrum . after hearing a speech by schwarzenegger at the 2006 martin luther king , jr . breakfast , san francisco mayor gavin newsom said that , " [ h ] e ' s becoming a democrat [ … h ] e ' s running back , not even to the center . i would say center - left " . [ sep ] san francisco
it was rumored that schwarzenegger might run for the united states senate in 2010 , as his governorship would be term - limited by that time . this turned out to be false . [ sep ] united states senate
wendy leigh , who wrote an unofficial biography on schwarzenegger , claims he plotted his political rise from an early age using the movie business and bodybuilding as building blocks to escape a depressing home . leigh portrays schwarzenegger as obsessed with power and quotes him as saying , " i wanted to be part of the small percentage of people who were leaders , not the large mass of followers . i think it is because i saw leaders use 100 % of their potential – i was always fascinated by people in control of other people . " schwarzenegger has said that it was never his intention to enter politics , but he says , " i married into a political family . you get together with them and you hear about policy , about reaching out to help people . i was exposed to the idea of being a public servant and eunice and sargent shriver became my heroes . " eunice kennedy shriver was sister of john f . kennedy , and mother - in - law to schwarzenegger ; sargent shriver is husband to eunice and father - in - law to schwarzenegger . he cannot run for president as he is not a natural born citizen of the united states . in the simpsons movie ( 2007 ) , he is portrayed as the president , and in the sylvester stallone movie , demolition man ( 1993 , ten years before his first run for political office ) , it is revealed that a constitutional amendment passed which allowed schwarzenegger to become president . [ sep ] wendy leigh
wendy leigh , who wrote an unofficial biography on schwarzenegger , claims he plotted his political rise from an early age using the movie business and bodybuilding as building blocks to escape a depressing home . leigh portrays schwarzenegger as obsessed with power and quotes him as saying , " i wanted to be part of the small percentage of people who were leaders , not the large mass of followers . i think it is because i saw leaders use 100 % of their potential – i was always fascinated by people in control of other people . " schwarzenegger has said that it was never his intention to enter politics , but he says , " i married into a political family . you get together with them and you hear about policy , about reaching out to help people . i was exposed to the idea of being a public servant and eunice and sargent shriver became my heroes . " eunice kennedy shriver was sister of john f . kennedy , and mother - in - law to schwarzenegger ; sargent shriver is husband to eunice and father - in - law to schwarzenegger . he cannot run for president as he is not a natural born citizen of the united states . in the simpsons movie ( 2007 ) , he is portrayed as the president , and in the sylvester stallone movie , demolition man ( 1993 , ten years before his first run for political office ) , it is revealed that a constitutional amendment passed which allowed schwarzenegger to become president . [ sep ] sargent shriver
wendy leigh , who wrote an unofficial biography on schwarzenegger , claims he plotted his political rise from an early age using the movie business and bodybuilding as building blocks to escape a depressing home . leigh portrays schwarzenegger as obsessed with power and quotes him as saying , " i wanted to be part of the small percentage of people who were leaders , not the large mass of followers . i think it is because i saw leaders use 100 % of their potential – i was always fascinated by people in control of other people . " schwarzenegger has said that it was never his intention to enter politics , but he says , " i married into a political family . you get together with them and you hear about policy , about reaching out to help people . i was exposed to the idea of being a public servant and eunice and sargent shriver became my heroes . " eunice kennedy shriver was sister of john f . kennedy , and mother - in - law to schwarzenegger ; sargent shriver is husband to eunice and father - in - law to schwarzenegger . he cannot run for president as he is not a natural born citizen of the united states . in the simpsons movie ( 2007 ) , he is portrayed as the president , and in the sylvester stallone movie , demolition man ( 1993 , ten years before his first run for political office ) , it is revealed that a constitutional amendment passed which allowed schwarzenegger to become president . [ sep ] the simpsons movie
schwarzenegger is a dual austrian / united states citizen . he holds austrian citizenship by birth and has held u . s . citizenship since becoming naturalized in 1983 . being austrian and thus european , he was able to win the 2007 european voice campaigner of the year award for taking action against climate change with the california global warming solutions act of 2006 and plans to introduce an emissions trading scheme with other us states and possibly with the eu . [ sep ] 1983
schwarzenegger is a dual austrian / united states citizen . he holds austrian citizenship by birth and has held u . s . citizenship since becoming naturalized in 1983 . being austrian and thus european , he was able to win the 2007 european voice campaigner of the year award for taking action against climate change with the california global warming solutions act of 2006 and plans to introduce an emissions trading scheme with other us states and possibly with the eu . [ sep ] austrian
schwarzenegger ' s endorsement in the republican primary of the 2008 u . s . presidential election was highly sought ; despite being good friends with candidates rudy giuliani and senator john mccain , schwarzenegger remained neutral throughout 2007 and early 2008 . giuliani dropped out of the presidential race on january 30 , 2008 , largely because of a poor showing in florida , and endorsed mccain . later that night , schwarzenegger was in the audience at a republican debate at the ronald reagan presidential library in california . the following day , he endorsed mccain , joking , " it ' s rudy ' s fault ! " ( in reference to his friendships with both candidates and that he could not make up his mind ) . schwarzenegger ' s endorsement was thought to be a boost for senator mccain ' s campaign ; both spoke about their concerns for the environment and economy . [ sep ] john mccain
schwarzenegger ' s endorsement in the republican primary of the 2008 u . s . presidential election was highly sought ; despite being good friends with candidates rudy giuliani and senator john mccain , schwarzenegger remained neutral throughout 2007 and early 2008 . giuliani dropped out of the presidential race on january 30 , 2008 , largely because of a poor showing in florida , and endorsed mccain . later that night , schwarzenegger was in the audience at a republican debate at the ronald reagan presidential library in california . the following day , he endorsed mccain , joking , " it ' s rudy ' s fault ! " ( in reference to his friendships with both candidates and that he could not make up his mind ) . schwarzenegger ' s endorsement was thought to be a boost for senator mccain ' s campaign ; both spoke about their concerns for the environment and economy . [ sep ] rudy giuliani
schwarzenegger ' s endorsement in the republican primary of the 2008 u . s . presidential election was highly sought ; despite being good friends with candidates rudy giuliani and senator john mccain , schwarzenegger remained neutral throughout 2007 and early 2008 . giuliani dropped out of the presidential race on january 30 , 2008 , largely because of a poor showing in florida , and endorsed mccain . later that night , schwarzenegger was in the audience at a republican debate at the ronald reagan presidential library in california . the following day , he endorsed mccain , joking , " it ' s rudy ' s fault ! " ( in reference to his friendships with both candidates and that he could not make up his mind ) . schwarzenegger ' s endorsement was thought to be a boost for senator mccain ' s campaign ; both spoke about their concerns for the environment and economy . [ sep ] the environment and economy
in its april 2010 report , progressive ethics watchdog group citizens for responsibility and ethics in washington named schwarzenegger one of 11 " worst governors " in the united states because of various ethics issues throughout schwarzenegger ' s term as governor . [ sep ] citizens for responsibility and ethics in washington
although he began his tenure as governor with record high approval ratings ( as high as 89 % in december 2003 ) , he left office with a record low 23 % , only one percent higher than that of gray davis ' s when he was recalled in october 2003 . [ sep ] 89 %
although he began his tenure as governor with record high approval ratings ( as high as 89 % in december 2003 ) , he left office with a record low 23 % , only one percent higher than that of gray davis ' s when he was recalled in october 2003 . [ sep ] 23 %
during his initial campaign for governor , allegations of sexual and personal misconduct were raised against schwarzenegger , dubbed " gropegate " . within the last five days before the election , news reports appeared in the los angeles times recounting allegations of sexual misconduct from several individual women , six of whom eventually came forward with their personal stories . [ sep ] gropegate
during his initial campaign for governor , allegations of sexual and personal misconduct were raised against schwarzenegger , dubbed " gropegate " . within the last five days before the election , news reports appeared in the los angeles times recounting allegations of sexual misconduct from several individual women , six of whom eventually came forward with their personal stories . [ sep ] six
during his initial campaign for governor , allegations of sexual and personal misconduct were raised against schwarzenegger , dubbed " gropegate " . within the last five days before the election , news reports appeared in the los angeles times recounting allegations of sexual misconduct from several individual women , six of whom eventually came forward with their personal stories . [ sep ] los angeles times
three of the women claimed he had grabbed their breasts , a fourth said he placed his hand under her skirt on her buttock . a fifth woman claimed schwarzenegger tried to take off her bathing suit in a hotel elevator , and the last said he pulled her onto his lap and asked her about a sex act . [ sep ] bathing suit
schwarzenegger admitted that he has " behaved badly sometimes " and apologized , but also stated that " a lot of [ what ] you see in the stories is not true " . this came after an interview in adult magazine oui from 1977 surfaced , in which schwarzenegger discussed attending sexual orgies and using substances such as marijuana . schwarzenegger is shown smoking a marijuana joint after winning mr . olympia in the 1975 documentary film pumping iron . in an interview with gq magazine in october 2007 , schwarzenegger said , " [ marijuana ] is not a drug . it ' s a leaf . my drug was pumping iron , trust me . " his spokesperson later said the comment was meant to be a joke . [ sep ] gq
schwarzenegger admitted that he has " behaved badly sometimes " and apologized , but also stated that " a lot of [ what ] you see in the stories is not true " . this came after an interview in adult magazine oui from 1977 surfaced , in which schwarzenegger discussed attending sexual orgies and using substances such as marijuana . schwarzenegger is shown smoking a marijuana joint after winning mr . olympia in the 1975 documentary film pumping iron . in an interview with gq magazine in october 2007 , schwarzenegger said , " [ marijuana ] is not a drug . it ' s a leaf . my drug was pumping iron , trust me . " his spokesperson later said the comment was meant to be a joke . [ sep ] marijuana
british television personality anna richardson settled a libel lawsuit in august 2006 against schwarzenegger , his top aide , sean walsh , and his publicist , sheryl main . a joint statement read : " the parties are content to put this matter behind them and are pleased that this legal dispute has now been settled . " richardson claimed they tried to tarnish her reputation by dismissing her allegations that schwarzenegger touched her breast during a press event for the 6th day in london . she claimed walsh and main libeled her in a los angeles times article when they contended she encouraged his behavior . [ sep ] anna richardson
british television personality anna richardson settled a libel lawsuit in august 2006 against schwarzenegger , his top aide , sean walsh , and his publicist , sheryl main . a joint statement read : " the parties are content to put this matter behind them and are pleased that this legal dispute has now been settled . " richardson claimed they tried to tarnish her reputation by dismissing her allegations that schwarzenegger touched her breast during a press event for the 6th day in london . she claimed walsh and main libeled her in a los angeles times article when they contended she encouraged his behavior . [ sep ] the 6th day
british television personality anna richardson settled a libel lawsuit in august 2006 against schwarzenegger , his top aide , sean walsh , and his publicist , sheryl main . a joint statement read : " the parties are content to put this matter behind them and are pleased that this legal dispute has now been settled . " richardson claimed they tried to tarnish her reputation by dismissing her allegations that schwarzenegger touched her breast during a press event for the 6th day in london . she claimed walsh and main libeled her in a los angeles times article when they contended she encouraged his behavior . [ sep ] los angeles times
schwarzenegger became a naturalized u . s . citizen on september 17 , 1983 . shortly before he gained his citizenship , he asked the austrian authorities for the right to keep his austrian citizenship , as austria does not usually allow dual citizenship . his request was granted , and he retained his austrian citizenship . in 2005 , peter pilz , a member of the austrian parliament from the austrian green party , demanded that parliament revoke schwarzenegger ' s austrian citizenship due to his decision not to prevent the executions of donald beardslee and stanley williams , causing damage of reputation to austria , where the death penalty has been abolished since 1968 . this demand was based on article 33 of the austrian citizenship act that states : " a citizen , who is in the public service of a foreign country , shall be deprived of his citizenship , if he heavily damages the reputation or the interests of the austrian republic . " pilz claimed that schwarzenegger ' s actions in support of the death penalty ( prohibited in austria under protocol 13 of the european convention on human rights ) had indeed done damage to austria ' s reputation . schwarzenegger explained his actions by referring to the fact that his only duty as governor of california was to prevent an error in the judicial system . [ sep ] 1968
schwarzenegger became a naturalized u . s . citizen on september 17 , 1983 . shortly before he gained his citizenship , he asked the austrian authorities for the right to keep his austrian citizenship , as austria does not usually allow dual citizenship . his request was granted , and he retained his austrian citizenship . in 2005 , peter pilz , a member of the austrian parliament from the austrian green party , demanded that parliament revoke schwarzenegger ' s austrian citizenship due to his decision not to prevent the executions of donald beardslee and stanley williams , causing damage of reputation to austria , where the death penalty has been abolished since 1968 . this demand was based on article 33 of the austrian citizenship act that states : " a citizen , who is in the public service of a foreign country , shall be deprived of his citizenship , if he heavily damages the reputation or the interests of the austrian republic . " pilz claimed that schwarzenegger ' s actions in support of the death penalty ( prohibited in austria under protocol 13 of the european convention on human rights ) had indeed done damage to austria ' s reputation . schwarzenegger explained his actions by referring to the fact that his only duty as governor of california was to prevent an error in the judicial system . [ sep ] peter pilz
on september 27 , 2006 schwarzenegger signed a bill creating the nation ' s first cap on greenhouse gas emissions . the law set new regulations on the amount of emissions utilities , refineries and manufacturing plants are allowed to release into the atmosphere . schwarzenegger also signed a second global warming bill that prohibits large utilities and corporations in california from making long - term contracts with suppliers who do not meet the state ' s greenhouse gas emission standards . the two bills are part of a plan to reduce california ' s emissions by 25 percent to 1990s levels by 2020 . in 2005 , schwarzenegger issued an executive order calling to reduce greenhouse gases to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050 . [ sep ] september 27 , 2006
on september 27 , 2006 schwarzenegger signed a bill creating the nation ' s first cap on greenhouse gas emissions . the law set new regulations on the amount of emissions utilities , refineries and manufacturing plants are allowed to release into the atmosphere . schwarzenegger also signed a second global warming bill that prohibits large utilities and corporations in california from making long - term contracts with suppliers who do not meet the state ' s greenhouse gas emission standards . the two bills are part of a plan to reduce california ' s emissions by 25 percent to 1990s levels by 2020 . in 2005 , schwarzenegger issued an executive order calling to reduce greenhouse gases to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050 . [ sep ] refineries
on september 27 , 2006 schwarzenegger signed a bill creating the nation ' s first cap on greenhouse gas emissions . the law set new regulations on the amount of emissions utilities , refineries and manufacturing plants are allowed to release into the atmosphere . schwarzenegger also signed a second global warming bill that prohibits large utilities and corporations in california from making long - term contracts with suppliers who do not meet the state ' s greenhouse gas emission standards . the two bills are part of a plan to reduce california ' s emissions by 25 percent to 1990s levels by 2020 . in 2005 , schwarzenegger issued an executive order calling to reduce greenhouse gases to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050 . [ sep ] 2020
schwarzenegger signed another executive order on october 17 , 2006 allowing california to work with the northeast ' s regional greenhouse gas initiative . they plan to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by issuing a limited amount of carbon credits to each power plant in participating states . any power plants that exceed emissions for the amount of carbon credits will have to purchase more credits to cover the difference . the plan took effect in 2009 . in addition to using his political power to fight global warming , the governor has taken steps at his home to reduce his personal carbon footprint . schwarzenegger has adapted one of his hummers to run on hydrogen and another to run on biofuels . he has also installed solar panels to heat his home . [ sep ] the northeast
schwarzenegger signed another executive order on october 17 , 2006 allowing california to work with the northeast ' s regional greenhouse gas initiative . they plan to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by issuing a limited amount of carbon credits to each power plant in participating states . any power plants that exceed emissions for the amount of carbon credits will have to purchase more credits to cover the difference . the plan took effect in 2009 . in addition to using his political power to fight global warming , the governor has taken steps at his home to reduce his personal carbon footprint . schwarzenegger has adapted one of his hummers to run on hydrogen and another to run on biofuels . he has also installed solar panels to heat his home . [ sep ] solar panels
schwarzenegger signed another executive order on october 17 , 2006 allowing california to work with the northeast ' s regional greenhouse gas initiative . they plan to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by issuing a limited amount of carbon credits to each power plant in participating states . any power plants that exceed emissions for the amount of carbon credits will have to purchase more credits to cover the difference . the plan took effect in 2009 . in addition to using his political power to fight global warming , the governor has taken steps at his home to reduce his personal carbon footprint . schwarzenegger has adapted one of his hummers to run on hydrogen and another to run on biofuels . he has also installed solar panels to heat his home . [ sep ] 2009
schwarzenegger signed another executive order on october 17 , 2006 allowing california to work with the northeast ' s regional greenhouse gas initiative . they plan to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by issuing a limited amount of carbon credits to each power plant in participating states . any power plants that exceed emissions for the amount of carbon credits will have to purchase more credits to cover the difference . the plan took effect in 2009 . in addition to using his political power to fight global warming , the governor has taken steps at his home to reduce his personal carbon footprint . schwarzenegger has adapted one of his hummers to run on hydrogen and another to run on biofuels . he has also installed solar panels to heat his home . [ sep ] carbon dioxide emissions
in respect of his contribution to the direction of the us motor industry , schwarzenegger was invited to open the 2009 sae world congress in detroit , on april 20 , 2009 . [ sep ] detroit
in october 2013 , the new york post reported that schwarzenegger was exploring a future run for president . the former california governor would face a constitutional hurdle ; article ii , section i , clause v nominally prevents individuals who are not natural - born citizens of the united states from assuming the office . he has reportedly been lobbying legislators about a possible constitutional change , or filing a legal challenge to the provision . columbia university law professor michael dorf observed that schwarzenegger ' s possible lawsuit could ultimately win him the right to run for the office , noting , " the law is very clear , but it ’ s not 100 percent clear that the courts would enforce that law rather than leave it to the political process . " [ sep ] article ii , section i , clause v
in october 2013 , the new york post reported that schwarzenegger was exploring a future run for president . the former california governor would face a constitutional hurdle ; article ii , section i , clause v nominally prevents individuals who are not natural - born citizens of the united states from assuming the office . he has reportedly been lobbying legislators about a possible constitutional change , or filing a legal challenge to the provision . columbia university law professor michael dorf observed that schwarzenegger ' s possible lawsuit could ultimately win him the right to run for the office , noting , " the law is very clear , but it ’ s not 100 percent clear that the courts would enforce that law rather than leave it to the political process . " [ sep ] the new york post
in october 2013 , the new york post reported that schwarzenegger was exploring a future run for president . the former california governor would face a constitutional hurdle ; article ii , section i , clause v nominally prevents individuals who are not natural - born citizens of the united states from assuming the office . he has reportedly been lobbying legislators about a possible constitutional change , or filing a legal challenge to the provision . columbia university law professor michael dorf observed that schwarzenegger ' s possible lawsuit could ultimately win him the right to run for the office , noting , " the law is very clear , but it ’ s not 100 percent clear that the courts would enforce that law rather than leave it to the political process . " [ sep ] columbia university
schwarzenegger has had a highly successful business career . following his move to the united states , schwarzenegger became a " prolific goal setter " and would write his objectives at the start of the year on index cards , like starting a mail order business or buying a new car – and succeed in doing so . by the age of 30 , schwarzenegger was a millionaire , well before his career in hollywood . his financial independence came from his success as a budding entrepreneur with a series of successful business ventures and investments . [ sep ] index cards
schwarzenegger has had a highly successful business career . following his move to the united states , schwarzenegger became a " prolific goal setter " and would write his objectives at the start of the year on index cards , like starting a mail order business or buying a new car – and succeed in doing so . by the age of 30 , schwarzenegger was a millionaire , well before his career in hollywood . his financial independence came from his success as a budding entrepreneur with a series of successful business ventures and investments . [ sep ] 30
in 1968 , schwarzenegger and fellow bodybuilder franco columbu started a bricklaying business . the business flourished thanks to the pair ' s marketing savvy and an increased demand following the 1971 san fernando earthquake . schwarzenegger and columbu used profits from their bricklaying venture to start a mail order business , selling bodybuilding and fitness - related equipment and instructional tapes . [ sep ] franco columbu
in 1968 , schwarzenegger and fellow bodybuilder franco columbu started a bricklaying business . the business flourished thanks to the pair ' s marketing savvy and an increased demand following the 1971 san fernando earthquake . schwarzenegger and columbu used profits from their bricklaying venture to start a mail order business , selling bodybuilding and fitness - related equipment and instructional tapes . [ sep ] san fernando earthquake
schwarzenegger rolled profits from the mail order business and his bodybuilding competition winnings into his first real estate investment venture : an apartment building he purchased for $ 10 , 000 . he would later go on to invest in a number of real estate holding companies . [ sep ] $ 10 , 000
schwarzenegger was a founding celebrity investor in the planet hollywood chain of international theme restaurants ( modeled after the hard rock cafe ) along with bruce willis , sylvester stallone and demi moore . schwarzenegger severed his financial ties with the business in early 2000 . schwarzenegger said the company had not had the success he had hoped for , claiming he wanted to focus his attention on " new us global business ventures " and his movie career . [ sep ] planet hollywood
schwarzenegger was a founding celebrity investor in the planet hollywood chain of international theme restaurants ( modeled after the hard rock cafe ) along with bruce willis , sylvester stallone and demi moore . schwarzenegger severed his financial ties with the business in early 2000 . schwarzenegger said the company had not had the success he had hoped for , claiming he wanted to focus his attention on " new us global business ventures " and his movie career . [ sep ] 2000
schwarzenegger was a founding celebrity investor in the planet hollywood chain of international theme restaurants ( modeled after the hard rock cafe ) along with bruce willis , sylvester stallone and demi moore . schwarzenegger severed his financial ties with the business in early 2000 . schwarzenegger said the company had not had the success he had hoped for , claiming he wanted to focus his attention on " new us global business ventures " and his movie career . [ sep ] the hard rock cafe
he also invested in a shopping mall in columbus , ohio . he has talked about some of those who have helped him over the years in business : " i couldn ' t have learned about business without a parade of teachers guiding me . . . from milton friedman to donald trump . . . and now , les wexner and warren buffett . i even learned a thing or two from planet hollywood , such as when to get out ! and i did ! " he has significant ownership in dimensional fund advisors , an investment firm . schwarzenegger is also the owner of arnold ' s sports festival , which he started in 1989 and is held annually in columbus , ohio . it is a festival that hosts thousands of international health and fitness professionals which has also expanded into a three - day expo . he also owns a movie production company called oak productions , inc . and fitness publications , a joint publishing venture with simon & schuster . [ sep ] dimensional fund advisors
he also invested in a shopping mall in columbus , ohio . he has talked about some of those who have helped him over the years in business : " i couldn ' t have learned about business without a parade of teachers guiding me . . . from milton friedman to donald trump . . . and now , les wexner and warren buffett . i even learned a thing or two from planet hollywood , such as when to get out ! and i did ! " he has significant ownership in dimensional fund advisors , an investment firm . schwarzenegger is also the owner of arnold ' s sports festival , which he started in 1989 and is held annually in columbus , ohio . it is a festival that hosts thousands of international health and fitness professionals which has also expanded into a three - day expo . he also owns a movie production company called oak productions , inc . and fitness publications , a joint publishing venture with simon & schuster . [ sep ] columbus , ohio
he also invested in a shopping mall in columbus , ohio . he has talked about some of those who have helped him over the years in business : " i couldn ' t have learned about business without a parade of teachers guiding me . . . from milton friedman to donald trump . . . and now , les wexner and warren buffett . i even learned a thing or two from planet hollywood , such as when to get out ! and i did ! " he has significant ownership in dimensional fund advisors , an investment firm . schwarzenegger is also the owner of arnold ' s sports festival , which he started in 1989 and is held annually in columbus , ohio . it is a festival that hosts thousands of international health and fitness professionals which has also expanded into a three - day expo . he also owns a movie production company called oak productions , inc . and fitness publications , a joint publishing venture with simon & schuster . [ sep ] oak productions , inc .
he also invested in a shopping mall in columbus , ohio . he has talked about some of those who have helped him over the years in business : " i couldn ' t have learned about business without a parade of teachers guiding me . . . from milton friedman to donald trump . . . and now , les wexner and warren buffett . i even learned a thing or two from planet hollywood , such as when to get out ! and i did ! " he has significant ownership in dimensional fund advisors , an investment firm . schwarzenegger is also the owner of arnold ' s sports festival , which he started in 1989 and is held annually in columbus , ohio . it is a festival that hosts thousands of international health and fitness professionals which has also expanded into a three - day expo . he also owns a movie production company called oak productions , inc . and fitness publications , a joint publishing venture with simon & schuster . [ sep ] simon & schuster
in 1992 , schwarzenegger and his wife opened a restaurant in santa monica called schatzi on main . schatzi literally means " little treasure , " colloquial for " honey " or " darling " in german . in 1998 , he sold his restaurant . [ sep ] schatzi on main
in 1992 , schwarzenegger and his wife opened a restaurant in santa monica called schatzi on main . schatzi literally means " little treasure , " colloquial for " honey " or " darling " in german . in 1998 , he sold his restaurant . [ sep ] santa monica
in 1992 , schwarzenegger and his wife opened a restaurant in santa monica called schatzi on main . schatzi literally means " little treasure , " colloquial for " honey " or " darling " in german . in 1998 , he sold his restaurant . [ sep ] little treasure
in 1992 , schwarzenegger and his wife opened a restaurant in santa monica called schatzi on main . schatzi literally means " little treasure , " colloquial for " honey " or " darling " in german . in 1998 , he sold his restaurant . [ sep ] 1998
schwarzenegger ' s net worth had been conservatively estimated at $ 100 – $ 200 million . after separating from his wife , maria shriver , in 2011 , it has been estimated that his net worth has been approximately $ 400 million , and even as high as $ 800 million , based on tax returns he filed in 2006 . over the years as an investor , he invested his bodybuilding and movie earnings in an array of stocks , bonds , privately controlled companies , and real estate holdings worldwide , making his net worth as an accurate estimation difficult to calculate , particularly in light of declining real estate values owing to economic recessions in the u . s . and europe since the late 2000s . in june 1997 , schwarzenegger spent $ 38 million of his own money on a private gulfstream jet . schwarzenegger once said of his fortune , " money doesn ' t make you happy . i now have $ 50 million , but i was just as happy when i had $ 48 million . " he has also stated , " i ' ve made many millions as a businessman many times over . " [ sep ] 2011
schwarzenegger ' s net worth had been conservatively estimated at $ 100 – $ 200 million . after separating from his wife , maria shriver , in 2011 , it has been estimated that his net worth has been approximately $ 400 million , and even as high as $ 800 million , based on tax returns he filed in 2006 . over the years as an investor , he invested his bodybuilding and movie earnings in an array of stocks , bonds , privately controlled companies , and real estate holdings worldwide , making his net worth as an accurate estimation difficult to calculate , particularly in light of declining real estate values owing to economic recessions in the u . s . and europe since the late 2000s . in june 1997 , schwarzenegger spent $ 38 million of his own money on a private gulfstream jet . schwarzenegger once said of his fortune , " money doesn ' t make you happy . i now have $ 50 million , but i was just as happy when i had $ 48 million . " he has also stated , " i ' ve made many millions as a businessman many times over . " [ sep ] $ 38 million
in 1969 , schwarzenegger met barbara outland ( later barbara outland baker ) , an english teacher he lived with until 1974 . schwarzenegger talked about barbara in his memoir in 1977 : " basically it came down to this : she was a well - balanced woman who wanted an ordinary , solid life , and i was not a well - balanced man , and hated the very idea of ordinary life . " baker has described schwarzenegger as " [ a ] joyful personality , totally charismatic , adventurous , and athletic " but claims towards the end of the relationship he became " insufferable – classically conceited – the world revolved around him " . baker published her memoir in 2006 , entitled arnold and me : in the shadow of the austrian oak . although baker , at times , painted an unflattering portrait of her former lover , schwarzenegger actually contributed to the tell - all book with a foreword , and also met with baker for three hours . baker claims , for example , that she only learned of his being unfaithful after they split , and talks of a turbulent and passionate love life . schwarzenegger has made it clear that their respective recollection of events can differ . the couple first met six to eight months after his arrival in the u . s – their first date was watching the first apollo moon landing on television . they shared an apartment in santa monica for three and a half years , and having little money , would visit the beach all day , or have barbecues in the back yard . although baker claims that when she first met him , he had " little understanding of polite society " and she found him a turn - off , she says , " he ' s as much a self - made man as it ' s possible to be – he never got encouragement from his parents , his family , his brother . he just had this huge determination to prove himself , and that was very attractive … i ' ll go to my grave knowing arnold loved me . " [ sep ] 2006
in 1969 , schwarzenegger met barbara outland ( later barbara outland baker ) , an english teacher he lived with until 1974 . schwarzenegger talked about barbara in his memoir in 1977 : " basically it came down to this : she was a well - balanced woman who wanted an ordinary , solid life , and i was not a well - balanced man , and hated the very idea of ordinary life . " baker has described schwarzenegger as " [ a ] joyful personality , totally charismatic , adventurous , and athletic " but claims towards the end of the relationship he became " insufferable – classically conceited – the world revolved around him " . baker published her memoir in 2006 , entitled arnold and me : in the shadow of the austrian oak . although baker , at times , painted an unflattering portrait of her former lover , schwarzenegger actually contributed to the tell - all book with a foreword , and also met with baker for three hours . baker claims , for example , that she only learned of his being unfaithful after they split , and talks of a turbulent and passionate love life . schwarzenegger has made it clear that their respective recollection of events can differ . the couple first met six to eight months after his arrival in the u . s – their first date was watching the first apollo moon landing on television . they shared an apartment in santa monica for three and a half years , and having little money , would visit the beach all day , or have barbecues in the back yard . although baker claims that when she first met him , he had " little understanding of polite society " and she found him a turn - off , she says , " he ' s as much a self - made man as it ' s possible to be – he never got encouragement from his parents , his family , his brother . he just had this huge determination to prove himself , and that was very attractive … i ' ll go to my grave knowing arnold loved me . " [ sep ] polite society
in 1969 , schwarzenegger met barbara outland ( later barbara outland baker ) , an english teacher he lived with until 1974 . schwarzenegger talked about barbara in his memoir in 1977 : " basically it came down to this : she was a well - balanced woman who wanted an ordinary , solid life , and i was not a well - balanced man , and hated the very idea of ordinary life . " baker has described schwarzenegger as " [ a ] joyful personality , totally charismatic , adventurous , and athletic " but claims towards the end of the relationship he became " insufferable – classically conceited – the world revolved around him " . baker published her memoir in 2006 , entitled arnold and me : in the shadow of the austrian oak . although baker , at times , painted an unflattering portrait of her former lover , schwarzenegger actually contributed to the tell - all book with a foreword , and also met with baker for three hours . baker claims , for example , that she only learned of his being unfaithful after they split , and talks of a turbulent and passionate love life . schwarzenegger has made it clear that their respective recollection of events can differ . the couple first met six to eight months after his arrival in the u . s – their first date was watching the first apollo moon landing on television . they shared an apartment in santa monica for three and a half years , and having little money , would visit the beach all day , or have barbecues in the back yard . although baker claims that when she first met him , he had " little understanding of polite society " and she found him a turn - off , she says , " he ' s as much a self - made man as it ' s possible to be – he never got encouragement from his parents , his family , his brother . he just had this huge determination to prove himself , and that was very attractive … i ' ll go to my grave knowing arnold loved me . " [ sep ] the first apollo moon landing
schwarzenegger met his next paramour , sue moray , a beverly hills hairdresser ' s assistant , on venice beach in july 1977 . according to moray , the couple led an open relationship : " we were faithful when we were both in la … but when he was out of town , we were free to do whatever we wanted . " schwarzenegger met maria shriver at the robert f . kennedy tennis tournament in august 1977 , and went on to have a relationship with both women until august 1978 , when moray ( who knew of his relationship with shriver ) issued an ultimatum . [ sep ] sue moray
schwarzenegger met his next paramour , sue moray , a beverly hills hairdresser ' s assistant , on venice beach in july 1977 . according to moray , the couple led an open relationship : " we were faithful when we were both in la … but when he was out of town , we were free to do whatever we wanted . " schwarzenegger met maria shriver at the robert f . kennedy tennis tournament in august 1977 , and went on to have a relationship with both women until august 1978 , when moray ( who knew of his relationship with shriver ) issued an ultimatum . [ sep ] the robert f . kennedy tennis tournament
schwarzenegger met his next paramour , sue moray , a beverly hills hairdresser ' s assistant , on venice beach in july 1977 . according to moray , the couple led an open relationship : " we were faithful when we were both in la … but when he was out of town , we were free to do whatever we wanted . " schwarzenegger met maria shriver at the robert f . kennedy tennis tournament in august 1977 , and went on to have a relationship with both women until august 1978 , when moray ( who knew of his relationship with shriver ) issued an ultimatum . [ sep ] august 1978
on april 26 , 1986 , schwarzenegger married television journalist maria shriver , niece of president john f . kennedy , in hyannis , massachusetts . the rev . john baptist riordan performed the ceremony at st . francis xavier catholic church . they have four children : katherine eunice schwarzenegger ( born december 13 , 1989 in los angeles ) ; christina maria aurelia schwarzenegger ( born july 23 , 1991 in los angeles ) ; patrick arnold shriver schwarzenegger ( born september 18 , 1993 in los angeles ) ; and christopher sargent shriver schwarzenegger ( born september 27 , 1997 in los angeles ) . schwarzenegger lives in a 11 , 000 - square - foot ( 1 , 000 m2 ) home in brentwood . the divorcing couple currently own vacation homes in sun valley , idaho and hyannis port , massachusetts . they attended st . monica ' s catholic church . following their separation , it is reported that schwarzenegger is dating physical therapist heather milligan . [ sep ] niece
on april 26 , 1986 , schwarzenegger married television journalist maria shriver , niece of president john f . kennedy , in hyannis , massachusetts . the rev . john baptist riordan performed the ceremony at st . francis xavier catholic church . they have four children : katherine eunice schwarzenegger ( born december 13 , 1989 in los angeles ) ; christina maria aurelia schwarzenegger ( born july 23 , 1991 in los angeles ) ; patrick arnold shriver schwarzenegger ( born september 18 , 1993 in los angeles ) ; and christopher sargent shriver schwarzenegger ( born september 27 , 1997 in los angeles ) . schwarzenegger lives in a 11 , 000 - square - foot ( 1 , 000 m2 ) home in brentwood . the divorcing couple currently own vacation homes in sun valley , idaho and hyannis port , massachusetts . they attended st . monica ' s catholic church . following their separation , it is reported that schwarzenegger is dating physical therapist heather milligan . [ sep ] hyannis
on april 26 , 1986 , schwarzenegger married television journalist maria shriver , niece of president john f . kennedy , in hyannis , massachusetts . the rev . john baptist riordan performed the ceremony at st . francis xavier catholic church . they have four children : katherine eunice schwarzenegger ( born december 13 , 1989 in los angeles ) ; christina maria aurelia schwarzenegger ( born july 23 , 1991 in los angeles ) ; patrick arnold shriver schwarzenegger ( born september 18 , 1993 in los angeles ) ; and christopher sargent shriver schwarzenegger ( born september 27 , 1997 in los angeles ) . schwarzenegger lives in a 11 , 000 - square - foot ( 1 , 000 m2 ) home in brentwood . the divorcing couple currently own vacation homes in sun valley , idaho and hyannis port , massachusetts . they attended st . monica ' s catholic church . following their separation , it is reported that schwarzenegger is dating physical therapist heather milligan . [ sep ] four
on april 26 , 1986 , schwarzenegger married television journalist maria shriver , niece of president john f . kennedy , in hyannis , massachusetts . the rev . john baptist riordan performed the ceremony at st . francis xavier catholic church . they have four children : katherine eunice schwarzenegger ( born december 13 , 1989 in los angeles ) ; christina maria aurelia schwarzenegger ( born july 23 , 1991 in los angeles ) ; patrick arnold shriver schwarzenegger ( born september 18 , 1993 in los angeles ) ; and christopher sargent shriver schwarzenegger ( born september 27 , 1997 in los angeles ) . schwarzenegger lives in a 11 , 000 - square - foot ( 1 , 000 m2 ) home in brentwood . the divorcing couple currently own vacation homes in sun valley , idaho and hyannis port , massachusetts . they attended st . monica ' s catholic church . following their separation , it is reported that schwarzenegger is dating physical therapist heather milligan . [ sep ] heather milligan
on may 9 , 2011 , shriver and schwarzenegger ended their relationship after 25 years of marriage , with shriver moving out of the couple ' s brentwood mansion . on may 16 , 2011 , the los angeles times revealed that schwarzenegger had fathered a son more than fourteen years earlier with an employee in their household , mildred patricia ' patty ' baena . " after leaving the governor ' s office i told my wife about this event , which occurred over a decade ago , " schwarzenegger said in a statement issued to the times . in the statement , schwarzenegger did not mention that he had confessed to his wife only after shriver had confronted him with the information , which she had done after confirming with the housekeeper what she had suspected about the child . [ sep ] 25 years
on may 9 , 2011 , shriver and schwarzenegger ended their relationship after 25 years of marriage , with shriver moving out of the couple ' s brentwood mansion . on may 16 , 2011 , the los angeles times revealed that schwarzenegger had fathered a son more than fourteen years earlier with an employee in their household , mildred patricia ' patty ' baena . " after leaving the governor ' s office i told my wife about this event , which occurred over a decade ago , " schwarzenegger said in a statement issued to the times . in the statement , schwarzenegger did not mention that he had confessed to his wife only after shriver had confronted him with the information , which she had done after confirming with the housekeeper what she had suspected about the child . [ sep ] the los angeles times
fifty - year - old baena , of guatemalan origin , was employed by the family for 20 years and retired in january 2011 . the pregnant baena was working in the home while shriver was pregnant with the youngest of the couple ’ s four children . baena ' s son with schwarzenegger , joseph , was born on october 2 , 1997 ; shriver gave birth to christopher on september 27 , 1997 . schwarzenegger says it took seven or eight years before he found out that he had fathered a child with his housekeeper . it wasn ' t until the boy " started looking like me , that ' s when i kind of got it . i put things together , " the action star and former california governor , told 60 minutes . schwarzenegger has taken financial responsibility for the child " from the start and continued to provide support . " knx 1070 radio reported that in 2010 he bought a new four - bedroom house , with a pool , for baena and their son in bakersfield , about 112 miles ( 180 km ) north of los angeles . baena separated from her husband , rogelio , in 1997 , a few months after joseph ' s birth , and filed for divorce in 2008 . baena ' s ex - husband says that the child ' s birth certificate was falsified and that he plans to sue schwarzenegger for engaging in conspiracy to falsify a public document , a serious crime in california . [ sep ] 20
fifty - year - old baena , of guatemalan origin , was employed by the family for 20 years and retired in january 2011 . the pregnant baena was working in the home while shriver was pregnant with the youngest of the couple ’ s four children . baena ' s son with schwarzenegger , joseph , was born on october 2 , 1997 ; shriver gave birth to christopher on september 27 , 1997 . schwarzenegger says it took seven or eight years before he found out that he had fathered a child with his housekeeper . it wasn ' t until the boy " started looking like me , that ' s when i kind of got it . i put things together , " the action star and former california governor , told 60 minutes . schwarzenegger has taken financial responsibility for the child " from the start and continued to provide support . " knx 1070 radio reported that in 2010 he bought a new four - bedroom house , with a pool , for baena and their son in bakersfield , about 112 miles ( 180 km ) north of los angeles . baena separated from her husband , rogelio , in 1997 , a few months after joseph ' s birth , and filed for divorce in 2008 . baena ' s ex - husband says that the child ' s birth certificate was falsified and that he plans to sue schwarzenegger for engaging in conspiracy to falsify a public document , a serious crime in california . [ sep ] joseph
fifty - year - old baena , of guatemalan origin , was employed by the family for 20 years and retired in january 2011 . the pregnant baena was working in the home while shriver was pregnant with the youngest of the couple ’ s four children . baena ' s son with schwarzenegger , joseph , was born on october 2 , 1997 ; shriver gave birth to christopher on september 27 , 1997 . schwarzenegger says it took seven or eight years before he found out that he had fathered a child with his housekeeper . it wasn ' t until the boy " started looking like me , that ' s when i kind of got it . i put things together , " the action star and former california governor , told 60 minutes . schwarzenegger has taken financial responsibility for the child " from the start and continued to provide support . " knx 1070 radio reported that in 2010 he bought a new four - bedroom house , with a pool , for baena and their son in bakersfield , about 112 miles ( 180 km ) north of los angeles . baena separated from her husband , rogelio , in 1997 , a few months after joseph ' s birth , and filed for divorce in 2008 . baena ' s ex - husband says that the child ' s birth certificate was falsified and that he plans to sue schwarzenegger for engaging in conspiracy to falsify a public document , a serious crime in california . [ sep ] 2010
schwarzenegger has consulted an attorney , bob kaufman . kaufman has earlier handled divorce cases for celebrities such as jennifer aniston and reese witherspoon . schwarzenegger will keep the brentwood home as part of their divorce settlement and shriver has purchased a new home nearby so that the children may travel easily between their parents ' homes . they will share custody of the two minor children . schwarzenegger came under fire after the initial petition did not include spousal support and a reimbursement of attorney ' s fees . however , he claims this was not intentional and that he signed the initial documents without having properly read them . schwarzenegger has filed amended divorce papers remedying this . [ sep ] bob kaufman
schwarzenegger has consulted an attorney , bob kaufman . kaufman has earlier handled divorce cases for celebrities such as jennifer aniston and reese witherspoon . schwarzenegger will keep the brentwood home as part of their divorce settlement and shriver has purchased a new home nearby so that the children may travel easily between their parents ' homes . they will share custody of the two minor children . schwarzenegger came under fire after the initial petition did not include spousal support and a reimbursement of attorney ' s fees . however , he claims this was not intentional and that he signed the initial documents without having properly read them . schwarzenegger has filed amended divorce papers remedying this . [ sep ] schwarzenegger
schwarzenegger has consulted an attorney , bob kaufman . kaufman has earlier handled divorce cases for celebrities such as jennifer aniston and reese witherspoon . schwarzenegger will keep the brentwood home as part of their divorce settlement and shriver has purchased a new home nearby so that the children may travel easily between their parents ' homes . they will share custody of the two minor children . schwarzenegger came under fire after the initial petition did not include spousal support and a reimbursement of attorney ' s fees . however , he claims this was not intentional and that he signed the initial documents without having properly read them . schwarzenegger has filed amended divorce papers remedying this . [ sep ] spousal support
after the scandal , actress brigitte nielsen came forward and stated that she too had an affair with schwarzenegger while he was in a relationship with shriver , saying , " maybe i wouldn ' t have got into it if he said ' i ' m going to marry maria ' and this is dead serious , but he didn ' t , and our affair carried on . " when asked in 2014 " of all the things you are famous for … which are you least proud of ? " , schwarzenegger replied " i ' m least proud of the mistakes i made that caused my family pain and split us up " . [ sep ] brigitte nielsen
schwarzenegger was born with a bicuspid aortic valve , an aortic valve with only two leaflets ( a normal aortic valve has three leaflets ) . schwarzenegger opted in 1997 for a replacement heart valve made of his own transplanted tissue ; medical experts predicted he would require heart valve replacement surgery in the following two to eight years as his valve would progressively degrade . schwarzenegger apparently opted against a mechanical valve , the only permanent solution available at the time of his surgery , because it would have sharply limited his physical activity and capacity to exercise . [ sep ] bicuspid
schwarzenegger was born with a bicuspid aortic valve , an aortic valve with only two leaflets ( a normal aortic valve has three leaflets ) . schwarzenegger opted in 1997 for a replacement heart valve made of his own transplanted tissue ; medical experts predicted he would require heart valve replacement surgery in the following two to eight years as his valve would progressively degrade . schwarzenegger apparently opted against a mechanical valve , the only permanent solution available at the time of his surgery , because it would have sharply limited his physical activity and capacity to exercise . [ sep ] 1997
on january 8 , 2006 , while schwarzenegger was riding his harley davidson motorcycle in los angeles , with his son patrick in the sidecar , another driver backed into the street he was riding on , causing him and his son to collide with the car at a low speed . while his son and the other driver were unharmed , the governor sustained a minor injury to his lip , requiring 15 stitches . " no citations were issued " , said officer jason lee , a los angeles police department spokesman . schwarzenegger did not obtain his motorcycle license until july 3 , 2006 . [ sep ] patrick
schwarzenegger tripped over his ski pole and broke his right femur while skiing in sun valley , idaho , with his family on december 23 , 2006 . on december 26 , 2006 , he underwent a 90 - minute operation in which cables and screws were used to wire the broken bone back together . he was released from the st . john ' s health center on december 30 , 2006 . [ sep ] right femur
schwarzenegger tripped over his ski pole and broke his right femur while skiing in sun valley , idaho , with his family on december 23 , 2006 . on december 26 , 2006 , he underwent a 90 - minute operation in which cables and screws were used to wire the broken bone back together . he was released from the st . john ' s health center on december 30 , 2006 . [ sep ] sun valley , idaho
schwarzenegger ' s private jet made an emergency landing at van nuys airport on june 19 , 2009 , after the pilot reported smoke coming from the cockpit , according to a statement released by the governor ' s press secretary . no one was harmed in the incident . [ sep ] van nuys airport
schwarzenegger ' s official height of 6 ' 2 " ( 1 . 88 m ) has been brought into question by several articles . in his bodybuilding days in the late 1960s , he was measured to be 6 ' 1 . 5 " ( 1 . 87 m ) , a height confirmed by his fellow bodybuilders . however , in 1988 both the daily mail and time out magazine mentioned that schwarzenegger appeared noticeably shorter . prior to running for governor , schwarzenegger ' s height was once again questioned in an article by the chicago reader . as governor , schwarzenegger engaged in a light - hearted exchange with assemblyman herb wesson over their heights . at one point , wesson made an unsuccessful attempt to , in his own words , " settle this once and for all and find out how tall he is " by using a tailor ' s tape measure on the governor . schwarzenegger retaliated by placing a pillow stitched with the words " need a lift ? " on the five - foot - five inch ( 165 cm ) wesson ' s chair before a negotiating session in his office . bob mulholland also claimed schwarzenegger was 5 ' 10 " ( 1 . 78 m ) and that he wore risers in his boots . in 1999 , men ' s health magazine stated his height was 5 ' 10 " . [ sep ] 6 ' 2 "
schwarzenegger ' s official height of 6 ' 2 " ( 1 . 88 m ) has been brought into question by several articles . in his bodybuilding days in the late 1960s , he was measured to be 6 ' 1 . 5 " ( 1 . 87 m ) , a height confirmed by his fellow bodybuilders . however , in 1988 both the daily mail and time out magazine mentioned that schwarzenegger appeared noticeably shorter . prior to running for governor , schwarzenegger ' s height was once again questioned in an article by the chicago reader . as governor , schwarzenegger engaged in a light - hearted exchange with assemblyman herb wesson over their heights . at one point , wesson made an unsuccessful attempt to , in his own words , " settle this once and for all and find out how tall he is " by using a tailor ' s tape measure on the governor . schwarzenegger retaliated by placing a pillow stitched with the words " need a lift ? " on the five - foot - five inch ( 165 cm ) wesson ' s chair before a negotiating session in his office . bob mulholland also claimed schwarzenegger was 5 ' 10 " ( 1 . 78 m ) and that he wore risers in his boots . in 1999 , men ' s health magazine stated his height was 5 ' 10 " . [ sep ] herb wesson
schwarzenegger ' s official height of 6 ' 2 " ( 1 . 88 m ) has been brought into question by several articles . in his bodybuilding days in the late 1960s , he was measured to be 6 ' 1 . 5 " ( 1 . 87 m ) , a height confirmed by his fellow bodybuilders . however , in 1988 both the daily mail and time out magazine mentioned that schwarzenegger appeared noticeably shorter . prior to running for governor , schwarzenegger ' s height was once again questioned in an article by the chicago reader . as governor , schwarzenegger engaged in a light - hearted exchange with assemblyman herb wesson over their heights . at one point , wesson made an unsuccessful attempt to , in his own words , " settle this once and for all and find out how tall he is " by using a tailor ' s tape measure on the governor . schwarzenegger retaliated by placing a pillow stitched with the words " need a lift ? " on the five - foot - five inch ( 165 cm ) wesson ' s chair before a negotiating session in his office . bob mulholland also claimed schwarzenegger was 5 ' 10 " ( 1 . 78 m ) and that he wore risers in his boots . in 1999 , men ' s health magazine stated his height was 5 ' 10 " . [ sep ] 5 ' 10 "
schwarzenegger ' s autobiography , total recall , was released in october 2012 . he devotes one chapter called " the secret " to his extramarital affair . the majority of his book is about his successes in the three major chapters in his life : bodybuilder , actor , and governor of california . [ sep ] total recall
schwarzenegger ' s autobiography , total recall , was released in october 2012 . he devotes one chapter called " the secret " to his extramarital affair . the majority of his book is about his successes in the three major chapters in his life : bodybuilder , actor , and governor of california . [ sep ] " the secret "
schwarzenegger ' s autobiography , total recall , was released in october 2012 . he devotes one chapter called " the secret " to his extramarital affair . the majority of his book is about his successes in the three major chapters in his life : bodybuilder , actor , and governor of california . [ sep ] october 2012
schwarzenegger was the first civilian to purchase a humvee . he was so enamored by the vehicle that he lobbied the humvee ' s manufacturer , am general , to produce a street - legal , civilian version , which they did in 1992 ; the first two hummers they sold were also purchased by schwarzenegger . [ sep ] 1992
schwarzenegger was the first civilian to purchase a humvee . he was so enamored by the vehicle that he lobbied the humvee ' s manufacturer , am general , to produce a street - legal , civilian version , which they did in 1992 ; the first two hummers they sold were also purchased by schwarzenegger . [ sep ] hummers
he was in the news in 2014 for buying a rare bugatti veyron grand sport vitesse . he was spotted and filmed in 2015 summer in his car , silver painted with bright aluminium forged wheels . schwarzenegger ' s bugatti has its interior adorned in dark brown leather . [ sep ] silver
the hummers that schwarzenegger bought 1992 are so large – each weighs 6 , 300 lb ( 2 , 900 kg ) and is 7 feet ( 2 . 1 m ) wide – that they are classified as large trucks , and u . s . fuel economy regulations do not apply to them . during the gubernatorial recall campaign he announced that he would convert one of his hummers to burn hydrogen . the conversion was reported to have cost about us $ 21 , 000 . after the election , he signed an executive order to jump - start the building of hydrogen refueling plants called the california hydrogen highway network , and gained a u . s . department of energy grant to help pay for its projected us $ 91 , 000 , 000 cost . california took delivery of the first h2h ( hydrogen hummer ) in october 2004 . [ sep ] 6 , 300
the hummers that schwarzenegger bought 1992 are so large – each weighs 6 , 300 lb ( 2 , 900 kg ) and is 7 feet ( 2 . 1 m ) wide – that they are classified as large trucks , and u . s . fuel economy regulations do not apply to them . during the gubernatorial recall campaign he announced that he would convert one of his hummers to burn hydrogen . the conversion was reported to have cost about us $ 21 , 000 . after the election , he signed an executive order to jump - start the building of hydrogen refueling plants called the california hydrogen highway network , and gained a u . s . department of energy grant to help pay for its projected us $ 91 , 000 , 000 cost . california took delivery of the first h2h ( hydrogen hummer ) in october 2004 . [ sep ] $ 21 , 000
the hummers that schwarzenegger bought 1992 are so large – each weighs 6 , 300 lb ( 2 , 900 kg ) and is 7 feet ( 2 . 1 m ) wide – that they are classified as large trucks , and u . s . fuel economy regulations do not apply to them . during the gubernatorial recall campaign he announced that he would convert one of his hummers to burn hydrogen . the conversion was reported to have cost about us $ 21 , 000 . after the election , he signed an executive order to jump - start the building of hydrogen refueling plants called the california hydrogen highway network , and gained a u . s . department of energy grant to help pay for its projected us $ 91 , 000 , 000 cost . california took delivery of the first h2h ( hydrogen hummer ) in october 2004 . [ sep ] california hydrogen highway network
the hummers that schwarzenegger bought 1992 are so large – each weighs 6 , 300 lb ( 2 , 900 kg ) and is 7 feet ( 2 . 1 m ) wide – that they are classified as large trucks , and u . s . fuel economy regulations do not apply to them . during the gubernatorial recall campaign he announced that he would convert one of his hummers to burn hydrogen . the conversion was reported to have cost about us $ 21 , 000 . after the election , he signed an executive order to jump - start the building of hydrogen refueling plants called the california hydrogen highway network , and gained a u . s . department of energy grant to help pay for its projected us $ 91 , 000 , 000 cost . california took delivery of the first h2h ( hydrogen hummer ) in october 2004 . [ sep ] u . s . department of energy
arnold schwarzenegger has been involved with the special olympics for many years after they were founded by his ex - mother - in - law , eunice kennedy shriver . in 2007 , schwarzenegger was the official spokesperson for the special olympics which were held in shanghai , china . schwarzenegger believes that quality school opportunities should be made available to children who might not normally be able to access them . in 1995 , he founded the inner city games foundation ( icg ) which provides cultural , educational and community enrichment programming to youth . icg is active in 15 cities around the country and serves over 250 , 000 children in over 400 schools countrywide . he has also been involved with after - school all - stars , and founded the los angeles branch in 2002 . asas is an after school program provider , educating youth about health , fitness and nutrition . [ sep ] the inner city games foundation
arnold schwarzenegger has been involved with the special olympics for many years after they were founded by his ex - mother - in - law , eunice kennedy shriver . in 2007 , schwarzenegger was the official spokesperson for the special olympics which were held in shanghai , china . schwarzenegger believes that quality school opportunities should be made available to children who might not normally be able to access them . in 1995 , he founded the inner city games foundation ( icg ) which provides cultural , educational and community enrichment programming to youth . icg is active in 15 cities around the country and serves over 250 , 000 children in over 400 schools countrywide . he has also been involved with after - school all - stars , and founded the los angeles branch in 2002 . asas is an after school program provider , educating youth about health , fitness and nutrition . [ sep ] shanghai
arnold schwarzenegger has been involved with the special olympics for many years after they were founded by his ex - mother - in - law , eunice kennedy shriver . in 2007 , schwarzenegger was the official spokesperson for the special olympics which were held in shanghai , china . schwarzenegger believes that quality school opportunities should be made available to children who might not normally be able to access them . in 1995 , he founded the inner city games foundation ( icg ) which provides cultural , educational and community enrichment programming to youth . icg is active in 15 cities around the country and serves over 250 , 000 children in over 400 schools countrywide . he has also been involved with after - school all - stars , and founded the los angeles branch in 2002 . asas is an after school program provider , educating youth about health , fitness and nutrition . [ sep ] 400
the armed forces are today funded by approximately $ 20 . 1 billion annually and are presently ranked 74th in size compared to the world ' s other armed forces by number of total personnel , and 58th in terms of active personnel , standing at a strength of roughly 68 , 000 , plus 27 , 000 reservists , 5000 rangers , and 19 , 000 supplementary reserves , bringing the total force to approximately 119 , 000 . the number of primary reserve personnel is expected to go up to 30 , 000 by 2020 , and the number of active to at least 70 , 000 . in addition , 5000 rangers and 19 , 000 supplementary personnel will be serving . if this happens the total strength would be around 124 , 000 . these individuals serve on numerous cf bases located in all regions of the country , and are governed by the queen ' s regulations and orders and the national defence act . [ sep ] approximately $ 20 . 1 billion
the armed forces are today funded by approximately $ 20 . 1 billion annually and are presently ranked 74th in size compared to the world ' s other armed forces by number of total personnel , and 58th in terms of active personnel , standing at a strength of roughly 68 , 000 , plus 27 , 000 reservists , 5000 rangers , and 19 , 000 supplementary reserves , bringing the total force to approximately 119 , 000 . the number of primary reserve personnel is expected to go up to 30 , 000 by 2020 , and the number of active to at least 70 , 000 . in addition , 5000 rangers and 19 , 000 supplementary personnel will be serving . if this happens the total strength would be around 124 , 000 . these individuals serve on numerous cf bases located in all regions of the country , and are governed by the queen ' s regulations and orders and the national defence act . [ sep ] 74th in size
the armed forces are today funded by approximately $ 20 . 1 billion annually and are presently ranked 74th in size compared to the world ' s other armed forces by number of total personnel , and 58th in terms of active personnel , standing at a strength of roughly 68 , 000 , plus 27 , 000 reservists , 5000 rangers , and 19 , 000 supplementary reserves , bringing the total force to approximately 119 , 000 . the number of primary reserve personnel is expected to go up to 30 , 000 by 2020 , and the number of active to at least 70 , 000 . in addition , 5000 rangers and 19 , 000 supplementary personnel will be serving . if this happens the total strength would be around 124 , 000 . these individuals serve on numerous cf bases located in all regions of the country , and are governed by the queen ' s regulations and orders and the national defence act . [ sep ] approximately 119 , 000
the armed forces are today funded by approximately $ 20 . 1 billion annually and are presently ranked 74th in size compared to the world ' s other armed forces by number of total personnel , and 58th in terms of active personnel , standing at a strength of roughly 68 , 000 , plus 27 , 000 reservists , 5000 rangers , and 19 , 000 supplementary reserves , bringing the total force to approximately 119 , 000 . the number of primary reserve personnel is expected to go up to 30 , 000 by 2020 , and the number of active to at least 70 , 000 . in addition , 5000 rangers and 19 , 000 supplementary personnel will be serving . if this happens the total strength would be around 124 , 000 . these individuals serve on numerous cf bases located in all regions of the country , and are governed by the queen ' s regulations and orders and the national defence act . [ sep ] 2020
the armed forces are today funded by approximately $ 20 . 1 billion annually and are presently ranked 74th in size compared to the world ' s other armed forces by number of total personnel , and 58th in terms of active personnel , standing at a strength of roughly 68 , 000 , plus 27 , 000 reservists , 5000 rangers , and 19 , 000 supplementary reserves , bringing the total force to approximately 119 , 000 . the number of primary reserve personnel is expected to go up to 30 , 000 by 2020 , and the number of active to at least 70 , 000 . in addition , 5000 rangers and 19 , 000 supplementary personnel will be serving . if this happens the total strength would be around 124 , 000 . these individuals serve on numerous cf bases located in all regions of the country , and are governed by the queen ' s regulations and orders and the national defence act . [ sep ] around 124 , 000
in 2012 , schwarzenegger helped to found the schwarzenegger institute for state and global policy , which is a part of the usc sol price school of public policy at the university of southern california . the institute ' s mission is to " [ advance ] post - partisanship , where leaders put people over political parties and work together to find the best ideas and solutions to benefit the people they serve , " and to " seek to influence public policy and public debate in finding solutions to the serious challenges we face . " schwarzenegger serves as chairman of the institute . [ sep ] the usc sol price school of public policy
in 2012 , schwarzenegger helped to found the schwarzenegger institute for state and global policy , which is a part of the usc sol price school of public policy at the university of southern california . the institute ' s mission is to " [ advance ] post - partisanship , where leaders put people over political parties and work together to find the best ideas and solutions to benefit the people they serve , " and to " seek to influence public policy and public debate in finding solutions to the serious challenges we face . " schwarzenegger serves as chairman of the institute . [ sep ] 2012
in 2012 , schwarzenegger helped to found the schwarzenegger institute for state and global policy , which is a part of the usc sol price school of public policy at the university of southern california . the institute ' s mission is to " [ advance ] post - partisanship , where leaders put people over political parties and work together to find the best ideas and solutions to benefit the people they serve , " and to " seek to influence public policy and public debate in finding solutions to the serious challenges we face . " schwarzenegger serves as chairman of the institute . [ sep ] chairman
in 2008 the government of canada made efforts , through the canada first defence strategy , to modernize the canadian armed forces , through the purchase of new equipment , improved training and readiness , as well as the establishment of the canadian special operations regiment . more funds were also put towards recruitment , which had been dwindling throughout the 1980s and ' 90s , possibly because the canadian populace had come to perceive the caf as peacekeepers rather than as soldiers , as shown in a 2008 survey conducted for the department of national defence . the poll found that nearly two thirds of canadians agreed with the country ' s participation in the invasion of afghanistan , and that the military should be stronger , but also that the purpose of the forces should be different , such as more focused on responding to natural disasters . then cds , walter natynczyk , said later that year that while recruiting has become more successful , the cf was facing a problem with its rate of loss of existing members , which increased between 2006 and 2008 from 6 % to 9 . 2 % annually . [ sep ] the canada first defence strategy
in 2008 the government of canada made efforts , through the canada first defence strategy , to modernize the canadian armed forces , through the purchase of new equipment , improved training and readiness , as well as the establishment of the canadian special operations regiment . more funds were also put towards recruitment , which had been dwindling throughout the 1980s and ' 90s , possibly because the canadian populace had come to perceive the caf as peacekeepers rather than as soldiers , as shown in a 2008 survey conducted for the department of national defence . the poll found that nearly two thirds of canadians agreed with the country ' s participation in the invasion of afghanistan , and that the military should be stronger , but also that the purpose of the forces should be different , such as more focused on responding to natural disasters . then cds , walter natynczyk , said later that year that while recruiting has become more successful , the cf was facing a problem with its rate of loss of existing members , which increased between 2006 and 2008 from 6 % to 9 . 2 % annually . [ sep ] through the purchase of new equipment , improved training and readiness
in 2008 the government of canada made efforts , through the canada first defence strategy , to modernize the canadian armed forces , through the purchase of new equipment , improved training and readiness , as well as the establishment of the canadian special operations regiment . more funds were also put towards recruitment , which had been dwindling throughout the 1980s and ' 90s , possibly because the canadian populace had come to perceive the caf as peacekeepers rather than as soldiers , as shown in a 2008 survey conducted for the department of national defence . the poll found that nearly two thirds of canadians agreed with the country ' s participation in the invasion of afghanistan , and that the military should be stronger , but also that the purpose of the forces should be different , such as more focused on responding to natural disasters . then cds , walter natynczyk , said later that year that while recruiting has become more successful , the cf was facing a problem with its rate of loss of existing members , which increased between 2006 and 2008 from 6 % to 9 . 2 % annually . [ sep ] loss of existing members
the 2006 renewal and re - equipment effort has resulted in the acquisition of specific equipment ( main battle tanks , artillery , unmanned air vehicles and other systems ) to support the mission in afghanistan . it has also encompassed initiatives to renew certain so - called " core capabilities " ( such as the air force ' s medium range transport aircraft fleet – the c - 130 hercules – and the army ' s truck and armoured vehicle fleets ) . in addition , new systems ( such as c - 17 globemaster iii strategic transport aircraft and ch - 47 chinook heavy - lift helicopters ) have also been acquired for the armed forces . although the viability of the canada first defence strategy continues to suffer setbacks from challenging and evolving fiscal and other factors , it originally aimed to : [ sep ] main battle tanks , artillery , unmanned air vehicles
the 2006 renewal and re - equipment effort has resulted in the acquisition of specific equipment ( main battle tanks , artillery , unmanned air vehicles and other systems ) to support the mission in afghanistan . it has also encompassed initiatives to renew certain so - called " core capabilities " ( such as the air force ' s medium range transport aircraft fleet – the c - 130 hercules – and the army ' s truck and armoured vehicle fleets ) . in addition , new systems ( such as c - 17 globemaster iii strategic transport aircraft and ch - 47 chinook heavy - lift helicopters ) have also been acquired for the armed forces . although the viability of the canada first defence strategy continues to suffer setbacks from challenging and evolving fiscal and other factors , it originally aimed to : [ sep ] c - 130 hercules
the 2006 renewal and re - equipment effort has resulted in the acquisition of specific equipment ( main battle tanks , artillery , unmanned air vehicles and other systems ) to support the mission in afghanistan . it has also encompassed initiatives to renew certain so - called " core capabilities " ( such as the air force ' s medium range transport aircraft fleet – the c - 130 hercules – and the army ' s truck and armoured vehicle fleets ) . in addition , new systems ( such as c - 17 globemaster iii strategic transport aircraft and ch - 47 chinook heavy - lift helicopters ) have also been acquired for the armed forces . although the viability of the canada first defence strategy continues to suffer setbacks from challenging and evolving fiscal and other factors , it originally aimed to : [ sep ] ch - 47 chinook heavy - lift helicopters
the 2006 renewal and re - equipment effort has resulted in the acquisition of specific equipment ( main battle tanks , artillery , unmanned air vehicles and other systems ) to support the mission in afghanistan . it has also encompassed initiatives to renew certain so - called " core capabilities " ( such as the air force ' s medium range transport aircraft fleet – the c - 130 hercules – and the army ' s truck and armoured vehicle fleets ) . in addition , new systems ( such as c - 17 globemaster iii strategic transport aircraft and ch - 47 chinook heavy - lift helicopters ) have also been acquired for the armed forces . although the viability of the canada first defence strategy continues to suffer setbacks from challenging and evolving fiscal and other factors , it originally aimed to : [ sep ] 2006
in the 1950s , the recruitment of women was open to roles in medicine , communication , logistics , and administration . the roles of women in the caf began to expand in 1971 , after the department reviewed the recommendations of the royal commission on the status of women , at which time it lifted the ceiling of 1 , 500 women personnel , and gradually expanded employment opportunities into the non - traditional areas — vehicle drivers and mechanics , aircraft mechanics , air - traffic controllers , military police , and firefighters . the department further reviewed personnel policies in 1978 and 1985 , after parliament passed the canadian human rights act and the canadian charter of rights and freedoms . as a result of these reviews , the department changed its policies to permit women to serve at sea in replenishment ships and in a diving tender , with the army service battalions , in military police platoons and field ambulance units , and in most air squadrons . [ sep ] medicine , communication , logistics , and administration
in the 1950s , the recruitment of women was open to roles in medicine , communication , logistics , and administration . the roles of women in the caf began to expand in 1971 , after the department reviewed the recommendations of the royal commission on the status of women , at which time it lifted the ceiling of 1 , 500 women personnel , and gradually expanded employment opportunities into the non - traditional areas — vehicle drivers and mechanics , aircraft mechanics , air - traffic controllers , military police , and firefighters . the department further reviewed personnel policies in 1978 and 1985 , after parliament passed the canadian human rights act and the canadian charter of rights and freedoms . as a result of these reviews , the department changed its policies to permit women to serve at sea in replenishment ships and in a diving tender , with the army service battalions , in military police platoons and field ambulance units , and in most air squadrons . [ sep ] 1971
in the 1950s , the recruitment of women was open to roles in medicine , communication , logistics , and administration . the roles of women in the caf began to expand in 1971 , after the department reviewed the recommendations of the royal commission on the status of women , at which time it lifted the ceiling of 1 , 500 women personnel , and gradually expanded employment opportunities into the non - traditional areas — vehicle drivers and mechanics , aircraft mechanics , air - traffic controllers , military police , and firefighters . the department further reviewed personnel policies in 1978 and 1985 , after parliament passed the canadian human rights act and the canadian charter of rights and freedoms . as a result of these reviews , the department changed its policies to permit women to serve at sea in replenishment ships and in a diving tender , with the army service battalions , in military police platoons and field ambulance units , and in most air squadrons . [ sep ] vehicle drivers and mechanics , aircraft mechanics , air - traffic controllers
in the 1950s , the recruitment of women was open to roles in medicine , communication , logistics , and administration . the roles of women in the caf began to expand in 1971 , after the department reviewed the recommendations of the royal commission on the status of women , at which time it lifted the ceiling of 1 , 500 women personnel , and gradually expanded employment opportunities into the non - traditional areas — vehicle drivers and mechanics , aircraft mechanics , air - traffic controllers , military police , and firefighters . the department further reviewed personnel policies in 1978 and 1985 , after parliament passed the canadian human rights act and the canadian charter of rights and freedoms . as a result of these reviews , the department changed its policies to permit women to serve at sea in replenishment ships and in a diving tender , with the army service battalions , in military police platoons and field ambulance units , and in most air squadrons . [ sep ] the department changed its policies
in the 1950s , the recruitment of women was open to roles in medicine , communication , logistics , and administration . the roles of women in the caf began to expand in 1971 , after the department reviewed the recommendations of the royal commission on the status of women , at which time it lifted the ceiling of 1 , 500 women personnel , and gradually expanded employment opportunities into the non - traditional areas — vehicle drivers and mechanics , aircraft mechanics , air - traffic controllers , military police , and firefighters . the department further reviewed personnel policies in 1978 and 1985 , after parliament passed the canadian human rights act and the canadian charter of rights and freedoms . as a result of these reviews , the department changed its policies to permit women to serve at sea in replenishment ships and in a diving tender , with the army service battalions , in military police platoons and field ambulance units , and in most air squadrons . [ sep ] canadian charter of rights and freedoms
in 1987 , occupations and units with the primary role of preparing for direct involvement in combat on the ground or at sea were still closed to women : infantry , armoured corps , field artillery , air - defence artillery , signals , field engineers , and naval operations . on 5 february 1987 , the minister of national defence created an office to study the impact of employing men and women in combat units . these trials were called combat - related employment of women . [ sep ] infantry , armoured corps , field artillery , air - defence artillery
in 1987 , occupations and units with the primary role of preparing for direct involvement in combat on the ground or at sea were still closed to women : infantry , armoured corps , field artillery , air - defence artillery , signals , field engineers , and naval operations . on 5 february 1987 , the minister of national defence created an office to study the impact of employing men and women in combat units . these trials were called combat - related employment of women . [ sep ] 5 february 1987
in 1987 , occupations and units with the primary role of preparing for direct involvement in combat on the ground or at sea were still closed to women : infantry , armoured corps , field artillery , air - defence artillery , signals , field engineers , and naval operations . on 5 february 1987 , the minister of national defence created an office to study the impact of employing men and women in combat units . these trials were called combat - related employment of women . [ sep ] the minister of national defence
in 1987 , occupations and units with the primary role of preparing for direct involvement in combat on the ground or at sea were still closed to women : infantry , armoured corps , field artillery , air - defence artillery , signals , field engineers , and naval operations . on 5 february 1987 , the minister of national defence created an office to study the impact of employing men and women in combat units . these trials were called combat - related employment of women . [ sep ] combat - related employment of women
all military occupations were open to women in 1989 , with the exception of submarine service , which opened in 2000 . throughout the 1990s , the introduction of women into the combat arms increased the potential recruiting pool by about 100 percent . it also provided opportunities for all persons to serve their country to the best of their abilities . women were fully integrated in all occupations and roles by the government of jean chretien , and by 8 march 2000 , even allowed to serve on submarines . [ sep ] 1989
all military occupations were open to women in 1989 , with the exception of submarine service , which opened in 2000 . throughout the 1990s , the introduction of women into the combat arms increased the potential recruiting pool by about 100 percent . it also provided opportunities for all persons to serve their country to the best of their abilities . women were fully integrated in all occupations and roles by the government of jean chretien , and by 8 march 2000 , even allowed to serve on submarines . [ sep ] submarine service
all military occupations were open to women in 1989 , with the exception of submarine service , which opened in 2000 . throughout the 1990s , the introduction of women into the combat arms increased the potential recruiting pool by about 100 percent . it also provided opportunities for all persons to serve their country to the best of their abilities . women were fully integrated in all occupations and roles by the government of jean chretien , and by 8 march 2000 , even allowed to serve on submarines . [ sep ] 100 percent
all military occupations were open to women in 1989 , with the exception of submarine service , which opened in 2000 . throughout the 1990s , the introduction of women into the combat arms increased the potential recruiting pool by about 100 percent . it also provided opportunities for all persons to serve their country to the best of their abilities . women were fully integrated in all occupations and roles by the government of jean chretien , and by 8 march 2000 , even allowed to serve on submarines . [ sep ] the government of jean chretien
all equipment must be suitable for a mixed - gender force . combat helmets , rucksacks , combat boots , and flak jackets are designed to ensure women have the same level of protection and comfort as their male colleagues . the women ' s uniform is similar in design to the men ' s uniform , but conforms to the female figure , and is functional and practical . women are also provided with an annual financial entitlement for the purchase of brassiere undergarments . [ sep ] equipment must be suitable for a mixed - gender force
all equipment must be suitable for a mixed - gender force . combat helmets , rucksacks , combat boots , and flak jackets are designed to ensure women have the same level of protection and comfort as their male colleagues . the women ' s uniform is similar in design to the men ' s uniform , but conforms to the female figure , and is functional and practical . women are also provided with an annual financial entitlement for the purchase of brassiere undergarments . [ sep ] combat helmets , rucksacks , combat boots
all equipment must be suitable for a mixed - gender force . combat helmets , rucksacks , combat boots , and flak jackets are designed to ensure women have the same level of protection and comfort as their male colleagues . the women ' s uniform is similar in design to the men ' s uniform , but conforms to the female figure , and is functional and practical . women are also provided with an annual financial entitlement for the purchase of brassiere undergarments . [ sep ] an annual financial entitlement for the purchase of brassiere undergarments
the following is the hierarchy of the canadian armed forces . it begins at the top with the most senior - ranking personnel and works its way into lower organizations . [ sep ] it begins at the top with the most senior - ranking personnel and works its way into lower organizations .
the canadian constitution determines that the commander - in - chief of the canadian armed forces is the country ' s sovereign , who , since 1904 , has authorized his or her viceroy , the governor general , to exercise the duties ascribed to the post of commander - in - chief and to hold the associated title since 1905 . all troop deployment and disposition orders , including declarations of war , fall within the royal prerogative and are issued as orders in council , which must be signed by either the monarch or governor general . under the westminster system ' s parliamentary customs and practices , however , the monarch and viceroy must generally follow the advice of his or her ministers in cabinet , including the prime minister and minister of national defence , who are accountable to the elected house of commons . [ sep ] the canadian constitution
the canadian constitution determines that the commander - in - chief of the canadian armed forces is the country ' s sovereign , who , since 1904 , has authorized his or her viceroy , the governor general , to exercise the duties ascribed to the post of commander - in - chief and to hold the associated title since 1905 . all troop deployment and disposition orders , including declarations of war , fall within the royal prerogative and are issued as orders in council , which must be signed by either the monarch or governor general . under the westminster system ' s parliamentary customs and practices , however , the monarch and viceroy must generally follow the advice of his or her ministers in cabinet , including the prime minister and minister of national defence , who are accountable to the elected house of commons . [ sep ] the governor general
the canadian constitution determines that the commander - in - chief of the canadian armed forces is the country ' s sovereign , who , since 1904 , has authorized his or her viceroy , the governor general , to exercise the duties ascribed to the post of commander - in - chief and to hold the associated title since 1905 . all troop deployment and disposition orders , including declarations of war , fall within the royal prerogative and are issued as orders in council , which must be signed by either the monarch or governor general . under the westminster system ' s parliamentary customs and practices , however , the monarch and viceroy must generally follow the advice of his or her ministers in cabinet , including the prime minister and minister of national defence , who are accountable to the elected house of commons . [ sep ] troop deployment and disposition orders
the canadian constitution determines that the commander - in - chief of the canadian armed forces is the country ' s sovereign , who , since 1904 , has authorized his or her viceroy , the governor general , to exercise the duties ascribed to the post of commander - in - chief and to hold the associated title since 1905 . all troop deployment and disposition orders , including declarations of war , fall within the royal prerogative and are issued as orders in council , which must be signed by either the monarch or governor general . under the westminster system ' s parliamentary customs and practices , however , the monarch and viceroy must generally follow the advice of his or her ministers in cabinet , including the prime minister and minister of national defence , who are accountable to the elected house of commons . [ sep ] the monarch or governor general
the canadian constitution determines that the commander - in - chief of the canadian armed forces is the country ' s sovereign , who , since 1904 , has authorized his or her viceroy , the governor general , to exercise the duties ascribed to the post of commander - in - chief and to hold the associated title since 1905 . all troop deployment and disposition orders , including declarations of war , fall within the royal prerogative and are issued as orders in council , which must be signed by either the monarch or governor general . under the westminster system ' s parliamentary customs and practices , however , the monarch and viceroy must generally follow the advice of his or her ministers in cabinet , including the prime minister and minister of national defence , who are accountable to the elected house of commons . [ sep ] the advice of his or her ministers in cabinet
the armed forces ' 115 , 349 personnel are divided into a hierarchy of numerous ranks of officers and non - commissioned members . the governor general appoints , on the advice of the prime minister , the chief of the defence staff ( cds ) as the highest ranking commissioned officer in the armed forces and who , as head of the armed forces council , is in command of the canadian forces . the armed forces council generally operates from national defence headquarters ( ndhq ) in ottawa , ontario . on the armed forces council sit the heads of canadian joint operations command and canadian special operations forces command , the vice chief of the defence staff , and the heads of the royal canadian navy , the canadian army , the royal canadian air force and other key level 1 organizations . the sovereign and most other members of the canadian royal family also act as colonels - in - chief , honorary air commodores , air commodores - in - chief , admirals , and captains - general of canadian forces units , though these positions are ceremonial . [ sep ] 115 , 349
the armed forces ' 115 , 349 personnel are divided into a hierarchy of numerous ranks of officers and non - commissioned members . the governor general appoints , on the advice of the prime minister , the chief of the defence staff ( cds ) as the highest ranking commissioned officer in the armed forces and who , as head of the armed forces council , is in command of the canadian forces . the armed forces council generally operates from national defence headquarters ( ndhq ) in ottawa , ontario . on the armed forces council sit the heads of canadian joint operations command and canadian special operations forces command , the vice chief of the defence staff , and the heads of the royal canadian navy , the canadian army , the royal canadian air force and other key level 1 organizations . the sovereign and most other members of the canadian royal family also act as colonels - in - chief , honorary air commodores , air commodores - in - chief , admirals , and captains - general of canadian forces units , though these positions are ceremonial . [ sep ] the chief of the defence staff
the armed forces ' 115 , 349 personnel are divided into a hierarchy of numerous ranks of officers and non - commissioned members . the governor general appoints , on the advice of the prime minister , the chief of the defence staff ( cds ) as the highest ranking commissioned officer in the armed forces and who , as head of the armed forces council , is in command of the canadian forces . the armed forces council generally operates from national defence headquarters ( ndhq ) in ottawa , ontario . on the armed forces council sit the heads of canadian joint operations command and canadian special operations forces command , the vice chief of the defence staff , and the heads of the royal canadian navy , the canadian army , the royal canadian air force and other key level 1 organizations . the sovereign and most other members of the canadian royal family also act as colonels - in - chief , honorary air commodores , air commodores - in - chief , admirals , and captains - general of canadian forces units , though these positions are ceremonial . [ sep ] the governor general
the armed forces ' 115 , 349 personnel are divided into a hierarchy of numerous ranks of officers and non - commissioned members . the governor general appoints , on the advice of the prime minister , the chief of the defence staff ( cds ) as the highest ranking commissioned officer in the armed forces and who , as head of the armed forces council , is in command of the canadian forces . the armed forces council generally operates from national defence headquarters ( ndhq ) in ottawa , ontario . on the armed forces council sit the heads of canadian joint operations command and canadian special operations forces command , the vice chief of the defence staff , and the heads of the royal canadian navy , the canadian army , the royal canadian air force and other key level 1 organizations . the sovereign and most other members of the canadian royal family also act as colonels - in - chief , honorary air commodores , air commodores - in - chief , admirals , and captains - general of canadian forces units , though these positions are ceremonial . [ sep ] ottawa , ontario
the armed forces ' 115 , 349 personnel are divided into a hierarchy of numerous ranks of officers and non - commissioned members . the governor general appoints , on the advice of the prime minister , the chief of the defence staff ( cds ) as the highest ranking commissioned officer in the armed forces and who , as head of the armed forces council , is in command of the canadian forces . the armed forces council generally operates from national defence headquarters ( ndhq ) in ottawa , ontario . on the armed forces council sit the heads of canadian joint operations command and canadian special operations forces command , the vice chief of the defence staff , and the heads of the royal canadian navy , the canadian army , the royal canadian air force and other key level 1 organizations . the sovereign and most other members of the canadian royal family also act as colonels - in - chief , honorary air commodores , air commodores - in - chief , admirals , and captains - general of canadian forces units , though these positions are ceremonial . [ sep ] the heads of the royal canadian navy , the canadian army , the royal canadian air force and other key level 1 organizations .
canada ' s armed forces operate out of 27 canadian forces bases ( cfb ) across the country , including ndhq . this number has been gradually reduced since the 1970s with bases either being closed or merged . both officers and non - commissioned members receive their basic training at the canadian forces leadership and recruit school in saint - jean - sur - richelieu . officers will generally either directly enter the canadian armed forces with a degree from a civilian university , or receive their commission upon graduation from the royal military college of canada . specific element and trade training is conducted at a variety of institutions throughout canada , and to a lesser extent , the world . [ sep ] 27
canada ' s armed forces operate out of 27 canadian forces bases ( cfb ) across the country , including ndhq . this number has been gradually reduced since the 1970s with bases either being closed or merged . both officers and non - commissioned members receive their basic training at the canadian forces leadership and recruit school in saint - jean - sur - richelieu . officers will generally either directly enter the canadian armed forces with a degree from a civilian university , or receive their commission upon graduation from the royal military college of canada . specific element and trade training is conducted at a variety of institutions throughout canada , and to a lesser extent , the world . [ sep ] saint - jean - sur - richelieu
canada ' s armed forces operate out of 27 canadian forces bases ( cfb ) across the country , including ndhq . this number has been gradually reduced since the 1970s with bases either being closed or merged . both officers and non - commissioned members receive their basic training at the canadian forces leadership and recruit school in saint - jean - sur - richelieu . officers will generally either directly enter the canadian armed forces with a degree from a civilian university , or receive their commission upon graduation from the royal military college of canada . specific element and trade training is conducted at a variety of institutions throughout canada , and to a lesser extent , the world . [ sep ] canadian forces leadership and recruit school
the royal canadian navy ( rcn ) , headed by the commander of the royal canadian navy , includes 33 warships and submarines deployed in two fleets : maritime forces pacific ( marpac ) at cfb esquimalt on the west coast , and maritime forces atlantic ( marlant ) at her majesty ' s canadian dockyard in halifax on the east coast , as well as one formation : the naval reserve headquarters ( navreshq ) at quebec city , quebec . the fleet is augmented by various aircraft and supply vessels . the rcn participates in nato exercises and operations , and ships are deployed all over the world in support of multinational deployments . [ sep ] 33
the royal canadian navy ( rcn ) , headed by the commander of the royal canadian navy , includes 33 warships and submarines deployed in two fleets : maritime forces pacific ( marpac ) at cfb esquimalt on the west coast , and maritime forces atlantic ( marlant ) at her majesty ' s canadian dockyard in halifax on the east coast , as well as one formation : the naval reserve headquarters ( navreshq ) at quebec city , quebec . the fleet is augmented by various aircraft and supply vessels . the rcn participates in nato exercises and operations , and ships are deployed all over the world in support of multinational deployments . [ sep ] halifax
the royal canadian navy ( rcn ) , headed by the commander of the royal canadian navy , includes 33 warships and submarines deployed in two fleets : maritime forces pacific ( marpac ) at cfb esquimalt on the west coast , and maritime forces atlantic ( marlant ) at her majesty ' s canadian dockyard in halifax on the east coast , as well as one formation : the naval reserve headquarters ( navreshq ) at quebec city , quebec . the fleet is augmented by various aircraft and supply vessels . the rcn participates in nato exercises and operations , and ships are deployed all over the world in support of multinational deployments . [ sep ] the naval reserve headquarters ( navreshq )
the royal canadian navy ( rcn ) , headed by the commander of the royal canadian navy , includes 33 warships and submarines deployed in two fleets : maritime forces pacific ( marpac ) at cfb esquimalt on the west coast , and maritime forces atlantic ( marlant ) at her majesty ' s canadian dockyard in halifax on the east coast , as well as one formation : the naval reserve headquarters ( navreshq ) at quebec city , quebec . the fleet is augmented by various aircraft and supply vessels . the rcn participates in nato exercises and operations , and ships are deployed all over the world in support of multinational deployments . [ sep ] nato exercises
the canadian army is headed by the commander of the canadian army and administered through four divisions — the 2nd canadian division , the 3rd canadian division , the 4th canadian division and the 5th canadian division — the canadian army doctrine and training system and the canadian army headquarters . [ sep ] commander of the canadian army
the canadian army is headed by the commander of the canadian army and administered through four divisions — the 2nd canadian division , the 3rd canadian division , the 4th canadian division and the 5th canadian division — the canadian army doctrine and training system and the canadian army headquarters . [ sep ] four divisions
the canadian army is headed by the commander of the canadian army and administered through four divisions — the 2nd canadian division , the 3rd canadian division , the 4th canadian division and the 5th canadian division — the canadian army doctrine and training system and the canadian army headquarters . [ sep ] the 2nd canadian division , the 3rd canadian division , the 4th canadian division and the 5th canadian division
the canadian army is headed by the commander of the canadian army and administered through four divisions — the 2nd canadian division , the 3rd canadian division , the 4th canadian division and the 5th canadian division — the canadian army doctrine and training system and the canadian army headquarters . [ sep ] the 5th canadian division
the canadian army is headed by the commander of the canadian army and administered through four divisions — the 2nd canadian division , the 3rd canadian division , the 4th canadian division and the 5th canadian division — the canadian army doctrine and training system and the canadian army headquarters . [ sep ] the 5th canadian division
currently , the regular force component of the army consists of three field - ready brigade groups : 1 canadian mechanized brigade group , at cfb edmonton and cfb shilo ; 2 canadian mechanized brigade group , at cfb petawawa and cfb gagetown ; and 5 canadian mechanized brigade group , at cfb valcartier and quebec city . each contains one regiment each of artillery , armour , and combat engineers , three battalions of infantry ( all scaled in the british fashion ) , one battalion for logistics , a squadron for headquarters / signals , and several smaller support organizations . a tactical helicopter squadron and a field ambulance are co - located with each brigade , but do not form part of the brigade ' s command structure . [ sep ] three
currently , the regular force component of the army consists of three field - ready brigade groups : 1 canadian mechanized brigade group , at cfb edmonton and cfb shilo ; 2 canadian mechanized brigade group , at cfb petawawa and cfb gagetown ; and 5 canadian mechanized brigade group , at cfb valcartier and quebec city . each contains one regiment each of artillery , armour , and combat engineers , three battalions of infantry ( all scaled in the british fashion ) , one battalion for logistics , a squadron for headquarters / signals , and several smaller support organizations . a tactical helicopter squadron and a field ambulance are co - located with each brigade , but do not form part of the brigade ' s command structure . [ sep ] one
currently , the regular force component of the army consists of three field - ready brigade groups : 1 canadian mechanized brigade group , at cfb edmonton and cfb shilo ; 2 canadian mechanized brigade group , at cfb petawawa and cfb gagetown ; and 5 canadian mechanized brigade group , at cfb valcartier and quebec city . each contains one regiment each of artillery , armour , and combat engineers , three battalions of infantry ( all scaled in the british fashion ) , one battalion for logistics , a squadron for headquarters / signals , and several smaller support organizations . a tactical helicopter squadron and a field ambulance are co - located with each brigade , but do not form part of the brigade ' s command structure . [ sep ] tactical helicopter squadron
currently , the regular force component of the army consists of three field - ready brigade groups : 1 canadian mechanized brigade group , at cfb edmonton and cfb shilo ; 2 canadian mechanized brigade group , at cfb petawawa and cfb gagetown ; and 5 canadian mechanized brigade group , at cfb valcartier and quebec city . each contains one regiment each of artillery , armour , and combat engineers , three battalions of infantry ( all scaled in the british fashion ) , one battalion for logistics , a squadron for headquarters / signals , and several smaller support organizations . a tactical helicopter squadron and a field ambulance are co - located with each brigade , but do not form part of the brigade ' s command structure . [ sep ] a field ambulance
a cardinal ( latin : sanctae romanae ecclesiae cardinalis , literally cardinal of the holy roman church ) is a senior ecclesiastical leader , an ecclesiastical prince , and usually ( now always for those created when still within the voting age - range ) an ordained bishop of the roman catholic church . the cardinals of the church are collectively known as the college of cardinals . the duties of the cardinals include attending the meetings of the college and making themselves available individually or in groups to the pope as requested . most have additional duties , such as leading a diocese or archdiocese or managing a department of the roman curia . a cardinal ' s primary duty is electing the pope when the see becomes vacant . during the sede vacante ( the period between a pope ' s death or resignation and the election of his successor ) , the day - to - day governance of the holy see is in the hands of the college of cardinals . the right to enter the conclave of cardinals where the pope is elected is limited to those who have not reached the age of 80 years by the day the vacancy occurs . [ sep ] college of cardinals
the term cardinal at one time applied to any priest permanently assigned or incardinated to a church , or specifically to the senior priest of an important church , based on the latin cardo ( hinge ) , meaning " principal " or " chief " . the term was applied in this sense as early as the ninth century to the priests of the tituli ( parishes ) of the diocese of rome . the church of england retains an instance of this origin of the title , which is held by the two senior members of the college of minor canons of st paul ' s cathedral . [ sep ] cardo
the term cardinal at one time applied to any priest permanently assigned or incardinated to a church , or specifically to the senior priest of an important church , based on the latin cardo ( hinge ) , meaning " principal " or " chief " . the term was applied in this sense as early as the ninth century to the priests of the tituli ( parishes ) of the diocese of rome . the church of england retains an instance of this origin of the title , which is held by the two senior members of the college of minor canons of st paul ' s cathedral . [ sep ] the church of england
there is disagreement about the origin of the term , but general consensus that " cardinalis " from the word cardo ( meaning ' pivot ' or ' hinge ' ) was first used in late antiquity to designate a bishop or priest who was incorporated into a church for which he had not originally been ordained . in rome the first persons to be called cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century , when the word began to mean “ principal , ” “ eminent , ” or " superior . " the name was also given to the senior priest in each of the " title " churches ( the parish churches ) of rome and to the bishops of the seven sees surrounding the city . by the 8th century the roman cardinals constituted a privileged class among the roman clergy . they took part in the administration of the church of rome and in the papal liturgy . by decree of a synod of 769 , only a cardinal was eligible to become pope . in 1059 , during the pontificate of nicholas ii , cardinals were given the right to elect the pope under the papal bull in nomine domini . for a time this power was assigned exclusively to the cardinal bishops , but the third lateran council in 1179 gave back the right to the whole body of cardinals . cardinals were granted the privilege of wearing the red hat by pope innocent iv in 1244 . [ sep ] the papal bull in nomine domini
there is disagreement about the origin of the term , but general consensus that " cardinalis " from the word cardo ( meaning ' pivot ' or ' hinge ' ) was first used in late antiquity to designate a bishop or priest who was incorporated into a church for which he had not originally been ordained . in rome the first persons to be called cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century , when the word began to mean “ principal , ” “ eminent , ” or " superior . " the name was also given to the senior priest in each of the " title " churches ( the parish churches ) of rome and to the bishops of the seven sees surrounding the city . by the 8th century the roman cardinals constituted a privileged class among the roman clergy . they took part in the administration of the church of rome and in the papal liturgy . by decree of a synod of 769 , only a cardinal was eligible to become pope . in 1059 , during the pontificate of nicholas ii , cardinals were given the right to elect the pope under the papal bull in nomine domini . for a time this power was assigned exclusively to the cardinal bishops , but the third lateran council in 1179 gave back the right to the whole body of cardinals . cardinals were granted the privilege of wearing the red hat by pope innocent iv in 1244 . [ sep ] 1244
there is disagreement about the origin of the term , but general consensus that " cardinalis " from the word cardo ( meaning ' pivot ' or ' hinge ' ) was first used in late antiquity to designate a bishop or priest who was incorporated into a church for which he had not originally been ordained . in rome the first persons to be called cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century , when the word began to mean “ principal , ” “ eminent , ” or " superior . " the name was also given to the senior priest in each of the " title " churches ( the parish churches ) of rome and to the bishops of the seven sees surrounding the city . by the 8th century the roman cardinals constituted a privileged class among the roman clergy . they took part in the administration of the church of rome and in the papal liturgy . by decree of a synod of 769 , only a cardinal was eligible to become pope . in 1059 , during the pontificate of nicholas ii , cardinals were given the right to elect the pope under the papal bull in nomine domini . for a time this power was assigned exclusively to the cardinal bishops , but the third lateran council in 1179 gave back the right to the whole body of cardinals . cardinals were granted the privilege of wearing the red hat by pope innocent iv in 1244 . [ sep ] pope innocent iv
in cities other than rome , the name cardinal began to be applied to certain church men as a mark of honour . the earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by pope zacharias in 747 to pippin iii ( the short ) , ruler of the franks , in which zacharias applied the title to the priests of paris to distinguish them from country clergy . this meaning of the word spread rapidly , and from the 9th century various episcopal cities had a special class among the clergy known as cardinals . the use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of rome in 1567 by pius v . [ sep ] pope zacharias
in cities other than rome , the name cardinal began to be applied to certain church men as a mark of honour . the earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by pope zacharias in 747 to pippin iii ( the short ) , ruler of the franks , in which zacharias applied the title to the priests of paris to distinguish them from country clergy . this meaning of the word spread rapidly , and from the 9th century various episcopal cities had a special class among the clergy known as cardinals . the use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of rome in 1567 by pius v . [ sep ] 747
in cities other than rome , the name cardinal began to be applied to certain church men as a mark of honour . the earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by pope zacharias in 747 to pippin iii ( the short ) , ruler of the franks , in which zacharias applied the title to the priests of paris to distinguish them from country clergy . this meaning of the word spread rapidly , and from the 9th century various episcopal cities had a special class among the clergy known as cardinals . the use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of rome in 1567 by pius v . [ sep ] pius v .
in cities other than rome , the name cardinal began to be applied to certain church men as a mark of honour . the earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by pope zacharias in 747 to pippin iii ( the short ) , ruler of the franks , in which zacharias applied the title to the priests of paris to distinguish them from country clergy . this meaning of the word spread rapidly , and from the 9th century various episcopal cities had a special class among the clergy known as cardinals . the use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of rome in 1567 by pius v . [ sep ] 1567
in the year 1563 the influential ecumenical council of trent , headed by pope pius iv , wrote about the importance of selecting good cardinals . according to this historic council " nothing is more necessary to the church of god than that the holy roman pontiff apply that solicitude which by the duty of his office he owes the universal church in a very special way by associating with himself as cardinals the most select persons only , and appoint to each church most eminently upright and competent shepherds ; and this the more so , because our lord jesus christ will require at his hands the blood of the sheep of christ that perish through the evil government of shepherds who are negligent and forgetful of their office . " [ sep ] 1563
in the year 1563 the influential ecumenical council of trent , headed by pope pius iv , wrote about the importance of selecting good cardinals . according to this historic council " nothing is more necessary to the church of god than that the holy roman pontiff apply that solicitude which by the duty of his office he owes the universal church in a very special way by associating with himself as cardinals the most select persons only , and appoint to each church most eminently upright and competent shepherds ; and this the more so , because our lord jesus christ will require at his hands the blood of the sheep of christ that perish through the evil government of shepherds who are negligent and forgetful of their office . " [ sep ] pope pius iv
cardinals have in canon law a " privilege of forum " ( i . e . , exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank ) : only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction ( cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual , or with regard to infringement of ecclesiastical laws and whatever contains an element of sin , where culpability must be determined and the appropriate ecclesiastical penalty imposed ) . the pope either decides the case himself or delegates the decision to a tribunal , usually one of the tribunals or congregations of the roman curia . without such delegation , no ecclesiastical court , even the roman rota , is competent to judge a canon law case against a cardinal . cardinals are , however , subject to the civil and criminal law like everybody else . [ sep ] the pope
the 2nd , 3rd and 4th canadian divisions each has a regular force brigade group , and each division except the 1st has two to three reserve force brigades groups . in total , there are ten reserve force brigade groups . the 5th canadian division and the 2nd canadian division each have two reserve force brigade groups , while the 4th canadian division and the 3rd canadian division each have three reserve force brigade groups . major training and support establishments exist at cfb gagetown , cfb montreal and cfb wainwright . [ sep ] cfb gagetown , cfb montreal and cfb wainwright .
to symbolize their bond with the papacy , the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring , which is traditionally kissed by catholics when greeting a cardinal ( as with a bishop ' s episcopal ring ) . the pope chooses the image on the outside : under pope benedict xvi it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of jesus , with mary and john to each side . the ring includes the pope ' s coat of arms on the inside . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] a gold ring
to symbolize their bond with the papacy , the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring , which is traditionally kissed by catholics when greeting a cardinal ( as with a bishop ' s episcopal ring ) . the pope chooses the image on the outside : under pope benedict xvi it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of jesus , with mary and john to each side . the ring includes the pope ' s coat of arms on the inside . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] the pope
in previous times , at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal , he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide - brimmed hat called a galero . this custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta . in ecclesiastical heraldry , however , the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal ' s coat of arms . cardinals had the right to display the galero in their cathedral , and when a cardinal died , it would be suspended from the ceiling above his tomb . some cardinals will still have a galero made , even though it is not officially part of their apparel . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] a galero .
in previous times , at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal , he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide - brimmed hat called a galero . this custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta . in ecclesiastical heraldry , however , the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal ' s coat of arms . cardinals had the right to display the galero in their cathedral , and when a cardinal died , it would be suspended from the ceiling above his tomb . some cardinals will still have a galero made , even though it is not officially part of their apparel . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] 1969
in previous times , at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal , he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide - brimmed hat called a galero . this custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta . in ecclesiastical heraldry , however , the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal ' s coat of arms . cardinals had the right to display the galero in their cathedral , and when a cardinal died , it would be suspended from the ceiling above his tomb . some cardinals will still have a galero made , even though it is not officially part of their apparel . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] scarlet biretta
eastern catholic cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition , though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias , or in some cases , wear eastern - style cassocks entirely of scarlet . [ sep ] eastern catholic cardinals
the royal canadian air force ( rcaf ) is headed by the commander of the royal canadian air force . the commander of 1 canadian air division and canadian norad region , based in winnipeg , is responsible for the operational command and control of air force activities throughout canada and worldwide . 1 canadian air division operations are carried out through eleven wings located across canada . the commander of 2 canadian air division is responsible for training and support functions . 2 canadian air division operations are carried out at two wings . wings represent the grouping of various squadrons , both operational and support , under a single tactical commander reporting to the operational commander and vary in size from several hundred personnel to several thousand . [ sep ] the commander of the royal canadian air force
the royal canadian air force ( rcaf ) is headed by the commander of the royal canadian air force . the commander of 1 canadian air division and canadian norad region , based in winnipeg , is responsible for the operational command and control of air force activities throughout canada and worldwide . 1 canadian air division operations are carried out through eleven wings located across canada . the commander of 2 canadian air division is responsible for training and support functions . 2 canadian air division operations are carried out at two wings . wings represent the grouping of various squadrons , both operational and support , under a single tactical commander reporting to the operational commander and vary in size from several hundred personnel to several thousand . [ sep ] winnipeg
the royal canadian air force ( rcaf ) is headed by the commander of the royal canadian air force . the commander of 1 canadian air division and canadian norad region , based in winnipeg , is responsible for the operational command and control of air force activities throughout canada and worldwide . 1 canadian air division operations are carried out through eleven wings located across canada . the commander of 2 canadian air division is responsible for training and support functions . 2 canadian air division operations are carried out at two wings . wings represent the grouping of various squadrons , both operational and support , under a single tactical commander reporting to the operational commander and vary in size from several hundred personnel to several thousand . [ sep ] eleven
the royal canadian air force ( rcaf ) is headed by the commander of the royal canadian air force . the commander of 1 canadian air division and canadian norad region , based in winnipeg , is responsible for the operational command and control of air force activities throughout canada and worldwide . 1 canadian air division operations are carried out through eleven wings located across canada . the commander of 2 canadian air division is responsible for training and support functions . 2 canadian air division operations are carried out at two wings . wings represent the grouping of various squadrons , both operational and support , under a single tactical commander reporting to the operational commander and vary in size from several hundred personnel to several thousand . [ sep ] tactical commander
when in choir dress , a latin - rite cardinal wears scarlet garments — the blood - like red symbolizes a cardinal ' s willingness to die for his faith . excluding the rochet — which is always white — the scarlet garments include the cassock , mozzetta , and biretta ( over the usual scarlet zucchetto ) . the biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color , but also for the fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates . until the 1460s , it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business . his normal - wear cassock is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia ( sash ) . occasionally , a cardinal wears a scarlet ferraiolo which is a cape worn over the shoulders , tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front , without any ' trim ' or piping on it . it is because of the scarlet color of cardinals ' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] willingness to die for his faith
when in choir dress , a latin - rite cardinal wears scarlet garments — the blood - like red symbolizes a cardinal ' s willingness to die for his faith . excluding the rochet — which is always white — the scarlet garments include the cassock , mozzetta , and biretta ( over the usual scarlet zucchetto ) . the biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color , but also for the fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates . until the 1460s , it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business . his normal - wear cassock is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia ( sash ) . occasionally , a cardinal wears a scarlet ferraiolo which is a cape worn over the shoulders , tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front , without any ' trim ' or piping on it . it is because of the scarlet color of cardinals ' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] rochet
when in choir dress , a latin - rite cardinal wears scarlet garments — the blood - like red symbolizes a cardinal ' s willingness to die for his faith . excluding the rochet — which is always white — the scarlet garments include the cassock , mozzetta , and biretta ( over the usual scarlet zucchetto ) . the biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color , but also for the fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates . until the 1460s , it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business . his normal - wear cassock is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia ( sash ) . occasionally , a cardinal wears a scarlet ferraiolo which is a cape worn over the shoulders , tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front , without any ' trim ' or piping on it . it is because of the scarlet color of cardinals ' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] the scarlet color of cardinals ' vesture
when in choir dress , a latin - rite cardinal wears scarlet garments — the blood - like red symbolizes a cardinal ' s willingness to die for his faith . excluding the rochet — which is always white — the scarlet garments include the cassock , mozzetta , and biretta ( over the usual scarlet zucchetto ) . the biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color , but also for the fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates . until the 1460s , it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business . his normal - wear cassock is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia ( sash ) . occasionally , a cardinal wears a scarlet ferraiolo which is a cape worn over the shoulders , tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front , without any ' trim ' or piping on it . it is because of the scarlet color of cardinals ' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] 1460s
major air bases are located in british columbia , alberta , saskatchewan , manitoba , ontario , quebec , nova scotia , and newfoundland and labrador , while administrative and command and control facilities are located in winnipeg and north bay . a canadian component of the nato airborne early warning force is also based at nato air base geilenkirchen near geilenkirchen , germany . [ sep ] alberta , saskatchewan , manitoba
major air bases are located in british columbia , alberta , saskatchewan , manitoba , ontario , quebec , nova scotia , and newfoundland and labrador , while administrative and command and control facilities are located in winnipeg and north bay . a canadian component of the nato airborne early warning force is also based at nato air base geilenkirchen near geilenkirchen , germany . [ sep ] winnipeg and north bay
major air bases are located in british columbia , alberta , saskatchewan , manitoba , ontario , quebec , nova scotia , and newfoundland and labrador , while administrative and command and control facilities are located in winnipeg and north bay . a canadian component of the nato airborne early warning force is also based at nato air base geilenkirchen near geilenkirchen , germany . [ sep ] geilenkirchen , germany
major air bases are located in british columbia , alberta , saskatchewan , manitoba , ontario , quebec , nova scotia , and newfoundland and labrador , while administrative and command and control facilities are located in winnipeg and north bay . a canadian component of the nato airborne early warning force is also based at nato air base geilenkirchen near geilenkirchen , germany . [ sep ] airborne early warning force
major air bases are located in british columbia , alberta , saskatchewan , manitoba , ontario , quebec , nova scotia , and newfoundland and labrador , while administrative and command and control facilities are located in winnipeg and north bay . a canadian component of the nato airborne early warning force is also based at nato air base geilenkirchen near geilenkirchen , germany . [ sep ] labrador
the rcaf and joint task force ( north ) ( jtfn ) also maintain at various points throughout canada ' s northern region a chain of forward operating locations , each capable of supporting fighter operations . elements of cf - 18 squadrons periodically deploy to these airports for short training exercises or arctic sovereignty patrols . [ sep ] joint task force ( north )
the rcaf and joint task force ( north ) ( jtfn ) also maintain at various points throughout canada ' s northern region a chain of forward operating locations , each capable of supporting fighter operations . elements of cf - 18 squadrons periodically deploy to these airports for short training exercises or arctic sovereignty patrols . [ sep ] a chain of forward operating locations
the rcaf and joint task force ( north ) ( jtfn ) also maintain at various points throughout canada ' s northern region a chain of forward operating locations , each capable of supporting fighter operations . elements of cf - 18 squadrons periodically deploy to these airports for short training exercises or arctic sovereignty patrols . [ sep ] fighter operations
the rcaf and joint task force ( north ) ( jtfn ) also maintain at various points throughout canada ' s northern region a chain of forward operating locations , each capable of supporting fighter operations . elements of cf - 18 squadrons periodically deploy to these airports for short training exercises or arctic sovereignty patrols . [ sep ] cf - 18 squadrons
the rcaf and joint task force ( north ) ( jtfn ) also maintain at various points throughout canada ' s northern region a chain of forward operating locations , each capable of supporting fighter operations . elements of cf - 18 squadrons periodically deploy to these airports for short training exercises or arctic sovereignty patrols . [ sep ] arctic sovereignty patrols .
if conditions change , so that the pope judges it safe to make the appointment public , he may do so at any time . the cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those raised to the cardinalate at the time of his in pectore appointment . if a pope dies before revealing the identity of an in pectore cardinal , the cardinalate expires . [ sep ] the cardinalate expires
the canadian joint operations command is an operational element established in october 2012 with the merger of canada command , the canadian expeditionary force command and the canadian operational support command . the new command , created as a response to the cost - cutting measures in the 2012 federal budget , combines the resources , roles and responsibilities of the three former commands under a single headquarters . [ sep ] october 2012
the canadian joint operations command is an operational element established in october 2012 with the merger of canada command , the canadian expeditionary force command and the canadian operational support command . the new command , created as a response to the cost - cutting measures in the 2012 federal budget , combines the resources , roles and responsibilities of the three former commands under a single headquarters . [ sep ] canada command , the canadian expeditionary force command and the canadian operational support command
the canadian joint operations command is an operational element established in october 2012 with the merger of canada command , the canadian expeditionary force command and the canadian operational support command . the new command , created as a response to the cost - cutting measures in the 2012 federal budget , combines the resources , roles and responsibilities of the three former commands under a single headquarters . [ sep ] the 2012 federal budget
during the western schism , many cardinals were created by the contending popes . beginning with the reign of pope martin v , cardinals were created without publishing their names until later , termed creati et reservati in pectore . [ sep ] pope martin v
the canadian special operations forces command ( cansofcom ) is a formation capable of operating independently but primarily focused on generating special operations forces ( sof ) elements to support cjoc . the command includes joint task force 2 ( jtf2 ) , the canadian joint incident response unit ( cjiru ) based at cfb trenton , as well as the canadian special operations regiment ( csor ) and 427 special operations aviation squadron ( soas ) based at cfb petawawa . [ sep ] the canadian special operations forces command
the canadian special operations forces command ( cansofcom ) is a formation capable of operating independently but primarily focused on generating special operations forces ( sof ) elements to support cjoc . the command includes joint task force 2 ( jtf2 ) , the canadian joint incident response unit ( cjiru ) based at cfb trenton , as well as the canadian special operations regiment ( csor ) and 427 special operations aviation squadron ( soas ) based at cfb petawawa . [ sep ] generating special operations forces
the canadian special operations forces command ( cansofcom ) is a formation capable of operating independently but primarily focused on generating special operations forces ( sof ) elements to support cjoc . the command includes joint task force 2 ( jtf2 ) , the canadian joint incident response unit ( cjiru ) based at cfb trenton , as well as the canadian special operations regiment ( csor ) and 427 special operations aviation squadron ( soas ) based at cfb petawawa . [ sep ] cjoc
the canadian special operations forces command ( cansofcom ) is a formation capable of operating independently but primarily focused on generating special operations forces ( sof ) elements to support cjoc . the command includes joint task force 2 ( jtf2 ) , the canadian joint incident response unit ( cjiru ) based at cfb trenton , as well as the canadian special operations regiment ( csor ) and 427 special operations aviation squadron ( soas ) based at cfb petawawa . [ sep ] cfb trenton
the canadian special operations forces command ( cansofcom ) is a formation capable of operating independently but primarily focused on generating special operations forces ( sof ) elements to support cjoc . the command includes joint task force 2 ( jtf2 ) , the canadian joint incident response unit ( cjiru ) based at cfb trenton , as well as the canadian special operations regiment ( csor ) and 427 special operations aviation squadron ( soas ) based at cfb petawawa . [ sep ] 427
at various times , there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests . though clerics , they were inaccurately called " lay cardinals " and were permitted to marry . teodolfo mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals . when he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who was not at least ordained a priest . with the revision of the code of canon law promulgated in 1917 by pope benedict xv , only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals . since the time of pope john xxiii a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop , unless he obtains a dispensation . [ sep ] marry
at various times , there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests . though clerics , they were inaccurately called " lay cardinals " and were permitted to marry . teodolfo mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals . when he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who was not at least ordained a priest . with the revision of the code of canon law promulgated in 1917 by pope benedict xv , only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals . since the time of pope john xxiii a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop , unless he obtains a dispensation . [ sep ] 1917
at various times , there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests . though clerics , they were inaccurately called " lay cardinals " and were permitted to marry . teodolfo mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals . when he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who was not at least ordained a priest . with the revision of the code of canon law promulgated in 1917 by pope benedict xv , only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals . since the time of pope john xxiii a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop , unless he obtains a dispensation . [ sep ] only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals
a cardinal who is not a bishop is still entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia ( episcopal regalia : mitre , crozier , zucchetto , pectoral cross and ring ) . even if not a bishop , any cardinal has both actual and honorary precedence over non - cardinal patriarchs , as well as the archbishops and bishops who are not cardinals , but he cannot perform the functions reserved solely to bishops , such as ordination . the prominent priests who since 1962 were not ordained bishops on their elevation to the cardinalate were over the age of 80 or near to it , and so no cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in recent papal conclaves . [ sep ] perform the functions reserved solely to bishops , such as ordination
a cardinal who is not a bishop is still entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia ( episcopal regalia : mitre , crozier , zucchetto , pectoral cross and ring ) . even if not a bishop , any cardinal has both actual and honorary precedence over non - cardinal patriarchs , as well as the archbishops and bishops who are not cardinals , but he cannot perform the functions reserved solely to bishops , such as ordination . the prominent priests who since 1962 were not ordained bishops on their elevation to the cardinalate were over the age of 80 or near to it , and so no cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in recent papal conclaves . [ sep ] 1962
until 1917 , it was possible for someone who was not a priest , but only in minor orders , to become a cardinal ( see " lay cardinals " , below ) , but they were enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons . for example , in the 16th century , reginald pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest . in 1917 it was established that all cardinals , even cardinal deacons , had to be priests , and , in 1962 , pope john xxiii set the norm that all cardinals be ordained as bishops , even if they are only priests at the time of appointment . as a consequence of these two changes , canon 351 of the 1983 code of canon law requires that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment , and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration . several cardinals aged over 80 or close to it when appointed have obtained dispensation from the rule of having to be a bishop . these were all appointed cardinal - deacons , but one of them , roberto tucci , lived long enough to exercise the right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal - priest . [ sep ] 1917
until 1917 , it was possible for someone who was not a priest , but only in minor orders , to become a cardinal ( see " lay cardinals " , below ) , but they were enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons . for example , in the 16th century , reginald pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest . in 1917 it was established that all cardinals , even cardinal deacons , had to be priests , and , in 1962 , pope john xxiii set the norm that all cardinals be ordained as bishops , even if they are only priests at the time of appointment . as a consequence of these two changes , canon 351 of the 1983 code of canon law requires that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment , and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration . several cardinals aged over 80 or close to it when appointed have obtained dispensation from the rule of having to be a bishop . these were all appointed cardinal - deacons , but one of them , roberto tucci , lived long enough to exercise the right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal - priest . [ sep ] 1962
the cardinal camerlengo of the holy roman church , assisted by the vice - camerlengo and the other prelates of the office known as the apostolic camera , has functions that in essence are limited to a period of sede vacante of the papacy . he is to collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the holy see and present the results to the college of cardinals , as they gather for the papal conclave . [ sep ] collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the holy see and present the results to the college of cardinals
the cardinal protodeacon , the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the college of cardinals , has the privilege of announcing a new pope ' s election and name ( once he has been ordained to the episcopate ) from the central balcony at the basilica of saint peter in vatican city state . in the past , during papal coronations , the proto - deacon also had the honor of bestowing the pallium on the new pope and crowning him with the papal tiara . however , in 1978 pope john paul i chose not to be crowned and opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony , and his three successors followed that example . as a result , the cardinal protodeacon ' s privilege of crowning a new pope has effectively ceased although it could be revived if a future pope were to restore a coronation ceremony . however , the proto - deacon still has the privilege of bestowing the pallium on a new pope at his papal inauguration . “ acting in the place of the roman pontiff , he also confers the pallium upon metropolitan bishops or gives the pallium to their proxies . ” the current cardinal proto - deacon is renato raffaele martino . [ sep ] the cardinal protodeacon
the cardinal protodeacon , the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the college of cardinals , has the privilege of announcing a new pope ' s election and name ( once he has been ordained to the episcopate ) from the central balcony at the basilica of saint peter in vatican city state . in the past , during papal coronations , the proto - deacon also had the honor of bestowing the pallium on the new pope and crowning him with the papal tiara . however , in 1978 pope john paul i chose not to be crowned and opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony , and his three successors followed that example . as a result , the cardinal protodeacon ' s privilege of crowning a new pope has effectively ceased although it could be revived if a future pope were to restore a coronation ceremony . however , the proto - deacon still has the privilege of bestowing the pallium on a new pope at his papal inauguration . “ acting in the place of the roman pontiff , he also confers the pallium upon metropolitan bishops or gives the pallium to their proxies . ” the current cardinal proto - deacon is renato raffaele martino . [ sep ] from the central balcony at the basilica of saint peter in vatican city state
the cardinal protodeacon , the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the college of cardinals , has the privilege of announcing a new pope ' s election and name ( once he has been ordained to the episcopate ) from the central balcony at the basilica of saint peter in vatican city state . in the past , during papal coronations , the proto - deacon also had the honor of bestowing the pallium on the new pope and crowning him with the papal tiara . however , in 1978 pope john paul i chose not to be crowned and opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony , and his three successors followed that example . as a result , the cardinal protodeacon ' s privilege of crowning a new pope has effectively ceased although it could be revived if a future pope were to restore a coronation ceremony . however , the proto - deacon still has the privilege of bestowing the pallium on a new pope at his papal inauguration . “ acting in the place of the roman pontiff , he also confers the pallium upon metropolitan bishops or gives the pallium to their proxies . ” the current cardinal proto - deacon is renato raffaele martino . [ sep ] pope john paul i
when not celebrating mass but still serving a liturgical function , such as the semiannual urbi et orbi papal blessing , some papal masses and some events at ecumenical councils , cardinal deacons can be recognized by the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre ( so called mitra simplex ) . [ sep ] white
as of 2005 , there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries , though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons . cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to " opt for the order of cardinal priests " ( optazione ) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years . they may on such elevation take a vacant " title " ( a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in rome with which he is associated ) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest ' s " title " for that occasion . when elevated to cardinal priests , they take their precedence according to the day they were first made cardinal deacons ( thus ranking above cardinal priests who were elevated to the college after them , regardless of order ) . [ sep ] 30
as of 2005 , there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries , though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons . cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to " opt for the order of cardinal priests " ( optazione ) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years . they may on such elevation take a vacant " title " ( a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in rome with which he is associated ) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest ' s " title " for that occasion . when elevated to cardinal priests , they take their precedence according to the day they were first made cardinal deacons ( thus ranking above cardinal priests who were elevated to the college after them , regardless of order ) . [ sep ] 10 years
cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the roman curia holding various posts in the church administration . their number and influence has varied through the years . while historically predominantly italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years . while in 1939 about half were italian by 1994 the number was reduced to one third . their influence in the election of the pope has been considered important , they are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied . under the 1587 decree of pope sixtus v , which fixed the maximum size of the college of cardinals , there were 14 cardinal deacons . later the number increased . as late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the curia . pius xii reduced this percentage to 24 percent . john xxiii brought it back up to 37 percent but paul vi brought it down to 27 percent where john paul ii has maintained this ratio . [ sep ] about half
cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the roman curia holding various posts in the church administration . their number and influence has varied through the years . while historically predominantly italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years . while in 1939 about half were italian by 1994 the number was reduced to one third . their influence in the election of the pope has been considered important , they are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied . under the 1587 decree of pope sixtus v , which fixed the maximum size of the college of cardinals , there were 14 cardinal deacons . later the number increased . as late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the curia . pius xii reduced this percentage to 24 percent . john xxiii brought it back up to 37 percent but paul vi brought it down to 27 percent where john paul ii has maintained this ratio . [ sep ] third
among other things , the information management group is responsible for the conduct of electronic warfare and the protection of the armed forces ' communications and computer networks . within the group , this operational role is fulfilled by the canadian forces information operations group , headquartered at cfs leitrim in ottawa , which operates the following units : the canadian forces information operations group headquarters ( cfioghq ) , the canadian forces electronic warfare centre ( cfewc ) , the canadian forces network operation centre ( cfnoc ) , the canadian forces signals intelligence operations centre ( cfsoc ) , the canadian forces station ( cfs ) leitrim , and the 764 communications squadron . in june 2011 the canadian armed forces chief of force development announced the establishment of a new organization , the directorate of cybernetics , headed by a brigadier general , the director general cyber ( dg cyber ) . within that directorate the newly established caf cyber task force , has been tasked to design and build cyber warfare capabilities for the canadian armed forces . [ sep ] electronic warfare and the protection of the armed forces ' communications and computer networks
among other things , the information management group is responsible for the conduct of electronic warfare and the protection of the armed forces ' communications and computer networks . within the group , this operational role is fulfilled by the canadian forces information operations group , headquartered at cfs leitrim in ottawa , which operates the following units : the canadian forces information operations group headquarters ( cfioghq ) , the canadian forces electronic warfare centre ( cfewc ) , the canadian forces network operation centre ( cfnoc ) , the canadian forces signals intelligence operations centre ( cfsoc ) , the canadian forces station ( cfs ) leitrim , and the 764 communications squadron . in june 2011 the canadian armed forces chief of force development announced the establishment of a new organization , the directorate of cybernetics , headed by a brigadier general , the director general cyber ( dg cyber ) . within that directorate the newly established caf cyber task force , has been tasked to design and build cyber warfare capabilities for the canadian armed forces . [ sep ] cfs leitrim in ottawa
among other things , the information management group is responsible for the conduct of electronic warfare and the protection of the armed forces ' communications and computer networks . within the group , this operational role is fulfilled by the canadian forces information operations group , headquartered at cfs leitrim in ottawa , which operates the following units : the canadian forces information operations group headquarters ( cfioghq ) , the canadian forces electronic warfare centre ( cfewc ) , the canadian forces network operation centre ( cfnoc ) , the canadian forces signals intelligence operations centre ( cfsoc ) , the canadian forces station ( cfs ) leitrim , and the 764 communications squadron . in june 2011 the canadian armed forces chief of force development announced the establishment of a new organization , the directorate of cybernetics , headed by a brigadier general , the director general cyber ( dg cyber ) . within that directorate the newly established caf cyber task force , has been tasked to design and build cyber warfare capabilities for the canadian armed forces . [ sep ] design and build cyber warfare capabilities
among other things , the information management group is responsible for the conduct of electronic warfare and the protection of the armed forces ' communications and computer networks . within the group , this operational role is fulfilled by the canadian forces information operations group , headquartered at cfs leitrim in ottawa , which operates the following units : the canadian forces information operations group headquarters ( cfioghq ) , the canadian forces electronic warfare centre ( cfewc ) , the canadian forces network operation centre ( cfnoc ) , the canadian forces signals intelligence operations centre ( cfsoc ) , the canadian forces station ( cfs ) leitrim , and the 764 communications squadron . in june 2011 the canadian armed forces chief of force development announced the establishment of a new organization , the directorate of cybernetics , headed by a brigadier general , the director general cyber ( dg cyber ) . within that directorate the newly established caf cyber task force , has been tasked to design and build cyber warfare capabilities for the canadian armed forces . [ sep ] june 2011
among other things , the information management group is responsible for the conduct of electronic warfare and the protection of the armed forces ' communications and computer networks . within the group , this operational role is fulfilled by the canadian forces information operations group , headquartered at cfs leitrim in ottawa , which operates the following units : the canadian forces information operations group headquarters ( cfioghq ) , the canadian forces electronic warfare centre ( cfewc ) , the canadian forces network operation centre ( cfnoc ) , the canadian forces signals intelligence operations centre ( cfsoc ) , the canadian forces station ( cfs ) leitrim , and the 764 communications squadron . in june 2011 the canadian armed forces chief of force development announced the establishment of a new organization , the directorate of cybernetics , headed by a brigadier general , the director general cyber ( dg cyber ) . within that directorate the newly established caf cyber task force , has been tasked to design and build cyber warfare capabilities for the canadian armed forces . [ sep ] the director general cyber
cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the papal household and the seven deacons who supervised the church ' s works in the districts of rome during the early middle ages , when church administration was effectively the government of rome and provided all social services . cardinal deacons are given title to one of these deaconries . [ sep ] seven deacons in the papal household
the cardinal deacons are the lowest - ranking cardinals . cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the roman curia or priests elevated after their 80th birthday . bishops with diocesan responsibilities , however , are created cardinal priests . [ sep ] cardinal deacons
the health services group is a joint formation that includes over 120 general or specialized units and detachments providing health services to the canadian armed forces . with few exceptions , all elements are under command of the surgeon general for domestic support and force generation , or temporarily assigned under command of a deployed joint task force through canadian joint operations command . [ sep ] the canadian armed forces
the health services group is a joint formation that includes over 120 general or specialized units and detachments providing health services to the canadian armed forces . with few exceptions , all elements are under command of the surgeon general for domestic support and force generation , or temporarily assigned under command of a deployed joint task force through canadian joint operations command . [ sep ] joint task force
the health services group is a joint formation that includes over 120 general or specialized units and detachments providing health services to the canadian armed forces . with few exceptions , all elements are under command of the surgeon general for domestic support and force generation , or temporarily assigned under command of a deployed joint task force through canadian joint operations command . [ sep ] domestic support
the cardinal who is the longest - serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled cardinal protopriest . he had certain ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80 , at which cardinals are barred from the conclave . the current cardinal protopriest is paulo evaristo arns of brazil . [ sep ] the cardinal who is the longest - serving member of the order of cardinal priests
the cardinal who is the longest - serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled cardinal protopriest . he had certain ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80 , at which cardinals are barred from the conclave . the current cardinal protopriest is paulo evaristo arns of brazil . [ sep ] paulo evaristo arns of brazil
in 1630 , pope urban viii decreed their title to be eminence ( previously , it had been " illustrissimo " and " reverendissimo " ) and decreed that their secular rank would equate to prince , making them secondary only to the pope and crowned monarchs . [ sep ] pope urban viii
the canadian armed forces have a total reserve force of approximately 50 , 000 primary and supplementary that can be called upon in times of national emergency or threat . for the components and sub - components of the canadian armed forces reserve force , the order of precedence follows : [ sep ] in times of national emergency or threat
the canadian armed forces have a total reserve force of approximately 50 , 000 primary and supplementary that can be called upon in times of national emergency or threat . for the components and sub - components of the canadian armed forces reserve force , the order of precedence follows : [ sep ] primary and supplementary
approximately 26 , 000 citizen soldiers , sailors , and airmen and women , trained to the level of and interchangeable with their regular force counterparts , and posted to caf operations or duties on a casual or ongoing basis , make up the primary reserve . this group is represented , though not commanded , at ndhq by the chief of reserves and cadets , who is usually a major general or rear admiral , and is divided into four components that are each operationally and administratively responsible to its corresponding environmental command in the regular force – the naval reserve ( navres ) , land force reserve ( lfr ) , and air reserve ( airres ) – in addition to one force that does not fall under an environmental command , the health services reserve under the canadian forces health services group . [ sep ] chief of reserves and cadets
approximately 26 , 000 citizen soldiers , sailors , and airmen and women , trained to the level of and interchangeable with their regular force counterparts , and posted to caf operations or duties on a casual or ongoing basis , make up the primary reserve . this group is represented , though not commanded , at ndhq by the chief of reserves and cadets , who is usually a major general or rear admiral , and is divided into four components that are each operationally and administratively responsible to its corresponding environmental command in the regular force – the naval reserve ( navres ) , land force reserve ( lfr ) , and air reserve ( airres ) – in addition to one force that does not fall under an environmental command , the health services reserve under the canadian forces health services group . [ sep ] the naval reserve ( navres ) , land force reserve ( lfr ) , and air reserve ( airres )
the cadet organizations administration and training service ( coats ) consists of officers and non - commissioned members who conduct training , safety , supervision and administration of nearly 60 , 000 cadets aged 12 to 18 years in the canadian cadet movement . the majority of members in coats are officers of the cadet instructors cadre ( cic ) branch of the caf . members of the reserve force sub - component coats who are not employed part - time ( class a ) or full - time ( class b ) may be held on the " cadet instructor supplementary staff list " ( ciss list ) in anticipation of employment in the same manner as other reservists are held as members of the supplementary reserve . [ sep ] cadet organizations administration and training service
the cadet organizations administration and training service ( coats ) consists of officers and non - commissioned members who conduct training , safety , supervision and administration of nearly 60 , 000 cadets aged 12 to 18 years in the canadian cadet movement . the majority of members in coats are officers of the cadet instructors cadre ( cic ) branch of the caf . members of the reserve force sub - component coats who are not employed part - time ( class a ) or full - time ( class b ) may be held on the " cadet instructor supplementary staff list " ( ciss list ) in anticipation of employment in the same manner as other reservists are held as members of the supplementary reserve . [ sep ] 12 to 18 years
the cadet organizations administration and training service ( coats ) consists of officers and non - commissioned members who conduct training , safety , supervision and administration of nearly 60 , 000 cadets aged 12 to 18 years in the canadian cadet movement . the majority of members in coats are officers of the cadet instructors cadre ( cic ) branch of the caf . members of the reserve force sub - component coats who are not employed part - time ( class a ) or full - time ( class b ) may be held on the " cadet instructor supplementary staff list " ( ciss list ) in anticipation of employment in the same manner as other reservists are held as members of the supplementary reserve . [ sep ] officers of the cadet instructors cadre
the cadet organizations administration and training service ( coats ) consists of officers and non - commissioned members who conduct training , safety , supervision and administration of nearly 60 , 000 cadets aged 12 to 18 years in the canadian cadet movement . the majority of members in coats are officers of the cadet instructors cadre ( cic ) branch of the caf . members of the reserve force sub - component coats who are not employed part - time ( class a ) or full - time ( class b ) may be held on the " cadet instructor supplementary staff list " ( ciss list ) in anticipation of employment in the same manner as other reservists are held as members of the supplementary reserve . [ sep ] reserve force sub - component coats
the canadian rangers , who provide surveillance and patrol services in canada ' s arctic and other remote areas , are an essential reserve force component used for canada ' s exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory . [ sep ] provide surveillance and patrol services
the canadian rangers , who provide surveillance and patrol services in canada ' s arctic and other remote areas , are an essential reserve force component used for canada ' s exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory . [ sep ] in canada ' s arctic
the canadian rangers , who provide surveillance and patrol services in canada ' s arctic and other remote areas , are an essential reserve force component used for canada ' s exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory . [ sep ] reserve force
the canadian rangers , who provide surveillance and patrol services in canada ' s arctic and other remote areas , are an essential reserve force component used for canada ' s exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory . [ sep ] canada ' s exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory
in accordance with tradition , they sign by placing the title " cardinal " ( abbreviated card . ) after their personal name and before their surname as , for instance , " john card ( inal ) doe " or , in latin , " ioannes card ( inalis ) cognomen " . some writers , such as james - charles noonan , hold that , in the case of cardinals , the form used for signatures should be used also when referring to them in english . official sources such as the archdiocese of milwaukee and catholic news service say that the correct form for referring to a cardinal in english is normally as " cardinal [ first name ] [ surname ] " . this is the rule given also in stylebooks not associated with the catholic church . this style is also generally followed on the websites of the holy see and episcopal conferences . oriental patriarchs who are created cardinals customarily use " sanctae ecclesiae cardinalis " as their full title , probably because they do not belong to the roman clergy . [ sep ] cardinal [ first name ] [ surname ]
in accordance with tradition , they sign by placing the title " cardinal " ( abbreviated card . ) after their personal name and before their surname as , for instance , " john card ( inal ) doe " or , in latin , " ioannes card ( inalis ) cognomen " . some writers , such as james - charles noonan , hold that , in the case of cardinals , the form used for signatures should be used also when referring to them in english . official sources such as the archdiocese of milwaukee and catholic news service say that the correct form for referring to a cardinal in english is normally as " cardinal [ first name ] [ surname ] " . this is the rule given also in stylebooks not associated with the catholic church . this style is also generally followed on the websites of the holy see and episcopal conferences . oriental patriarchs who are created cardinals customarily use " sanctae ecclesiae cardinalis " as their full title , probably because they do not belong to the roman clergy . [ sep ] by placing the title " cardinal " ( abbreviated card . ) after their personal name and before their surname
in accordance with tradition , they sign by placing the title " cardinal " ( abbreviated card . ) after their personal name and before their surname as , for instance , " john card ( inal ) doe " or , in latin , " ioannes card ( inalis ) cognomen " . some writers , such as james - charles noonan , hold that , in the case of cardinals , the form used for signatures should be used also when referring to them in english . official sources such as the archdiocese of milwaukee and catholic news service say that the correct form for referring to a cardinal in english is normally as " cardinal [ first name ] [ surname ] " . this is the rule given also in stylebooks not associated with the catholic church . this style is also generally followed on the websites of the holy see and episcopal conferences . oriental patriarchs who are created cardinals customarily use " sanctae ecclesiae cardinalis " as their full title , probably because they do not belong to the roman clergy . [ sep ] sanctae ecclesiae cardinalis
in accordance with tradition , they sign by placing the title " cardinal " ( abbreviated card . ) after their personal name and before their surname as , for instance , " john card ( inal ) doe " or , in latin , " ioannes card ( inalis ) cognomen " . some writers , such as james - charles noonan , hold that , in the case of cardinals , the form used for signatures should be used also when referring to them in english . official sources such as the archdiocese of milwaukee and catholic news service say that the correct form for referring to a cardinal in english is normally as " cardinal [ first name ] [ surname ] " . this is the rule given also in stylebooks not associated with the catholic church . this style is also generally followed on the websites of the holy see and episcopal conferences . oriental patriarchs who are created cardinals customarily use " sanctae ecclesiae cardinalis " as their full title , probably because they do not belong to the roman clergy . [ sep ] because they do not belong to the roman clergy
in latin , on the other hand , the [ first name ] cardinal [ surname ] order is used in the proclamation of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon : " annuntio vobis gaudium magnum ; habemus papam : eminentissimum ac reverendissimum dominum , dominum ( first name ) sanctae romanae ecclesiae cardinalem ( last name ) , . . . " ( meaning : " i announce to you a great joy ; we have a pope : the most eminent and most reverend lord , lord ( first name ) cardinal of the holy roman church ( last name ) , . . . " ) this assumes that the new pope had been a cardinal just before becoming pope ; the most recent election of a non - cardinal as pope was in 1378 . [ sep ] 1378
while the incumbents of some sees are regularly made cardinals , and some countries are entitled to at least one cardinal by concordate ( usually earning its primate the cardinal ' s hat ) , no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate , not even if its bishop is a patriarch . [ sep ] the cardinalate
only service dress is suitable for caf members to wear on any occasion , barring " dirty work " or combat . with gloves , swords , and medals ( no . 1 or 1a ) , it is suitable for ceremonial occasions and " dressed down " ( no . 3 or lower ) , it is suitable for daily wear . generally , after the elimination of base dress ( although still defined for the air force uniform ) , operational dress is now the daily uniform worn by most members of the cf , unless service dress is prescribed ( such as at the ndhq , on parades , at public events , etc . ) . approved parkas are authorized for winter wear in cold climates and a light casual jacket is also authorized for cooler days . the navy , most army , and some other units have , for very specific occasions , a ceremonial / regimental full dress , such as the naval " high - collar " white uniform , kilted highland , scottish , and irish regiments , and the scarlet uniforms of the royal military colleges . [ sep ] service dress
only service dress is suitable for caf members to wear on any occasion , barring " dirty work " or combat . with gloves , swords , and medals ( no . 1 or 1a ) , it is suitable for ceremonial occasions and " dressed down " ( no . 3 or lower ) , it is suitable for daily wear . generally , after the elimination of base dress ( although still defined for the air force uniform ) , operational dress is now the daily uniform worn by most members of the cf , unless service dress is prescribed ( such as at the ndhq , on parades , at public events , etc . ) . approved parkas are authorized for winter wear in cold climates and a light casual jacket is also authorized for cooler days . the navy , most army , and some other units have , for very specific occasions , a ceremonial / regimental full dress , such as the naval " high - collar " white uniform , kilted highland , scottish , and irish regiments , and the scarlet uniforms of the royal military colleges . [ sep ] gloves , swords , and medals
only service dress is suitable for caf members to wear on any occasion , barring " dirty work " or combat . with gloves , swords , and medals ( no . 1 or 1a ) , it is suitable for ceremonial occasions and " dressed down " ( no . 3 or lower ) , it is suitable for daily wear . generally , after the elimination of base dress ( although still defined for the air force uniform ) , operational dress is now the daily uniform worn by most members of the cf , unless service dress is prescribed ( such as at the ndhq , on parades , at public events , etc . ) . approved parkas are authorized for winter wear in cold climates and a light casual jacket is also authorized for cooler days . the navy , most army , and some other units have , for very specific occasions , a ceremonial / regimental full dress , such as the naval " high - collar " white uniform , kilted highland , scottish , and irish regiments , and the scarlet uniforms of the royal military colleges . [ sep ] operational dress is now the daily uniform
only service dress is suitable for caf members to wear on any occasion , barring " dirty work " or combat . with gloves , swords , and medals ( no . 1 or 1a ) , it is suitable for ceremonial occasions and " dressed down " ( no . 3 or lower ) , it is suitable for daily wear . generally , after the elimination of base dress ( although still defined for the air force uniform ) , operational dress is now the daily uniform worn by most members of the cf , unless service dress is prescribed ( such as at the ndhq , on parades , at public events , etc . ) . approved parkas are authorized for winter wear in cold climates and a light casual jacket is also authorized for cooler days . the navy , most army , and some other units have , for very specific occasions , a ceremonial / regimental full dress , such as the naval " high - collar " white uniform , kilted highland , scottish , and irish regiments , and the scarlet uniforms of the royal military colleges . [ sep ] approved parkas
only service dress is suitable for caf members to wear on any occasion , barring " dirty work " or combat . with gloves , swords , and medals ( no . 1 or 1a ) , it is suitable for ceremonial occasions and " dressed down " ( no . 3 or lower ) , it is suitable for daily wear . generally , after the elimination of base dress ( although still defined for the air force uniform ) , operational dress is now the daily uniform worn by most members of the cf , unless service dress is prescribed ( such as at the ndhq , on parades , at public events , etc . ) . approved parkas are authorized for winter wear in cold climates and a light casual jacket is also authorized for cooler days . the navy , most army , and some other units have , for very specific occasions , a ceremonial / regimental full dress , such as the naval " high - collar " white uniform , kilted highland , scottish , and irish regiments , and the scarlet uniforms of the royal military colleges . [ sep ] a ceremonial / regimental full dress
cardinal bishops ( cardinals of the episcopal order ) are among the most senior prelates of the catholic church . though in modern times most cardinals are also bishops , the term " cardinal bishop " only refers to the cardinals who are titular bishops of one of the " suburbicarian " sees . [ sep ] cardinal bishops
authorized headdress for the canadian armed forces are the : beret , wedge cap , ballcap , yukon cap , and tuque ( toque ) . each is coloured according to the distinctive uniform worn : navy ( white or navy blue ) , army ( rifle green or " regimental " colour ) , air force ( light blue ) . adherents of the sikh faith may wear uniform turbans ( dastar ) ( or patka , when operational ) and muslim women may wear uniform tucked hijabs under their authorized headdress . jews may wear yarmulke under their authorized headdress and when bareheaded . the beret is probably the most widely worn headgear and is worn with almost all orders of dress ( with the exception of the more formal orders of navy and air force dress ) , and the colour of which is determined by the wearer ' s environment , branch , or mission . naval personnel , however , seldom wear berets , preferring either service cap or authorized ballcaps ( shipboard operational dress ) , which only the navy wear . air force personnel , particularly officers , prefer the wedge cap to any other form of headdress . there is no naval variant of the wedge cap . the yukon cap and tuque are worn only with winter dress , although clearance and combat divers may wear tuques year - round as a watch cap . soldiers in highland , scottish , and irish regiments generally wear alternative headdress , including the glengarry , balmoral , tam o ' shanter , and caubeen instead of the beret . the officer cadets of both royal military colleges wear gold - braided " pillbox " ( cavalry ) caps with their ceremonial dress and have a unique fur " astrakhan " for winter wear . the canadian army wears the cg634 helmet . [ sep ] beret , wedge cap , ballcap
authorized headdress for the canadian armed forces are the : beret , wedge cap , ballcap , yukon cap , and tuque ( toque ) . each is coloured according to the distinctive uniform worn : navy ( white or navy blue ) , army ( rifle green or " regimental " colour ) , air force ( light blue ) . adherents of the sikh faith may wear uniform turbans ( dastar ) ( or patka , when operational ) and muslim women may wear uniform tucked hijabs under their authorized headdress . jews may wear yarmulke under their authorized headdress and when bareheaded . the beret is probably the most widely worn headgear and is worn with almost all orders of dress ( with the exception of the more formal orders of navy and air force dress ) , and the colour of which is determined by the wearer ' s environment , branch , or mission . naval personnel , however , seldom wear berets , preferring either service cap or authorized ballcaps ( shipboard operational dress ) , which only the navy wear . air force personnel , particularly officers , prefer the wedge cap to any other form of headdress . there is no naval variant of the wedge cap . the yukon cap and tuque are worn only with winter dress , although clearance and combat divers may wear tuques year - round as a watch cap . soldiers in highland , scottish , and irish regiments generally wear alternative headdress , including the glengarry , balmoral , tam o ' shanter , and caubeen instead of the beret . the officer cadets of both royal military colleges wear gold - braided " pillbox " ( cavalry ) caps with their ceremonial dress and have a unique fur " astrakhan " for winter wear . the canadian army wears the cg634 helmet . [ sep ] coloured according to the distinctive uniform worn
authorized headdress for the canadian armed forces are the : beret , wedge cap , ballcap , yukon cap , and tuque ( toque ) . each is coloured according to the distinctive uniform worn : navy ( white or navy blue ) , army ( rifle green or " regimental " colour ) , air force ( light blue ) . adherents of the sikh faith may wear uniform turbans ( dastar ) ( or patka , when operational ) and muslim women may wear uniform tucked hijabs under their authorized headdress . jews may wear yarmulke under their authorized headdress and when bareheaded . the beret is probably the most widely worn headgear and is worn with almost all orders of dress ( with the exception of the more formal orders of navy and air force dress ) , and the colour of which is determined by the wearer ' s environment , branch , or mission . naval personnel , however , seldom wear berets , preferring either service cap or authorized ballcaps ( shipboard operational dress ) , which only the navy wear . air force personnel , particularly officers , prefer the wedge cap to any other form of headdress . there is no naval variant of the wedge cap . the yukon cap and tuque are worn only with winter dress , although clearance and combat divers may wear tuques year - round as a watch cap . soldiers in highland , scottish , and irish regiments generally wear alternative headdress , including the glengarry , balmoral , tam o ' shanter , and caubeen instead of the beret . the officer cadets of both royal military colleges wear gold - braided " pillbox " ( cavalry ) caps with their ceremonial dress and have a unique fur " astrakhan " for winter wear . the canadian army wears the cg634 helmet . [ sep ] the beret
authorized headdress for the canadian armed forces are the : beret , wedge cap , ballcap , yukon cap , and tuque ( toque ) . each is coloured according to the distinctive uniform worn : navy ( white or navy blue ) , army ( rifle green or " regimental " colour ) , air force ( light blue ) . adherents of the sikh faith may wear uniform turbans ( dastar ) ( or patka , when operational ) and muslim women may wear uniform tucked hijabs under their authorized headdress . jews may wear yarmulke under their authorized headdress and when bareheaded . the beret is probably the most widely worn headgear and is worn with almost all orders of dress ( with the exception of the more formal orders of navy and air force dress ) , and the colour of which is determined by the wearer ' s environment , branch , or mission . naval personnel , however , seldom wear berets , preferring either service cap or authorized ballcaps ( shipboard operational dress ) , which only the navy wear . air force personnel , particularly officers , prefer the wedge cap to any other form of headdress . there is no naval variant of the wedge cap . the yukon cap and tuque are worn only with winter dress , although clearance and combat divers may wear tuques year - round as a watch cap . soldiers in highland , scottish , and irish regiments generally wear alternative headdress , including the glengarry , balmoral , tam o ' shanter , and caubeen instead of the beret . the officer cadets of both royal military colleges wear gold - braided " pillbox " ( cavalry ) caps with their ceremonial dress and have a unique fur " astrakhan " for winter wear . the canadian army wears the cg634 helmet . [ sep ] cg634 helmet
in early times , the privilege of papal election was not reserved to the cardinals , and for centuries the person elected was customarily a roman priest and never a bishop from elsewhere . to preserve apostolic succession the rite of consecrating him a bishop had to be performed by someone who was already a bishop . the rule remains that , if the person elected pope is not yet a bishop , he is consecrated by the dean of the college of cardinals , the cardinal bishop of ostia . [ sep ] he is consecrated by the dean of the college of cardinals , the cardinal bishop of ostia .
there are seven suburbicarian sees : ostia , albano , porto and santa rufina , palestrina , sabina and mentana , frascati and velletri . velletri was united with ostia from 1150 until 1914 , when pope pius x separated them again , but decreed that whatever cardinal bishop became dean of the college of cardinals would keep the suburbicarian see he already held , adding to it that of ostia , with the result that there continued to be only six cardinal bishops . [ sep ] ostia , albano , porto and santa rufina , palestrina , sabina and mentana , frascati and velletri
since 1962 , the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees , with no powers of governance over them . each see has its own bishop , with the exception of ostia , in which the cardinal vicar of the see of rome is apostolic administrator . [ sep ] 1962
since 1962 , the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees , with no powers of governance over them . each see has its own bishop , with the exception of ostia , in which the cardinal vicar of the see of rome is apostolic administrator . [ sep ] ostia
since 1962 , the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees , with no powers of governance over them . each see has its own bishop , with the exception of ostia , in which the cardinal vicar of the see of rome is apostolic administrator . [ sep ] the cardinal vicar of the see of rome
the dean of the college of cardinals , or cardinal - dean , is the primus inter pares of the college of cardinals , elected by the cardinal bishops holding suburbicarian sees from among their own number , an election , however , that must be approved by the pope . formerly the position of dean belonged by right to the longest - serving of the cardinal bishops . [ sep ] the pope
the constitution of canada gives the federal government exclusive responsibility for national defence , and expenditures are thus outlined in the federal budget . for the 2008 – 2009 fiscal year , the amount allocated for defence spending was cad $ 18 . 9 billion . this regular funding was augmented in 2005 with an additional cad $ 12 . 5 billion over five years , as well as a commitment to increasing regular force troop levels by 5 , 000 persons , and the primary reserve by 3 , 000 over the same period . in 2006 , a further cad $ 5 . 3 billion over five years was provided to allow for 13 , 000 more regular force members , and 10 , 000 more primary reserve personnel , as well as cad $ 17 . 1 billion for the purchase of new trucks for the canadian army , transport aircraft and helicopters for the royal canadian air force , and joint support ships for the royal canadian navy . [ sep ] the constitution of canada
the constitution of canada gives the federal government exclusive responsibility for national defence , and expenditures are thus outlined in the federal budget . for the 2008 – 2009 fiscal year , the amount allocated for defence spending was cad $ 18 . 9 billion . this regular funding was augmented in 2005 with an additional cad $ 12 . 5 billion over five years , as well as a commitment to increasing regular force troop levels by 5 , 000 persons , and the primary reserve by 3 , 000 over the same period . in 2006 , a further cad $ 5 . 3 billion over five years was provided to allow for 13 , 000 more regular force members , and 10 , 000 more primary reserve personnel , as well as cad $ 17 . 1 billion for the purchase of new trucks for the canadian army , transport aircraft and helicopters for the royal canadian air force , and joint support ships for the royal canadian navy . [ sep ] 2005
in 1965 , pope paul vi decreed in his motu proprio ad purpuratorum patrum that patriarchs of the eastern catholic churches who were named cardinals ( i . e . , patriarch cardinals ) would also be part of the episcopal order , ranking after the six cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees ( who had been relieved of direct responsibilities for those sees by pope john xxiii three years earlier ) . patriarch cardinals do not receive title of a suburbicarian see , and as such they cannot elect the dean or become dean . there are currently three eastern patriarchs who are cardinal bishops : [ sep ] a suburbicarian see
cardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the catholic church , ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops . those who are named cardinal priests today are generally bishops of important dioceses throughout the world , though some hold curial positions . [ sep ] cardinal deacons
cardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the catholic church , ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops . those who are named cardinal priests today are generally bishops of important dioceses throughout the world , though some hold curial positions . [ sep ] cardinal bishops
cardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the catholic church , ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops . those who are named cardinal priests today are generally bishops of important dioceses throughout the world , though some hold curial positions . [ sep ] cardinal priests
in modern times , the name " cardinal priest " is interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests . originally , however , this referred to certain key priests of important churches of the diocese of rome , who were recognized as the cardinal priests , the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in his duties as bishop of rome ( the latin cardo means " hinge " ) . certain clerics in many dioceses at the time , not just that of rome , were said to be the key personnel — the term gradually became exclusive to rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the bishop of rome , the pope . [ sep ] priests chosen by the pope
while the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the roman pastoral clergy and roman curia , every cardinal priest has a titular church in rome , though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere , just as cardinal bishops are given one of the suburbicarian dioceses around rome . pope paul vi abolished all administrative rights cardinals had with regard to their titular churches , though the cardinal ' s name and coat of arms are still posted in the church , and they are expected to celebrate mass and preach there if convenient when they are in rome . [ sep ] a titular church in rome
while the number of cardinals was small from the times of the roman empire to the renaissance , and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest , in the 16th century the college expanded markedly . in 1587 , pope sixtus v sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of the college at 70 , including 50 cardinal priests , about twice the historical number . this limit was respected until 1958 , and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions , generally when a building fell into disrepair . when pope john xxiii abolished the limit , he began to add new churches to the list , which popes paul vi and john paul ii continued to do . today there are close to 150 titular churches , out of over 300 churches in rome . [ sep ] 1587
while the number of cardinals was small from the times of the roman empire to the renaissance , and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest , in the 16th century the college expanded markedly . in 1587 , pope sixtus v sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of the college at 70 , including 50 cardinal priests , about twice the historical number . this limit was respected until 1958 , and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions , generally when a building fell into disrepair . when pope john xxiii abolished the limit , he began to add new churches to the list , which popes paul vi and john paul ii continued to do . today there are close to 150 titular churches , out of over 300 churches in rome . [ sep ] 70
while the number of cardinals was small from the times of the roman empire to the renaissance , and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest , in the 16th century the college expanded markedly . in 1587 , pope sixtus v sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of the college at 70 , including 50 cardinal priests , about twice the historical number . this limit was respected until 1958 , and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions , generally when a building fell into disrepair . when pope john xxiii abolished the limit , he began to add new churches to the list , which popes paul vi and john paul ii continued to do . today there are close to 150 titular churches , out of over 300 churches in rome . [ sep ] pope john xxiii
in early modern times , cardinals often had important roles in secular affairs . in some cases , they took on powerful positions in government . in henry viii ' s england , his chief minister was cardinal wolsey . cardinal richelieu ' s power was so great that he was for many years effectively the ruler of france . richelieu successor was also a cardinal , jules mazarin . guillaume dubois and andre - hercule de fleury complete the list of the " four great " cardinals to have ruled france . [ citation needed ] in portugal , due to a succession crisis , one cardinal , henry , king of portugal , was crowned king , the only example of a cardinal - king . [ sep ] cardinal richelieu
in early modern times , cardinals often had important roles in secular affairs . in some cases , they took on powerful positions in government . in henry viii ' s england , his chief minister was cardinal wolsey . cardinal richelieu ' s power was so great that he was for many years effectively the ruler of france . richelieu successor was also a cardinal , jules mazarin . guillaume dubois and andre - hercule de fleury complete the list of the " four great " cardinals to have ruled france . [ citation needed ] in portugal , due to a succession crisis , one cardinal , henry , king of portugal , was crowned king , the only example of a cardinal - king . [ sep ] henry , king of portugal
pope sixtus v limited the number of cardinals to 70 , comprising six cardinal bishops , 50 cardinal priests , and 14 cardinal deacons . starting in the pontificate of pope john xxiii , that limit has been exceeded . at the start of 1971 , pope paul vi set the number of cardinal electors at a maximum of 120 , but set no limit on the number of cardinals generally . he also established a maximum age of eighty years for electors . his action deprived twenty - five living cardinals , including the three living cardinals elevated by pope pius xi , of the right to participate in a conclave . [ citation needed ] popes can dispense from church laws and have sometimes brought the number of cardinals under the age of 80 to more than 120 . pope paul vi also increased the number of cardinal bishops by giving that rank to patriarchs of the eastern catholic churches . [ sep ] 120
pope sixtus v limited the number of cardinals to 70 , comprising six cardinal bishops , 50 cardinal priests , and 14 cardinal deacons . starting in the pontificate of pope john xxiii , that limit has been exceeded . at the start of 1971 , pope paul vi set the number of cardinal electors at a maximum of 120 , but set no limit on the number of cardinals generally . he also established a maximum age of eighty years for electors . his action deprived twenty - five living cardinals , including the three living cardinals elevated by pope pius xi , of the right to participate in a conclave . [ citation needed ] popes can dispense from church laws and have sometimes brought the number of cardinals under the age of 80 to more than 120 . pope paul vi also increased the number of cardinal bishops by giving that rank to patriarchs of the eastern catholic churches . [ sep ] the number of cardinals generally
the dean of the college of cardinals in addition to such a titular church also receives the titular bishopric of ostia , the primary suburbicarian see . cardinals governing a particular church retain that church . [ sep ] titular bishopric of ostia
forms of lighting include alcove lighting , which like most other uplighting is indirect . this is often done with fluorescent lighting ( first available at the 1939 world ' s fair ) or rope light , occasionally with neon lighting , and recently with led strip lighting . it is a form of backlighting . [ sep ] 1939
recessed lighting ( often called " pot lights " in canada , " can lights " or ' high hats " in the us ) is popular , with fixtures mounted into the ceiling structure so as to appear flush with it . these downlights can use narrow beam spotlights , or wider - angle floodlights , both of which are bulbs having their own reflectors . there are also downlights with internal reflectors designed to accept common ' a ' lamps ( light bulbs ) which are generally less costly than reflector lamps . downlights can be incandescent , fluorescent , hid ( high intensity discharge ) or led . [ sep ] recessed lighting
indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures , and is a key part of interior design . lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects . [ sep ] light fixtures
indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures , and is a key part of interior design . lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects . [ sep ] lighting
with the discovery of fire , the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches . as early as 400 , 000 bce , fire was kindled in the caves of peking man . prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings . these lamps were made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks , shells , horns and stones , were filled with grease , and had a fiber wick . lamps typically used animal or vegetable fats as fuel . hundreds of these lamps ( hollow worked stones ) have been found in the lascaux caves in modern - day france , dating to about 15 , 000 years ago . oily animals ( birds and fish ) were also used as lamps after being threaded with a wick . fireflies have been used as lighting sources . candles and glass and pottery lamps were also invented . chandeliers were an early form of " light fixture " . [ sep ] 400 , 000 bce
with the discovery of fire , the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches . as early as 400 , 000 bce , fire was kindled in the caves of peking man . prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings . these lamps were made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks , shells , horns and stones , were filled with grease , and had a fiber wick . lamps typically used animal or vegetable fats as fuel . hundreds of these lamps ( hollow worked stones ) have been found in the lascaux caves in modern - day france , dating to about 15 , 000 years ago . oily animals ( birds and fish ) were also used as lamps after being threaded with a wick . fireflies have been used as lighting sources . candles and glass and pottery lamps were also invented . chandeliers were an early form of " light fixture " . [ sep ] birds and fish
with the discovery of fire , the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches . as early as 400 , 000 bce , fire was kindled in the caves of peking man . prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings . these lamps were made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks , shells , horns and stones , were filled with grease , and had a fiber wick . lamps typically used animal or vegetable fats as fuel . hundreds of these lamps ( hollow worked stones ) have been found in the lascaux caves in modern - day france , dating to about 15 , 000 years ago . oily animals ( birds and fish ) were also used as lamps after being threaded with a wick . fireflies have been used as lighting sources . candles and glass and pottery lamps were also invented . chandeliers were an early form of " light fixture " . [ sep ] campfires or torches
with the discovery of fire , the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches . as early as 400 , 000 bce , fire was kindled in the caves of peking man . prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings . these lamps were made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks , shells , horns and stones , were filled with grease , and had a fiber wick . lamps typically used animal or vegetable fats as fuel . hundreds of these lamps ( hollow worked stones ) have been found in the lascaux caves in modern - day france , dating to about 15 , 000 years ago . oily animals ( birds and fish ) were also used as lamps after being threaded with a wick . fireflies have been used as lighting sources . candles and glass and pottery lamps were also invented . chandeliers were an early form of " light fixture " . [ sep ] 15 , 000 years
major reductions in the cost of lighting occurred with the discovery of whale oil and kerosene . gas lighting was economical enough to power street lights in major cities starting in the early 1800s , and was also used in some commercial buildings and in the homes of wealthy people . the gas mantle boosted the luminosity of utility lighting and of kerosene lanterns . the next major drop in price came about with the incandescent light bulb powered by electricity . [ sep ] incandescent light
major reductions in the cost of lighting occurred with the discovery of whale oil and kerosene . gas lighting was economical enough to power street lights in major cities starting in the early 1800s , and was also used in some commercial buildings and in the homes of wealthy people . the gas mantle boosted the luminosity of utility lighting and of kerosene lanterns . the next major drop in price came about with the incandescent light bulb powered by electricity . [ sep ] early 1800s
over time , electric lighting became ubiquitous in developed countries . segmented sleep patterns disappeared , improved nighttime lighting made more activities possible at night , and more street lights reduced urban crime . [ sep ] urban crime .
lighting fixtures come in a wide variety of styles for various functions . the most important functions are as a holder for the light source , to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare . some are very plain and functional , while some are pieces of art in themselves . nearly any material can be used , so long as it can tolerate the excess heat and is in keeping with safety codes . [ sep ] lighting fixtures
lighting fixtures come in a wide variety of styles for various functions . the most important functions are as a holder for the light source , to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare . some are very plain and functional , while some are pieces of art in themselves . nearly any material can be used , so long as it can tolerate the excess heat and is in keeping with safety codes . [ sep ] visual glare
an important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall - plug efficiency , meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy , usually measured in lumen per watt . a fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the " bulb " to the surroundings . the more transparent the lighting fixture is , the higher efficacy . shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability . [ sep ] lumen per watt
color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications . the color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp . an incandescent bulb has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 kelvin ; daylight is around 6400 kelvin . lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum , while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue - white appearance . for critical inspection or color matching tasks , or for retail displays of food and clothing , the color temperature of the lamps will be selected for the best overall lighting effect . [ sep ] 6400
color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications . the color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp . an incandescent bulb has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 kelvin ; daylight is around 6400 kelvin . lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum , while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue - white appearance . for critical inspection or color matching tasks , or for retail displays of food and clothing , the color temperature of the lamps will be selected for the best overall lighting effect . [ sep ] incandescent bulb
color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications . the color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp . an incandescent bulb has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 kelvin ; daylight is around 6400 kelvin . lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum , while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue - white appearance . for critical inspection or color matching tasks , or for retail displays of food and clothing , the color temperature of the lamps will be selected for the best overall lighting effect . [ sep ] blue - white
color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications . the color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp . an incandescent bulb has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 kelvin ; daylight is around 6400 kelvin . lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum , while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue - white appearance . for critical inspection or color matching tasks , or for retail displays of food and clothing , the color temperature of the lamps will be selected for the best overall lighting effect . [ sep ] lower color temperature
lighting is classified by intended use as general , accent , or task lighting , depending largely on the distribution of the light produced by the fixture . [ sep ] light produced by the fixture .
track lighting , invented by lightolier , was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to install than recessed lighting , and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall . it has regained some popularity recently in low - voltage tracks , which often look nothing like their predecessors because they do not have the safety issues that line - voltage systems have , and are therefore less bulky and more ornamental in themselves . a master transformer feeds all of the fixtures on the track or rod with 12 or 24 volts , instead of each light fixture having its own line - to - low voltage transformer . there are traditional spots and floods , as well as other small hanging fixtures . a modified version of this is cable lighting , where lights are hung from or clipped to bare metal cables under tension . [ sep ] lightolier
track lighting , invented by lightolier , was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to install than recessed lighting , and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall . it has regained some popularity recently in low - voltage tracks , which often look nothing like their predecessors because they do not have the safety issues that line - voltage systems have , and are therefore less bulky and more ornamental in themselves . a master transformer feeds all of the fixtures on the track or rod with 12 or 24 volts , instead of each light fixture having its own line - to - low voltage transformer . there are traditional spots and floods , as well as other small hanging fixtures . a modified version of this is cable lighting , where lights are hung from or clipped to bare metal cables under tension . [ sep ] master transformer
track lighting , invented by lightolier , was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to install than recessed lighting , and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall . it has regained some popularity recently in low - voltage tracks , which often look nothing like their predecessors because they do not have the safety issues that line - voltage systems have , and are therefore less bulky and more ornamental in themselves . a master transformer feeds all of the fixtures on the track or rod with 12 or 24 volts , instead of each light fixture having its own line - to - low voltage transformer . there are traditional spots and floods , as well as other small hanging fixtures . a modified version of this is cable lighting , where lights are hung from or clipped to bare metal cables under tension . [ sep ] cable lighting
track lighting , invented by lightolier , was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to install than recessed lighting , and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall . it has regained some popularity recently in low - voltage tracks , which often look nothing like their predecessors because they do not have the safety issues that line - voltage systems have , and are therefore less bulky and more ornamental in themselves . a master transformer feeds all of the fixtures on the track or rod with 12 or 24 volts , instead of each light fixture having its own line - to - low voltage transformer . there are traditional spots and floods , as well as other small hanging fixtures . a modified version of this is cable lighting , where lights are hung from or clipped to bare metal cables under tension . [ sep ] 12 or 24 volts
a sconce is a wall - mounted fixture , particularly one that shines up and sometimes down as well . a torchiere is an uplight intended for ambient lighting . it is typically a floor lamp but may be wall - mounted like a sconce . [ sep ] torchiere
the portable or table lamp is probably the most common fixture , found in many homes and offices . the standard lamp and shade that sits on a table is general lighting , while the desk lamp is considered task lighting . magnifier lamps are also task lighting . [ sep ] table lamp
the portable or table lamp is probably the most common fixture , found in many homes and offices . the standard lamp and shade that sits on a table is general lighting , while the desk lamp is considered task lighting . magnifier lamps are also task lighting . [ sep ] task lighting
the illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s . this uses diffuser panels hung like a suspended ceiling below fluorescent lights , and is considered general lighting . other forms include neon , which is not usually intended to illuminate anything else , but to actually be an artwork in itself . this would probably fall under accent lighting , though in a dark nightclub it could be considered general lighting . [ sep ] dark nightclub
the illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s . this uses diffuser panels hung like a suspended ceiling below fluorescent lights , and is considered general lighting . other forms include neon , which is not usually intended to illuminate anything else , but to actually be an artwork in itself . this would probably fall under accent lighting , though in a dark nightclub it could be considered general lighting . [ sep ] illuminated ceiling
the illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s . this uses diffuser panels hung like a suspended ceiling below fluorescent lights , and is considered general lighting . other forms include neon , which is not usually intended to illuminate anything else , but to actually be an artwork in itself . this would probably fall under accent lighting , though in a dark nightclub it could be considered general lighting . [ sep ] accent lighting
in 1919 nancy astor was elected the first ever female member of parliament to take office in the british houses of parliament for the constituency of plymouth sutton . taking over office from her husband waldorf astor , lady astor was a vibrantly active campaigner for her resident constituents . plymouth was granted city status on 18 october 1928 . the city ' s first lord mayor was appointed in 1935 and its boundaries further expanded in 1967 to include the town of plympton and the parish of plymstock . [ sep ] nancy astor
in 1919 nancy astor was elected the first ever female member of parliament to take office in the british houses of parliament for the constituency of plymouth sutton . taking over office from her husband waldorf astor , lady astor was a vibrantly active campaigner for her resident constituents . plymouth was granted city status on 18 october 1928 . the city ' s first lord mayor was appointed in 1935 and its boundaries further expanded in 1967 to include the town of plympton and the parish of plymstock . [ sep ] plymouth sutton
in 1919 nancy astor was elected the first ever female member of parliament to take office in the british houses of parliament for the constituency of plymouth sutton . taking over office from her husband waldorf astor , lady astor was a vibrantly active campaigner for her resident constituents . plymouth was granted city status on 18 october 1928 . the city ' s first lord mayor was appointed in 1935 and its boundaries further expanded in 1967 to include the town of plympton and the parish of plymstock . [ sep ] 18 october 1928
in 1919 nancy astor was elected the first ever female member of parliament to take office in the british houses of parliament for the constituency of plymouth sutton . taking over office from her husband waldorf astor , lady astor was a vibrantly active campaigner for her resident constituents . plymouth was granted city status on 18 october 1928 . the city ' s first lord mayor was appointed in 1935 and its boundaries further expanded in 1967 to include the town of plympton and the parish of plymstock . [ sep ] 1935
in 1919 nancy astor was elected the first ever female member of parliament to take office in the british houses of parliament for the constituency of plymouth sutton . taking over office from her husband waldorf astor , lady astor was a vibrantly active campaigner for her resident constituents . plymouth was granted city status on 18 october 1928 . the city ' s first lord mayor was appointed in 1935 and its boundaries further expanded in 1967 to include the town of plympton and the parish of plymstock . [ sep ] plymstock
in 1945 , plymouth - born michael foot was elected labour mp for the war - torn constituency of plymouth devonport and after serving as secretary of state for education and responsible for the 1974 health and safety at work act , went on to become one of the most distinguished leaders of the labour party . [ sep ] plymouth devonport
in 1945 , plymouth - born michael foot was elected labour mp for the war - torn constituency of plymouth devonport and after serving as secretary of state for education and responsible for the 1974 health and safety at work act , went on to become one of the most distinguished leaders of the labour party . [ sep ] secretary of state for education
in 1945 , plymouth - born michael foot was elected labour mp for the war - torn constituency of plymouth devonport and after serving as secretary of state for education and responsible for the 1974 health and safety at work act , went on to become one of the most distinguished leaders of the labour party . [ sep ] 1974 health and safety at work act
in 1945 , plymouth - born michael foot was elected labour mp for the war - torn constituency of plymouth devonport and after serving as secretary of state for education and responsible for the 1974 health and safety at work act , went on to become one of the most distinguished leaders of the labour party . [ sep ] labour
in 1945 , plymouth - born michael foot was elected labour mp for the war - torn constituency of plymouth devonport and after serving as secretary of state for education and responsible for the 1974 health and safety at work act , went on to become one of the most distinguished leaders of the labour party . [ sep ] plymouth
the 1971 local government white paper proposed abolishing county boroughs , which would have left plymouth , a town of 250 , 000 people , being administered from a council based at the smaller exeter , on the other side of the county . this led to plymouth lobbying for the creation of a tamarside county , to include plymouth , torpoint , saltash , and the rural hinterland . the campaign was not successful , and plymouth ceased to be a county borough on 1 april 1974 with responsibility for education , social services , highways and libraries transferred to devon county council . all powers returned when the city become a unitary authority on 1 april 1998 under recommendations of the banham commission . [ sep ] 250 , 000
the 1971 local government white paper proposed abolishing county boroughs , which would have left plymouth , a town of 250 , 000 people , being administered from a council based at the smaller exeter , on the other side of the county . this led to plymouth lobbying for the creation of a tamarside county , to include plymouth , torpoint , saltash , and the rural hinterland . the campaign was not successful , and plymouth ceased to be a county borough on 1 april 1974 with responsibility for education , social services , highways and libraries transferred to devon county council . all powers returned when the city become a unitary authority on 1 april 1998 under recommendations of the banham commission . [ sep ] 1971 local government white paper
the 1971 local government white paper proposed abolishing county boroughs , which would have left plymouth , a town of 250 , 000 people , being administered from a council based at the smaller exeter , on the other side of the county . this led to plymouth lobbying for the creation of a tamarside county , to include plymouth , torpoint , saltash , and the rural hinterland . the campaign was not successful , and plymouth ceased to be a county borough on 1 april 1974 with responsibility for education , social services , highways and libraries transferred to devon county council . all powers returned when the city become a unitary authority on 1 april 1998 under recommendations of the banham commission . [ sep ] tamarside
the 1971 local government white paper proposed abolishing county boroughs , which would have left plymouth , a town of 250 , 000 people , being administered from a council based at the smaller exeter , on the other side of the county . this led to plymouth lobbying for the creation of a tamarside county , to include plymouth , torpoint , saltash , and the rural hinterland . the campaign was not successful , and plymouth ceased to be a county borough on 1 april 1974 with responsibility for education , social services , highways and libraries transferred to devon county council . all powers returned when the city become a unitary authority on 1 april 1998 under recommendations of the banham commission . [ sep ] 1 april 1974
the 1971 local government white paper proposed abolishing county boroughs , which would have left plymouth , a town of 250 , 000 people , being administered from a council based at the smaller exeter , on the other side of the county . this led to plymouth lobbying for the creation of a tamarside county , to include plymouth , torpoint , saltash , and the rural hinterland . the campaign was not successful , and plymouth ceased to be a county borough on 1 april 1974 with responsibility for education , social services , highways and libraries transferred to devon county council . all powers returned when the city become a unitary authority on 1 april 1998 under recommendations of the banham commission . [ sep ] the banham commission
in the parliament of the united kingdom , plymouth is represented by the three constituencies of plymouth moor view , plymouth sutton and devonport and south west devon and within the european parliament as south west england . in the 2015 general election all three constituencies returned conservative mps , who were oliver colvile ( for devon south west ) , gary streeter ( for sutton and devonport ) and johnny mercer for moor view . [ sep ] south west england
in the parliament of the united kingdom , plymouth is represented by the three constituencies of plymouth moor view , plymouth sutton and devonport and south west devon and within the european parliament as south west england . in the 2015 general election all three constituencies returned conservative mps , who were oliver colvile ( for devon south west ) , gary streeter ( for sutton and devonport ) and johnny mercer for moor view . [ sep ] gary streeter
in the parliament of the united kingdom , plymouth is represented by the three constituencies of plymouth moor view , plymouth sutton and devonport and south west devon and within the european parliament as south west england . in the 2015 general election all three constituencies returned conservative mps , who were oliver colvile ( for devon south west ) , gary streeter ( for sutton and devonport ) and johnny mercer for moor view . [ sep ] conservative
in the parliament of the united kingdom , plymouth is represented by the three constituencies of plymouth moor view , plymouth sutton and devonport and south west devon and within the european parliament as south west england . in the 2015 general election all three constituencies returned conservative mps , who were oliver colvile ( for devon south west ) , gary streeter ( for sutton and devonport ) and johnny mercer for moor view . [ sep ] moor view
the city of plymouth is divided into 20 wards , 17 of which elect three councillors and the other three electing two councillors , making up a total council of 57 . each year a third of the council is up for election for three consecutive years – there are no elections on the following " fourth " year , which is when county council elections take place . the total electorate for plymouth was 188 , 924 in april 2015 . the local election of 7 may 2015 resulted in a political composition of 28 labour councillors , 26 conservative and 3 ukip resulting in a labour administration . plymouth city council is formally twinned with : brest , france ( 1963 ) , gdynia , poland ( 1976 ) , novorossiysk , russia ( 1990 ) san sebastian , spain ( 1990 ) and plymouth , united states ( 2001 ) . [ sep ] three
the city of plymouth is divided into 20 wards , 17 of which elect three councillors and the other three electing two councillors , making up a total council of 57 . each year a third of the council is up for election for three consecutive years – there are no elections on the following " fourth " year , which is when county council elections take place . the total electorate for plymouth was 188 , 924 in april 2015 . the local election of 7 may 2015 resulted in a political composition of 28 labour councillors , 26 conservative and 3 ukip resulting in a labour administration . plymouth city council is formally twinned with : brest , france ( 1963 ) , gdynia , poland ( 1976 ) , novorossiysk , russia ( 1990 ) san sebastian , spain ( 1990 ) and plymouth , united states ( 2001 ) . [ sep ] 57
the city of plymouth is divided into 20 wards , 17 of which elect three councillors and the other three electing two councillors , making up a total council of 57 . each year a third of the council is up for election for three consecutive years – there are no elections on the following " fourth " year , which is when county council elections take place . the total electorate for plymouth was 188 , 924 in april 2015 . the local election of 7 may 2015 resulted in a political composition of 28 labour councillors , 26 conservative and 3 ukip resulting in a labour administration . plymouth city council is formally twinned with : brest , france ( 1963 ) , gdynia , poland ( 1976 ) , novorossiysk , russia ( 1990 ) san sebastian , spain ( 1990 ) and plymouth , united states ( 2001 ) . [ sep ] a third
the city of plymouth is divided into 20 wards , 17 of which elect three councillors and the other three electing two councillors , making up a total council of 57 . each year a third of the council is up for election for three consecutive years – there are no elections on the following " fourth " year , which is when county council elections take place . the total electorate for plymouth was 188 , 924 in april 2015 . the local election of 7 may 2015 resulted in a political composition of 28 labour councillors , 26 conservative and 3 ukip resulting in a labour administration . plymouth city council is formally twinned with : brest , france ( 1963 ) , gdynia , poland ( 1976 ) , novorossiysk , russia ( 1990 ) san sebastian , spain ( 1990 ) and plymouth , united states ( 2001 ) . [ sep ] brest
the city of plymouth is divided into 20 wards , 17 of which elect three councillors and the other three electing two councillors , making up a total council of 57 . each year a third of the council is up for election for three consecutive years – there are no elections on the following " fourth " year , which is when county council elections take place . the total electorate for plymouth was 188 , 924 in april 2015 . the local election of 7 may 2015 resulted in a political composition of 28 labour councillors , 26 conservative and 3 ukip resulting in a labour administration . plymouth city council is formally twinned with : brest , france ( 1963 ) , gdynia , poland ( 1976 ) , novorossiysk , russia ( 1990 ) san sebastian , spain ( 1990 ) and plymouth , united states ( 2001 ) . [ sep ] 2001
plymouth was granted the dignity of lord mayor by king george v in 1935 . the position is elected each year by a group of six councillors . it is traditional that the position of the lord mayor alternates between the conservative party and the labour party annually and that the lord mayor chooses the deputy lord mayor . conservative councillor dr john mahony is the incumbent for 2015 – 16 . [ sep ] king george v
plymouth was granted the dignity of lord mayor by king george v in 1935 . the position is elected each year by a group of six councillors . it is traditional that the position of the lord mayor alternates between the conservative party and the labour party annually and that the lord mayor chooses the deputy lord mayor . conservative councillor dr john mahony is the incumbent for 2015 – 16 . [ sep ] six
plymouth was granted the dignity of lord mayor by king george v in 1935 . the position is elected each year by a group of six councillors . it is traditional that the position of the lord mayor alternates between the conservative party and the labour party annually and that the lord mayor chooses the deputy lord mayor . conservative councillor dr john mahony is the incumbent for 2015 – 16 . [ sep ] the lord mayor
plymouth was granted the dignity of lord mayor by king george v in 1935 . the position is elected each year by a group of six councillors . it is traditional that the position of the lord mayor alternates between the conservative party and the labour party annually and that the lord mayor chooses the deputy lord mayor . conservative councillor dr john mahony is the incumbent for 2015 – 16 . [ sep ] dr john mahony
the lord mayor ' s official residence is 3 elliot terrace , located on the hoe . once a home of waldorf and nancy astor , it was given by lady astor to the city of plymouth as an official residence for future lord mayors and is also used today for civic hospitality , as lodgings for visiting dignitaries and high court judges and it is also available to hire for private events . the civic centre municipal office building in armada way became a listed building in june 2007 because of its quality and period features , but has become the centre of a controversy as the council planned for its demolition estimating that it could cost £40m to refurbish it , resulting in possible job losses . [ sep ] 3 elliot terrace
the lord mayor ' s official residence is 3 elliot terrace , located on the hoe . once a home of waldorf and nancy astor , it was given by lady astor to the city of plymouth as an official residence for future lord mayors and is also used today for civic hospitality , as lodgings for visiting dignitaries and high court judges and it is also available to hire for private events . the civic centre municipal office building in armada way became a listed building in june 2007 because of its quality and period features , but has become the centre of a controversy as the council planned for its demolition estimating that it could cost £40m to refurbish it , resulting in possible job losses . [ sep ] lady astor
the lord mayor ' s official residence is 3 elliot terrace , located on the hoe . once a home of waldorf and nancy astor , it was given by lady astor to the city of plymouth as an official residence for future lord mayors and is also used today for civic hospitality , as lodgings for visiting dignitaries and high court judges and it is also available to hire for private events . the civic centre municipal office building in armada way became a listed building in june 2007 because of its quality and period features , but has become the centre of a controversy as the council planned for its demolition estimating that it could cost £40m to refurbish it , resulting in possible job losses . [ sep ] armada way
the lord mayor ' s official residence is 3 elliot terrace , located on the hoe . once a home of waldorf and nancy astor , it was given by lady astor to the city of plymouth as an official residence for future lord mayors and is also used today for civic hospitality , as lodgings for visiting dignitaries and high court judges and it is also available to hire for private events . the civic centre municipal office building in armada way became a listed building in june 2007 because of its quality and period features , but has become the centre of a controversy as the council planned for its demolition estimating that it could cost £40m to refurbish it , resulting in possible job losses . [ sep ] june 2007
the lord mayor ' s official residence is 3 elliot terrace , located on the hoe . once a home of waldorf and nancy astor , it was given by lady astor to the city of plymouth as an official residence for future lord mayors and is also used today for civic hospitality , as lodgings for visiting dignitaries and high court judges and it is also available to hire for private events . the civic centre municipal office building in armada way became a listed building in june 2007 because of its quality and period features , but has become the centre of a controversy as the council planned for its demolition estimating that it could cost £40m to refurbish it , resulting in possible job losses . [ sep ] £40m
plymouth lies between the river plym to the east and the river tamar to the west ; both rivers flow into the natural harbour of plymouth sound . since 1967 , the unitary authority of plymouth has included the , once independent , towns of plympton and plymstock which lie along the east of the river plym . the river tamar forms the county boundary between devon and cornwall and its estuary forms the hamoaze on which is sited devonport dockyard . [ sep ] river tamar
plymouth lies between the river plym to the east and the river tamar to the west ; both rivers flow into the natural harbour of plymouth sound . since 1967 , the unitary authority of plymouth has included the , once independent , towns of plympton and plymstock which lie along the east of the river plym . the river tamar forms the county boundary between devon and cornwall and its estuary forms the hamoaze on which is sited devonport dockyard . [ sep ] river plym
plymouth lies between the river plym to the east and the river tamar to the west ; both rivers flow into the natural harbour of plymouth sound . since 1967 , the unitary authority of plymouth has included the , once independent , towns of plympton and plymstock which lie along the east of the river plym . the river tamar forms the county boundary between devon and cornwall and its estuary forms the hamoaze on which is sited devonport dockyard . [ sep ] cornwall
plymouth lies between the river plym to the east and the river tamar to the west ; both rivers flow into the natural harbour of plymouth sound . since 1967 , the unitary authority of plymouth has included the , once independent , towns of plympton and plymstock which lie along the east of the river plym . the river tamar forms the county boundary between devon and cornwall and its estuary forms the hamoaze on which is sited devonport dockyard . [ sep ] plymouth sound
plymouth lies between the river plym to the east and the river tamar to the west ; both rivers flow into the natural harbour of plymouth sound . since 1967 , the unitary authority of plymouth has included the , once independent , towns of plympton and plymstock which lie along the east of the river plym . the river tamar forms the county boundary between devon and cornwall and its estuary forms the hamoaze on which is sited devonport dockyard . [ sep ] 1967
the river plym , which flows off dartmoor to the north - east , forms a smaller estuary to the east of the city called cattewater . plymouth sound is protected from the sea by the plymouth breakwater , in use since 1814 . in the sound is drake ' s island which is seen from plymouth hoe , a flat public area on top of limestone cliffs . the unitary authority of plymouth is 79 . 84 square kilometres ( 30 . 83 sq mi ) . the topography rises from sea level to a height , at roborough , of about 509 feet ( 155 m ) above ordnance datum ( aod ) . [ sep ] cattewater
the river plym , which flows off dartmoor to the north - east , forms a smaller estuary to the east of the city called cattewater . plymouth sound is protected from the sea by the plymouth breakwater , in use since 1814 . in the sound is drake ' s island which is seen from plymouth hoe , a flat public area on top of limestone cliffs . the unitary authority of plymouth is 79 . 84 square kilometres ( 30 . 83 sq mi ) . the topography rises from sea level to a height , at roborough , of about 509 feet ( 155 m ) above ordnance datum ( aod ) . [ sep ] 1814
the river plym , which flows off dartmoor to the north - east , forms a smaller estuary to the east of the city called cattewater . plymouth sound is protected from the sea by the plymouth breakwater , in use since 1814 . in the sound is drake ' s island which is seen from plymouth hoe , a flat public area on top of limestone cliffs . the unitary authority of plymouth is 79 . 84 square kilometres ( 30 . 83 sq mi ) . the topography rises from sea level to a height , at roborough , of about 509 feet ( 155 m ) above ordnance datum ( aod ) . [ sep ] drake ' s island
the river plym , which flows off dartmoor to the north - east , forms a smaller estuary to the east of the city called cattewater . plymouth sound is protected from the sea by the plymouth breakwater , in use since 1814 . in the sound is drake ' s island which is seen from plymouth hoe , a flat public area on top of limestone cliffs . the unitary authority of plymouth is 79 . 84 square kilometres ( 30 . 83 sq mi ) . the topography rises from sea level to a height , at roborough , of about 509 feet ( 155 m ) above ordnance datum ( aod ) . [ sep ] 30 . 83
the river plym , which flows off dartmoor to the north - east , forms a smaller estuary to the east of the city called cattewater . plymouth sound is protected from the sea by the plymouth breakwater , in use since 1814 . in the sound is drake ' s island which is seen from plymouth hoe , a flat public area on top of limestone cliffs . the unitary authority of plymouth is 79 . 84 square kilometres ( 30 . 83 sq mi ) . the topography rises from sea level to a height , at roborough , of about 509 feet ( 155 m ) above ordnance datum ( aod ) . [ sep ] 155
geologically , plymouth has a mixture of limestone , devonian slate , granite and middle devonian limestone . plymouth sound , shores and cliffs is a site of special scientific interest , because of its geology . the bulk of the city is built upon upper devonian slates and shales and the headlands at the entrance to plymouth sound are formed of lower devonian slates , which can withstand the power of the sea . [ sep ] site of special scientific interest
geologically , plymouth has a mixture of limestone , devonian slate , granite and middle devonian limestone . plymouth sound , shores and cliffs is a site of special scientific interest , because of its geology . the bulk of the city is built upon upper devonian slates and shales and the headlands at the entrance to plymouth sound are formed of lower devonian slates , which can withstand the power of the sea . [ sep ] lower devonian slates
geologically , plymouth has a mixture of limestone , devonian slate , granite and middle devonian limestone . plymouth sound , shores and cliffs is a site of special scientific interest , because of its geology . the bulk of the city is built upon upper devonian slates and shales and the headlands at the entrance to plymouth sound are formed of lower devonian slates , which can withstand the power of the sea . [ sep ] granite
geologically , plymouth has a mixture of limestone , devonian slate , granite and middle devonian limestone . plymouth sound , shores and cliffs is a site of special scientific interest , because of its geology . the bulk of the city is built upon upper devonian slates and shales and the headlands at the entrance to plymouth sound are formed of lower devonian slates , which can withstand the power of the sea . [ sep ] upper devonian slates
geologically , plymouth has a mixture of limestone , devonian slate , granite and middle devonian limestone . plymouth sound , shores and cliffs is a site of special scientific interest , because of its geology . the bulk of the city is built upon upper devonian slates and shales and the headlands at the entrance to plymouth sound are formed of lower devonian slates , which can withstand the power of the sea . [ sep ] its geology
a band of middle devonian limestone runs west to east from cremyll to plymstock including the hoe . local limestone may be seen in numerous buildings , walls and pavements throughout plymouth . to the north and north east of the city is the granite mass of dartmoor ; the granite was mined and exported via plymouth . rocks brought down the tamar from dartmoor include ores containing tin , copper , tungsten , lead and other minerals . there is evidence that the middle devonian limestone belt at the south edge of plymouth and in plymstock was quarried at west hoe , cattedown and radford . [ sep ] cremyll
a band of middle devonian limestone runs west to east from cremyll to plymstock including the hoe . local limestone may be seen in numerous buildings , walls and pavements throughout plymouth . to the north and north east of the city is the granite mass of dartmoor ; the granite was mined and exported via plymouth . rocks brought down the tamar from dartmoor include ores containing tin , copper , tungsten , lead and other minerals . there is evidence that the middle devonian limestone belt at the south edge of plymouth and in plymstock was quarried at west hoe , cattedown and radford . [ sep ] dartmoor
a band of middle devonian limestone runs west to east from cremyll to plymstock including the hoe . local limestone may be seen in numerous buildings , walls and pavements throughout plymouth . to the north and north east of the city is the granite mass of dartmoor ; the granite was mined and exported via plymouth . rocks brought down the tamar from dartmoor include ores containing tin , copper , tungsten , lead and other minerals . there is evidence that the middle devonian limestone belt at the south edge of plymouth and in plymstock was quarried at west hoe , cattedown and radford . [ sep ] tamar
a band of middle devonian limestone runs west to east from cremyll to plymstock including the hoe . local limestone may be seen in numerous buildings , walls and pavements throughout plymouth . to the north and north east of the city is the granite mass of dartmoor ; the granite was mined and exported via plymouth . rocks brought down the tamar from dartmoor include ores containing tin , copper , tungsten , lead and other minerals . there is evidence that the middle devonian limestone belt at the south edge of plymouth and in plymstock was quarried at west hoe , cattedown and radford . [ sep ] cattedown
a band of middle devonian limestone runs west to east from cremyll to plymstock including the hoe . local limestone may be seen in numerous buildings , walls and pavements throughout plymouth . to the north and north east of the city is the granite mass of dartmoor ; the granite was mined and exported via plymouth . rocks brought down the tamar from dartmoor include ores containing tin , copper , tungsten , lead and other minerals . there is evidence that the middle devonian limestone belt at the south edge of plymouth and in plymstock was quarried at west hoe , cattedown and radford . [ sep ] limestone
on 27 april 1944 sir patrick abercrombie ' s plan for plymouth to rebuild the bomb - damaged city was published ; it called for demolition of the few remaining pre - war buildings in the city centre to make way for their replacement with wide , parallel , modern boulevards aligned east – west linked by a north – south avenue ( armada way ) linking the railway station with the vista of plymouth hoe . a peripheral road system connecting the historic barbican on the east and union street to the west determines the principal form of the city centre , even following pedestrianisation of the shopping centre in the late 1980s , and continues to inform the present ' vision for plymouth ' developed by a team led by barcelona - based architect david mackay in 2003 which calls for revivification of the city centre with mixed - use and residential . in suburban areas , post - war prefabs had already begun to appear by 1946 , and over 1 , 000 permanent council houses were built each year from 1951 – 57 according to the modernist zoned low - density garden city model advocated by abercrombie . by 1964 over 20 , 000 new homes had been built , more than 13 , 500 of them permanent council homes and 853 built by the admiralty . plymouth is home to 28 parks with an average size of 45 , 638 square metres ( 491 , 240 sq ft ) . its largest park is central park , with other sizeable green spaces including victoria park , freedom fields park , alexandra park , devonport park and the hoe . [ sep ] 27 april 1944
on 27 april 1944 sir patrick abercrombie ' s plan for plymouth to rebuild the bomb - damaged city was published ; it called for demolition of the few remaining pre - war buildings in the city centre to make way for their replacement with wide , parallel , modern boulevards aligned east – west linked by a north – south avenue ( armada way ) linking the railway station with the vista of plymouth hoe . a peripheral road system connecting the historic barbican on the east and union street to the west determines the principal form of the city centre , even following pedestrianisation of the shopping centre in the late 1980s , and continues to inform the present ' vision for plymouth ' developed by a team led by barcelona - based architect david mackay in 2003 which calls for revivification of the city centre with mixed - use and residential . in suburban areas , post - war prefabs had already begun to appear by 1946 , and over 1 , 000 permanent council houses were built each year from 1951 – 57 according to the modernist zoned low - density garden city model advocated by abercrombie . by 1964 over 20 , 000 new homes had been built , more than 13 , 500 of them permanent council homes and 853 built by the admiralty . plymouth is home to 28 parks with an average size of 45 , 638 square metres ( 491 , 240 sq ft ) . its largest park is central park , with other sizeable green spaces including victoria park , freedom fields park , alexandra park , devonport park and the hoe . [ sep ] sir patrick abercrombie
on 27 april 1944 sir patrick abercrombie ' s plan for plymouth to rebuild the bomb - damaged city was published ; it called for demolition of the few remaining pre - war buildings in the city centre to make way for their replacement with wide , parallel , modern boulevards aligned east – west linked by a north – south avenue ( armada way ) linking the railway station with the vista of plymouth hoe . a peripheral road system connecting the historic barbican on the east and union street to the west determines the principal form of the city centre , even following pedestrianisation of the shopping centre in the late 1980s , and continues to inform the present ' vision for plymouth ' developed by a team led by barcelona - based architect david mackay in 2003 which calls for revivification of the city centre with mixed - use and residential . in suburban areas , post - war prefabs had already begun to appear by 1946 , and over 1 , 000 permanent council houses were built each year from 1951 – 57 according to the modernist zoned low - density garden city model advocated by abercrombie . by 1964 over 20 , 000 new homes had been built , more than 13 , 500 of them permanent council homes and 853 built by the admiralty . plymouth is home to 28 parks with an average size of 45 , 638 square metres ( 491 , 240 sq ft ) . its largest park is central park , with other sizeable green spaces including victoria park , freedom fields park , alexandra park , devonport park and the hoe . [ sep ] armada way
on 27 april 1944 sir patrick abercrombie ' s plan for plymouth to rebuild the bomb - damaged city was published ; it called for demolition of the few remaining pre - war buildings in the city centre to make way for their replacement with wide , parallel , modern boulevards aligned east – west linked by a north – south avenue ( armada way ) linking the railway station with the vista of plymouth hoe . a peripheral road system connecting the historic barbican on the east and union street to the west determines the principal form of the city centre , even following pedestrianisation of the shopping centre in the late 1980s , and continues to inform the present ' vision for plymouth ' developed by a team led by barcelona - based architect david mackay in 2003 which calls for revivification of the city centre with mixed - use and residential . in suburban areas , post - war prefabs had already begun to appear by 1946 , and over 1 , 000 permanent council houses were built each year from 1951 – 57 according to the modernist zoned low - density garden city model advocated by abercrombie . by 1964 over 20 , 000 new homes had been built , more than 13 , 500 of them permanent council homes and 853 built by the admiralty . plymouth is home to 28 parks with an average size of 45 , 638 square metres ( 491 , 240 sq ft ) . its largest park is central park , with other sizeable green spaces including victoria park , freedom fields park , alexandra park , devonport park and the hoe . [ sep ] david mackay
on 27 april 1944 sir patrick abercrombie ' s plan for plymouth to rebuild the bomb - damaged city was published ; it called for demolition of the few remaining pre - war buildings in the city centre to make way for their replacement with wide , parallel , modern boulevards aligned east – west linked by a north – south avenue ( armada way ) linking the railway station with the vista of plymouth hoe . a peripheral road system connecting the historic barbican on the east and union street to the west determines the principal form of the city centre , even following pedestrianisation of the shopping centre in the late 1980s , and continues to inform the present ' vision for plymouth ' developed by a team led by barcelona - based architect david mackay in 2003 which calls for revivification of the city centre with mixed - use and residential . in suburban areas , post - war prefabs had already begun to appear by 1946 , and over 1 , 000 permanent council houses were built each year from 1951 – 57 according to the modernist zoned low - density garden city model advocated by abercrombie . by 1964 over 20 , 000 new homes had been built , more than 13 , 500 of them permanent council homes and 853 built by the admiralty . plymouth is home to 28 parks with an average size of 45 , 638 square metres ( 491 , 240 sq ft ) . its largest park is central park , with other sizeable green spaces including victoria park , freedom fields park , alexandra park , devonport park and the hoe . [ sep ] 28
along with the rest of south west england , plymouth has a temperate oceanic climate ( koppen cfb ) which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of england . this means a wide range of exotic plants can be grown . the annual mean temperature is approximately 11 °c ( 52 °f ) . due to the modifying effect of the sea the seasonal range is less than in most other parts of the uk . as a result of this summer highs are lower than its southerly latitude should warrant , but as a contrast the coldest month of february has mean minimum temperatures as mild as between 3 and 4 °c ( 37 and 39 °f ) . snow is rare , not usually equating to more than a few flakes , but there have been exclusions , namely the european winter storms of 2009 - 10 which , in early january , covered plymouth in at least 1 inch ( 2 . 5 cm ) of snow ; more on higher ground . another period of notable snow occurred from 17 – 19 december 2010 when up to 8 inches ( 20 cm ) of snow fell through the period – though only 2 inches ( 5 . 1 cm ) would lie at any one time due to melt . over the 1961 – 1990 period , annual snowfall accumulation averaged less than 7 cm ( 3 in ) per year . july and august are the warmest months with mean daily maxima over 19 °c ( 66 °f ) . [ sep ] temperate oceanic
along with the rest of south west england , plymouth has a temperate oceanic climate ( koppen cfb ) which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of england . this means a wide range of exotic plants can be grown . the annual mean temperature is approximately 11 °c ( 52 °f ) . due to the modifying effect of the sea the seasonal range is less than in most other parts of the uk . as a result of this summer highs are lower than its southerly latitude should warrant , but as a contrast the coldest month of february has mean minimum temperatures as mild as between 3 and 4 °c ( 37 and 39 °f ) . snow is rare , not usually equating to more than a few flakes , but there have been exclusions , namely the european winter storms of 2009 - 10 which , in early january , covered plymouth in at least 1 inch ( 2 . 5 cm ) of snow ; more on higher ground . another period of notable snow occurred from 17 – 19 december 2010 when up to 8 inches ( 20 cm ) of snow fell through the period – though only 2 inches ( 5 . 1 cm ) would lie at any one time due to melt . over the 1961 – 1990 period , annual snowfall accumulation averaged less than 7 cm ( 3 in ) per year . july and august are the warmest months with mean daily maxima over 19 °c ( 66 °f ) . [ sep ] 52
along with the rest of south west england , plymouth has a temperate oceanic climate ( koppen cfb ) which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of england . this means a wide range of exotic plants can be grown . the annual mean temperature is approximately 11 °c ( 52 °f ) . due to the modifying effect of the sea the seasonal range is less than in most other parts of the uk . as a result of this summer highs are lower than its southerly latitude should warrant , but as a contrast the coldest month of february has mean minimum temperatures as mild as between 3 and 4 °c ( 37 and 39 °f ) . snow is rare , not usually equating to more than a few flakes , but there have been exclusions , namely the european winter storms of 2009 - 10 which , in early january , covered plymouth in at least 1 inch ( 2 . 5 cm ) of snow ; more on higher ground . another period of notable snow occurred from 17 – 19 december 2010 when up to 8 inches ( 20 cm ) of snow fell through the period – though only 2 inches ( 5 . 1 cm ) would lie at any one time due to melt . over the 1961 – 1990 period , annual snowfall accumulation averaged less than 7 cm ( 3 in ) per year . july and august are the warmest months with mean daily maxima over 19 °c ( 66 °f ) . [ sep ] february
along with the rest of south west england , plymouth has a temperate oceanic climate ( koppen cfb ) which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of england . this means a wide range of exotic plants can be grown . the annual mean temperature is approximately 11 °c ( 52 °f ) . due to the modifying effect of the sea the seasonal range is less than in most other parts of the uk . as a result of this summer highs are lower than its southerly latitude should warrant , but as a contrast the coldest month of february has mean minimum temperatures as mild as between 3 and 4 °c ( 37 and 39 °f ) . snow is rare , not usually equating to more than a few flakes , but there have been exclusions , namely the european winter storms of 2009 - 10 which , in early january , covered plymouth in at least 1 inch ( 2 . 5 cm ) of snow ; more on higher ground . another period of notable snow occurred from 17 – 19 december 2010 when up to 8 inches ( 20 cm ) of snow fell through the period – though only 2 inches ( 5 . 1 cm ) would lie at any one time due to melt . over the 1961 – 1990 period , annual snowfall accumulation averaged less than 7 cm ( 3 in ) per year . july and august are the warmest months with mean daily maxima over 19 °c ( 66 °f ) . [ sep ] 20
along with the rest of south west england , plymouth has a temperate oceanic climate ( koppen cfb ) which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of england . this means a wide range of exotic plants can be grown . the annual mean temperature is approximately 11 °c ( 52 °f ) . due to the modifying effect of the sea the seasonal range is less than in most other parts of the uk . as a result of this summer highs are lower than its southerly latitude should warrant , but as a contrast the coldest month of february has mean minimum temperatures as mild as between 3 and 4 °c ( 37 and 39 °f ) . snow is rare , not usually equating to more than a few flakes , but there have been exclusions , namely the european winter storms of 2009 - 10 which , in early january , covered plymouth in at least 1 inch ( 2 . 5 cm ) of snow ; more on higher ground . another period of notable snow occurred from 17 – 19 december 2010 when up to 8 inches ( 20 cm ) of snow fell through the period – though only 2 inches ( 5 . 1 cm ) would lie at any one time due to melt . over the 1961 – 1990 period , annual snowfall accumulation averaged less than 7 cm ( 3 in ) per year . july and august are the warmest months with mean daily maxima over 19 °c ( 66 °f ) . [ sep ] july
rainfall tends to be associated with atlantic depressions or with convection . the atlantic depressions are more vigorous in autumn and winter and most of the rain which falls in those seasons in the south - west is from this source . average annual rainfall is around 980 millimetres ( 39 in ) . november to march have the highest mean wind speeds , with june to august having the lightest winds . the predominant wind direction is from the south - west . [ sep ] atlantic depressions
rainfall tends to be associated with atlantic depressions or with convection . the atlantic depressions are more vigorous in autumn and winter and most of the rain which falls in those seasons in the south - west is from this source . average annual rainfall is around 980 millimetres ( 39 in ) . november to march have the highest mean wind speeds , with june to august having the lightest winds . the predominant wind direction is from the south - west . [ sep ] autumn
rainfall tends to be associated with atlantic depressions or with convection . the atlantic depressions are more vigorous in autumn and winter and most of the rain which falls in those seasons in the south - west is from this source . average annual rainfall is around 980 millimetres ( 39 in ) . november to march have the highest mean wind speeds , with june to august having the lightest winds . the predominant wind direction is from the south - west . [ sep ] 39
rainfall tends to be associated with atlantic depressions or with convection . the atlantic depressions are more vigorous in autumn and winter and most of the rain which falls in those seasons in the south - west is from this source . average annual rainfall is around 980 millimetres ( 39 in ) . november to march have the highest mean wind speeds , with june to august having the lightest winds . the predominant wind direction is from the south - west . [ sep ] november
rainfall tends to be associated with atlantic depressions or with convection . the atlantic depressions are more vigorous in autumn and winter and most of the rain which falls in those seasons in the south - west is from this source . average annual rainfall is around 980 millimetres ( 39 in ) . november to march have the highest mean wind speeds , with june to august having the lightest winds . the predominant wind direction is from the south - west . [ sep ] south - west
south west england has a favoured location when the azores high pressure area extends north - eastwards towards the uk , particularly in summer . coastal areas have average annual sunshine totals over 1 , 600 hours . [ sep ] over 1 , 600
south west england has a favoured location when the azores high pressure area extends north - eastwards towards the uk , particularly in summer . coastal areas have average annual sunshine totals over 1 , 600 hours . [ sep ] south west england
typically , the warmest day of the year ( 1971 – 2000 ) will achieve a temperature of 26 . 6 °c ( 80 °f ) , although in june 1976 the temperature reached 31 . 6 °c ( 89 °f ) , the site record . on average , 4 . 25 days of the year will report a maximum temperature of 25 . 1 °c ( 77 °f ) or above . during the winter half of the year , the coldest night will typically fall to −4 . 1 °c ( 25 °f ) although in january 1979 the temperature fell to −8 . 8 °c ( 16 °f ) . typically , 18 . 6 nights of the year will register an air frost . [ sep ] 89
typically , the warmest day of the year ( 1971 – 2000 ) will achieve a temperature of 26 . 6 °c ( 80 °f ) , although in june 1976 the temperature reached 31 . 6 °c ( 89 °f ) , the site record . on average , 4 . 25 days of the year will report a maximum temperature of 25 . 1 °c ( 77 °f ) or above . during the winter half of the year , the coldest night will typically fall to −4 . 1 °c ( 25 °f ) although in january 1979 the temperature fell to −8 . 8 °c ( 16 °f ) . typically , 18 . 6 nights of the year will register an air frost . [ sep ] june 1976
typically , the warmest day of the year ( 1971 – 2000 ) will achieve a temperature of 26 . 6 °c ( 80 °f ) , although in june 1976 the temperature reached 31 . 6 °c ( 89 °f ) , the site record . on average , 4 . 25 days of the year will report a maximum temperature of 25 . 1 °c ( 77 °f ) or above . during the winter half of the year , the coldest night will typically fall to −4 . 1 °c ( 25 °f ) although in january 1979 the temperature fell to −8 . 8 °c ( 16 °f ) . typically , 18 . 6 nights of the year will register an air frost . [ sep ] 4 . 25
typically , the warmest day of the year ( 1971 – 2000 ) will achieve a temperature of 26 . 6 °c ( 80 °f ) , although in june 1976 the temperature reached 31 . 6 °c ( 89 °f ) , the site record . on average , 4 . 25 days of the year will report a maximum temperature of 25 . 1 °c ( 77 °f ) or above . during the winter half of the year , the coldest night will typically fall to −4 . 1 °c ( 25 °f ) although in january 1979 the temperature fell to −8 . 8 °c ( 16 °f ) . typically , 18 . 6 nights of the year will register an air frost . [ sep ] −8 . 8 °c
typically , the warmest day of the year ( 1971 – 2000 ) will achieve a temperature of 26 . 6 °c ( 80 °f ) , although in june 1976 the temperature reached 31 . 6 °c ( 89 °f ) , the site record . on average , 4 . 25 days of the year will report a maximum temperature of 25 . 1 °c ( 77 °f ) or above . during the winter half of the year , the coldest night will typically fall to −4 . 1 °c ( 25 °f ) although in january 1979 the temperature fell to −8 . 8 °c ( 16 °f ) . typically , 18 . 6 nights of the year will register an air frost . [ sep ] january 1979
the university of plymouth enrolls 25 , 895 total students as of 2014 / 15 ( 22nd largest in the uk out of 165 ) . it also employs 3 , 000 staff with an annual income of around £160 million . it was founded in 1992 from polytechnic south west ( formerly plymouth polytechnic ) following the further and higher education act 1992 . it has courses in maritime business , marine engineering , marine biology and earth , ocean and environmental sciences , surf science , shipping and logistics . the university formed a joint venture with the fellow devonian university of exeter in 2000 , establishing the peninsula college of medicine and dentistry . the college is ranked 8th out of 30 universities in the uk in 2011 for medicine . its dental school was established in 2006 , which also provides free dental care in an attempt to improve access to dental care in the south west . [ sep ] 25 , 895
the university of plymouth enrolls 25 , 895 total students as of 2014 / 15 ( 22nd largest in the uk out of 165 ) . it also employs 3 , 000 staff with an annual income of around £160 million . it was founded in 1992 from polytechnic south west ( formerly plymouth polytechnic ) following the further and higher education act 1992 . it has courses in maritime business , marine engineering , marine biology and earth , ocean and environmental sciences , surf science , shipping and logistics . the university formed a joint venture with the fellow devonian university of exeter in 2000 , establishing the peninsula college of medicine and dentistry . the college is ranked 8th out of 30 universities in the uk in 2011 for medicine . its dental school was established in 2006 , which also provides free dental care in an attempt to improve access to dental care in the south west . [ sep ] 22nd
the university of plymouth enrolls 25 , 895 total students as of 2014 / 15 ( 22nd largest in the uk out of 165 ) . it also employs 3 , 000 staff with an annual income of around £160 million . it was founded in 1992 from polytechnic south west ( formerly plymouth polytechnic ) following the further and higher education act 1992 . it has courses in maritime business , marine engineering , marine biology and earth , ocean and environmental sciences , surf science , shipping and logistics . the university formed a joint venture with the fellow devonian university of exeter in 2000 , establishing the peninsula college of medicine and dentistry . the college is ranked 8th out of 30 universities in the uk in 2011 for medicine . its dental school was established in 2006 , which also provides free dental care in an attempt to improve access to dental care in the south west . [ sep ] 3 , 000
the university of plymouth enrolls 25 , 895 total students as of 2014 / 15 ( 22nd largest in the uk out of 165 ) . it also employs 3 , 000 staff with an annual income of around £160 million . it was founded in 1992 from polytechnic south west ( formerly plymouth polytechnic ) following the further and higher education act 1992 . it has courses in maritime business , marine engineering , marine biology and earth , ocean and environmental sciences , surf science , shipping and logistics . the university formed a joint venture with the fellow devonian university of exeter in 2000 , establishing the peninsula college of medicine and dentistry . the college is ranked 8th out of 30 universities in the uk in 2011 for medicine . its dental school was established in 2006 , which also provides free dental care in an attempt to improve access to dental care in the south west . [ sep ] £160 million
the university of plymouth enrolls 25 , 895 total students as of 2014 / 15 ( 22nd largest in the uk out of 165 ) . it also employs 3 , 000 staff with an annual income of around £160 million . it was founded in 1992 from polytechnic south west ( formerly plymouth polytechnic ) following the further and higher education act 1992 . it has courses in maritime business , marine engineering , marine biology and earth , ocean and environmental sciences , surf science , shipping and logistics . the university formed a joint venture with the fellow devonian university of exeter in 2000 , establishing the peninsula college of medicine and dentistry . the college is ranked 8th out of 30 universities in the uk in 2011 for medicine . its dental school was established in 2006 , which also provides free dental care in an attempt to improve access to dental care in the south west . [ sep ] 1992
the university of st mark & st john ( known as " marjon " or " marjons " ) specialises in teacher training , and offers training across the country and abroad . [ sep ] the university of st mark & st john
the university of st mark & st john ( known as " marjon " or " marjons " ) specialises in teacher training , and offers training across the country and abroad . [ sep ] teacher training
the city is also home to two large colleges . the city college plymouth provides courses from the most basic to foundation degrees for approximately 26 , 000 students . plymouth college of art offers a selection of courses including media . it was started 153 years ago and is now one of only four independent colleges of art and design in the uk . [ sep ] plymouth college of art
the city is also home to two large colleges . the city college plymouth provides courses from the most basic to foundation degrees for approximately 26 , 000 students . plymouth college of art offers a selection of courses including media . it was started 153 years ago and is now one of only four independent colleges of art and design in the uk . [ sep ] 26 , 000
the city is also home to two large colleges . the city college plymouth provides courses from the most basic to foundation degrees for approximately 26 , 000 students . plymouth college of art offers a selection of courses including media . it was started 153 years ago and is now one of only four independent colleges of art and design in the uk . [ sep ] 153
the city is also home to two large colleges . the city college plymouth provides courses from the most basic to foundation degrees for approximately 26 , 000 students . plymouth college of art offers a selection of courses including media . it was started 153 years ago and is now one of only four independent colleges of art and design in the uk . [ sep ] four
the city is also home to two large colleges . the city college plymouth provides courses from the most basic to foundation degrees for approximately 26 , 000 students . plymouth college of art offers a selection of courses including media . it was started 153 years ago and is now one of only four independent colleges of art and design in the uk . [ sep ] two
plymouth also has 71 state primary phase schools , 13 state secondary schools , eight special schools and three selective state grammar schools , devonport high school for girls , devonport high school for boys and plymouth high school for girls . there is also an independent school plymouth college . [ sep ] 71
plymouth also has 71 state primary phase schools , 13 state secondary schools , eight special schools and three selective state grammar schools , devonport high school for girls , devonport high school for boys and plymouth high school for girls . there is also an independent school plymouth college . [ sep ] 13
plymouth also has 71 state primary phase schools , 13 state secondary schools , eight special schools and three selective state grammar schools , devonport high school for girls , devonport high school for boys and plymouth high school for girls . there is also an independent school plymouth college . [ sep ] three
plymouth also has 71 state primary phase schools , 13 state secondary schools , eight special schools and three selective state grammar schools , devonport high school for girls , devonport high school for boys and plymouth high school for girls . there is also an independent school plymouth college . [ sep ] plymouth college
plymouth also has 71 state primary phase schools , 13 state secondary schools , eight special schools and three selective state grammar schools , devonport high school for girls , devonport high school for boys and plymouth high school for girls . there is also an independent school plymouth college . [ sep ] devonport high school for girls
the city was also home to the royal naval engineering college ; opened in 1880 in keyham , it trained engineering students for five years before they completed the remaining two years of the course at greenwich . the college closed in 1910 , but in 1940 a new college opened at manadon . this was renamed dockyard technical college in 1959 before finally closing in 1994 ; training was transferred to the university of southampton . [ sep ] the royal naval engineering college
the city was also home to the royal naval engineering college ; opened in 1880 in keyham , it trained engineering students for five years before they completed the remaining two years of the course at greenwich . the college closed in 1910 , but in 1940 a new college opened at manadon . this was renamed dockyard technical college in 1959 before finally closing in 1994 ; training was transferred to the university of southampton . [ sep ] 1910
the city was also home to the royal naval engineering college ; opened in 1880 in keyham , it trained engineering students for five years before they completed the remaining two years of the course at greenwich . the college closed in 1910 , but in 1940 a new college opened at manadon . this was renamed dockyard technical college in 1959 before finally closing in 1994 ; training was transferred to the university of southampton . [ sep ] dockyard technical college
the city was also home to the royal naval engineering college ; opened in 1880 in keyham , it trained engineering students for five years before they completed the remaining two years of the course at greenwich . the college closed in 1910 , but in 1940 a new college opened at manadon . this was renamed dockyard technical college in 1959 before finally closing in 1994 ; training was transferred to the university of southampton . [ sep ] 1994
the city was also home to the royal naval engineering college ; opened in 1880 in keyham , it trained engineering students for five years before they completed the remaining two years of the course at greenwich . the college closed in 1910 , but in 1940 a new college opened at manadon . this was renamed dockyard technical college in 1959 before finally closing in 1994 ; training was transferred to the university of southampton . [ sep ] university of southampton
plymouth is home to the marine biological association of the united kingdom ( mba ) which conducts research in all areas of the marine sciences . the plymouth marine laboratory is an offshoot of the mba . together with the national marine aquarium , the sir alister hardy foundation for ocean sciences , plymouth university ' s marine institute and the diving diseases research centre , these marine - related organisations form the plymouth marine sciences partnership . the plymouth marine laboratory , which focuses on global issues of climate change and sustainability . it monitors the effects of ocean acidity on corals and shellfish and reports the results to the uk government . it also cultivates algae that could be used to make biofuels or in the treatment of waste water by using technology such as photo - bioreactors . it works alongside the boots group to investigate the use of algae in skin care protects , taking advantage of the chemicals they contain that adapt to protect themselves from the sun . [ sep ] marine biological association
plymouth is home to the marine biological association of the united kingdom ( mba ) which conducts research in all areas of the marine sciences . the plymouth marine laboratory is an offshoot of the mba . together with the national marine aquarium , the sir alister hardy foundation for ocean sciences , plymouth university ' s marine institute and the diving diseases research centre , these marine - related organisations form the plymouth marine sciences partnership . the plymouth marine laboratory , which focuses on global issues of climate change and sustainability . it monitors the effects of ocean acidity on corals and shellfish and reports the results to the uk government . it also cultivates algae that could be used to make biofuels or in the treatment of waste water by using technology such as photo - bioreactors . it works alongside the boots group to investigate the use of algae in skin care protects , taking advantage of the chemicals they contain that adapt to protect themselves from the sun . [ sep ] sir alister hardy foundation for ocean sciences
plymouth is home to the marine biological association of the united kingdom ( mba ) which conducts research in all areas of the marine sciences . the plymouth marine laboratory is an offshoot of the mba . together with the national marine aquarium , the sir alister hardy foundation for ocean sciences , plymouth university ' s marine institute and the diving diseases research centre , these marine - related organisations form the plymouth marine sciences partnership . the plymouth marine laboratory , which focuses on global issues of climate change and sustainability . it monitors the effects of ocean acidity on corals and shellfish and reports the results to the uk government . it also cultivates algae that could be used to make biofuels or in the treatment of waste water by using technology such as photo - bioreactors . it works alongside the boots group to investigate the use of algae in skin care protects , taking advantage of the chemicals they contain that adapt to protect themselves from the sun . [ sep ] marine institute
plymouth is home to the marine biological association of the united kingdom ( mba ) which conducts research in all areas of the marine sciences . the plymouth marine laboratory is an offshoot of the mba . together with the national marine aquarium , the sir alister hardy foundation for ocean sciences , plymouth university ' s marine institute and the diving diseases research centre , these marine - related organisations form the plymouth marine sciences partnership . the plymouth marine laboratory , which focuses on global issues of climate change and sustainability . it monitors the effects of ocean acidity on corals and shellfish and reports the results to the uk government . it also cultivates algae that could be used to make biofuels or in the treatment of waste water by using technology such as photo - bioreactors . it works alongside the boots group to investigate the use of algae in skin care protects , taking advantage of the chemicals they contain that adapt to protect themselves from the sun . [ sep ] plymouth marine sciences partnership
plymouth is home to the marine biological association of the united kingdom ( mba ) which conducts research in all areas of the marine sciences . the plymouth marine laboratory is an offshoot of the mba . together with the national marine aquarium , the sir alister hardy foundation for ocean sciences , plymouth university ' s marine institute and the diving diseases research centre , these marine - related organisations form the plymouth marine sciences partnership . the plymouth marine laboratory , which focuses on global issues of climate change and sustainability . it monitors the effects of ocean acidity on corals and shellfish and reports the results to the uk government . it also cultivates algae that could be used to make biofuels or in the treatment of waste water by using technology such as photo - bioreactors . it works alongside the boots group to investigate the use of algae in skin care protects , taking advantage of the chemicals they contain that adapt to protect themselves from the sun . [ sep ] national marine aquarium
from the 2011 census , the office for national statistics published that plymouth ' s unitary authority area population was 256 , 384 ; 15 , 664 more people than that of the last census from 2001 , which indicated that plymouth had a population of 240 , 720 . the plymouth urban area had a population of 260 , 203 in 2011 ( the urban sprawl which extends outside the authority ' s boundaries ) . the city ' s average household size was 2 . 3 persons . at the time of the 2011 uk census , the ethnic composition of plymouth ' s population was 96 . 2 % white ( of 92 . 9 % was white british ) , with the largest minority ethnic group being chinese at 0 . 5 % . the white irish ethnic group saw the largest decline in its share of the population since the 2001 census ( - 24 % ) , while the other asian and black african had the largest increases ( 360 % and 351 % respectively ) . this excludes the two new ethnic groups added to the 2011 census of gypsy or irish traveller and arab . the population rose rapidly during the second half of the 19th century , but declined by over 1 . 6 % from 1931 to 1951 . [ sep ] 256 , 384
from the 2011 census , the office for national statistics published that plymouth ' s unitary authority area population was 256 , 384 ; 15 , 664 more people than that of the last census from 2001 , which indicated that plymouth had a population of 240 , 720 . the plymouth urban area had a population of 260 , 203 in 2011 ( the urban sprawl which extends outside the authority ' s boundaries ) . the city ' s average household size was 2 . 3 persons . at the time of the 2011 uk census , the ethnic composition of plymouth ' s population was 96 . 2 % white ( of 92 . 9 % was white british ) , with the largest minority ethnic group being chinese at 0 . 5 % . the white irish ethnic group saw the largest decline in its share of the population since the 2001 census ( - 24 % ) , while the other asian and black african had the largest increases ( 360 % and 351 % respectively ) . this excludes the two new ethnic groups added to the 2011 census of gypsy or irish traveller and arab . the population rose rapidly during the second half of the 19th century , but declined by over 1 . 6 % from 1931 to 1951 . [ sep ] 240 , 720
from the 2011 census , the office for national statistics published that plymouth ' s unitary authority area population was 256 , 384 ; 15 , 664 more people than that of the last census from 2001 , which indicated that plymouth had a population of 240 , 720 . the plymouth urban area had a population of 260 , 203 in 2011 ( the urban sprawl which extends outside the authority ' s boundaries ) . the city ' s average household size was 2 . 3 persons . at the time of the 2011 uk census , the ethnic composition of plymouth ' s population was 96 . 2 % white ( of 92 . 9 % was white british ) , with the largest minority ethnic group being chinese at 0 . 5 % . the white irish ethnic group saw the largest decline in its share of the population since the 2001 census ( - 24 % ) , while the other asian and black african had the largest increases ( 360 % and 351 % respectively ) . this excludes the two new ethnic groups added to the 2011 census of gypsy or irish traveller and arab . the population rose rapidly during the second half of the 19th century , but declined by over 1 . 6 % from 1931 to 1951 . [ sep ] 15 , 664
from the 2011 census , the office for national statistics published that plymouth ' s unitary authority area population was 256 , 384 ; 15 , 664 more people than that of the last census from 2001 , which indicated that plymouth had a population of 240 , 720 . the plymouth urban area had a population of 260 , 203 in 2011 ( the urban sprawl which extends outside the authority ' s boundaries ) . the city ' s average household size was 2 . 3 persons . at the time of the 2011 uk census , the ethnic composition of plymouth ' s population was 96 . 2 % white ( of 92 . 9 % was white british ) , with the largest minority ethnic group being chinese at 0 . 5 % . the white irish ethnic group saw the largest decline in its share of the population since the 2001 census ( - 24 % ) , while the other asian and black african had the largest increases ( 360 % and 351 % respectively ) . this excludes the two new ethnic groups added to the 2011 census of gypsy or irish traveller and arab . the population rose rapidly during the second half of the 19th century , but declined by over 1 . 6 % from 1931 to 1951 . [ sep ] 2 . 3
from the 2011 census , the office for national statistics published that plymouth ' s unitary authority area population was 256 , 384 ; 15 , 664 more people than that of the last census from 2001 , which indicated that plymouth had a population of 240 , 720 . the plymouth urban area had a population of 260 , 203 in 2011 ( the urban sprawl which extends outside the authority ' s boundaries ) . the city ' s average household size was 2 . 3 persons . at the time of the 2011 uk census , the ethnic composition of plymouth ' s population was 96 . 2 % white ( of 92 . 9 % was white british ) , with the largest minority ethnic group being chinese at 0 . 5 % . the white irish ethnic group saw the largest decline in its share of the population since the 2001 census ( - 24 % ) , while the other asian and black african had the largest increases ( 360 % and 351 % respectively ) . this excludes the two new ethnic groups added to the 2011 census of gypsy or irish traveller and arab . the population rose rapidly during the second half of the 19th century , but declined by over 1 . 6 % from 1931 to 1951 . [ sep ] 0 . 5
plymouth ' s gross value added ( a measure of the size of its economy ) was 5 , 169 million gbp in 2013 making up 25 % of devon ' s gva . its gva per person was £19 , 943 and compared to the national average of £23 , 755 , was £3 , 812 lower . plymouth ' s unemployment rate was 7 . 0 % in 2014 which was 2 . 0 points higher than the south west average and 0 . 8 points higher than the average for great britain ( england , wales and scotland ) . [ sep ] 25 %
plymouth ' s gross value added ( a measure of the size of its economy ) was 5 , 169 million gbp in 2013 making up 25 % of devon ' s gva . its gva per person was £19 , 943 and compared to the national average of £23 , 755 , was £3 , 812 lower . plymouth ' s unemployment rate was 7 . 0 % in 2014 which was 2 . 0 points higher than the south west average and 0 . 8 points higher than the average for great britain ( england , wales and scotland ) . [ sep ] 5 , 169
plymouth ' s gross value added ( a measure of the size of its economy ) was 5 , 169 million gbp in 2013 making up 25 % of devon ' s gva . its gva per person was £19 , 943 and compared to the national average of £23 , 755 , was £3 , 812 lower . plymouth ' s unemployment rate was 7 . 0 % in 2014 which was 2 . 0 points higher than the south west average and 0 . 8 points higher than the average for great britain ( england , wales and scotland ) . [ sep ] £19 , 943
plymouth ' s gross value added ( a measure of the size of its economy ) was 5 , 169 million gbp in 2013 making up 25 % of devon ' s gva . its gva per person was £19 , 943 and compared to the national average of £23 , 755 , was £3 , 812 lower . plymouth ' s unemployment rate was 7 . 0 % in 2014 which was 2 . 0 points higher than the south west average and 0 . 8 points higher than the average for great britain ( england , wales and scotland ) . [ sep ] £23 , 755
plymouth ' s gross value added ( a measure of the size of its economy ) was 5 , 169 million gbp in 2013 making up 25 % of devon ' s gva . its gva per person was £19 , 943 and compared to the national average of £23 , 755 , was £3 , 812 lower . plymouth ' s unemployment rate was 7 . 0 % in 2014 which was 2 . 0 points higher than the south west average and 0 . 8 points higher than the average for great britain ( england , wales and scotland ) . [ sep ] 7 . 0 %
a 2014 profile by the national health service showed plymouth had higher than average levels of poverty and deprivation ( 26 . 2 % of population among the poorest 20 . 4 % nationally ) . life expectancy , at 78 . 3 years for men and 82 . 1 for women , was the lowest of any region in the south west of england . [ sep ] 26 . 2 %
a 2014 profile by the national health service showed plymouth had higher than average levels of poverty and deprivation ( 26 . 2 % of population among the poorest 20 . 4 % nationally ) . life expectancy , at 78 . 3 years for men and 82 . 1 for women , was the lowest of any region in the south west of england . [ sep ] 78 . 3 years
a 2014 profile by the national health service showed plymouth had higher than average levels of poverty and deprivation ( 26 . 2 % of population among the poorest 20 . 4 % nationally ) . life expectancy , at 78 . 3 years for men and 82 . 1 for women , was the lowest of any region in the south west of england . [ sep ] 82 . 1
a 2014 profile by the national health service showed plymouth had higher than average levels of poverty and deprivation ( 26 . 2 % of population among the poorest 20 . 4 % nationally ) . life expectancy , at 78 . 3 years for men and 82 . 1 for women , was the lowest of any region in the south west of england . [ sep ] lowest
because of its coastal location , the economy of plymouth has traditionally been maritime , in particular the defence sector with over 12 , 000 people employed and approximately 7 , 500 in the armed forces . the plymouth gin distillery has been producing plymouth gin since 1793 , which was exported around the world by the royal navy . during the 1930s , it was the most widely distributed gin and has a controlled term of origin . since the 1980s , employment in the defence sector has decreased substantially and the public sector is now prominent particularly in administration , health , education , medicine and engineering . [ sep ] 12 , 000
because of its coastal location , the economy of plymouth has traditionally been maritime , in particular the defence sector with over 12 , 000 people employed and approximately 7 , 500 in the armed forces . the plymouth gin distillery has been producing plymouth gin since 1793 , which was exported around the world by the royal navy . during the 1930s , it was the most widely distributed gin and has a controlled term of origin . since the 1980s , employment in the defence sector has decreased substantially and the public sector is now prominent particularly in administration , health , education , medicine and engineering . [ sep ] 7 , 500
because of its coastal location , the economy of plymouth has traditionally been maritime , in particular the defence sector with over 12 , 000 people employed and approximately 7 , 500 in the armed forces . the plymouth gin distillery has been producing plymouth gin since 1793 , which was exported around the world by the royal navy . during the 1930s , it was the most widely distributed gin and has a controlled term of origin . since the 1980s , employment in the defence sector has decreased substantially and the public sector is now prominent particularly in administration , health , education , medicine and engineering . [ sep ] 1793
because of its coastal location , the economy of plymouth has traditionally been maritime , in particular the defence sector with over 12 , 000 people employed and approximately 7 , 500 in the armed forces . the plymouth gin distillery has been producing plymouth gin since 1793 , which was exported around the world by the royal navy . during the 1930s , it was the most widely distributed gin and has a controlled term of origin . since the 1980s , employment in the defence sector has decreased substantially and the public sector is now prominent particularly in administration , health , education , medicine and engineering . [ sep ] plymouth gin distillery
because of its coastal location , the economy of plymouth has traditionally been maritime , in particular the defence sector with over 12 , 000 people employed and approximately 7 , 500 in the armed forces . the plymouth gin distillery has been producing plymouth gin since 1793 , which was exported around the world by the royal navy . during the 1930s , it was the most widely distributed gin and has a controlled term of origin . since the 1980s , employment in the defence sector has decreased substantially and the public sector is now prominent particularly in administration , health , education , medicine and engineering . [ sep ] the 1930s
devonport dockyard is the uk ' s only naval base that refits nuclear submarines and the navy estimates that the dockyard generates about 10 % of plymouth ' s income . plymouth has the largest cluster of marine and maritime businesses in the south west with 270 firms operating within the sector . other substantial employers include the university with almost 3 , 000 staff , as well as the tamar science park employing 500 people in 50 companies . several employers have chosen to locate their headquarters in plymouth , including hemsley fraser . [ sep ] 10 %
devonport dockyard is the uk ' s only naval base that refits nuclear submarines and the navy estimates that the dockyard generates about 10 % of plymouth ' s income . plymouth has the largest cluster of marine and maritime businesses in the south west with 270 firms operating within the sector . other substantial employers include the university with almost 3 , 000 staff , as well as the tamar science park employing 500 people in 50 companies . several employers have chosen to locate their headquarters in plymouth , including hemsley fraser . [ sep ] devonport dockyard
devonport dockyard is the uk ' s only naval base that refits nuclear submarines and the navy estimates that the dockyard generates about 10 % of plymouth ' s income . plymouth has the largest cluster of marine and maritime businesses in the south west with 270 firms operating within the sector . other substantial employers include the university with almost 3 , 000 staff , as well as the tamar science park employing 500 people in 50 companies . several employers have chosen to locate their headquarters in plymouth , including hemsley fraser . [ sep ] 270
devonport dockyard is the uk ' s only naval base that refits nuclear submarines and the navy estimates that the dockyard generates about 10 % of plymouth ' s income . plymouth has the largest cluster of marine and maritime businesses in the south west with 270 firms operating within the sector . other substantial employers include the university with almost 3 , 000 staff , as well as the tamar science park employing 500 people in 50 companies . several employers have chosen to locate their headquarters in plymouth , including hemsley fraser . [ sep ] 500
devonport dockyard is the uk ' s only naval base that refits nuclear submarines and the navy estimates that the dockyard generates about 10 % of plymouth ' s income . plymouth has the largest cluster of marine and maritime businesses in the south west with 270 firms operating within the sector . other substantial employers include the university with almost 3 , 000 staff , as well as the tamar science park employing 500 people in 50 companies . several employers have chosen to locate their headquarters in plymouth , including hemsley fraser . [ sep ] hemsley fraser
plymouth has a post - war shopping area in the city centre with substantial pedestrianisation . at the west end of the zone inside a grade ii listed building is the pannier market that was completed in 1959 – pannier meaning " basket " from french , so it translates as " basket market " . in terms of retail floorspace , plymouth is ranked in the top five in the south west , and 29th nationally . plymouth was one of the first ten british cities to trial the new business improvement district initiative . the tinside pool is situated at the foot of the hoe and became a grade ii listed building in 1998 before being restored to its 1930s look for £3 . 4 million . [ sep ] pannier market
plymouth has a post - war shopping area in the city centre with substantial pedestrianisation . at the west end of the zone inside a grade ii listed building is the pannier market that was completed in 1959 – pannier meaning " basket " from french , so it translates as " basket market " . in terms of retail floorspace , plymouth is ranked in the top five in the south west , and 29th nationally . plymouth was one of the first ten british cities to trial the new business improvement district initiative . the tinside pool is situated at the foot of the hoe and became a grade ii listed building in 1998 before being restored to its 1930s look for £3 . 4 million . [ sep ] 1959
plymouth has a post - war shopping area in the city centre with substantial pedestrianisation . at the west end of the zone inside a grade ii listed building is the pannier market that was completed in 1959 – pannier meaning " basket " from french , so it translates as " basket market " . in terms of retail floorspace , plymouth is ranked in the top five in the south west , and 29th nationally . plymouth was one of the first ten british cities to trial the new business improvement district initiative . the tinside pool is situated at the foot of the hoe and became a grade ii listed building in 1998 before being restored to its 1930s look for £3 . 4 million . [ sep ] 29th
plymouth has a post - war shopping area in the city centre with substantial pedestrianisation . at the west end of the zone inside a grade ii listed building is the pannier market that was completed in 1959 – pannier meaning " basket " from french , so it translates as " basket market " . in terms of retail floorspace , plymouth is ranked in the top five in the south west , and 29th nationally . plymouth was one of the first ten british cities to trial the new business improvement district initiative . the tinside pool is situated at the foot of the hoe and became a grade ii listed building in 1998 before being restored to its 1930s look for £3 . 4 million . [ sep ] tinside pool
plymouth has a post - war shopping area in the city centre with substantial pedestrianisation . at the west end of the zone inside a grade ii listed building is the pannier market that was completed in 1959 – pannier meaning " basket " from french , so it translates as " basket market " . in terms of retail floorspace , plymouth is ranked in the top five in the south west , and 29th nationally . plymouth was one of the first ten british cities to trial the new business improvement district initiative . the tinside pool is situated at the foot of the hoe and became a grade ii listed building in 1998 before being restored to its 1930s look for £3 . 4 million . [ sep ] £3 . 4 million
plymouth council is currently undertaking a project of urban redevelopment called the " vision for plymouth " launched by the architect david mackay and backed by both plymouth city council and the plymouth chamber of commerce ( pcc ) . its projects range from shopping centres , a cruise terminal , a boulevard and to increase the population to 300 , 000 and build 33 , 000 dwellings . [ sep ] " vision for plymouth "
plymouth council is currently undertaking a project of urban redevelopment called the " vision for plymouth " launched by the architect david mackay and backed by both plymouth city council and the plymouth chamber of commerce ( pcc ) . its projects range from shopping centres , a cruise terminal , a boulevard and to increase the population to 300 , 000 and build 33 , 000 dwellings . [ sep ] david mackay
plymouth council is currently undertaking a project of urban redevelopment called the " vision for plymouth " launched by the architect david mackay and backed by both plymouth city council and the plymouth chamber of commerce ( pcc ) . its projects range from shopping centres , a cruise terminal , a boulevard and to increase the population to 300 , 000 and build 33 , 000 dwellings . [ sep ] the plymouth chamber of commerce
plymouth council is currently undertaking a project of urban redevelopment called the " vision for plymouth " launched by the architect david mackay and backed by both plymouth city council and the plymouth chamber of commerce ( pcc ) . its projects range from shopping centres , a cruise terminal , a boulevard and to increase the population to 300 , 000 and build 33 , 000 dwellings . [ sep ] 300 , 000
plymouth council is currently undertaking a project of urban redevelopment called the " vision for plymouth " launched by the architect david mackay and backed by both plymouth city council and the plymouth chamber of commerce ( pcc ) . its projects range from shopping centres , a cruise terminal , a boulevard and to increase the population to 300 , 000 and build 33 , 000 dwellings . [ sep ] 33 , 000
in 2004 the old drake circus shopping centre and charles cross car park were demolished and replaced by the latest drake circus shopping centre , which opened in october 2006 . it received negative feedback before opening when david mackay said it was already " ten years out of date " . in contrast , the theatre royal ' s production and education centre , tr2 , which was built on wasteland at cattedown , was a runner - up for the riba stirling prize for architecture in 2003 . [ sep ] 2004
in 2004 the old drake circus shopping centre and charles cross car park were demolished and replaced by the latest drake circus shopping centre , which opened in october 2006 . it received negative feedback before opening when david mackay said it was already " ten years out of date " . in contrast , the theatre royal ' s production and education centre , tr2 , which was built on wasteland at cattedown , was a runner - up for the riba stirling prize for architecture in 2003 . [ sep ] october 2006
in 2004 the old drake circus shopping centre and charles cross car park were demolished and replaced by the latest drake circus shopping centre , which opened in october 2006 . it received negative feedback before opening when david mackay said it was already " ten years out of date " . in contrast , the theatre royal ' s production and education centre , tr2 , which was built on wasteland at cattedown , was a runner - up for the riba stirling prize for architecture in 2003 . [ sep ] cattedown
in 2004 the old drake circus shopping centre and charles cross car park were demolished and replaced by the latest drake circus shopping centre , which opened in october 2006 . it received negative feedback before opening when david mackay said it was already " ten years out of date " . in contrast , the theatre royal ' s production and education centre , tr2 , which was built on wasteland at cattedown , was a runner - up for the riba stirling prize for architecture in 2003 . [ sep ] the riba stirling prize for architecture in 2003
in 2004 the old drake circus shopping centre and charles cross car park were demolished and replaced by the latest drake circus shopping centre , which opened in october 2006 . it received negative feedback before opening when david mackay said it was already " ten years out of date " . in contrast , the theatre royal ' s production and education centre , tr2 , which was built on wasteland at cattedown , was a runner - up for the riba stirling prize for architecture in 2003 . [ sep ] david mackay
there is a project involving the future relocation of plymouth city council ' s headquarters , the civic centre , to the current location of the bretonside bus station ; it would involve both the bus station and civic centre being demolished and a rebuilt together at the location with the land from the civic centre being sold off . other suggestions include the demolition of the plymouth pavilions entertainment arena to create a canal " boulevard " linking millbay to the city centre . millbay is being regenerated with mixed residential , retail and office space alongside the ferry port . [ sep ] the bretonside bus station
there is a project involving the future relocation of plymouth city council ' s headquarters , the civic centre , to the current location of the bretonside bus station ; it would involve both the bus station and civic centre being demolished and a rebuilt together at the location with the land from the civic centre being sold off . other suggestions include the demolition of the plymouth pavilions entertainment arena to create a canal " boulevard " linking millbay to the city centre . millbay is being regenerated with mixed residential , retail and office space alongside the ferry port . [ sep ] the plymouth pavilions entertainment arena
there is a project involving the future relocation of plymouth city council ' s headquarters , the civic centre , to the current location of the bretonside bus station ; it would involve both the bus station and civic centre being demolished and a rebuilt together at the location with the land from the civic centre being sold off . other suggestions include the demolition of the plymouth pavilions entertainment arena to create a canal " boulevard " linking millbay to the city centre . millbay is being regenerated with mixed residential , retail and office space alongside the ferry port . [ sep ] millbay
the a38 dual - carriageway runs from east to west across the north of the city . within the city it is designated as ' the parkway ' and represents the boundary between the urban parts of the city and the generally more recent suburban areas . heading east , it connects plymouth to the m5 motorway about 40 miles ( 65 km ) away near exeter ; and heading west it connects cornwall and devon via the tamar bridge . regular bus services are provided by plymouth citybus , first south west and target travel . there are three park and ride services located at milehouse , coypool ( plympton ) and george junction ( plymouth city airport ) , which are operated by first south west . [ sep ] the parkway
the a38 dual - carriageway runs from east to west across the north of the city . within the city it is designated as ' the parkway ' and represents the boundary between the urban parts of the city and the generally more recent suburban areas . heading east , it connects plymouth to the m5 motorway about 40 miles ( 65 km ) away near exeter ; and heading west it connects cornwall and devon via the tamar bridge . regular bus services are provided by plymouth citybus , first south west and target travel . there are three park and ride services located at milehouse , coypool ( plympton ) and george junction ( plymouth city airport ) , which are operated by first south west . [ sep ] 40
the a38 dual - carriageway runs from east to west across the north of the city . within the city it is designated as ' the parkway ' and represents the boundary between the urban parts of the city and the generally more recent suburban areas . heading east , it connects plymouth to the m5 motorway about 40 miles ( 65 km ) away near exeter ; and heading west it connects cornwall and devon via the tamar bridge . regular bus services are provided by plymouth citybus , first south west and target travel . there are three park and ride services located at milehouse , coypool ( plympton ) and george junction ( plymouth city airport ) , which are operated by first south west . [ sep ] tamar bridge
the a38 dual - carriageway runs from east to west across the north of the city . within the city it is designated as ' the parkway ' and represents the boundary between the urban parts of the city and the generally more recent suburban areas . heading east , it connects plymouth to the m5 motorway about 40 miles ( 65 km ) away near exeter ; and heading west it connects cornwall and devon via the tamar bridge . regular bus services are provided by plymouth citybus , first south west and target travel . there are three park and ride services located at milehouse , coypool ( plympton ) and george junction ( plymouth city airport ) , which are operated by first south west . [ sep ] plymouth city airport
the a38 dual - carriageway runs from east to west across the north of the city . within the city it is designated as ' the parkway ' and represents the boundary between the urban parts of the city and the generally more recent suburban areas . heading east , it connects plymouth to the m5 motorway about 40 miles ( 65 km ) away near exeter ; and heading west it connects cornwall and devon via the tamar bridge . regular bus services are provided by plymouth citybus , first south west and target travel . there are three park and ride services located at milehouse , coypool ( plympton ) and george junction ( plymouth city airport ) , which are operated by first south west . [ sep ] first south west
a regular international ferry service provided by brittany ferries operates from millbay taking cars and foot passengers directly to france ( roscoff ) and spain ( santander ) on the three ferries , mv armorique , mv bretagne and mv pont - aven . there is a passenger ferry between stonehouse and the cornish hamlet of cremyll , which is believed to have operated continuously since 1204 . there is also a pedestrian ferry from the mayflower steps to mount batten , and an alternative to using the tamar bridge via the torpoint ferry ( vehicle and pedestrian ) across the river tamar . [ sep ] brittany ferries
a regular international ferry service provided by brittany ferries operates from millbay taking cars and foot passengers directly to france ( roscoff ) and spain ( santander ) on the three ferries , mv armorique , mv bretagne and mv pont - aven . there is a passenger ferry between stonehouse and the cornish hamlet of cremyll , which is believed to have operated continuously since 1204 . there is also a pedestrian ferry from the mayflower steps to mount batten , and an alternative to using the tamar bridge via the torpoint ferry ( vehicle and pedestrian ) across the river tamar . [ sep ] roscoff
a regular international ferry service provided by brittany ferries operates from millbay taking cars and foot passengers directly to france ( roscoff ) and spain ( santander ) on the three ferries , mv armorique , mv bretagne and mv pont - aven . there is a passenger ferry between stonehouse and the cornish hamlet of cremyll , which is believed to have operated continuously since 1204 . there is also a pedestrian ferry from the mayflower steps to mount batten , and an alternative to using the tamar bridge via the torpoint ferry ( vehicle and pedestrian ) across the river tamar . [ sep ] mv armorique
a regular international ferry service provided by brittany ferries operates from millbay taking cars and foot passengers directly to france ( roscoff ) and spain ( santander ) on the three ferries , mv armorique , mv bretagne and mv pont - aven . there is a passenger ferry between stonehouse and the cornish hamlet of cremyll , which is believed to have operated continuously since 1204 . there is also a pedestrian ferry from the mayflower steps to mount batten , and an alternative to using the tamar bridge via the torpoint ferry ( vehicle and pedestrian ) across the river tamar . [ sep ] stonehouse
a regular international ferry service provided by brittany ferries operates from millbay taking cars and foot passengers directly to france ( roscoff ) and spain ( santander ) on the three ferries , mv armorique , mv bretagne and mv pont - aven . there is a passenger ferry between stonehouse and the cornish hamlet of cremyll , which is believed to have operated continuously since 1204 . there is also a pedestrian ferry from the mayflower steps to mount batten , and an alternative to using the tamar bridge via the torpoint ferry ( vehicle and pedestrian ) across the river tamar . [ sep ] 1204
the city ' s airport was plymouth city airport about 4 miles ( 6 km ) north of the city centre . the airport was home to the local airline air southwest , which operated flights across the united kingdom and ireland . in june 2003 , a report by the south west rda was published looking at the future of aviation in the south - west and the possible closure of airports . it concluded that the best option for the south - west was to close plymouth city airport and expand exeter international airport and newquay cornwall airport , although it did conclude that this was not the best option for plymouth . in april 2011 , it was announced that the airport would close , which it did on 23 december . however , flyplymouth plans to reopen the city airport by 2018 , which will provide daily services to various destinations including london . [ sep ] plymouth city airport
the city ' s airport was plymouth city airport about 4 miles ( 6 km ) north of the city centre . the airport was home to the local airline air southwest , which operated flights across the united kingdom and ireland . in june 2003 , a report by the south west rda was published looking at the future of aviation in the south - west and the possible closure of airports . it concluded that the best option for the south - west was to close plymouth city airport and expand exeter international airport and newquay cornwall airport , although it did conclude that this was not the best option for plymouth . in april 2011 , it was announced that the airport would close , which it did on 23 december . however , flyplymouth plans to reopen the city airport by 2018 , which will provide daily services to various destinations including london . [ sep ] 6
the city ' s airport was plymouth city airport about 4 miles ( 6 km ) north of the city centre . the airport was home to the local airline air southwest , which operated flights across the united kingdom and ireland . in june 2003 , a report by the south west rda was published looking at the future of aviation in the south - west and the possible closure of airports . it concluded that the best option for the south - west was to close plymouth city airport and expand exeter international airport and newquay cornwall airport , although it did conclude that this was not the best option for plymouth . in april 2011 , it was announced that the airport would close , which it did on 23 december . however , flyplymouth plans to reopen the city airport by 2018 , which will provide daily services to various destinations including london . [ sep ] 2018
the city ' s airport was plymouth city airport about 4 miles ( 6 km ) north of the city centre . the airport was home to the local airline air southwest , which operated flights across the united kingdom and ireland . in june 2003 , a report by the south west rda was published looking at the future of aviation in the south - west and the possible closure of airports . it concluded that the best option for the south - west was to close plymouth city airport and expand exeter international airport and newquay cornwall airport , although it did conclude that this was not the best option for plymouth . in april 2011 , it was announced that the airport would close , which it did on 23 december . however , flyplymouth plans to reopen the city airport by 2018 , which will provide daily services to various destinations including london . [ sep ] flyplymouth
plymouth railway station , which opened in 1877 , is managed by great western railway and also sees trains on the crosscountry network . smaller stations are served by local trains on the tamar valley line and cornish main line . first great western have come under fire recently , due to widespread rail service cuts across the south - west , which affect plymouth greatly . three mps from the three main political parties in the region have lobbied that the train services are vital to its economy . [ sep ] 1877
plymouth railway station , which opened in 1877 , is managed by great western railway and also sees trains on the crosscountry network . smaller stations are served by local trains on the tamar valley line and cornish main line . first great western have come under fire recently , due to widespread rail service cuts across the south - west , which affect plymouth greatly . three mps from the three main political parties in the region have lobbied that the train services are vital to its economy . [ sep ] great western railway
plymouth railway station , which opened in 1877 , is managed by great western railway and also sees trains on the crosscountry network . smaller stations are served by local trains on the tamar valley line and cornish main line . first great western have come under fire recently , due to widespread rail service cuts across the south - west , which affect plymouth greatly . three mps from the three main political parties in the region have lobbied that the train services are vital to its economy . [ sep ] cornish main line
plymouth railway station , which opened in 1877 , is managed by great western railway and also sees trains on the crosscountry network . smaller stations are served by local trains on the tamar valley line and cornish main line . first great western have come under fire recently , due to widespread rail service cuts across the south - west , which affect plymouth greatly . three mps from the three main political parties in the region have lobbied that the train services are vital to its economy . [ sep ] three
plymouth railway station , which opened in 1877 , is managed by great western railway and also sees trains on the crosscountry network . smaller stations are served by local trains on the tamar valley line and cornish main line . first great western have come under fire recently , due to widespread rail service cuts across the south - west , which affect plymouth greatly . three mps from the three main political parties in the region have lobbied that the train services are vital to its economy . [ sep ] crosscountry
the exeter to plymouth railway of the lswr needs to be reopened to connect cornwall and plymouth to the rest of the uk railway system on an all weather basis . there are proposals to reopen the line from tavistock to bere alston for a through service to plymouth . on the night of 4 february 2014 , amid high winds and extremely rough seas , part of the sea wall at dawlish was breached washing away around 40 metres ( 130 ft ) of the wall and the ballast under the railway immediately behind . the line was closed . network rail began repair work and the line reopened on 4 april 2014 . in the wake of widespread disruption caused by damage to the mainline track at dawlish by coastal storms in february 2014 , network rail are considering reopening the tavistock to okehampton and exeter section of the line as an alternative to the coastal route . [ sep ] 4 february 2014
the exeter to plymouth railway of the lswr needs to be reopened to connect cornwall and plymouth to the rest of the uk railway system on an all weather basis . there are proposals to reopen the line from tavistock to bere alston for a through service to plymouth . on the night of 4 february 2014 , amid high winds and extremely rough seas , part of the sea wall at dawlish was breached washing away around 40 metres ( 130 ft ) of the wall and the ballast under the railway immediately behind . the line was closed . network rail began repair work and the line reopened on 4 april 2014 . in the wake of widespread disruption caused by damage to the mainline track at dawlish by coastal storms in february 2014 , network rail are considering reopening the tavistock to okehampton and exeter section of the line as an alternative to the coastal route . [ sep ] 130
the exeter to plymouth railway of the lswr needs to be reopened to connect cornwall and plymouth to the rest of the uk railway system on an all weather basis . there are proposals to reopen the line from tavistock to bere alston for a through service to plymouth . on the night of 4 february 2014 , amid high winds and extremely rough seas , part of the sea wall at dawlish was breached washing away around 40 metres ( 130 ft ) of the wall and the ballast under the railway immediately behind . the line was closed . network rail began repair work and the line reopened on 4 april 2014 . in the wake of widespread disruption caused by damage to the mainline track at dawlish by coastal storms in february 2014 , network rail are considering reopening the tavistock to okehampton and exeter section of the line as an alternative to the coastal route . [ sep ] 4 april 2014
the exeter to plymouth railway of the lswr needs to be reopened to connect cornwall and plymouth to the rest of the uk railway system on an all weather basis . there are proposals to reopen the line from tavistock to bere alston for a through service to plymouth . on the night of 4 february 2014 , amid high winds and extremely rough seas , part of the sea wall at dawlish was breached washing away around 40 metres ( 130 ft ) of the wall and the ballast under the railway immediately behind . the line was closed . network rail began repair work and the line reopened on 4 april 2014 . in the wake of widespread disruption caused by damage to the mainline track at dawlish by coastal storms in february 2014 , network rail are considering reopening the tavistock to okehampton and exeter section of the line as an alternative to the coastal route . [ sep ] february 2014
plymouth has about 150 churches and its roman catholic cathedral ( 1858 ) is in stonehouse . the city ' s oldest church is st andrew ' s ( anglican ) located at the top of royal parade — it is the largest parish church in devon and has been a site of gathering since ad 800 . the city also includes five baptist churches , over twenty methodist chapels , and thirteen roman catholic churches . in 1831 the first brethren assembly in england , a movement of conservative non - denominational evangelical christians , was established in the city , so that brethren are often called plymouth brethren , although the movement did not begin locally . [ sep ] 150
plymouth has about 150 churches and its roman catholic cathedral ( 1858 ) is in stonehouse . the city ' s oldest church is st andrew ' s ( anglican ) located at the top of royal parade — it is the largest parish church in devon and has been a site of gathering since ad 800 . the city also includes five baptist churches , over twenty methodist chapels , and thirteen roman catholic churches . in 1831 the first brethren assembly in england , a movement of conservative non - denominational evangelical christians , was established in the city , so that brethren are often called plymouth brethren , although the movement did not begin locally . [ sep ] 1858
plymouth has about 150 churches and its roman catholic cathedral ( 1858 ) is in stonehouse . the city ' s oldest church is st andrew ' s ( anglican ) located at the top of royal parade — it is the largest parish church in devon and has been a site of gathering since ad 800 . the city also includes five baptist churches , over twenty methodist chapels , and thirteen roman catholic churches . in 1831 the first brethren assembly in england , a movement of conservative non - denominational evangelical christians , was established in the city , so that brethren are often called plymouth brethren , although the movement did not begin locally . [ sep ] st andrew ' s
plymouth has about 150 churches and its roman catholic cathedral ( 1858 ) is in stonehouse . the city ' s oldest church is st andrew ' s ( anglican ) located at the top of royal parade — it is the largest parish church in devon and has been a site of gathering since ad 800 . the city also includes five baptist churches , over twenty methodist chapels , and thirteen roman catholic churches . in 1831 the first brethren assembly in england , a movement of conservative non - denominational evangelical christians , was established in the city , so that brethren are often called plymouth brethren , although the movement did not begin locally . [ sep ] anglican
plymouth has about 150 churches and its roman catholic cathedral ( 1858 ) is in stonehouse . the city ' s oldest church is st andrew ' s ( anglican ) located at the top of royal parade — it is the largest parish church in devon and has been a site of gathering since ad 800 . the city also includes five baptist churches , over twenty methodist chapels , and thirteen roman catholic churches . in 1831 the first brethren assembly in england , a movement of conservative non - denominational evangelical christians , was established in the city , so that brethren are often called plymouth brethren , although the movement did not begin locally . [ sep ] over twenty
plymouth has the first known reference to jews in the south west from sir francis drake ' s voyages in 1577 to 1580 , as his log mentioned " moses the jew " – a man from plymouth . the plymouth synagogue is a listed grade ii * building , built in 1762 and is the oldest ashkenazi synagogue in the english speaking world . there are also places of worship for islam , baha ' i , buddhism , unitarianism , chinese beliefs and humanism . [ sep ] moses
plymouth has the first known reference to jews in the south west from sir francis drake ' s voyages in 1577 to 1580 , as his log mentioned " moses the jew " – a man from plymouth . the plymouth synagogue is a listed grade ii * building , built in 1762 and is the oldest ashkenazi synagogue in the english speaking world . there are also places of worship for islam , baha ' i , buddhism , unitarianism , chinese beliefs and humanism . [ sep ] 1762
plymouth has the first known reference to jews in the south west from sir francis drake ' s voyages in 1577 to 1580 , as his log mentioned " moses the jew " – a man from plymouth . the plymouth synagogue is a listed grade ii * building , built in 1762 and is the oldest ashkenazi synagogue in the english speaking world . there are also places of worship for islam , baha ' i , buddhism , unitarianism , chinese beliefs and humanism . [ sep ] grade ii *
plymouth has the first known reference to jews in the south west from sir francis drake ' s voyages in 1577 to 1580 , as his log mentioned " moses the jew " – a man from plymouth . the plymouth synagogue is a listed grade ii * building , built in 1762 and is the oldest ashkenazi synagogue in the english speaking world . there are also places of worship for islam , baha ' i , buddhism , unitarianism , chinese beliefs and humanism . [ sep ] ashkenazi
58 . 1 % of the population described themselves in the 2011 census return as being at least nominally christian and 0 . 8 % as muslim with all other religions represented by less than 0 . 5 % each . the portion of people without a religion is 32 . 9 % ; above the national average of 24 . 7 % . 7 . 1 % did not state their religious belief . since the 2001 census , the number of christians and jews has decreased ( - 16 % and - 7 % respectively ) , while all other religions have increased and non - religious people have almost doubled in number . [ sep ] 58 . 1 %
58 . 1 % of the population described themselves in the 2011 census return as being at least nominally christian and 0 . 8 % as muslim with all other religions represented by less than 0 . 5 % each . the portion of people without a religion is 32 . 9 % ; above the national average of 24 . 7 % . 7 . 1 % did not state their religious belief . since the 2001 census , the number of christians and jews has decreased ( - 16 % and - 7 % respectively ) , while all other religions have increased and non - religious people have almost doubled in number . [ sep ] 0 . 8 %
58 . 1 % of the population described themselves in the 2011 census return as being at least nominally christian and 0 . 8 % as muslim with all other religions represented by less than 0 . 5 % each . the portion of people without a religion is 32 . 9 % ; above the national average of 24 . 7 % . 7 . 1 % did not state their religious belief . since the 2001 census , the number of christians and jews has decreased ( - 16 % and - 7 % respectively ) , while all other religions have increased and non - religious people have almost doubled in number . [ sep ] 32 . 9 %
58 . 1 % of the population described themselves in the 2011 census return as being at least nominally christian and 0 . 8 % as muslim with all other religions represented by less than 0 . 5 % each . the portion of people without a religion is 32 . 9 % ; above the national average of 24 . 7 % . 7 . 1 % did not state their religious belief . since the 2001 census , the number of christians and jews has decreased ( - 16 % and - 7 % respectively ) , while all other religions have increased and non - religious people have almost doubled in number . [ sep ] 24 . 7 %
58 . 1 % of the population described themselves in the 2011 census return as being at least nominally christian and 0 . 8 % as muslim with all other religions represented by less than 0 . 5 % each . the portion of people without a religion is 32 . 9 % ; above the national average of 24 . 7 % . 7 . 1 % did not state their religious belief . since the 2001 census , the number of christians and jews has decreased ( - 16 % and - 7 % respectively ) , while all other religions have increased and non - religious people have almost doubled in number . [ sep ] 7 %
built in 1815 , union street was at the heart of plymouth ' s historical culture . it became known as the servicemen ' s playground , as it was where sailors from the royal navy would seek entertainment of all kinds . during the 1930s , there were 30 pubs and it attracted such performers as charlie chaplin to the new palace theatre . it is now the late - night hub of plymouth ' s entertainment strip , but has a reputation for trouble at closing hours . [ sep ] 1815
built in 1815 , union street was at the heart of plymouth ' s historical culture . it became known as the servicemen ' s playground , as it was where sailors from the royal navy would seek entertainment of all kinds . during the 1930s , there were 30 pubs and it attracted such performers as charlie chaplin to the new palace theatre . it is now the late - night hub of plymouth ' s entertainment strip , but has a reputation for trouble at closing hours . [ sep ] charlie chaplin
built in 1815 , union street was at the heart of plymouth ' s historical culture . it became known as the servicemen ' s playground , as it was where sailors from the royal navy would seek entertainment of all kinds . during the 1930s , there were 30 pubs and it attracted such performers as charlie chaplin to the new palace theatre . it is now the late - night hub of plymouth ' s entertainment strip , but has a reputation for trouble at closing hours . [ sep ] 30s
built in 1815 , union street was at the heart of plymouth ' s historical culture . it became known as the servicemen ' s playground , as it was where sailors from the royal navy would seek entertainment of all kinds . during the 1930s , there were 30 pubs and it attracted such performers as charlie chaplin to the new palace theatre . it is now the late - night hub of plymouth ' s entertainment strip , but has a reputation for trouble at closing hours . [ sep ] sailors from the royal navy
outdoor events and festivals are held including the annual british firework championships in august , which attracts tens of thousands of people across the waterfront . in august 2006 the world record for the most amount of simultaneous fireworks was surpassed , by roy lowry of the university of plymouth , over plymouth sound . since 1992 the music of the night has been performed in the royal citadel by the 29 commando regiment and local performers to raise money for local and military charities . [ sep ] british firework championships
outdoor events and festivals are held including the annual british firework championships in august , which attracts tens of thousands of people across the waterfront . in august 2006 the world record for the most amount of simultaneous fireworks was surpassed , by roy lowry of the university of plymouth , over plymouth sound . since 1992 the music of the night has been performed in the royal citadel by the 29 commando regiment and local performers to raise money for local and military charities . [ sep ] august 2006
outdoor events and festivals are held including the annual british firework championships in august , which attracts tens of thousands of people across the waterfront . in august 2006 the world record for the most amount of simultaneous fireworks was surpassed , by roy lowry of the university of plymouth , over plymouth sound . since 1992 the music of the night has been performed in the royal citadel by the 29 commando regiment and local performers to raise money for local and military charities . [ sep ] roy lowry
outdoor events and festivals are held including the annual british firework championships in august , which attracts tens of thousands of people across the waterfront . in august 2006 the world record for the most amount of simultaneous fireworks was surpassed , by roy lowry of the university of plymouth , over plymouth sound . since 1992 the music of the night has been performed in the royal citadel by the 29 commando regiment and local performers to raise money for local and military charities . [ sep ] university of plymouth
outdoor events and festivals are held including the annual british firework championships in august , which attracts tens of thousands of people across the waterfront . in august 2006 the world record for the most amount of simultaneous fireworks was surpassed , by roy lowry of the university of plymouth , over plymouth sound . since 1992 the music of the night has been performed in the royal citadel by the 29 commando regiment and local performers to raise money for local and military charities . [ sep ] 1992
the city ' s main theatres are the theatre royal ( 1 , 315 capacity ) , its drum theatre ( 200 capacity ) , and its production and creative learning centre , the tr2 . the plymouth pavilions has multiple uses for the city staging music concerts , basketball matches and stand - up comedy . there are also three cinemas : reel cinema at derrys cross , plymouth arts centre at looe street and a vue cinema at the barbican leisure park . the plymouth city museum and art gallery is operated by plymouth city council allowing free admission – it has six galleries . the plymouth athenaeum , which includes a local interest library , is a society dedicated to the promotion of learning in the fields of science , technology , literature and art . from 1961 to 2009 it also housed a theatre . [ sep ] 1 , 315
the city ' s main theatres are the theatre royal ( 1 , 315 capacity ) , its drum theatre ( 200 capacity ) , and its production and creative learning centre , the tr2 . the plymouth pavilions has multiple uses for the city staging music concerts , basketball matches and stand - up comedy . there are also three cinemas : reel cinema at derrys cross , plymouth arts centre at looe street and a vue cinema at the barbican leisure park . the plymouth city museum and art gallery is operated by plymouth city council allowing free admission – it has six galleries . the plymouth athenaeum , which includes a local interest library , is a society dedicated to the promotion of learning in the fields of science , technology , literature and art . from 1961 to 2009 it also housed a theatre . [ sep ] 200
the city ' s main theatres are the theatre royal ( 1 , 315 capacity ) , its drum theatre ( 200 capacity ) , and its production and creative learning centre , the tr2 . the plymouth pavilions has multiple uses for the city staging music concerts , basketball matches and stand - up comedy . there are also three cinemas : reel cinema at derrys cross , plymouth arts centre at looe street and a vue cinema at the barbican leisure park . the plymouth city museum and art gallery is operated by plymouth city council allowing free admission – it has six galleries . the plymouth athenaeum , which includes a local interest library , is a society dedicated to the promotion of learning in the fields of science , technology , literature and art . from 1961 to 2009 it also housed a theatre . [ sep ] free
the city ' s main theatres are the theatre royal ( 1 , 315 capacity ) , its drum theatre ( 200 capacity ) , and its production and creative learning centre , the tr2 . the plymouth pavilions has multiple uses for the city staging music concerts , basketball matches and stand - up comedy . there are also three cinemas : reel cinema at derrys cross , plymouth arts centre at looe street and a vue cinema at the barbican leisure park . the plymouth city museum and art gallery is operated by plymouth city council allowing free admission – it has six galleries . the plymouth athenaeum , which includes a local interest library , is a society dedicated to the promotion of learning in the fields of science , technology , literature and art . from 1961 to 2009 it also housed a theatre . [ sep ] six
the city ' s main theatres are the theatre royal ( 1 , 315 capacity ) , its drum theatre ( 200 capacity ) , and its production and creative learning centre , the tr2 . the plymouth pavilions has multiple uses for the city staging music concerts , basketball matches and stand - up comedy . there are also three cinemas : reel cinema at derrys cross , plymouth arts centre at looe street and a vue cinema at the barbican leisure park . the plymouth city museum and art gallery is operated by plymouth city council allowing free admission – it has six galleries . the plymouth athenaeum , which includes a local interest library , is a society dedicated to the promotion of learning in the fields of science , technology , literature and art . from 1961 to 2009 it also housed a theatre . [ sep ] 2009
plymouth is the regional television centre of bbc south west . a team of journalists are headquartered at plymouth for the itv west country regional station , after a merger with itv west forced itv westcountry to close on 16 february 2009 . the main local newspapers serving plymouth are the herald and western morning news with radio plymouth , bbc radio devon , heart south west , and pirate fm being the main local radio stations . [ sep ] bbc south west
plymouth is the regional television centre of bbc south west . a team of journalists are headquartered at plymouth for the itv west country regional station , after a merger with itv west forced itv westcountry to close on 16 february 2009 . the main local newspapers serving plymouth are the herald and western morning news with radio plymouth , bbc radio devon , heart south west , and pirate fm being the main local radio stations . [ sep ] itv west country
plymouth is the regional television centre of bbc south west . a team of journalists are headquartered at plymouth for the itv west country regional station , after a merger with itv west forced itv westcountry to close on 16 february 2009 . the main local newspapers serving plymouth are the herald and western morning news with radio plymouth , bbc radio devon , heart south west , and pirate fm being the main local radio stations . [ sep ] 16 february 2009
plymouth is the regional television centre of bbc south west . a team of journalists are headquartered at plymouth for the itv west country regional station , after a merger with itv west forced itv westcountry to close on 16 february 2009 . the main local newspapers serving plymouth are the herald and western morning news with radio plymouth , bbc radio devon , heart south west , and pirate fm being the main local radio stations . [ sep ] itv west
plymouth is the regional television centre of bbc south west . a team of journalists are headquartered at plymouth for the itv west country regional station , after a merger with itv west forced itv westcountry to close on 16 february 2009 . the main local newspapers serving plymouth are the herald and western morning news with radio plymouth , bbc radio devon , heart south west , and pirate fm being the main local radio stations . [ sep ] bbc radio devon
plymouth is home to plymouth argyle f . c . , who play in the fourth tier of english football league known as football league two . the team ' s home ground is called home park and is located in central park . it links itself with the group of english non - conformists that left plymouth for the new world in 1620 : its nickname is " the pilgrims " . the city also has four non - league football clubs ; plymouth parkway f . c . who play at bolitho park , elburton villa f . c . who play at haye road , vospers oak villa f . c . who play at weston mill and plymstock united f . c . who play at deans cross . all four clubs play in the south west peninsula league . [ sep ] plymouth argyle f . c .
plymouth is home to plymouth argyle f . c . , who play in the fourth tier of english football league known as football league two . the team ' s home ground is called home park and is located in central park . it links itself with the group of english non - conformists that left plymouth for the new world in 1620 : its nickname is " the pilgrims " . the city also has four non - league football clubs ; plymouth parkway f . c . who play at bolitho park , elburton villa f . c . who play at haye road , vospers oak villa f . c . who play at weston mill and plymstock united f . c . who play at deans cross . all four clubs play in the south west peninsula league . [ sep ] football league two
plymouth is home to plymouth argyle f . c . , who play in the fourth tier of english football league known as football league two . the team ' s home ground is called home park and is located in central park . it links itself with the group of english non - conformists that left plymouth for the new world in 1620 : its nickname is " the pilgrims " . the city also has four non - league football clubs ; plymouth parkway f . c . who play at bolitho park , elburton villa f . c . who play at haye road , vospers oak villa f . c . who play at weston mill and plymstock united f . c . who play at deans cross . all four clubs play in the south west peninsula league . [ sep ] home park
plymouth is home to plymouth argyle f . c . , who play in the fourth tier of english football league known as football league two . the team ' s home ground is called home park and is located in central park . it links itself with the group of english non - conformists that left plymouth for the new world in 1620 : its nickname is " the pilgrims " . the city also has four non - league football clubs ; plymouth parkway f . c . who play at bolitho park , elburton villa f . c . who play at haye road , vospers oak villa f . c . who play at weston mill and plymstock united f . c . who play at deans cross . all four clubs play in the south west peninsula league . [ sep ] the pilgrims
plymouth is home to plymouth argyle f . c . , who play in the fourth tier of english football league known as football league two . the team ' s home ground is called home park and is located in central park . it links itself with the group of english non - conformists that left plymouth for the new world in 1620 : its nickname is " the pilgrims " . the city also has four non - league football clubs ; plymouth parkway f . c . who play at bolitho park , elburton villa f . c . who play at haye road , vospers oak villa f . c . who play at weston mill and plymstock united f . c . who play at deans cross . all four clubs play in the south west peninsula league . [ sep ] vospers oak villa f . c .
other sports clubs include plymouth albion r . f . c . and the plymouth raiders basketball club . plymouth albion rugby football club is a rugby union club that was founded in 1875 and are currently competing in the third tier of professional english rugby . they play at the brickfields . plymouth raiders play in the british basketball league – the top tier of british basketball . they play at the plymouth pavilions entertainment arena and were founded in 1983 . plymouth cricket club was formed in 1843 , the current 1st xi play in the devon premier league . plymouth devils are a speedway team in the british premier league . plymouth was home to an american football club , the plymouth admirals until 2010 . plymouth is also home to plymouth marjons hockey club , with their 1st xi playing in the national league last season . [ sep ] plymouth albion r . f . c .
other sports clubs include plymouth albion r . f . c . and the plymouth raiders basketball club . plymouth albion rugby football club is a rugby union club that was founded in 1875 and are currently competing in the third tier of professional english rugby . they play at the brickfields . plymouth raiders play in the british basketball league – the top tier of british basketball . they play at the plymouth pavilions entertainment arena and were founded in 1983 . plymouth cricket club was formed in 1843 , the current 1st xi play in the devon premier league . plymouth devils are a speedway team in the british premier league . plymouth was home to an american football club , the plymouth admirals until 2010 . plymouth is also home to plymouth marjons hockey club , with their 1st xi playing in the national league last season . [ sep ] plymouth raiders
other sports clubs include plymouth albion r . f . c . and the plymouth raiders basketball club . plymouth albion rugby football club is a rugby union club that was founded in 1875 and are currently competing in the third tier of professional english rugby . they play at the brickfields . plymouth raiders play in the british basketball league – the top tier of british basketball . they play at the plymouth pavilions entertainment arena and were founded in 1983 . plymouth cricket club was formed in 1843 , the current 1st xi play in the devon premier league . plymouth devils are a speedway team in the british premier league . plymouth was home to an american football club , the plymouth admirals until 2010 . plymouth is also home to plymouth marjons hockey club , with their 1st xi playing in the national league last season . [ sep ] 1875
other sports clubs include plymouth albion r . f . c . and the plymouth raiders basketball club . plymouth albion rugby football club is a rugby union club that was founded in 1875 and are currently competing in the third tier of professional english rugby . they play at the brickfields . plymouth raiders play in the british basketball league – the top tier of british basketball . they play at the plymouth pavilions entertainment arena and were founded in 1983 . plymouth cricket club was formed in 1843 , the current 1st xi play in the devon premier league . plymouth devils are a speedway team in the british premier league . plymouth was home to an american football club , the plymouth admirals until 2010 . plymouth is also home to plymouth marjons hockey club , with their 1st xi playing in the national league last season . [ sep ] plymouth pavilions
other sports clubs include plymouth albion r . f . c . and the plymouth raiders basketball club . plymouth albion rugby football club is a rugby union club that was founded in 1875 and are currently competing in the third tier of professional english rugby . they play at the brickfields . plymouth raiders play in the british basketball league – the top tier of british basketball . they play at the plymouth pavilions entertainment arena and were founded in 1983 . plymouth cricket club was formed in 1843 , the current 1st xi play in the devon premier league . plymouth devils are a speedway team in the british premier league . plymouth was home to an american football club , the plymouth admirals until 2010 . plymouth is also home to plymouth marjons hockey club , with their 1st xi playing in the national league last season . [ sep ] 1983
plymouth is an important centre for watersports , especially scuba diving and sailing . the port of plymouth regatta is one of the oldest regattas in the world , and has been held regularly since 1823 . in september 2011 , plymouth hosted the america ' s cup world series for nine days . [ sep ] 1823
plymouth is an important centre for watersports , especially scuba diving and sailing . the port of plymouth regatta is one of the oldest regattas in the world , and has been held regularly since 1823 . in september 2011 , plymouth hosted the america ' s cup world series for nine days . [ sep ] september 2011
plymouth is an important centre for watersports , especially scuba diving and sailing . the port of plymouth regatta is one of the oldest regattas in the world , and has been held regularly since 1823 . in september 2011 , plymouth hosted the america ' s cup world series for nine days . [ sep ] nine
since 1973 plymouth has been supplied water by south west water . prior to the 1973 take over it was supplied by plymouth county borough corporation . before the 19th century two leats were built in order to provide drinking water for the town . they carried water from dartmoor to plymouth . a watercourse , known as plymouth or drake ' s leat , was opened on 24 april 1591 to tap the river meavy . the devonport leat was constructed to carry fresh drinking water to the expanding town of devonport and its ever growing dockyard . it was fed by three dartmoor rivers : the west dart , cowsic and blackabrook . it seems to have been carrying water since 1797 , but it was officially completed in 1801 . it was originally designed to carry water to devonport town , but has since been shortened and now carries water to burrator reservoir , which feeds most of the water supply of plymouth . burrator reservoir is located about 5 miles ( 8 km ) north of the city and was constructed in 1898 and expanded in 1928 . [ sep ] 1973
since 1973 plymouth has been supplied water by south west water . prior to the 1973 take over it was supplied by plymouth county borough corporation . before the 19th century two leats were built in order to provide drinking water for the town . they carried water from dartmoor to plymouth . a watercourse , known as plymouth or drake ' s leat , was opened on 24 april 1591 to tap the river meavy . the devonport leat was constructed to carry fresh drinking water to the expanding town of devonport and its ever growing dockyard . it was fed by three dartmoor rivers : the west dart , cowsic and blackabrook . it seems to have been carrying water since 1797 , but it was officially completed in 1801 . it was originally designed to carry water to devonport town , but has since been shortened and now carries water to burrator reservoir , which feeds most of the water supply of plymouth . burrator reservoir is located about 5 miles ( 8 km ) north of the city and was constructed in 1898 and expanded in 1928 . [ sep ] plymouth county borough corporation
since 1973 plymouth has been supplied water by south west water . prior to the 1973 take over it was supplied by plymouth county borough corporation . before the 19th century two leats were built in order to provide drinking water for the town . they carried water from dartmoor to plymouth . a watercourse , known as plymouth or drake ' s leat , was opened on 24 april 1591 to tap the river meavy . the devonport leat was constructed to carry fresh drinking water to the expanding town of devonport and its ever growing dockyard . it was fed by three dartmoor rivers : the west dart , cowsic and blackabrook . it seems to have been carrying water since 1797 , but it was officially completed in 1801 . it was originally designed to carry water to devonport town , but has since been shortened and now carries water to burrator reservoir , which feeds most of the water supply of plymouth . burrator reservoir is located about 5 miles ( 8 km ) north of the city and was constructed in 1898 and expanded in 1928 . [ sep ] 24 april 1591
since 1973 plymouth has been supplied water by south west water . prior to the 1973 take over it was supplied by plymouth county borough corporation . before the 19th century two leats were built in order to provide drinking water for the town . they carried water from dartmoor to plymouth . a watercourse , known as plymouth or drake ' s leat , was opened on 24 april 1591 to tap the river meavy . the devonport leat was constructed to carry fresh drinking water to the expanding town of devonport and its ever growing dockyard . it was fed by three dartmoor rivers : the west dart , cowsic and blackabrook . it seems to have been carrying water since 1797 , but it was officially completed in 1801 . it was originally designed to carry water to devonport town , but has since been shortened and now carries water to burrator reservoir , which feeds most of the water supply of plymouth . burrator reservoir is located about 5 miles ( 8 km ) north of the city and was constructed in 1898 and expanded in 1928 . [ sep ] river meavy
since 1973 plymouth has been supplied water by south west water . prior to the 1973 take over it was supplied by plymouth county borough corporation . before the 19th century two leats were built in order to provide drinking water for the town . they carried water from dartmoor to plymouth . a watercourse , known as plymouth or drake ' s leat , was opened on 24 april 1591 to tap the river meavy . the devonport leat was constructed to carry fresh drinking water to the expanding town of devonport and its ever growing dockyard . it was fed by three dartmoor rivers : the west dart , cowsic and blackabrook . it seems to have been carrying water since 1797 , but it was officially completed in 1801 . it was originally designed to carry water to devonport town , but has since been shortened and now carries water to burrator reservoir , which feeds most of the water supply of plymouth . burrator reservoir is located about 5 miles ( 8 km ) north of the city and was constructed in 1898 and expanded in 1928 . [ sep ] 1801
plymouth city council is responsible for waste management throughout the city and south west water is responsible for sewerage . plymouth ' s electricity is supplied from the national grid and distributed to plymouth via western power distribution . on the outskirts of plympton a combined cycle gas - powered station , the langage power station , which started to produce electricity for plymouth at the end of 2009 . [ sep ] plymouth city council
plymouth city council is responsible for waste management throughout the city and south west water is responsible for sewerage . plymouth ' s electricity is supplied from the national grid and distributed to plymouth via western power distribution . on the outskirts of plympton a combined cycle gas - powered station , the langage power station , which started to produce electricity for plymouth at the end of 2009 . [ sep ] south west water
plymouth city council is responsible for waste management throughout the city and south west water is responsible for sewerage . plymouth ' s electricity is supplied from the national grid and distributed to plymouth via western power distribution . on the outskirts of plympton a combined cycle gas - powered station , the langage power station , which started to produce electricity for plymouth at the end of 2009 . [ sep ] western power distribution
plymouth city council is responsible for waste management throughout the city and south west water is responsible for sewerage . plymouth ' s electricity is supplied from the national grid and distributed to plymouth via western power distribution . on the outskirts of plympton a combined cycle gas - powered station , the langage power station , which started to produce electricity for plymouth at the end of 2009 . [ sep ] 2009
plymouth city council is responsible for waste management throughout the city and south west water is responsible for sewerage . plymouth ' s electricity is supplied from the national grid and distributed to plymouth via western power distribution . on the outskirts of plympton a combined cycle gas - powered station , the langage power station , which started to produce electricity for plymouth at the end of 2009 . [ sep ] plympton
her majesty ' s courts service provide a magistrates ' court and a combined crown and county court in the city . the plymouth borough police , formed in 1836 , eventually became part of devon and cornwall constabulary . there are police stations at charles cross and crownhill ( the divisional hq ) and smaller stations at plympton and plymstock . the city has one of the devon and cornwall area crown prosecution service divisional offices . plymouth has five fire stations located in camel ' s head , crownhill , greenbank , plympton and plymstock which is part of devon and somerset fire and rescue service . the royal national lifeboat institution have an atlantic 85 class lifeboat and severn class lifeboat stationed at millbay docks . [ sep ] 1836
her majesty ' s courts service provide a magistrates ' court and a combined crown and county court in the city . the plymouth borough police , formed in 1836 , eventually became part of devon and cornwall constabulary . there are police stations at charles cross and crownhill ( the divisional hq ) and smaller stations at plympton and plymstock . the city has one of the devon and cornwall area crown prosecution service divisional offices . plymouth has five fire stations located in camel ' s head , crownhill , greenbank , plympton and plymstock which is part of devon and somerset fire and rescue service . the royal national lifeboat institution have an atlantic 85 class lifeboat and severn class lifeboat stationed at millbay docks . [ sep ] crownhill
her majesty ' s courts service provide a magistrates ' court and a combined crown and county court in the city . the plymouth borough police , formed in 1836 , eventually became part of devon and cornwall constabulary . there are police stations at charles cross and crownhill ( the divisional hq ) and smaller stations at plympton and plymstock . the city has one of the devon and cornwall area crown prosecution service divisional offices . plymouth has five fire stations located in camel ' s head , crownhill , greenbank , plympton and plymstock which is part of devon and somerset fire and rescue service . the royal national lifeboat institution have an atlantic 85 class lifeboat and severn class lifeboat stationed at millbay docks . [ sep ] five
her majesty ' s courts service provide a magistrates ' court and a combined crown and county court in the city . the plymouth borough police , formed in 1836 , eventually became part of devon and cornwall constabulary . there are police stations at charles cross and crownhill ( the divisional hq ) and smaller stations at plympton and plymstock . the city has one of the devon and cornwall area crown prosecution service divisional offices . plymouth has five fire stations located in camel ' s head , crownhill , greenbank , plympton and plymstock which is part of devon and somerset fire and rescue service . the royal national lifeboat institution have an atlantic 85 class lifeboat and severn class lifeboat stationed at millbay docks . [ sep ] millbay docks
her majesty ' s courts service provide a magistrates ' court and a combined crown and county court in the city . the plymouth borough police , formed in 1836 , eventually became part of devon and cornwall constabulary . there are police stations at charles cross and crownhill ( the divisional hq ) and smaller stations at plympton and plymstock . the city has one of the devon and cornwall area crown prosecution service divisional offices . plymouth has five fire stations located in camel ' s head , crownhill , greenbank , plympton and plymstock which is part of devon and somerset fire and rescue service . the royal national lifeboat institution have an atlantic 85 class lifeboat and severn class lifeboat stationed at millbay docks . [ sep ] devon and cornwall constabulary
plymouth is served by plymouth hospitals nhs trust and the city ' s nhs hospital is derriford hospital 4 miles ( 6 km ) north of the city centre . the royal eye infirmary is located at derriford hospital . south western ambulance service nhs foundation trust operates in plymouth and the rest of the south west ; its headquarters are in exeter . [ sep ] derriford hospital
plymouth is served by plymouth hospitals nhs trust and the city ' s nhs hospital is derriford hospital 4 miles ( 6 km ) north of the city centre . the royal eye infirmary is located at derriford hospital . south western ambulance service nhs foundation trust operates in plymouth and the rest of the south west ; its headquarters are in exeter . [ sep ] 6
plymouth is served by plymouth hospitals nhs trust and the city ' s nhs hospital is derriford hospital 4 miles ( 6 km ) north of the city centre . the royal eye infirmary is located at derriford hospital . south western ambulance service nhs foundation trust operates in plymouth and the rest of the south west ; its headquarters are in exeter . [ sep ] royal eye infirmary
plymouth is served by plymouth hospitals nhs trust and the city ' s nhs hospital is derriford hospital 4 miles ( 6 km ) north of the city centre . the royal eye infirmary is located at derriford hospital . south western ambulance service nhs foundation trust operates in plymouth and the rest of the south west ; its headquarters are in exeter . [ sep ] south western ambulance service nhs foundation trust
plymouth is served by plymouth hospitals nhs trust and the city ' s nhs hospital is derriford hospital 4 miles ( 6 km ) north of the city centre . the royal eye infirmary is located at derriford hospital . south western ambulance service nhs foundation trust operates in plymouth and the rest of the south west ; its headquarters are in exeter . [ sep ] exeter
the mid - 19th century burial ground at ford park cemetery was reopened in 2007 by a successful trust and the city council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at weston mill and efford both with crematoria and chapels . there is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city , drake memorial park which does not allow headstones to mark graves , but a brass plaque set into the ground . [ sep ] 2007
the mid - 19th century burial ground at ford park cemetery was reopened in 2007 by a successful trust and the city council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at weston mill and efford both with crematoria and chapels . there is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city , drake memorial park which does not allow headstones to mark graves , but a brass plaque set into the ground . [ sep ] weston mill
the mid - 19th century burial ground at ford park cemetery was reopened in 2007 by a successful trust and the city council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at weston mill and efford both with crematoria and chapels . there is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city , drake memorial park which does not allow headstones to mark graves , but a brass plaque set into the ground . [ sep ] drake memorial park
the mid - 19th century burial ground at ford park cemetery was reopened in 2007 by a successful trust and the city council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at weston mill and efford both with crematoria and chapels . there is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city , drake memorial park which does not allow headstones to mark graves , but a brass plaque set into the ground . [ sep ] a brass plaque
the mid - 19th century burial ground at ford park cemetery was reopened in 2007 by a successful trust and the city council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at weston mill and efford both with crematoria and chapels . there is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city , drake memorial park which does not allow headstones to mark graves , but a brass plaque set into the ground . [ sep ] mid - 19th century
after the english civil war the royal citadel was built in 1666 on the east end of plymouth hoe , to defend the port from naval attacks , suppress plymothian parliamentary leanings and to train the armed forces . guided tours are available in the summer months . further west is smeaton ' s tower , which was built in 1759 as a lighthouse on rocks 14 miles ( 23 km ) off shore , but dismantled and the top two thirds rebuilt on the hoe in 1877 . it is open to the public and has views over the plymouth sound and the city from the lantern room . plymouth has 20 war memorials of which nine are on the hoe including : plymouth naval memorial , to remember those killed in world wars i and ii , and the armada memorial , to commemorate the defeat of the spanish armada . [ sep ] 1666
after the english civil war the royal citadel was built in 1666 on the east end of plymouth hoe , to defend the port from naval attacks , suppress plymothian parliamentary leanings and to train the armed forces . guided tours are available in the summer months . further west is smeaton ' s tower , which was built in 1759 as a lighthouse on rocks 14 miles ( 23 km ) off shore , but dismantled and the top two thirds rebuilt on the hoe in 1877 . it is open to the public and has views over the plymouth sound and the city from the lantern room . plymouth has 20 war memorials of which nine are on the hoe including : plymouth naval memorial , to remember those killed in world wars i and ii , and the armada memorial , to commemorate the defeat of the spanish armada . [ sep ] english civil war
after the english civil war the royal citadel was built in 1666 on the east end of plymouth hoe , to defend the port from naval attacks , suppress plymothian parliamentary leanings and to train the armed forces . guided tours are available in the summer months . further west is smeaton ' s tower , which was built in 1759 as a lighthouse on rocks 14 miles ( 23 km ) off shore , but dismantled and the top two thirds rebuilt on the hoe in 1877 . it is open to the public and has views over the plymouth sound and the city from the lantern room . plymouth has 20 war memorials of which nine are on the hoe including : plymouth naval memorial , to remember those killed in world wars i and ii , and the armada memorial , to commemorate the defeat of the spanish armada . [ sep ] 1759
after the english civil war the royal citadel was built in 1666 on the east end of plymouth hoe , to defend the port from naval attacks , suppress plymothian parliamentary leanings and to train the armed forces . guided tours are available in the summer months . further west is smeaton ' s tower , which was built in 1759 as a lighthouse on rocks 14 miles ( 23 km ) off shore , but dismantled and the top two thirds rebuilt on the hoe in 1877 . it is open to the public and has views over the plymouth sound and the city from the lantern room . plymouth has 20 war memorials of which nine are on the hoe including : plymouth naval memorial , to remember those killed in world wars i and ii , and the armada memorial , to commemorate the defeat of the spanish armada . [ sep ] 23
after the english civil war the royal citadel was built in 1666 on the east end of plymouth hoe , to defend the port from naval attacks , suppress plymothian parliamentary leanings and to train the armed forces . guided tours are available in the summer months . further west is smeaton ' s tower , which was built in 1759 as a lighthouse on rocks 14 miles ( 23 km ) off shore , but dismantled and the top two thirds rebuilt on the hoe in 1877 . it is open to the public and has views over the plymouth sound and the city from the lantern room . plymouth has 20 war memorials of which nine are on the hoe including : plymouth naval memorial , to remember those killed in world wars i and ii , and the armada memorial , to commemorate the defeat of the spanish armada . [ sep ] armada memorial
in a movie theater , steps in the aisles are usually marked with a row of small lights for convenience and safety , when the film has started and the other lights are off . traditionally made up of small low wattage , low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube , these are rapidly being replaced with led based versions . [ sep ] small lights
in a movie theater , steps in the aisles are usually marked with a row of small lights for convenience and safety , when the film has started and the other lights are off . traditionally made up of small low wattage , low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube , these are rapidly being replaced with led based versions . [ sep ] led based versions
in a movie theater , steps in the aisles are usually marked with a row of small lights for convenience and safety , when the film has started and the other lights are off . traditionally made up of small low wattage , low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube , these are rapidly being replaced with led based versions . [ sep ] translucent tube
the early port settlement of plymouth , called " sutton " , approximates to the area now referred to as the barbican and has 100 listed buildings and the largest concentration of cobbled streets in britain . the pilgrim fathers left for the new world in 1620 near the commemorative mayflower steps in sutton pool . also on sutton pool is the national marine aquarium which displays 400 marine species and includes britain ' s deepest aquarium tank . [ sep ] sutton
the early port settlement of plymouth , called " sutton " , approximates to the area now referred to as the barbican and has 100 listed buildings and the largest concentration of cobbled streets in britain . the pilgrim fathers left for the new world in 1620 near the commemorative mayflower steps in sutton pool . also on sutton pool is the national marine aquarium which displays 400 marine species and includes britain ' s deepest aquarium tank . [ sep ] 1620
the early port settlement of plymouth , called " sutton " , approximates to the area now referred to as the barbican and has 100 listed buildings and the largest concentration of cobbled streets in britain . the pilgrim fathers left for the new world in 1620 near the commemorative mayflower steps in sutton pool . also on sutton pool is the national marine aquarium which displays 400 marine species and includes britain ' s deepest aquarium tank . [ sep ] mayflower steps
the early port settlement of plymouth , called " sutton " , approximates to the area now referred to as the barbican and has 100 listed buildings and the largest concentration of cobbled streets in britain . the pilgrim fathers left for the new world in 1620 near the commemorative mayflower steps in sutton pool . also on sutton pool is the national marine aquarium which displays 400 marine species and includes britain ' s deepest aquarium tank . [ sep ] 400
the early port settlement of plymouth , called " sutton " , approximates to the area now referred to as the barbican and has 100 listed buildings and the largest concentration of cobbled streets in britain . the pilgrim fathers left for the new world in 1620 near the commemorative mayflower steps in sutton pool . also on sutton pool is the national marine aquarium which displays 400 marine species and includes britain ' s deepest aquarium tank . [ sep ] 100
on the northern outskirts of the city , crownhill fort is a well restored example of a " palmerston ' s folly " . it is owned by the landmark trust and is open to the public . [ sep ] crownhill fort
on the northern outskirts of the city , crownhill fort is a well restored example of a " palmerston ' s folly " . it is owned by the landmark trust and is open to the public . [ sep ] north
on the northern outskirts of the city , crownhill fort is a well restored example of a " palmerston ' s folly " . it is owned by the landmark trust and is open to the public . [ sep ] the landmark trust
street lights are used to light roadways and walkways at night . some manufacturers are designing led and photovoltaic luminaires to provide an energy - efficient alternative to traditional street light fixtures . [ sep ] street lights
street lights are used to light roadways and walkways at night . some manufacturers are designing led and photovoltaic luminaires to provide an energy - efficient alternative to traditional street light fixtures . [ sep ] photovoltaic luminaires
to the west of the city is devonport , one of plymouth ' s historic quarters . as part of devonport ' s millennium regeneration project , the devonport heritage trail has been introduced , complete with over 70 waymarkers outlining the route . [ sep ] west
to the west of the city is devonport , one of plymouth ' s historic quarters . as part of devonport ' s millennium regeneration project , the devonport heritage trail has been introduced , complete with over 70 waymarkers outlining the route . [ sep ] over 70
floodlights can be used to illuminate outdoor playing fields or work zones during nighttime hours . the most common type of floodlights are metal halide and high pressure sodium lights . [ sep ] floodlights
plymouth is often used as a base by visitors to dartmoor , the tamar valley and the beaches of south - east cornwall . kingsand , cawsand and whitsand bay are popular . [ sep ] south - east cornwall
plymouth is often used as a base by visitors to dartmoor , the tamar valley and the beaches of south - east cornwall . kingsand , cawsand and whitsand bay are popular . [ sep ] kingsand
plymouth is often used as a base by visitors to dartmoor , the tamar valley and the beaches of south - east cornwall . kingsand , cawsand and whitsand bay are popular . [ sep ] tamar valley
sometimes security lighting can be used along roadways in urban areas , or behind homes or commercial facilities . these are extremely bright lights used to deter crime . security lights may include floodlights . [ sep ] security lighting
the roland levinsky building , the landmark building of the university of plymouth , is located in the city ' s central quarter . designed by leading architect henning larsen , the building was opened in 2008 and houses the university ' s arts faculty . it has been consistently considered one of the uk ' s most beautiful university buildings . [ sep ] henning larsen
the roland levinsky building , the landmark building of the university of plymouth , is located in the city ' s central quarter . designed by leading architect henning larsen , the building was opened in 2008 and houses the university ' s arts faculty . it has been consistently considered one of the uk ' s most beautiful university buildings . [ sep ] 2008
the roland levinsky building , the landmark building of the university of plymouth , is located in the city ' s central quarter . designed by leading architect henning larsen , the building was opened in 2008 and houses the university ' s arts faculty . it has been consistently considered one of the uk ' s most beautiful university buildings . [ sep ] university of plymouth
the roland levinsky building , the landmark building of the university of plymouth , is located in the city ' s central quarter . designed by leading architect henning larsen , the building was opened in 2008 and houses the university ' s arts faculty . it has been consistently considered one of the uk ' s most beautiful university buildings . [ sep ] arts
the roland levinsky building , the landmark building of the university of plymouth , is located in the city ' s central quarter . designed by leading architect henning larsen , the building was opened in 2008 and houses the university ' s arts faculty . it has been consistently considered one of the uk ' s most beautiful university buildings . [ sep ] the city ' s central quarter
people from plymouth are known as plymothians or less formally as janners . its meaning is described as a person from devon , deriving from cousin jan ( the devon form of john ) , but more particularly in naval circles anyone from the plymouth area . [ sep ] plymothians
people from plymouth are known as plymothians or less formally as janners . its meaning is described as a person from devon , deriving from cousin jan ( the devon form of john ) , but more particularly in naval circles anyone from the plymouth area . [ sep ] janners
people from plymouth are known as plymothians or less formally as janners . its meaning is described as a person from devon , deriving from cousin jan ( the devon form of john ) , but more particularly in naval circles anyone from the plymouth area . [ sep ] cousin jan
people from plymouth are known as plymothians or less formally as janners . its meaning is described as a person from devon , deriving from cousin jan ( the devon form of john ) , but more particularly in naval circles anyone from the plymouth area . [ sep ] john
entry lights can be used outside to illuminate and signal the entrance to a property . these lights are installed for safety , security , and for decoration . [ sep ] entry lights
the elizabethan navigator , sir francis drake was born in the nearby town of tavistock and was the mayor of plymouth . he was the first englishman to circumnavigate the world and was known by the spanish as el draco meaning " the dragon " after he raided many of their ships . he died of dysentery in 1596 off the coast of puerto rico . in 2002 a mission to recover his body and bring it to plymouth was allowed by the ministry of defence . his cousin and contemporary john hawkins was a plymouth man . painter sir joshua reynolds , founder and first president of the royal academy was born and educated in nearby plympton , now part of plymouth . william cookworthy born in kingsbridge set up his successful porcelain business in the city and was a close friend of john smeaton designer of the eddystone lighthouse . on 26 january 1786 , benjamin robert haydon , an english painter who specialised in grand historical pictures , was born here . the naturalist dr william elford leach frs , who did much to pave the way in britain for charles darwin , was born at hoe gate in 1791 . [ sep ] tavistock
the elizabethan navigator , sir francis drake was born in the nearby town of tavistock and was the mayor of plymouth . he was the first englishman to circumnavigate the world and was known by the spanish as el draco meaning " the dragon " after he raided many of their ships . he died of dysentery in 1596 off the coast of puerto rico . in 2002 a mission to recover his body and bring it to plymouth was allowed by the ministry of defence . his cousin and contemporary john hawkins was a plymouth man . painter sir joshua reynolds , founder and first president of the royal academy was born and educated in nearby plympton , now part of plymouth . william cookworthy born in kingsbridge set up his successful porcelain business in the city and was a close friend of john smeaton designer of the eddystone lighthouse . on 26 january 1786 , benjamin robert haydon , an english painter who specialised in grand historical pictures , was born here . the naturalist dr william elford leach frs , who did much to pave the way in britain for charles darwin , was born at hoe gate in 1791 . [ sep ] el draco
the elizabethan navigator , sir francis drake was born in the nearby town of tavistock and was the mayor of plymouth . he was the first englishman to circumnavigate the world and was known by the spanish as el draco meaning " the dragon " after he raided many of their ships . he died of dysentery in 1596 off the coast of puerto rico . in 2002 a mission to recover his body and bring it to plymouth was allowed by the ministry of defence . his cousin and contemporary john hawkins was a plymouth man . painter sir joshua reynolds , founder and first president of the royal academy was born and educated in nearby plympton , now part of plymouth . william cookworthy born in kingsbridge set up his successful porcelain business in the city and was a close friend of john smeaton designer of the eddystone lighthouse . on 26 january 1786 , benjamin robert haydon , an english painter who specialised in grand historical pictures , was born here . the naturalist dr william elford leach frs , who did much to pave the way in britain for charles darwin , was born at hoe gate in 1791 . [ sep ] 1596
the elizabethan navigator , sir francis drake was born in the nearby town of tavistock and was the mayor of plymouth . he was the first englishman to circumnavigate the world and was known by the spanish as el draco meaning " the dragon " after he raided many of their ships . he died of dysentery in 1596 off the coast of puerto rico . in 2002 a mission to recover his body and bring it to plymouth was allowed by the ministry of defence . his cousin and contemporary john hawkins was a plymouth man . painter sir joshua reynolds , founder and first president of the royal academy was born and educated in nearby plympton , now part of plymouth . william cookworthy born in kingsbridge set up his successful porcelain business in the city and was a close friend of john smeaton designer of the eddystone lighthouse . on 26 january 1786 , benjamin robert haydon , an english painter who specialised in grand historical pictures , was born here . the naturalist dr william elford leach frs , who did much to pave the way in britain for charles darwin , was born at hoe gate in 1791 . [ sep ] dysentery
the elizabethan navigator , sir francis drake was born in the nearby town of tavistock and was the mayor of plymouth . he was the first englishman to circumnavigate the world and was known by the spanish as el draco meaning " the dragon " after he raided many of their ships . he died of dysentery in 1596 off the coast of puerto rico . in 2002 a mission to recover his body and bring it to plymouth was allowed by the ministry of defence . his cousin and contemporary john hawkins was a plymouth man . painter sir joshua reynolds , founder and first president of the royal academy was born and educated in nearby plympton , now part of plymouth . william cookworthy born in kingsbridge set up his successful porcelain business in the city and was a close friend of john smeaton designer of the eddystone lighthouse . on 26 january 1786 , benjamin robert haydon , an english painter who specialised in grand historical pictures , was born here . the naturalist dr william elford leach frs , who did much to pave the way in britain for charles darwin , was born at hoe gate in 1791 . [ sep ] sir joshua reynolds
antarctic explorers robert falcon scott and frank bickerton both lived in the city . artists include beryl cook whose paintings depict the culture of plymouth and robert lenkiewicz , whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy , sexual behaviour and suicide , lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002 . illustrator and creator of children ' s series mr benn and king rollo , david mckee , was born and brought up in south devon and trained at plymouth college of art . jazz musician john surman , born in nearby tavistock , has close connections to the area , evidenced by his 2012 album saltash bells . the avant garde prepared guitarist keith rowe was born in the city before establishing the jazz free improvisation band amm in london in 1965 and mimeo in 1997 . the musician and film director cosmo jarvis has lived in several towns in south devon and has filmed videos in and around plymouth . in addition , actors sir donald sinden and judi trott . george passmore of turner prize winning duo gilbert and george was born in the city , as was labour politician michael foot whose family reside at nearby trematon castle . [ sep ] robert lenkiewicz
antarctic explorers robert falcon scott and frank bickerton both lived in the city . artists include beryl cook whose paintings depict the culture of plymouth and robert lenkiewicz , whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy , sexual behaviour and suicide , lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002 . illustrator and creator of children ' s series mr benn and king rollo , david mckee , was born and brought up in south devon and trained at plymouth college of art . jazz musician john surman , born in nearby tavistock , has close connections to the area , evidenced by his 2012 album saltash bells . the avant garde prepared guitarist keith rowe was born in the city before establishing the jazz free improvisation band amm in london in 1965 and mimeo in 1997 . the musician and film director cosmo jarvis has lived in several towns in south devon and has filmed videos in and around plymouth . in addition , actors sir donald sinden and judi trott . george passmore of turner prize winning duo gilbert and george was born in the city , as was labour politician michael foot whose family reside at nearby trematon castle . [ sep ] plymouth college of art
antarctic explorers robert falcon scott and frank bickerton both lived in the city . artists include beryl cook whose paintings depict the culture of plymouth and robert lenkiewicz , whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy , sexual behaviour and suicide , lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002 . illustrator and creator of children ' s series mr benn and king rollo , david mckee , was born and brought up in south devon and trained at plymouth college of art . jazz musician john surman , born in nearby tavistock , has close connections to the area , evidenced by his 2012 album saltash bells . the avant garde prepared guitarist keith rowe was born in the city before establishing the jazz free improvisation band amm in london in 1965 and mimeo in 1997 . the musician and film director cosmo jarvis has lived in several towns in south devon and has filmed videos in and around plymouth . in addition , actors sir donald sinden and judi trott . george passmore of turner prize winning duo gilbert and george was born in the city , as was labour politician michael foot whose family reside at nearby trematon castle . [ sep ] jazz
antarctic explorers robert falcon scott and frank bickerton both lived in the city . artists include beryl cook whose paintings depict the culture of plymouth and robert lenkiewicz , whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy , sexual behaviour and suicide , lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002 . illustrator and creator of children ' s series mr benn and king rollo , david mckee , was born and brought up in south devon and trained at plymouth college of art . jazz musician john surman , born in nearby tavistock , has close connections to the area , evidenced by his 2012 album saltash bells . the avant garde prepared guitarist keith rowe was born in the city before establishing the jazz free improvisation band amm in london in 1965 and mimeo in 1997 . the musician and film director cosmo jarvis has lived in several towns in south devon and has filmed videos in and around plymouth . in addition , actors sir donald sinden and judi trott . george passmore of turner prize winning duo gilbert and george was born in the city , as was labour politician michael foot whose family reside at nearby trematon castle . [ sep ] keith rowe
antarctic explorers robert falcon scott and frank bickerton both lived in the city . artists include beryl cook whose paintings depict the culture of plymouth and robert lenkiewicz , whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy , sexual behaviour and suicide , lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002 . illustrator and creator of children ' s series mr benn and king rollo , david mckee , was born and brought up in south devon and trained at plymouth college of art . jazz musician john surman , born in nearby tavistock , has close connections to the area , evidenced by his 2012 album saltash bells . the avant garde prepared guitarist keith rowe was born in the city before establishing the jazz free improvisation band amm in london in 1965 and mimeo in 1997 . the musician and film director cosmo jarvis has lived in several towns in south devon and has filmed videos in and around plymouth . in addition , actors sir donald sinden and judi trott . george passmore of turner prize winning duo gilbert and george was born in the city , as was labour politician michael foot whose family reside at nearby trematon castle . [ sep ] trematon castle
vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights . headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle , designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible . many manufactures are turning to led headlights as an energy - efficient alternative to traditional headlamps . tail and brake lights are red and emit light to the rear so as to reveal the vehicle ' s direction of travel to following drivers . white rear - facing reversing lamps indicate that the vehicle ' s transmission has been placed in the reverse gear , warning anyone behind the vehicle that it is moving backwards , or about to do so . flashing turn signals on the front , side , and rear of the vehicle indicate an intended change of position or direction . in the late 1950s , some automakers began to use electroluminescent technology to backlight their cars ' speedometers and other gauges or to draw attention to logos or other decorative elements . [ sep ] red
vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights . headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle , designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible . many manufactures are turning to led headlights as an energy - efficient alternative to traditional headlamps . tail and brake lights are red and emit light to the rear so as to reveal the vehicle ' s direction of travel to following drivers . white rear - facing reversing lamps indicate that the vehicle ' s transmission has been placed in the reverse gear , warning anyone behind the vehicle that it is moving backwards , or about to do so . flashing turn signals on the front , side , and rear of the vehicle indicate an intended change of position or direction . in the late 1950s , some automakers began to use electroluminescent technology to backlight their cars ' speedometers and other gauges or to draw attention to logos or other decorative elements . [ sep ] white or selective yellow
vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights . headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle , designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible . many manufactures are turning to led headlights as an energy - efficient alternative to traditional headlamps . tail and brake lights are red and emit light to the rear so as to reveal the vehicle ' s direction of travel to following drivers . white rear - facing reversing lamps indicate that the vehicle ' s transmission has been placed in the reverse gear , warning anyone behind the vehicle that it is moving backwards , or about to do so . flashing turn signals on the front , side , and rear of the vehicle indicate an intended change of position or direction . in the late 1950s , some automakers began to use electroluminescent technology to backlight their cars ' speedometers and other gauges or to draw attention to logos or other decorative elements . [ sep ] late 1950s
vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights . headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle , designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible . many manufactures are turning to led headlights as an energy - efficient alternative to traditional headlamps . tail and brake lights are red and emit light to the rear so as to reveal the vehicle ' s direction of travel to following drivers . white rear - facing reversing lamps indicate that the vehicle ' s transmission has been placed in the reverse gear , warning anyone behind the vehicle that it is moving backwards , or about to do so . flashing turn signals on the front , side , and rear of the vehicle indicate an intended change of position or direction . in the late 1950s , some automakers began to use electroluminescent technology to backlight their cars ' speedometers and other gauges or to draw attention to logos or other decorative elements . [ sep ] white
vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights . headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle , designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible . many manufactures are turning to led headlights as an energy - efficient alternative to traditional headlamps . tail and brake lights are red and emit light to the rear so as to reveal the vehicle ' s direction of travel to following drivers . white rear - facing reversing lamps indicate that the vehicle ' s transmission has been placed in the reverse gear , warning anyone behind the vehicle that it is moving backwards , or about to do so . flashing turn signals on the front , side , and rear of the vehicle indicate an intended change of position or direction . in the late 1950s , some automakers began to use electroluminescent technology to backlight their cars ' speedometers and other gauges or to draw attention to logos or other decorative elements . [ sep ] turn signals
notable athletes include swimmer sharron davies , diver tom daley , dancer wayne sleep , and footballer trevor francis . other past residents include composer journalist and newspaper editor william henry wills , ron goodwin , and journalist angela rippon and comedian dawn french . canadian politician and legal scholar chris axworthy hails from plymouth . america based actor donald moffat , whose roles include american vice president lyndon b . johnson in the film the right stuff , and fictional president bennett in clear and present danger , was born in plymouth . [ sep ] footballer
notable athletes include swimmer sharron davies , diver tom daley , dancer wayne sleep , and footballer trevor francis . other past residents include composer journalist and newspaper editor william henry wills , ron goodwin , and journalist angela rippon and comedian dawn french . canadian politician and legal scholar chris axworthy hails from plymouth . america based actor donald moffat , whose roles include american vice president lyndon b . johnson in the film the right stuff , and fictional president bennett in clear and present danger , was born in plymouth . [ sep ] canadian
notable athletes include swimmer sharron davies , diver tom daley , dancer wayne sleep , and footballer trevor francis . other past residents include composer journalist and newspaper editor william henry wills , ron goodwin , and journalist angela rippon and comedian dawn french . canadian politician and legal scholar chris axworthy hails from plymouth . america based actor donald moffat , whose roles include american vice president lyndon b . johnson in the film the right stuff , and fictional president bennett in clear and present danger , was born in plymouth . [ sep ] lyndon b . johnson
notable athletes include swimmer sharron davies , diver tom daley , dancer wayne sleep , and footballer trevor francis . other past residents include composer journalist and newspaper editor william henry wills , ron goodwin , and journalist angela rippon and comedian dawn french . canadian politician and legal scholar chris axworthy hails from plymouth . america based actor donald moffat , whose roles include american vice president lyndon b . johnson in the film the right stuff , and fictional president bennett in clear and present danger , was born in plymouth . [ sep ] clear and present danger
notable athletes include swimmer sharron davies , diver tom daley , dancer wayne sleep , and footballer trevor francis . other past residents include composer journalist and newspaper editor william henry wills , ron goodwin , and journalist angela rippon and comedian dawn french . canadian politician and legal scholar chris axworthy hails from plymouth . america based actor donald moffat , whose roles include american vice president lyndon b . johnson in the film the right stuff , and fictional president bennett in clear and present danger , was born in plymouth . [ sep ] comedian
commonly called ' light bulbs ' , lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture , which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation . while lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption , expressed in watts , proliferation of lighting technology beyond the incandescent light bulb has eliminated the correspondence of wattage to the amount of light produced . for example , a 60 w incandescent light bulb produces about the same amount of light as a 13 w compact fluorescent lamp . each of these technologies has a different efficacy in converting electrical energy to visible light . visible light output is typically measured in lumens . this unit only quantifies the visible radiation , and excludes invisible infrared and ultraviolet light . a wax candle produces on the close order of 13 lumens , a 60 watt incandescent lamp makes around 700 lumens , and a 15 - watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens , but actual output varies by specific design . rating and marketing emphasis is shifting away from wattage and towards lumen output , to give the purchaser a directly applicable basis upon which to select a lamp . [ sep ] light bulbs
commonly called ' light bulbs ' , lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture , which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation . while lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption , expressed in watts , proliferation of lighting technology beyond the incandescent light bulb has eliminated the correspondence of wattage to the amount of light produced . for example , a 60 w incandescent light bulb produces about the same amount of light as a 13 w compact fluorescent lamp . each of these technologies has a different efficacy in converting electrical energy to visible light . visible light output is typically measured in lumens . this unit only quantifies the visible radiation , and excludes invisible infrared and ultraviolet light . a wax candle produces on the close order of 13 lumens , a 60 watt incandescent lamp makes around 700 lumens , and a 15 - watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens , but actual output varies by specific design . rating and marketing emphasis is shifting away from wattage and towards lumen output , to give the purchaser a directly applicable basis upon which to select a lamp . [ sep ] electrical energy
commonly called ' light bulbs ' , lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture , which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation . while lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption , expressed in watts , proliferation of lighting technology beyond the incandescent light bulb has eliminated the correspondence of wattage to the amount of light produced . for example , a 60 w incandescent light bulb produces about the same amount of light as a 13 w compact fluorescent lamp . each of these technologies has a different efficacy in converting electrical energy to visible light . visible light output is typically measured in lumens . this unit only quantifies the visible radiation , and excludes invisible infrared and ultraviolet light . a wax candle produces on the close order of 13 lumens , a 60 watt incandescent lamp makes around 700 lumens , and a 15 - watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens , but actual output varies by specific design . rating and marketing emphasis is shifting away from wattage and towards lumen output , to give the purchaser a directly applicable basis upon which to select a lamp . [ sep ] 60 w
commonly called ' light bulbs ' , lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture , which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation . while lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption , expressed in watts , proliferation of lighting technology beyond the incandescent light bulb has eliminated the correspondence of wattage to the amount of light produced . for example , a 60 w incandescent light bulb produces about the same amount of light as a 13 w compact fluorescent lamp . each of these technologies has a different efficacy in converting electrical energy to visible light . visible light output is typically measured in lumens . this unit only quantifies the visible radiation , and excludes invisible infrared and ultraviolet light . a wax candle produces on the close order of 13 lumens , a 60 watt incandescent lamp makes around 700 lumens , and a 15 - watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens , but actual output varies by specific design . rating and marketing emphasis is shifting away from wattage and towards lumen output , to give the purchaser a directly applicable basis upon which to select a lamp . [ sep ] 800 lumens
lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as ' architectural lighting design ' . lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required , occupants of the structure , energy efficiency and cost . artificial lighting takes into account the amount of daylight received in an internal space by using daylight factor calculation . for simple installations , hand - calculations based on tabular data are used to provide an acceptable lighting design . more critical or optimized designs now routinely use mathematical modeling on a computer using software such as radiance which can allow an architect to quickly undertake complex calculations to review the benefit of a particular design . [ sep ] architectural lighting design
lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as ' architectural lighting design ' . lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required , occupants of the structure , energy efficiency and cost . artificial lighting takes into account the amount of daylight received in an internal space by using daylight factor calculation . for simple installations , hand - calculations based on tabular data are used to provide an acceptable lighting design . more critical or optimized designs now routinely use mathematical modeling on a computer using software such as radiance which can allow an architect to quickly undertake complex calculations to review the benefit of a particular design . [ sep ] kno
lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as ' architectural lighting design ' . lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required , occupants of the structure , energy efficiency and cost . artificial lighting takes into account the amount of daylight received in an internal space by using daylight factor calculation . for simple installations , hand - calculations based on tabular data are used to provide an acceptable lighting design . more critical or optimized designs now routinely use mathematical modeling on a computer using software such as radiance which can allow an architect to quickly undertake complex calculations to review the benefit of a particular design . [ sep ] radiance
lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as ' architectural lighting design ' . lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required , occupants of the structure , energy efficiency and cost . artificial lighting takes into account the amount of daylight received in an internal space by using daylight factor calculation . for simple installations , hand - calculations based on tabular data are used to provide an acceptable lighting design . more critical or optimized designs now routinely use mathematical modeling on a computer using software such as radiance which can allow an architect to quickly undertake complex calculations to review the benefit of a particular design . [ sep ] tabular
lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as ' architectural lighting design ' . lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required , occupants of the structure , energy efficiency and cost . artificial lighting takes into account the amount of daylight received in an internal space by using daylight factor calculation . for simple installations , hand - calculations based on tabular data are used to provide an acceptable lighting design . more critical or optimized designs now routinely use mathematical modeling on a computer using software such as radiance which can allow an architect to quickly undertake complex calculations to review the benefit of a particular design . [ sep ] daylight factor calculation .
in some design instances , materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect < for example dark paint tends to absorb light , making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is , whereas light paint does the opposite . in addition to paint , reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting design . [ sep ] dark paint
in some design instances , materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect < for example dark paint tends to absorb light , making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is , whereas light paint does the opposite . in addition to paint , reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting design . [ sep ] light paint
photometric studies ( also sometimes referred to as " layouts " or " point by points " ) are often used to simulate lighting designs for projects before they are built or renovated . this enables architects , lighting designers , and engineers to determine whether a proposed lighting setup will deliver the amount of light intended . they will also be able to determine the contrast ratio between light and dark areas . in many cases these studies are referenced against iesna or cibse recommended lighting practices for the type of application . depending on the type of area , different design aspects may be emphasized for safety or practicality ( i . e . such as maintaining uniform light levels , avoiding glare or highlighting certain areas ) . specialized software is often used to create these , which typically combine the use of two - dimensional digital cad drawings and lighting calculation software ( i . e . agi32or dialux ) . [ sep ] photometric studies
lighting illuminates the performers and artists in a live theatre , dance , or musical performance , and is selected and arranged to create dramatic effects . stage lighting uses general illumination technology in devices configured for easy adjustment of their output characteristics . [ citation needed ] the setup of stage lighting is tailored for each scene of each production . dimmers , colored filters , reflectors , lenses , motorized or manually aimed lamps , and different kinds of flood and spot lights are among the tools used by a stage lighting designer to produce the desired effects . a set of lighting cues are prepared so that the lighting operator can control the lights in step with the performance ; complex theatre lighting systems use computer control of lighting instruments . [ sep ] lighting cues
motion picture and television production use many of the same tools and methods of stage lighting . especially in the early days of these industries , very high light levels were required and heat produced by lighting equipment presented substantial challenges . modern cameras require less light , and modern light sources emit less heat . [ sep ] stage lighting
measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source , along with the colors that can be rendered by this light . the human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum , therefore photometric measurements must take the luminosity function into account when measuring the amount of useful light . the basic si unit of measurement is the candela ( cd ) , which describes the luminous intensity , all other photometric units are derived from the candela . luminance for instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction . it describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area , and falls within a given solid angle . the si unit for luminance is candela per square metre ( cd / m2 ) . the cgs unit of luminance is the stilb , which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd / m2 . the amount of useful light emitted from a source or the luminous flux is measured in lumen ( lm ) . [ sep ] candela ( cd )
measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source , along with the colors that can be rendered by this light . the human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum , therefore photometric measurements must take the luminosity function into account when measuring the amount of useful light . the basic si unit of measurement is the candela ( cd ) , which describes the luminous intensity , all other photometric units are derived from the candela . luminance for instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction . it describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area , and falls within a given solid angle . the si unit for luminance is candela per square metre ( cd / m2 ) . the cgs unit of luminance is the stilb , which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd / m2 . the amount of useful light emitted from a source or the luminous flux is measured in lumen ( lm ) . [ sep ] cd / m2
measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source , along with the colors that can be rendered by this light . the human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum , therefore photometric measurements must take the luminosity function into account when measuring the amount of useful light . the basic si unit of measurement is the candela ( cd ) , which describes the luminous intensity , all other photometric units are derived from the candela . luminance for instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction . it describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area , and falls within a given solid angle . the si unit for luminance is candela per square metre ( cd / m2 ) . the cgs unit of luminance is the stilb , which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd / m2 . the amount of useful light emitted from a source or the luminous flux is measured in lumen ( lm ) . [ sep ] stilb
measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source , along with the colors that can be rendered by this light . the human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum , therefore photometric measurements must take the luminosity function into account when measuring the amount of useful light . the basic si unit of measurement is the candela ( cd ) , which describes the luminous intensity , all other photometric units are derived from the candela . luminance for instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction . it describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area , and falls within a given solid angle . the si unit for luminance is candela per square metre ( cd / m2 ) . the cgs unit of luminance is the stilb , which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd / m2 . the amount of useful light emitted from a source or the luminous flux is measured in lumen ( lm ) . [ sep ] lumen ( lm )
the si unit of illuminance and luminous emittance , being the luminous power per area , is measured in lux . it is used in photometry as a measure of the intensity , as perceived by the human eye , of light that hits or passes through a surface . it is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre , but with the power at each wavelength weighted according to the luminosity function , a standardized model of human visual brightness perception . in english , " lux " is used in both singular and plural . [ sep ] luminosity function
the si unit of illuminance and luminous emittance , being the luminous power per area , is measured in lux . it is used in photometry as a measure of the intensity , as perceived by the human eye , of light that hits or passes through a surface . it is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre , but with the power at each wavelength weighted according to the luminosity function , a standardized model of human visual brightness perception . in english , " lux " is used in both singular and plural . [ sep ] lux
several measurement methods have been developed to control glare resulting from indoor lighting design . the unified glare rating ( ugr ) , the visual comfort probability , and the daylight glare index are some of the most well - known methods of measurement . in addition to these new methods , four main factors influence the degree of discomfort glare ; the luminance of the glare source , the solid angle of the glare source , the background luminance , and the position of the glare source in the field of view must all be taken into account . [ sep ] unified glare rating
to define light source color properties , the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics , correlated color temperature ( cct ) , commonly used as an indication of the apparent " warmth " or " coolness " of the light emitted by a source , and color rendering index ( cri ) , an indication of the light source ’ s ability to make objects appear natural . [ sep ] correlated color temperature
to define light source color properties , the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics , correlated color temperature ( cct ) , commonly used as an indication of the apparent " warmth " or " coolness " of the light emitted by a source , and color rendering index ( cri ) , an indication of the light source ’ s ability to make objects appear natural . [ sep ] color rendering index
to define light source color properties , the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics , correlated color temperature ( cct ) , commonly used as an indication of the apparent " warmth " or " coolness " of the light emitted by a source , and color rendering index ( cri ) , an indication of the light source ’ s ability to make objects appear natural . [ sep ] cri
to define light source color properties , the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics , correlated color temperature ( cct ) , commonly used as an indication of the apparent " warmth " or " coolness " of the light emitted by a source , and color rendering index ( cri ) , an indication of the light source ’ s ability to make objects appear natural . [ sep ] cct
for example , in order to meet the expectations for good color rendering in retail applications , research suggests using the well - established cri along with another metric called gamut area index ( gai ) . gai represents the relative separation of object colors illuminated by a light source ; the greater the gai , the greater the apparent saturation or vividness of the object colors . as a result , light sources which balance both cri and gai are generally preferred over ones that have only high cri or only high gai . [ sep ] gamut area index
for example , in order to meet the expectations for good color rendering in retail applications , research suggests using the well - established cri along with another metric called gamut area index ( gai ) . gai represents the relative separation of object colors illuminated by a light source ; the greater the gai , the greater the apparent saturation or vividness of the object colors . as a result , light sources which balance both cri and gai are generally preferred over ones that have only high cri or only high gai . [ sep ] gai
for example , in order to meet the expectations for good color rendering in retail applications , research suggests using the well - established cri along with another metric called gamut area index ( gai ) . gai represents the relative separation of object colors illuminated by a light source ; the greater the gai , the greater the apparent saturation or vividness of the object colors . as a result , light sources which balance both cri and gai are generally preferred over ones that have only high cri or only high gai . [ sep ] ano
typical measurements of light have used a dosimeter . dosimeters measure an individual ' s or an object ' s exposure to something in the environment , such as light dosimeters and ultraviolet dosimeters . [ sep ] light dosimeters
in order to specifically measure the amount of light entering the eye , personal circadian light meter called the daysimeter has been developed . this is the first device created to accurately measure and characterize light ( intensity , spectrum , timing , and duration ) entering the eye that affects the human body ' s clock . [ sep ] daysimeter
in order to specifically measure the amount of light entering the eye , personal circadian light meter called the daysimeter has been developed . this is the first device created to accurately measure and characterize light ( intensity , spectrum , timing , and duration ) entering the eye that affects the human body ' s clock . [ sep ] circadian light meter
the small , head - mounted device measures an individual ' s daily rest and activity patterns , as well as exposure to short - wavelength light that stimulates the circadian system . the device measures activity and light together at regular time intervals and electronically stores and logs its operating temperature . the daysimeter can gather data for up to 30 days for analysis . [ sep ] 30
the small , head - mounted device measures an individual ' s daily rest and activity patterns , as well as exposure to short - wavelength light that stimulates the circadian system . the device measures activity and light together at regular time intervals and electronically stores and logs its operating temperature . the daysimeter can gather data for up to 30 days for analysis . [ sep ] short - wavelength light
specification of illumination requirements is the basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task . clearly , much less light is required to illuminate a hallway compared to that needed for a word processing work station . generally speaking , the energy expended is proportional to the design illumination level . for example , a lighting level of 400 lux might be chosen for a work environment involving meeting rooms and conferences , whereas a level of 80 lux could be selected for building hallways . if the hallway standard simply emulates the conference room needs , then much more energy will be consumed than is needed . unfortunately , most of the lighting standards even today have been specified by industrial groups who manufacture and sell lighting , so that a historical commercial bias exists in designing most building lighting , especially for office and industrial settings . [ sep ] specification of illumination requirements
lighting control systems reduce energy usage and cost by helping to provide light only when and where it is needed . lighting control systems typically incorporate the use of time schedules , occupancy control , and photocell control ( i . e . daylight harvesting ) . some systems also support demand response and will automatically dim or turn off lights to take advantage of utility incentives . lighting control systems are sometimes incorporated into larger building automation systems . [ sep ] lighting control
many newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards ( such as zigbee ) , which provides benefits including easier installation ( no need to run control wires ) and interoperability with other standards - based building control systems ( e . g . security ) . [ sep ] wireless mesh open standards
many newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards ( such as zigbee ) , which provides benefits including easier installation ( no need to run control wires ) and interoperability with other standards - based building control systems ( e . g . security ) . [ sep ] zigbee
many newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards ( such as zigbee ) , which provides benefits including easier installation ( no need to run control wires ) and interoperability with other standards - based building control systems ( e . g . security ) . [ sep ] no
occupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting . when motion can no longer be detected , the lights shut off . passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat , such as the pattern created by a moving person . the control must have an unobstructed view of the building area being scanned . doors , partitions , stairways , etc . will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness . the best applications for passive infrared occupancy sensors are open spaces with a clear view of the area being scanned . ultrasonic sensors transmit sound above the range of human hearing and monitor the time it takes for the sound waves to return . a break in the pattern caused by any motion in the area triggers the control . ultrasonic sensors can see around obstructions and are best for areas with cabinets and shelving , restrooms , and open areas requiring 360 - degree coverage . some occupancy sensors utilize both passive infrared and ultrasonic technology , but are usually more expensive . they can be used to control one lamp , one fixture or many fixtures . [ sep ] occupancy sensors
occupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting . when motion can no longer be detected , the lights shut off . passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat , such as the pattern created by a moving person . the control must have an unobstructed view of the building area being scanned . doors , partitions , stairways , etc . will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness . the best applications for passive infrared occupancy sensors are open spaces with a clear view of the area being scanned . ultrasonic sensors transmit sound above the range of human hearing and monitor the time it takes for the sound waves to return . a break in the pattern caused by any motion in the area triggers the control . ultrasonic sensors can see around obstructions and are best for areas with cabinets and shelving , restrooms , and open areas requiring 360 - degree coverage . some occupancy sensors utilize both passive infrared and ultrasonic technology , but are usually more expensive . they can be used to control one lamp , one fixture or many fixtures . [ sep ] changes in heat
occupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting . when motion can no longer be detected , the lights shut off . passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat , such as the pattern created by a moving person . the control must have an unobstructed view of the building area being scanned . doors , partitions , stairways , etc . will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness . the best applications for passive infrared occupancy sensors are open spaces with a clear view of the area being scanned . ultrasonic sensors transmit sound above the range of human hearing and monitor the time it takes for the sound waves to return . a break in the pattern caused by any motion in the area triggers the control . ultrasonic sensors can see around obstructions and are best for areas with cabinets and shelving , restrooms , and open areas requiring 360 - degree coverage . some occupancy sensors utilize both passive infrared and ultrasonic technology , but are usually more expensive . they can be used to control one lamp , one fixture or many fixtures . [ sep ] ultrasonic sensors
occupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting . when motion can no longer be detected , the lights shut off . passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat , such as the pattern created by a moving person . the control must have an unobstructed view of the building area being scanned . doors , partitions , stairways , etc . will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness . the best applications for passive infrared occupancy sensors are open spaces with a clear view of the area being scanned . ultrasonic sensors transmit sound above the range of human hearing and monitor the time it takes for the sound waves to return . a break in the pattern caused by any motion in the area triggers the control . ultrasonic sensors can see around obstructions and are best for areas with cabinets and shelving , restrooms , and open areas requiring 360 - degree coverage . some occupancy sensors utilize both passive infrared and ultrasonic technology , but are usually more expensive . they can be used to control one lamp , one fixture or many fixtures . [ sep ] no
daylighting is the oldest method of interior lighting . daylighting is simply designing a space to use as much natural light as possible . this decreases energy consumption and costs , and requires less heating and cooling from the building . daylighting has also been proven to have positive effects on patients in hospitals as well as work and school performance . due to a lack of information that indicate the likely energy savings , daylighting schemes are not yet popular among most buildings . [ sep ] daylighting
daylighting is the oldest method of interior lighting . daylighting is simply designing a space to use as much natural light as possible . this decreases energy consumption and costs , and requires less heating and cooling from the building . daylighting has also been proven to have positive effects on patients in hospitals as well as work and school performance . due to a lack of information that indicate the likely energy savings , daylighting schemes are not yet popular among most buildings . [ sep ] not
in recent years light emitting diodes ( leds ) are becoming increasingly efficient leading to an extraordinary increase in the use of solid state lighting . in many situations , controlling the light emission of leds may be done most effectively by using the principles of nonimaging optics . [ sep ] leds
in recent years light emitting diodes ( leds ) are becoming increasingly efficient leading to an extraordinary increase in the use of solid state lighting . in many situations , controlling the light emission of leds may be done most effectively by using the principles of nonimaging optics . [ sep ] nonimaging optics
beyond the energy factors being considered , it is important not to over - design illumination , lest adverse health effects such as headache frequency , stress , and increased blood pressure be induced by the higher lighting levels . in addition , glare or excess light can decrease worker efficiency . [ sep ] higher lighting levels
analysis of lighting quality particularly emphasizes use of natural lighting , but also considers spectral content if artificial light is to be used . not only will greater reliance on natural light reduce energy consumption , but will favorably impact human health and performance . new studies have shown that the performance of students is influenced by the time and duration of daylight in their regular schedules . designing school facilities to incorporate the right types of light at the right time of day for the right duration may improve student performance and well - being . similarly , designing lighting systems that maximize the right amount of light at the appropriate time of day for the elderly may help relieve symptoms of alzheimer ' s disease . the human circadian system is entrained to a 24 - hour light - dark pattern that mimics the earth ’ s natural light / dark pattern . when those patterns are disrupted , they disrupt the natural circadian cycle . circadian disruption may lead to numerous health problems including breast cancer , seasonal affective disorder , delayed sleep phase syndrome , and other ailments . [ sep ] alzheimer ' s disease
analysis of lighting quality particularly emphasizes use of natural lighting , but also considers spectral content if artificial light is to be used . not only will greater reliance on natural light reduce energy consumption , but will favorably impact human health and performance . new studies have shown that the performance of students is influenced by the time and duration of daylight in their regular schedules . designing school facilities to incorporate the right types of light at the right time of day for the right duration may improve student performance and well - being . similarly , designing lighting systems that maximize the right amount of light at the appropriate time of day for the elderly may help relieve symptoms of alzheimer ' s disease . the human circadian system is entrained to a 24 - hour light - dark pattern that mimics the earth ’ s natural light / dark pattern . when those patterns are disrupted , they disrupt the natural circadian cycle . circadian disruption may lead to numerous health problems including breast cancer , seasonal affective disorder , delayed sleep phase syndrome , and other ailments . [ sep ] 24
analysis of lighting quality particularly emphasizes use of natural lighting , but also considers spectral content if artificial light is to be used . not only will greater reliance on natural light reduce energy consumption , but will favorably impact human health and performance . new studies have shown that the performance of students is influenced by the time and duration of daylight in their regular schedules . designing school facilities to incorporate the right types of light at the right time of day for the right duration may improve student performance and well - being . similarly , designing lighting systems that maximize the right amount of light at the appropriate time of day for the elderly may help relieve symptoms of alzheimer ' s disease . the human circadian system is entrained to a 24 - hour light - dark pattern that mimics the earth ’ s natural light / dark pattern . when those patterns are disrupted , they disrupt the natural circadian cycle . circadian disruption may lead to numerous health problems including breast cancer , seasonal affective disorder , delayed sleep phase syndrome , and other ailments . [ sep ] disrupt the natural circadian cycle
a study conducted in 1972 and 1981 , documented by robert ulrich , surveyed 23 surgical patients assigned to rooms looking out on a natural scene . the study concluded that patients assigned to rooms with windows allowing lots of natural light had shorter postoperative hospital stays , received fewer negative evaluative comments in nurses ’ notes , and took fewer potent analegesics than 23 matched patients in similar rooms with windows facing a brick wall . this study suggests that due to the nature of the scenery and daylight exposure was indeed healthier for patients as opposed to those exposed to little light from the brick wall . in addition to increased work performance , proper usage of windows and daylighting crosses the boundaries between pure aesthetics and overall health . [ sep ] robert ulrich
a study conducted in 1972 and 1981 , documented by robert ulrich , surveyed 23 surgical patients assigned to rooms looking out on a natural scene . the study concluded that patients assigned to rooms with windows allowing lots of natural light had shorter postoperative hospital stays , received fewer negative evaluative comments in nurses ’ notes , and took fewer potent analegesics than 23 matched patients in similar rooms with windows facing a brick wall . this study suggests that due to the nature of the scenery and daylight exposure was indeed healthier for patients as opposed to those exposed to little light from the brick wall . in addition to increased work performance , proper usage of windows and daylighting crosses the boundaries between pure aesthetics and overall health . [ sep ] no
a study conducted in 1972 and 1981 , documented by robert ulrich , surveyed 23 surgical patients assigned to rooms looking out on a natural scene . the study concluded that patients assigned to rooms with windows allowing lots of natural light had shorter postoperative hospital stays , received fewer negative evaluative comments in nurses ’ notes , and took fewer potent analegesics than 23 matched patients in similar rooms with windows facing a brick wall . this study suggests that due to the nature of the scenery and daylight exposure was indeed healthier for patients as opposed to those exposed to little light from the brick wall . in addition to increased work performance , proper usage of windows and daylighting crosses the boundaries between pure aesthetics and overall health . [ sep ] no
alison jing xu , assistant professor of management at the university of toronto scarborough and aparna labroo of northwestern university conducted a series of studies analyzing the correlation between lighting and human emotion . the researchers asked participants to rate a number of things such as : the spiciness of chicken - wing sauce , the aggressiveness of a fictional character , how attractive someone was , their feelings about specific words , and the taste of two juices – all under different lighting conditions . in their study , they found that both positive and negative human emotions are felt more intensely in bright light . professor xu stated , " we found that on sunny days depression - prone people actually become more depressed . " they also found that dim light makes people make more rational decisions and settle negotiations easier . in the dark , emotions are slightly suppressed . however , emotions are intensified in the bright light . [ sep ] university of toronto scarborough
alison jing xu , assistant professor of management at the university of toronto scarborough and aparna labroo of northwestern university conducted a series of studies analyzing the correlation between lighting and human emotion . the researchers asked participants to rate a number of things such as : the spiciness of chicken - wing sauce , the aggressiveness of a fictional character , how attractive someone was , their feelings about specific words , and the taste of two juices – all under different lighting conditions . in their study , they found that both positive and negative human emotions are felt more intensely in bright light . professor xu stated , " we found that on sunny days depression - prone people actually become more depressed . " they also found that dim light makes people make more rational decisions and settle negotiations easier . in the dark , emotions are slightly suppressed . however , emotions are intensified in the bright light . [ sep ] northwestern university
in 1849 , dr . abraham gesner , a canadian geologist , devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum . earlier coal - gas methods had been used for lighting since the 1820s , but they were expensive . gesner ' s kerosene was cheap , easy to produce , could be burned in existing lamps , and did not produce an offensive odor as did most whale oil . it could be stored indefinitely , unlike whale oil , which would eventually spoil . the american petroleum boom began in the 1850s . by the end of the decade there were 30 kerosene plants operating in the united states . the cheaper , more efficient fuel began to drive whale oil out of the market . john d . rockefeller was most responsible for the commercial success of kerosene . he set up a network of kerosene distilleries which would later become standard oil , thus completely abolishing the need for whale - oil lamps . these types of lamps may catch fire or emit carbon - monoxide and sometimes are odorous making them problematic for asthmatic people . [ sep ] dr . abraham gesner
in 1849 , dr . abraham gesner , a canadian geologist , devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum . earlier coal - gas methods had been used for lighting since the 1820s , but they were expensive . gesner ' s kerosene was cheap , easy to produce , could be burned in existing lamps , and did not produce an offensive odor as did most whale oil . it could be stored indefinitely , unlike whale oil , which would eventually spoil . the american petroleum boom began in the 1850s . by the end of the decade there were 30 kerosene plants operating in the united states . the cheaper , more efficient fuel began to drive whale oil out of the market . john d . rockefeller was most responsible for the commercial success of kerosene . he set up a network of kerosene distilleries which would later become standard oil , thus completely abolishing the need for whale - oil lamps . these types of lamps may catch fire or emit carbon - monoxide and sometimes are odorous making them problematic for asthmatic people . [ sep ] 1849
in 1849 , dr . abraham gesner , a canadian geologist , devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum . earlier coal - gas methods had been used for lighting since the 1820s , but they were expensive . gesner ' s kerosene was cheap , easy to produce , could be burned in existing lamps , and did not produce an offensive odor as did most whale oil . it could be stored indefinitely , unlike whale oil , which would eventually spoil . the american petroleum boom began in the 1850s . by the end of the decade there were 30 kerosene plants operating in the united states . the cheaper , more efficient fuel began to drive whale oil out of the market . john d . rockefeller was most responsible for the commercial success of kerosene . he set up a network of kerosene distilleries which would later become standard oil , thus completely abolishing the need for whale - oil lamps . these types of lamps may catch fire or emit carbon - monoxide and sometimes are odorous making them problematic for asthmatic people . [ sep ] coal - gas methods
compact fluorescent lamps ( aka ' cfls ' ) use less power to supply the same amount of light as an incandescent lamp , however they contain mercury which is a dispose hazard . due to the ability to reduce electric consumption , many organizations have undertaken measures to encourage the adoption of cfls . some electric utilities and local governments have subsidized cfls or provided them free to customers as a means of reducing electric demand . for a given light output , cfls use between one fifth and one quarter of the power of an equivalent incandescent lamp . one of the simplest and quickest ways for a household or business to become more energy efficient is to adopt cfls as the main lamp source , as suggested by the alliance for climate protection . unlike incandescent lamps cfl ' s need a little time to ' warm up ' and reach full brightness . care should be taken when selecting cfl ' s because not all of them are suitable for dimming . [ sep ] compact fluorescent lamps
compact fluorescent lamps ( aka ' cfls ' ) use less power to supply the same amount of light as an incandescent lamp , however they contain mercury which is a dispose hazard . due to the ability to reduce electric consumption , many organizations have undertaken measures to encourage the adoption of cfls . some electric utilities and local governments have subsidized cfls or provided them free to customers as a means of reducing electric demand . for a given light output , cfls use between one fifth and one quarter of the power of an equivalent incandescent lamp . one of the simplest and quickest ways for a household or business to become more energy efficient is to adopt cfls as the main lamp source , as suggested by the alliance for climate protection . unlike incandescent lamps cfl ' s need a little time to ' warm up ' and reach full brightness . care should be taken when selecting cfl ' s because not all of them are suitable for dimming . [ sep ] not
led lamps have been advocated as the newest and best environmental lighting method . according to the energy saving trust , led lamps use only 10 % power compared to a standard incandescent bulb , where compact fluorescent lamps use 20 % and energy saving halogen lamps 70 % . the lifetime is also much longer — up to 50 , 000 hours . a downside is still the initial cost , which is higher than that of compact fluorescent lamps . [ sep ] 10 %
led lamps have been advocated as the newest and best environmental lighting method . according to the energy saving trust , led lamps use only 10 % power compared to a standard incandescent bulb , where compact fluorescent lamps use 20 % and energy saving halogen lamps 70 % . the lifetime is also much longer — up to 50 , 000 hours . a downside is still the initial cost , which is higher than that of compact fluorescent lamps . [ sep ] 50 , 000
led lamps have been advocated as the newest and best environmental lighting method . according to the energy saving trust , led lamps use only 10 % power compared to a standard incandescent bulb , where compact fluorescent lamps use 20 % and energy saving halogen lamps 70 % . the lifetime is also much longer — up to 50 , 000 hours . a downside is still the initial cost , which is higher than that of compact fluorescent lamps . [ sep ] 50 , 000 hours
led lamps have been advocated as the newest and best environmental lighting method . according to the energy saving trust , led lamps use only 10 % power compared to a standard incandescent bulb , where compact fluorescent lamps use 20 % and energy saving halogen lamps 70 % . the lifetime is also much longer — up to 50 , 000 hours . a downside is still the initial cost , which is higher than that of compact fluorescent lamps . [ sep ] 70 %
light pollution is a growing problem in reaction to excess light being given off by numerous signs , houses , and buildings . polluting light is often wasted light involving unnecessary energy costs and carbon dioxide emissions . light pollution is described as artificial light that is excessive or intrudes where it is not wanted . well - designed lighting sends light only where it is needed without scattering it elsewhere . poorly designed lighting can also compromise safety . for example , glare creates safety issues around buildings by causing very sharp shadows , temporarily blinding passersby making them vulnerable to would - be assailants . [ sep ] light pollution
light pollution is a growing problem in reaction to excess light being given off by numerous signs , houses , and buildings . polluting light is often wasted light involving unnecessary energy costs and carbon dioxide emissions . light pollution is described as artificial light that is excessive or intrudes where it is not wanted . well - designed lighting sends light only where it is needed without scattering it elsewhere . poorly designed lighting can also compromise safety . for example , glare creates safety issues around buildings by causing very sharp shadows , temporarily blinding passersby making them vulnerable to would - be assailants . [ sep ] glare
from a military standpoint , lighting is a critical part of the battlefield conditions . shadows are good places to hide , while bright areas are more exposed . it is often beneficial to fight with the sun or other light source behind you , giving your enemy disturbing visual glare and partially hiding your own movements in backlight . if natural light is not present searchlights and flares can be used . however the use of light may disclose your own hidden position and modern warfare have seen increased use of night vision through the use of infrared cameras and image intensifiers . [ sep ] searchlights and flares
from a military standpoint , lighting is a critical part of the battlefield conditions . shadows are good places to hide , while bright areas are more exposed . it is often beneficial to fight with the sun or other light source behind you , giving your enemy disturbing visual glare and partially hiding your own movements in backlight . if natural light is not present searchlights and flares can be used . however the use of light may disclose your own hidden position and modern warfare have seen increased use of night vision through the use of infrared cameras and image intensifiers . [ sep ] light
from a military standpoint , lighting is a critical part of the battlefield conditions . shadows are good places to hide , while bright areas are more exposed . it is often beneficial to fight with the sun or other light source behind you , giving your enemy disturbing visual glare and partially hiding your own movements in backlight . if natural light is not present searchlights and flares can be used . however the use of light may disclose your own hidden position and modern warfare have seen increased use of night vision through the use of infrared cameras and image intensifiers . [ sep ] infrared cameras
flares can also be used by the military to mark positions , usually for targeting , but laser - guided and gps weapons have eliminated this need for the most part . [ sep ] flares
flares can also be used by the military to mark positions , usually for targeting , but laser - guided and gps weapons have eliminated this need for the most part . [ sep ] laser - guided and gps weapons
the international commission on illumination ( cie ) is an international authority and standard defining organization on color and lighting . publishing widely used standard metrics such as various cie color spaces and the color rendering index . [ sep ] international commission on illumination
the illuminating engineering society of north america ( iesna ) , in conjunction with organizations like ansi and ashrae , publishes guidelines , standards , and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments . manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products , which defines the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire . this data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the iesna . [ sep ] the illuminating engineering society of north america
the illuminating engineering society of north america ( iesna ) , in conjunction with organizations like ansi and ashrae , publishes guidelines , standards , and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments . manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products , which defines the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire . this data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the iesna . [ sep ] ansi and ashrae
the illuminating engineering society of north america ( iesna ) , in conjunction with organizations like ansi and ashrae , publishes guidelines , standards , and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments . manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products , which defines the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire . this data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the iesna . [ sep ] distribution of light released
the international association of lighting designers ( iald ) is an organization which focuses on the advancement of lighting design education and the recognition of independent professional lighting designers . those fully independent designers who meet the requirements for professional membership in the association typically append the abbreviation iald to their name . [ sep ] the international association of lighting designers
the professional lighting designers association ( plda ) , formerly known as elda is an organisation focusing on the promotion of the profession of architectural lighting design . they publish a monthly newsletter and organise different events throughout the world . [ sep ] the professional lighting designers association
the professional lighting designers association ( plda ) , formerly known as elda is an organisation focusing on the promotion of the profession of architectural lighting design . they publish a monthly newsletter and organise different events throughout the world . [ sep ] elda
the national council on qualifications for the lighting professions ( ncqlp ) offers the lighting certification examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles . individuals who pass this exam become ‘ lighting certified ’ and may append the abbreviation lc to their name . this certification process is one of three national ( u . s . ) examinations ( the others are clep and clmc ) in the lighting industry and is open not only to designers , but to lighting equipment manufacturers , electric utility employees , etc . [ sep ] ncqlp
the national council on qualifications for the lighting professions ( ncqlp ) offers the lighting certification examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles . individuals who pass this exam become ‘ lighting certified ’ and may append the abbreviation lc to their name . this certification process is one of three national ( u . s . ) examinations ( the others are clep and clmc ) in the lighting industry and is open not only to designers , but to lighting equipment manufacturers , electric utility employees , etc . [ sep ] the national council on qualifications for the lighting professions
the national council on qualifications for the lighting professions ( ncqlp ) offers the lighting certification examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles . individuals who pass this exam become ‘ lighting certified ’ and may append the abbreviation lc to their name . this certification process is one of three national ( u . s . ) examinations ( the others are clep and clmc ) in the lighting industry and is open not only to designers , but to lighting equipment manufacturers , electric utility employees , etc . [ sep ] lc
the national council on qualifications for the lighting professions ( ncqlp ) offers the lighting certification examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles . individuals who pass this exam become ‘ lighting certified ’ and may append the abbreviation lc to their name . this certification process is one of three national ( u . s . ) examinations ( the others are clep and clmc ) in the lighting industry and is open not only to designers , but to lighting equipment manufacturers , electric utility employees , etc . [ sep ] clep and clmc
the professional lighting and sound association ( plasa ) is a uk - based trade organisation representing the 500 + individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services sector . its members include manufacturers and distributors of stage and entertainment lighting , sound , rigging and similar products and services , and affiliated professionals in the area . they lobby for and represent the interests of the industry at various levels , interacting with government and regulating bodies and presenting the case for the entertainment industry . example subjects of this representation include the ongoing review of radio frequencies ( which may or may not affect the radio bands in which wireless microphones and other devices use ) and engaging with the issues surrounding the introduction of the rohs ( restriction of hazardous substances directive ) regulations . [ sep ] the professional lighting and sound association
the professional lighting and sound association ( plasa ) is a uk - based trade organisation representing the 500 + individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services sector . its members include manufacturers and distributors of stage and entertainment lighting , sound , rigging and similar products and services , and affiliated professionals in the area . they lobby for and represent the interests of the industry at various levels , interacting with government and regulating bodies and presenting the case for the entertainment industry . example subjects of this representation include the ongoing review of radio frequencies ( which may or may not affect the radio bands in which wireless microphones and other devices use ) and engaging with the issues surrounding the introduction of the rohs ( restriction of hazardous substances directive ) regulations . [ sep ] uk
the professional lighting and sound association ( plasa ) is a uk - based trade organisation representing the 500 + individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services sector . its members include manufacturers and distributors of stage and entertainment lighting , sound , rigging and similar products and services , and affiliated professionals in the area . they lobby for and represent the interests of the industry at various levels , interacting with government and regulating bodies and presenting the case for the entertainment industry . example subjects of this representation include the ongoing review of radio frequencies ( which may or may not affect the radio bands in which wireless microphones and other devices use ) and engaging with the issues surrounding the introduction of the rohs ( restriction of hazardous substances directive ) regulations . [ sep ] 500 +
the professional lighting and sound association ( plasa ) is a uk - based trade organisation representing the 500 + individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services sector . its members include manufacturers and distributors of stage and entertainment lighting , sound , rigging and similar products and services , and affiliated professionals in the area . they lobby for and represent the interests of the industry at various levels , interacting with government and regulating bodies and presenting the case for the entertainment industry . example subjects of this representation include the ongoing review of radio frequencies ( which may or may not affect the radio bands in which wireless microphones and other devices use ) and engaging with the issues surrounding the introduction of the rohs ( restriction of hazardous substances directive ) regulations . [ sep ] restriction of hazardous substances directive
architecture ( latin architectura , from the greek αρχιτεκτων arkhitekton " architect " , from αρχι - " chief " and τεκτων " builder " ) is both the process and the product of planning , designing , and constructing buildings and other physical structures . architectural works , in the material form of buildings , are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art . historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements . [ sep ] architectura
architecture ( latin architectura , from the greek αρχιτεκτων arkhitekton " architect " , from αρχι - " chief " and τεκτων " builder " ) is both the process and the product of planning , designing , and constructing buildings and other physical structures . architectural works , in the material form of buildings , are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art . historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements . [ sep ] architecture
architecture ( latin architectura , from the greek αρχιτεκτων arkhitekton " architect " , from αρχι - " chief " and τεκτων " builder " ) is both the process and the product of planning , designing , and constructing buildings and other physical structures . architectural works , in the material form of buildings , are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art . historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements . [ sep ] architectural works
architecture ( latin architectura , from the greek αρχιτεκτων arkhitekton " architect " , from αρχι - " chief " and τεκτων " builder " ) is both the process and the product of planning , designing , and constructing buildings and other physical structures . architectural works , in the material form of buildings , are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art . historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements . [ sep ] architectural achievements
architecture ( latin architectura , from the greek αρχιτεκτων arkhitekton " architect " , from αρχι - " chief " and τεκτων " builder " ) is both the process and the product of planning , designing , and constructing buildings and other physical structures . architectural works , in the material form of buildings , are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art . historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements . [ sep ] greek
architecture ( latin architectura , from the greek αρχιτεκτων arkhitekton " architect " , from αρχι - " chief " and τεκτων " builder " ) is both the process and the product of planning , designing , and constructing buildings and other physical structures . architectural works , in the material form of buildings , are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art . historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements . [ sep ] αρχι - " chief " and τεκτων " builder "
architecture ( latin architectura , from the greek αρχιτεκτων arkhitekton " architect " , from αρχι - " chief " and τεκτων " builder " ) is both the process and the product of planning , designing , and constructing buildings and other physical structures . architectural works , in the material form of buildings , are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art . historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements . [ sep ] buildings and other physical structures
architecture ( latin architectura , from the greek αρχιτεκτων arkhitekton " architect " , from αρχι - " chief " and τεκτων " builder " ) is both the process and the product of planning , designing , and constructing buildings and other physical structures . architectural works , in the material form of buildings , are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art . historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements . [ sep ] as works of art
architecture ( latin architectura , from the greek αρχιτεκτων arkhitekton " architect " , from αρχι - " chief " and τεκτων " builder " ) is both the process and the product of planning , designing , and constructing buildings and other physical structures . architectural works , in the material form of buildings , are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art . historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements . [ sep ] historical civilizations
architecture has to do with planning and designing form , space and ambience to reflect functional , technical , social , environmental and aesthetic considerations . it requires the creative manipulation and coordination of materials and technology , and of light and shadow . often , conflicting requirements must be resolved . the practice of architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures , including scheduling , cost estimation and construction administration . documentation produced by architects , typically drawings , plans and technical specifications , defines the structure and / or behavior of a building or other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed . [ sep ] functional , technical , social , environmental and aesthetic
architecture has to do with planning and designing form , space and ambience to reflect functional , technical , social , environmental and aesthetic considerations . it requires the creative manipulation and coordination of materials and technology , and of light and shadow . often , conflicting requirements must be resolved . the practice of architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures , including scheduling , cost estimation and construction administration . documentation produced by architects , typically drawings , plans and technical specifications , defines the structure and / or behavior of a building or other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed . [ sep ] form , space and ambience
architecture has to do with planning and designing form , space and ambience to reflect functional , technical , social , environmental and aesthetic considerations . it requires the creative manipulation and coordination of materials and technology , and of light and shadow . often , conflicting requirements must be resolved . the practice of architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures , including scheduling , cost estimation and construction administration . documentation produced by architects , typically drawings , plans and technical specifications , defines the structure and / or behavior of a building or other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed . [ sep ] pragmatic aspects
the earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is de architectura , by the roman architect vitruvius in the early 1st century ad . according to vitruvius , a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas , utilitas , venustas , commonly known by the original translation – firmness , commodity and delight . an equivalent in modern english would be : [ sep ] de architectura
the earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is de architectura , by the roman architect vitruvius in the early 1st century ad . according to vitruvius , a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas , utilitas , venustas , commonly known by the original translation – firmness , commodity and delight . an equivalent in modern english would be : [ sep ] vitruvius
the earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is de architectura , by the roman architect vitruvius in the early 1st century ad . according to vitruvius , a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas , utilitas , venustas , commonly known by the original translation – firmness , commodity and delight . an equivalent in modern english would be : [ sep ] architect
the earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is de architectura , by the roman architect vitruvius in the early 1st century ad . according to vitruvius , a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas , utilitas , venustas , commonly known by the original translation – firmness , commodity and delight . an equivalent in modern english would be : [ sep ] firmitas , utilitas , venustas
the earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is de architectura , by the roman architect vitruvius in the early 1st century ad . according to vitruvius , a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas , utilitas , venustas , commonly known by the original translation – firmness , commodity and delight . an equivalent in modern english would be : [ sep ] firmness , commodity and delight
according to vitruvius , the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible . leon battista alberti , who elaborates on the ideas of vitruvius in his treatise , de re aedificatoria , saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion , although ornament also played a part . for alberti , the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure , the golden mean . the most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object , rather than something applied superficially ; and was based on universal , recognisable truths . the notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century , with the writing of vasari : by the 18th century , his lives of the most excellent painters , sculptors , and architects had been translated into italian , french , spanish and english . [ sep ] architect
according to vitruvius , the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible . leon battista alberti , who elaborates on the ideas of vitruvius in his treatise , de re aedificatoria , saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion , although ornament also played a part . for alberti , the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure , the golden mean . the most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object , rather than something applied superficially ; and was based on universal , recognisable truths . the notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century , with the writing of vasari : by the 18th century , his lives of the most excellent painters , sculptors , and architects had been translated into italian , french , spanish and english . [ sep ] leon battista alberti
according to vitruvius , the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible . leon battista alberti , who elaborates on the ideas of vitruvius in his treatise , de re aedificatoria , saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion , although ornament also played a part . for alberti , the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure , the golden mean . the most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object , rather than something applied superficially ; and was based on universal , recognisable truths . the notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century , with the writing of vasari : by the 18th century , his lives of the most excellent painters , sculptors , and architects had been translated into italian , french , spanish and english . [ sep ] proportion
according to vitruvius , the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible . leon battista alberti , who elaborates on the ideas of vitruvius in his treatise , de re aedificatoria , saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion , although ornament also played a part . for alberti , the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure , the golden mean . the most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object , rather than something applied superficially ; and was based on universal , recognisable truths . the notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century , with the writing of vasari : by the 18th century , his lives of the most excellent painters , sculptors , and architects had been translated into italian , french , spanish and english . [ sep ] the golden mean
according to vitruvius , the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible . leon battista alberti , who elaborates on the ideas of vitruvius in his treatise , de re aedificatoria , saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion , although ornament also played a part . for alberti , the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure , the golden mean . the most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object , rather than something applied superficially ; and was based on universal , recognisable truths . the notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century , with the writing of vasari : by the 18th century , his lives of the most excellent painters , sculptors , and architects had been translated into italian , french , spanish and english . [ sep ] 16th
in the early 19th century , augustus welby northmore pugin wrote contrasts ( 1836 ) that , as the titled suggested , contrasted the modern , industrial world , which he disparaged , with an idealized image of neo - medieval world . gothic architecture , pugin believed , was the only " true christian form of architecture . " [ sep ] contrasts
in the early 19th century , augustus welby northmore pugin wrote contrasts ( 1836 ) that , as the titled suggested , contrasted the modern , industrial world , which he disparaged , with an idealized image of neo - medieval world . gothic architecture , pugin believed , was the only " true christian form of architecture . " [ sep ] 1836
in the early 19th century , augustus welby northmore pugin wrote contrasts ( 1836 ) that , as the titled suggested , contrasted the modern , industrial world , which he disparaged , with an idealized image of neo - medieval world . gothic architecture , pugin believed , was the only " true christian form of architecture . " [ sep ] modern , industrial world
in the early 19th century , augustus welby northmore pugin wrote contrasts ( 1836 ) that , as the titled suggested , contrasted the modern , industrial world , which he disparaged , with an idealized image of neo - medieval world . gothic architecture , pugin believed , was the only " true christian form of architecture . " [ sep ] gothic
the 19th - century english art critic , john ruskin , in his seven lamps of architecture , published 1849 , was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture . architecture was the " art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men . . . that the sight of them " contributes " to his mental health , power , and pleasure " . [ sep ] john ruskin
the 19th - century english art critic , john ruskin , in his seven lamps of architecture , published 1849 , was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture . architecture was the " art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men . . . that the sight of them " contributes " to his mental health , power , and pleasure " . [ sep ] art critic
the 19th - century english art critic , john ruskin , in his seven lamps of architecture , published 1849 , was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture . architecture was the " art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men . . . that the sight of them " contributes " to his mental health , power , and pleasure " . [ sep ] 1849
the 19th - century english art critic , john ruskin , in his seven lamps of architecture , published 1849 , was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture . architecture was the " art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men . . . that the sight of them " contributes " to his mental health , power , and pleasure " . [ sep ] to his mental health , power , and pleasure
for ruskin , the aesthetic was of overriding significance . his work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way " adorned " . for ruskin , a well - constructed , well - proportioned , functional building needed string courses or rustication , at the very least . [ sep ] the aesthetic
for ruskin , the aesthetic was of overriding significance . his work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way " adorned " . for ruskin , a well - constructed , well - proportioned , functional building needed string courses or rustication , at the very least . [ sep ] it is in some way " adorned "
for ruskin , the aesthetic was of overriding significance . his work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way " adorned " . for ruskin , a well - constructed , well - proportioned , functional building needed string courses or rustication , at the very least . [ sep ] string courses or rustication
on the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction , the renowned 20th - century architect le corbusier wrote : " you employ stone , wood , and concrete , and with these materials you build houses and palaces : that is construction . ingenuity is at work . but suddenly you touch my heart , you do me good . i am happy and i say : this is beautiful . that is architecture " . [ sep ] le corbusier
on the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction , the renowned 20th - century architect le corbusier wrote : " you employ stone , wood , and concrete , and with these materials you build houses and palaces : that is construction . ingenuity is at work . but suddenly you touch my heart , you do me good . i am happy and i say : this is beautiful . that is architecture " . [ sep ] architect
on the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction , the renowned 20th - century architect le corbusier wrote : " you employ stone , wood , and concrete , and with these materials you build houses and palaces : that is construction . ingenuity is at work . but suddenly you touch my heart , you do me good . i am happy and i say : this is beautiful . that is architecture " . [ sep ] 20th - century
on the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction , the renowned 20th - century architect le corbusier wrote : " you employ stone , wood , and concrete , and with these materials you build houses and palaces : that is construction . ingenuity is at work . but suddenly you touch my heart , you do me good . i am happy and i say : this is beautiful . that is architecture " . [ sep ] heart
on the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction , the renowned 20th - century architect le corbusier wrote : " you employ stone , wood , and concrete , and with these materials you build houses and palaces : that is construction . ingenuity is at work . but suddenly you touch my heart , you do me good . i am happy and i say : this is beautiful . that is architecture " . [ sep ] i am happy
while the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism , it had the effect of introducing the concept of " function " in place of vitruvius ' " utility " . " function " came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use , perception and enjoyment of a building , not only practical but also aesthetic , psychological and cultural . [ sep ] aesthetic , psychological and cultural
while the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism , it had the effect of introducing the concept of " function " in place of vitruvius ' " utility " . " function " came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use , perception and enjoyment of a building , not only practical but also aesthetic , psychological and cultural . [ sep ] vitruvius
while the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism , it had the effect of introducing the concept of " function " in place of vitruvius ' " utility " . " function " came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use , perception and enjoyment of a building , not only practical but also aesthetic , psychological and cultural . [ sep ] all criteria of the use , perception and enjoyment of a building
while the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism , it had the effect of introducing the concept of " function " in place of vitruvius ' " utility " . " function " came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use , perception and enjoyment of a building , not only practical but also aesthetic , psychological and cultural . [ sep ] both popularity and skepticism
nunzia rondanini stated , " through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences . through its own particular way of expressing values , architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that , in and of itself , it will promote social development . ' [ sep ] nunzia rondanini
nunzia rondanini stated , " through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences . through its own particular way of expressing values , architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that , in and of itself , it will promote social development . ' [ sep ] through its aesthetic dimension
nunzia rondanini stated , " through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences . through its own particular way of expressing values , architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that , in and of itself , it will promote social development . ' [ sep ] social life
nunzia rondanini stated , " through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences . through its own particular way of expressing values , architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that , in and of itself , it will promote social development . ' [ sep ] social development
nunzia rondanini stated , " through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences . through its own particular way of expressing values , architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that , in and of itself , it will promote social development . ' [ sep ] functional aspects
to restrict the meaning of ( architectural ) formalism to art for art ' s sake is not only reactionary ; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality " . [ sep ] art for art ' s sake
to restrict the meaning of ( architectural ) formalism to art for art ' s sake is not only reactionary ; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality " . [ sep ] quest for perfection or originality
to restrict the meaning of ( architectural ) formalism to art for art ' s sake is not only reactionary ; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality " . [ sep ] form
among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism , empiricism , structuralism , poststructuralism , and phenomenology . [ sep ] philosophies
among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism , empiricism , structuralism , poststructuralism , and phenomenology . [ sep ] their approach to building design
among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism , empiricism , structuralism , poststructuralism , and phenomenology . [ sep ] poststructuralism
in the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function , the consideration of sustainability , hence sustainable architecture . to satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials , its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non - sustainable power sources for heating , cooling , water and waste management and lighting . [ sep ] sustainability
in the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function , the consideration of sustainability , hence sustainable architecture . to satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials , its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non - sustainable power sources for heating , cooling , water and waste management and lighting . [ sep ] environment
in the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function , the consideration of sustainability , hence sustainable architecture . to satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials , its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non - sustainable power sources for heating , cooling , water and waste management and lighting . [ sep ] non - sustainable power sources
building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs ( shelter , security , worship , etc . ) and means ( available building materials and attendant skills ) . as human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices , building became a craft , and " architecture " is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft . [ sep ] knowledge
building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs ( shelter , security , worship , etc . ) and means ( available building materials and attendant skills ) . as human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices , building became a craft , and " architecture " is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft . [ sep ] a craft
building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs ( shelter , security , worship , etc . ) and means ( available building materials and attendant skills ) . as human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices , building became a craft , and " architecture " is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft . [ sep ] architecture
building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs ( shelter , security , worship , etc . ) and means ( available building materials and attendant skills ) . as human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices , building became a craft , and " architecture " is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft . [ sep ] building materials
it is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error , with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory . what is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world . indeed , vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day . early human settlements were mostly rural . due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases , such as that of catal hoyuk in anatolia and mohenjo daro of the indus valley civilization in modern - day pakistan . [ sep ] trial and error
it is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error , with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory . what is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world . indeed , vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day . early human settlements were mostly rural . due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases , such as that of catal hoyuk in anatolia and mohenjo daro of the indus valley civilization in modern - day pakistan . [ sep ] vernacular
it is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error , with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory . what is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world . indeed , vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day . early human settlements were mostly rural . due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases , such as that of catal hoyuk in anatolia and mohenjo daro of the indus valley civilization in modern - day pakistan . [ sep ] rural
it is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error , with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory . what is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world . indeed , vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day . early human settlements were mostly rural . due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases , such as that of catal hoyuk in anatolia and mohenjo daro of the indus valley civilization in modern - day pakistan . [ sep ] urbanization
it is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error , with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory . what is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world . indeed , vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day . early human settlements were mostly rural . due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases , such as that of catal hoyuk in anatolia and mohenjo daro of the indus valley civilization in modern - day pakistan . [ sep ] rapidly
in many ancient civilizations , such as those of egypt and mesopotamia , architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural , and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler , the ruling elite , or the state itself . [ sep ] egypt and mesopotamia
in many ancient civilizations , such as those of egypt and mesopotamia , architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural , and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler , the ruling elite , or the state itself . [ sep ] the divine and the supernatural
in many ancient civilizations , such as those of egypt and mesopotamia , architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural , and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler , the ruling elite , or the state itself . [ sep ] political power
the architecture and urbanism of the classical civilizations such as the greek and the roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged . architectural " style " developed in the form of the classical orders . [ sep ] civic ideals
the architecture and urbanism of the classical civilizations such as the greek and the roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged . architectural " style " developed in the form of the classical orders . [ sep ] new building types
the architecture and urbanism of the classical civilizations such as the greek and the roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged . architectural " style " developed in the form of the classical orders . [ sep ] religious or empirical ones
the architecture and urbanism of the classical civilizations such as the greek and the roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged . architectural " style " developed in the form of the classical orders . [ sep ] architectural " style "
texts on architecture have been written since ancient time . these texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons . some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st - century bce roman architect vitruvius . some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious . [ sep ] ancient time
texts on architecture have been written since ancient time . these texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons . some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st - century bce roman architect vitruvius . some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious . [ sep ] specific formal prescriptions
texts on architecture have been written since ancient time . these texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons . some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st - century bce roman architect vitruvius . some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious . [ sep ] canons
texts on architecture have been written since ancient time . these texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons . some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st - century bce roman architect vitruvius . some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious . [ sep ] 1st - century bce
texts on architecture have been written since ancient time . these texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons . some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st - century bce roman architect vitruvius . some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious . [ sep ] religious
early asian writings on architecture include the kao gong ji of china from the 7th – 5th centuries bce ; the shilpa shastras of ancient india and manjusri vasthu vidya sastra of sri lanka . [ sep ] china
early asian writings on architecture include the kao gong ji of china from the 7th – 5th centuries bce ; the shilpa shastras of ancient india and manjusri vasthu vidya sastra of sri lanka . [ sep ] 7th – 5th centuries bce
early asian writings on architecture include the kao gong ji of china from the 7th – 5th centuries bce ; the shilpa shastras of ancient india and manjusri vasthu vidya sastra of sri lanka . [ sep ] manjusri vasthu vidya sastra
early asian writings on architecture include the kao gong ji of china from the 7th – 5th centuries bce ; the shilpa shastras of ancient india and manjusri vasthu vidya sastra of sri lanka . [ sep ] shilpa shastras
the architecture of different parts of asia developed along different lines from that of europe ; buddhist , hindu and sikh architecture each having different characteristics . buddhist architecture , in particular , showed great regional diversity . hindu temple architecture , which developed around the 3rd century bce , is governed by concepts laid down in the shastras , and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm . in many asian countries , pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape . [ sep ] 3rd century bce
the architecture of different parts of asia developed along different lines from that of europe ; buddhist , hindu and sikh architecture each having different characteristics . buddhist architecture , in particular , showed great regional diversity . hindu temple architecture , which developed around the 3rd century bce , is governed by concepts laid down in the shastras , and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm . in many asian countries , pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape . [ sep ] the macrocosm and the microcosm
the architecture of different parts of asia developed along different lines from that of europe ; buddhist , hindu and sikh architecture each having different characteristics . buddhist architecture , in particular , showed great regional diversity . hindu temple architecture , which developed around the 3rd century bce , is governed by concepts laid down in the shastras , and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm . in many asian countries , pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape . [ sep ] the shastras
the architecture of different parts of asia developed along different lines from that of europe ; buddhist , hindu and sikh architecture each having different characteristics . buddhist architecture , in particular , showed great regional diversity . hindu temple architecture , which developed around the 3rd century bce , is governed by concepts laid down in the shastras , and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm . in many asian countries , pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape . [ sep ] buddhist
the architecture of different parts of asia developed along different lines from that of europe ; buddhist , hindu and sikh architecture each having different characteristics . buddhist architecture , in particular , showed great regional diversity . hindu temple architecture , which developed around the 3rd century bce , is governed by concepts laid down in the shastras , and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm . in many asian countries , pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape . [ sep ] pantheistic religion
islamic architecture began in the 7th century ce , incorporating architectural forms from the ancient middle east and byzantium , but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society . examples can be found throughout the middle east , north africa , spain and the indian sub - continent . the widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence european architecture of the medieval period . [ sep ] 7th century ce
islamic architecture began in the 7th century ce , incorporating architectural forms from the ancient middle east and byzantium , but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society . examples can be found throughout the middle east , north africa , spain and the indian sub - continent . the widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence european architecture of the medieval period . [ sep ] byzantium
islamic architecture began in the 7th century ce , incorporating architectural forms from the ancient middle east and byzantium , but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society . examples can be found throughout the middle east , north africa , spain and the indian sub - continent . the widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence european architecture of the medieval period . [ sep ] religious and social needs
islamic architecture began in the 7th century ce , incorporating architectural forms from the ancient middle east and byzantium , but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society . examples can be found throughout the middle east , north africa , spain and the indian sub - continent . the widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence european architecture of the medieval period . [ sep ] pointed arch
in europe during the medieval period , guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived , particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings . the role of architect was usually one with that of master mason , or magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents . [ sep ] guilds
in europe during the medieval period , guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived , particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings . the role of architect was usually one with that of master mason , or magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents . [ sep ] written contracts
in europe during the medieval period , guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived , particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings . the role of architect was usually one with that of master mason , or magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents . [ sep ] ecclesiastical buildings
in europe during the medieval period , guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived , particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings . the role of architect was usually one with that of master mason , or magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents . [ sep ] magister lathomorum
the major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals . from about 900 ce onwards , the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across europe , resulting in the pan - european styles romanesque and gothic . [ sep ] abbeys and cathedrals
the major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals . from about 900 ce onwards , the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across europe , resulting in the pan - european styles romanesque and gothic . [ sep ] clerics and tradesmen
the major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals . from about 900 ce onwards , the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across europe , resulting in the pan - european styles romanesque and gothic . [ sep ] pan - european
the major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals . from about 900 ce onwards , the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across europe , resulting in the pan - european styles romanesque and gothic . [ sep ] romanesque
the major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals . from about 900 ce onwards , the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across europe , resulting in the pan - european styles romanesque and gothic . [ sep ] 900 ce onwards
in renaissance europe , from about 1400 onwards , there was a revival of classical learning accompanied by the development of renaissance humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the medieval period . buildings were ascribed to specific architects – brunelleschi , alberti , michelangelo , palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun . there was still no dividing line between artist , architect and engineer , or any of the related vocations , and the appellation was often one of regional preference . [ sep ] 1400 onwards
in renaissance europe , from about 1400 onwards , there was a revival of classical learning accompanied by the development of renaissance humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the medieval period . buildings were ascribed to specific architects – brunelleschi , alberti , michelangelo , palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun . there was still no dividing line between artist , architect and engineer , or any of the related vocations , and the appellation was often one of regional preference . [ sep ] europe
in renaissance europe , from about 1400 onwards , there was a revival of classical learning accompanied by the development of renaissance humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the medieval period . buildings were ascribed to specific architects – brunelleschi , alberti , michelangelo , palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun . there was still no dividing line between artist , architect and engineer , or any of the related vocations , and the appellation was often one of regional preference . [ sep ] renaissance
in renaissance europe , from about 1400 onwards , there was a revival of classical learning accompanied by the development of renaissance humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the medieval period . buildings were ascribed to specific architects – brunelleschi , alberti , michelangelo , palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun . there was still no dividing line between artist , architect and engineer , or any of the related vocations , and the appellation was often one of regional preference . [ sep ] role of the individual
in renaissance europe , from about 1400 onwards , there was a revival of classical learning accompanied by the development of renaissance humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the medieval period . buildings were ascribed to specific architects – brunelleschi , alberti , michelangelo , palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun . there was still no dividing line between artist , architect and engineer , or any of the related vocations , and the appellation was often one of regional preference . [ sep ] artist , architect and engineer
a revival of the classical style in architecture was accompanied by a burgeoning of science and engineering which affected the proportions and structure of buildings . at this stage , it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within the scope of the generalist . [ sep ] proportions and structure
a revival of the classical style in architecture was accompanied by a burgeoning of science and engineering which affected the proportions and structure of buildings . at this stage , it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within the scope of the generalist . [ sep ] generalist
with the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology , architecture and engineering began to separate , and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects , often at the expense of technical aspects of building design . there was also the rise of the " gentleman architect " who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes , typified by the many country houses of great britain that were created in the neo gothic or scottish baronial styles . formal architectural training in the 19th century , for example at ecole des beaux - arts in france , gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility . effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects , graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks . [ sep ] architecture and engineering
with the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology , architecture and engineering began to separate , and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects , often at the expense of technical aspects of building design . there was also the rise of the " gentleman architect " who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes , typified by the many country houses of great britain that were created in the neo gothic or scottish baronial styles . formal architectural training in the 19th century , for example at ecole des beaux - arts in france , gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility . effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects , graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks . [ sep ] technical aspects of building design
with the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology , architecture and engineering began to separate , and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects , often at the expense of technical aspects of building design . there was also the rise of the " gentleman architect " who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes , typified by the many country houses of great britain that were created in the neo gothic or scottish baronial styles . formal architectural training in the 19th century , for example at ecole des beaux - arts in france , gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility . effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects , graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks . [ sep ] " gentleman architect "
with the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology , architecture and engineering began to separate , and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects , often at the expense of technical aspects of building design . there was also the rise of the " gentleman architect " who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes , typified by the many country houses of great britain that were created in the neo gothic or scottish baronial styles . formal architectural training in the 19th century , for example at ecole des beaux - arts in france , gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility . effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects , graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks . [ sep ] context and feasibility
with the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology , architecture and engineering began to separate , and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects , often at the expense of technical aspects of building design . there was also the rise of the " gentleman architect " who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes , typified by the many country houses of great britain that were created in the neo gothic or scottish baronial styles . formal architectural training in the 19th century , for example at ecole des beaux - arts in france , gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility . effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects , graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks . [ sep ] in the offices of other architects
meanwhile , the industrial revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption . aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products , once within the province of expensive craftsmanship , became cheaper under machine production . [ sep ] mass production and consumption
meanwhile , the industrial revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption . aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products , once within the province of expensive craftsmanship , became cheaper under machine production . [ sep ] ornamented products
meanwhile , the industrial revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption . aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products , once within the province of expensive craftsmanship , became cheaper under machine production . [ sep ] aesthetics
vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental . house builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals . [ sep ] pattern books and architectural journals
vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental . house builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals . [ sep ] current architectural design
around the beginning of the 20th century , a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to modern architecture . notable among these is the deutscher werkbund , formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects . the rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here . following this lead , the bauhaus school , founded in weimar , germany in 1919 , redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history , viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis — the apex — of art , craft , and technology . [ sep ] 20th
around the beginning of the 20th century , a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to modern architecture . notable among these is the deutscher werkbund , formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects . the rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here . following this lead , the bauhaus school , founded in weimar , germany in 1919 , redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history , viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis — the apex — of art , craft , and technology . [ sep ] modern architecture
around the beginning of the 20th century , a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to modern architecture . notable among these is the deutscher werkbund , formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects . the rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here . following this lead , the bauhaus school , founded in weimar , germany in 1919 , redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history , viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis — the apex — of art , craft , and technology . [ sep ] 1907
around the beginning of the 20th century , a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to modern architecture . notable among these is the deutscher werkbund , formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects . the rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here . following this lead , the bauhaus school , founded in weimar , germany in 1919 , redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history , viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis — the apex — of art , craft , and technology . [ sep ] to produce better quality machine made objects
around the beginning of the 20th century , a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to modern architecture . notable among these is the deutscher werkbund , formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects . the rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here . following this lead , the bauhaus school , founded in weimar , germany in 1919 , redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history , viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis — the apex — of art , craft , and technology . [ sep ] the bauhaus school
when modern architecture was first practiced , it was an avant - garde movement with moral , philosophical , and aesthetic underpinnings . immediately after world war i , pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post - war social and economic order , focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes . they rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order . the approach of the modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms , removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details . buildings displayed their functional and structural elements , exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms . [ sep ] avant - garde movement
when modern architecture was first practiced , it was an avant - garde movement with moral , philosophical , and aesthetic underpinnings . immediately after world war i , pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post - war social and economic order , focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes . they rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order . the approach of the modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms , removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details . buildings displayed their functional and structural elements , exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms . [ sep ] the middle and working classes
when modern architecture was first practiced , it was an avant - garde movement with moral , philosophical , and aesthetic underpinnings . immediately after world war i , pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post - war social and economic order , focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes . they rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order . the approach of the modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms , removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details . buildings displayed their functional and structural elements , exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms . [ sep ] the rapidly declining aristocratic order
when modern architecture was first practiced , it was an avant - garde movement with moral , philosophical , and aesthetic underpinnings . immediately after world war i , pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post - war social and economic order , focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes . they rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order . the approach of the modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms , removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details . buildings displayed their functional and structural elements , exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms . [ sep ] functionalist
when modern architecture was first practiced , it was an avant - garde movement with moral , philosophical , and aesthetic underpinnings . immediately after world war i , pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post - war social and economic order , focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes . they rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order . the approach of the modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms , removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details . buildings displayed their functional and structural elements , exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms . [ sep ] historical references and ornament
architects such as frank lloyd wright developed organic architecture , in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose , with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being robie house and fallingwater . [ sep ] frank lloyd wright
architects such as frank lloyd wright developed organic architecture , in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose , with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being robie house and fallingwater . [ sep ] robie house and fallingwater
architects such as frank lloyd wright developed organic architecture , in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose , with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being robie house and fallingwater . [ sep ] to promote harmony
architects such as mies van der rohe , philip johnson and marcel breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques , trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms , celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the industrial revolution , including steel - frame construction , which gave birth to high - rise superstructures . by mid - century , modernism had morphed into the international style , an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the twin towers of new york ' s world trade center designed by minoru yamasaki . [ sep ] the industrial revolution
architects such as mies van der rohe , philip johnson and marcel breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques , trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms , celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the industrial revolution , including steel - frame construction , which gave birth to high - rise superstructures . by mid - century , modernism had morphed into the international style , an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the twin towers of new york ' s world trade center designed by minoru yamasaki . [ sep ] steel - frame construction
architects such as mies van der rohe , philip johnson and marcel breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques , trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms , celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the industrial revolution , including steel - frame construction , which gave birth to high - rise superstructures . by mid - century , modernism had morphed into the international style , an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the twin towers of new york ' s world trade center designed by minoru yamasaki . [ sep ] international style
architects such as mies van der rohe , philip johnson and marcel breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques , trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms , celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the industrial revolution , including steel - frame construction , which gave birth to high - rise superstructures . by mid - century , modernism had morphed into the international style , an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the twin towers of new york ' s world trade center designed by minoru yamasaki . [ sep ] twin towers
architects such as mies van der rohe , philip johnson and marcel breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques , trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms , celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the industrial revolution , including steel - frame construction , which gave birth to high - rise superstructures . by mid - century , modernism had morphed into the international style , an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the twin towers of new york ' s world trade center designed by minoru yamasaki . [ sep ] minoru yamasaki
many architects resisted modernism , finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles . as the first generation of modernists began to die after wwii , a second generation of architects including paul rudolph , marcel breuer , and eero saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with brutalism , buildings with expressive sculptural facades made of unfinished concrete . but an even new younger postwar generation critiqued modernism and brutalism for being too austere , standardized , monotone , and not taking into account the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures . [ sep ] decorative richness
many architects resisted modernism , finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles . as the first generation of modernists began to die after wwii , a second generation of architects including paul rudolph , marcel breuer , and eero saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with brutalism , buildings with expressive sculptural facades made of unfinished concrete . but an even new younger postwar generation critiqued modernism and brutalism for being too austere , standardized , monotone , and not taking into account the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures . [ sep ] paul rudolph , marcel breuer , and eero saarinen
many architects resisted modernism , finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles . as the first generation of modernists began to die after wwii , a second generation of architects including paul rudolph , marcel breuer , and eero saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with brutalism , buildings with expressive sculptural facades made of unfinished concrete . but an even new younger postwar generation critiqued modernism and brutalism for being too austere , standardized , monotone , and not taking into account the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures . [ sep ] unfinished concrete
many architects resisted modernism , finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles . as the first generation of modernists began to die after wwii , a second generation of architects including paul rudolph , marcel breuer , and eero saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with brutalism , buildings with expressive sculptural facades made of unfinished concrete . but an even new younger postwar generation critiqued modernism and brutalism for being too austere , standardized , monotone , and not taking into account the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures . [ sep ] postwar generation
one such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture , which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture , both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design . while it is considered by some to be merely an aspect of postmodernism , others consider it to be a school in its own right and a later development of expressionist architecture . [ sep ] the school of metaphoric architecture
one such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture , which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture , both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design . while it is considered by some to be merely an aspect of postmodernism , others consider it to be a school in its own right and a later development of expressionist architecture . [ sep ] biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture
one such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture , which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture , both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design . while it is considered by some to be merely an aspect of postmodernism , others consider it to be a school in its own right and a later development of expressionist architecture . [ sep ] nature
one such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture , which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture , both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design . while it is considered by some to be merely an aspect of postmodernism , others consider it to be a school in its own right and a later development of expressionist architecture . [ sep ] expressionist architecture
beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s , architectural phenomenology emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism , with architects like charles moore in the usa , christian norberg - schulz in norway , and ernesto nathan rogers and vittorio gregotti in italy , who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents . postmodernism produced a style that combined contemporary building technology and cheap materials , with the aesthetics of older pre - modern and non - modern styles , from high classical architecture to popular or vernacular regional building styles . robert venturi famously defined postmodern architecture as a " decorated shed " ( an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside ) , and upheld it against modernist and brutalist " ducks " ( buildings with unnecessarily expressive tectonic forms ) . [ sep ] the late 1950s and 1960s
beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s , architectural phenomenology emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism , with architects like charles moore in the usa , christian norberg - schulz in norway , and ernesto nathan rogers and vittorio gregotti in italy , who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents . postmodernism produced a style that combined contemporary building technology and cheap materials , with the aesthetics of older pre - modern and non - modern styles , from high classical architecture to popular or vernacular regional building styles . robert venturi famously defined postmodern architecture as a " decorated shed " ( an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside ) , and upheld it against modernist and brutalist " ducks " ( buildings with unnecessarily expressive tectonic forms ) . [ sep ] modernism
beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s , architectural phenomenology emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism , with architects like charles moore in the usa , christian norberg - schulz in norway , and ernesto nathan rogers and vittorio gregotti in italy , who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents . postmodernism produced a style that combined contemporary building technology and cheap materials , with the aesthetics of older pre - modern and non - modern styles , from high classical architecture to popular or vernacular regional building styles . robert venturi famously defined postmodern architecture as a " decorated shed " ( an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside ) , and upheld it against modernist and brutalist " ducks " ( buildings with unnecessarily expressive tectonic forms ) . [ sep ] human experience
beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s , architectural phenomenology emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism , with architects like charles moore in the usa , christian norberg - schulz in norway , and ernesto nathan rogers and vittorio gregotti in italy , who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents . postmodernism produced a style that combined contemporary building technology and cheap materials , with the aesthetics of older pre - modern and non - modern styles , from high classical architecture to popular or vernacular regional building styles . robert venturi famously defined postmodern architecture as a " decorated shed " ( an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside ) , and upheld it against modernist and brutalist " ducks " ( buildings with unnecessarily expressive tectonic forms ) . [ sep ] robert venturi
beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s , architectural phenomenology emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism , with architects like charles moore in the usa , christian norberg - schulz in norway , and ernesto nathan rogers and vittorio gregotti in italy , who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents . postmodernism produced a style that combined contemporary building technology and cheap materials , with the aesthetics of older pre - modern and non - modern styles , from high classical architecture to popular or vernacular regional building styles . robert venturi famously defined postmodern architecture as a " decorated shed " ( an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside ) , and upheld it against modernist and brutalist " ducks " ( buildings with unnecessarily expressive tectonic forms ) . [ sep ] " ducks "
since the 1980s , as the complexity of buildings began to increase ( in terms of structural systems , services , energy and technologies ) , the field of architecture became multi - disciplinary with specializations for each project type , technological expertise or project delivery methods . in addition , there has been an increased separation of the ' design ' architect [ notes 1 ] from the ' project ' architect who ensures that the project meets the required standards and deals with matters of liability . [ notes 2 ] the preparatory processes for the design of any large building have become increasingly complicated , and require preliminary studies of such matters as durability , sustainability , quality , money , and compliance with local laws . a large structure can no longer be the design of one person but must be the work of many . modernism and postmodernism have been criticised by some members of the architectural profession who feel that successful architecture is not a personal , philosophical , or aesthetic pursuit by individualists ; rather it has to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to create liveable environments , with the design process being informed by studies of behavioral , environmental , and social sciences . [ sep ] since the 1980s
since the 1980s , as the complexity of buildings began to increase ( in terms of structural systems , services , energy and technologies ) , the field of architecture became multi - disciplinary with specializations for each project type , technological expertise or project delivery methods . in addition , there has been an increased separation of the ' design ' architect [ notes 1 ] from the ' project ' architect who ensures that the project meets the required standards and deals with matters of liability . [ notes 2 ] the preparatory processes for the design of any large building have become increasingly complicated , and require preliminary studies of such matters as durability , sustainability , quality , money , and compliance with local laws . a large structure can no longer be the design of one person but must be the work of many . modernism and postmodernism have been criticised by some members of the architectural profession who feel that successful architecture is not a personal , philosophical , or aesthetic pursuit by individualists ; rather it has to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to create liveable environments , with the design process being informed by studies of behavioral , environmental , and social sciences . [ sep ] one person
since the 1980s , as the complexity of buildings began to increase ( in terms of structural systems , services , energy and technologies ) , the field of architecture became multi - disciplinary with specializations for each project type , technological expertise or project delivery methods . in addition , there has been an increased separation of the ' design ' architect [ notes 1 ] from the ' project ' architect who ensures that the project meets the required standards and deals with matters of liability . [ notes 2 ] the preparatory processes for the design of any large building have become increasingly complicated , and require preliminary studies of such matters as durability , sustainability , quality , money , and compliance with local laws . a large structure can no longer be the design of one person but must be the work of many . modernism and postmodernism have been criticised by some members of the architectural profession who feel that successful architecture is not a personal , philosophical , or aesthetic pursuit by individualists ; rather it has to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to create liveable environments , with the design process being informed by studies of behavioral , environmental , and social sciences . [ sep ] modernism and postmodernism
environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue , with profound effect on the architectural profession . many developers , those who support the financing of buildings , have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design , rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost . major examples of this can be found in passive solar building design , greener roof designs , biodegradable materials , and more attention to a structure ' s energy usage . this major shift in architecture has also changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment . sustainability in architecture was pioneered by frank lloyd wright , in the 1960s by buckminster fuller and in the 1970s by architects such as ian mcharg and sim van der ryn in the us and brenda and robert vale in the uk and new zealand . there has been an acceleration in the number of buildings which seek to meet green building sustainable design principles . sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular architecture increasingly provide inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable contemporary techniques . the u . s . green building council ' s leed ( leadership in energy and environmental design ) rating system has been instrumental in this . [ sep ] environmental sustainability
environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue , with profound effect on the architectural profession . many developers , those who support the financing of buildings , have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design , rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost . major examples of this can be found in passive solar building design , greener roof designs , biodegradable materials , and more attention to a structure ' s energy usage . this major shift in architecture has also changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment . sustainability in architecture was pioneered by frank lloyd wright , in the 1960s by buckminster fuller and in the 1970s by architects such as ian mcharg and sim van der ryn in the us and brenda and robert vale in the uk and new zealand . there has been an acceleration in the number of buildings which seek to meet green building sustainable design principles . sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular architecture increasingly provide inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable contemporary techniques . the u . s . green building council ' s leed ( leadership in energy and environmental design ) rating system has been instrumental in this . [ sep ] the environment
environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue , with profound effect on the architectural profession . many developers , those who support the financing of buildings , have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design , rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost . major examples of this can be found in passive solar building design , greener roof designs , biodegradable materials , and more attention to a structure ' s energy usage . this major shift in architecture has also changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment . sustainability in architecture was pioneered by frank lloyd wright , in the 1960s by buckminster fuller and in the 1970s by architects such as ian mcharg and sim van der ryn in the us and brenda and robert vale in the uk and new zealand . there has been an acceleration in the number of buildings which seek to meet green building sustainable design principles . sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular architecture increasingly provide inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable contemporary techniques . the u . s . green building council ' s leed ( leadership in energy and environmental design ) rating system has been instrumental in this . [ sep ] frank lloyd wright
environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue , with profound effect on the architectural profession . many developers , those who support the financing of buildings , have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design , rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost . major examples of this can be found in passive solar building design , greener roof designs , biodegradable materials , and more attention to a structure ' s energy usage . this major shift in architecture has also changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment . sustainability in architecture was pioneered by frank lloyd wright , in the 1960s by buckminster fuller and in the 1970s by architects such as ian mcharg and sim van der ryn in the us and brenda and robert vale in the uk and new zealand . there has been an acceleration in the number of buildings which seek to meet green building sustainable design principles . sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular architecture increasingly provide inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable contemporary techniques . the u . s . green building council ' s leed ( leadership in energy and environmental design ) rating system has been instrumental in this . [ sep ] buckminster fuller
environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue , with profound effect on the architectural profession . many developers , those who support the financing of buildings , have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design , rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost . major examples of this can be found in passive solar building design , greener roof designs , biodegradable materials , and more attention to a structure ' s energy usage . this major shift in architecture has also changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment . sustainability in architecture was pioneered by frank lloyd wright , in the 1960s by buckminster fuller and in the 1970s by architects such as ian mcharg and sim van der ryn in the us and brenda and robert vale in the uk and new zealand . there has been an acceleration in the number of buildings which seek to meet green building sustainable design principles . sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular architecture increasingly provide inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable contemporary techniques . the u . s . green building council ' s leed ( leadership in energy and environmental design ) rating system has been instrumental in this . [ sep ] the u . s . green building council
concurrently , the recent movements of new urbanism , metaphoric architecture and new classical architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction , that appreciates and develops smart growth , architectural tradition and classical design . this in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture , as well as leaning against solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl . [ sep ] new urbanism , metaphoric architecture and new classical architecture
concurrently , the recent movements of new urbanism , metaphoric architecture and new classical architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction , that appreciates and develops smart growth , architectural tradition and classical design . this in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture , as well as leaning against solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl . [ sep ] solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl .
concurrently , the recent movements of new urbanism , metaphoric architecture and new classical architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction , that appreciates and develops smart growth , architectural tradition and classical design . this in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture , as well as leaning against solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl . [ sep ] smart growth , architectural tradition and classical design
concurrently , the recent movements of new urbanism , metaphoric architecture and new classical architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction , that appreciates and develops smart growth , architectural tradition and classical design . this in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture , as well as leaning against solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl . [ sep ] modernist and globally uniform architecture
beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s , whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science , and finally to metaphysics . he developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy . whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects , and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes , thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another . today whitehead ' s philosophical works – particularly process and reality – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy . [ sep ] mathematics
beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s , whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science , and finally to metaphysics . he developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy . whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects , and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes , thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another . today whitehead ' s philosophical works – particularly process and reality – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy . [ sep ] philosophy
beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s , whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science , and finally to metaphysics . he developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy . whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects , and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes , thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another . today whitehead ' s philosophical works – particularly process and reality – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy . [ sep ] metaphysics
beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s , whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science , and finally to metaphysics . he developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy . whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects , and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes , thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another . today whitehead ' s philosophical works – particularly process and reality – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy . [ sep ] metaphysical
beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s , whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science , and finally to metaphysics . he developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy . whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects , and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes , thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another . today whitehead ' s philosophical works – particularly process and reality – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy . [ sep ] processes
alfred north whitehead was born in ramsgate , kent , england , in 1861 . his father , alfred whitehead , was a minister and schoolmaster of chatham house academy , a successful school for boys established by thomas whitehead , alfred north ' s grandfather . whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters , but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man . whitehead ' s mother was maria sarah whitehead , formerly maria sarah buckmaster . whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother , as he never mentioned her in any of his writings , and there is evidence that whitehead ' s wife , evelyn , had a low opinion of her . [ sep ] ramsgate , kent , england
alfred north whitehead was born in ramsgate , kent , england , in 1861 . his father , alfred whitehead , was a minister and schoolmaster of chatham house academy , a successful school for boys established by thomas whitehead , alfred north ' s grandfather . whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters , but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man . whitehead ' s mother was maria sarah whitehead , formerly maria sarah buckmaster . whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother , as he never mentioned her in any of his writings , and there is evidence that whitehead ' s wife , evelyn , had a low opinion of her . [ sep ] 1861
alfred north whitehead was born in ramsgate , kent , england , in 1861 . his father , alfred whitehead , was a minister and schoolmaster of chatham house academy , a successful school for boys established by thomas whitehead , alfred north ' s grandfather . whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters , but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man . whitehead ' s mother was maria sarah whitehead , formerly maria sarah buckmaster . whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother , as he never mentioned her in any of his writings , and there is evidence that whitehead ' s wife , evelyn , had a low opinion of her . [ sep ] minister and schoolmaster
alfred north whitehead was born in ramsgate , kent , england , in 1861 . his father , alfred whitehead , was a minister and schoolmaster of chatham house academy , a successful school for boys established by thomas whitehead , alfred north ' s grandfather . whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters , but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man . whitehead ' s mother was maria sarah whitehead , formerly maria sarah buckmaster . whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother , as he never mentioned her in any of his writings , and there is evidence that whitehead ' s wife , evelyn , had a low opinion of her . [ sep ] maria sarah whitehead ,
alfred north whitehead was born in ramsgate , kent , england , in 1861 . his father , alfred whitehead , was a minister and schoolmaster of chatham house academy , a successful school for boys established by thomas whitehead , alfred north ' s grandfather . whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters , but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man . whitehead ' s mother was maria sarah whitehead , formerly maria sarah buckmaster . whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother , as he never mentioned her in any of his writings , and there is evidence that whitehead ' s wife , evelyn , had a low opinion of her . [ sep ] evelyn
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat [ that ] is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . [ sep ] tuberculosis
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat [ that ] is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . [ sep ] overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat [ that ] is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . [ sep ] 20th century
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat [ that ] is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . [ sep ] world health organization
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat [ that ] is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . [ sep ] anyone , of any age , in any country
in empirical therapy , a patient has proven or suspected infection , but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified . while the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic . empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory . [ sep ] empirical therapy
in empirical therapy , a patient has proven or suspected infection , but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified . while the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic . empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory . [ sep ] laboratory
in empirical therapy , a patient has proven or suspected infection , but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified . while the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic . empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory . [ sep ] broad spectrum antibiotic
in empirical therapy , a patient has proven or suspected infection , but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified . while the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic . empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory . [ sep ] while the microorgainsim is being identified
in empirical therapy , a patient has proven or suspected infection , but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified . while the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic . empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory . [ sep ] several days
antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use , and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated . however , some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects . side - effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used , the microbial organisms targeted , and the individual patient . side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis . safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use . adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions , including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis . common side - effects include diarrhea , resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora , resulting , for example , in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria , such as clostridium difficile . antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora , and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus candida in the vulvo - vaginal area . additional side - effects can result from interaction with other drugs , such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid . some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease . [ sep ] fever and nausea
antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use , and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated . however , some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects . side - effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used , the microbial organisms targeted , and the individual patient . side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis . safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use . adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions , including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis . common side - effects include diarrhea , resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora , resulting , for example , in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria , such as clostridium difficile . antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora , and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus candida in the vulvo - vaginal area . additional side - effects can result from interaction with other drugs , such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid . some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease . [ sep ] disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora
antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use , and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated . however , some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects . side - effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used , the microbial organisms targeted , and the individual patient . side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis . safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use . adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions , including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis . common side - effects include diarrhea , resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora , resulting , for example , in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria , such as clostridium difficile . antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora , and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus candida in the vulvo - vaginal area . additional side - effects can result from interaction with other drugs , such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid . some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease . [ sep ] yeast
antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use , and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated . however , some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects . side - effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used , the microbial organisms targeted , and the individual patient . side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis . safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use . adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions , including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis . common side - effects include diarrhea , resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora , resulting , for example , in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria , such as clostridium difficile . antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora , and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus candida in the vulvo - vaginal area . additional side - effects can result from interaction with other drugs , such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid . some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease . [ sep ] a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid
antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use , and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated . however , some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects . side - effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used , the microbial organisms targeted , and the individual patient . side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis . safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use . adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions , including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis . common side - effects include diarrhea , resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora , resulting , for example , in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria , such as clostridium difficile . antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora , and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus candida in the vulvo - vaginal area . additional side - effects can result from interaction with other drugs , such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid . some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease . [ sep ] alter the host microbiota
exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models . early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development . mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment ( stat ) – with either penicillin , vancomycin , penicillin and vancomycin , or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities . moreover , research have shown that mice given low - dose penicillin ( 1 μg / g body weight ) around birth and throughout the weaning process had an increased body mass and fat mass , accelerated growth , and increased hepatic expression of genes involved in adipogenesis , compared to controlled mice . in addition , penicillin in combination with a high - fat diet increased fasting insulin levels in mice . however , it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans . studies have found a correlation between early exposure of antibiotics ( < 6 months ) and increased body mass ( at 10 and 20 months ) . another study found that the type of antibiotic exposure was also significant with the highest risk of being overweight in those given macrolides compared to penicillin and cephalosporin . therefore , there is correlation between antibiotic exposure in early life and obesity in humans , but whether or not there is a causal relationship remains unclear . although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity , the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy . [ sep ] increased body mass
exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models . early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development . mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment ( stat ) – with either penicillin , vancomycin , penicillin and vancomycin , or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities . moreover , research have shown that mice given low - dose penicillin ( 1 μg / g body weight ) around birth and throughout the weaning process had an increased body mass and fat mass , accelerated growth , and increased hepatic expression of genes involved in adipogenesis , compared to controlled mice . in addition , penicillin in combination with a high - fat diet increased fasting insulin levels in mice . however , it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans . studies have found a correlation between early exposure of antibiotics ( < 6 months ) and increased body mass ( at 10 and 20 months ) . another study found that the type of antibiotic exposure was also significant with the highest risk of being overweight in those given macrolides compared to penicillin and cephalosporin . therefore , there is correlation between antibiotic exposure in early life and obesity in humans , but whether or not there is a causal relationship remains unclear . although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity , the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy . [ sep ] subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment
exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models . early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development . mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment ( stat ) – with either penicillin , vancomycin , penicillin and vancomycin , or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities . moreover , research have shown that mice given low - dose penicillin ( 1 μg / g body weight ) around birth and throughout the weaning process had an increased body mass and fat mass , accelerated growth , and increased hepatic expression of genes involved in adipogenesis , compared to controlled mice . in addition , penicillin in combination with a high - fat diet increased fasting insulin levels in mice . however , it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans . studies have found a correlation between early exposure of antibiotics ( < 6 months ) and increased body mass ( at 10 and 20 months ) . another study found that the type of antibiotic exposure was also significant with the highest risk of being overweight in those given macrolides compared to penicillin and cephalosporin . therefore , there is correlation between antibiotic exposure in early life and obesity in humans , but whether or not there is a causal relationship remains unclear . although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity , the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy . [ sep ] penicillin , vancomycin , penicillin and vancomycin , or chlortetracycline
exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models . early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development . mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment ( stat ) – with either penicillin , vancomycin , penicillin and vancomycin , or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities . moreover , research have shown that mice given low - dose penicillin ( 1 μg / g body weight ) around birth and throughout the weaning process had an increased body mass and fat mass , accelerated growth , and increased hepatic expression of genes involved in adipogenesis , compared to controlled mice . in addition , penicillin in combination with a high - fat diet increased fasting insulin levels in mice . however , it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans . studies have found a correlation between early exposure of antibiotics ( < 6 months ) and increased body mass ( at 10 and 20 months ) . another study found that the type of antibiotic exposure was also significant with the highest risk of being overweight in those given macrolides compared to penicillin and cephalosporin . therefore , there is correlation between antibiotic exposure in early life and obesity in humans , but whether or not there is a causal relationship remains unclear . although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity , the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy . [ sep ] unclear
exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models . early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development . mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment ( stat ) – with either penicillin , vancomycin , penicillin and vancomycin , or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities . moreover , research have shown that mice given low - dose penicillin ( 1 μg / g body weight ) around birth and throughout the weaning process had an increased body mass and fat mass , accelerated growth , and increased hepatic expression of genes involved in adipogenesis , compared to controlled mice . in addition , penicillin in combination with a high - fat diet increased fasting insulin levels in mice . however , it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans . studies have found a correlation between early exposure of antibiotics ( < 6 months ) and increased body mass ( at 10 and 20 months ) . another study found that the type of antibiotic exposure was also significant with the highest risk of being overweight in those given macrolides compared to penicillin and cephalosporin . therefore , there is correlation between antibiotic exposure in early life and obesity in humans , but whether or not there is a causal relationship remains unclear . although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity , the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy . [ sep ] weighed against the beneficial effects
the majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills , such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low ( about 1 % ) . in cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills , such as for the broad - spectrum antibacterial rifampicin , these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes ' causing increased breakdown of the pill ' s active ingredients . effects on the intestinal flora , which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon , have also been suggested , but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial . clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives . [ sep ] the majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills
the majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills , such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low ( about 1 % ) . in cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills , such as for the broad - spectrum antibacterial rifampicin , these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes ' causing increased breakdown of the pill ' s active ingredients . effects on the intestinal flora , which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon , have also been suggested , but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial . clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives . [ sep ] about 1 %
the majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills , such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low ( about 1 % ) . in cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills , such as for the broad - spectrum antibacterial rifampicin , these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes ' causing increased breakdown of the pill ' s active ingredients . effects on the intestinal flora , which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon , have also been suggested , but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial . clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives . [ sep ] reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon
the majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills , such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low ( about 1 % ) . in cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills , such as for the broad - spectrum antibacterial rifampicin , these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes ' causing increased breakdown of the pill ' s active ingredients . effects on the intestinal flora , which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon , have also been suggested , but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial . clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives . [ sep ] inconclusive and controversial
the majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills , such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low ( about 1 % ) . in cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills , such as for the broad - spectrum antibacterial rifampicin , these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes ' causing increased breakdown of the pill ' s active ingredients . effects on the intestinal flora , which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon , have also been suggested , but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial . clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives . [ sep ] extra contraceptive measures
interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side - effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy . while moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics , there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side - effects . therefore , potential risks of side - effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered . despite the lack of a categorical counterindication , the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread . [ sep ] decreased effectiveness
interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side - effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy . while moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics , there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side - effects . therefore , potential risks of side - effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered . despite the lack of a categorical counterindication , the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread . [ sep ] moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics
interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side - effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy . while moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics , there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side - effects . therefore , potential risks of side - effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered . despite the lack of a categorical counterindication , the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread . [ sep ] there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side - effects
interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side - effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy . while moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics , there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side - effects . therefore , potential risks of side - effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered . despite the lack of a categorical counterindication , the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread . [ sep ] widespread
in 1918 whitehead ' s academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the university of london system , of which imperial college london was a member at the time . he was elected dean of the faculty of science at the university of london in late 1918 ( a post he held for four years ) , a member of the university of london ' s senate in 1919 , and chairman of the senate ' s academic ( leadership ) council in 1920 , a post which he held until he departed for america in 1924 . whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department , help establish a bachelor of science degree ( previously only bachelor of arts degrees had been offered ) , and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students . [ sep ] 1918
in 1918 whitehead ' s academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the university of london system , of which imperial college london was a member at the time . he was elected dean of the faculty of science at the university of london in late 1918 ( a post he held for four years ) , a member of the university of london ' s senate in 1919 , and chairman of the senate ' s academic ( leadership ) council in 1920 , a post which he held until he departed for america in 1924 . whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department , help establish a bachelor of science degree ( previously only bachelor of arts degrees had been offered ) , and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students . [ sep ] university of london
in 1918 whitehead ' s academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the university of london system , of which imperial college london was a member at the time . he was elected dean of the faculty of science at the university of london in late 1918 ( a post he held for four years ) , a member of the university of london ' s senate in 1919 , and chairman of the senate ' s academic ( leadership ) council in 1920 , a post which he held until he departed for america in 1924 . whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department , help establish a bachelor of science degree ( previously only bachelor of arts degrees had been offered ) , and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students . [ sep ] dean of the faculty of science
in 1918 whitehead ' s academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the university of london system , of which imperial college london was a member at the time . he was elected dean of the faculty of science at the university of london in late 1918 ( a post he held for four years ) , a member of the university of london ' s senate in 1919 , and chairman of the senate ' s academic ( leadership ) council in 1920 , a post which he held until he departed for america in 1924 . whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department , help establish a bachelor of science degree ( previously only bachelor of arts degrees had been offered ) , and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students . [ sep ] 1924
the two volume biography of whitehead by victor lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of whitehead . however , many details of whitehead ' s life remain obscure because he left no nachlass ; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death . additionally , whitehead was known for his " almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy " , and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life . this led to lowe himself remarking on the first page of whitehead ' s biography , " no professional biographer in his right mind would touch him . " [ sep ] two
the two volume biography of whitehead by victor lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of whitehead . however , many details of whitehead ' s life remain obscure because he left no nachlass ; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death . additionally , whitehead was known for his " almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy " , and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life . this led to lowe himself remarking on the first page of whitehead ' s biography , " no professional biographer in his right mind would touch him . " [ sep ] victor lowe
the two volume biography of whitehead by victor lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of whitehead . however , many details of whitehead ' s life remain obscure because he left no nachlass ; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death . additionally , whitehead was known for his " almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy " , and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life . this led to lowe himself remarking on the first page of whitehead ' s biography , " no professional biographer in his right mind would touch him . " [ sep ] all of his papers be destroyed after his death .
the two volume biography of whitehead by victor lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of whitehead . however , many details of whitehead ' s life remain obscure because he left no nachlass ; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death . additionally , whitehead was known for his " almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy " , and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life . this led to lowe himself remarking on the first page of whitehead ' s biography , " no professional biographer in his right mind would touch him . " [ sep ] right to privacy
in addition to numerous articles on mathematics , whitehead wrote three major books on the subject : a treatise on universal algebra ( 1898 ) , principia mathematica ( co - written with bertrand russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913 ) , and an introduction to mathematics ( 1911 ) . the former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians , while the latter book was intended for a larger audience , covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations . principia mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century . [ sep ] mathematics
in addition to numerous articles on mathematics , whitehead wrote three major books on the subject : a treatise on universal algebra ( 1898 ) , principia mathematica ( co - written with bertrand russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913 ) , and an introduction to mathematics ( 1911 ) . the former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians , while the latter book was intended for a larger audience , covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations . principia mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century . [ sep ] three
in addition to numerous articles on mathematics , whitehead wrote three major books on the subject : a treatise on universal algebra ( 1898 ) , principia mathematica ( co - written with bertrand russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913 ) , and an introduction to mathematics ( 1911 ) . the former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians , while the latter book was intended for a larger audience , covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations . principia mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century . [ sep ] bertrand russell
in addition to numerous articles on mathematics , whitehead wrote three major books on the subject : a treatise on universal algebra ( 1898 ) , principia mathematica ( co - written with bertrand russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913 ) , and an introduction to mathematics ( 1911 ) . the former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians , while the latter book was intended for a larger audience , covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations . principia mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century . [ sep ] principia mathematica
in addition to numerous articles on mathematics , whitehead wrote three major books on the subject : a treatise on universal algebra ( 1898 ) , principia mathematica ( co - written with bertrand russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913 ) , and an introduction to mathematics ( 1911 ) . the former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians , while the latter book was intended for a larger audience , covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations . principia mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century . [ sep ] 1898
at the time structures such as lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class . in a review alexander macfarlane wrote : " the main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods , nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them , but rather the comparative study of their several structures . " in a separate review , g . b . mathews wrote , " it possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable , considering the variety of its themes . " [ sep ] expand algebraic structures
at the time structures such as lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class . in a review alexander macfarlane wrote : " the main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods , nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them , but rather the comparative study of their several structures . " in a separate review , g . b . mathews wrote , " it possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable , considering the variety of its themes . " [ sep ] unity of design
at the time structures such as lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class . in a review alexander macfarlane wrote : " the main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods , nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them , but rather the comparative study of their several structures . " in a separate review , g . b . mathews wrote , " it possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable , considering the variety of its themes . " [ sep ] several structures
whitehead and russell had thought originally that principia mathematica would take a year to complete ; it ended up taking them ten years . to add insult to injury , when it came time for publication , the three - volume work was so massive ( more than 2 , 000 pages ) and its audience so narrow ( professional mathematicians ) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds , 300 of which was paid by cambridge university press , 200 by the royal society of london , and 50 apiece by whitehead and russell themselves . despite the initial loss , today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of principia mathematica . [ sep ] a year
whitehead and russell had thought originally that principia mathematica would take a year to complete ; it ended up taking them ten years . to add insult to injury , when it came time for publication , the three - volume work was so massive ( more than 2 , 000 pages ) and its audience so narrow ( professional mathematicians ) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds , 300 of which was paid by cambridge university press , 200 by the royal society of london , and 50 apiece by whitehead and russell themselves . despite the initial loss , today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of principia mathematica . [ sep ] ten years
whitehead and russell had thought originally that principia mathematica would take a year to complete ; it ended up taking them ten years . to add insult to injury , when it came time for publication , the three - volume work was so massive ( more than 2 , 000 pages ) and its audience so narrow ( professional mathematicians ) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds , 300 of which was paid by cambridge university press , 200 by the royal society of london , and 50 apiece by whitehead and russell themselves . despite the initial loss , today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of principia mathematica . [ sep ] three
whitehead and russell had thought originally that principia mathematica would take a year to complete ; it ended up taking them ten years . to add insult to injury , when it came time for publication , the three - volume work was so massive ( more than 2 , 000 pages ) and its audience so narrow ( professional mathematicians ) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds , 300 of which was paid by cambridge university press , 200 by the royal society of london , and 50 apiece by whitehead and russell themselves . despite the initial loss , today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of principia mathematica . [ sep ] 2 , 000
whitehead and russell had thought originally that principia mathematica would take a year to complete ; it ended up taking them ten years . to add insult to injury , when it came time for publication , the three - volume work was so massive ( more than 2 , 000 pages ) and its audience so narrow ( professional mathematicians ) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds , 300 of which was paid by cambridge university press , 200 by the royal society of london , and 50 apiece by whitehead and russell themselves . despite the initial loss , today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of principia mathematica . [ sep ] cambridge university press
the ultimate substantive legacy of principia mathematica is mixed . it is generally accepted that kurt godel ' s incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics , there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them , and hence that principia mathematica could never achieve its aims . however , godel could not have come to this conclusion without whitehead and russell ' s book . in this way , principia mathematica ' s legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals . but beyond this somewhat ironic legacy , the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic , epistemology , and metaphysics . [ sep ] 1931
the ultimate substantive legacy of principia mathematica is mixed . it is generally accepted that kurt godel ' s incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics , there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them , and hence that principia mathematica could never achieve its aims . however , godel could not have come to this conclusion without whitehead and russell ' s book . in this way , principia mathematica ' s legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals . but beyond this somewhat ironic legacy , the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic , epistemology , and metaphysics . [ sep ] some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them
the ultimate substantive legacy of principia mathematica is mixed . it is generally accepted that kurt godel ' s incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics , there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them , and hence that principia mathematica could never achieve its aims . however , godel could not have come to this conclusion without whitehead and russell ' s book . in this way , principia mathematica ' s legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals . but beyond this somewhat ironic legacy , the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic , epistemology , and metaphysics . [ sep ] principia mathematica
the ultimate substantive legacy of principia mathematica is mixed . it is generally accepted that kurt godel ' s incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics , there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them , and hence that principia mathematica could never achieve its aims . however , godel could not have come to this conclusion without whitehead and russell ' s book . in this way , principia mathematica ' s legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals . but beyond this somewhat ironic legacy , the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic , epistemology , and metaphysics . [ sep ] metaphysics
whitehead ' s most complete work on education is the 1929 book the aims of education and other essays , which collected numerous essays and addresses by whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927 . the essay from which aims of education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when whitehead was president of the london branch of the mathematical association . in it , he cautioned against the teaching of what he called " inert ideas " – ideas that are disconnected scraps of information , with no application to real life or culture . he opined that " education with inert ideas is not only useless : it is , above all things , harmful . " [ sep ] 1929
whitehead ' s most complete work on education is the 1929 book the aims of education and other essays , which collected numerous essays and addresses by whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927 . the essay from which aims of education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when whitehead was president of the london branch of the mathematical association . in it , he cautioned against the teaching of what he called " inert ideas " – ideas that are disconnected scraps of information , with no application to real life or culture . he opined that " education with inert ideas is not only useless : it is , above all things , harmful . " [ sep ] numerous essays and addresses
whitehead ' s most complete work on education is the 1929 book the aims of education and other essays , which collected numerous essays and addresses by whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927 . the essay from which aims of education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when whitehead was president of the london branch of the mathematical association . in it , he cautioned against the teaching of what he called " inert ideas " – ideas that are disconnected scraps of information , with no application to real life or culture . he opined that " education with inert ideas is not only useless : it is , above all things , harmful . " [ sep ] inert ideas
rather than teach small parts of a large number of subjects , whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge , discovering their application in actual life . for whitehead , education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary , value - free school model – it should be transdisciplinary , and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate . [ sep ] a relatively few important concepts
rather than teach small parts of a large number of subjects , whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge , discovering their application in actual life . for whitehead , education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary , value - free school model – it should be transdisciplinary , and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate . [ sep ] different areas of knowledge , discovering their application in actual life .
rather than teach small parts of a large number of subjects , whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge , discovering their application in actual life . for whitehead , education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary , value - free school model – it should be transdisciplinary , and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate . [ sep ] value - free school model
whitehead did not begin his career as a philosopher . in fact , he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education . early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics , but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur . in one letter to his friend and former student bertrand russell , after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive , he wrote : " this further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic , onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter . " ironically , in later life whitehead would become one of the 20th century ' s foremost metaphysicians . [ sep ] undergraduate
whitehead did not begin his career as a philosopher . in fact , he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education . early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics , but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur . in one letter to his friend and former student bertrand russell , after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive , he wrote : " this further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic , onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter . " ironically , in later life whitehead would become one of the 20th century ' s foremost metaphysicians . [ sep ] rank amateur
whitehead did not begin his career as a philosopher . in fact , he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education . early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics , but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur . in one letter to his friend and former student bertrand russell , after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive , he wrote : " this further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic , onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter . " ironically , in later life whitehead would become one of the 20th century ' s foremost metaphysicians . [ sep ] friend and former student
whitehead did not begin his career as a philosopher . in fact , he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education . early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics , but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur . in one letter to his friend and former student bertrand russell , after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive , he wrote : " this further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic , onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter . " ironically , in later life whitehead would become one of the 20th century ' s foremost metaphysicians . [ sep ] one of the 20th century ' s foremost metaphysicians .
whitehead was unimpressed by this objection . in the notes of one his students for a 1927 class , whitehead was quoted as saying : " every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics . what he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized . " in whitehead ' s view , scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time , but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned . while whitehead acknowledged that " philosophers can never hope finally to formulate these metaphysical first principles , " he argued that people need to continually re - imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress , even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic . for this reason whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy . [ sep ] make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works
whitehead was unimpressed by this objection . in the notes of one his students for a 1927 class , whitehead was quoted as saying : " every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics . what he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized . " in whitehead ' s view , scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time , but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned . while whitehead acknowledged that " philosophers can never hope finally to formulate these metaphysical first principles , " he argued that people need to continually re - imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress , even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic . for this reason whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy . [ sep ] they remain unexamined and unquestioned
whitehead was unimpressed by this objection . in the notes of one his students for a 1927 class , whitehead was quoted as saying : " every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics . what he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized . " in whitehead ' s view , scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time , but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned . while whitehead acknowledged that " philosophers can never hope finally to formulate these metaphysical first principles , " he argued that people need to continually re - imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress , even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic . for this reason whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy . [ sep ] basic assumptions about how the universe works
whitehead was unimpressed by this objection . in the notes of one his students for a 1927 class , whitehead was quoted as saying : " every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics . what he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized . " in whitehead ' s view , scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time , but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned . while whitehead acknowledged that " philosophers can never hope finally to formulate these metaphysical first principles , " he argued that people need to continually re - imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress , even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic . for this reason whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy . [ sep ] metaphysical investigations
perhaps foremost among what whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another , which he rejected in favor of an event - based or " process " ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another . he also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential , indeed that everything is constituted by its experience . he used the term " experience " very broadly , so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience . in this , he went against descartes ' separation of two different kinds of real existence , either exclusively material or else exclusively mental . whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as " philosophy of organism " , but it would become known more widely as " process philosophy . " [ sep ] cartesian idea
perhaps foremost among what whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another , which he rejected in favor of an event - based or " process " ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another . he also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential , indeed that everything is constituted by its experience . he used the term " experience " very broadly , so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience . in this , he went against descartes ' separation of two different kinds of real existence , either exclusively material or else exclusively mental . whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as " philosophy of organism " , but it would become known more widely as " process philosophy . " [ sep ] an event - based or " process " ontology
perhaps foremost among what whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another , which he rejected in favor of an event - based or " process " ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another . he also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential , indeed that everything is constituted by its experience . he used the term " experience " very broadly , so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience . in this , he went against descartes ' separation of two different kinds of real existence , either exclusively material or else exclusively mental . whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as " philosophy of organism " , but it would become known more widely as " process philosophy . " [ sep ] interrelated and dependent
perhaps foremost among what whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another , which he rejected in favor of an event - based or " process " ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another . he also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential , indeed that everything is constituted by its experience . he used the term " experience " very broadly , so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience . in this , he went against descartes ' separation of two different kinds of real existence , either exclusively material or else exclusively mental . whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as " philosophy of organism " , but it would become known more widely as " process philosophy . " [ sep ] experiential
perhaps foremost among what whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another , which he rejected in favor of an event - based or " process " ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another . he also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential , indeed that everything is constituted by its experience . he used the term " experience " very broadly , so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience . in this , he went against descartes ' separation of two different kinds of real existence , either exclusively material or else exclusively mental . whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as " philosophy of organism " , but it would become known more widely as " process philosophy . " [ sep ] process philosophy
this is not to say that whitehead ' s thought was widely accepted or even well - understood . his philosophical work is generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon . even professional philosophers struggled to follow whitehead ' s writings . one famous story illustrating the level of difficulty of whitehead ' s philosophy centers around the delivery of whitehead ' s gifford lectures in 1927 – 28 – following arthur eddington ' s lectures of the year previous – which whitehead would later publish as process and reality : [ sep ] the most difficult to understand
this is not to say that whitehead ' s thought was widely accepted or even well - understood . his philosophical work is generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon . even professional philosophers struggled to follow whitehead ' s writings . one famous story illustrating the level of difficulty of whitehead ' s philosophy centers around the delivery of whitehead ' s gifford lectures in 1927 – 28 – following arthur eddington ' s lectures of the year previous – which whitehead would later publish as process and reality : [ sep ] professional philosophers
this is not to say that whitehead ' s thought was widely accepted or even well - understood . his philosophical work is generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon . even professional philosophers struggled to follow whitehead ' s writings . one famous story illustrating the level of difficulty of whitehead ' s philosophy centers around the delivery of whitehead ' s gifford lectures in 1927 – 28 – following arthur eddington ' s lectures of the year previous – which whitehead would later publish as process and reality : [ sep ] 1927 – 28
this is not to say that whitehead ' s thought was widely accepted or even well - understood . his philosophical work is generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon . even professional philosophers struggled to follow whitehead ' s writings . one famous story illustrating the level of difficulty of whitehead ' s philosophy centers around the delivery of whitehead ' s gifford lectures in 1927 – 28 – following arthur eddington ' s lectures of the year previous – which whitehead would later publish as process and reality : [ sep ] process and reality
however , mathews ' frustration with whitehead ' s books did not negatively affect his interest . in fact , there were numerous philosophers and theologians at chicago ' s divinity school that perceived the importance of what whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications . in 1927 they invited one of america ' s only whitehead experts – henry nelson wieman – to chicago to give a lecture explaining whitehead ' s thought . wieman ' s lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years , and for at least thirty years afterward chicago ' s divinity school was closely associated with whitehead ' s thought . [ sep ] mathews
however , mathews ' frustration with whitehead ' s books did not negatively affect his interest . in fact , there were numerous philosophers and theologians at chicago ' s divinity school that perceived the importance of what whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications . in 1927 they invited one of america ' s only whitehead experts – henry nelson wieman – to chicago to give a lecture explaining whitehead ' s thought . wieman ' s lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years , and for at least thirty years afterward chicago ' s divinity school was closely associated with whitehead ' s thought . [ sep ] chicago ' s divinity school
however , mathews ' frustration with whitehead ' s books did not negatively affect his interest . in fact , there were numerous philosophers and theologians at chicago ' s divinity school that perceived the importance of what whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications . in 1927 they invited one of america ' s only whitehead experts – henry nelson wieman – to chicago to give a lecture explaining whitehead ' s thought . wieman ' s lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years , and for at least thirty years afterward chicago ' s divinity school was closely associated with whitehead ' s thought . [ sep ] henry nelson wieman
however , mathews ' frustration with whitehead ' s books did not negatively affect his interest . in fact , there were numerous philosophers and theologians at chicago ' s divinity school that perceived the importance of what whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications . in 1927 they invited one of america ' s only whitehead experts – henry nelson wieman – to chicago to give a lecture explaining whitehead ' s thought . wieman ' s lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years , and for at least thirty years afterward chicago ' s divinity school was closely associated with whitehead ' s thought . [ sep ] 1927
however , mathews ' frustration with whitehead ' s books did not negatively affect his interest . in fact , there were numerous philosophers and theologians at chicago ' s divinity school that perceived the importance of what whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications . in 1927 they invited one of america ' s only whitehead experts – henry nelson wieman – to chicago to give a lecture explaining whitehead ' s thought . wieman ' s lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years , and for at least thirty years afterward chicago ' s divinity school was closely associated with whitehead ' s thought . [ sep ] hired
wieman ' s words proved prophetic . though process and reality has been called " arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century , " it has been little - read and little - understood , partly because it demands – as isabelle stengers puts it – " that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus . " whitehead questioned western philosophy ' s most dearly held assumptions about how the universe works , but in doing so he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions . [ sep ] process and reality
wieman ' s words proved prophetic . though process and reality has been called " arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century , " it has been little - read and little - understood , partly because it demands – as isabelle stengers puts it – " that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus . " whitehead questioned western philosophy ' s most dearly held assumptions about how the universe works , but in doing so he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions . [ sep ] isabelle stengers
wieman ' s words proved prophetic . though process and reality has been called " arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century , " it has been little - read and little - understood , partly because it demands – as isabelle stengers puts it – " that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus . " whitehead questioned western philosophy ' s most dearly held assumptions about how the universe works , but in doing so he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions . [ sep ] how the universe works
wieman ' s words proved prophetic . though process and reality has been called " arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century , " it has been little - read and little - understood , partly because it demands – as isabelle stengers puts it – " that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus . " whitehead questioned western philosophy ' s most dearly held assumptions about how the universe works , but in doing so he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions . [ sep ] scientific and philosophical problems
wieman ' s words proved prophetic . though process and reality has been called " arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century , " it has been little - read and little - understood , partly because it demands – as isabelle stengers puts it – " that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus . " whitehead questioned western philosophy ' s most dearly held assumptions about how the universe works , but in doing so he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions . [ sep ] novel solutions
in whitehead ' s view , then , concepts such as " quality " , " matter " , and " form " are problematic . these " classical " concepts fail to adequately account for change , and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world . they are useful abstractions , but are not the world ' s basic building blocks . what is ordinarily conceived of as a single person , for instance , is philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping events . after all , people change all the time , if only because they have aged by another second and had some further experience . these occasions of experience are logically distinct , but are progressively connected in what whitehead calls a " society " of events . by assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe , materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete ( what whitehead calls the " fallacy of misplaced concreteness " ) . [ sep ] change
in whitehead ' s view , then , concepts such as " quality " , " matter " , and " form " are problematic . these " classical " concepts fail to adequately account for change , and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world . they are useful abstractions , but are not the world ' s basic building blocks . what is ordinarily conceived of as a single person , for instance , is philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping events . after all , people change all the time , if only because they have aged by another second and had some further experience . these occasions of experience are logically distinct , but are progressively connected in what whitehead calls a " society " of events . by assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe , materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete ( what whitehead calls the " fallacy of misplaced concreteness " ) . [ sep ] quality " , " matter " , and " form "
in whitehead ' s view , then , concepts such as " quality " , " matter " , and " form " are problematic . these " classical " concepts fail to adequately account for change , and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world . they are useful abstractions , but are not the world ' s basic building blocks . what is ordinarily conceived of as a single person , for instance , is philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping events . after all , people change all the time , if only because they have aged by another second and had some further experience . these occasions of experience are logically distinct , but are progressively connected in what whitehead calls a " society " of events . by assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe , materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete ( what whitehead calls the " fallacy of misplaced concreteness " ) . [ sep ] " classical " concepts
in whitehead ' s view , then , concepts such as " quality " , " matter " , and " form " are problematic . these " classical " concepts fail to adequately account for change , and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world . they are useful abstractions , but are not the world ' s basic building blocks . what is ordinarily conceived of as a single person , for instance , is philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping events . after all , people change all the time , if only because they have aged by another second and had some further experience . these occasions of experience are logically distinct , but are progressively connected in what whitehead calls a " society " of events . by assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe , materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete ( what whitehead calls the " fallacy of misplaced concreteness " ) . [ sep ] continuum of overlapping events
in whitehead ' s view , then , concepts such as " quality " , " matter " , and " form " are problematic . these " classical " concepts fail to adequately account for change , and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world . they are useful abstractions , but are not the world ' s basic building blocks . what is ordinarily conceived of as a single person , for instance , is philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping events . after all , people change all the time , if only because they have aged by another second and had some further experience . these occasions of experience are logically distinct , but are progressively connected in what whitehead calls a " society " of events . by assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe , materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete ( what whitehead calls the " fallacy of misplaced concreteness " ) . [ sep ] society
to put it another way , a thing or person is often seen as having a " defining essence " or a " core identity " that is unchanging , and describes what the thing or person really is . in this way of thinking , things and people are seen as fundamentally the same through time , with any changes being qualitative and secondary to their core identity ( e . g . " mark ' s hair has turned gray as he has gotten older , but he is still the same person " ) . but in whitehead ' s cosmology , the only fundamentally existent things are discrete " occasions of experience " that overlap one another in time and space , and jointly make up the enduring person or thing . on the other hand , what ordinary thinking often regards as " the essence of a thing " or " the identity / core of a person " is an abstract generalization of what is regarded as that person or thing ' s most important or salient features across time . identities do not define people , people define identities . everything changes from moment to moment , and to think of anything as having an " enduring essence " misses the fact that " all things flow " , though it is often a useful way of speaking . [ sep ] defining essence
to put it another way , a thing or person is often seen as having a " defining essence " or a " core identity " that is unchanging , and describes what the thing or person really is . in this way of thinking , things and people are seen as fundamentally the same through time , with any changes being qualitative and secondary to their core identity ( e . g . " mark ' s hair has turned gray as he has gotten older , but he is still the same person " ) . but in whitehead ' s cosmology , the only fundamentally existent things are discrete " occasions of experience " that overlap one another in time and space , and jointly make up the enduring person or thing . on the other hand , what ordinary thinking often regards as " the essence of a thing " or " the identity / core of a person " is an abstract generalization of what is regarded as that person or thing ' s most important or salient features across time . identities do not define people , people define identities . everything changes from moment to moment , and to think of anything as having an " enduring essence " misses the fact that " all things flow " , though it is often a useful way of speaking . [ sep ] occasions of experience
to put it another way , a thing or person is often seen as having a " defining essence " or a " core identity " that is unchanging , and describes what the thing or person really is . in this way of thinking , things and people are seen as fundamentally the same through time , with any changes being qualitative and secondary to their core identity ( e . g . " mark ' s hair has turned gray as he has gotten older , but he is still the same person " ) . but in whitehead ' s cosmology , the only fundamentally existent things are discrete " occasions of experience " that overlap one another in time and space , and jointly make up the enduring person or thing . on the other hand , what ordinary thinking often regards as " the essence of a thing " or " the identity / core of a person " is an abstract generalization of what is regarded as that person or thing ' s most important or salient features across time . identities do not define people , people define identities . everything changes from moment to moment , and to think of anything as having an " enduring essence " misses the fact that " all things flow " , though it is often a useful way of speaking . [ sep ] time and space
to put it another way , a thing or person is often seen as having a " defining essence " or a " core identity " that is unchanging , and describes what the thing or person really is . in this way of thinking , things and people are seen as fundamentally the same through time , with any changes being qualitative and secondary to their core identity ( e . g . " mark ' s hair has turned gray as he has gotten older , but he is still the same person " ) . but in whitehead ' s cosmology , the only fundamentally existent things are discrete " occasions of experience " that overlap one another in time and space , and jointly make up the enduring person or thing . on the other hand , what ordinary thinking often regards as " the essence of a thing " or " the identity / core of a person " is an abstract generalization of what is regarded as that person or thing ' s most important or salient features across time . identities do not define people , people define identities . everything changes from moment to moment , and to think of anything as having an " enduring essence " misses the fact that " all things flow " , though it is often a useful way of speaking . [ sep ] people define identities
to put it another way , a thing or person is often seen as having a " defining essence " or a " core identity " that is unchanging , and describes what the thing or person really is . in this way of thinking , things and people are seen as fundamentally the same through time , with any changes being qualitative and secondary to their core identity ( e . g . " mark ' s hair has turned gray as he has gotten older , but he is still the same person " ) . but in whitehead ' s cosmology , the only fundamentally existent things are discrete " occasions of experience " that overlap one another in time and space , and jointly make up the enduring person or thing . on the other hand , what ordinary thinking often regards as " the essence of a thing " or " the identity / core of a person " is an abstract generalization of what is regarded as that person or thing ' s most important or salient features across time . identities do not define people , people define identities . everything changes from moment to moment , and to think of anything as having an " enduring essence " misses the fact that " all things flow " , though it is often a useful way of speaking . [ sep ] all things flow "
whitehead pointed to the limitations of language as one of the main culprits in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking , and acknowledged that it may be difficult to ever wholly move past such ideas in everyday speech . after all , each moment of each person ' s life can hardly be given a different proper name , and it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things , rather than constantly keeping in mind that each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago . yet the limitations of everyday living and everyday speech should not prevent people from realizing that " material substances " or " essences " are a convenient generalized description of a continuum of particular , concrete processes . no one questions that a ten - year - old person is quite different by the time he or she turns thirty years old , and in many ways is not the same person at all ; whitehead points out that it is not philosophically or ontologically sound to think that a person is the same from one second to the next . [ sep ] limitations of language
whitehead pointed to the limitations of language as one of the main culprits in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking , and acknowledged that it may be difficult to ever wholly move past such ideas in everyday speech . after all , each moment of each person ' s life can hardly be given a different proper name , and it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things , rather than constantly keeping in mind that each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago . yet the limitations of everyday living and everyday speech should not prevent people from realizing that " material substances " or " essences " are a convenient generalized description of a continuum of particular , concrete processes . no one questions that a ten - year - old person is quite different by the time he or she turns thirty years old , and in many ways is not the same person at all ; whitehead points out that it is not philosophically or ontologically sound to think that a person is the same from one second to the next . [ sep ] limitations of language
whitehead pointed to the limitations of language as one of the main culprits in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking , and acknowledged that it may be difficult to ever wholly move past such ideas in everyday speech . after all , each moment of each person ' s life can hardly be given a different proper name , and it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things , rather than constantly keeping in mind that each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago . yet the limitations of everyday living and everyday speech should not prevent people from realizing that " material substances " or " essences " are a convenient generalized description of a continuum of particular , concrete processes . no one questions that a ten - year - old person is quite different by the time he or she turns thirty years old , and in many ways is not the same person at all ; whitehead points out that it is not philosophically or ontologically sound to think that a person is the same from one second to the next . [ sep ] each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago
a second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of relations . it sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects . each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things . the idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space , and not necessarily related to anything . but in whitehead ' s view , relations take a primary role , perhaps even more important than the relata themselves . a student taking notes in one of whitehead ' s fall 1924 classes wrote that : [ sep ] materialism
a second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of relations . it sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects . each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things . the idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space , and not necessarily related to anything . but in whitehead ' s view , relations take a primary role , perhaps even more important than the relata themselves . a student taking notes in one of whitehead ' s fall 1924 classes wrote that : [ sep ] distinct and discrete
a second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of relations . it sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects . each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things . the idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space , and not necessarily related to anything . but in whitehead ' s view , relations take a primary role , perhaps even more important than the relata themselves . a student taking notes in one of whitehead ' s fall 1924 classes wrote that : [ sep ] externally
in fact , whitehead describes any entity as in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities – its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it . a real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it ; that is to say , if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity ( i . e . it was not related to any other entity ) , it could not be said to really exist . relations are not secondary to what a thing is , they are what the thing is . [ sep ] nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities
in fact , whitehead describes any entity as in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities – its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it . a real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it ; that is to say , if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity ( i . e . it was not related to any other entity ) , it could not be said to really exist . relations are not secondary to what a thing is , they are what the thing is . [ sep ] not be said to really exist .
in fact , whitehead describes any entity as in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities – its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it . a real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it ; that is to say , if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity ( i . e . it was not related to any other entity ) , it could not be said to really exist . relations are not secondary to what a thing is , they are what the thing is . [ sep ] they are what the thing is
in fact , whitehead describes any entity as in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities – its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it . a real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it ; that is to say , if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity ( i . e . it was not related to any other entity ) , it could not be said to really exist . relations are not secondary to what a thing is , they are what the thing is . [ sep ] rld around it
in fact , whitehead describes any entity as in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities – its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it . a real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it ; that is to say , if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity ( i . e . it was not related to any other entity ) , it could not be said to really exist . relations are not secondary to what a thing is , they are what the thing is . [ sep ] in some way conform to it
it must be emphasized , however , that an entity is not merely a sum of its relations , but also a valuation of them and reaction to them . for whitehead , creativity is the absolute principle of existence , and every entity ( whether it is a human being , a tree , or an electron ) has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities , and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws . of course , most entities do not have consciousness . as a human being ' s actions cannot always be predicted , the same can be said of where a tree ' s roots will grow , or how an electron will move , or whether it will rain tomorrow . moreover , inability to predict an electron ' s movement ( for instance ) is not due to faulty understanding or inadequate technology ; rather , the fundamental creativity / freedom of all entities means that there will always remain phenomena that are unpredictable . [ sep ] reaction to them .
it must be emphasized , however , that an entity is not merely a sum of its relations , but also a valuation of them and reaction to them . for whitehead , creativity is the absolute principle of existence , and every entity ( whether it is a human being , a tree , or an electron ) has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities , and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws . of course , most entities do not have consciousness . as a human being ' s actions cannot always be predicted , the same can be said of where a tree ' s roots will grow , or how an electron will move , or whether it will rain tomorrow . moreover , inability to predict an electron ' s movement ( for instance ) is not due to faulty understanding or inadequate technology ; rather , the fundamental creativity / freedom of all entities means that there will always remain phenomena that are unpredictable . [ sep ] consciousness
it must be emphasized , however , that an entity is not merely a sum of its relations , but also a valuation of them and reaction to them . for whitehead , creativity is the absolute principle of existence , and every entity ( whether it is a human being , a tree , or an electron ) has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities , and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws . of course , most entities do not have consciousness . as a human being ' s actions cannot always be predicted , the same can be said of where a tree ' s roots will grow , or how an electron will move , or whether it will rain tomorrow . moreover , inability to predict an electron ' s movement ( for instance ) is not due to faulty understanding or inadequate technology ; rather , the fundamental creativity / freedom of all entities means that there will always remain phenomena that are unpredictable . [ sep ] the fundamental creativity / freedom of all entities
it must be emphasized , however , that an entity is not merely a sum of its relations , but also a valuation of them and reaction to them . for whitehead , creativity is the absolute principle of existence , and every entity ( whether it is a human being , a tree , or an electron ) has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities , and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws . of course , most entities do not have consciousness . as a human being ' s actions cannot always be predicted , the same can be said of where a tree ' s roots will grow , or how an electron will move , or whether it will rain tomorrow . moreover , inability to predict an electron ' s movement ( for instance ) is not due to faulty understanding or inadequate technology ; rather , the fundamental creativity / freedom of all entities means that there will always remain phenomena that are unpredictable . [ sep ] creativity is the absolute principle of existence
since whitehead ' s metaphysics described a universe in which all entities experience , he needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living , self - conscious beings . the term he coined was " prehension " , which comes from the latin prehensio , meaning " to seize . " the term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious , applying to people as well as electrons . it is also intended to make clear whitehead ' s rejection of the theory of representative perception , in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities . for whitehead , the term " prehension " indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself . in this way , entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations , rather than being independent of them . further , whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes , causal efficacy ( or " physical prehension " ) and presentational immediacy ( or " conceptual prehension " ) . [ sep ] prehension
since whitehead ' s metaphysics described a universe in which all entities experience , he needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living , self - conscious beings . the term he coined was " prehension " , which comes from the latin prehensio , meaning " to seize . " the term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious , applying to people as well as electrons . it is also intended to make clear whitehead ' s rejection of the theory of representative perception , in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities . for whitehead , the term " prehension " indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself . in this way , entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations , rather than being independent of them . further , whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes , causal efficacy ( or " physical prehension " ) and presentational immediacy ( or " conceptual prehension " ) . [ sep ] latin
since whitehead ' s metaphysics described a universe in which all entities experience , he needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living , self - conscious beings . the term he coined was " prehension " , which comes from the latin prehensio , meaning " to seize . " the term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious , applying to people as well as electrons . it is also intended to make clear whitehead ' s rejection of the theory of representative perception , in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities . for whitehead , the term " prehension " indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself . in this way , entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations , rather than being independent of them . further , whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes , causal efficacy ( or " physical prehension " ) and presentational immediacy ( or " conceptual prehension " ) . [ sep ] to seize
since whitehead ' s metaphysics described a universe in which all entities experience , he needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living , self - conscious beings . the term he coined was " prehension " , which comes from the latin prehensio , meaning " to seize . " the term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious , applying to people as well as electrons . it is also intended to make clear whitehead ' s rejection of the theory of representative perception , in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities . for whitehead , the term " prehension " indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself . in this way , entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations , rather than being independent of them . further , whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes , causal efficacy ( or " physical prehension " ) and presentational immediacy ( or " conceptual prehension " ) . [ sep ] conscious or unconscious
since whitehead ' s metaphysics described a universe in which all entities experience , he needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living , self - conscious beings . the term he coined was " prehension " , which comes from the latin prehensio , meaning " to seize . " the term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious , applying to people as well as electrons . it is also intended to make clear whitehead ' s rejection of the theory of representative perception , in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities . for whitehead , the term " prehension " indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself . in this way , entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations , rather than being independent of them . further , whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes , causal efficacy ( or " physical prehension " ) and presentational immediacy ( or " conceptual prehension " ) . [ sep ] two
whitehead describes causal efficacy as " the experience dominating the primitive living organisms , which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged , and the fate towards which they go . " it is , in other words , the sense of causal relations between entities , a feeling of being influenced and affected by the surrounding environment , unmediated by the senses . presentational immediacy , on the other hand , is what is usually referred to as " pure sense perception " , unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation , even unconscious interpretation . in other words , it is pure appearance , which may or may not be delusive ( e . g . mistaking an image in a mirror for " the real thing " ) . [ sep ] causal efficacy
whitehead describes causal efficacy as " the experience dominating the primitive living organisms , which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged , and the fate towards which they go . " it is , in other words , the sense of causal relations between entities , a feeling of being influenced and affected by the surrounding environment , unmediated by the senses . presentational immediacy , on the other hand , is what is usually referred to as " pure sense perception " , unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation , even unconscious interpretation . in other words , it is pure appearance , which may or may not be delusive ( e . g . mistaking an image in a mirror for " the real thing " ) . [ sep ] presentational immediacy
whitehead describes causal efficacy as " the experience dominating the primitive living organisms , which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged , and the fate towards which they go . " it is , in other words , the sense of causal relations between entities , a feeling of being influenced and affected by the surrounding environment , unmediated by the senses . presentational immediacy , on the other hand , is what is usually referred to as " pure sense perception " , unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation , even unconscious interpretation . in other words , it is pure appearance , which may or may not be delusive ( e . g . mistaking an image in a mirror for " the real thing " ) . [ sep ] presentational immediacy
in higher organisms ( like people ) , these two modes of perception combine into what whitehead terms " symbolic reference " , which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it . by way of illustration , whitehead uses the example of a person ' s encounter with a chair . an ordinary person looks up , sees a colored shape , and immediately infers that it is a chair . however , an artist , whitehead supposes , " might not have jumped to the notion of a chair " , but instead " might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape . " this is not the normal human reaction ; most people place objects in categories by habit and instinct , without even thinking about it . moreover , animals do the same thing . using the same example , whitehead points out that a dog " would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such . " in this way symbolic reference is a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other , and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality ( as the dog illustrates ) , while it is the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality ( as the artist illustrates ) . [ sep ] symbolic reference
in higher organisms ( like people ) , these two modes of perception combine into what whitehead terms " symbolic reference " , which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it . by way of illustration , whitehead uses the example of a person ' s encounter with a chair . an ordinary person looks up , sees a colored shape , and immediately infers that it is a chair . however , an artist , whitehead supposes , " might not have jumped to the notion of a chair " , but instead " might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape . " this is not the normal human reaction ; most people place objects in categories by habit and instinct , without even thinking about it . moreover , animals do the same thing . using the same example , whitehead points out that a dog " would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such . " in this way symbolic reference is a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other , and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality ( as the dog illustrates ) , while it is the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality ( as the artist illustrates ) . [ sep ] causation
in higher organisms ( like people ) , these two modes of perception combine into what whitehead terms " symbolic reference " , which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it . by way of illustration , whitehead uses the example of a person ' s encounter with a chair . an ordinary person looks up , sees a colored shape , and immediately infers that it is a chair . however , an artist , whitehead supposes , " might not have jumped to the notion of a chair " , but instead " might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape . " this is not the normal human reaction ; most people place objects in categories by habit and instinct , without even thinking about it . moreover , animals do the same thing . using the same example , whitehead points out that a dog " would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such . " in this way symbolic reference is a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other , and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality ( as the dog illustrates ) , while it is the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality ( as the artist illustrates ) . [ sep ] causal relationships
in higher organisms ( like people ) , these two modes of perception combine into what whitehead terms " symbolic reference " , which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it . by way of illustration , whitehead uses the example of a person ' s encounter with a chair . an ordinary person looks up , sees a colored shape , and immediately infers that it is a chair . however , an artist , whitehead supposes , " might not have jumped to the notion of a chair " , but instead " might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape . " this is not the normal human reaction ; most people place objects in categories by habit and instinct , without even thinking about it . moreover , animals do the same thing . using the same example , whitehead points out that a dog " would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such . " in this way symbolic reference is a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other , and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality ( as the dog illustrates ) , while it is the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality ( as the artist illustrates ) . [ sep ] higher grade mentality
whitehead makes the startling observation that " life is comparatively deficient in survival value . " if humans can only exist for about a hundred years , and rocks for eight hundred million , then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place ; as whitehead humorously notes , " they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them . " he then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment , an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three - fold goal of living , living well , and living better . in other words , whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction . without such a goal , he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible . [ sep ] survival value
whitehead makes the startling observation that " life is comparatively deficient in survival value . " if humans can only exist for about a hundred years , and rocks for eight hundred million , then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place ; as whitehead humorously notes , " they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them . " he then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment , an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three - fold goal of living , living well , and living better . in other words , whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction . without such a goal , he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible . [ sep ] modifying their environment
whitehead makes the startling observation that " life is comparatively deficient in survival value . " if humans can only exist for about a hundred years , and rocks for eight hundred million , then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place ; as whitehead humorously notes , " they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them . " he then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment , an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three - fold goal of living , living well , and living better . in other words , whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction . without such a goal , he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible . [ sep ] three
whitehead makes the startling observation that " life is comparatively deficient in survival value . " if humans can only exist for about a hundred years , and rocks for eight hundred million , then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place ; as whitehead humorously notes , " they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them . " he then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment , an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three - fold goal of living , living well , and living better . in other words , whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction . without such a goal , he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible . [ sep ] increasing its own satisfaction
whitehead makes the startling observation that " life is comparatively deficient in survival value . " if humans can only exist for about a hundred years , and rocks for eight hundred million , then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place ; as whitehead humorously notes , " they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them . " he then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment , an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three - fold goal of living , living well , and living better . in other words , whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction . without such a goal , he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible . [ sep ] unintelligible
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat [ that ] is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . [ sep ] 20th
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat [ that ] is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . [ sep ] vaccination
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat [ that ] is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . [ sep ] develop resistance
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat [ that ] is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . [ sep ] world health organization
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat [ that ] is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . [ sep ] antibiotic resistance
antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use , and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated . however , some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects . side - effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used , the microbial organisms targeted , and the individual patient . side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis . safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use . adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions , including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis . common side - effects include diarrhea , resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora , resulting , for example , in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria , such as clostridium difficile . antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora , and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus candida in the vulvo - vaginal area . additional side - effects can result from interaction with other drugs , such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid . some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease . [ sep ] negative effects
antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use , and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated . however , some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects . side - effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used , the microbial organisms targeted , and the individual patient . side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis . safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use . adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions , including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis . common side - effects include diarrhea , resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora , resulting , for example , in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria , such as clostridium difficile . antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora , and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus candida in the vulvo - vaginal area . additional side - effects can result from interaction with other drugs , such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid . some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease . [ sep ] clinical use
antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use , and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated . however , some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects . side - effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used , the microbial organisms targeted , and the individual patient . side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis . safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use . adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions , including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis . common side - effects include diarrhea , resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora , resulting , for example , in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria , such as clostridium difficile . antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora , and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus candida in the vulvo - vaginal area . additional side - effects can result from interaction with other drugs , such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid . some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease . [ sep ] microbial organisms
antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use , and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated . however , some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects . side - effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used , the microbial organisms targeted , and the individual patient . side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis . safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use . adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions , including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis . common side - effects include diarrhea , resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora , resulting , for example , in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria , such as clostridium difficile . antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora , and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus candida in the vulvo - vaginal area . additional side - effects can result from interaction with other drugs , such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid . some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease . [ sep ] adverse effects
antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use , and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated . however , some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects . side - effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used , the microbial organisms targeted , and the individual patient . side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis . safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use . adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions , including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis . common side - effects include diarrhea , resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora , resulting , for example , in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria , such as clostridium difficile . antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora , and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus candida in the vulvo - vaginal area . additional side - effects can result from interaction with other drugs , such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid . some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease . [ sep ] host microbiota
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat [ that ] is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . [ sep ] 20th century
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat [ that ] is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . [ sep ] develop resistance
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat [ that ] is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . [ sep ] world health organization
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat [ that ] is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . [ sep ] every region of the world
the majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills , such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low ( about 1 % ) . in cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills , such as for the broad - spectrum antibacterial rifampicin , these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes ' causing increased breakdown of the pill ' s active ingredients . effects on the intestinal flora , which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon , have also been suggested , but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial . clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives . [ sep ] contraceptive pills
the majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills , such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low ( about 1 % ) . in cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills , such as for the broad - spectrum antibacterial rifampicin , these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes ' causing increased breakdown of the pill ' s active ingredients . effects on the intestinal flora , which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon , have also been suggested , but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial . clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives . [ sep ] about 1 %
the majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills , such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low ( about 1 % ) . in cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills , such as for the broad - spectrum antibacterial rifampicin , these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes ' causing increased breakdown of the pill ' s active ingredients . effects on the intestinal flora , which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon , have also been suggested , but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial . clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives . [ sep ] absorption of estrogens
the majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills , such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low ( about 1 % ) . in cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills , such as for the broad - spectrum antibacterial rifampicin , these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes ' causing increased breakdown of the pill ' s active ingredients . effects on the intestinal flora , which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon , have also been suggested , but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial . clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives . [ sep ] oral contraceptives
interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side - effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy . while moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics , there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side - effects . therefore , potential risks of side - effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered . despite the lack of a categorical counterindication , the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread . [ sep ] decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy
interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side - effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy . while moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics , there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side - effects . therefore , potential risks of side - effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered . despite the lack of a categorical counterindication , the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread . [ sep ] alcohol consumption
interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side - effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy . while moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics , there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side - effects . therefore , potential risks of side - effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered . despite the lack of a categorical counterindication , the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread . [ sep ] alcohol and antibiotics
the successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors . these include host defense mechanisms , the location of infection , and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial . a bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase , and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells . these findings are based on laboratory studies , and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection . since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration , in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial . to predict clinical outcome , the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile , and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy . [ sep ] bacterial growth phase
the successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors . these include host defense mechanisms , the location of infection , and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial . a bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase , and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells . these findings are based on laboratory studies , and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection . since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration , in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial . to predict clinical outcome , the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile , and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy . [ sep ] bacterial infection
the successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors . these include host defense mechanisms , the location of infection , and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial . a bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase , and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells . these findings are based on laboratory studies , and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection . since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration , in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial . to predict clinical outcome , the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile , and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy . [ sep ] division of bacterial cells
the successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors . these include host defense mechanisms , the location of infection , and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial . a bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase , and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells . these findings are based on laboratory studies , and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection . since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration , in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial . to predict clinical outcome , the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile , and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy . [ sep ] concentration
antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action , chemical structure , or spectrum of activity . most target bacterial functions or growth processes . those that target the bacterial cell wall ( penicillins and cephalosporins ) or the cell membrane ( polymyxins ) , or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes ( rifamycins , lipiarmycins , quinolones , and sulfonamides ) have bactericidal activities . those that target protein synthesis ( macrolides , lincosamides and tetracyclines ) are usually bacteriostatic ( with the exception of bactericidal aminoglycosides ) . further categorization is based on their target specificity . " narrow - spectrum " antibacterial antibiotics target specific types of bacteria , such as gram - negative or gram - positive bacteria , whereas broad - spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria . following a 40 - year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibacterial compounds , four new classes of antibacterial antibiotics have been brought into clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s : cyclic lipopeptides ( such as daptomycin ) , glycylcyclines ( such as tigecycline ) , oxazolidinones ( such as linezolid ) , and lipiarmycins ( such as fidaxomicin ) . [ sep ] mechanism of action
antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action , chemical structure , or spectrum of activity . most target bacterial functions or growth processes . those that target the bacterial cell wall ( penicillins and cephalosporins ) or the cell membrane ( polymyxins ) , or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes ( rifamycins , lipiarmycins , quinolones , and sulfonamides ) have bactericidal activities . those that target protein synthesis ( macrolides , lincosamides and tetracyclines ) are usually bacteriostatic ( with the exception of bactericidal aminoglycosides ) . further categorization is based on their target specificity . " narrow - spectrum " antibacterial antibiotics target specific types of bacteria , such as gram - negative or gram - positive bacteria , whereas broad - spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria . following a 40 - year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibacterial compounds , four new classes of antibacterial antibiotics have been brought into clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s : cyclic lipopeptides ( such as daptomycin ) , glycylcyclines ( such as tigecycline ) , oxazolidinones ( such as linezolid ) , and lipiarmycins ( such as fidaxomicin ) . [ sep ] penicillins and cephalosporins
antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action , chemical structure , or spectrum of activity . most target bacterial functions or growth processes . those that target the bacterial cell wall ( penicillins and cephalosporins ) or the cell membrane ( polymyxins ) , or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes ( rifamycins , lipiarmycins , quinolones , and sulfonamides ) have bactericidal activities . those that target protein synthesis ( macrolides , lincosamides and tetracyclines ) are usually bacteriostatic ( with the exception of bactericidal aminoglycosides ) . further categorization is based on their target specificity . " narrow - spectrum " antibacterial antibiotics target specific types of bacteria , such as gram - negative or gram - positive bacteria , whereas broad - spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria . following a 40 - year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibacterial compounds , four new classes of antibacterial antibiotics have been brought into clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s : cyclic lipopeptides ( such as daptomycin ) , glycylcyclines ( such as tigecycline ) , oxazolidinones ( such as linezolid ) , and lipiarmycins ( such as fidaxomicin ) . [ sep ] polymyxins
antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action , chemical structure , or spectrum of activity . most target bacterial functions or growth processes . those that target the bacterial cell wall ( penicillins and cephalosporins ) or the cell membrane ( polymyxins ) , or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes ( rifamycins , lipiarmycins , quinolones , and sulfonamides ) have bactericidal activities . those that target protein synthesis ( macrolides , lincosamides and tetracyclines ) are usually bacteriostatic ( with the exception of bactericidal aminoglycosides ) . further categorization is based on their target specificity . " narrow - spectrum " antibacterial antibiotics target specific types of bacteria , such as gram - negative or gram - positive bacteria , whereas broad - spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria . following a 40 - year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibacterial compounds , four new classes of antibacterial antibiotics have been brought into clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s : cyclic lipopeptides ( such as daptomycin ) , glycylcyclines ( such as tigecycline ) , oxazolidinones ( such as linezolid ) , and lipiarmycins ( such as fidaxomicin ) . [ sep ] four
with advances in medicinal chemistry , most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds . these include , for example , the beta - lactam antibiotics , which include the penicillins ( produced by fungi in the genus penicillium ) , the cephalosporins , and the carbapenems . compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides , whereas other antibacterials — for example , the sulfonamides , the quinolones , and the oxazolidinones — are produced solely by chemical synthesis . many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] various natural compounds
with advances in medicinal chemistry , most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds . these include , for example , the beta - lactam antibiotics , which include the penicillins ( produced by fungi in the genus penicillium ) , the cephalosporins , and the carbapenems . compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides , whereas other antibacterials — for example , the sulfonamides , the quinolones , and the oxazolidinones — are produced solely by chemical synthesis . many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] 2000 atomic mass units
with advances in medicinal chemistry , most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds . these include , for example , the beta - lactam antibiotics , which include the penicillins ( produced by fungi in the genus penicillium ) , the cephalosporins , and the carbapenems . compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides , whereas other antibacterials — for example , the sulfonamides , the quinolones , and the oxazolidinones — are produced solely by chemical synthesis . many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] penicillins
with advances in medicinal chemistry , most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds . these include , for example , the beta - lactam antibiotics , which include the penicillins ( produced by fungi in the genus penicillium ) , the cephalosporins , and the carbapenems . compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides , whereas other antibacterials — for example , the sulfonamides , the quinolones , and the oxazolidinones — are produced solely by chemical synthesis . many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] fungi
the emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon . emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy . the antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics . under certain conditions , it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria , while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug . for example , antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial - resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the luria – delbruck experiment . antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin , which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains , have become less effective , due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains . [ sep ] evolutionary processes
the emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon . emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy . the antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics . under certain conditions , it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria , while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug . for example , antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial - resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the luria – delbruck experiment . antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin , which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains , have become less effective , due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains . [ sep ] survive high doses of antibiotics
the emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon . emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy . the antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics . under certain conditions , it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria , while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug . for example , antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial - resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the luria – delbruck experiment . antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin , which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains , have become less effective , due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains . [ sep ] 1943
the emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon . emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy . the antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics . under certain conditions , it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria , while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug . for example , antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial - resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the luria – delbruck experiment . antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin , which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains , have become less effective , due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains . [ sep ] luria – delbruck
several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist . intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains . for example , an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome . acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra - chromosomal dna . antibacterial - producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to , and may have been transferred to , antibacterial - resistant strains . the spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of dna by horizontal genetic exchange . for instance , antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes . plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials . cross - resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound . [ sep ] intrinsic antibacterial resistance
several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist . intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains . for example , an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome . acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra - chromosomal dna . antibacterial - producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to , and may have been transferred to , antibacterial - resistant strains . the spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of dna by horizontal genetic exchange . for instance , antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes . plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials . cross - resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound . [ sep ] antibiotic target
several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist . intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains . for example , an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome . acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra - chromosomal dna . antibacterial - producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to , and may have been transferred to , antibacterial - resistant strains . the spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of dna by horizontal genetic exchange . for instance , antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes . plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials . cross - resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound . [ sep ] vertical transmission
several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist . intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains . for example , an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome . acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra - chromosomal dna . antibacterial - producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to , and may have been transferred to , antibacterial - resistant strains . the spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of dna by horizontal genetic exchange . for instance , antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes . plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials . cross - resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound . [ sep ] antibacterial resistance genes
tajikistan ( i / [unk] / , / [unk] / , or / tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn / ; persian : تاجيكستان [unk] [ tɔdʒikɪsˈtɔn ] ) , officially the republic of tajikistan ( persian : جمهورى تاجيكستان tajik : [unk] [unk] , cumhuriji tocikiston / jumhuriyi tojikiston ; russian : республика таджикистан , respublika tadzhikistan ) , is a mountainous , landlocked country in central asia with an estimated 8 million people in 2013 , and an area of 143 , 100 km2 ( 55 , 300 sq mi ) . it is bordered by afghanistan to the south , uzbekistan to the west , kyrgyzstan to the north , and china to the east . pakistan lies to the south , separated by the narrow wakhan corridor . traditional homelands of tajik people included present - day tajikistan , afghanistan and uzbekistan . [ sep ] 8 million
tajikistan ( i / [unk] / , / [unk] / , or / tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn / ; persian : تاجيكستان [unk] [ tɔdʒikɪsˈtɔn ] ) , officially the republic of tajikistan ( persian : جمهورى تاجيكستان tajik : [unk] [unk] , cumhuriji tocikiston / jumhuriyi tojikiston ; russian : республика таджикистан , respublika tadzhikistan ) , is a mountainous , landlocked country in central asia with an estimated 8 million people in 2013 , and an area of 143 , 100 km2 ( 55 , 300 sq mi ) . it is bordered by afghanistan to the south , uzbekistan to the west , kyrgyzstan to the north , and china to the east . pakistan lies to the south , separated by the narrow wakhan corridor . traditional homelands of tajik people included present - day tajikistan , afghanistan and uzbekistan . [ sep ] china
tajikistan ( i / [unk] / , / [unk] / , or / tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn / ; persian : تاجيكستان [unk] [ tɔdʒikɪsˈtɔn ] ) , officially the republic of tajikistan ( persian : جمهورى تاجيكستان tajik : [unk] [unk] , cumhuriji tocikiston / jumhuriyi tojikiston ; russian : республика таджикистан , respublika tadzhikistan ) , is a mountainous , landlocked country in central asia with an estimated 8 million people in 2013 , and an area of 143 , 100 km2 ( 55 , 300 sq mi ) . it is bordered by afghanistan to the south , uzbekistan to the west , kyrgyzstan to the north , and china to the east . pakistan lies to the south , separated by the narrow wakhan corridor . traditional homelands of tajik people included present - day tajikistan , afghanistan and uzbekistan . [ sep ] 143 , 100 km2
tajikistan ( i / [unk] / , / [unk] / , or / tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn / ; persian : تاجيكستان [unk] [ tɔdʒikɪsˈtɔn ] ) , officially the republic of tajikistan ( persian : جمهورى تاجيكستان tajik : [unk] [unk] , cumhuriji tocikiston / jumhuriyi tojikiston ; russian : республика таджикистан , respublika tadzhikistan ) , is a mountainous , landlocked country in central asia with an estimated 8 million people in 2013 , and an area of 143 , 100 km2 ( 55 , 300 sq mi ) . it is bordered by afghanistan to the south , uzbekistan to the west , kyrgyzstan to the north , and china to the east . pakistan lies to the south , separated by the narrow wakhan corridor . traditional homelands of tajik people included present - day tajikistan , afghanistan and uzbekistan . [ sep ] afghanistan
tajikistan ( i / [unk] / , / [unk] / , or / tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn / ; persian : تاجيكستان [unk] [ tɔdʒikɪsˈtɔn ] ) , officially the republic of tajikistan ( persian : جمهورى تاجيكستان tajik : [unk] [unk] , cumhuriji tocikiston / jumhuriyi tojikiston ; russian : республика таджикистан , respublika tadzhikistan ) , is a mountainous , landlocked country in central asia with an estimated 8 million people in 2013 , and an area of 143 , 100 km2 ( 55 , 300 sq mi ) . it is bordered by afghanistan to the south , uzbekistan to the west , kyrgyzstan to the north , and china to the east . pakistan lies to the south , separated by the narrow wakhan corridor . traditional homelands of tajik people included present - day tajikistan , afghanistan and uzbekistan . [ sep ] uzbekistan
genocide has become an official term used in international relations . the word genocide was not in use before 1944 . before this , in 1941 , winston churchill described the mass killing of russian prisoners of war and civilians as " a crime without a name " . in that year , a polish - jewish lawyer named raphael lemkin , described the policies of systematic murder founded by the nazis as genocide . the word genocide is the combination of the greek prefix geno - ( meaning tribe or race ) and caedere ( the latin word for to kill ) . the word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them . [ sep ] 1944
genocide has become an official term used in international relations . the word genocide was not in use before 1944 . before this , in 1941 , winston churchill described the mass killing of russian prisoners of war and civilians as " a crime without a name " . in that year , a polish - jewish lawyer named raphael lemkin , described the policies of systematic murder founded by the nazis as genocide . the word genocide is the combination of the greek prefix geno - ( meaning tribe or race ) and caedere ( the latin word for to kill ) . the word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them . [ sep ] the word genocide is the combination of the greek prefix geno - ( meaning tribe or race ) and caedere ( the latin word for to kill ) .
genocide has become an official term used in international relations . the word genocide was not in use before 1944 . before this , in 1941 , winston churchill described the mass killing of russian prisoners of war and civilians as " a crime without a name " . in that year , a polish - jewish lawyer named raphael lemkin , described the policies of systematic murder founded by the nazis as genocide . the word genocide is the combination of the greek prefix geno - ( meaning tribe or race ) and caedere ( the latin word for to kill ) . the word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them . [ sep ] a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them
genocide has become an official term used in international relations . the word genocide was not in use before 1944 . before this , in 1941 , winston churchill described the mass killing of russian prisoners of war and civilians as " a crime without a name " . in that year , a polish - jewish lawyer named raphael lemkin , described the policies of systematic murder founded by the nazis as genocide . the word genocide is the combination of the greek prefix geno - ( meaning tribe or race ) and caedere ( the latin word for to kill ) . the word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them . [ sep ] raphael lemkin
genocide has become an official term used in international relations . the word genocide was not in use before 1944 . before this , in 1941 , winston churchill described the mass killing of russian prisoners of war and civilians as " a crime without a name " . in that year , a polish - jewish lawyer named raphael lemkin , described the policies of systematic murder founded by the nazis as genocide . the word genocide is the combination of the greek prefix geno - ( meaning tribe or race ) and caedere ( the latin word for to kill ) . the word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them . [ sep ] winston churchill
the word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment , but not yet as a formal legal term according to lemming , genocide was defined as " a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people , a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group ' s basic existence , including language , culture , and economic infrastructure . ” he created a concept of mobilizing much of the international relations and community , to working together and preventing the occurrence of such events happening within history and the international society . australian anthropologist peg levine coined the term " ritualcide " to describe the destruction of a group ' s cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members . [ sep ] ritualcide
the word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment , but not yet as a formal legal term according to lemming , genocide was defined as " a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people , a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group ' s basic existence , including language , culture , and economic infrastructure . ” he created a concept of mobilizing much of the international relations and community , to working together and preventing the occurrence of such events happening within history and the international society . australian anthropologist peg levine coined the term " ritualcide " to describe the destruction of a group ' s cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members . [ sep ] anthropologist
the word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment , but not yet as a formal legal term according to lemming , genocide was defined as " a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people , a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group ' s basic existence , including language , culture , and economic infrastructure . ” he created a concept of mobilizing much of the international relations and community , to working together and preventing the occurrence of such events happening within history and the international society . australian anthropologist peg levine coined the term " ritualcide " to describe the destruction of a group ' s cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members . [ sep ] language , culture , and economic infrastructure
the study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term . by formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime , involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relations . when genocide is looked at in a general aspect it is viewed as the deliberate killing of a certain group . yet is commonly seen to escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area . in 1648 before the term genocide had been coined , the peace of westphalia was established to protect ethnic , national , racial and in some instances religious groups . during the 19th century humanitarian intervention was needed due to the fact of conflict and justification of some of the actions executed by the military . [ sep ] genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power
the study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term . by formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime , involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relations . when genocide is looked at in a general aspect it is viewed as the deliberate killing of a certain group . yet is commonly seen to escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area . in 1648 before the term genocide had been coined , the peace of westphalia was established to protect ethnic , national , racial and in some instances religious groups . during the 19th century humanitarian intervention was needed due to the fact of conflict and justification of some of the actions executed by the military . [ sep ] ethnic , national , racial and in some instances religious groups
the study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term . by formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime , involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relations . when genocide is looked at in a general aspect it is viewed as the deliberate killing of a certain group . yet is commonly seen to escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area . in 1648 before the term genocide had been coined , the peace of westphalia was established to protect ethnic , national , racial and in some instances religious groups . during the 19th century humanitarian intervention was needed due to the fact of conflict and justification of some of the actions executed by the military . [ sep ] 1648
it threatened the collapse of large financial institutions , which was prevented by the bailout of banks by national governments , but stock markets still dropped worldwide . in many areas , the housing market also suffered , resulting in evictions , foreclosures and prolonged unemployment . the crisis played a significant role in the failure of key businesses , declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of u . s . dollars , and a downturn in economic activity leading to the 2008 – 2012 global recession and contributing to the european sovereign - debt crisis . the active phase of the crisis , which manifested as a liquidity crisis , can be dated from august 9 , 2007 , when bnp paribas terminated withdrawals from three hedge funds citing " a complete evaporation of liquidity " . [ sep ] bailout of banks
it threatened the collapse of large financial institutions , which was prevented by the bailout of banks by national governments , but stock markets still dropped worldwide . in many areas , the housing market also suffered , resulting in evictions , foreclosures and prolonged unemployment . the crisis played a significant role in the failure of key businesses , declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of u . s . dollars , and a downturn in economic activity leading to the 2008 – 2012 global recession and contributing to the european sovereign - debt crisis . the active phase of the crisis , which manifested as a liquidity crisis , can be dated from august 9 , 2007 , when bnp paribas terminated withdrawals from three hedge funds citing " a complete evaporation of liquidity " . [ sep ] trillions of u . s . dollars
it threatened the collapse of large financial institutions , which was prevented by the bailout of banks by national governments , but stock markets still dropped worldwide . in many areas , the housing market also suffered , resulting in evictions , foreclosures and prolonged unemployment . the crisis played a significant role in the failure of key businesses , declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of u . s . dollars , and a downturn in economic activity leading to the 2008 – 2012 global recession and contributing to the european sovereign - debt crisis . the active phase of the crisis , which manifested as a liquidity crisis , can be dated from august 9 , 2007 , when bnp paribas terminated withdrawals from three hedge funds citing " a complete evaporation of liquidity " . [ sep ] august 9 , 2007
it threatened the collapse of large financial institutions , which was prevented by the bailout of banks by national governments , but stock markets still dropped worldwide . in many areas , the housing market also suffered , resulting in evictions , foreclosures and prolonged unemployment . the crisis played a significant role in the failure of key businesses , declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of u . s . dollars , and a downturn in economic activity leading to the 2008 – 2012 global recession and contributing to the european sovereign - debt crisis . the active phase of the crisis , which manifested as a liquidity crisis , can be dated from august 9 , 2007 , when bnp paribas terminated withdrawals from three hedge funds citing " a complete evaporation of liquidity " . [ sep ] 2012
it threatened the collapse of large financial institutions , which was prevented by the bailout of banks by national governments , but stock markets still dropped worldwide . in many areas , the housing market also suffered , resulting in evictions , foreclosures and prolonged unemployment . the crisis played a significant role in the failure of key businesses , declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of u . s . dollars , and a downturn in economic activity leading to the 2008 – 2012 global recession and contributing to the european sovereign - debt crisis . the active phase of the crisis , which manifested as a liquidity crisis , can be dated from august 9 , 2007 , when bnp paribas terminated withdrawals from three hedge funds citing " a complete evaporation of liquidity " . [ sep ] bnp paribas
the bursting of the u . s . ( united states ) housing bubble , which peaked in 2004 , caused the values of securities tied to u . s . real estate pricing to plummet , damaging financial institutions globally . the financial crisis was triggered by a complex interplay of policies that encouraged home ownership , providing easier access to loans for subprime borrowers , overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages based on the theory that housing prices would continue to escalate , questionable trading practices on behalf of both buyers and sellers , compensation structures that prioritize short - term deal flow over long - term value creation , and a lack of adequate capital holdings from banks and insurance companies to back the financial commitments they were making . questions regarding bank solvency , declines in credit availability and damaged investor confidence had an impact on global stock markets , where securities suffered large losses during 2008 and early 2009 . economies worldwide slowed during this period , as credit tightened and international trade declined . governments and central banks responded with unprecedented fiscal stimulus , monetary policy expansion and institutional bailouts . in the u . s . , congress passed the american recovery and reinvestment act of 2009 . [ sep ] 2004
the bursting of the u . s . ( united states ) housing bubble , which peaked in 2004 , caused the values of securities tied to u . s . real estate pricing to plummet , damaging financial institutions globally . the financial crisis was triggered by a complex interplay of policies that encouraged home ownership , providing easier access to loans for subprime borrowers , overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages based on the theory that housing prices would continue to escalate , questionable trading practices on behalf of both buyers and sellers , compensation structures that prioritize short - term deal flow over long - term value creation , and a lack of adequate capital holdings from banks and insurance companies to back the financial commitments they were making . questions regarding bank solvency , declines in credit availability and damaged investor confidence had an impact on global stock markets , where securities suffered large losses during 2008 and early 2009 . economies worldwide slowed during this period , as credit tightened and international trade declined . governments and central banks responded with unprecedented fiscal stimulus , monetary policy expansion and institutional bailouts . in the u . s . , congress passed the american recovery and reinvestment act of 2009 . [ sep ] 2009
the bursting of the u . s . ( united states ) housing bubble , which peaked in 2004 , caused the values of securities tied to u . s . real estate pricing to plummet , damaging financial institutions globally . the financial crisis was triggered by a complex interplay of policies that encouraged home ownership , providing easier access to loans for subprime borrowers , overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages based on the theory that housing prices would continue to escalate , questionable trading practices on behalf of both buyers and sellers , compensation structures that prioritize short - term deal flow over long - term value creation , and a lack of adequate capital holdings from banks and insurance companies to back the financial commitments they were making . questions regarding bank solvency , declines in credit availability and damaged investor confidence had an impact on global stock markets , where securities suffered large losses during 2008 and early 2009 . economies worldwide slowed during this period , as credit tightened and international trade declined . governments and central banks responded with unprecedented fiscal stimulus , monetary policy expansion and institutional bailouts . in the u . s . , congress passed the american recovery and reinvestment act of 2009 . [ sep ] escalate
the bursting of the u . s . ( united states ) housing bubble , which peaked in 2004 , caused the values of securities tied to u . s . real estate pricing to plummet , damaging financial institutions globally . the financial crisis was triggered by a complex interplay of policies that encouraged home ownership , providing easier access to loans for subprime borrowers , overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages based on the theory that housing prices would continue to escalate , questionable trading practices on behalf of both buyers and sellers , compensation structures that prioritize short - term deal flow over long - term value creation , and a lack of adequate capital holdings from banks and insurance companies to back the financial commitments they were making . questions regarding bank solvency , declines in credit availability and damaged investor confidence had an impact on global stock markets , where securities suffered large losses during 2008 and early 2009 . economies worldwide slowed during this period , as credit tightened and international trade declined . governments and central banks responded with unprecedented fiscal stimulus , monetary policy expansion and institutional bailouts . in the u . s . , congress passed the american recovery and reinvestment act of 2009 . [ sep ] subprime
the bursting of the u . s . ( united states ) housing bubble , which peaked in 2004 , caused the values of securities tied to u . s . real estate pricing to plummet , damaging financial institutions globally . the financial crisis was triggered by a complex interplay of policies that encouraged home ownership , providing easier access to loans for subprime borrowers , overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages based on the theory that housing prices would continue to escalate , questionable trading practices on behalf of both buyers and sellers , compensation structures that prioritize short - term deal flow over long - term value creation , and a lack of adequate capital holdings from banks and insurance companies to back the financial commitments they were making . questions regarding bank solvency , declines in credit availability and damaged investor confidence had an impact on global stock markets , where securities suffered large losses during 2008 and early 2009 . economies worldwide slowed during this period , as credit tightened and international trade declined . governments and central banks responded with unprecedented fiscal stimulus , monetary policy expansion and institutional bailouts . in the u . s . , congress passed the american recovery and reinvestment act of 2009 . [ sep ] capital
many causes for the financial crisis have been suggested , with varying weight assigned by experts . the u . s . senate ' s levin – coburn report concluded that the crisis was the result of " high risk , complex financial products ; undisclosed conflicts of interest ; the failure of regulators , the credit rating agencies , and the market itself to rein in the excesses of wall street . " the financial crisis inquiry commission concluded that the financial crisis was avoidable and was caused by " widespread failures in financial regulation and supervision " , " dramatic failures of corporate governance and risk management at many systemically important financial institutions " , " a combination of excessive borrowing , risky investments , and lack of transparency " by financial institutions , ill preparation and inconsistent action by government that " added to the uncertainty and panic " , a " systemic breakdown in accountability and ethics " , " collapsing mortgage - lending standards and the mortgage securitization pipeline " , deregulation of over - the - counter derivatives , especially credit default swaps , and " the failures of credit rating agencies " to correctly price risk . the 1999 repeal of the glass - steagall act effectively removed the separation between investment banks and depository banks in the united states . critics argued that credit rating agencies and investors failed to accurately price the risk involved with mortgage - related financial products , and that governments did not adjust their regulatory practices to address 21st - century financial markets . research into the causes of the financial crisis has also focused on the role of interest rate spreads . [ sep ] levin – coburn report
many causes for the financial crisis have been suggested , with varying weight assigned by experts . the u . s . senate ' s levin – coburn report concluded that the crisis was the result of " high risk , complex financial products ; undisclosed conflicts of interest ; the failure of regulators , the credit rating agencies , and the market itself to rein in the excesses of wall street . " the financial crisis inquiry commission concluded that the financial crisis was avoidable and was caused by " widespread failures in financial regulation and supervision " , " dramatic failures of corporate governance and risk management at many systemically important financial institutions " , " a combination of excessive borrowing , risky investments , and lack of transparency " by financial institutions , ill preparation and inconsistent action by government that " added to the uncertainty and panic " , a " systemic breakdown in accountability and ethics " , " collapsing mortgage - lending standards and the mortgage securitization pipeline " , deregulation of over - the - counter derivatives , especially credit default swaps , and " the failures of credit rating agencies " to correctly price risk . the 1999 repeal of the glass - steagall act effectively removed the separation between investment banks and depository banks in the united states . critics argued that credit rating agencies and investors failed to accurately price the risk involved with mortgage - related financial products , and that governments did not adjust their regulatory practices to address 21st - century financial markets . research into the causes of the financial crisis has also focused on the role of interest rate spreads . [ sep ] glass - steagall act
many causes for the financial crisis have been suggested , with varying weight assigned by experts . the u . s . senate ' s levin – coburn report concluded that the crisis was the result of " high risk , complex financial products ; undisclosed conflicts of interest ; the failure of regulators , the credit rating agencies , and the market itself to rein in the excesses of wall street . " the financial crisis inquiry commission concluded that the financial crisis was avoidable and was caused by " widespread failures in financial regulation and supervision " , " dramatic failures of corporate governance and risk management at many systemically important financial institutions " , " a combination of excessive borrowing , risky investments , and lack of transparency " by financial institutions , ill preparation and inconsistent action by government that " added to the uncertainty and panic " , a " systemic breakdown in accountability and ethics " , " collapsing mortgage - lending standards and the mortgage securitization pipeline " , deregulation of over - the - counter derivatives , especially credit default swaps , and " the failures of credit rating agencies " to correctly price risk . the 1999 repeal of the glass - steagall act effectively removed the separation between investment banks and depository banks in the united states . critics argued that credit rating agencies and investors failed to accurately price the risk involved with mortgage - related financial products , and that governments did not adjust their regulatory practices to address 21st - century financial markets . research into the causes of the financial crisis has also focused on the role of interest rate spreads . [ sep ] financial crisis inquiry commission
many causes for the financial crisis have been suggested , with varying weight assigned by experts . the u . s . senate ' s levin – coburn report concluded that the crisis was the result of " high risk , complex financial products ; undisclosed conflicts of interest ; the failure of regulators , the credit rating agencies , and the market itself to rein in the excesses of wall street . " the financial crisis inquiry commission concluded that the financial crisis was avoidable and was caused by " widespread failures in financial regulation and supervision " , " dramatic failures of corporate governance and risk management at many systemically important financial institutions " , " a combination of excessive borrowing , risky investments , and lack of transparency " by financial institutions , ill preparation and inconsistent action by government that " added to the uncertainty and panic " , a " systemic breakdown in accountability and ethics " , " collapsing mortgage - lending standards and the mortgage securitization pipeline " , deregulation of over - the - counter derivatives , especially credit default swaps , and " the failures of credit rating agencies " to correctly price risk . the 1999 repeal of the glass - steagall act effectively removed the separation between investment banks and depository banks in the united states . critics argued that credit rating agencies and investors failed to accurately price the risk involved with mortgage - related financial products , and that governments did not adjust their regulatory practices to address 21st - century financial markets . research into the causes of the financial crisis has also focused on the role of interest rate spreads . [ sep ] credit rating agencies
many causes for the financial crisis have been suggested , with varying weight assigned by experts . the u . s . senate ' s levin – coburn report concluded that the crisis was the result of " high risk , complex financial products ; undisclosed conflicts of interest ; the failure of regulators , the credit rating agencies , and the market itself to rein in the excesses of wall street . " the financial crisis inquiry commission concluded that the financial crisis was avoidable and was caused by " widespread failures in financial regulation and supervision " , " dramatic failures of corporate governance and risk management at many systemically important financial institutions " , " a combination of excessive borrowing , risky investments , and lack of transparency " by financial institutions , ill preparation and inconsistent action by government that " added to the uncertainty and panic " , a " systemic breakdown in accountability and ethics " , " collapsing mortgage - lending standards and the mortgage securitization pipeline " , deregulation of over - the - counter derivatives , especially credit default swaps , and " the failures of credit rating agencies " to correctly price risk . the 1999 repeal of the glass - steagall act effectively removed the separation between investment banks and depository banks in the united states . critics argued that credit rating agencies and investors failed to accurately price the risk involved with mortgage - related financial products , and that governments did not adjust their regulatory practices to address 21st - century financial markets . research into the causes of the financial crisis has also focused on the role of interest rate spreads . [ sep ] regulatory
as part of the housing and credit booms , the number of financial agreements called mortgage - backed securities ( mbs ) and collateralized debt obligations ( cdo ) , which derived their value from mortgage payments and housing prices , greatly increased . such financial innovation enabled institutions and investors around the world to invest in the u . s . housing market . as housing prices declined , major global financial institutions that had borrowed and invested heavily in subprime mbs reported significant losses . [ sep ] mortgage - backed securities
as part of the housing and credit booms , the number of financial agreements called mortgage - backed securities ( mbs ) and collateralized debt obligations ( cdo ) , which derived their value from mortgage payments and housing prices , greatly increased . such financial innovation enabled institutions and investors around the world to invest in the u . s . housing market . as housing prices declined , major global financial institutions that had borrowed and invested heavily in subprime mbs reported significant losses . [ sep ] collateralized debt obligations
as part of the housing and credit booms , the number of financial agreements called mortgage - backed securities ( mbs ) and collateralized debt obligations ( cdo ) , which derived their value from mortgage payments and housing prices , greatly increased . such financial innovation enabled institutions and investors around the world to invest in the u . s . housing market . as housing prices declined , major global financial institutions that had borrowed and invested heavily in subprime mbs reported significant losses . [ sep ] major global financial institutions
as part of the housing and credit booms , the number of financial agreements called mortgage - backed securities ( mbs ) and collateralized debt obligations ( cdo ) , which derived their value from mortgage payments and housing prices , greatly increased . such financial innovation enabled institutions and investors around the world to invest in the u . s . housing market . as housing prices declined , major global financial institutions that had borrowed and invested heavily in subprime mbs reported significant losses . [ sep ] institutions and investors around the world
as part of the housing and credit booms , the number of financial agreements called mortgage - backed securities ( mbs ) and collateralized debt obligations ( cdo ) , which derived their value from mortgage payments and housing prices , greatly increased . such financial innovation enabled institutions and investors around the world to invest in the u . s . housing market . as housing prices declined , major global financial institutions that had borrowed and invested heavily in subprime mbs reported significant losses . [ sep ] mortgage payments and housing prices
portugal ( portuguese : [ [unk] ] ) , officially the portuguese republic ( portuguese : republica portuguesa ) , is a country on the iberian peninsula , in southwestern europe . it is the westernmost country of mainland europe , being bordered by the atlantic ocean to the west and south and by spain to the north and east . the portugal – spain border is 1 , 214 km ( 754 mi ) long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the european union . the republic also includes the atlantic archipelagos of the azores and madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . [ sep ] portuguese republic
portugal ( portuguese : [ [unk] ] ) , officially the portuguese republic ( portuguese : republica portuguesa ) , is a country on the iberian peninsula , in southwestern europe . it is the westernmost country of mainland europe , being bordered by the atlantic ocean to the west and south and by spain to the north and east . the portugal – spain border is 1 , 214 km ( 754 mi ) long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the european union . the republic also includes the atlantic archipelagos of the azores and madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . [ sep ] iberian peninsula , in southwestern europe
portugal ( portuguese : [ [unk] ] ) , officially the portuguese republic ( portuguese : republica portuguesa ) , is a country on the iberian peninsula , in southwestern europe . it is the westernmost country of mainland europe , being bordered by the atlantic ocean to the west and south and by spain to the north and east . the portugal – spain border is 1 , 214 km ( 754 mi ) long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the european union . the republic also includes the atlantic archipelagos of the azores and madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . [ sep ] atlantic ocean
portugal ( portuguese : [ [unk] ] ) , officially the portuguese republic ( portuguese : republica portuguesa ) , is a country on the iberian peninsula , in southwestern europe . it is the westernmost country of mainland europe , being bordered by the atlantic ocean to the west and south and by spain to the north and east . the portugal – spain border is 1 , 214 km ( 754 mi ) long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the european union . the republic also includes the atlantic archipelagos of the azores and madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . [ sep ] spain
portugal ( portuguese : [ [unk] ] ) , officially the portuguese republic ( portuguese : republica portuguesa ) , is a country on the iberian peninsula , in southwestern europe . it is the westernmost country of mainland europe , being bordered by the atlantic ocean to the west and south and by spain to the north and east . the portugal – spain border is 1 , 214 km ( 754 mi ) long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the european union . the republic also includes the atlantic archipelagos of the azores and madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . [ sep ] portugal – spain
falling prices also resulted in homes worth less than the mortgage loan , providing a financial incentive to enter foreclosure . the ongoing foreclosure epidemic that began in late 2006 in the u . s . continues to drain wealth from consumers and erodes the financial strength of banking institutions . defaults and losses on other loan types also increased significantly as the crisis expanded from the housing market to other parts of the economy . total losses are estimated in the trillions of u . s . dollars globally . [ sep ] late 2006
falling prices also resulted in homes worth less than the mortgage loan , providing a financial incentive to enter foreclosure . the ongoing foreclosure epidemic that began in late 2006 in the u . s . continues to drain wealth from consumers and erodes the financial strength of banking institutions . defaults and losses on other loan types also increased significantly as the crisis expanded from the housing market to other parts of the economy . total losses are estimated in the trillions of u . s . dollars globally . [ sep ] trillions of u . s . dollars
falling prices also resulted in homes worth less than the mortgage loan , providing a financial incentive to enter foreclosure . the ongoing foreclosure epidemic that began in late 2006 in the u . s . continues to drain wealth from consumers and erodes the financial strength of banking institutions . defaults and losses on other loan types also increased significantly as the crisis expanded from the housing market to other parts of the economy . total losses are estimated in the trillions of u . s . dollars globally . [ sep ] foreclosure
falling prices also resulted in homes worth less than the mortgage loan , providing a financial incentive to enter foreclosure . the ongoing foreclosure epidemic that began in late 2006 in the u . s . continues to drain wealth from consumers and erodes the financial strength of banking institutions . defaults and losses on other loan types also increased significantly as the crisis expanded from the housing market to other parts of the economy . total losses are estimated in the trillions of u . s . dollars globally . [ sep ] other loan types
falling prices also resulted in homes worth less than the mortgage loan , providing a financial incentive to enter foreclosure . the ongoing foreclosure epidemic that began in late 2006 in the u . s . continues to drain wealth from consumers and erodes the financial strength of banking institutions . defaults and losses on other loan types also increased significantly as the crisis expanded from the housing market to other parts of the economy . total losses are estimated in the trillions of u . s . dollars globally . [ sep ] foreclosure epidemic
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat [ that ] is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . [ sep ] 20th century
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat [ that ] is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . [ sep ] tuberculosis
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat [ that ] is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . [ sep ] livestock raising
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat [ that ] is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . [ sep ] antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance
in empirical therapy , a patient has proven or suspected infection , but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified . while the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic . empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory . [ sep ] broad spectrum antibiotic
in empirical therapy , a patient has proven or suspected infection , but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified . while the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic . empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory . [ sep ] a patient has proven or suspected infection , but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified
in empirical therapy , a patient has proven or suspected infection , but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified . while the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic . empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory . [ sep ] before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim
antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use , and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated . however , some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects . side - effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used , the microbial organisms targeted , and the individual patient . side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis . safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use . adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions , including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis . common side - effects include diarrhea , resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora , resulting , for example , in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria , such as clostridium difficile . antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora , and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus candida in the vulvo - vaginal area . additional side - effects can result from interaction with other drugs , such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid . some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease . [ sep ] negative effects on humans or other mammals
antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use , and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated . however , some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects . side - effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used , the microbial organisms targeted , and the individual patient . side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis . safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use . adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions , including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis . common side - effects include diarrhea , resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora , resulting , for example , in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria , such as clostridium difficile . antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora , and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus candida in the vulvo - vaginal area . additional side - effects can result from interaction with other drugs , such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid . some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease . [ sep ] fever and nausea to major allergic reactions , including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis
antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use , and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated . however , some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects . side - effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used , the microbial organisms targeted , and the individual patient . side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis . safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use . adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions , including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis . common side - effects include diarrhea , resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora , resulting , for example , in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria , such as clostridium difficile . antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora , and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus candida in the vulvo - vaginal area . additional side - effects can result from interaction with other drugs , such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid . some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease . [ sep ] diarrhea
antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use , and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated . however , some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects . side - effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used , the microbial organisms targeted , and the individual patient . side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis . safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use . adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions , including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis . common side - effects include diarrhea , resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora , resulting , for example , in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria , such as clostridium difficile . antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora , and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus candida in the vulvo - vaginal area . additional side - effects can result from interaction with other drugs , such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid . some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease . [ sep ] overgrowth of yeast
antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use , and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated . however , some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects . side - effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used , the microbial organisms targeted , and the individual patient . side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis . safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use . adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions , including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis . common side - effects include diarrhea , resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora , resulting , for example , in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria , such as clostridium difficile . antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora , and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus candida in the vulvo - vaginal area . additional side - effects can result from interaction with other drugs , such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid . some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease . [ sep ] additional side - effects
exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models . early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development . mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment ( stat ) – with either penicillin , vancomycin , penicillin and vancomycin , or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities . moreover , research have shown that mice given low - dose penicillin ( 1 μg / g body weight ) around birth and throughout the weaning process had an increased body mass and fat mass , accelerated growth , and increased hepatic expression of genes involved in adipogenesis , compared to controlled mice . in addition , penicillin in combination with a high - fat diet increased fasting insulin levels in mice . however , it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans . studies have found a correlation between early exposure of antibiotics ( < 6 months ) and increased body mass ( at 10 and 20 months ) . another study found that the type of antibiotic exposure was also significant with the highest risk of being overweight in those given macrolides compared to penicillin and cephalosporin . therefore , there is correlation between antibiotic exposure in early life and obesity in humans , but whether or not there is a causal relationship remains unclear . although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity , the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy . [ sep ] increased body mass
exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models . early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development . mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment ( stat ) – with either penicillin , vancomycin , penicillin and vancomycin , or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities . moreover , research have shown that mice given low - dose penicillin ( 1 μg / g body weight ) around birth and throughout the weaning process had an increased body mass and fat mass , accelerated growth , and increased hepatic expression of genes involved in adipogenesis , compared to controlled mice . in addition , penicillin in combination with a high - fat diet increased fasting insulin levels in mice . however , it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans . studies have found a correlation between early exposure of antibiotics ( < 6 months ) and increased body mass ( at 10 and 20 months ) . another study found that the type of antibiotic exposure was also significant with the highest risk of being overweight in those given macrolides compared to penicillin and cephalosporin . therefore , there is correlation between antibiotic exposure in early life and obesity in humans , but whether or not there is a causal relationship remains unclear . although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity , the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy . [ sep ] early life
exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models . early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development . mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment ( stat ) – with either penicillin , vancomycin , penicillin and vancomycin , or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities . moreover , research have shown that mice given low - dose penicillin ( 1 μg / g body weight ) around birth and throughout the weaning process had an increased body mass and fat mass , accelerated growth , and increased hepatic expression of genes involved in adipogenesis , compared to controlled mice . in addition , penicillin in combination with a high - fat diet increased fasting insulin levels in mice . however , it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans . studies have found a correlation between early exposure of antibiotics ( < 6 months ) and increased body mass ( at 10 and 20 months ) . another study found that the type of antibiotic exposure was also significant with the highest risk of being overweight in those given macrolides compared to penicillin and cephalosporin . therefore , there is correlation between antibiotic exposure in early life and obesity in humans , but whether or not there is a causal relationship remains unclear . although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity , the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy . [ sep ] unclear
the majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills , such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low ( about 1 % ) . in cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills , such as for the broad - spectrum antibacterial rifampicin , these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes ' causing increased breakdown of the pill ' s active ingredients . effects on the intestinal flora , which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon , have also been suggested , but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial . clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives . [ sep ] antibiotics do interfere
the majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills , such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low ( about 1 % ) . in cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills , such as for the broad - spectrum antibacterial rifampicin , these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes ' causing increased breakdown of the pill ' s active ingredients . effects on the intestinal flora , which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon , have also been suggested , but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial . clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives . [ sep ] about 1 %
the majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills , such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low ( about 1 % ) . in cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills , such as for the broad - spectrum antibacterial rifampicin , these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes ' causing increased breakdown of the pill ' s active ingredients . effects on the intestinal flora , which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon , have also been suggested , but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial . clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives . [ sep ] extra contraceptive measures
interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side - effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy . while moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics , there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side - effects . therefore , potential risks of side - effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered . despite the lack of a categorical counterindication , the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread . [ sep ] alcohol
interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side - effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy . while moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics , there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side - effects . therefore , potential risks of side - effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered . despite the lack of a categorical counterindication , the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread . [ sep ] specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side - effects
interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side - effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy . while moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics , there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side - effects . therefore , potential risks of side - effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered . despite the lack of a categorical counterindication , the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread . [ sep ] alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed
while the housing and credit bubbles were building , a series of factors caused the financial system to both expand and become increasingly fragile , a process called financialization . u . s . government policy from the 1970s onward has emphasized deregulation to encourage business , which resulted in less oversight of activities and less disclosure of information about new activities undertaken by banks and other evolving financial institutions . thus , policymakers did not immediately recognize the increasingly important role played by financial institutions such as investment banks and hedge funds , also known as the shadow banking system . some experts believe these institutions had become as important as commercial ( depository ) banks in providing credit to the u . s . economy , but they were not subject to the same regulations . [ sep ] investment banks and hedge funds
while the housing and credit bubbles were building , a series of factors caused the financial system to both expand and become increasingly fragile , a process called financialization . u . s . government policy from the 1970s onward has emphasized deregulation to encourage business , which resulted in less oversight of activities and less disclosure of information about new activities undertaken by banks and other evolving financial institutions . thus , policymakers did not immediately recognize the increasingly important role played by financial institutions such as investment banks and hedge funds , also known as the shadow banking system . some experts believe these institutions had become as important as commercial ( depository ) banks in providing credit to the u . s . economy , but they were not subject to the same regulations . [ sep ] investment banks and hedge funds
while the housing and credit bubbles were building , a series of factors caused the financial system to both expand and become increasingly fragile , a process called financialization . u . s . government policy from the 1970s onward has emphasized deregulation to encourage business , which resulted in less oversight of activities and less disclosure of information about new activities undertaken by banks and other evolving financial institutions . thus , policymakers did not immediately recognize the increasingly important role played by financial institutions such as investment banks and hedge funds , also known as the shadow banking system . some experts believe these institutions had become as important as commercial ( depository ) banks in providing credit to the u . s . economy , but they were not subject to the same regulations . [ sep ] financialization
while the housing and credit bubbles were building , a series of factors caused the financial system to both expand and become increasingly fragile , a process called financialization . u . s . government policy from the 1970s onward has emphasized deregulation to encourage business , which resulted in less oversight of activities and less disclosure of information about new activities undertaken by banks and other evolving financial institutions . thus , policymakers did not immediately recognize the increasingly important role played by financial institutions such as investment banks and hedge funds , also known as the shadow banking system . some experts believe these institutions had become as important as commercial ( depository ) banks in providing credit to the u . s . economy , but they were not subject to the same regulations . [ sep ] deregulation
while the housing and credit bubbles were building , a series of factors caused the financial system to both expand and become increasingly fragile , a process called financialization . u . s . government policy from the 1970s onward has emphasized deregulation to encourage business , which resulted in less oversight of activities and less disclosure of information about new activities undertaken by banks and other evolving financial institutions . thus , policymakers did not immediately recognize the increasingly important role played by financial institutions such as investment banks and hedge funds , also known as the shadow banking system . some experts believe these institutions had become as important as commercial ( depository ) banks in providing credit to the u . s . economy , but they were not subject to the same regulations . [ sep ] u . s . government policy
these institutions , as well as certain regulated banks , had also assumed significant debt burdens while providing the loans described above and did not have a financial cushion sufficient to absorb large loan defaults or mbs losses . these losses impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend , slowing economic activity . concerns regarding the stability of key financial institutions drove central banks to provide funds to encourage lending and restore faith in the commercial paper markets , which are integral to funding business operations . governments also bailed out key financial institutions and implemented economic stimulus programs , assuming significant additional financial commitments . [ sep ] mbs
these institutions , as well as certain regulated banks , had also assumed significant debt burdens while providing the loans described above and did not have a financial cushion sufficient to absorb large loan defaults or mbs losses . these losses impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend , slowing economic activity . concerns regarding the stability of key financial institutions drove central banks to provide funds to encourage lending and restore faith in the commercial paper markets , which are integral to funding business operations . governments also bailed out key financial institutions and implemented economic stimulus programs , assuming significant additional financial commitments . [ sep ] slowing economic activity
these institutions , as well as certain regulated banks , had also assumed significant debt burdens while providing the loans described above and did not have a financial cushion sufficient to absorb large loan defaults or mbs losses . these losses impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend , slowing economic activity . concerns regarding the stability of key financial institutions drove central banks to provide funds to encourage lending and restore faith in the commercial paper markets , which are integral to funding business operations . governments also bailed out key financial institutions and implemented economic stimulus programs , assuming significant additional financial commitments . [ sep ] central banks
these institutions , as well as certain regulated banks , had also assumed significant debt burdens while providing the loans described above and did not have a financial cushion sufficient to absorb large loan defaults or mbs losses . these losses impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend , slowing economic activity . concerns regarding the stability of key financial institutions drove central banks to provide funds to encourage lending and restore faith in the commercial paper markets , which are integral to funding business operations . governments also bailed out key financial institutions and implemented economic stimulus programs , assuming significant additional financial commitments . [ sep ] governments
these institutions , as well as certain regulated banks , had also assumed significant debt burdens while providing the loans described above and did not have a financial cushion sufficient to absorb large loan defaults or mbs losses . these losses impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend , slowing economic activity . concerns regarding the stability of key financial institutions drove central banks to provide funds to encourage lending and restore faith in the commercial paper markets , which are integral to funding business operations . governments also bailed out key financial institutions and implemented economic stimulus programs , assuming significant additional financial commitments . [ sep ] large loan defaults or mbs losses
the u . s . financial crisis inquiry commission reported its findings in january 2011 . it concluded that " the crisis was avoidable and was caused by : widespread failures in financial regulation , including the federal reserve ’ s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages ; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk ; an explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by households and wall street that put the financial system on a collision course with crisis ; key policy makers ill prepared for the crisis , lacking a full understanding of the financial system they oversaw ; and systemic breaches in accountability and ethics at all levels " . [ sep ] january 2011
the u . s . financial crisis inquiry commission reported its findings in january 2011 . it concluded that " the crisis was avoidable and was caused by : widespread failures in financial regulation , including the federal reserve ’ s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages ; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk ; an explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by households and wall street that put the financial system on a collision course with crisis ; key policy makers ill prepared for the crisis , lacking a full understanding of the financial system they oversaw ; and systemic breaches in accountability and ethics at all levels " . [ sep ] the crisis was avoidable and was caused by : widespread failures in financial regulation
the u . s . financial crisis inquiry commission reported its findings in january 2011 . it concluded that " the crisis was avoidable and was caused by : widespread failures in financial regulation , including the federal reserve ’ s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages ; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk ; an explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by households and wall street that put the financial system on a collision course with crisis ; key policy makers ill prepared for the crisis , lacking a full understanding of the financial system they oversaw ; and systemic breaches in accountability and ethics at all levels " . [ sep ] federal reserve
the u . s . financial crisis inquiry commission reported its findings in january 2011 . it concluded that " the crisis was avoidable and was caused by : widespread failures in financial regulation , including the federal reserve ’ s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages ; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk ; an explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by households and wall street that put the financial system on a collision course with crisis ; key policy makers ill prepared for the crisis , lacking a full understanding of the financial system they oversaw ; and systemic breaches in accountability and ethics at all levels " . [ sep ] key policy makers
the u . s . financial crisis inquiry commission reported its findings in january 2011 . it concluded that " the crisis was avoidable and was caused by : widespread failures in financial regulation , including the federal reserve ’ s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages ; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk ; an explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by households and wall street that put the financial system on a collision course with crisis ; key policy makers ill prepared for the crisis , lacking a full understanding of the financial system they oversaw ; and systemic breaches in accountability and ethics at all levels " . [ sep ] financial firms
during a period of tough competition between mortgage lenders for revenue and market share , and when the supply of creditworthy borrowers was limited , mortgage lenders relaxed underwriting standards and originated riskier mortgages to less creditworthy borrowers . in the view of some analysts , the relatively conservative government - sponsored enterprises ( gses ) policed mortgage originators and maintained relatively high underwriting standards prior to 2003 . however , as market power shifted from securitizers to originators and as intense competition from private securitizers undermined gse power , mortgage standards declined and risky loans proliferated . the worst loans were originated in 2004 – 2007 , the years of the most intense competition between securitizers and the lowest market share for the gses . [ sep ] tough competition
during a period of tough competition between mortgage lenders for revenue and market share , and when the supply of creditworthy borrowers was limited , mortgage lenders relaxed underwriting standards and originated riskier mortgages to less creditworthy borrowers . in the view of some analysts , the relatively conservative government - sponsored enterprises ( gses ) policed mortgage originators and maintained relatively high underwriting standards prior to 2003 . however , as market power shifted from securitizers to originators and as intense competition from private securitizers undermined gse power , mortgage standards declined and risky loans proliferated . the worst loans were originated in 2004 – 2007 , the years of the most intense competition between securitizers and the lowest market share for the gses . [ sep ] 2003
during a period of tough competition between mortgage lenders for revenue and market share , and when the supply of creditworthy borrowers was limited , mortgage lenders relaxed underwriting standards and originated riskier mortgages to less creditworthy borrowers . in the view of some analysts , the relatively conservative government - sponsored enterprises ( gses ) policed mortgage originators and maintained relatively high underwriting standards prior to 2003 . however , as market power shifted from securitizers to originators and as intense competition from private securitizers undermined gse power , mortgage standards declined and risky loans proliferated . the worst loans were originated in 2004 – 2007 , the years of the most intense competition between securitizers and the lowest market share for the gses . [ sep ] 2004 – 2007
during a period of tough competition between mortgage lenders for revenue and market share , and when the supply of creditworthy borrowers was limited , mortgage lenders relaxed underwriting standards and originated riskier mortgages to less creditworthy borrowers . in the view of some analysts , the relatively conservative government - sponsored enterprises ( gses ) policed mortgage originators and maintained relatively high underwriting standards prior to 2003 . however , as market power shifted from securitizers to originators and as intense competition from private securitizers undermined gse power , mortgage standards declined and risky loans proliferated . the worst loans were originated in 2004 – 2007 , the years of the most intense competition between securitizers and the lowest market share for the gses . [ sep ] 2004 – 2007
during a period of tough competition between mortgage lenders for revenue and market share , and when the supply of creditworthy borrowers was limited , mortgage lenders relaxed underwriting standards and originated riskier mortgages to less creditworthy borrowers . in the view of some analysts , the relatively conservative government - sponsored enterprises ( gses ) policed mortgage originators and maintained relatively high underwriting standards prior to 2003 . however , as market power shifted from securitizers to originators and as intense competition from private securitizers undermined gse power , mortgage standards declined and risky loans proliferated . the worst loans were originated in 2004 – 2007 , the years of the most intense competition between securitizers and the lowest market share for the gses . [ sep ] government - sponsored enterprises ( gses )
the majority report of the financial crisis inquiry commission , written by the six democratic appointees , the minority report , written by 3 of the 4 republican appointees , studies by federal reserve economists , and the work of several independent scholars generally contend that government affordable housing policy was not the primary cause of the financial crisis . although they concede that governmental policies had some role in causing the crisis , they contend that gse loans performed better than loans securitized by private investment banks , and performed better than some loans originated by institutions that held loans in their own portfolios . paul krugman has even claimed that the gse never purchased subprime loans – a claim that is widely disputed . [ sep ] six
the majority report of the financial crisis inquiry commission , written by the six democratic appointees , the minority report , written by 3 of the 4 republican appointees , studies by federal reserve economists , and the work of several independent scholars generally contend that government affordable housing policy was not the primary cause of the financial crisis . although they concede that governmental policies had some role in causing the crisis , they contend that gse loans performed better than loans securitized by private investment banks , and performed better than some loans originated by institutions that held loans in their own portfolios . paul krugman has even claimed that the gse never purchased subprime loans – a claim that is widely disputed . [ sep ] paul krugman
the majority report of the financial crisis inquiry commission , written by the six democratic appointees , the minority report , written by 3 of the 4 republican appointees , studies by federal reserve economists , and the work of several independent scholars generally contend that government affordable housing policy was not the primary cause of the financial crisis . although they concede that governmental policies had some role in causing the crisis , they contend that gse loans performed better than loans securitized by private investment banks , and performed better than some loans originated by institutions that held loans in their own portfolios . paul krugman has even claimed that the gse never purchased subprime loans – a claim that is widely disputed . [ sep ] government affordable housing policy
the majority report of the financial crisis inquiry commission , written by the six democratic appointees , the minority report , written by 3 of the 4 republican appointees , studies by federal reserve economists , and the work of several independent scholars generally contend that government affordable housing policy was not the primary cause of the financial crisis . although they concede that governmental policies had some role in causing the crisis , they contend that gse loans performed better than loans securitized by private investment banks , and performed better than some loans originated by institutions that held loans in their own portfolios . paul krugman has even claimed that the gse never purchased subprime loans – a claim that is widely disputed . [ sep ] 4
the majority report of the financial crisis inquiry commission , written by the six democratic appointees , the minority report , written by 3 of the 4 republican appointees , studies by federal reserve economists , and the work of several independent scholars generally contend that government affordable housing policy was not the primary cause of the financial crisis . although they concede that governmental policies had some role in causing the crisis , they contend that gse loans performed better than loans securitized by private investment banks , and performed better than some loans originated by institutions that held loans in their own portfolios . paul krugman has even claimed that the gse never purchased subprime loans – a claim that is widely disputed . [ sep ] gse loans
in his dissent to the majority report of the financial crisis inquiry commission , american enterprise institute fellow peter j . wallison stated his belief that the roots of the financial crisis can be traced directly and primarily to affordable housing policies initiated by hud in the 1990s and to massive risky loan purchases by government - sponsored entities fannie mae and freddie mac . later , based upon information in the sec ' s december 2011 securities fraud case against 6 ex - executives of fannie and freddie , peter wallison and edward pinto estimated that , in 2008 , fannie and freddie held 13 million substandard loans totaling over $ 2 trillion . [ sep ] fannie mae and freddie mac
in his dissent to the majority report of the financial crisis inquiry commission , american enterprise institute fellow peter j . wallison stated his belief that the roots of the financial crisis can be traced directly and primarily to affordable housing policies initiated by hud in the 1990s and to massive risky loan purchases by government - sponsored entities fannie mae and freddie mac . later , based upon information in the sec ' s december 2011 securities fraud case against 6 ex - executives of fannie and freddie , peter wallison and edward pinto estimated that , in 2008 , fannie and freddie held 13 million substandard loans totaling over $ 2 trillion . [ sep ] 13 million
in his dissent to the majority report of the financial crisis inquiry commission , american enterprise institute fellow peter j . wallison stated his belief that the roots of the financial crisis can be traced directly and primarily to affordable housing policies initiated by hud in the 1990s and to massive risky loan purchases by government - sponsored entities fannie mae and freddie mac . later , based upon information in the sec ' s december 2011 securities fraud case against 6 ex - executives of fannie and freddie , peter wallison and edward pinto estimated that , in 2008 , fannie and freddie held 13 million substandard loans totaling over $ 2 trillion . [ sep ] over $ 2 trillion
in his dissent to the majority report of the financial crisis inquiry commission , american enterprise institute fellow peter j . wallison stated his belief that the roots of the financial crisis can be traced directly and primarily to affordable housing policies initiated by hud in the 1990s and to massive risky loan purchases by government - sponsored entities fannie mae and freddie mac . later , based upon information in the sec ' s december 2011 securities fraud case against 6 ex - executives of fannie and freddie , peter wallison and edward pinto estimated that , in 2008 , fannie and freddie held 13 million substandard loans totaling over $ 2 trillion . [ sep ] 6
in his dissent to the majority report of the financial crisis inquiry commission , american enterprise institute fellow peter j . wallison stated his belief that the roots of the financial crisis can be traced directly and primarily to affordable housing policies initiated by hud in the 1990s and to massive risky loan purchases by government - sponsored entities fannie mae and freddie mac . later , based upon information in the sec ' s december 2011 securities fraud case against 6 ex - executives of fannie and freddie , peter wallison and edward pinto estimated that , in 2008 , fannie and freddie held 13 million substandard loans totaling over $ 2 trillion . [ sep ] hud
in the early and mid - 2000s , the bush administration called numerous times for investigation into the safety and soundness of the gses and their swelling portfolio of subprime mortgages . on september 10 , 2003 , the house financial services committee held a hearing at the urging of the administration to assess safety and soundness issues and to review a recent report by the office of federal housing enterprise oversight ( ofheo ) that had uncovered accounting discrepancies within the two entities . the hearings never resulted in new legislation or formal investigation of fannie mae and freddie mac , as many of the committee members refused to accept the report and instead rebuked ofheo for their attempt at regulation . some believe this was an early warning to the systemic risk that the growing market in subprime mortgages posed to the u . s . financial system that went unheeded . [ sep ] bush administration
in the early and mid - 2000s , the bush administration called numerous times for investigation into the safety and soundness of the gses and their swelling portfolio of subprime mortgages . on september 10 , 2003 , the house financial services committee held a hearing at the urging of the administration to assess safety and soundness issues and to review a recent report by the office of federal housing enterprise oversight ( ofheo ) that had uncovered accounting discrepancies within the two entities . the hearings never resulted in new legislation or formal investigation of fannie mae and freddie mac , as many of the committee members refused to accept the report and instead rebuked ofheo for their attempt at regulation . some believe this was an early warning to the systemic risk that the growing market in subprime mortgages posed to the u . s . financial system that went unheeded . [ sep ] office of federal housing enterprise oversight ( ofheo )
in the early and mid - 2000s , the bush administration called numerous times for investigation into the safety and soundness of the gses and their swelling portfolio of subprime mortgages . on september 10 , 2003 , the house financial services committee held a hearing at the urging of the administration to assess safety and soundness issues and to review a recent report by the office of federal housing enterprise oversight ( ofheo ) that had uncovered accounting discrepancies within the two entities . the hearings never resulted in new legislation or formal investigation of fannie mae and freddie mac , as many of the committee members refused to accept the report and instead rebuked ofheo for their attempt at regulation . some believe this was an early warning to the systemic risk that the growing market in subprime mortgages posed to the u . s . financial system that went unheeded . [ sep ] september 10 , 2003
in the early and mid - 2000s , the bush administration called numerous times for investigation into the safety and soundness of the gses and their swelling portfolio of subprime mortgages . on september 10 , 2003 , the house financial services committee held a hearing at the urging of the administration to assess safety and soundness issues and to review a recent report by the office of federal housing enterprise oversight ( ofheo ) that had uncovered accounting discrepancies within the two entities . the hearings never resulted in new legislation or formal investigation of fannie mae and freddie mac , as many of the committee members refused to accept the report and instead rebuked ofheo for their attempt at regulation . some believe this was an early warning to the systemic risk that the growing market in subprime mortgages posed to the u . s . financial system that went unheeded . [ sep ] the hearings never resulted in new legislation or formal investigation
in the early and mid - 2000s , the bush administration called numerous times for investigation into the safety and soundness of the gses and their swelling portfolio of subprime mortgages . on september 10 , 2003 , the house financial services committee held a hearing at the urging of the administration to assess safety and soundness issues and to review a recent report by the office of federal housing enterprise oversight ( ofheo ) that had uncovered accounting discrepancies within the two entities . the hearings never resulted in new legislation or formal investigation of fannie mae and freddie mac , as many of the committee members refused to accept the report and instead rebuked ofheo for their attempt at regulation . some believe this was an early warning to the systemic risk that the growing market in subprime mortgages posed to the u . s . financial system that went unheeded . [ sep ] house financial services committee
a 2000 united states department of the treasury study of lending trends for 305 cities from 1993 to 1998 showed that $ 467 billion of mortgage lending was made by community reinvestment act ( cra ) - covered lenders into low and mid level income ( lmi ) borrowers and neighborhoods , representing 10 % of all u . s . mortgage lending during the period . the majority of these were prime loans . sub - prime loans made by cra - covered institutions constituted a 3 % market share of lmi loans in 1998 , but in the run - up to the crisis , fully 25 % of all sub - prime lending occurred at cra - covered institutions and another 25 % of sub - prime loans had some connection with cra . in addition , an analysis by the federal reserve bank of dallas in 2009 , however , concluded that the cra was not responsible for the mortgage loan crisis , pointing out that cra rules have been in place since 1995 whereas the poor lending emerged only a decade later . furthermore , most sub - prime loans were not made to the lmi borrowers targeted by the cra , especially in the years 2005 – 2006 leading up to the crisis . nor did it find any evidence that lending under the cra rules increased delinquency rates or that the cra indirectly influenced independent mortgage lenders to ramp up sub - prime lending . [ sep ] $ 467 billion
a 2000 united states department of the treasury study of lending trends for 305 cities from 1993 to 1998 showed that $ 467 billion of mortgage lending was made by community reinvestment act ( cra ) - covered lenders into low and mid level income ( lmi ) borrowers and neighborhoods , representing 10 % of all u . s . mortgage lending during the period . the majority of these were prime loans . sub - prime loans made by cra - covered institutions constituted a 3 % market share of lmi loans in 1998 , but in the run - up to the crisis , fully 25 % of all sub - prime lending occurred at cra - covered institutions and another 25 % of sub - prime loans had some connection with cra . in addition , an analysis by the federal reserve bank of dallas in 2009 , however , concluded that the cra was not responsible for the mortgage loan crisis , pointing out that cra rules have been in place since 1995 whereas the poor lending emerged only a decade later . furthermore , most sub - prime loans were not made to the lmi borrowers targeted by the cra , especially in the years 2005 – 2006 leading up to the crisis . nor did it find any evidence that lending under the cra rules increased delinquency rates or that the cra indirectly influenced independent mortgage lenders to ramp up sub - prime lending . [ sep ] 10 %
a 2000 united states department of the treasury study of lending trends for 305 cities from 1993 to 1998 showed that $ 467 billion of mortgage lending was made by community reinvestment act ( cra ) - covered lenders into low and mid level income ( lmi ) borrowers and neighborhoods , representing 10 % of all u . s . mortgage lending during the period . the majority of these were prime loans . sub - prime loans made by cra - covered institutions constituted a 3 % market share of lmi loans in 1998 , but in the run - up to the crisis , fully 25 % of all sub - prime lending occurred at cra - covered institutions and another 25 % of sub - prime loans had some connection with cra . in addition , an analysis by the federal reserve bank of dallas in 2009 , however , concluded that the cra was not responsible for the mortgage loan crisis , pointing out that cra rules have been in place since 1995 whereas the poor lending emerged only a decade later . furthermore , most sub - prime loans were not made to the lmi borrowers targeted by the cra , especially in the years 2005 – 2006 leading up to the crisis . nor did it find any evidence that lending under the cra rules increased delinquency rates or that the cra indirectly influenced independent mortgage lenders to ramp up sub - prime lending . [ sep ] community reinvestment act
a 2000 united states department of the treasury study of lending trends for 305 cities from 1993 to 1998 showed that $ 467 billion of mortgage lending was made by community reinvestment act ( cra ) - covered lenders into low and mid level income ( lmi ) borrowers and neighborhoods , representing 10 % of all u . s . mortgage lending during the period . the majority of these were prime loans . sub - prime loans made by cra - covered institutions constituted a 3 % market share of lmi loans in 1998 , but in the run - up to the crisis , fully 25 % of all sub - prime lending occurred at cra - covered institutions and another 25 % of sub - prime loans had some connection with cra . in addition , an analysis by the federal reserve bank of dallas in 2009 , however , concluded that the cra was not responsible for the mortgage loan crisis , pointing out that cra rules have been in place since 1995 whereas the poor lending emerged only a decade later . furthermore , most sub - prime loans were not made to the lmi borrowers targeted by the cra , especially in the years 2005 – 2006 leading up to the crisis . nor did it find any evidence that lending under the cra rules increased delinquency rates or that the cra indirectly influenced independent mortgage lenders to ramp up sub - prime lending . [ sep ] 25 %
a 2000 united states department of the treasury study of lending trends for 305 cities from 1993 to 1998 showed that $ 467 billion of mortgage lending was made by community reinvestment act ( cra ) - covered lenders into low and mid level income ( lmi ) borrowers and neighborhoods , representing 10 % of all u . s . mortgage lending during the period . the majority of these were prime loans . sub - prime loans made by cra - covered institutions constituted a 3 % market share of lmi loans in 1998 , but in the run - up to the crisis , fully 25 % of all sub - prime lending occurred at cra - covered institutions and another 25 % of sub - prime loans had some connection with cra . in addition , an analysis by the federal reserve bank of dallas in 2009 , however , concluded that the cra was not responsible for the mortgage loan crisis , pointing out that cra rules have been in place since 1995 whereas the poor lending emerged only a decade later . furthermore , most sub - prime loans were not made to the lmi borrowers targeted by the cra , especially in the years 2005 – 2006 leading up to the crisis . nor did it find any evidence that lending under the cra rules increased delinquency rates or that the cra indirectly influenced independent mortgage lenders to ramp up sub - prime lending . [ sep ] 25 %
to other analysts the delay between cra rule changes ( in 1995 ) and the explosion of subprime lending is not surprising , and does not exonerate the cra . they contend that there were two , connected causes to the crisis : the relaxation of underwriting standards in 1995 and the ultra - low interest rates initiated by the federal reserve after the terrorist attack on september 11 , 2001 . both causes had to be in place before the crisis could take place . critics also point out that publicly announced cra loan commitments were massive , totaling $ 4 . 5 trillion in the years between 1994 and 2007 . they also argue that the federal reserve ’ s classification of cra loans as “ prime ” is based on the faulty and self - serving assumption that high - interest - rate loans ( 3 percentage points over average ) equal “ subprime ” loans . [ sep ] 1995
to other analysts the delay between cra rule changes ( in 1995 ) and the explosion of subprime lending is not surprising , and does not exonerate the cra . they contend that there were two , connected causes to the crisis : the relaxation of underwriting standards in 1995 and the ultra - low interest rates initiated by the federal reserve after the terrorist attack on september 11 , 2001 . both causes had to be in place before the crisis could take place . critics also point out that publicly announced cra loan commitments were massive , totaling $ 4 . 5 trillion in the years between 1994 and 2007 . they also argue that the federal reserve ’ s classification of cra loans as “ prime ” is based on the faulty and self - serving assumption that high - interest - rate loans ( 3 percentage points over average ) equal “ subprime ” loans . [ sep ] $ 4 . 5 trillion
to other analysts the delay between cra rule changes ( in 1995 ) and the explosion of subprime lending is not surprising , and does not exonerate the cra . they contend that there were two , connected causes to the crisis : the relaxation of underwriting standards in 1995 and the ultra - low interest rates initiated by the federal reserve after the terrorist attack on september 11 , 2001 . both causes had to be in place before the crisis could take place . critics also point out that publicly announced cra loan commitments were massive , totaling $ 4 . 5 trillion in the years between 1994 and 2007 . they also argue that the federal reserve ’ s classification of cra loans as “ prime ” is based on the faulty and self - serving assumption that high - interest - rate loans ( 3 percentage points over average ) equal “ subprime ” loans . [ sep ] high - interest - rate loans ( 3 percentage points over average )
to other analysts the delay between cra rule changes ( in 1995 ) and the explosion of subprime lending is not surprising , and does not exonerate the cra . they contend that there were two , connected causes to the crisis : the relaxation of underwriting standards in 1995 and the ultra - low interest rates initiated by the federal reserve after the terrorist attack on september 11 , 2001 . both causes had to be in place before the crisis could take place . critics also point out that publicly announced cra loan commitments were massive , totaling $ 4 . 5 trillion in the years between 1994 and 2007 . they also argue that the federal reserve ’ s classification of cra loans as “ prime ” is based on the faulty and self - serving assumption that high - interest - rate loans ( 3 percentage points over average ) equal “ subprime ” loans . [ sep ] prime
to other analysts the delay between cra rule changes ( in 1995 ) and the explosion of subprime lending is not surprising , and does not exonerate the cra . they contend that there were two , connected causes to the crisis : the relaxation of underwriting standards in 1995 and the ultra - low interest rates initiated by the federal reserve after the terrorist attack on september 11 , 2001 . both causes had to be in place before the crisis could take place . critics also point out that publicly announced cra loan commitments were massive , totaling $ 4 . 5 trillion in the years between 1994 and 2007 . they also argue that the federal reserve ’ s classification of cra loans as “ prime ” is based on the faulty and self - serving assumption that high - interest - rate loans ( 3 percentage points over average ) equal “ subprime ” loans . [ sep ] after the terrorist attack on september 11 , 2001
others have pointed out that there were not enough of these loans made to cause a crisis of this magnitude . in an article in portfolio magazine , michael lewis spoke with one trader who noted that " there weren ’ t enough americans with [ bad ] credit taking out [ bad loans ] to satisfy investors ' appetite for the end product . " essentially , investment banks and hedge funds used financial innovation to enable large wagers to be made , far beyond the actual value of the underlying mortgage loans , using derivatives called credit default swaps , collateralized debt obligations and synthetic cdos . [ sep ] credit default swaps , collateralized debt obligations and synthetic cdos .
others have pointed out that there were not enough of these loans made to cause a crisis of this magnitude . in an article in portfolio magazine , michael lewis spoke with one trader who noted that " there weren ’ t enough americans with [ bad ] credit taking out [ bad loans ] to satisfy investors ' appetite for the end product . " essentially , investment banks and hedge funds used financial innovation to enable large wagers to be made , far beyond the actual value of the underlying mortgage loans , using derivatives called credit default swaps , collateralized debt obligations and synthetic cdos . [ sep ] derivatives
others have pointed out that there were not enough of these loans made to cause a crisis of this magnitude . in an article in portfolio magazine , michael lewis spoke with one trader who noted that " there weren ’ t enough americans with [ bad ] credit taking out [ bad loans ] to satisfy investors ' appetite for the end product . " essentially , investment banks and hedge funds used financial innovation to enable large wagers to be made , far beyond the actual value of the underlying mortgage loans , using derivatives called credit default swaps , collateralized debt obligations and synthetic cdos . [ sep ] portfolio magazine
others have pointed out that there were not enough of these loans made to cause a crisis of this magnitude . in an article in portfolio magazine , michael lewis spoke with one trader who noted that " there weren ’ t enough americans with [ bad ] credit taking out [ bad loans ] to satisfy investors ' appetite for the end product . " essentially , investment banks and hedge funds used financial innovation to enable large wagers to be made , far beyond the actual value of the underlying mortgage loans , using derivatives called credit default swaps , collateralized debt obligations and synthetic cdos . [ sep ] derivatives
others have pointed out that there were not enough of these loans made to cause a crisis of this magnitude . in an article in portfolio magazine , michael lewis spoke with one trader who noted that " there weren ’ t enough americans with [ bad ] credit taking out [ bad loans ] to satisfy investors ' appetite for the end product . " essentially , investment banks and hedge funds used financial innovation to enable large wagers to be made , far beyond the actual value of the underlying mortgage loans , using derivatives called credit default swaps , collateralized debt obligations and synthetic cdos . [ sep ] credit default swaps , collateralized debt obligations and synthetic cdos
countering krugman , peter j . wallison wrote : " it is not true that every bubble — even a large bubble — has the potential to cause a financial crisis when it deflates . " wallison notes that other developed countries had " large bubbles during the 1997 – 2007 period " but " the losses associated with mortgage delinquencies and defaults when these bubbles deflated were far lower than the losses suffered in the united states when the 1997 – 2007 [ bubble ] deflated . " according to wallison , the reason the u . s . residential housing bubble ( as opposed to other types of bubbles ) led to financial crisis was that it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans – generally with low or no downpayments . [ sep ] substandard
countering krugman , peter j . wallison wrote : " it is not true that every bubble — even a large bubble — has the potential to cause a financial crisis when it deflates . " wallison notes that other developed countries had " large bubbles during the 1997 – 2007 period " but " the losses associated with mortgage delinquencies and defaults when these bubbles deflated were far lower than the losses suffered in the united states when the 1997 – 2007 [ bubble ] deflated . " according to wallison , the reason the u . s . residential housing bubble ( as opposed to other types of bubbles ) led to financial crisis was that it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans – generally with low or no downpayments . [ sep ] low or no downpayments
countering krugman , peter j . wallison wrote : " it is not true that every bubble — even a large bubble — has the potential to cause a financial crisis when it deflates . " wallison notes that other developed countries had " large bubbles during the 1997 – 2007 period " but " the losses associated with mortgage delinquencies and defaults when these bubbles deflated were far lower than the losses suffered in the united states when the 1997 – 2007 [ bubble ] deflated . " according to wallison , the reason the u . s . residential housing bubble ( as opposed to other types of bubbles ) led to financial crisis was that it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans – generally with low or no downpayments . [ sep ] it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans
countering krugman , peter j . wallison wrote : " it is not true that every bubble — even a large bubble — has the potential to cause a financial crisis when it deflates . " wallison notes that other developed countries had " large bubbles during the 1997 – 2007 period " but " the losses associated with mortgage delinquencies and defaults when these bubbles deflated were far lower than the losses suffered in the united states when the 1997 – 2007 [ bubble ] deflated . " according to wallison , the reason the u . s . residential housing bubble ( as opposed to other types of bubbles ) led to financial crisis was that it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans – generally with low or no downpayments . [ sep ] 1997 – 2007
countering krugman , peter j . wallison wrote : " it is not true that every bubble — even a large bubble — has the potential to cause a financial crisis when it deflates . " wallison notes that other developed countries had " large bubbles during the 1997 – 2007 period " but " the losses associated with mortgage delinquencies and defaults when these bubbles deflated were far lower than the losses suffered in the united states when the 1997 – 2007 [ bubble ] deflated . " according to wallison , the reason the u . s . residential housing bubble ( as opposed to other types of bubbles ) led to financial crisis was that it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans – generally with low or no downpayments . [ sep ] krugman
genocide has become an official term used in international relations . the word genocide was not in use before 1944 . before this , in 1941 , winston churchill described the mass killing of russian prisoners of war and civilians as " a crime without a name " . in that year , a polish - jewish lawyer named raphael lemkin , described the policies of systematic murder founded by the nazis as genocide . the word genocide is the combination of the greek prefix geno - ( meaning tribe or race ) and caedere ( the latin word for to kill ) . the word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them . [ sep ] 1944
genocide has become an official term used in international relations . the word genocide was not in use before 1944 . before this , in 1941 , winston churchill described the mass killing of russian prisoners of war and civilians as " a crime without a name " . in that year , a polish - jewish lawyer named raphael lemkin , described the policies of systematic murder founded by the nazis as genocide . the word genocide is the combination of the greek prefix geno - ( meaning tribe or race ) and caedere ( the latin word for to kill ) . the word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them . [ sep ] as " a crime without a name "
genocide has become an official term used in international relations . the word genocide was not in use before 1944 . before this , in 1941 , winston churchill described the mass killing of russian prisoners of war and civilians as " a crime without a name " . in that year , a polish - jewish lawyer named raphael lemkin , described the policies of systematic murder founded by the nazis as genocide . the word genocide is the combination of the greek prefix geno - ( meaning tribe or race ) and caedere ( the latin word for to kill ) . the word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them . [ sep ] raphael lemkin
genocide has become an official term used in international relations . the word genocide was not in use before 1944 . before this , in 1941 , winston churchill described the mass killing of russian prisoners of war and civilians as " a crime without a name " . in that year , a polish - jewish lawyer named raphael lemkin , described the policies of systematic murder founded by the nazis as genocide . the word genocide is the combination of the greek prefix geno - ( meaning tribe or race ) and caedere ( the latin word for to kill ) . the word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them . [ sep ] greek prefix geno - ( meaning tribe or race ) and caedere ( the latin word for to kill )
genocide has become an official term used in international relations . the word genocide was not in use before 1944 . before this , in 1941 , winston churchill described the mass killing of russian prisoners of war and civilians as " a crime without a name " . in that year , a polish - jewish lawyer named raphael lemkin , described the policies of systematic murder founded by the nazis as genocide . the word genocide is the combination of the greek prefix geno - ( meaning tribe or race ) and caedere ( the latin word for to kill ) . the word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them . [ sep ] to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them
beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s , whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science , and finally to metaphysics . he developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy . whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects , and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes , thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another . today whitehead ' s philosophical works – particularly process and reality – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy . [ sep ] 1910s
beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s , whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science , and finally to metaphysics . he developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy . whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects , and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes , thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another . today whitehead ' s philosophical works – particularly process and reality – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy . [ sep ] philosophy of science , and finally to metaphysics
beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s , whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science , and finally to metaphysics . he developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy . whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects , and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes , thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another . today whitehead ' s philosophical works – particularly process and reality – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy . [ sep ] processes
beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s , whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science , and finally to metaphysics . he developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy . whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects , and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes , thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another . today whitehead ' s philosophical works – particularly process and reality – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy . [ sep ] reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another
beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s , whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science , and finally to metaphysics . he developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy . whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects , and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes , thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another . today whitehead ' s philosophical works – particularly process and reality – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy . [ sep ] process and reality
alfred north whitehead was born in ramsgate , kent , england , in 1861 . his father , alfred whitehead , was a minister and schoolmaster of chatham house academy , a successful school for boys established by thomas whitehead , alfred north ' s grandfather . whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters , but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man . whitehead ' s mother was maria sarah whitehead , formerly maria sarah buckmaster . whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother , as he never mentioned her in any of his writings , and there is evidence that whitehead ' s wife , evelyn , had a low opinion of her . [ sep ] ramsgate , kent , england
alfred north whitehead was born in ramsgate , kent , england , in 1861 . his father , alfred whitehead , was a minister and schoolmaster of chatham house academy , a successful school for boys established by thomas whitehead , alfred north ' s grandfather . whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters , but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man . whitehead ' s mother was maria sarah whitehead , formerly maria sarah buckmaster . whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother , as he never mentioned her in any of his writings , and there is evidence that whitehead ' s wife , evelyn , had a low opinion of her . [ sep ] 1861
alfred north whitehead was born in ramsgate , kent , england , in 1861 . his father , alfred whitehead , was a minister and schoolmaster of chatham house academy , a successful school for boys established by thomas whitehead , alfred north ' s grandfather . whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters , but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man . whitehead ' s mother was maria sarah whitehead , formerly maria sarah buckmaster . whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother , as he never mentioned her in any of his writings , and there is evidence that whitehead ' s wife , evelyn , had a low opinion of her . [ sep ] thomas whitehead , alfred north ' s grandfather
alfred north whitehead was born in ramsgate , kent , england , in 1861 . his father , alfred whitehead , was a minister and schoolmaster of chatham house academy , a successful school for boys established by thomas whitehead , alfred north ' s grandfather . whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters , but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man . whitehead ' s mother was maria sarah whitehead , formerly maria sarah buckmaster . whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother , as he never mentioned her in any of his writings , and there is evidence that whitehead ' s wife , evelyn , had a low opinion of her . [ sep ] minister and schoolmaster of chatham house academy
alfred north whitehead was born in ramsgate , kent , england , in 1861 . his father , alfred whitehead , was a minister and schoolmaster of chatham house academy , a successful school for boys established by thomas whitehead , alfred north ' s grandfather . whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters , but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man . whitehead ' s mother was maria sarah whitehead , formerly maria sarah buckmaster . whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother , as he never mentioned her in any of his writings , and there is evidence that whitehead ' s wife , evelyn , had a low opinion of her . [ sep ] maria sarah whitehead , formerly maria sarah buckmaster
saint - barthelemy ( french : saint - barthelemy , french pronunciation : [ sɛbaʁtelemi ] ) , officially the territorial collectivity of saint - barthelemy ( french : collectivite territoriale de saint - barthelemy ) , is an overseas collectivity of france . often abbreviated to saint - barth in french , or st . barts or st . barths in english , the indigenous people called the island ouanalao . st . barthelemy lies about 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) southeast of st . martin and north of st . kitts . puerto rico is 240 kilometres ( 150 mi ) to the west in the greater antilles . [ sep ] france
saint - barthelemy ( french : saint - barthelemy , french pronunciation : [ sɛbaʁtelemi ] ) , officially the territorial collectivity of saint - barthelemy ( french : collectivite territoriale de saint - barthelemy ) , is an overseas collectivity of france . often abbreviated to saint - barth in french , or st . barts or st . barths in english , the indigenous people called the island ouanalao . st . barthelemy lies about 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) southeast of st . martin and north of st . kitts . puerto rico is 240 kilometres ( 150 mi ) to the west in the greater antilles . [ sep ] saint - barth
saint - barthelemy ( french : saint - barthelemy , french pronunciation : [ sɛbaʁtelemi ] ) , officially the territorial collectivity of saint - barthelemy ( french : collectivite territoriale de saint - barthelemy ) , is an overseas collectivity of france . often abbreviated to saint - barth in french , or st . barts or st . barths in english , the indigenous people called the island ouanalao . st . barthelemy lies about 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) southeast of st . martin and north of st . kitts . puerto rico is 240 kilometres ( 150 mi ) to the west in the greater antilles . [ sep ] english
saint - barthelemy ( french : saint - barthelemy , french pronunciation : [ sɛbaʁtelemi ] ) , officially the territorial collectivity of saint - barthelemy ( french : collectivite territoriale de saint - barthelemy ) , is an overseas collectivity of france . often abbreviated to saint - barth in french , or st . barts or st . barths in english , the indigenous people called the island ouanalao . st . barthelemy lies about 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) southeast of st . martin and north of st . kitts . puerto rico is 240 kilometres ( 150 mi ) to the west in the greater antilles . [ sep ] ouanalao
saint - barthelemy ( french : saint - barthelemy , french pronunciation : [ sɛbaʁtelemi ] ) , officially the territorial collectivity of saint - barthelemy ( french : collectivite territoriale de saint - barthelemy ) , is an overseas collectivity of france . often abbreviated to saint - barth in french , or st . barts or st . barths in english , the indigenous people called the island ouanalao . st . barthelemy lies about 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) southeast of st . martin and north of st . kitts . puerto rico is 240 kilometres ( 150 mi ) to the west in the greater antilles . [ sep ] west
in 1918 whitehead ' s academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the university of london system , of which imperial college london was a member at the time . he was elected dean of the faculty of science at the university of london in late 1918 ( a post he held for four years ) , a member of the university of london ' s senate in 1919 , and chairman of the senate ' s academic ( leadership ) council in 1920 , a post which he held until he departed for america in 1924 . whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department , help establish a bachelor of science degree ( previously only bachelor of arts degrees had been offered ) , and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students . [ sep ] university of london system
in 1918 whitehead ' s academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the university of london system , of which imperial college london was a member at the time . he was elected dean of the faculty of science at the university of london in late 1918 ( a post he held for four years ) , a member of the university of london ' s senate in 1919 , and chairman of the senate ' s academic ( leadership ) council in 1920 , a post which he held until he departed for america in 1924 . whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department , help establish a bachelor of science degree ( previously only bachelor of arts degrees had been offered ) , and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students . [ sep ] dean of the faculty of science
in 1918 whitehead ' s academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the university of london system , of which imperial college london was a member at the time . he was elected dean of the faculty of science at the university of london in late 1918 ( a post he held for four years ) , a member of the university of london ' s senate in 1919 , and chairman of the senate ' s academic ( leadership ) council in 1920 , a post which he held until he departed for america in 1924 . whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department , help establish a bachelor of science degree ( previously only bachelor of arts degrees had been offered ) , and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students . [ sep ] chairman of the senate ' s academic ( leadership ) council
in 1918 whitehead ' s academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the university of london system , of which imperial college london was a member at the time . he was elected dean of the faculty of science at the university of london in late 1918 ( a post he held for four years ) , a member of the university of london ' s senate in 1919 , and chairman of the senate ' s academic ( leadership ) council in 1920 , a post which he held until he departed for america in 1924 . whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department , help establish a bachelor of science degree ( previously only bachelor of arts degrees had been offered ) , and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students . [ sep ] 1924
in 1918 whitehead ' s academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the university of london system , of which imperial college london was a member at the time . he was elected dean of the faculty of science at the university of london in late 1918 ( a post he held for four years ) , a member of the university of london ' s senate in 1919 , and chairman of the senate ' s academic ( leadership ) council in 1920 , a post which he held until he departed for america in 1924 . whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department , help establish a bachelor of science degree ( previously only bachelor of arts degrees had been offered ) , and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students . [ sep ] bachelor of science
the two volume biography of whitehead by victor lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of whitehead . however , many details of whitehead ' s life remain obscure because he left no nachlass ; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death . additionally , whitehead was known for his " almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy " , and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life . this led to lowe himself remarking on the first page of whitehead ' s biography , " no professional biographer in his right mind would touch him . " [ sep ] victor lowe
the two volume biography of whitehead by victor lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of whitehead . however , many details of whitehead ' s life remain obscure because he left no nachlass ; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death . additionally , whitehead was known for his " almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy " , and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life . this led to lowe himself remarking on the first page of whitehead ' s biography , " no professional biographer in his right mind would touch him . " [ sep ] his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death
the two volume biography of whitehead by victor lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of whitehead . however , many details of whitehead ' s life remain obscure because he left no nachlass ; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death . additionally , whitehead was known for his " almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy " , and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life . this led to lowe himself remarking on the first page of whitehead ' s biography , " no professional biographer in his right mind would touch him . " [ sep ] almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy
the two volume biography of whitehead by victor lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of whitehead . however , many details of whitehead ' s life remain obscure because he left no nachlass ; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death . additionally , whitehead was known for his " almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy " , and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life . this led to lowe himself remarking on the first page of whitehead ' s biography , " no professional biographer in his right mind would touch him . " [ sep ] " no professional biographer in his right mind would touch him . "
in addition to numerous articles on mathematics , whitehead wrote three major books on the subject : a treatise on universal algebra ( 1898 ) , principia mathematica ( co - written with bertrand russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913 ) , and an introduction to mathematics ( 1911 ) . the former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians , while the latter book was intended for a larger audience , covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations . principia mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century . [ sep ] a treatise on universal algebra
in addition to numerous articles on mathematics , whitehead wrote three major books on the subject : a treatise on universal algebra ( 1898 ) , principia mathematica ( co - written with bertrand russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913 ) , and an introduction to mathematics ( 1911 ) . the former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians , while the latter book was intended for a larger audience , covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations . principia mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century . [ sep ] bertrand russell
in addition to numerous articles on mathematics , whitehead wrote three major books on the subject : a treatise on universal algebra ( 1898 ) , principia mathematica ( co - written with bertrand russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913 ) , and an introduction to mathematics ( 1911 ) . the former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians , while the latter book was intended for a larger audience , covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations . principia mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century . [ sep ] professional mathematicians
in addition to numerous articles on mathematics , whitehead wrote three major books on the subject : a treatise on universal algebra ( 1898 ) , principia mathematica ( co - written with bertrand russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913 ) , and an introduction to mathematics ( 1911 ) . the former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians , while the latter book was intended for a larger audience , covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations . principia mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century . [ sep ] an introduction to mathematics
in addition to numerous articles on mathematics , whitehead wrote three major books on the subject : a treatise on universal algebra ( 1898 ) , principia mathematica ( co - written with bertrand russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913 ) , and an introduction to mathematics ( 1911 ) . the former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians , while the latter book was intended for a larger audience , covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations . principia mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century . [ sep ] regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century
portugal ( portuguese : [ [unk] ] ) , officially the portuguese republic ( portuguese : republica portuguesa ) , is a country on the iberian peninsula , in southwestern europe . it is the westernmost country of mainland europe , being bordered by the atlantic ocean to the west and south and by spain to the north and east . the portugal – spain border is 1 , 214 km ( 754 mi ) long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the european union . the republic also includes the atlantic archipelagos of the azores and madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . [ sep ] portuguese republic
portugal ( portuguese : [ [unk] ] ) , officially the portuguese republic ( portuguese : republica portuguesa ) , is a country on the iberian peninsula , in southwestern europe . it is the westernmost country of mainland europe , being bordered by the atlantic ocean to the west and south and by spain to the north and east . the portugal – spain border is 1 , 214 km ( 754 mi ) long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the european union . the republic also includes the atlantic archipelagos of the azores and madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . [ sep ] iberian peninsula , in southwestern europe
portugal ( portuguese : [ [unk] ] ) , officially the portuguese republic ( portuguese : republica portuguesa ) , is a country on the iberian peninsula , in southwestern europe . it is the westernmost country of mainland europe , being bordered by the atlantic ocean to the west and south and by spain to the north and east . the portugal – spain border is 1 , 214 km ( 754 mi ) long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the european union . the republic also includes the atlantic archipelagos of the azores and madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . [ sep ] atlantic ocean
portugal ( portuguese : [ [unk] ] ) , officially the portuguese republic ( portuguese : republica portuguesa ) , is a country on the iberian peninsula , in southwestern europe . it is the westernmost country of mainland europe , being bordered by the atlantic ocean to the west and south and by spain to the north and east . the portugal – spain border is 1 , 214 km ( 754 mi ) long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the european union . the republic also includes the atlantic archipelagos of the azores and madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . [ sep ] 1 , 214 km ( 754 mi )
portugal ( portuguese : [ [unk] ] ) , officially the portuguese republic ( portuguese : republica portuguesa ) , is a country on the iberian peninsula , in southwestern europe . it is the westernmost country of mainland europe , being bordered by the atlantic ocean to the west and south and by spain to the north and east . the portugal – spain border is 1 , 214 km ( 754 mi ) long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the european union . the republic also includes the atlantic archipelagos of the azores and madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . [ sep ] azores and madeira
the land within the borders of current portugal has been continuously settled and fought over since prehistoric times . the celts and the romans were followed by the visigothic and the suebi germanic peoples , who were themselves later invaded by the moors . these muslim peoples were eventually expelled during the christian reconquista of the peninsula . by 1139 , portugal had established itself as a kingdom independent from leon . in the 15th and 16th centuries , as the result of pioneering the age of discovery , portugal expanded western influence and established the first global empire , becoming one of the world ' s major economic , political and military powers . [ sep ] the celts and the romans
the land within the borders of current portugal has been continuously settled and fought over since prehistoric times . the celts and the romans were followed by the visigothic and the suebi germanic peoples , who were themselves later invaded by the moors . these muslim peoples were eventually expelled during the christian reconquista of the peninsula . by 1139 , portugal had established itself as a kingdom independent from leon . in the 15th and 16th centuries , as the result of pioneering the age of discovery , portugal expanded western influence and established the first global empire , becoming one of the world ' s major economic , political and military powers . [ sep ] visigothic and the suebi germanic peoples
the land within the borders of current portugal has been continuously settled and fought over since prehistoric times . the celts and the romans were followed by the visigothic and the suebi germanic peoples , who were themselves later invaded by the moors . these muslim peoples were eventually expelled during the christian reconquista of the peninsula . by 1139 , portugal had established itself as a kingdom independent from leon . in the 15th and 16th centuries , as the result of pioneering the age of discovery , portugal expanded western influence and established the first global empire , becoming one of the world ' s major economic , political and military powers . [ sep ] 1139
the land within the borders of current portugal has been continuously settled and fought over since prehistoric times . the celts and the romans were followed by the visigothic and the suebi germanic peoples , who were themselves later invaded by the moors . these muslim peoples were eventually expelled during the christian reconquista of the peninsula . by 1139 , portugal had established itself as a kingdom independent from leon . in the 15th and 16th centuries , as the result of pioneering the age of discovery , portugal expanded western influence and established the first global empire , becoming one of the world ' s major economic , political and military powers . [ sep ] age of discovery
the land within the borders of current portugal has been continuously settled and fought over since prehistoric times . the celts and the romans were followed by the visigothic and the suebi germanic peoples , who were themselves later invaded by the moors . these muslim peoples were eventually expelled during the christian reconquista of the peninsula . by 1139 , portugal had established itself as a kingdom independent from leon . in the 15th and 16th centuries , as the result of pioneering the age of discovery , portugal expanded western influence and established the first global empire , becoming one of the world ' s major economic , political and military powers . [ sep ] 15th and 16th centuries
at the time structures such as lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class . in a review alexander macfarlane wrote : " the main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods , nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them , but rather the comparative study of their several structures . " in a separate review , g . b . mathews wrote , " it possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable , considering the variety of its themes . " [ sep ] the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class
at the time structures such as lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class . in a review alexander macfarlane wrote : " the main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods , nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them , but rather the comparative study of their several structures . " in a separate review , g . b . mathews wrote , " it possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable , considering the variety of its themes . " [ sep ] comparative study of their several structures
at the time structures such as lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class . in a review alexander macfarlane wrote : " the main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods , nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them , but rather the comparative study of their several structures . " in a separate review , g . b . mathews wrote , " it possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable , considering the variety of its themes . " [ sep ] " it possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable , considering the variety of its themes . "
portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of lisbon in a 1755 earthquake , occupation during the napoleonic wars , and the independence of brazil , its wealthiest colony , in 1822 . after the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy , the democratic but unstable portuguese first republic was established , later being superseded by the " estado novo " right - wing authoritarian regime . democracy was restored after the portuguese colonial war and the carnation revolution in 1974 . shortly after , independence was granted to all its colonies , with the exception of macau , which was handed over to china in 1999 . this marked the end of the longest - lived european colonial empire , leaving a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million portuguese speakers today . [ sep ] lisbon
portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of lisbon in a 1755 earthquake , occupation during the napoleonic wars , and the independence of brazil , its wealthiest colony , in 1822 . after the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy , the democratic but unstable portuguese first republic was established , later being superseded by the " estado novo " right - wing authoritarian regime . democracy was restored after the portuguese colonial war and the carnation revolution in 1974 . shortly after , independence was granted to all its colonies , with the exception of macau , which was handed over to china in 1999 . this marked the end of the longest - lived european colonial empire , leaving a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million portuguese speakers today . [ sep ] 1822
portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of lisbon in a 1755 earthquake , occupation during the napoleonic wars , and the independence of brazil , its wealthiest colony , in 1822 . after the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy , the democratic but unstable portuguese first republic was established , later being superseded by the " estado novo " right - wing authoritarian regime . democracy was restored after the portuguese colonial war and the carnation revolution in 1974 . shortly after , independence was granted to all its colonies , with the exception of macau , which was handed over to china in 1999 . this marked the end of the longest - lived european colonial empire , leaving a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million portuguese speakers today . [ sep ] 1910
portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of lisbon in a 1755 earthquake , occupation during the napoleonic wars , and the independence of brazil , its wealthiest colony , in 1822 . after the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy , the democratic but unstable portuguese first republic was established , later being superseded by the " estado novo " right - wing authoritarian regime . democracy was restored after the portuguese colonial war and the carnation revolution in 1974 . shortly after , independence was granted to all its colonies , with the exception of macau , which was handed over to china in 1999 . this marked the end of the longest - lived european colonial empire , leaving a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million portuguese speakers today . [ sep ] macau
portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of lisbon in a 1755 earthquake , occupation during the napoleonic wars , and the independence of brazil , its wealthiest colony , in 1822 . after the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy , the democratic but unstable portuguese first republic was established , later being superseded by the " estado novo " right - wing authoritarian regime . democracy was restored after the portuguese colonial war and the carnation revolution in 1974 . shortly after , independence was granted to all its colonies , with the exception of macau , which was handed over to china in 1999 . this marked the end of the longest - lived european colonial empire , leaving a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million portuguese speakers today . [ sep ] 250 million
krugman ' s contention ( that the growth of a commercial real estate bubble indicates that u . s . housing policy was not the cause of the crisis ) is challenged by additional analysis . after researching the default of commercial loans during the financial crisis , xudong an and anthony b . sanders reported ( in december 2010 ) : " we find limited evidence that substantial deterioration in cmbs [ commercial mortgage - backed securities ] loan underwriting occurred prior to the crisis . " other analysts support the contention that the crisis in commercial real estate and related lending took place after the crisis in residential real estate . business journalist kimberly amadeo reports : " the first signs of decline in residential real estate occurred in 2006 . three years later , commercial real estate started feeling the effects . denice a . gierach , a real estate attorney and cpa , wrote : [ sep ] krugman
krugman ' s contention ( that the growth of a commercial real estate bubble indicates that u . s . housing policy was not the cause of the crisis ) is challenged by additional analysis . after researching the default of commercial loans during the financial crisis , xudong an and anthony b . sanders reported ( in december 2010 ) : " we find limited evidence that substantial deterioration in cmbs [ commercial mortgage - backed securities ] loan underwriting occurred prior to the crisis . " other analysts support the contention that the crisis in commercial real estate and related lending took place after the crisis in residential real estate . business journalist kimberly amadeo reports : " the first signs of decline in residential real estate occurred in 2006 . three years later , commercial real estate started feeling the effects . denice a . gierach , a real estate attorney and cpa , wrote : [ sep ] december 2010
krugman ' s contention ( that the growth of a commercial real estate bubble indicates that u . s . housing policy was not the cause of the crisis ) is challenged by additional analysis . after researching the default of commercial loans during the financial crisis , xudong an and anthony b . sanders reported ( in december 2010 ) : " we find limited evidence that substantial deterioration in cmbs [ commercial mortgage - backed securities ] loan underwriting occurred prior to the crisis . " other analysts support the contention that the crisis in commercial real estate and related lending took place after the crisis in residential real estate . business journalist kimberly amadeo reports : " the first signs of decline in residential real estate occurred in 2006 . three years later , commercial real estate started feeling the effects . denice a . gierach , a real estate attorney and cpa , wrote : [ sep ] 2006
krugman ' s contention ( that the growth of a commercial real estate bubble indicates that u . s . housing policy was not the cause of the crisis ) is challenged by additional analysis . after researching the default of commercial loans during the financial crisis , xudong an and anthony b . sanders reported ( in december 2010 ) : " we find limited evidence that substantial deterioration in cmbs [ commercial mortgage - backed securities ] loan underwriting occurred prior to the crisis . " other analysts support the contention that the crisis in commercial real estate and related lending took place after the crisis in residential real estate . business journalist kimberly amadeo reports : " the first signs of decline in residential real estate occurred in 2006 . three years later , commercial real estate started feeling the effects . denice a . gierach , a real estate attorney and cpa , wrote : [ sep ] commercial mortgage - backed securities
krugman ' s contention ( that the growth of a commercial real estate bubble indicates that u . s . housing policy was not the cause of the crisis ) is challenged by additional analysis . after researching the default of commercial loans during the financial crisis , xudong an and anthony b . sanders reported ( in december 2010 ) : " we find limited evidence that substantial deterioration in cmbs [ commercial mortgage - backed securities ] loan underwriting occurred prior to the crisis . " other analysts support the contention that the crisis in commercial real estate and related lending took place after the crisis in residential real estate . business journalist kimberly amadeo reports : " the first signs of decline in residential real estate occurred in 2006 . three years later , commercial real estate started feeling the effects . denice a . gierach , a real estate attorney and cpa , wrote : [ sep ] the crisis in commercial real estate
whitehead and russell had thought originally that principia mathematica would take a year to complete ; it ended up taking them ten years . to add insult to injury , when it came time for publication , the three - volume work was so massive ( more than 2 , 000 pages ) and its audience so narrow ( professional mathematicians ) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds , 300 of which was paid by cambridge university press , 200 by the royal society of london , and 50 apiece by whitehead and russell themselves . despite the initial loss , today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of principia mathematica . [ sep ] a year
whitehead and russell had thought originally that principia mathematica would take a year to complete ; it ended up taking them ten years . to add insult to injury , when it came time for publication , the three - volume work was so massive ( more than 2 , 000 pages ) and its audience so narrow ( professional mathematicians ) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds , 300 of which was paid by cambridge university press , 200 by the royal society of london , and 50 apiece by whitehead and russell themselves . despite the initial loss , today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of principia mathematica . [ sep ] ten years
whitehead and russell had thought originally that principia mathematica would take a year to complete ; it ended up taking them ten years . to add insult to injury , when it came time for publication , the three - volume work was so massive ( more than 2 , 000 pages ) and its audience so narrow ( professional mathematicians ) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds , 300 of which was paid by cambridge university press , 200 by the royal society of london , and 50 apiece by whitehead and russell themselves . despite the initial loss , today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of principia mathematica . [ sep ] the three - volume work was so massive ( more than 2 , 000 pages ) and its audience so narrow ( professional mathematicians )
whitehead and russell had thought originally that principia mathematica would take a year to complete ; it ended up taking them ten years . to add insult to injury , when it came time for publication , the three - volume work was so massive ( more than 2 , 000 pages ) and its audience so narrow ( professional mathematicians ) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds , 300 of which was paid by cambridge university press , 200 by the royal society of london , and 50 apiece by whitehead and russell themselves . despite the initial loss , today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of principia mathematica . [ sep ] 00 of which was paid by cambridge university press , 200 by the royal society of london , and 50 apiece by whitehead and russell
whitehead and russell had thought originally that principia mathematica would take a year to complete ; it ended up taking them ten years . to add insult to injury , when it came time for publication , the three - volume work was so massive ( more than 2 , 000 pages ) and its audience so narrow ( professional mathematicians ) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds , 300 of which was paid by cambridge university press , 200 by the royal society of london , and 50 apiece by whitehead and russell themselves . despite the initial loss , today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of principia mathematica . [ sep ] today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of principia mathematica
in a peabody award winning program , npr correspondents argued that a " giant pool of money " ( represented by $ 70 trillion in worldwide fixed income investments ) sought higher yields than those offered by u . s . treasury bonds early in the decade . this pool of money had roughly doubled in size from 2000 to 2007 , yet the supply of relatively safe , income generating investments had not grown as fast . investment banks on wall street answered this demand with products such as the mortgage - backed security and the collateralized debt obligation that were assigned safe ratings by the credit rating agencies . [ sep ] collateralized debt obligation
in a peabody award winning program , npr correspondents argued that a " giant pool of money " ( represented by $ 70 trillion in worldwide fixed income investments ) sought higher yields than those offered by u . s . treasury bonds early in the decade . this pool of money had roughly doubled in size from 2000 to 2007 , yet the supply of relatively safe , income generating investments had not grown as fast . investment banks on wall street answered this demand with products such as the mortgage - backed security and the collateralized debt obligation that were assigned safe ratings by the credit rating agencies . [ sep ] $ 70 trillion
in a peabody award winning program , npr correspondents argued that a " giant pool of money " ( represented by $ 70 trillion in worldwide fixed income investments ) sought higher yields than those offered by u . s . treasury bonds early in the decade . this pool of money had roughly doubled in size from 2000 to 2007 , yet the supply of relatively safe , income generating investments had not grown as fast . investment banks on wall street answered this demand with products such as the mortgage - backed security and the collateralized debt obligation that were assigned safe ratings by the credit rating agencies . [ sep ] roughly doubled in size
in a peabody award winning program , npr correspondents argued that a " giant pool of money " ( represented by $ 70 trillion in worldwide fixed income investments ) sought higher yields than those offered by u . s . treasury bonds early in the decade . this pool of money had roughly doubled in size from 2000 to 2007 , yet the supply of relatively safe , income generating investments had not grown as fast . investment banks on wall street answered this demand with products such as the mortgage - backed security and the collateralized debt obligation that were assigned safe ratings by the credit rating agencies . [ sep ] mortgage - backed security
in a peabody award winning program , npr correspondents argued that a " giant pool of money " ( represented by $ 70 trillion in worldwide fixed income investments ) sought higher yields than those offered by u . s . treasury bonds early in the decade . this pool of money had roughly doubled in size from 2000 to 2007 , yet the supply of relatively safe , income generating investments had not grown as fast . investment banks on wall street answered this demand with products such as the mortgage - backed security and the collateralized debt obligation that were assigned safe ratings by the credit rating agencies . [ sep ] u . s . treasury bonds
the collateralized debt obligation in particular enabled financial institutions to obtain investor funds to finance subprime and other lending , extending or increasing the housing bubble and generating large fees . this essentially places cash payments from multiple mortgages or other debt obligations into a single pool from which specific securities draw in a specific sequence of priority . those securities first in line received investment - grade ratings from rating agencies . securities with lower priority had lower credit ratings but theoretically a higher rate of return on the amount invested . [ sep ] collateralized debt obligation
the collateralized debt obligation in particular enabled financial institutions to obtain investor funds to finance subprime and other lending , extending or increasing the housing bubble and generating large fees . this essentially places cash payments from multiple mortgages or other debt obligations into a single pool from which specific securities draw in a specific sequence of priority . those securities first in line received investment - grade ratings from rating agencies . securities with lower priority had lower credit ratings but theoretically a higher rate of return on the amount invested . [ sep ] extending or increasing the housing bubble
the collateralized debt obligation in particular enabled financial institutions to obtain investor funds to finance subprime and other lending , extending or increasing the housing bubble and generating large fees . this essentially places cash payments from multiple mortgages or other debt obligations into a single pool from which specific securities draw in a specific sequence of priority . those securities first in line received investment - grade ratings from rating agencies . securities with lower priority had lower credit ratings but theoretically a higher rate of return on the amount invested . [ sep ] investment - grade ratings
the collateralized debt obligation in particular enabled financial institutions to obtain investor funds to finance subprime and other lending , extending or increasing the housing bubble and generating large fees . this essentially places cash payments from multiple mortgages or other debt obligations into a single pool from which specific securities draw in a specific sequence of priority . those securities first in line received investment - grade ratings from rating agencies . securities with lower priority had lower credit ratings but theoretically a higher rate of return on the amount invested . [ sep ] single pool
the collateralized debt obligation in particular enabled financial institutions to obtain investor funds to finance subprime and other lending , extending or increasing the housing bubble and generating large fees . this essentially places cash payments from multiple mortgages or other debt obligations into a single pool from which specific securities draw in a specific sequence of priority . those securities first in line received investment - grade ratings from rating agencies . securities with lower priority had lower credit ratings but theoretically a higher rate of return on the amount invested . [ sep ] securities with lower priority
the ultimate substantive legacy of principia mathematica is mixed . it is generally accepted that kurt godel ' s incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics , there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them , and hence that principia mathematica could never achieve its aims . however , godel could not have come to this conclusion without whitehead and russell ' s book . in this way , principia mathematica ' s legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals . but beyond this somewhat ironic legacy , the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic , epistemology , and metaphysics . [ sep ] mixed
the ultimate substantive legacy of principia mathematica is mixed . it is generally accepted that kurt godel ' s incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics , there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them , and hence that principia mathematica could never achieve its aims . however , godel could not have come to this conclusion without whitehead and russell ' s book . in this way , principia mathematica ' s legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals . but beyond this somewhat ironic legacy , the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic , epistemology , and metaphysics . [ sep ] kurt godel
the ultimate substantive legacy of principia mathematica is mixed . it is generally accepted that kurt godel ' s incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics , there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them , and hence that principia mathematica could never achieve its aims . however , godel could not have come to this conclusion without whitehead and russell ' s book . in this way , principia mathematica ' s legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals . but beyond this somewhat ironic legacy , the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic , epistemology , and metaphysics . [ sep ] for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics , there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced
the ultimate substantive legacy of principia mathematica is mixed . it is generally accepted that kurt godel ' s incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics , there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them , and hence that principia mathematica could never achieve its aims . however , godel could not have come to this conclusion without whitehead and russell ' s book . in this way , principia mathematica ' s legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals . but beyond this somewhat ironic legacy , the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic , epistemology , and metaphysics . [ sep ] godel could not have come to this conclusion without whitehead and russell ' s book
the ultimate substantive legacy of principia mathematica is mixed . it is generally accepted that kurt godel ' s incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics , there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them , and hence that principia mathematica could never achieve its aims . however , godel could not have come to this conclusion without whitehead and russell ' s book . in this way , principia mathematica ' s legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals . but beyond this somewhat ironic legacy , the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic , epistemology , and metaphysics . [ sep ] the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic , epistemology , and metaphysics
by september 2008 , average u . s . housing prices had declined by over 20 % from their mid - 2006 peak . as prices declined , borrowers with adjustable - rate mortgages could not refinance to avoid the higher payments associated with rising interest rates and began to default . during 2007 , lenders began foreclosure proceedings on nearly 1 . 3 million properties , a 79 % increase over 2006 . this increased to 2 . 3 million in 2008 , an 81 % increase vs . 2007 . by august 2008 , 9 . 2 % of all u . s . mortgages outstanding were either delinquent or in foreclosure . by september 2009 , this had risen to 14 . 4 % . [ sep ] over 20 %
by september 2008 , average u . s . housing prices had declined by over 20 % from their mid - 2006 peak . as prices declined , borrowers with adjustable - rate mortgages could not refinance to avoid the higher payments associated with rising interest rates and began to default . during 2007 , lenders began foreclosure proceedings on nearly 1 . 3 million properties , a 79 % increase over 2006 . this increased to 2 . 3 million in 2008 , an 81 % increase vs . 2007 . by august 2008 , 9 . 2 % of all u . s . mortgages outstanding were either delinquent or in foreclosure . by september 2009 , this had risen to 14 . 4 % . [ sep ] mid - 2006
by september 2008 , average u . s . housing prices had declined by over 20 % from their mid - 2006 peak . as prices declined , borrowers with adjustable - rate mortgages could not refinance to avoid the higher payments associated with rising interest rates and began to default . during 2007 , lenders began foreclosure proceedings on nearly 1 . 3 million properties , a 79 % increase over 2006 . this increased to 2 . 3 million in 2008 , an 81 % increase vs . 2007 . by august 2008 , 9 . 2 % of all u . s . mortgages outstanding were either delinquent or in foreclosure . by september 2009 , this had risen to 14 . 4 % . [ sep ] nearly 1 . 3 million
by september 2008 , average u . s . housing prices had declined by over 20 % from their mid - 2006 peak . as prices declined , borrowers with adjustable - rate mortgages could not refinance to avoid the higher payments associated with rising interest rates and began to default . during 2007 , lenders began foreclosure proceedings on nearly 1 . 3 million properties , a 79 % increase over 2006 . this increased to 2 . 3 million in 2008 , an 81 % increase vs . 2007 . by august 2008 , 9 . 2 % of all u . s . mortgages outstanding were either delinquent or in foreclosure . by september 2009 , this had risen to 14 . 4 % . [ sep ] 81 %
by september 2008 , average u . s . housing prices had declined by over 20 % from their mid - 2006 peak . as prices declined , borrowers with adjustable - rate mortgages could not refinance to avoid the higher payments associated with rising interest rates and began to default . during 2007 , lenders began foreclosure proceedings on nearly 1 . 3 million properties , a 79 % increase over 2006 . this increased to 2 . 3 million in 2008 , an 81 % increase vs . 2007 . by august 2008 , 9 . 2 % of all u . s . mortgages outstanding were either delinquent or in foreclosure . by september 2009 , this had risen to 14 . 4 % . [ sep ] 14 . 4 %
whitehead ' s most complete work on education is the 1929 book the aims of education and other essays , which collected numerous essays and addresses by whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927 . the essay from which aims of education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when whitehead was president of the london branch of the mathematical association . in it , he cautioned against the teaching of what he called " inert ideas " – ideas that are disconnected scraps of information , with no application to real life or culture . he opined that " education with inert ideas is not only useless : it is , above all things , harmful . " [ sep ] 1929
whitehead ' s most complete work on education is the 1929 book the aims of education and other essays , which collected numerous essays and addresses by whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927 . the essay from which aims of education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when whitehead was president of the london branch of the mathematical association . in it , he cautioned against the teaching of what he called " inert ideas " – ideas that are disconnected scraps of information , with no application to real life or culture . he opined that " education with inert ideas is not only useless : it is , above all things , harmful . " [ sep ] between 1912 and 1927
whitehead ' s most complete work on education is the 1929 book the aims of education and other essays , which collected numerous essays and addresses by whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927 . the essay from which aims of education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when whitehead was president of the london branch of the mathematical association . in it , he cautioned against the teaching of what he called " inert ideas " – ideas that are disconnected scraps of information , with no application to real life or culture . he opined that " education with inert ideas is not only useless : it is , above all things , harmful . " [ sep ] the essay from which aims of education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916
whitehead ' s most complete work on education is the 1929 book the aims of education and other essays , which collected numerous essays and addresses by whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927 . the essay from which aims of education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when whitehead was president of the london branch of the mathematical association . in it , he cautioned against the teaching of what he called " inert ideas " – ideas that are disconnected scraps of information , with no application to real life or culture . he opined that " education with inert ideas is not only useless : it is , above all things , harmful . " [ sep ] ideas that are disconnected scraps of information , with no application to real life or culture
whitehead ' s most complete work on education is the 1929 book the aims of education and other essays , which collected numerous essays and addresses by whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927 . the essay from which aims of education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when whitehead was president of the london branch of the mathematical association . in it , he cautioned against the teaching of what he called " inert ideas " – ideas that are disconnected scraps of information , with no application to real life or culture . he opined that " education with inert ideas is not only useless : it is , above all things , harmful . " [ sep ] " education with inert ideas is not only useless : it is , above all things , harmful . "
rather than teach small parts of a large number of subjects , whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge , discovering their application in actual life . for whitehead , education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary , value - free school model – it should be transdisciplinary , and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate . [ sep ] whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts
rather than teach small parts of a large number of subjects , whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge , discovering their application in actual life . for whitehead , education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary , value - free school model – it should be transdisciplinary , and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate . [ sep ] important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge , discovering their application in actual life
rather than teach small parts of a large number of subjects , whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge , discovering their application in actual life . for whitehead , education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary , value - free school model – it should be transdisciplinary , and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate . [ sep ] for whitehead , education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary , value - free school model
rather than teach small parts of a large number of subjects , whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge , discovering their application in actual life . for whitehead , education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary , value - free school model – it should be transdisciplinary , and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate . [ sep ] it should be transdisciplinary , and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom
lower interest rates encouraged borrowing . from 2000 to 2003 , the federal reserve lowered the federal funds rate target from 6 . 5 % to 1 . 0 % . this was done to soften the effects of the collapse of the dot - com bubble and the september 2001 terrorist attacks , as well as to combat a perceived risk of deflation . as early as 2002 it was apparent that credit was fueling housing instead of business investment as some economists went so far as to advocate that the fed " needs to create a housing bubble to replace the nasdaq bubble " . moreover , empirical studies using data from advanced countries show that excessive credit growth contributed greatly to the severity of the crisis . [ sep ] 1 . 0 %
lower interest rates encouraged borrowing . from 2000 to 2003 , the federal reserve lowered the federal funds rate target from 6 . 5 % to 1 . 0 % . this was done to soften the effects of the collapse of the dot - com bubble and the september 2001 terrorist attacks , as well as to combat a perceived risk of deflation . as early as 2002 it was apparent that credit was fueling housing instead of business investment as some economists went so far as to advocate that the fed " needs to create a housing bubble to replace the nasdaq bubble " . moreover , empirical studies using data from advanced countries show that excessive credit growth contributed greatly to the severity of the crisis . [ sep ] to combat a perceived risk of deflation
lower interest rates encouraged borrowing . from 2000 to 2003 , the federal reserve lowered the federal funds rate target from 6 . 5 % to 1 . 0 % . this was done to soften the effects of the collapse of the dot - com bubble and the september 2001 terrorist attacks , as well as to combat a perceived risk of deflation . as early as 2002 it was apparent that credit was fueling housing instead of business investment as some economists went so far as to advocate that the fed " needs to create a housing bubble to replace the nasdaq bubble " . moreover , empirical studies using data from advanced countries show that excessive credit growth contributed greatly to the severity of the crisis . [ sep ] a housing bubble
lower interest rates encouraged borrowing . from 2000 to 2003 , the federal reserve lowered the federal funds rate target from 6 . 5 % to 1 . 0 % . this was done to soften the effects of the collapse of the dot - com bubble and the september 2001 terrorist attacks , as well as to combat a perceived risk of deflation . as early as 2002 it was apparent that credit was fueling housing instead of business investment as some economists went so far as to advocate that the fed " needs to create a housing bubble to replace the nasdaq bubble " . moreover , empirical studies using data from advanced countries show that excessive credit growth contributed greatly to the severity of the crisis . [ sep ] excessive credit growth
lower interest rates encouraged borrowing . from 2000 to 2003 , the federal reserve lowered the federal funds rate target from 6 . 5 % to 1 . 0 % . this was done to soften the effects of the collapse of the dot - com bubble and the september 2001 terrorist attacks , as well as to combat a perceived risk of deflation . as early as 2002 it was apparent that credit was fueling housing instead of business investment as some economists went so far as to advocate that the fed " needs to create a housing bubble to replace the nasdaq bubble " . moreover , empirical studies using data from advanced countries show that excessive credit growth contributed greatly to the severity of the crisis . [ sep ] lower interest rates
whitehead did not begin his career as a philosopher . in fact , he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education . early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics , but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur . in one letter to his friend and former student bertrand russell , after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive , he wrote : " this further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic , onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter . " ironically , in later life whitehead would become one of the 20th century ' s foremost metaphysicians . [ sep ] he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education
whitehead did not begin his career as a philosopher . in fact , he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education . early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics , but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur . in one letter to his friend and former student bertrand russell , after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive , he wrote : " this further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic , onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter . " ironically , in later life whitehead would become one of the 20th century ' s foremost metaphysicians . [ sep ] bertrand russell
whitehead did not begin his career as a philosopher . in fact , he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education . early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics , but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur . in one letter to his friend and former student bertrand russell , after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive , he wrote : " this further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic , onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter . " ironically , in later life whitehead would become one of the 20th century ' s foremost metaphysicians . [ sep ] " this further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic , onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter . "
whitehead did not begin his career as a philosopher . in fact , he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education . early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics , but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur . in one letter to his friend and former student bertrand russell , after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive , he wrote : " this further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic , onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter . " ironically , in later life whitehead would become one of the 20th century ' s foremost metaphysicians . [ sep ] in later life whitehead would become one of the 20th century ' s foremost metaphysicians
bernanke explained that between 1996 and 2004 , the u . s . current account deficit increased by $ 650 billion , from 1 . 5 % to 5 . 8 % of gdp . financing these deficits required the country to borrow large sums from abroad , much of it from countries running trade surpluses . these were mainly the emerging economies in asia and oil - exporting nations . the balance of payments identity requires that a country ( such as the u . s . ) running a current account deficit also have a capital account ( investment ) surplus of the same amount . hence large and growing amounts of foreign funds ( capital ) flowed into the u . s . to finance its imports . [ sep ] $ 650 billion
bernanke explained that between 1996 and 2004 , the u . s . current account deficit increased by $ 650 billion , from 1 . 5 % to 5 . 8 % of gdp . financing these deficits required the country to borrow large sums from abroad , much of it from countries running trade surpluses . these were mainly the emerging economies in asia and oil - exporting nations . the balance of payments identity requires that a country ( such as the u . s . ) running a current account deficit also have a capital account ( investment ) surplus of the same amount . hence large and growing amounts of foreign funds ( capital ) flowed into the u . s . to finance its imports . [ sep ] 5 . 8 %
bernanke explained that between 1996 and 2004 , the u . s . current account deficit increased by $ 650 billion , from 1 . 5 % to 5 . 8 % of gdp . financing these deficits required the country to borrow large sums from abroad , much of it from countries running trade surpluses . these were mainly the emerging economies in asia and oil - exporting nations . the balance of payments identity requires that a country ( such as the u . s . ) running a current account deficit also have a capital account ( investment ) surplus of the same amount . hence large and growing amounts of foreign funds ( capital ) flowed into the u . s . to finance its imports . [ sep ] asia and oil - exporting nations
bernanke explained that between 1996 and 2004 , the u . s . current account deficit increased by $ 650 billion , from 1 . 5 % to 5 . 8 % of gdp . financing these deficits required the country to borrow large sums from abroad , much of it from countries running trade surpluses . these were mainly the emerging economies in asia and oil - exporting nations . the balance of payments identity requires that a country ( such as the u . s . ) running a current account deficit also have a capital account ( investment ) surplus of the same amount . hence large and growing amounts of foreign funds ( capital ) flowed into the u . s . to finance its imports . [ sep ] capital account
bernanke explained that between 1996 and 2004 , the u . s . current account deficit increased by $ 650 billion , from 1 . 5 % to 5 . 8 % of gdp . financing these deficits required the country to borrow large sums from abroad , much of it from countries running trade surpluses . these were mainly the emerging economies in asia and oil - exporting nations . the balance of payments identity requires that a country ( such as the u . s . ) running a current account deficit also have a capital account ( investment ) surplus of the same amount . hence large and growing amounts of foreign funds ( capital ) flowed into the u . s . to finance its imports . [ sep ] foreign funds
whitehead was unimpressed by this objection . in the notes of one his students for a 1927 class , whitehead was quoted as saying : " every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics . what he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized . " in whitehead ' s view , scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time , but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned . while whitehead acknowledged that " philosophers can never hope finally to formulate these metaphysical first principles , " he argued that people need to continually re - imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress , even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic . for this reason whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy . [ sep ] " every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics . what he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized . "
whitehead was unimpressed by this objection . in the notes of one his students for a 1927 class , whitehead was quoted as saying : " every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics . what he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized . " in whitehead ' s view , scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time , but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned . while whitehead acknowledged that " philosophers can never hope finally to formulate these metaphysical first principles , " he argued that people need to continually re - imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress , even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic . for this reason whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy . [ sep ] such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned
whitehead was unimpressed by this objection . in the notes of one his students for a 1927 class , whitehead was quoted as saying : " every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics . what he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized . " in whitehead ' s view , scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time , but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned . while whitehead acknowledged that " philosophers can never hope finally to formulate these metaphysical first principles , " he argued that people need to continually re - imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress , even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic . for this reason whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy . [ sep ] people need to continually re - imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress
whitehead was unimpressed by this objection . in the notes of one his students for a 1927 class , whitehead was quoted as saying : " every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics . what he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized . " in whitehead ' s view , scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time , but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned . while whitehead acknowledged that " philosophers can never hope finally to formulate these metaphysical first principles , " he argued that people need to continually re - imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress , even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic . for this reason whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy . [ sep ] whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy
the fed then raised the fed funds rate significantly between july 2004 and july 2006 . this contributed to an increase in 1 - year and 5 - year adjustable - rate mortgage ( arm ) rates , making arm interest rate resets more expensive for homeowners . this may have also contributed to the deflating of the housing bubble , as asset prices generally move inversely to interest rates , and it became riskier to speculate in housing . u . s . housing and financial assets dramatically declined in value after the housing bubble burst . [ sep ] july 2004
the fed then raised the fed funds rate significantly between july 2004 and july 2006 . this contributed to an increase in 1 - year and 5 - year adjustable - rate mortgage ( arm ) rates , making arm interest rate resets more expensive for homeowners . this may have also contributed to the deflating of the housing bubble , as asset prices generally move inversely to interest rates , and it became riskier to speculate in housing . u . s . housing and financial assets dramatically declined in value after the housing bubble burst . [ sep ] adjustable - rate mortgage
the fed then raised the fed funds rate significantly between july 2004 and july 2006 . this contributed to an increase in 1 - year and 5 - year adjustable - rate mortgage ( arm ) rates , making arm interest rate resets more expensive for homeowners . this may have also contributed to the deflating of the housing bubble , as asset prices generally move inversely to interest rates , and it became riskier to speculate in housing . u . s . housing and financial assets dramatically declined in value after the housing bubble burst . [ sep ] inversely
the fed then raised the fed funds rate significantly between july 2004 and july 2006 . this contributed to an increase in 1 - year and 5 - year adjustable - rate mortgage ( arm ) rates , making arm interest rate resets more expensive for homeowners . this may have also contributed to the deflating of the housing bubble , as asset prices generally move inversely to interest rates , and it became riskier to speculate in housing . u . s . housing and financial assets dramatically declined in value after the housing bubble burst . [ sep ] raised the fed funds rate
the fed then raised the fed funds rate significantly between july 2004 and july 2006 . this contributed to an increase in 1 - year and 5 - year adjustable - rate mortgage ( arm ) rates , making arm interest rate resets more expensive for homeowners . this may have also contributed to the deflating of the housing bubble , as asset prices generally move inversely to interest rates , and it became riskier to speculate in housing . u . s . housing and financial assets dramatically declined in value after the housing bubble burst . [ sep ] dramatically declined in value
testimony given to the financial crisis inquiry commission by richard m . bowen iii on events during his tenure as the business chief underwriter for correspondent lending in the consumer lending group for citigroup ( where he was responsible for over 220 professional underwriters ) suggests that by the final years of the u . s . housing bubble ( 2006 – 2007 ) , the collapse of mortgage underwriting standards was endemic . his testimony stated that by 2006 , 60 % of mortgages purchased by citi from some 1 , 600 mortgage companies were " defective " ( were not underwritten to policy , or did not contain all policy - required documents ) – this , despite the fact that each of these 1 , 600 originators was contractually responsible ( certified via representations and warrantees ) that its mortgage originations met citi ' s standards . moreover , during 2007 , " defective mortgages ( from mortgage originators contractually bound to perform underwriting to citi ' s standards ) increased . . . to over 80 % of production " . [ sep ] citigroup
testimony given to the financial crisis inquiry commission by richard m . bowen iii on events during his tenure as the business chief underwriter for correspondent lending in the consumer lending group for citigroup ( where he was responsible for over 220 professional underwriters ) suggests that by the final years of the u . s . housing bubble ( 2006 – 2007 ) , the collapse of mortgage underwriting standards was endemic . his testimony stated that by 2006 , 60 % of mortgages purchased by citi from some 1 , 600 mortgage companies were " defective " ( were not underwritten to policy , or did not contain all policy - required documents ) – this , despite the fact that each of these 1 , 600 originators was contractually responsible ( certified via representations and warrantees ) that its mortgage originations met citi ' s standards . moreover , during 2007 , " defective mortgages ( from mortgage originators contractually bound to perform underwriting to citi ' s standards ) increased . . . to over 80 % of production " . [ sep ] 220
testimony given to the financial crisis inquiry commission by richard m . bowen iii on events during his tenure as the business chief underwriter for correspondent lending in the consumer lending group for citigroup ( where he was responsible for over 220 professional underwriters ) suggests that by the final years of the u . s . housing bubble ( 2006 – 2007 ) , the collapse of mortgage underwriting standards was endemic . his testimony stated that by 2006 , 60 % of mortgages purchased by citi from some 1 , 600 mortgage companies were " defective " ( were not underwritten to policy , or did not contain all policy - required documents ) – this , despite the fact that each of these 1 , 600 originators was contractually responsible ( certified via representations and warrantees ) that its mortgage originations met citi ' s standards . moreover , during 2007 , " defective mortgages ( from mortgage originators contractually bound to perform underwriting to citi ' s standards ) increased . . . to over 80 % of production " . [ sep ] 60 %
testimony given to the financial crisis inquiry commission by richard m . bowen iii on events during his tenure as the business chief underwriter for correspondent lending in the consumer lending group for citigroup ( where he was responsible for over 220 professional underwriters ) suggests that by the final years of the u . s . housing bubble ( 2006 – 2007 ) , the collapse of mortgage underwriting standards was endemic . his testimony stated that by 2006 , 60 % of mortgages purchased by citi from some 1 , 600 mortgage companies were " defective " ( were not underwritten to policy , or did not contain all policy - required documents ) – this , despite the fact that each of these 1 , 600 originators was contractually responsible ( certified via representations and warrantees ) that its mortgage originations met citi ' s standards . moreover , during 2007 , " defective mortgages ( from mortgage originators contractually bound to perform underwriting to citi ' s standards ) increased . . . to over 80 % of production " . [ sep ] 1 , 600
testimony given to the financial crisis inquiry commission by richard m . bowen iii on events during his tenure as the business chief underwriter for correspondent lending in the consumer lending group for citigroup ( where he was responsible for over 220 professional underwriters ) suggests that by the final years of the u . s . housing bubble ( 2006 – 2007 ) , the collapse of mortgage underwriting standards was endemic . his testimony stated that by 2006 , 60 % of mortgages purchased by citi from some 1 , 600 mortgage companies were " defective " ( were not underwritten to policy , or did not contain all policy - required documents ) – this , despite the fact that each of these 1 , 600 originators was contractually responsible ( certified via representations and warrantees ) that its mortgage originations met citi ' s standards . moreover , during 2007 , " defective mortgages ( from mortgage originators contractually bound to perform underwriting to citi ' s standards ) increased . . . to over 80 % of production " . [ sep ] over 80 %
perhaps foremost among what whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another , which he rejected in favor of an event - based or " process " ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another . he also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential , indeed that everything is constituted by its experience . he used the term " experience " very broadly , so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience . in this , he went against descartes ' separation of two different kinds of real existence , either exclusively material or else exclusively mental . whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as " philosophy of organism " , but it would become known more widely as " process philosophy . " [ sep ] reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another
perhaps foremost among what whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another , which he rejected in favor of an event - based or " process " ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another . he also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential , indeed that everything is constituted by its experience . he used the term " experience " very broadly , so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience . in this , he went against descartes ' separation of two different kinds of real existence , either exclusively material or else exclusively mental . whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as " philosophy of organism " , but it would become known more widely as " process philosophy . " [ sep ] event - based or " process " ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another
perhaps foremost among what whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another , which he rejected in favor of an event - based or " process " ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another . he also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential , indeed that everything is constituted by its experience . he used the term " experience " very broadly , so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience . in this , he went against descartes ' separation of two different kinds of real existence , either exclusively material or else exclusively mental . whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as " philosophy of organism " , but it would become known more widely as " process philosophy . " [ sep ] he used the term " experience " very broadly , so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience
perhaps foremost among what whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another , which he rejected in favor of an event - based or " process " ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another . he also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential , indeed that everything is constituted by its experience . he used the term " experience " very broadly , so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience . in this , he went against descartes ' separation of two different kinds of real existence , either exclusively material or else exclusively mental . whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as " philosophy of organism " , but it would become known more widely as " process philosophy . " [ sep ] two different kinds of real existence , either exclusively material or else exclusively mental
perhaps foremost among what whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another , which he rejected in favor of an event - based or " process " ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another . he also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential , indeed that everything is constituted by its experience . he used the term " experience " very broadly , so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience . in this , he went against descartes ' separation of two different kinds of real existence , either exclusively material or else exclusively mental . whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as " philosophy of organism " , but it would become known more widely as " process philosophy . " [ sep ] " philosophy of organism "
portugal maintains a unitary semi - presidential republican form of government and is a developed country with an advanced economy , and a high living standard , having the 18th highest social progress in the world , putting it ahead of other western european countries like france , spain and italy . it is a member of numerous international organizations , including the united nations , the european union , the eurozone , oecd , nato and the community of portuguese language countries . portugal is also known for having decriminalized the usage of all common drugs in 2001 , the first country in the world to do so . however , drugs are still illegal in portugal . [ sep ] unitary semi - presidential republican
portugal maintains a unitary semi - presidential republican form of government and is a developed country with an advanced economy , and a high living standard , having the 18th highest social progress in the world , putting it ahead of other western european countries like france , spain and italy . it is a member of numerous international organizations , including the united nations , the european union , the eurozone , oecd , nato and the community of portuguese language countries . portugal is also known for having decriminalized the usage of all common drugs in 2001 , the first country in the world to do so . however , drugs are still illegal in portugal . [ sep ] 18th highest
portugal maintains a unitary semi - presidential republican form of government and is a developed country with an advanced economy , and a high living standard , having the 18th highest social progress in the world , putting it ahead of other western european countries like france , spain and italy . it is a member of numerous international organizations , including the united nations , the european union , the eurozone , oecd , nato and the community of portuguese language countries . portugal is also known for having decriminalized the usage of all common drugs in 2001 , the first country in the world to do so . however , drugs are still illegal in portugal . [ sep ] france , spain and italy
portugal maintains a unitary semi - presidential republican form of government and is a developed country with an advanced economy , and a high living standard , having the 18th highest social progress in the world , putting it ahead of other western european countries like france , spain and italy . it is a member of numerous international organizations , including the united nations , the european union , the eurozone , oecd , nato and the community of portuguese language countries . portugal is also known for having decriminalized the usage of all common drugs in 2001 , the first country in the world to do so . however , drugs are still illegal in portugal . [ sep ] united nations , the european union , the eurozone , oecd , nato and the community of portuguese language countries
portugal maintains a unitary semi - presidential republican form of government and is a developed country with an advanced economy , and a high living standard , having the 18th highest social progress in the world , putting it ahead of other western european countries like france , spain and italy . it is a member of numerous international organizations , including the united nations , the european union , the eurozone , oecd , nato and the community of portuguese language countries . portugal is also known for having decriminalized the usage of all common drugs in 2001 , the first country in the world to do so . however , drugs are still illegal in portugal . [ sep ] decriminalized the usage of all common drugs
in separate testimony to financial crisis inquiry commission , officers of clayton holdings — the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company in the united states and europe — testified that clayton ' s review of over 900 , 000 mortgages issued from january 2006 to june 2007 revealed that scarcely 54 % of the loans met their originators ’ underwriting standards . the analysis ( conducted on behalf of 23 investment and commercial banks , including 7 " too big to fail " banks ) additionally showed that 28 % of the sampled loans did not meet the minimal standards of any issuer . clayton ' s analysis further showed that 39 % of these loans ( i . e . those not meeting any issuer ' s minimal underwriting standards ) were subsequently securitized and sold to investors . [ sep ] clayton holdings
in separate testimony to financial crisis inquiry commission , officers of clayton holdings — the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company in the united states and europe — testified that clayton ' s review of over 900 , 000 mortgages issued from january 2006 to june 2007 revealed that scarcely 54 % of the loans met their originators ’ underwriting standards . the analysis ( conducted on behalf of 23 investment and commercial banks , including 7 " too big to fail " banks ) additionally showed that 28 % of the sampled loans did not meet the minimal standards of any issuer . clayton ' s analysis further showed that 39 % of these loans ( i . e . those not meeting any issuer ' s minimal underwriting standards ) were subsequently securitized and sold to investors . [ sep ] 54 %
in separate testimony to financial crisis inquiry commission , officers of clayton holdings — the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company in the united states and europe — testified that clayton ' s review of over 900 , 000 mortgages issued from january 2006 to june 2007 revealed that scarcely 54 % of the loans met their originators ’ underwriting standards . the analysis ( conducted on behalf of 23 investment and commercial banks , including 7 " too big to fail " banks ) additionally showed that 28 % of the sampled loans did not meet the minimal standards of any issuer . clayton ' s analysis further showed that 39 % of these loans ( i . e . those not meeting any issuer ' s minimal underwriting standards ) were subsequently securitized and sold to investors . [ sep ] 23
in separate testimony to financial crisis inquiry commission , officers of clayton holdings — the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company in the united states and europe — testified that clayton ' s review of over 900 , 000 mortgages issued from january 2006 to june 2007 revealed that scarcely 54 % of the loans met their originators ’ underwriting standards . the analysis ( conducted on behalf of 23 investment and commercial banks , including 7 " too big to fail " banks ) additionally showed that 28 % of the sampled loans did not meet the minimal standards of any issuer . clayton ' s analysis further showed that 39 % of these loans ( i . e . those not meeting any issuer ' s minimal underwriting standards ) were subsequently securitized and sold to investors . [ sep ] 28 %
in separate testimony to financial crisis inquiry commission , officers of clayton holdings — the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company in the united states and europe — testified that clayton ' s review of over 900 , 000 mortgages issued from january 2006 to june 2007 revealed that scarcely 54 % of the loans met their originators ’ underwriting standards . the analysis ( conducted on behalf of 23 investment and commercial banks , including 7 " too big to fail " banks ) additionally showed that 28 % of the sampled loans did not meet the minimal standards of any issuer . clayton ' s analysis further showed that 39 % of these loans ( i . e . those not meeting any issuer ' s minimal underwriting standards ) were subsequently securitized and sold to investors . [ sep ] 900 , 000
this is not to say that whitehead ' s thought was widely accepted or even well - understood . his philosophical work is generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon . even professional philosophers struggled to follow whitehead ' s writings . one famous story illustrating the level of difficulty of whitehead ' s philosophy centers around the delivery of whitehead ' s gifford lectures in 1927 – 28 – following arthur eddington ' s lectures of the year previous – which whitehead would later publish as process and reality : [ sep ] generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon
this is not to say that whitehead ' s thought was widely accepted or even well - understood . his philosophical work is generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon . even professional philosophers struggled to follow whitehead ' s writings . one famous story illustrating the level of difficulty of whitehead ' s philosophy centers around the delivery of whitehead ' s gifford lectures in 1927 – 28 – following arthur eddington ' s lectures of the year previous – which whitehead would later publish as process and reality : [ sep ] gifford lectures
this is not to say that whitehead ' s thought was widely accepted or even well - understood . his philosophical work is generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon . even professional philosophers struggled to follow whitehead ' s writings . one famous story illustrating the level of difficulty of whitehead ' s philosophy centers around the delivery of whitehead ' s gifford lectures in 1927 – 28 – following arthur eddington ' s lectures of the year previous – which whitehead would later publish as process and reality : [ sep ] process and reality
predatory lending refers to the practice of unscrupulous lenders , enticing borrowers to enter into " unsafe " or " unsound " secured loans for inappropriate purposes . a classic bait - and - switch method was used by countrywide financial , advertising low interest rates for home refinancing . such loans were written into extensively detailed contracts , and swapped for more expensive loan products on the day of closing . whereas the advertisement might state that 1 % or 1 . 5 % interest would be charged , the consumer would be put into an adjustable rate mortgage ( arm ) in which the interest charged would be greater than the amount of interest paid . this created negative amortization , which the credit consumer might not notice until long after the loan transaction had been consummated . [ sep ] predatory lending
predatory lending refers to the practice of unscrupulous lenders , enticing borrowers to enter into " unsafe " or " unsound " secured loans for inappropriate purposes . a classic bait - and - switch method was used by countrywide financial , advertising low interest rates for home refinancing . such loans were written into extensively detailed contracts , and swapped for more expensive loan products on the day of closing . whereas the advertisement might state that 1 % or 1 . 5 % interest would be charged , the consumer would be put into an adjustable rate mortgage ( arm ) in which the interest charged would be greater than the amount of interest paid . this created negative amortization , which the credit consumer might not notice until long after the loan transaction had been consummated . [ sep ] countrywide financial
predatory lending refers to the practice of unscrupulous lenders , enticing borrowers to enter into " unsafe " or " unsound " secured loans for inappropriate purposes . a classic bait - and - switch method was used by countrywide financial , advertising low interest rates for home refinancing . such loans were written into extensively detailed contracts , and swapped for more expensive loan products on the day of closing . whereas the advertisement might state that 1 % or 1 . 5 % interest would be charged , the consumer would be put into an adjustable rate mortgage ( arm ) in which the interest charged would be greater than the amount of interest paid . this created negative amortization , which the credit consumer might not notice until long after the loan transaction had been consummated . [ sep ] adjustable rate mortgage ( arm )
predatory lending refers to the practice of unscrupulous lenders , enticing borrowers to enter into " unsafe " or " unsound " secured loans for inappropriate purposes . a classic bait - and - switch method was used by countrywide financial , advertising low interest rates for home refinancing . such loans were written into extensively detailed contracts , and swapped for more expensive loan products on the day of closing . whereas the advertisement might state that 1 % or 1 . 5 % interest would be charged , the consumer would be put into an adjustable rate mortgage ( arm ) in which the interest charged would be greater than the amount of interest paid . this created negative amortization , which the credit consumer might not notice until long after the loan transaction had been consummated . [ sep ] negative amortization
predatory lending refers to the practice of unscrupulous lenders , enticing borrowers to enter into " unsafe " or " unsound " secured loans for inappropriate purposes . a classic bait - and - switch method was used by countrywide financial , advertising low interest rates for home refinancing . such loans were written into extensively detailed contracts , and swapped for more expensive loan products on the day of closing . whereas the advertisement might state that 1 % or 1 . 5 % interest would be charged , the consumer would be put into an adjustable rate mortgage ( arm ) in which the interest charged would be greater than the amount of interest paid . this created negative amortization , which the credit consumer might not notice until long after the loan transaction had been consummated . [ sep ] classic bait - and - switch
however , mathews ' frustration with whitehead ' s books did not negatively affect his interest . in fact , there were numerous philosophers and theologians at chicago ' s divinity school that perceived the importance of what whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications . in 1927 they invited one of america ' s only whitehead experts – henry nelson wieman – to chicago to give a lecture explaining whitehead ' s thought . wieman ' s lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years , and for at least thirty years afterward chicago ' s divinity school was closely associated with whitehead ' s thought . [ sep ] mathews ' frustration with whitehead ' s books did not negatively affect his interest
however , mathews ' frustration with whitehead ' s books did not negatively affect his interest . in fact , there were numerous philosophers and theologians at chicago ' s divinity school that perceived the importance of what whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications . in 1927 they invited one of america ' s only whitehead experts – henry nelson wieman – to chicago to give a lecture explaining whitehead ' s thought . wieman ' s lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years , and for at least thirty years afterward chicago ' s divinity school was closely associated with whitehead ' s thought . [ sep ] perceived the importance of what whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications
however , mathews ' frustration with whitehead ' s books did not negatively affect his interest . in fact , there were numerous philosophers and theologians at chicago ' s divinity school that perceived the importance of what whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications . in 1927 they invited one of america ' s only whitehead experts – henry nelson wieman – to chicago to give a lecture explaining whitehead ' s thought . wieman ' s lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years , and for at least thirty years afterward chicago ' s divinity school was closely associated with whitehead ' s thought . [ sep ] henry nelson wieman
however , mathews ' frustration with whitehead ' s books did not negatively affect his interest . in fact , there were numerous philosophers and theologians at chicago ' s divinity school that perceived the importance of what whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications . in 1927 they invited one of america ' s only whitehead experts – henry nelson wieman – to chicago to give a lecture explaining whitehead ' s thought . wieman ' s lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years , and for at least thirty years afterward chicago ' s divinity school was closely associated with whitehead ' s thought . [ sep ] wieman ' s lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years
the early history of portugal is shared with the rest of the iberian peninsula located in south western europe . the name of portugal derives from the joined romano - celtic name portus cale . the region was settled by pre - celts and celts , giving origin to peoples like the gallaeci , lusitanians , celtici and cynetes , visited by phoenicians and carthaginians , incorporated in the roman republic dominions as lusitania and part of gallaecia , after 45 bc until 298 ad , settled again by suebi , buri , and visigoths , and conquered by moors . other influences include some 5th - century vestiges of alan settlement , which were found in alenquer ( old germanic alankerk , from alan + kerk ; meaning church of the alan ( people ) , coimbra and lisbon . [ sep ] portus cale
the early history of portugal is shared with the rest of the iberian peninsula located in south western europe . the name of portugal derives from the joined romano - celtic name portus cale . the region was settled by pre - celts and celts , giving origin to peoples like the gallaeci , lusitanians , celtici and cynetes , visited by phoenicians and carthaginians , incorporated in the roman republic dominions as lusitania and part of gallaecia , after 45 bc until 298 ad , settled again by suebi , buri , and visigoths , and conquered by moors . other influences include some 5th - century vestiges of alan settlement , which were found in alenquer ( old germanic alankerk , from alan + kerk ; meaning church of the alan ( people ) , coimbra and lisbon . [ sep ] pre - celts and celts
the early history of portugal is shared with the rest of the iberian peninsula located in south western europe . the name of portugal derives from the joined romano - celtic name portus cale . the region was settled by pre - celts and celts , giving origin to peoples like the gallaeci , lusitanians , celtici and cynetes , visited by phoenicians and carthaginians , incorporated in the roman republic dominions as lusitania and part of gallaecia , after 45 bc until 298 ad , settled again by suebi , buri , and visigoths , and conquered by moors . other influences include some 5th - century vestiges of alan settlement , which were found in alenquer ( old germanic alankerk , from alan + kerk ; meaning church of the alan ( people ) , coimbra and lisbon . [ sep ] gallaeci , lusitanians , celtici and cynetes
the early history of portugal is shared with the rest of the iberian peninsula located in south western europe . the name of portugal derives from the joined romano - celtic name portus cale . the region was settled by pre - celts and celts , giving origin to peoples like the gallaeci , lusitanians , celtici and cynetes , visited by phoenicians and carthaginians , incorporated in the roman republic dominions as lusitania and part of gallaecia , after 45 bc until 298 ad , settled again by suebi , buri , and visigoths , and conquered by moors . other influences include some 5th - century vestiges of alan settlement , which were found in alenquer ( old germanic alankerk , from alan + kerk ; meaning church of the alan ( people ) , coimbra and lisbon . [ sep ] 45 bc until 298 ad
the early history of portugal is shared with the rest of the iberian peninsula located in south western europe . the name of portugal derives from the joined romano - celtic name portus cale . the region was settled by pre - celts and celts , giving origin to peoples like the gallaeci , lusitanians , celtici and cynetes , visited by phoenicians and carthaginians , incorporated in the roman republic dominions as lusitania and part of gallaecia , after 45 bc until 298 ad , settled again by suebi , buri , and visigoths , and conquered by moors . other influences include some 5th - century vestiges of alan settlement , which were found in alenquer ( old germanic alankerk , from alan + kerk ; meaning church of the alan ( people ) , coimbra and lisbon . [ sep ] alankerk
countrywide , sued by california attorney general jerry brown for " unfair business practices " and " false advertising " was making high cost mortgages " to homeowners with weak credit , adjustable rate mortgages ( arms ) that allowed homeowners to make interest - only payments " . when housing prices decreased , homeowners in arms then had little incentive to pay their monthly payments , since their home equity had disappeared . this caused countrywide ' s financial condition to deteriorate , ultimately resulting in a decision by the office of thrift supervision to seize the lender . [ sep ] california attorney general jerry brown
countrywide , sued by california attorney general jerry brown for " unfair business practices " and " false advertising " was making high cost mortgages " to homeowners with weak credit , adjustable rate mortgages ( arms ) that allowed homeowners to make interest - only payments " . when housing prices decreased , homeowners in arms then had little incentive to pay their monthly payments , since their home equity had disappeared . this caused countrywide ' s financial condition to deteriorate , ultimately resulting in a decision by the office of thrift supervision to seize the lender . [ sep ] adjustable rate mortgages ( arms )
countrywide , sued by california attorney general jerry brown for " unfair business practices " and " false advertising " was making high cost mortgages " to homeowners with weak credit , adjustable rate mortgages ( arms ) that allowed homeowners to make interest - only payments " . when housing prices decreased , homeowners in arms then had little incentive to pay their monthly payments , since their home equity had disappeared . this caused countrywide ' s financial condition to deteriorate , ultimately resulting in a decision by the office of thrift supervision to seize the lender . [ sep ] disappeared
countrywide , sued by california attorney general jerry brown for " unfair business practices " and " false advertising " was making high cost mortgages " to homeowners with weak credit , adjustable rate mortgages ( arms ) that allowed homeowners to make interest - only payments " . when housing prices decreased , homeowners in arms then had little incentive to pay their monthly payments , since their home equity had disappeared . this caused countrywide ' s financial condition to deteriorate , ultimately resulting in a decision by the office of thrift supervision to seize the lender . [ sep ] office of thrift supervision
countrywide , sued by california attorney general jerry brown for " unfair business practices " and " false advertising " was making high cost mortgages " to homeowners with weak credit , adjustable rate mortgages ( arms ) that allowed homeowners to make interest - only payments " . when housing prices decreased , homeowners in arms then had little incentive to pay their monthly payments , since their home equity had disappeared . this caused countrywide ' s financial condition to deteriorate , ultimately resulting in a decision by the office of thrift supervision to seize the lender . [ sep ] weak credit
wieman ' s words proved prophetic . though process and reality has been called " arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century , " it has been little - read and little - understood , partly because it demands – as isabelle stengers puts it – " that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus . " whitehead questioned western philosophy ' s most dearly held assumptions about how the universe works , but in doing so he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions . [ sep ] " arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century , "
wieman ' s words proved prophetic . though process and reality has been called " arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century , " it has been little - read and little - understood , partly because it demands – as isabelle stengers puts it – " that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus . " whitehead questioned western philosophy ' s most dearly held assumptions about how the universe works , but in doing so he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions . [ sep ] it demands – as isabelle stengers puts it – " that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus . "
wieman ' s words proved prophetic . though process and reality has been called " arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century , " it has been little - read and little - understood , partly because it demands – as isabelle stengers puts it – " that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus . " whitehead questioned western philosophy ' s most dearly held assumptions about how the universe works , but in doing so he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions . [ sep ] he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions .
in 27 bc , lusitania gained the status of roman province . later , a northern province of lusitania was formed , known as gallaecia , with capital in bracara augusta , today ' s braga . there are still many ruins of castros ( hill forts ) all over modern portugal and remains of castro culture . numerous roman sites are scattered around present - day portugal , some urban remains are quite large , like conimbriga and mirobriga . the former , beyond being one of the largest roman settlements in portugal , is also classified as a national monument . conimbriga lies 16 km from coimbra which by its turn was the ancient aeminium ) . the site also has a museum that displays objects found by archaeologists during their excavations . [ sep ] 27 bc
in 27 bc , lusitania gained the status of roman province . later , a northern province of lusitania was formed , known as gallaecia , with capital in bracara augusta , today ' s braga . there are still many ruins of castros ( hill forts ) all over modern portugal and remains of castro culture . numerous roman sites are scattered around present - day portugal , some urban remains are quite large , like conimbriga and mirobriga . the former , beyond being one of the largest roman settlements in portugal , is also classified as a national monument . conimbriga lies 16 km from coimbra which by its turn was the ancient aeminium ) . the site also has a museum that displays objects found by archaeologists during their excavations . [ sep ] gallaecia
in 27 bc , lusitania gained the status of roman province . later , a northern province of lusitania was formed , known as gallaecia , with capital in bracara augusta , today ' s braga . there are still many ruins of castros ( hill forts ) all over modern portugal and remains of castro culture . numerous roman sites are scattered around present - day portugal , some urban remains are quite large , like conimbriga and mirobriga . the former , beyond being one of the largest roman settlements in portugal , is also classified as a national monument . conimbriga lies 16 km from coimbra which by its turn was the ancient aeminium ) . the site also has a museum that displays objects found by archaeologists during their excavations . [ sep ] hill forts
in 27 bc , lusitania gained the status of roman province . later , a northern province of lusitania was formed , known as gallaecia , with capital in bracara augusta , today ' s braga . there are still many ruins of castros ( hill forts ) all over modern portugal and remains of castro culture . numerous roman sites are scattered around present - day portugal , some urban remains are quite large , like conimbriga and mirobriga . the former , beyond being one of the largest roman settlements in portugal , is also classified as a national monument . conimbriga lies 16 km from coimbra which by its turn was the ancient aeminium ) . the site also has a museum that displays objects found by archaeologists during their excavations . [ sep ] conimbriga and mirobriga
in 27 bc , lusitania gained the status of roman province . later , a northern province of lusitania was formed , known as gallaecia , with capital in bracara augusta , today ' s braga . there are still many ruins of castros ( hill forts ) all over modern portugal and remains of castro culture . numerous roman sites are scattered around present - day portugal , some urban remains are quite large , like conimbriga and mirobriga . the former , beyond being one of the largest roman settlements in portugal , is also classified as a national monument . conimbriga lies 16 km from coimbra which by its turn was the ancient aeminium ) . the site also has a museum that displays objects found by archaeologists during their excavations . [ sep ] 16 km
after defeating the visigoths in only a few months , the umayyad caliphate started expanding rapidly in the peninsula . beginning in 711 , the land that is now portugal became part of the vast umayyad caliphate ' s empire of damascus , which stretched from the indus river in the indian sub - continent ( now pakistan ) up to the south of france , until its collapse in 750 . that year the west of the empire gained its independence under abd - ar - rahman i with the establishment of the emirate of cordoba . after almost two centuries , the emirate became the caliphate of cordoba in 929 , until its dissolution a century later in 1031 into no less than 23 small kingdoms , called taifa kingdoms . [ sep ] a few months
after defeating the visigoths in only a few months , the umayyad caliphate started expanding rapidly in the peninsula . beginning in 711 , the land that is now portugal became part of the vast umayyad caliphate ' s empire of damascus , which stretched from the indus river in the indian sub - continent ( now pakistan ) up to the south of france , until its collapse in 750 . that year the west of the empire gained its independence under abd - ar - rahman i with the establishment of the emirate of cordoba . after almost two centuries , the emirate became the caliphate of cordoba in 929 , until its dissolution a century later in 1031 into no less than 23 small kingdoms , called taifa kingdoms . [ sep ] 711
after defeating the visigoths in only a few months , the umayyad caliphate started expanding rapidly in the peninsula . beginning in 711 , the land that is now portugal became part of the vast umayyad caliphate ' s empire of damascus , which stretched from the indus river in the indian sub - continent ( now pakistan ) up to the south of france , until its collapse in 750 . that year the west of the empire gained its independence under abd - ar - rahman i with the establishment of the emirate of cordoba . after almost two centuries , the emirate became the caliphate of cordoba in 929 , until its dissolution a century later in 1031 into no less than 23 small kingdoms , called taifa kingdoms . [ sep ] 750
after defeating the visigoths in only a few months , the umayyad caliphate started expanding rapidly in the peninsula . beginning in 711 , the land that is now portugal became part of the vast umayyad caliphate ' s empire of damascus , which stretched from the indus river in the indian sub - continent ( now pakistan ) up to the south of france , until its collapse in 750 . that year the west of the empire gained its independence under abd - ar - rahman i with the establishment of the emirate of cordoba . after almost two centuries , the emirate became the caliphate of cordoba in 929 , until its dissolution a century later in 1031 into no less than 23 small kingdoms , called taifa kingdoms . [ sep ] abd - ar - rahman
after defeating the visigoths in only a few months , the umayyad caliphate started expanding rapidly in the peninsula . beginning in 711 , the land that is now portugal became part of the vast umayyad caliphate ' s empire of damascus , which stretched from the indus river in the indian sub - continent ( now pakistan ) up to the south of france , until its collapse in 750 . that year the west of the empire gained its independence under abd - ar - rahman i with the establishment of the emirate of cordoba . after almost two centuries , the emirate became the caliphate of cordoba in 929 , until its dissolution a century later in 1031 into no less than 23 small kingdoms , called taifa kingdoms . [ sep ] almost two centuries
critics such as economist paul krugman and u . s . treasury secretary timothy geithner have argued that the regulatory framework did not keep pace with financial innovation , such as the increasing importance of the shadow banking system , derivatives and off - balance sheet financing . a recent oecd study suggest that bank regulation based on the basel accords encourage unconventional business practices and contributed to or even reinforced the financial crisis . in other cases , laws were changed or enforcement weakened in parts of the financial system . key examples include : [ sep ] paul krugman
critics such as economist paul krugman and u . s . treasury secretary timothy geithner have argued that the regulatory framework did not keep pace with financial innovation , such as the increasing importance of the shadow banking system , derivatives and off - balance sheet financing . a recent oecd study suggest that bank regulation based on the basel accords encourage unconventional business practices and contributed to or even reinforced the financial crisis . in other cases , laws were changed or enforcement weakened in parts of the financial system . key examples include : [ sep ] timothy geithner
critics such as economist paul krugman and u . s . treasury secretary timothy geithner have argued that the regulatory framework did not keep pace with financial innovation , such as the increasing importance of the shadow banking system , derivatives and off - balance sheet financing . a recent oecd study suggest that bank regulation based on the basel accords encourage unconventional business practices and contributed to or even reinforced the financial crisis . in other cases , laws were changed or enforcement weakened in parts of the financial system . key examples include : [ sep ] oecd
critics such as economist paul krugman and u . s . treasury secretary timothy geithner have argued that the regulatory framework did not keep pace with financial innovation , such as the increasing importance of the shadow banking system , derivatives and off - balance sheet financing . a recent oecd study suggest that bank regulation based on the basel accords encourage unconventional business practices and contributed to or even reinforced the financial crisis . in other cases , laws were changed or enforcement weakened in parts of the financial system . key examples include : [ sep ] regulatory framework
critics such as economist paul krugman and u . s . treasury secretary timothy geithner have argued that the regulatory framework did not keep pace with financial innovation , such as the increasing importance of the shadow banking system , derivatives and off - balance sheet financing . a recent oecd study suggest that bank regulation based on the basel accords encourage unconventional business practices and contributed to or even reinforced the financial crisis . in other cases , laws were changed or enforcement weakened in parts of the financial system . key examples include : [ sep ] basel
in whitehead ' s view , then , concepts such as " quality " , " matter " , and " form " are problematic . these " classical " concepts fail to adequately account for change , and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world . they are useful abstractions , but are not the world ' s basic building blocks . what is ordinarily conceived of as a single person , for instance , is philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping events . after all , people change all the time , if only because they have aged by another second and had some further experience . these occasions of experience are logically distinct , but are progressively connected in what whitehead calls a " society " of events . by assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe , materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete ( what whitehead calls the " fallacy of misplaced concreteness " ) . [ sep ] " quality " , " matter " , and " form "
in whitehead ' s view , then , concepts such as " quality " , " matter " , and " form " are problematic . these " classical " concepts fail to adequately account for change , and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world . they are useful abstractions , but are not the world ' s basic building blocks . what is ordinarily conceived of as a single person , for instance , is philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping events . after all , people change all the time , if only because they have aged by another second and had some further experience . these occasions of experience are logically distinct , but are progressively connected in what whitehead calls a " society " of events . by assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe , materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete ( what whitehead calls the " fallacy of misplaced concreteness " ) . [ sep ] these " classical " concepts fail to adequately account for change , and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world .
in whitehead ' s view , then , concepts such as " quality " , " matter " , and " form " are problematic . these " classical " concepts fail to adequately account for change , and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world . they are useful abstractions , but are not the world ' s basic building blocks . what is ordinarily conceived of as a single person , for instance , is philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping events . after all , people change all the time , if only because they have aged by another second and had some further experience . these occasions of experience are logically distinct , but are progressively connected in what whitehead calls a " society " of events . by assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe , materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete ( what whitehead calls the " fallacy of misplaced concreteness " ) . [ sep ] a continuum of overlapping events
in whitehead ' s view , then , concepts such as " quality " , " matter " , and " form " are problematic . these " classical " concepts fail to adequately account for change , and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world . they are useful abstractions , but are not the world ' s basic building blocks . what is ordinarily conceived of as a single person , for instance , is philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping events . after all , people change all the time , if only because they have aged by another second and had some further experience . these occasions of experience are logically distinct , but are progressively connected in what whitehead calls a " society " of events . by assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe , materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete ( what whitehead calls the " fallacy of misplaced concreteness " ) . [ sep ] a " society " of events
in whitehead ' s view , then , concepts such as " quality " , " matter " , and " form " are problematic . these " classical " concepts fail to adequately account for change , and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world . they are useful abstractions , but are not the world ' s basic building blocks . what is ordinarily conceived of as a single person , for instance , is philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping events . after all , people change all the time , if only because they have aged by another second and had some further experience . these occasions of experience are logically distinct , but are progressively connected in what whitehead calls a " society " of events . by assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe , materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete ( what whitehead calls the " fallacy of misplaced concreteness " ) . [ sep ] by assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe , materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete
the governors of the taifas each proclaimed themselves emir of their provinces and established diplomatic relations with the christian kingdoms of the north . most of portugal fell into the hands of the taifa of badajoz of the aftasid dynasty , and after a short spell of an ephemeral taifa of lisbon in 1022 , fell under the dominion of the taifa of seville of the abbadids poets . the taifa period ended with the conquest of the almoravids who came from morocco in 1086 winning a decisive victory at the battle of sagrajas , followed a century later in 1147 , after the second period of taifa , by the almohads , also from marrakesh . [ sep ] emir
the governors of the taifas each proclaimed themselves emir of their provinces and established diplomatic relations with the christian kingdoms of the north . most of portugal fell into the hands of the taifa of badajoz of the aftasid dynasty , and after a short spell of an ephemeral taifa of lisbon in 1022 , fell under the dominion of the taifa of seville of the abbadids poets . the taifa period ended with the conquest of the almoravids who came from morocco in 1086 winning a decisive victory at the battle of sagrajas , followed a century later in 1147 , after the second period of taifa , by the almohads , also from marrakesh . [ sep ] the christian kingdoms of the north
the governors of the taifas each proclaimed themselves emir of their provinces and established diplomatic relations with the christian kingdoms of the north . most of portugal fell into the hands of the taifa of badajoz of the aftasid dynasty , and after a short spell of an ephemeral taifa of lisbon in 1022 , fell under the dominion of the taifa of seville of the abbadids poets . the taifa period ended with the conquest of the almoravids who came from morocco in 1086 winning a decisive victory at the battle of sagrajas , followed a century later in 1147 , after the second period of taifa , by the almohads , also from marrakesh . [ sep ] taifa of badajoz
the governors of the taifas each proclaimed themselves emir of their provinces and established diplomatic relations with the christian kingdoms of the north . most of portugal fell into the hands of the taifa of badajoz of the aftasid dynasty , and after a short spell of an ephemeral taifa of lisbon in 1022 , fell under the dominion of the taifa of seville of the abbadids poets . the taifa period ended with the conquest of the almoravids who came from morocco in 1086 winning a decisive victory at the battle of sagrajas , followed a century later in 1147 , after the second period of taifa , by the almohads , also from marrakesh . [ sep ] 1086
the governors of the taifas each proclaimed themselves emir of their provinces and established diplomatic relations with the christian kingdoms of the north . most of portugal fell into the hands of the taifa of badajoz of the aftasid dynasty , and after a short spell of an ephemeral taifa of lisbon in 1022 , fell under the dominion of the taifa of seville of the abbadids poets . the taifa period ended with the conquest of the almoravids who came from morocco in 1086 winning a decisive victory at the battle of sagrajas , followed a century later in 1147 , after the second period of taifa , by the almohads , also from marrakesh . [ sep ] battle of sagrajas
the muslim population of the region consisted mainly of native iberian converts to islam ( the so - called muwallad or muladi ) and to a lesser extent berbers and arabs . the arabs were principally noblemen from oman ; and though few in numbers , they constituted the elite of the population . the berbers were originally from the atlas mountains and rif mountains of north africa and were essentially nomads . in portugal , the muslim population ( or " moors " ) , relatively small in numbers , stayed in the algarve region , and south of the tagus . today , there are approximately 800 words in the portuguese language of arabic origin . the muslims were expelled from portugal 300 years earlier than in neighbouring spain , which is reflected both in portuguese culture and the language , which is mostly celtiberian and vulgar latin . [ sep ] muwallad or muladi
the muslim population of the region consisted mainly of native iberian converts to islam ( the so - called muwallad or muladi ) and to a lesser extent berbers and arabs . the arabs were principally noblemen from oman ; and though few in numbers , they constituted the elite of the population . the berbers were originally from the atlas mountains and rif mountains of north africa and were essentially nomads . in portugal , the muslim population ( or " moors " ) , relatively small in numbers , stayed in the algarve region , and south of the tagus . today , there are approximately 800 words in the portuguese language of arabic origin . the muslims were expelled from portugal 300 years earlier than in neighbouring spain , which is reflected both in portuguese culture and the language , which is mostly celtiberian and vulgar latin . [ sep ] noblemen from oman
the muslim population of the region consisted mainly of native iberian converts to islam ( the so - called muwallad or muladi ) and to a lesser extent berbers and arabs . the arabs were principally noblemen from oman ; and though few in numbers , they constituted the elite of the population . the berbers were originally from the atlas mountains and rif mountains of north africa and were essentially nomads . in portugal , the muslim population ( or " moors " ) , relatively small in numbers , stayed in the algarve region , and south of the tagus . today , there are approximately 800 words in the portuguese language of arabic origin . the muslims were expelled from portugal 300 years earlier than in neighbouring spain , which is reflected both in portuguese culture and the language , which is mostly celtiberian and vulgar latin . [ sep ] atlas mountains and rif mountains of north africa
the muslim population of the region consisted mainly of native iberian converts to islam ( the so - called muwallad or muladi ) and to a lesser extent berbers and arabs . the arabs were principally noblemen from oman ; and though few in numbers , they constituted the elite of the population . the berbers were originally from the atlas mountains and rif mountains of north africa and were essentially nomads . in portugal , the muslim population ( or " moors " ) , relatively small in numbers , stayed in the algarve region , and south of the tagus . today , there are approximately 800 words in the portuguese language of arabic origin . the muslims were expelled from portugal 300 years earlier than in neighbouring spain , which is reflected both in portuguese culture and the language , which is mostly celtiberian and vulgar latin . [ sep ] algarve region , and south of the tagus
the muslim population of the region consisted mainly of native iberian converts to islam ( the so - called muwallad or muladi ) and to a lesser extent berbers and arabs . the arabs were principally noblemen from oman ; and though few in numbers , they constituted the elite of the population . the berbers were originally from the atlas mountains and rif mountains of north africa and were essentially nomads . in portugal , the muslim population ( or " moors " ) , relatively small in numbers , stayed in the algarve region , and south of the tagus . today , there are approximately 800 words in the portuguese language of arabic origin . the muslims were expelled from portugal 300 years earlier than in neighbouring spain , which is reflected both in portuguese culture and the language , which is mostly celtiberian and vulgar latin . [ sep ] 800
pelayos ' plan was to use the cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading moors . he then aimed to regroup the iberian peninsula ' s christian armies and use the cantabrian mountains as a springboard from which to regain their lands from the moors . in the process , after defeating the moors in the battle of covadonga in 722 ad , pelayos was proclaimed king , thus founding the christian kingdom of asturias and starting the war of christian reconquest known in portuguese as the reconquista crista . [ sep ] to use the cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading moors
pelayos ' plan was to use the cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading moors . he then aimed to regroup the iberian peninsula ' s christian armies and use the cantabrian mountains as a springboard from which to regain their lands from the moors . in the process , after defeating the moors in the battle of covadonga in 722 ad , pelayos was proclaimed king , thus founding the christian kingdom of asturias and starting the war of christian reconquest known in portuguese as the reconquista crista . [ sep ] moors
pelayos ' plan was to use the cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading moors . he then aimed to regroup the iberian peninsula ' s christian armies and use the cantabrian mountains as a springboard from which to regain their lands from the moors . in the process , after defeating the moors in the battle of covadonga in 722 ad , pelayos was proclaimed king , thus founding the christian kingdom of asturias and starting the war of christian reconquest known in portuguese as the reconquista crista . [ sep ] battle of covadonga
pelayos ' plan was to use the cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading moors . he then aimed to regroup the iberian peninsula ' s christian armies and use the cantabrian mountains as a springboard from which to regain their lands from the moors . in the process , after defeating the moors in the battle of covadonga in 722 ad , pelayos was proclaimed king , thus founding the christian kingdom of asturias and starting the war of christian reconquest known in portuguese as the reconquista crista . [ sep ] 722 ad
pelayos ' plan was to use the cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading moors . he then aimed to regroup the iberian peninsula ' s christian armies and use the cantabrian mountains as a springboard from which to regain their lands from the moors . in the process , after defeating the moors in the battle of covadonga in 722 ad , pelayos was proclaimed king , thus founding the christian kingdom of asturias and starting the war of christian reconquest known in portuguese as the reconquista crista . [ sep ] reconquista crista
prior to the crisis , financial institutions became highly leveraged , increasing their appetite for risky investments and reducing their resilience in case of losses . much of this leverage was achieved using complex financial instruments such as off - balance sheet securitization and derivatives , which made it difficult for creditors and regulators to monitor and try to reduce financial institution risk levels . these instruments also made it virtually impossible to reorganize financial institutions in bankruptcy , and contributed to the need for government bailouts . [ sep ] became highly leveraged
prior to the crisis , financial institutions became highly leveraged , increasing their appetite for risky investments and reducing their resilience in case of losses . much of this leverage was achieved using complex financial instruments such as off - balance sheet securitization and derivatives , which made it difficult for creditors and regulators to monitor and try to reduce financial institution risk levels . these instruments also made it virtually impossible to reorganize financial institutions in bankruptcy , and contributed to the need for government bailouts . [ sep ] complex
prior to the crisis , financial institutions became highly leveraged , increasing their appetite for risky investments and reducing their resilience in case of losses . much of this leverage was achieved using complex financial instruments such as off - balance sheet securitization and derivatives , which made it difficult for creditors and regulators to monitor and try to reduce financial institution risk levels . these instruments also made it virtually impossible to reorganize financial institutions in bankruptcy , and contributed to the need for government bailouts . [ sep ] government
prior to the crisis , financial institutions became highly leveraged , increasing their appetite for risky investments and reducing their resilience in case of losses . much of this leverage was achieved using complex financial instruments such as off - balance sheet securitization and derivatives , which made it difficult for creditors and regulators to monitor and try to reduce financial institution risk levels . these instruments also made it virtually impossible to reorganize financial institutions in bankruptcy , and contributed to the need for government bailouts . [ sep ] bankruptcy
prior to the crisis , financial institutions became highly leveraged , increasing their appetite for risky investments and reducing their resilience in case of losses . much of this leverage was achieved using complex financial instruments such as off - balance sheet securitization and derivatives , which made it difficult for creditors and regulators to monitor and try to reduce financial institution risk levels . these instruments also made it virtually impossible to reorganize financial institutions in bankruptcy , and contributed to the need for government bailouts . [ sep ] complex financial instruments
the word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment , but not yet as a formal legal term according to lemming , genocide was defined as " a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people , a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group ' s basic existence , including language , culture , and economic infrastructure . ” he created a concept of mobilizing much of the international relations and community , to working together and preventing the occurrence of such events happening within history and the international society . australian anthropologist peg levine coined the term " ritualcide " to describe the destruction of a group ' s cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members . [ sep ] as a descriptive term
the word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment , but not yet as a formal legal term according to lemming , genocide was defined as " a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people , a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group ' s basic existence , including language , culture , and economic infrastructure . ” he created a concept of mobilizing much of the international relations and community , to working together and preventing the occurrence of such events happening within history and the international society . australian anthropologist peg levine coined the term " ritualcide " to describe the destruction of a group ' s cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members . [ sep ] lemming
the word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment , but not yet as a formal legal term according to lemming , genocide was defined as " a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people , a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group ' s basic existence , including language , culture , and economic infrastructure . ” he created a concept of mobilizing much of the international relations and community , to working together and preventing the occurrence of such events happening within history and the international society . australian anthropologist peg levine coined the term " ritualcide " to describe the destruction of a group ' s cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members . [ sep ] international relations and community
the word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment , but not yet as a formal legal term according to lemming , genocide was defined as " a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people , a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group ' s basic existence , including language , culture , and economic infrastructure . ” he created a concept of mobilizing much of the international relations and community , to working together and preventing the occurrence of such events happening within history and the international society . australian anthropologist peg levine coined the term " ritualcide " to describe the destruction of a group ' s cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members . [ sep ] australian
the word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment , but not yet as a formal legal term according to lemming , genocide was defined as " a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people , a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group ' s basic existence , including language , culture , and economic infrastructure . ” he created a concept of mobilizing much of the international relations and community , to working together and preventing the occurrence of such events happening within history and the international society . australian anthropologist peg levine coined the term " ritualcide " to describe the destruction of a group ' s cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members . [ sep ] " ritualcide "
after annexing the county of portugal into one of the several counties that made up the kingdom of asturias , king alfonso iii of asturias knighted vimara peres , in 868 ad , as the first count of portus cale ( portugal ) . the region became known as portucale , portugale , and simultaneously portugalia — the county of portugal . later the kingdom of asturias was divided into a number of christian kingdoms in northern spain due to dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring . with the forced abdication of alfonso iii " the great " of asturias by his sons in 910 , the kingdom of asturias split into three separate kingdoms of leon , galicia and asturias . the three kingdoms were eventually reunited in 924 ( leon and galicia in 914 , asturias later ) under the crown of leon . [ sep ] king alfonso iii
after annexing the county of portugal into one of the several counties that made up the kingdom of asturias , king alfonso iii of asturias knighted vimara peres , in 868 ad , as the first count of portus cale ( portugal ) . the region became known as portucale , portugale , and simultaneously portugalia — the county of portugal . later the kingdom of asturias was divided into a number of christian kingdoms in northern spain due to dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring . with the forced abdication of alfonso iii " the great " of asturias by his sons in 910 , the kingdom of asturias split into three separate kingdoms of leon , galicia and asturias . the three kingdoms were eventually reunited in 924 ( leon and galicia in 914 , asturias later ) under the crown of leon . [ sep ] 868 ad
after annexing the county of portugal into one of the several counties that made up the kingdom of asturias , king alfonso iii of asturias knighted vimara peres , in 868 ad , as the first count of portus cale ( portugal ) . the region became known as portucale , portugale , and simultaneously portugalia — the county of portugal . later the kingdom of asturias was divided into a number of christian kingdoms in northern spain due to dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring . with the forced abdication of alfonso iii " the great " of asturias by his sons in 910 , the kingdom of asturias split into three separate kingdoms of leon , galicia and asturias . the three kingdoms were eventually reunited in 924 ( leon and galicia in 914 , asturias later ) under the crown of leon . [ sep ] first count of portus cale
after annexing the county of portugal into one of the several counties that made up the kingdom of asturias , king alfonso iii of asturias knighted vimara peres , in 868 ad , as the first count of portus cale ( portugal ) . the region became known as portucale , portugale , and simultaneously portugalia — the county of portugal . later the kingdom of asturias was divided into a number of christian kingdoms in northern spain due to dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring . with the forced abdication of alfonso iii " the great " of asturias by his sons in 910 , the kingdom of asturias split into three separate kingdoms of leon , galicia and asturias . the three kingdoms were eventually reunited in 924 ( leon and galicia in 914 , asturias later ) under the crown of leon . [ sep ] portucale , portugale , and simultaneously portugalia
after annexing the county of portugal into one of the several counties that made up the kingdom of asturias , king alfonso iii of asturias knighted vimara peres , in 868 ad , as the first count of portus cale ( portugal ) . the region became known as portucale , portugale , and simultaneously portugalia — the county of portugal . later the kingdom of asturias was divided into a number of christian kingdoms in northern spain due to dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring . with the forced abdication of alfonso iii " the great " of asturias by his sons in 910 , the kingdom of asturias split into three separate kingdoms of leon , galicia and asturias . the three kingdoms were eventually reunited in 924 ( leon and galicia in 914 , asturias later ) under the crown of leon . [ sep ] dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring
to put it another way , a thing or person is often seen as having a " defining essence " or a " core identity " that is unchanging , and describes what the thing or person really is . in this way of thinking , things and people are seen as fundamentally the same through time , with any changes being qualitative and secondary to their core identity ( e . g . " mark ' s hair has turned gray as he has gotten older , but he is still the same person " ) . but in whitehead ' s cosmology , the only fundamentally existent things are discrete " occasions of experience " that overlap one another in time and space , and jointly make up the enduring person or thing . on the other hand , what ordinary thinking often regards as " the essence of a thing " or " the identity / core of a person " is an abstract generalization of what is regarded as that person or thing ' s most important or salient features across time . identities do not define people , people define identities . everything changes from moment to moment , and to think of anything as having an " enduring essence " misses the fact that " all things flow " , though it is often a useful way of speaking . [ sep ] " defining essence " or a " core identity "
to put it another way , a thing or person is often seen as having a " defining essence " or a " core identity " that is unchanging , and describes what the thing or person really is . in this way of thinking , things and people are seen as fundamentally the same through time , with any changes being qualitative and secondary to their core identity ( e . g . " mark ' s hair has turned gray as he has gotten older , but he is still the same person " ) . but in whitehead ' s cosmology , the only fundamentally existent things are discrete " occasions of experience " that overlap one another in time and space , and jointly make up the enduring person or thing . on the other hand , what ordinary thinking often regards as " the essence of a thing " or " the identity / core of a person " is an abstract generalization of what is regarded as that person or thing ' s most important or salient features across time . identities do not define people , people define identities . everything changes from moment to moment , and to think of anything as having an " enduring essence " misses the fact that " all things flow " , though it is often a useful way of speaking . [ sep ] qualitative and secondary to their core identity
to put it another way , a thing or person is often seen as having a " defining essence " or a " core identity " that is unchanging , and describes what the thing or person really is . in this way of thinking , things and people are seen as fundamentally the same through time , with any changes being qualitative and secondary to their core identity ( e . g . " mark ' s hair has turned gray as he has gotten older , but he is still the same person " ) . but in whitehead ' s cosmology , the only fundamentally existent things are discrete " occasions of experience " that overlap one another in time and space , and jointly make up the enduring person or thing . on the other hand , what ordinary thinking often regards as " the essence of a thing " or " the identity / core of a person " is an abstract generalization of what is regarded as that person or thing ' s most important or salient features across time . identities do not define people , people define identities . everything changes from moment to moment , and to think of anything as having an " enduring essence " misses the fact that " all things flow " , though it is often a useful way of speaking . [ sep ] discrete " occasions of experience " that overlap one another in time and space , and jointly make up the enduring person or thing
from 2004 to 2007 , the top five u . s . investment banks each significantly increased their financial leverage ( see diagram ) , which increased their vulnerability to a financial shock . changes in capital requirements , intended to keep u . s . banks competitive with their european counterparts , allowed lower risk weightings for aaa securities . the shift from first - loss tranches to aaa tranches was seen by regulators as a risk reduction that compensated the higher leverage . these five institutions reported over $ 4 . 1 trillion in debt for fiscal year 2007 , about 30 % of usa nominal gdp for 2007 . lehman brothers went bankrupt and was liquidated , bear stearns and merrill lynch were sold at fire - sale prices , and goldman sachs and morgan stanley became commercial banks , subjecting themselves to more stringent regulation . with the exception of lehman , these companies required or received government support . lehman reported that it had been in talks with bank of america and barclays for the company ' s possible sale . however , both barclays and bank of america ultimately declined to purchase the entire company . [ sep ] five
from 2004 to 2007 , the top five u . s . investment banks each significantly increased their financial leverage ( see diagram ) , which increased their vulnerability to a financial shock . changes in capital requirements , intended to keep u . s . banks competitive with their european counterparts , allowed lower risk weightings for aaa securities . the shift from first - loss tranches to aaa tranches was seen by regulators as a risk reduction that compensated the higher leverage . these five institutions reported over $ 4 . 1 trillion in debt for fiscal year 2007 , about 30 % of usa nominal gdp for 2007 . lehman brothers went bankrupt and was liquidated , bear stearns and merrill lynch were sold at fire - sale prices , and goldman sachs and morgan stanley became commercial banks , subjecting themselves to more stringent regulation . with the exception of lehman , these companies required or received government support . lehman reported that it had been in talks with bank of america and barclays for the company ' s possible sale . however , both barclays and bank of america ultimately declined to purchase the entire company . [ sep ] financial shock
from 2004 to 2007 , the top five u . s . investment banks each significantly increased their financial leverage ( see diagram ) , which increased their vulnerability to a financial shock . changes in capital requirements , intended to keep u . s . banks competitive with their european counterparts , allowed lower risk weightings for aaa securities . the shift from first - loss tranches to aaa tranches was seen by regulators as a risk reduction that compensated the higher leverage . these five institutions reported over $ 4 . 1 trillion in debt for fiscal year 2007 , about 30 % of usa nominal gdp for 2007 . lehman brothers went bankrupt and was liquidated , bear stearns and merrill lynch were sold at fire - sale prices , and goldman sachs and morgan stanley became commercial banks , subjecting themselves to more stringent regulation . with the exception of lehman , these companies required or received government support . lehman reported that it had been in talks with bank of america and barclays for the company ' s possible sale . however , both barclays and bank of america ultimately declined to purchase the entire company . [ sep ] capital requirements
from 2004 to 2007 , the top five u . s . investment banks each significantly increased their financial leverage ( see diagram ) , which increased their vulnerability to a financial shock . changes in capital requirements , intended to keep u . s . banks competitive with their european counterparts , allowed lower risk weightings for aaa securities . the shift from first - loss tranches to aaa tranches was seen by regulators as a risk reduction that compensated the higher leverage . these five institutions reported over $ 4 . 1 trillion in debt for fiscal year 2007 , about 30 % of usa nominal gdp for 2007 . lehman brothers went bankrupt and was liquidated , bear stearns and merrill lynch were sold at fire - sale prices , and goldman sachs and morgan stanley became commercial banks , subjecting themselves to more stringent regulation . with the exception of lehman , these companies required or received government support . lehman reported that it had been in talks with bank of america and barclays for the company ' s possible sale . however , both barclays and bank of america ultimately declined to purchase the entire company . [ sep ] over $ 4 . 1 trillion
from 2004 to 2007 , the top five u . s . investment banks each significantly increased their financial leverage ( see diagram ) , which increased their vulnerability to a financial shock . changes in capital requirements , intended to keep u . s . banks competitive with their european counterparts , allowed lower risk weightings for aaa securities . the shift from first - loss tranches to aaa tranches was seen by regulators as a risk reduction that compensated the higher leverage . these five institutions reported over $ 4 . 1 trillion in debt for fiscal year 2007 , about 30 % of usa nominal gdp for 2007 . lehman brothers went bankrupt and was liquidated , bear stearns and merrill lynch were sold at fire - sale prices , and goldman sachs and morgan stanley became commercial banks , subjecting themselves to more stringent regulation . with the exception of lehman , these companies required or received government support . lehman reported that it had been in talks with bank of america and barclays for the company ' s possible sale . however , both barclays and bank of america ultimately declined to purchase the entire company . [ sep ] lehman brothers
a year before alfonso iii " the great " of asturias death , three of alfonso ' s sons rose in rebellion and forced him to abdicate , partitioning the kingdom among them . the eldest son , garcia , became king of leon . the second son , ordono , reigned in galicia , while the third , fruela , received asturias with oviedo as his capital . alfonso died in zamora , probably in 910 . his former realm would be reunited when first garcia died childless and leon passed to ordono . he in turn died when his children were too young to ascend ; fruela became king of a reunited crown . his death the next year initiated a series of internecine struggles that led to unstable succession for over a century . it continued under that name [ clarification needed ] until incorporated into the kingdom of castile in 1230 , after ferdinand iii became joint king of the two kingdoms . this was done to avoid dynastic feuds and to maintain the christian kingdoms strong enough to prevent complete muslim take over of the iberian peninsula and to further the reconquista of iberia by christian armies . [ sep ] garcia , became king of leon
a year before alfonso iii " the great " of asturias death , three of alfonso ' s sons rose in rebellion and forced him to abdicate , partitioning the kingdom among them . the eldest son , garcia , became king of leon . the second son , ordono , reigned in galicia , while the third , fruela , received asturias with oviedo as his capital . alfonso died in zamora , probably in 910 . his former realm would be reunited when first garcia died childless and leon passed to ordono . he in turn died when his children were too young to ascend ; fruela became king of a reunited crown . his death the next year initiated a series of internecine struggles that led to unstable succession for over a century . it continued under that name [ clarification needed ] until incorporated into the kingdom of castile in 1230 , after ferdinand iii became joint king of the two kingdoms . this was done to avoid dynastic feuds and to maintain the christian kingdoms strong enough to prevent complete muslim take over of the iberian peninsula and to further the reconquista of iberia by christian armies . [ sep ] ordono , reigned in galicia
a year before alfonso iii " the great " of asturias death , three of alfonso ' s sons rose in rebellion and forced him to abdicate , partitioning the kingdom among them . the eldest son , garcia , became king of leon . the second son , ordono , reigned in galicia , while the third , fruela , received asturias with oviedo as his capital . alfonso died in zamora , probably in 910 . his former realm would be reunited when first garcia died childless and leon passed to ordono . he in turn died when his children were too young to ascend ; fruela became king of a reunited crown . his death the next year initiated a series of internecine struggles that led to unstable succession for over a century . it continued under that name [ clarification needed ] until incorporated into the kingdom of castile in 1230 , after ferdinand iii became joint king of the two kingdoms . this was done to avoid dynastic feuds and to maintain the christian kingdoms strong enough to prevent complete muslim take over of the iberian peninsula and to further the reconquista of iberia by christian armies . [ sep ] fruela , received asturias with oviedo as his capital
a year before alfonso iii " the great " of asturias death , three of alfonso ' s sons rose in rebellion and forced him to abdicate , partitioning the kingdom among them . the eldest son , garcia , became king of leon . the second son , ordono , reigned in galicia , while the third , fruela , received asturias with oviedo as his capital . alfonso died in zamora , probably in 910 . his former realm would be reunited when first garcia died childless and leon passed to ordono . he in turn died when his children were too young to ascend ; fruela became king of a reunited crown . his death the next year initiated a series of internecine struggles that led to unstable succession for over a century . it continued under that name [ clarification needed ] until incorporated into the kingdom of castile in 1230 , after ferdinand iii became joint king of the two kingdoms . this was done to avoid dynastic feuds and to maintain the christian kingdoms strong enough to prevent complete muslim take over of the iberian peninsula and to further the reconquista of iberia by christian armies . [ sep ] 910
a year before alfonso iii " the great " of asturias death , three of alfonso ' s sons rose in rebellion and forced him to abdicate , partitioning the kingdom among them . the eldest son , garcia , became king of leon . the second son , ordono , reigned in galicia , while the third , fruela , received asturias with oviedo as his capital . alfonso died in zamora , probably in 910 . his former realm would be reunited when first garcia died childless and leon passed to ordono . he in turn died when his children were too young to ascend ; fruela became king of a reunited crown . his death the next year initiated a series of internecine struggles that led to unstable succession for over a century . it continued under that name [ clarification needed ] until incorporated into the kingdom of castile in 1230 , after ferdinand iii became joint king of the two kingdoms . this was done to avoid dynastic feuds and to maintain the christian kingdoms strong enough to prevent complete muslim take over of the iberian peninsula and to further the reconquista of iberia by christian armies . [ sep ] 1230
behavior that may be optimal for an individual ( e . g . , saving more during adverse economic conditions ) can be detrimental if too many individuals pursue the same behavior , as ultimately one person ' s consumption is another person ' s income . too many consumers attempting to save ( or pay down debt ) simultaneously is called the paradox of thrift and can cause or deepen a recession . economist hyman minsky also described a " paradox of deleveraging " as financial institutions that have too much leverage ( debt relative to equity ) cannot all de - leverage simultaneously without significant declines in the value of their assets . [ sep ] saving more during adverse economic conditions
behavior that may be optimal for an individual ( e . g . , saving more during adverse economic conditions ) can be detrimental if too many individuals pursue the same behavior , as ultimately one person ' s consumption is another person ' s income . too many consumers attempting to save ( or pay down debt ) simultaneously is called the paradox of thrift and can cause or deepen a recession . economist hyman minsky also described a " paradox of deleveraging " as financial institutions that have too much leverage ( debt relative to equity ) cannot all de - leverage simultaneously without significant declines in the value of their assets . [ sep ] paradox of thrift
behavior that may be optimal for an individual ( e . g . , saving more during adverse economic conditions ) can be detrimental if too many individuals pursue the same behavior , as ultimately one person ' s consumption is another person ' s income . too many consumers attempting to save ( or pay down debt ) simultaneously is called the paradox of thrift and can cause or deepen a recession . economist hyman minsky also described a " paradox of deleveraging " as financial institutions that have too much leverage ( debt relative to equity ) cannot all de - leverage simultaneously without significant declines in the value of their assets . [ sep ] can cause or deepen a recession
behavior that may be optimal for an individual ( e . g . , saving more during adverse economic conditions ) can be detrimental if too many individuals pursue the same behavior , as ultimately one person ' s consumption is another person ' s income . too many consumers attempting to save ( or pay down debt ) simultaneously is called the paradox of thrift and can cause or deepen a recession . economist hyman minsky also described a " paradox of deleveraging " as financial institutions that have too much leverage ( debt relative to equity ) cannot all de - leverage simultaneously without significant declines in the value of their assets . [ sep ] hyman minsky
behavior that may be optimal for an individual ( e . g . , saving more during adverse economic conditions ) can be detrimental if too many individuals pursue the same behavior , as ultimately one person ' s consumption is another person ' s income . too many consumers attempting to save ( or pay down debt ) simultaneously is called the paradox of thrift and can cause or deepen a recession . economist hyman minsky also described a " paradox of deleveraging " as financial institutions that have too much leverage ( debt relative to equity ) cannot all de - leverage simultaneously without significant declines in the value of their assets . [ sep ] their assets
during april 2009 , u . s . federal reserve vice - chair janet yellen discussed these paradoxes : " once this massive credit crunch hit , it didn ’ t take long before we were in a recession . the recession , in turn , deepened the credit crunch as demand and employment fell , and credit losses of financial institutions surged . indeed , we have been in the grips of precisely this adverse feedback loop for more than a year . a process of balance sheet deleveraging has spread to nearly every corner of the economy . consumers are pulling back on purchases , especially on durable goods , to build their savings . businesses are cancelling planned investments and laying off workers to preserve cash . and , financial institutions are shrinking assets to bolster capital and improve their chances of weathering the current storm . once again , minsky understood this dynamic . he spoke of the paradox of deleveraging , in which precautions that may be smart for individuals and firms — and indeed essential to return the economy to a normal state — nevertheless magnify the distress of the economy as a whole . " [ sep ] janet yellen
during april 2009 , u . s . federal reserve vice - chair janet yellen discussed these paradoxes : " once this massive credit crunch hit , it didn ’ t take long before we were in a recession . the recession , in turn , deepened the credit crunch as demand and employment fell , and credit losses of financial institutions surged . indeed , we have been in the grips of precisely this adverse feedback loop for more than a year . a process of balance sheet deleveraging has spread to nearly every corner of the economy . consumers are pulling back on purchases , especially on durable goods , to build their savings . businesses are cancelling planned investments and laying off workers to preserve cash . and , financial institutions are shrinking assets to bolster capital and improve their chances of weathering the current storm . once again , minsky understood this dynamic . he spoke of the paradox of deleveraging , in which precautions that may be smart for individuals and firms — and indeed essential to return the economy to a normal state — nevertheless magnify the distress of the economy as a whole . " [ sep ] we were in a recession
during april 2009 , u . s . federal reserve vice - chair janet yellen discussed these paradoxes : " once this massive credit crunch hit , it didn ’ t take long before we were in a recession . the recession , in turn , deepened the credit crunch as demand and employment fell , and credit losses of financial institutions surged . indeed , we have been in the grips of precisely this adverse feedback loop for more than a year . a process of balance sheet deleveraging has spread to nearly every corner of the economy . consumers are pulling back on purchases , especially on durable goods , to build their savings . businesses are cancelling planned investments and laying off workers to preserve cash . and , financial institutions are shrinking assets to bolster capital and improve their chances of weathering the current storm . once again , minsky understood this dynamic . he spoke of the paradox of deleveraging , in which precautions that may be smart for individuals and firms — and indeed essential to return the economy to a normal state — nevertheless magnify the distress of the economy as a whole . " [ sep ] recession
during april 2009 , u . s . federal reserve vice - chair janet yellen discussed these paradoxes : " once this massive credit crunch hit , it didn ’ t take long before we were in a recession . the recession , in turn , deepened the credit crunch as demand and employment fell , and credit losses of financial institutions surged . indeed , we have been in the grips of precisely this adverse feedback loop for more than a year . a process of balance sheet deleveraging has spread to nearly every corner of the economy . consumers are pulling back on purchases , especially on durable goods , to build their savings . businesses are cancelling planned investments and laying off workers to preserve cash . and , financial institutions are shrinking assets to bolster capital and improve their chances of weathering the current storm . once again , minsky understood this dynamic . he spoke of the paradox of deleveraging , in which precautions that may be smart for individuals and firms — and indeed essential to return the economy to a normal state — nevertheless magnify the distress of the economy as a whole . " [ sep ] cancelling planned investments
during april 2009 , u . s . federal reserve vice - chair janet yellen discussed these paradoxes : " once this massive credit crunch hit , it didn ’ t take long before we were in a recession . the recession , in turn , deepened the credit crunch as demand and employment fell , and credit losses of financial institutions surged . indeed , we have been in the grips of precisely this adverse feedback loop for more than a year . a process of balance sheet deleveraging has spread to nearly every corner of the economy . consumers are pulling back on purchases , especially on durable goods , to build their savings . businesses are cancelling planned investments and laying off workers to preserve cash . and , financial institutions are shrinking assets to bolster capital and improve their chances of weathering the current storm . once again , minsky understood this dynamic . he spoke of the paradox of deleveraging , in which precautions that may be smart for individuals and firms — and indeed essential to return the economy to a normal state — nevertheless magnify the distress of the economy as a whole . " [ sep ] balance sheet deleveraging
during the century of internecine struggles for dominance among the northern christians kingdoms , the county of portugal , formed the southern portion of the kingdom of galicia . at times the kingdom of galicia existed independently for short periods , but usually formed an important part of the kingdom of leon . throughout this period , the people of county of portugal as galicians found themselves struggling to maintain the autonomy of galicia with its distinct language and culture ( galician - portuguese ) from the leonese culture , whenever the status of the kingdom of galicia changed in relation to the kingdom of leon . as a result of political division , galician - portuguese lost its unity when the county of portugal separated from the kingdom of galicia ( a dependent kingdom of leon ) to establish the kingdom of portugal . the galician and portuguese versions of the language then diverged over time as they followed independent evolutionary paths . this began occurring when the kingdom of leon and the kingdom of castile united and the castilian language ( known as spanish ) slowly over the centuries began influencing the galician language and then trying to replace it . the same thing happened to astur - leonese language to the point where it is greatly reduced or completely replaced by the castilian ( spanish language ) . [ sep ] maintain the autonomy of galicia with its distinct language and culture ( galician - portuguese ) from the leonese culture
during the century of internecine struggles for dominance among the northern christians kingdoms , the county of portugal , formed the southern portion of the kingdom of galicia . at times the kingdom of galicia existed independently for short periods , but usually formed an important part of the kingdom of leon . throughout this period , the people of county of portugal as galicians found themselves struggling to maintain the autonomy of galicia with its distinct language and culture ( galician - portuguese ) from the leonese culture , whenever the status of the kingdom of galicia changed in relation to the kingdom of leon . as a result of political division , galician - portuguese lost its unity when the county of portugal separated from the kingdom of galicia ( a dependent kingdom of leon ) to establish the kingdom of portugal . the galician and portuguese versions of the language then diverged over time as they followed independent evolutionary paths . this began occurring when the kingdom of leon and the kingdom of castile united and the castilian language ( known as spanish ) slowly over the centuries began influencing the galician language and then trying to replace it . the same thing happened to astur - leonese language to the point where it is greatly reduced or completely replaced by the castilian ( spanish language ) . [ sep ] the kingdom of portugal
during the century of internecine struggles for dominance among the northern christians kingdoms , the county of portugal , formed the southern portion of the kingdom of galicia . at times the kingdom of galicia existed independently for short periods , but usually formed an important part of the kingdom of leon . throughout this period , the people of county of portugal as galicians found themselves struggling to maintain the autonomy of galicia with its distinct language and culture ( galician - portuguese ) from the leonese culture , whenever the status of the kingdom of galicia changed in relation to the kingdom of leon . as a result of political division , galician - portuguese lost its unity when the county of portugal separated from the kingdom of galicia ( a dependent kingdom of leon ) to establish the kingdom of portugal . the galician and portuguese versions of the language then diverged over time as they followed independent evolutionary paths . this began occurring when the kingdom of leon and the kingdom of castile united and the castilian language ( known as spanish ) slowly over the centuries began influencing the galician language and then trying to replace it . the same thing happened to astur - leonese language to the point where it is greatly reduced or completely replaced by the castilian ( spanish language ) . [ sep ] galician
during the century of internecine struggles for dominance among the northern christians kingdoms , the county of portugal , formed the southern portion of the kingdom of galicia . at times the kingdom of galicia existed independently for short periods , but usually formed an important part of the kingdom of leon . throughout this period , the people of county of portugal as galicians found themselves struggling to maintain the autonomy of galicia with its distinct language and culture ( galician - portuguese ) from the leonese culture , whenever the status of the kingdom of galicia changed in relation to the kingdom of leon . as a result of political division , galician - portuguese lost its unity when the county of portugal separated from the kingdom of galicia ( a dependent kingdom of leon ) to establish the kingdom of portugal . the galician and portuguese versions of the language then diverged over time as they followed independent evolutionary paths . this began occurring when the kingdom of leon and the kingdom of castile united and the castilian language ( known as spanish ) slowly over the centuries began influencing the galician language and then trying to replace it . the same thing happened to astur - leonese language to the point where it is greatly reduced or completely replaced by the castilian ( spanish language ) . [ sep ] spanish
during the century of internecine struggles for dominance among the northern christians kingdoms , the county of portugal , formed the southern portion of the kingdom of galicia . at times the kingdom of galicia existed independently for short periods , but usually formed an important part of the kingdom of leon . throughout this period , the people of county of portugal as galicians found themselves struggling to maintain the autonomy of galicia with its distinct language and culture ( galician - portuguese ) from the leonese culture , whenever the status of the kingdom of galicia changed in relation to the kingdom of leon . as a result of political division , galician - portuguese lost its unity when the county of portugal separated from the kingdom of galicia ( a dependent kingdom of leon ) to establish the kingdom of portugal . the galician and portuguese versions of the language then diverged over time as they followed independent evolutionary paths . this began occurring when the kingdom of leon and the kingdom of castile united and the castilian language ( known as spanish ) slowly over the centuries began influencing the galician language and then trying to replace it . the same thing happened to astur - leonese language to the point where it is greatly reduced or completely replaced by the castilian ( spanish language ) . [ sep ] castilian ( spanish language )
in 1348 and 1349 portugal , like the rest of europe , was devastated by the black death . in 1373 , portugal made an alliance with england , which is the longest - standing alliance in the world . this alliance served both nations ' interests throughout history and is regarded by many as the predecessor to nato . over time this went way beyond geo - political and military cooperation ( protecting both nations ' interests in africa , the americas and asia against french , spanish and dutch rivals ) and maintained strong trade and cultural ties between the two old european allies . particularly in the oporto region , there is visible english influence to this day . [ sep ] 1348 and 1349
in 1348 and 1349 portugal , like the rest of europe , was devastated by the black death . in 1373 , portugal made an alliance with england , which is the longest - standing alliance in the world . this alliance served both nations ' interests throughout history and is regarded by many as the predecessor to nato . over time this went way beyond geo - political and military cooperation ( protecting both nations ' interests in africa , the americas and asia against french , spanish and dutch rivals ) and maintained strong trade and cultural ties between the two old european allies . particularly in the oporto region , there is visible english influence to this day . [ sep ] england
in 1348 and 1349 portugal , like the rest of europe , was devastated by the black death . in 1373 , portugal made an alliance with england , which is the longest - standing alliance in the world . this alliance served both nations ' interests throughout history and is regarded by many as the predecessor to nato . over time this went way beyond geo - political and military cooperation ( protecting both nations ' interests in africa , the americas and asia against french , spanish and dutch rivals ) and maintained strong trade and cultural ties between the two old european allies . particularly in the oporto region , there is visible english influence to this day . [ sep ] portugal made an alliance with england
in 1348 and 1349 portugal , like the rest of europe , was devastated by the black death . in 1373 , portugal made an alliance with england , which is the longest - standing alliance in the world . this alliance served both nations ' interests throughout history and is regarded by many as the predecessor to nato . over time this went way beyond geo - political and military cooperation ( protecting both nations ' interests in africa , the americas and asia against french , spanish and dutch rivals ) and maintained strong trade and cultural ties between the two old european allies . particularly in the oporto region , there is visible english influence to this day . [ sep ] nato
in 1348 and 1349 portugal , like the rest of europe , was devastated by the black death . in 1373 , portugal made an alliance with england , which is the longest - standing alliance in the world . this alliance served both nations ' interests throughout history and is regarded by many as the predecessor to nato . over time this went way beyond geo - political and military cooperation ( protecting both nations ' interests in africa , the americas and asia against french , spanish and dutch rivals ) and maintained strong trade and cultural ties between the two old european allies . particularly in the oporto region , there is visible english influence to this day . [ sep ] oporto region
the term financial innovation refers to the ongoing development of financial products designed to achieve particular client objectives , such as offsetting a particular risk exposure ( such as the default of a borrower ) or to assist with obtaining financing . examples pertinent to this crisis included : the adjustable - rate mortgage ; the bundling of subprime mortgages into mortgage - backed securities ( mbs ) or collateralized debt obligations ( cdo ) for sale to investors , a type of securitization ; and a form of credit insurance called credit default swaps ( cds ) . the usage of these products expanded dramatically in the years leading up to the crisis . these products vary in complexity and the ease with which they can be valued on the books of financial institutions . [ sep ] financial innovation
the term financial innovation refers to the ongoing development of financial products designed to achieve particular client objectives , such as offsetting a particular risk exposure ( such as the default of a borrower ) or to assist with obtaining financing . examples pertinent to this crisis included : the adjustable - rate mortgage ; the bundling of subprime mortgages into mortgage - backed securities ( mbs ) or collateralized debt obligations ( cdo ) for sale to investors , a type of securitization ; and a form of credit insurance called credit default swaps ( cds ) . the usage of these products expanded dramatically in the years leading up to the crisis . these products vary in complexity and the ease with which they can be valued on the books of financial institutions . [ sep ] adjustable - rate mortgage
the term financial innovation refers to the ongoing development of financial products designed to achieve particular client objectives , such as offsetting a particular risk exposure ( such as the default of a borrower ) or to assist with obtaining financing . examples pertinent to this crisis included : the adjustable - rate mortgage ; the bundling of subprime mortgages into mortgage - backed securities ( mbs ) or collateralized debt obligations ( cdo ) for sale to investors , a type of securitization ; and a form of credit insurance called credit default swaps ( cds ) . the usage of these products expanded dramatically in the years leading up to the crisis . these products vary in complexity and the ease with which they can be valued on the books of financial institutions . [ sep ] cds
the term financial innovation refers to the ongoing development of financial products designed to achieve particular client objectives , such as offsetting a particular risk exposure ( such as the default of a borrower ) or to assist with obtaining financing . examples pertinent to this crisis included : the adjustable - rate mortgage ; the bundling of subprime mortgages into mortgage - backed securities ( mbs ) or collateralized debt obligations ( cdo ) for sale to investors , a type of securitization ; and a form of credit insurance called credit default swaps ( cds ) . the usage of these products expanded dramatically in the years leading up to the crisis . these products vary in complexity and the ease with which they can be valued on the books of financial institutions . [ sep ] mortgage - backed securities ( mbs )
the term financial innovation refers to the ongoing development of financial products designed to achieve particular client objectives , such as offsetting a particular risk exposure ( such as the default of a borrower ) or to assist with obtaining financing . examples pertinent to this crisis included : the adjustable - rate mortgage ; the bundling of subprime mortgages into mortgage - backed securities ( mbs ) or collateralized debt obligations ( cdo ) for sale to investors , a type of securitization ; and a form of credit insurance called credit default swaps ( cds ) . the usage of these products expanded dramatically in the years leading up to the crisis . these products vary in complexity and the ease with which they can be valued on the books of financial institutions . [ sep ] expanded dramatically
cdo issuance grew from an estimated $ 20 billion in q1 2004 to its peak of over $ 180 billion by q1 2007 , then declined back under $ 20 billion by q1 2008 . further , the credit quality of cdo ' s declined from 2000 to 2007 , as the level of subprime and other non - prime mortgage debt increased from 5 % to 36 % of cdo assets . as described in the section on subprime lending , the cds and portfolio of cds called synthetic cdo enabled a theoretically infinite amount to be wagered on the finite value of housing loans outstanding , provided that buyers and sellers of the derivatives could be found . for example , buying a cds to insure a cdo ended up giving the seller the same risk as if they owned the cdo , when those cdo ' s became worthless . [ sep ] q1 2007
cdo issuance grew from an estimated $ 20 billion in q1 2004 to its peak of over $ 180 billion by q1 2007 , then declined back under $ 20 billion by q1 2008 . further , the credit quality of cdo ' s declined from 2000 to 2007 , as the level of subprime and other non - prime mortgage debt increased from 5 % to 36 % of cdo assets . as described in the section on subprime lending , the cds and portfolio of cds called synthetic cdo enabled a theoretically infinite amount to be wagered on the finite value of housing loans outstanding , provided that buyers and sellers of the derivatives could be found . for example , buying a cds to insure a cdo ended up giving the seller the same risk as if they owned the cdo , when those cdo ' s became worthless . [ sep ] $ 20 billion
cdo issuance grew from an estimated $ 20 billion in q1 2004 to its peak of over $ 180 billion by q1 2007 , then declined back under $ 20 billion by q1 2008 . further , the credit quality of cdo ' s declined from 2000 to 2007 , as the level of subprime and other non - prime mortgage debt increased from 5 % to 36 % of cdo assets . as described in the section on subprime lending , the cds and portfolio of cds called synthetic cdo enabled a theoretically infinite amount to be wagered on the finite value of housing loans outstanding , provided that buyers and sellers of the derivatives could be found . for example , buying a cds to insure a cdo ended up giving the seller the same risk as if they owned the cdo , when those cdo ' s became worthless . [ sep ] over $ 180 billion
cdo issuance grew from an estimated $ 20 billion in q1 2004 to its peak of over $ 180 billion by q1 2007 , then declined back under $ 20 billion by q1 2008 . further , the credit quality of cdo ' s declined from 2000 to 2007 , as the level of subprime and other non - prime mortgage debt increased from 5 % to 36 % of cdo assets . as described in the section on subprime lending , the cds and portfolio of cds called synthetic cdo enabled a theoretically infinite amount to be wagered on the finite value of housing loans outstanding , provided that buyers and sellers of the derivatives could be found . for example , buying a cds to insure a cdo ended up giving the seller the same risk as if they owned the cdo , when those cdo ' s became worthless . [ sep ] 36 %
cdo issuance grew from an estimated $ 20 billion in q1 2004 to its peak of over $ 180 billion by q1 2007 , then declined back under $ 20 billion by q1 2008 . further , the credit quality of cdo ' s declined from 2000 to 2007 , as the level of subprime and other non - prime mortgage debt increased from 5 % to 36 % of cdo assets . as described in the section on subprime lending , the cds and portfolio of cds called synthetic cdo enabled a theoretically infinite amount to be wagered on the finite value of housing loans outstanding , provided that buyers and sellers of the derivatives could be found . for example , buying a cds to insure a cdo ended up giving the seller the same risk as if they owned the cdo , when those cdo ' s became worthless . [ sep ] under $ 20 billion
this boom in innovative financial products went hand in hand with more complexity . it multiplied the number of actors connected to a single mortgage ( including mortgage brokers , specialized originators , the securitizers and their due diligence firms , managing agents and trading desks , and finally investors , insurances and providers of repo funding ) . with increasing distance from the underlying asset these actors relied more and more on indirect information ( including fico scores on creditworthiness , appraisals and due diligence checks by third party organizations , and most importantly the computer models of rating agencies and risk management desks ) . instead of spreading risk this provided the ground for fraudulent acts , misjudgments and finally market collapse . in 2005 a group of computer scientists built a computational model for the mechanism of biased ratings produced by rating agencies , which turned out to be adequate to what actually happened in 2006 – 2008 . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] innovative financial products
this boom in innovative financial products went hand in hand with more complexity . it multiplied the number of actors connected to a single mortgage ( including mortgage brokers , specialized originators , the securitizers and their due diligence firms , managing agents and trading desks , and finally investors , insurances and providers of repo funding ) . with increasing distance from the underlying asset these actors relied more and more on indirect information ( including fico scores on creditworthiness , appraisals and due diligence checks by third party organizations , and most importantly the computer models of rating agencies and risk management desks ) . instead of spreading risk this provided the ground for fraudulent acts , misjudgments and finally market collapse . in 2005 a group of computer scientists built a computational model for the mechanism of biased ratings produced by rating agencies , which turned out to be adequate to what actually happened in 2006 – 2008 . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] multiplied the number of actors connected
this boom in innovative financial products went hand in hand with more complexity . it multiplied the number of actors connected to a single mortgage ( including mortgage brokers , specialized originators , the securitizers and their due diligence firms , managing agents and trading desks , and finally investors , insurances and providers of repo funding ) . with increasing distance from the underlying asset these actors relied more and more on indirect information ( including fico scores on creditworthiness , appraisals and due diligence checks by third party organizations , and most importantly the computer models of rating agencies and risk management desks ) . instead of spreading risk this provided the ground for fraudulent acts , misjudgments and finally market collapse . in 2005 a group of computer scientists built a computational model for the mechanism of biased ratings produced by rating agencies , which turned out to be adequate to what actually happened in 2006 – 2008 . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] indirect information
this boom in innovative financial products went hand in hand with more complexity . it multiplied the number of actors connected to a single mortgage ( including mortgage brokers , specialized originators , the securitizers and their due diligence firms , managing agents and trading desks , and finally investors , insurances and providers of repo funding ) . with increasing distance from the underlying asset these actors relied more and more on indirect information ( including fico scores on creditworthiness , appraisals and due diligence checks by third party organizations , and most importantly the computer models of rating agencies and risk management desks ) . instead of spreading risk this provided the ground for fraudulent acts , misjudgments and finally market collapse . in 2005 a group of computer scientists built a computational model for the mechanism of biased ratings produced by rating agencies , which turned out to be adequate to what actually happened in 2006 – 2008 . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] computer models of rating agencies
this boom in innovative financial products went hand in hand with more complexity . it multiplied the number of actors connected to a single mortgage ( including mortgage brokers , specialized originators , the securitizers and their due diligence firms , managing agents and trading desks , and finally investors , insurances and providers of repo funding ) . with increasing distance from the underlying asset these actors relied more and more on indirect information ( including fico scores on creditworthiness , appraisals and due diligence checks by third party organizations , and most importantly the computer models of rating agencies and risk management desks ) . instead of spreading risk this provided the ground for fraudulent acts , misjudgments and finally market collapse . in 2005 a group of computer scientists built a computational model for the mechanism of biased ratings produced by rating agencies , which turned out to be adequate to what actually happened in 2006 – 2008 . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] 2005
portugal spearheaded european exploration of the world and the age of discovery . prince henry the navigator , son of king joao i , became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavour . during this period , portugal explored the atlantic ocean , discovering several atlantic archipelagos like the azores , madeira , and cape verde , explored the african coast , colonized selected areas of africa , discovered an eastern route to india via the cape of good hope , discovered brazil , explored the indian ocean , established trading routes throughout most of southern asia , and sent the first direct european maritime trade and diplomatic missions to china and japan . [ sep ] the age of discovery
portugal spearheaded european exploration of the world and the age of discovery . prince henry the navigator , son of king joao i , became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavour . during this period , portugal explored the atlantic ocean , discovering several atlantic archipelagos like the azores , madeira , and cape verde , explored the african coast , colonized selected areas of africa , discovered an eastern route to india via the cape of good hope , discovered brazil , explored the indian ocean , established trading routes throughout most of southern asia , and sent the first direct european maritime trade and diplomatic missions to china and japan . [ sep ] king joao i
portugal spearheaded european exploration of the world and the age of discovery . prince henry the navigator , son of king joao i , became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavour . during this period , portugal explored the atlantic ocean , discovering several atlantic archipelagos like the azores , madeira , and cape verde , explored the african coast , colonized selected areas of africa , discovered an eastern route to india via the cape of good hope , discovered brazil , explored the indian ocean , established trading routes throughout most of southern asia , and sent the first direct european maritime trade and diplomatic missions to china and japan . [ sep ] azores , madeira , and cape verde
portugal spearheaded european exploration of the world and the age of discovery . prince henry the navigator , son of king joao i , became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavour . during this period , portugal explored the atlantic ocean , discovering several atlantic archipelagos like the azores , madeira , and cape verde , explored the african coast , colonized selected areas of africa , discovered an eastern route to india via the cape of good hope , discovered brazil , explored the indian ocean , established trading routes throughout most of southern asia , and sent the first direct european maritime trade and diplomatic missions to china and japan . [ sep ] cape of good hope
portugal spearheaded european exploration of the world and the age of discovery . prince henry the navigator , son of king joao i , became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavour . during this period , portugal explored the atlantic ocean , discovering several atlantic archipelagos like the azores , madeira , and cape verde , explored the african coast , colonized selected areas of africa , discovered an eastern route to india via the cape of good hope , discovered brazil , explored the indian ocean , established trading routes throughout most of southern asia , and sent the first direct european maritime trade and diplomatic missions to china and japan . [ sep ] brazil
the pricing of risk refers to the incremental compensation required by investors for taking on additional risk , which may be measured by interest rates or fees . several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks ' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis , enabled the mortgage market to grow larger than it otherwise would have , and made the financial crisis far more disruptive than it would have been if risk levels had been disclosed in a straightforward , readily understandable format . [ sep ] interest rates or fees
the pricing of risk refers to the incremental compensation required by investors for taking on additional risk , which may be measured by interest rates or fees . several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks ' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis , enabled the mortgage market to grow larger than it otherwise would have , and made the financial crisis far more disruptive than it would have been if risk levels had been disclosed in a straightforward , readily understandable format . [ sep ] pricing of risk
the pricing of risk refers to the incremental compensation required by investors for taking on additional risk , which may be measured by interest rates or fees . several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks ' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis , enabled the mortgage market to grow larger than it otherwise would have , and made the financial crisis far more disruptive than it would have been if risk levels had been disclosed in a straightforward , readily understandable format . [ sep ] lack of transparency about banks ' risk exposures
the pricing of risk refers to the incremental compensation required by investors for taking on additional risk , which may be measured by interest rates or fees . several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks ' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis , enabled the mortgage market to grow larger than it otherwise would have , and made the financial crisis far more disruptive than it would have been if risk levels had been disclosed in a straightforward , readily understandable format . [ sep ] straightforward , readily understandable format
the pricing of risk refers to the incremental compensation required by investors for taking on additional risk , which may be measured by interest rates or fees . several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks ' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis , enabled the mortgage market to grow larger than it otherwise would have , and made the financial crisis far more disruptive than it would have been if risk levels had been disclosed in a straightforward , readily understandable format . [ sep ] far more disruptive
for a variety of reasons , market participants did not accurately measure the risk inherent with financial innovation such as mbs and cdos or understand its impact on the overall stability of the financial system . for example , the pricing model for cdos clearly did not reflect the level of risk they introduced into the system . banks estimated that $ 450bn of cdo were sold between " late 2005 to the middle of 2007 " ; among the $ 102bn of those that had been liquidated , jpmorgan estimated that the average recovery rate for " high quality " cdos was approximately 32 cents on the dollar , while the recovery rate for mezzanine cdo was approximately five cents for every dollar . [ sep ] risk inherent with financial innovation
for a variety of reasons , market participants did not accurately measure the risk inherent with financial innovation such as mbs and cdos or understand its impact on the overall stability of the financial system . for example , the pricing model for cdos clearly did not reflect the level of risk they introduced into the system . banks estimated that $ 450bn of cdo were sold between " late 2005 to the middle of 2007 " ; among the $ 102bn of those that had been liquidated , jpmorgan estimated that the average recovery rate for " high quality " cdos was approximately 32 cents on the dollar , while the recovery rate for mezzanine cdo was approximately five cents for every dollar . [ sep ] a variety of reasons
for a variety of reasons , market participants did not accurately measure the risk inherent with financial innovation such as mbs and cdos or understand its impact on the overall stability of the financial system . for example , the pricing model for cdos clearly did not reflect the level of risk they introduced into the system . banks estimated that $ 450bn of cdo were sold between " late 2005 to the middle of 2007 " ; among the $ 102bn of those that had been liquidated , jpmorgan estimated that the average recovery rate for " high quality " cdos was approximately 32 cents on the dollar , while the recovery rate for mezzanine cdo was approximately five cents for every dollar . [ sep ] approximately 32 cents on the dollar
for a variety of reasons , market participants did not accurately measure the risk inherent with financial innovation such as mbs and cdos or understand its impact on the overall stability of the financial system . for example , the pricing model for cdos clearly did not reflect the level of risk they introduced into the system . banks estimated that $ 450bn of cdo were sold between " late 2005 to the middle of 2007 " ; among the $ 102bn of those that had been liquidated , jpmorgan estimated that the average recovery rate for " high quality " cdos was approximately 32 cents on the dollar , while the recovery rate for mezzanine cdo was approximately five cents for every dollar . [ sep ] approximately five cents for every dollar
for a variety of reasons , market participants did not accurately measure the risk inherent with financial innovation such as mbs and cdos or understand its impact on the overall stability of the financial system . for example , the pricing model for cdos clearly did not reflect the level of risk they introduced into the system . banks estimated that $ 450bn of cdo were sold between " late 2005 to the middle of 2007 " ; among the $ 102bn of those that had been liquidated , jpmorgan estimated that the average recovery rate for " high quality " cdos was approximately 32 cents on the dollar , while the recovery rate for mezzanine cdo was approximately five cents for every dollar . [ sep ] $ 450bn
the study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term . by formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime , involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relations . when genocide is looked at in a general aspect it is viewed as the deliberate killing of a certain group . yet is commonly seen to escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area . in 1648 before the term genocide had been coined , the peace of westphalia was established to protect ethnic , national , racial and in some instances religious groups . during the 19th century humanitarian intervention was needed due to the fact of conflict and justification of some of the actions executed by the military . [ sep ] legal aspect of the term
the study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term . by formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime , involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relations . when genocide is looked at in a general aspect it is viewed as the deliberate killing of a certain group . yet is commonly seen to escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area . in 1648 before the term genocide had been coined , the peace of westphalia was established to protect ethnic , national , racial and in some instances religious groups . during the 19th century humanitarian intervention was needed due to the fact of conflict and justification of some of the actions executed by the military . [ sep ] a crime
the study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term . by formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime , involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relations . when genocide is looked at in a general aspect it is viewed as the deliberate killing of a certain group . yet is commonly seen to escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area . in 1648 before the term genocide had been coined , the peace of westphalia was established to protect ethnic , national , racial and in some instances religious groups . during the 19th century humanitarian intervention was needed due to the fact of conflict and justification of some of the actions executed by the military . [ sep ] the deliberate killing of a certain group
the study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term . by formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime , involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relations . when genocide is looked at in a general aspect it is viewed as the deliberate killing of a certain group . yet is commonly seen to escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area . in 1648 before the term genocide had been coined , the peace of westphalia was established to protect ethnic , national , racial and in some instances religious groups . during the 19th century humanitarian intervention was needed due to the fact of conflict and justification of some of the actions executed by the military . [ sep ] officials in power of a state or area
the study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term . by formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime , involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relations . when genocide is looked at in a general aspect it is viewed as the deliberate killing of a certain group . yet is commonly seen to escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area . in 1648 before the term genocide had been coined , the peace of westphalia was established to protect ethnic , national , racial and in some instances religious groups . during the 19th century humanitarian intervention was needed due to the fact of conflict and justification of some of the actions executed by the military . [ sep ] the peace of westphalia
another example relates to aig , which insured obligations of various financial institutions through the usage of credit default swaps . the basic cds transaction involved aig receiving a premium in exchange for a promise to pay money to party a in the event party b defaulted . however , aig did not have the financial strength to support its many cds commitments as the crisis progressed and was taken over by the government in september 2008 . u . s . taxpayers provided over $ 180 billion in government support to aig during 2008 and early 2009 , through which the money flowed to various counterparties to cds transactions , including many large global financial institutions . [ sep ] aig
another example relates to aig , which insured obligations of various financial institutions through the usage of credit default swaps . the basic cds transaction involved aig receiving a premium in exchange for a promise to pay money to party a in the event party b defaulted . however , aig did not have the financial strength to support its many cds commitments as the crisis progressed and was taken over by the government in september 2008 . u . s . taxpayers provided over $ 180 billion in government support to aig during 2008 and early 2009 , through which the money flowed to various counterparties to cds transactions , including many large global financial institutions . [ sep ] credit default swaps
another example relates to aig , which insured obligations of various financial institutions through the usage of credit default swaps . the basic cds transaction involved aig receiving a premium in exchange for a promise to pay money to party a in the event party b defaulted . however , aig did not have the financial strength to support its many cds commitments as the crisis progressed and was taken over by the government in september 2008 . u . s . taxpayers provided over $ 180 billion in government support to aig during 2008 and early 2009 , through which the money flowed to various counterparties to cds transactions , including many large global financial institutions . [ sep ] september 2008
another example relates to aig , which insured obligations of various financial institutions through the usage of credit default swaps . the basic cds transaction involved aig receiving a premium in exchange for a promise to pay money to party a in the event party b defaulted . however , aig did not have the financial strength to support its many cds commitments as the crisis progressed and was taken over by the government in september 2008 . u . s . taxpayers provided over $ 180 billion in government support to aig during 2008 and early 2009 , through which the money flowed to various counterparties to cds transactions , including many large global financial institutions . [ sep ] over $ 180 billion
another example relates to aig , which insured obligations of various financial institutions through the usage of credit default swaps . the basic cds transaction involved aig receiving a premium in exchange for a promise to pay money to party a in the event party b defaulted . however , aig did not have the financial strength to support its many cds commitments as the crisis progressed and was taken over by the government in september 2008 . u . s . taxpayers provided over $ 180 billion in government support to aig during 2008 and early 2009 , through which the money flowed to various counterparties to cds transactions , including many large global financial institutions . [ sep ] a premium
whitehead pointed to the limitations of language as one of the main culprits in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking , and acknowledged that it may be difficult to ever wholly move past such ideas in everyday speech . after all , each moment of each person ' s life can hardly be given a different proper name , and it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things , rather than constantly keeping in mind that each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago . yet the limitations of everyday living and everyday speech should not prevent people from realizing that " material substances " or " essences " are a convenient generalized description of a continuum of particular , concrete processes . no one questions that a ten - year - old person is quite different by the time he or she turns thirty years old , and in many ways is not the same person at all ; whitehead points out that it is not philosophically or ontologically sound to think that a person is the same from one second to the next . [ sep ] limitations of language
whitehead pointed to the limitations of language as one of the main culprits in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking , and acknowledged that it may be difficult to ever wholly move past such ideas in everyday speech . after all , each moment of each person ' s life can hardly be given a different proper name , and it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things , rather than constantly keeping in mind that each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago . yet the limitations of everyday living and everyday speech should not prevent people from realizing that " material substances " or " essences " are a convenient generalized description of a continuum of particular , concrete processes . no one questions that a ten - year - old person is quite different by the time he or she turns thirty years old , and in many ways is not the same person at all ; whitehead points out that it is not philosophically or ontologically sound to think that a person is the same from one second to the next . [ sep ] it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things
whitehead pointed to the limitations of language as one of the main culprits in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking , and acknowledged that it may be difficult to ever wholly move past such ideas in everyday speech . after all , each moment of each person ' s life can hardly be given a different proper name , and it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things , rather than constantly keeping in mind that each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago . yet the limitations of everyday living and everyday speech should not prevent people from realizing that " material substances " or " essences " are a convenient generalized description of a continuum of particular , concrete processes . no one questions that a ten - year - old person is quite different by the time he or she turns thirty years old , and in many ways is not the same person at all ; whitehead points out that it is not philosophically or ontologically sound to think that a person is the same from one second to the next . [ sep ] should not prevent people from realizing that " material substances " or " essences " are a convenient generalized description of a continuum
whitehead pointed to the limitations of language as one of the main culprits in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking , and acknowledged that it may be difficult to ever wholly move past such ideas in everyday speech . after all , each moment of each person ' s life can hardly be given a different proper name , and it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things , rather than constantly keeping in mind that each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago . yet the limitations of everyday living and everyday speech should not prevent people from realizing that " material substances " or " essences " are a convenient generalized description of a continuum of particular , concrete processes . no one questions that a ten - year - old person is quite different by the time he or she turns thirty years old , and in many ways is not the same person at all ; whitehead points out that it is not philosophically or ontologically sound to think that a person is the same from one second to the next . [ sep ] it is not philosophically or ontologically sound
as financial assets became more and more complex , and harder and harder to value , investors were reassured by the fact that both the international bond rating agencies and bank regulators , who came to rely on them , accepted as valid some complex mathematical models which theoretically showed the risks were much smaller than they actually proved to be . george soros commented that " the super - boom got out of hand when the new products became so complicated that the authorities could no longer calculate the risks and started relying on the risk management methods of the banks themselves . similarly , the rating agencies relied on the information provided by the originators of synthetic products . it was a shocking abdication of responsibility . " [ sep ] george soros
as financial assets became more and more complex , and harder and harder to value , investors were reassured by the fact that both the international bond rating agencies and bank regulators , who came to rely on them , accepted as valid some complex mathematical models which theoretically showed the risks were much smaller than they actually proved to be . george soros commented that " the super - boom got out of hand when the new products became so complicated that the authorities could no longer calculate the risks and started relying on the risk management methods of the banks themselves . similarly , the rating agencies relied on the information provided by the originators of synthetic products . it was a shocking abdication of responsibility . " [ sep ] more complex
as financial assets became more and more complex , and harder and harder to value , investors were reassured by the fact that both the international bond rating agencies and bank regulators , who came to rely on them , accepted as valid some complex mathematical models which theoretically showed the risks were much smaller than they actually proved to be . george soros commented that " the super - boom got out of hand when the new products became so complicated that the authorities could no longer calculate the risks and started relying on the risk management methods of the banks themselves . similarly , the rating agencies relied on the information provided by the originators of synthetic products . it was a shocking abdication of responsibility . " [ sep ] the originators of synthetic products
as financial assets became more and more complex , and harder and harder to value , investors were reassured by the fact that both the international bond rating agencies and bank regulators , who came to rely on them , accepted as valid some complex mathematical models which theoretically showed the risks were much smaller than they actually proved to be . george soros commented that " the super - boom got out of hand when the new products became so complicated that the authorities could no longer calculate the risks and started relying on the risk management methods of the banks themselves . similarly , the rating agencies relied on the information provided by the originators of synthetic products . it was a shocking abdication of responsibility . " [ sep ] the banks
as financial assets became more and more complex , and harder and harder to value , investors were reassured by the fact that both the international bond rating agencies and bank regulators , who came to rely on them , accepted as valid some complex mathematical models which theoretically showed the risks were much smaller than they actually proved to be . george soros commented that " the super - boom got out of hand when the new products became so complicated that the authorities could no longer calculate the risks and started relying on the risk management methods of the banks themselves . similarly , the rating agencies relied on the information provided by the originators of synthetic products . it was a shocking abdication of responsibility . " [ sep ] international bond rating agencies
a second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of relations . it sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects . each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things . the idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space , and not necessarily related to anything . but in whitehead ' s view , relations take a primary role , perhaps even more important than the relata themselves . a student taking notes in one of whitehead ' s fall 1924 classes wrote that : [ sep ] it obscures the importance of relations
a second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of relations . it sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects . each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things . the idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space , and not necessarily related to anything . but in whitehead ' s view , relations take a primary role , perhaps even more important than the relata themselves . a student taking notes in one of whitehead ' s fall 1924 classes wrote that : [ sep ] each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things
a second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of relations . it sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects . each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things . the idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space , and not necessarily related to anything . but in whitehead ' s view , relations take a primary role , perhaps even more important than the relata themselves . a student taking notes in one of whitehead ' s fall 1924 classes wrote that : [ sep ] the idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space , and not necessarily related to anything
a second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of relations . it sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects . each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things . the idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space , and not necessarily related to anything . but in whitehead ' s view , relations take a primary role , perhaps even more important than the relata themselves . a student taking notes in one of whitehead ' s fall 1924 classes wrote that : [ sep ] in whitehead ' s view , relations take a primary role , perhaps even more important than the relata themselves
a second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of relations . it sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects . each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things . the idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space , and not necessarily related to anything . but in whitehead ' s view , relations take a primary role , perhaps even more important than the relata themselves . a student taking notes in one of whitehead ' s fall 1924 classes wrote that : [ sep ] it sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects .
tajikistan ( i / [unk] / , / [unk] / , or / tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn / ; persian : تاجيكستان [unk] [ tɔdʒikɪsˈtɔn ] ) , officially the republic of tajikistan ( persian : جمهورى تاجيكستان tajik : [unk] [unk] , cumhuriji tocikiston / jumhuriyi tojikiston ; russian : республика таджикистан , respublika tadzhikistan ) , is a mountainous , landlocked country in central asia with an estimated 8 million people in 2013 , and an area of 143 , 100 km2 ( 55 , 300 sq mi ) . it is bordered by afghanistan to the south , uzbekistan to the west , kyrgyzstan to the north , and china to the east . pakistan lies to the south , separated by the narrow wakhan corridor . traditional homelands of tajik people included present - day tajikistan , afghanistan and uzbekistan . [ sep ] in central asia
tajikistan ( i / [unk] / , / [unk] / , or / tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn / ; persian : تاجيكستان [unk] [ tɔdʒikɪsˈtɔn ] ) , officially the republic of tajikistan ( persian : جمهورى تاجيكستان tajik : [unk] [unk] , cumhuriji tocikiston / jumhuriyi tojikiston ; russian : республика таджикистан , respublika tadzhikistan ) , is a mountainous , landlocked country in central asia with an estimated 8 million people in 2013 , and an area of 143 , 100 km2 ( 55 , 300 sq mi ) . it is bordered by afghanistan to the south , uzbekistan to the west , kyrgyzstan to the north , and china to the east . pakistan lies to the south , separated by the narrow wakhan corridor . traditional homelands of tajik people included present - day tajikistan , afghanistan and uzbekistan . [ sep ] 8 million people
tajikistan ( i / [unk] / , / [unk] / , or / tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn / ; persian : تاجيكستان [unk] [ tɔdʒikɪsˈtɔn ] ) , officially the republic of tajikistan ( persian : جمهورى تاجيكستان tajik : [unk] [unk] , cumhuriji tocikiston / jumhuriyi tojikiston ; russian : республика таджикистан , respublika tadzhikistan ) , is a mountainous , landlocked country in central asia with an estimated 8 million people in 2013 , and an area of 143 , 100 km2 ( 55 , 300 sq mi ) . it is bordered by afghanistan to the south , uzbekistan to the west , kyrgyzstan to the north , and china to the east . pakistan lies to the south , separated by the narrow wakhan corridor . traditional homelands of tajik people included present - day tajikistan , afghanistan and uzbekistan . [ sep ] area of 143 , 100 km2 ( 55 , 300 sq mi )
tajikistan ( i / [unk] / , / [unk] / , or / tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn / ; persian : تاجيكستان [unk] [ tɔdʒikɪsˈtɔn ] ) , officially the republic of tajikistan ( persian : جمهورى تاجيكستان tajik : [unk] [unk] , cumhuriji tocikiston / jumhuriyi tojikiston ; russian : республика таджикистан , respublika tadzhikistan ) , is a mountainous , landlocked country in central asia with an estimated 8 million people in 2013 , and an area of 143 , 100 km2 ( 55 , 300 sq mi ) . it is bordered by afghanistan to the south , uzbekistan to the west , kyrgyzstan to the north , and china to the east . pakistan lies to the south , separated by the narrow wakhan corridor . traditional homelands of tajik people included present - day tajikistan , afghanistan and uzbekistan . [ sep ] china
tajikistan ( i / [unk] / , / [unk] / , or / tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn / ; persian : تاجيكستان [unk] [ tɔdʒikɪsˈtɔn ] ) , officially the republic of tajikistan ( persian : جمهورى تاجيكستان tajik : [unk] [unk] , cumhuriji tocikiston / jumhuriyi tojikiston ; russian : республика таджикистан , respublika tadzhikistan ) , is a mountainous , landlocked country in central asia with an estimated 8 million people in 2013 , and an area of 143 , 100 km2 ( 55 , 300 sq mi ) . it is bordered by afghanistan to the south , uzbekistan to the west , kyrgyzstan to the north , and china to the east . pakistan lies to the south , separated by the narrow wakhan corridor . traditional homelands of tajik people included present - day tajikistan , afghanistan and uzbekistan . [ sep ] wakhan corridor
in fact , whitehead describes any entity as in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities – its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it . a real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it ; that is to say , if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity ( i . e . it was not related to any other entity ) , it could not be said to really exist . relations are not secondary to what a thing is , they are what the thing is . [ sep ] in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities – its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it
in fact , whitehead describes any entity as in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities – its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it . a real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it ; that is to say , if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity ( i . e . it was not related to any other entity ) , it could not be said to really exist . relations are not secondary to what a thing is , they are what the thing is . [ sep ] a real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it
in fact , whitehead describes any entity as in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities – its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it . a real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it ; that is to say , if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity ( i . e . it was not related to any other entity ) , it could not be said to really exist . relations are not secondary to what a thing is , they are what the thing is . [ sep ] if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity ( i . e . it was not related to any other entity ) , it could not be said to really exist
in fact , whitehead describes any entity as in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities – its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it . a real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it ; that is to say , if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity ( i . e . it was not related to any other entity ) , it could not be said to really exist . relations are not secondary to what a thing is , they are what the thing is . [ sep ] relations are not secondary to what a thing is , they are what the thing is .
moreover , a conflict of interest between professional investment managers and their institutional clients , combined with a global glut in investment capital , led to bad investments by asset managers in over - priced credit assets . professional investment managers generally are compensated based on the volume of client assets under management . there is , therefore , an incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management in order to maximize their compensation . as the glut in global investment capital caused the yields on credit assets to decline , asset managers were faced with the choice of either investing in assets where returns did not reflect true credit risk or returning funds to clients . many asset managers chose to continue to invest client funds in over - priced ( under - yielding ) investments , to the detriment of their clients , in order to maintain their assets under management . this choice was supported by a " plausible deniability " of the risks associated with subprime - based credit assets because the loss experience with early " vintages " of subprime loans was so low . [ sep ] a conflict of interest
moreover , a conflict of interest between professional investment managers and their institutional clients , combined with a global glut in investment capital , led to bad investments by asset managers in over - priced credit assets . professional investment managers generally are compensated based on the volume of client assets under management . there is , therefore , an incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management in order to maximize their compensation . as the glut in global investment capital caused the yields on credit assets to decline , asset managers were faced with the choice of either investing in assets where returns did not reflect true credit risk or returning funds to clients . many asset managers chose to continue to invest client funds in over - priced ( under - yielding ) investments , to the detriment of their clients , in order to maintain their assets under management . this choice was supported by a " plausible deniability " of the risks associated with subprime - based credit assets because the loss experience with early " vintages " of subprime loans was so low . [ sep ] professional investment managers
moreover , a conflict of interest between professional investment managers and their institutional clients , combined with a global glut in investment capital , led to bad investments by asset managers in over - priced credit assets . professional investment managers generally are compensated based on the volume of client assets under management . there is , therefore , an incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management in order to maximize their compensation . as the glut in global investment capital caused the yields on credit assets to decline , asset managers were faced with the choice of either investing in assets where returns did not reflect true credit risk or returning funds to clients . many asset managers chose to continue to invest client funds in over - priced ( under - yielding ) investments , to the detriment of their clients , in order to maintain their assets under management . this choice was supported by a " plausible deniability " of the risks associated with subprime - based credit assets because the loss experience with early " vintages " of subprime loans was so low . [ sep ] to maximize their compensation
moreover , a conflict of interest between professional investment managers and their institutional clients , combined with a global glut in investment capital , led to bad investments by asset managers in over - priced credit assets . professional investment managers generally are compensated based on the volume of client assets under management . there is , therefore , an incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management in order to maximize their compensation . as the glut in global investment capital caused the yields on credit assets to decline , asset managers were faced with the choice of either investing in assets where returns did not reflect true credit risk or returning funds to clients . many asset managers chose to continue to invest client funds in over - priced ( under - yielding ) investments , to the detriment of their clients , in order to maintain their assets under management . this choice was supported by a " plausible deniability " of the risks associated with subprime - based credit assets because the loss experience with early " vintages " of subprime loans was so low . [ sep ] continue to invest client funds in over - priced ( under - yielding ) investments
moreover , a conflict of interest between professional investment managers and their institutional clients , combined with a global glut in investment capital , led to bad investments by asset managers in over - priced credit assets . professional investment managers generally are compensated based on the volume of client assets under management . there is , therefore , an incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management in order to maximize their compensation . as the glut in global investment capital caused the yields on credit assets to decline , asset managers were faced with the choice of either investing in assets where returns did not reflect true credit risk or returning funds to clients . many asset managers chose to continue to invest client funds in over - priced ( under - yielding ) investments , to the detriment of their clients , in order to maintain their assets under management . this choice was supported by a " plausible deniability " of the risks associated with subprime - based credit assets because the loss experience with early " vintages " of subprime loans was so low . [ sep ] plausible deniability
despite the dominance of the above formula , there are documented attempts of the financial industry , occurring before the crisis , to address the formula limitations , specifically the lack of dependence dynamics and the poor representation of extreme events . the volume " credit correlation : life after copulas " , published in 2007 by world scientific , summarizes a 2006 conference held by merrill lynch in london where several practitioners attempted to propose models rectifying some of the copula limitations . see also the article by donnelly and embrechts and the book by brigo , pallavicini and torresetti , that reports relevant warnings and research on cdos appeared in 2006 . [ sep ] world scientific
despite the dominance of the above formula , there are documented attempts of the financial industry , occurring before the crisis , to address the formula limitations , specifically the lack of dependence dynamics and the poor representation of extreme events . the volume " credit correlation : life after copulas " , published in 2007 by world scientific , summarizes a 2006 conference held by merrill lynch in london where several practitioners attempted to propose models rectifying some of the copula limitations . see also the article by donnelly and embrechts and the book by brigo , pallavicini and torresetti , that reports relevant warnings and research on cdos appeared in 2006 . [ sep ] 2006
despite the dominance of the above formula , there are documented attempts of the financial industry , occurring before the crisis , to address the formula limitations , specifically the lack of dependence dynamics and the poor representation of extreme events . the volume " credit correlation : life after copulas " , published in 2007 by world scientific , summarizes a 2006 conference held by merrill lynch in london where several practitioners attempted to propose models rectifying some of the copula limitations . see also the article by donnelly and embrechts and the book by brigo , pallavicini and torresetti , that reports relevant warnings and research on cdos appeared in 2006 . [ sep ] merrill lynch
despite the dominance of the above formula , there are documented attempts of the financial industry , occurring before the crisis , to address the formula limitations , specifically the lack of dependence dynamics and the poor representation of extreme events . the volume " credit correlation : life after copulas " , published in 2007 by world scientific , summarizes a 2006 conference held by merrill lynch in london where several practitioners attempted to propose models rectifying some of the copula limitations . see also the article by donnelly and embrechts and the book by brigo , pallavicini and torresetti , that reports relevant warnings and research on cdos appeared in 2006 . [ sep ] some of the copula limitations
despite the dominance of the above formula , there are documented attempts of the financial industry , occurring before the crisis , to address the formula limitations , specifically the lack of dependence dynamics and the poor representation of extreme events . the volume " credit correlation : life after copulas " , published in 2007 by world scientific , summarizes a 2006 conference held by merrill lynch in london where several practitioners attempted to propose models rectifying some of the copula limitations . see also the article by donnelly and embrechts and the book by brigo , pallavicini and torresetti , that reports relevant warnings and research on cdos appeared in 2006 . [ sep ] 2006
in 1738 , sebastiao jose de carvalho e melo , 1st marquis of pombal , began a diplomatic career as the portuguese ambassador in london and later in vienna . the queen consort of portugal , archduchess maria anne josefa of austria , was fond of melo ; and after his first wife died , she arranged the widowed de melo ' s second marriage to the daughter of the austrian field marshal leopold josef , count von daun . king john v of portugal , however , was not pleased and recalled melo to portugal in 1749 . john v died the following year and his son , joseph i of portugal , was crowned . in contrast to his father , joseph i was fond of de melo , and with the queen mother ' s approval , he appointed melo as minister of foreign affairs . [ sep ] sebastiao jose de carvalho e melo
in 1738 , sebastiao jose de carvalho e melo , 1st marquis of pombal , began a diplomatic career as the portuguese ambassador in london and later in vienna . the queen consort of portugal , archduchess maria anne josefa of austria , was fond of melo ; and after his first wife died , she arranged the widowed de melo ' s second marriage to the daughter of the austrian field marshal leopold josef , count von daun . king john v of portugal , however , was not pleased and recalled melo to portugal in 1749 . john v died the following year and his son , joseph i of portugal , was crowned . in contrast to his father , joseph i was fond of de melo , and with the queen mother ' s approval , he appointed melo as minister of foreign affairs . [ sep ] queen consort of portugal
in 1738 , sebastiao jose de carvalho e melo , 1st marquis of pombal , began a diplomatic career as the portuguese ambassador in london and later in vienna . the queen consort of portugal , archduchess maria anne josefa of austria , was fond of melo ; and after his first wife died , she arranged the widowed de melo ' s second marriage to the daughter of the austrian field marshal leopold josef , count von daun . king john v of portugal , however , was not pleased and recalled melo to portugal in 1749 . john v died the following year and his son , joseph i of portugal , was crowned . in contrast to his father , joseph i was fond of de melo , and with the queen mother ' s approval , he appointed melo as minister of foreign affairs . [ sep ] queen consort of portugal
in 1738 , sebastiao jose de carvalho e melo , 1st marquis of pombal , began a diplomatic career as the portuguese ambassador in london and later in vienna . the queen consort of portugal , archduchess maria anne josefa of austria , was fond of melo ; and after his first wife died , she arranged the widowed de melo ' s second marriage to the daughter of the austrian field marshal leopold josef , count von daun . king john v of portugal , however , was not pleased and recalled melo to portugal in 1749 . john v died the following year and his son , joseph i of portugal , was crowned . in contrast to his father , joseph i was fond of de melo , and with the queen mother ' s approval , he appointed melo as minister of foreign affairs . [ sep ] the daughter of the austrian field marshal leopold josef , count von daun
in 1738 , sebastiao jose de carvalho e melo , 1st marquis of pombal , began a diplomatic career as the portuguese ambassador in london and later in vienna . the queen consort of portugal , archduchess maria anne josefa of austria , was fond of melo ; and after his first wife died , she arranged the widowed de melo ' s second marriage to the daughter of the austrian field marshal leopold josef , count von daun . king john v of portugal , however , was not pleased and recalled melo to portugal in 1749 . john v died the following year and his son , joseph i of portugal , was crowned . in contrast to his father , joseph i was fond of de melo , and with the queen mother ' s approval , he appointed melo as minister of foreign affairs . [ sep ] king john v of portugal
in a june 2008 speech , president and ceo of the new york federal reserve bank timothy geithner — who in 2009 became secretary of the united states treasury — placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a " run " on the entities in the " parallel " banking system , also called the shadow banking system . these entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system , but were not subject to the same regulatory controls . further , these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch , meaning that they borrowed short - term in liquid markets to purchase long - term , illiquid and risky assets . this meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging , selling their long - term assets at depressed prices . he described the significance of these entities : [ sep ] timothy geithner
in a june 2008 speech , president and ceo of the new york federal reserve bank timothy geithner — who in 2009 became secretary of the united states treasury — placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a " run " on the entities in the " parallel " banking system , also called the shadow banking system . these entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system , but were not subject to the same regulatory controls . further , these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch , meaning that they borrowed short - term in liquid markets to purchase long - term , illiquid and risky assets . this meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging , selling their long - term assets at depressed prices . he described the significance of these entities : [ sep ] 2009
in a june 2008 speech , president and ceo of the new york federal reserve bank timothy geithner — who in 2009 became secretary of the united states treasury — placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a " run " on the entities in the " parallel " banking system , also called the shadow banking system . these entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system , but were not subject to the same regulatory controls . further , these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch , meaning that they borrowed short - term in liquid markets to purchase long - term , illiquid and risky assets . this meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging , selling their long - term assets at depressed prices . he described the significance of these entities : [ sep ] " parallel " banking system
in a june 2008 speech , president and ceo of the new york federal reserve bank timothy geithner — who in 2009 became secretary of the united states treasury — placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a " run " on the entities in the " parallel " banking system , also called the shadow banking system . these entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system , but were not subject to the same regulatory controls . further , these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch , meaning that they borrowed short - term in liquid markets to purchase long - term , illiquid and risky assets . this meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging , selling their long - term assets at depressed prices . he described the significance of these entities : [ sep ] shadow banking system
in a june 2008 speech , president and ceo of the new york federal reserve bank timothy geithner — who in 2009 became secretary of the united states treasury — placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a " run " on the entities in the " parallel " banking system , also called the shadow banking system . these entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system , but were not subject to the same regulatory controls . further , these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch , meaning that they borrowed short - term in liquid markets to purchase long - term , illiquid and risky assets . this meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging , selling their long - term assets at depressed prices . he described the significance of these entities : [ sep ] maturity mismatch
as the king ' s confidence in de melo increased , the king entrusted him with more control of the state . by 1755 , sebastiao de melo was made prime minister . impressed by british economic success that he had witnessed from the ambassador , he successfully implemented similar economic policies in portugal . he abolished slavery in portugal and in the portuguese colonies in india ; reorganized the army and the navy ; restructured the university of coimbra , and ended discrimination against different christian sects in portugal . [ sep ] increased
as the king ' s confidence in de melo increased , the king entrusted him with more control of the state . by 1755 , sebastiao de melo was made prime minister . impressed by british economic success that he had witnessed from the ambassador , he successfully implemented similar economic policies in portugal . he abolished slavery in portugal and in the portuguese colonies in india ; reorganized the army and the navy ; restructured the university of coimbra , and ended discrimination against different christian sects in portugal . [ sep ] prime minister
as the king ' s confidence in de melo increased , the king entrusted him with more control of the state . by 1755 , sebastiao de melo was made prime minister . impressed by british economic success that he had witnessed from the ambassador , he successfully implemented similar economic policies in portugal . he abolished slavery in portugal and in the portuguese colonies in india ; reorganized the army and the navy ; restructured the university of coimbra , and ended discrimination against different christian sects in portugal . [ sep ] british
as the king ' s confidence in de melo increased , the king entrusted him with more control of the state . by 1755 , sebastiao de melo was made prime minister . impressed by british economic success that he had witnessed from the ambassador , he successfully implemented similar economic policies in portugal . he abolished slavery in portugal and in the portuguese colonies in india ; reorganized the army and the navy ; restructured the university of coimbra , and ended discrimination against different christian sects in portugal . [ sep ] sebastiao de melo
as the king ' s confidence in de melo increased , the king entrusted him with more control of the state . by 1755 , sebastiao de melo was made prime minister . impressed by british economic success that he had witnessed from the ambassador , he successfully implemented similar economic policies in portugal . he abolished slavery in portugal and in the portuguese colonies in india ; reorganized the army and the navy ; restructured the university of coimbra , and ended discrimination against different christian sects in portugal . [ sep ] sebastiao de melo
the securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system started to close down in the spring of 2007 and nearly shut - down in the fall of 2008 . more than a third of the private credit markets thus became unavailable as a source of funds . according to the brookings institution , the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of june 2009 : " it would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume . " the authors also indicate that some forms of securitization are " likely to vanish forever , having been an artifact of excessively loose credit conditions . " [ sep ] spring of 2007
the securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system started to close down in the spring of 2007 and nearly shut - down in the fall of 2008 . more than a third of the private credit markets thus became unavailable as a source of funds . according to the brookings institution , the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of june 2009 : " it would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume . " the authors also indicate that some forms of securitization are " likely to vanish forever , having been an artifact of excessively loose credit conditions . " [ sep ] fall of 2008
the securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system started to close down in the spring of 2007 and nearly shut - down in the fall of 2008 . more than a third of the private credit markets thus became unavailable as a source of funds . according to the brookings institution , the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of june 2009 : " it would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume . " the authors also indicate that some forms of securitization are " likely to vanish forever , having been an artifact of excessively loose credit conditions . " [ sep ] more than a third
the securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system started to close down in the spring of 2007 and nearly shut - down in the fall of 2008 . more than a third of the private credit markets thus became unavailable as a source of funds . according to the brookings institution , the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of june 2009 : " it would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume . " the authors also indicate that some forms of securitization are " likely to vanish forever , having been an artifact of excessively loose credit conditions . " [ sep ] brookings institution
the securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system started to close down in the spring of 2007 and nearly shut - down in the fall of 2008 . more than a third of the private credit markets thus became unavailable as a source of funds . according to the brookings institution , the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of june 2009 : " it would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume . " the authors also indicate that some forms of securitization are " likely to vanish forever , having been an artifact of excessively loose credit conditions . " [ sep ] a number of years
the territory that now constitutes tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures , including the city of sarazm of the neolithic and the bronze age , and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures , including the oxus civilization , andronovo culture , buddhism , nestorian christianity , zoroastrianism , and manichaeism . the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties , including the achaemenid empire , sassanian empire , hephthalite empire , samanid empire , mongol empire , timurid dynasty , and the russian empire . as a result of the breakup of the soviet union , tajikistan became an independent nation in 1991 . a civil war was fought almost immediately after independence , lasting from 1992 to 1997 . since the end of the war , newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country ' s economy to grow . [ sep ] city of sarazm
the territory that now constitutes tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures , including the city of sarazm of the neolithic and the bronze age , and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures , including the oxus civilization , andronovo culture , buddhism , nestorian christianity , zoroastrianism , and manichaeism . the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties , including the achaemenid empire , sassanian empire , hephthalite empire , samanid empire , mongol empire , timurid dynasty , and the russian empire . as a result of the breakup of the soviet union , tajikistan became an independent nation in 1991 . a civil war was fought almost immediately after independence , lasting from 1992 to 1997 . since the end of the war , newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country ' s economy to grow . [ sep ] oxus civilization , andronovo culture , buddhism , nestorian christianity , zoroastrianism , and manichaeism
the territory that now constitutes tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures , including the city of sarazm of the neolithic and the bronze age , and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures , including the oxus civilization , andronovo culture , buddhism , nestorian christianity , zoroastrianism , and manichaeism . the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties , including the achaemenid empire , sassanian empire , hephthalite empire , samanid empire , mongol empire , timurid dynasty , and the russian empire . as a result of the breakup of the soviet union , tajikistan became an independent nation in 1991 . a civil war was fought almost immediately after independence , lasting from 1992 to 1997 . since the end of the war , newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country ' s economy to grow . [ sep ] achaemenid empire , sassanian empire , hephthalite empire , samanid empire , mongol empire , timurid dynasty , and the russian empire
the territory that now constitutes tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures , including the city of sarazm of the neolithic and the bronze age , and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures , including the oxus civilization , andronovo culture , buddhism , nestorian christianity , zoroastrianism , and manichaeism . the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties , including the achaemenid empire , sassanian empire , hephthalite empire , samanid empire , mongol empire , timurid dynasty , and the russian empire . as a result of the breakup of the soviet union , tajikistan became an independent nation in 1991 . a civil war was fought almost immediately after independence , lasting from 1992 to 1997 . since the end of the war , newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country ' s economy to grow . [ sep ] 1991
the territory that now constitutes tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures , including the city of sarazm of the neolithic and the bronze age , and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures , including the oxus civilization , andronovo culture , buddhism , nestorian christianity , zoroastrianism , and manichaeism . the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties , including the achaemenid empire , sassanian empire , hephthalite empire , samanid empire , mongol empire , timurid dynasty , and the russian empire . as a result of the breakup of the soviet union , tajikistan became an independent nation in 1991 . a civil war was fought almost immediately after independence , lasting from 1992 to 1997 . since the end of the war , newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country ' s economy to grow . [ sep ] 1992 to 1997
after the holocaust , which had been perpetrated by the nazi germany and its allies prior to and during world war ii , lemkin successfully campaigned for the universal acceptance of international laws defining and forbidding genocides . in 1946 , the first session of the united nations general assembly adopted a resolution that " affirmed " that genocide was a crime under international law , but did not provide a legal definition of the crime . in 1948 , the un general assembly adopted the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide ( cppcg ) which defined the crime of genocide for the first time . [ sep ] nazi germany
after the holocaust , which had been perpetrated by the nazi germany and its allies prior to and during world war ii , lemkin successfully campaigned for the universal acceptance of international laws defining and forbidding genocides . in 1946 , the first session of the united nations general assembly adopted a resolution that " affirmed " that genocide was a crime under international law , but did not provide a legal definition of the crime . in 1948 , the un general assembly adopted the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide ( cppcg ) which defined the crime of genocide for the first time . [ sep ] lemkin
after the holocaust , which had been perpetrated by the nazi germany and its allies prior to and during world war ii , lemkin successfully campaigned for the universal acceptance of international laws defining and forbidding genocides . in 1946 , the first session of the united nations general assembly adopted a resolution that " affirmed " that genocide was a crime under international law , but did not provide a legal definition of the crime . in 1948 , the un general assembly adopted the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide ( cppcg ) which defined the crime of genocide for the first time . [ sep ] united nations general assembly
after the holocaust , which had been perpetrated by the nazi germany and its allies prior to and during world war ii , lemkin successfully campaigned for the universal acceptance of international laws defining and forbidding genocides . in 1946 , the first session of the united nations general assembly adopted a resolution that " affirmed " that genocide was a crime under international law , but did not provide a legal definition of the crime . in 1948 , the un general assembly adopted the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide ( cppcg ) which defined the crime of genocide for the first time . [ sep ] provide a legal definition of the crime
after the holocaust , which had been perpetrated by the nazi germany and its allies prior to and during world war ii , lemkin successfully campaigned for the universal acceptance of international laws defining and forbidding genocides . in 1946 , the first session of the united nations general assembly adopted a resolution that " affirmed " that genocide was a crime under international law , but did not provide a legal definition of the crime . in 1948 , the un general assembly adopted the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide ( cppcg ) which defined the crime of genocide for the first time . [ sep ] the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide
tajikistan means the " land of the tajiks " . the suffix " - stan " ( persian : [unk] - stan ) is persian for " place of " or " country " and tajik is , most likely , the name of a pre - islamic ( before the seventh century a . d . ) tribe . according to the library of congress ' s 1997 country study of tajikistan , it is difficult to definitively state the origins of the word " tajik " because the term is " embroiled in twentieth - century political disputes about whether turkic or iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of central asia . " [ sep ] " land of the tajiks "
tajikistan means the " land of the tajiks " . the suffix " - stan " ( persian : [unk] - stan ) is persian for " place of " or " country " and tajik is , most likely , the name of a pre - islamic ( before the seventh century a . d . ) tribe . according to the library of congress ' s 1997 country study of tajikistan , it is difficult to definitively state the origins of the word " tajik " because the term is " embroiled in twentieth - century political disputes about whether turkic or iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of central asia . " [ sep ] " place of " or " country "
tajikistan means the " land of the tajiks " . the suffix " - stan " ( persian : [unk] - stan ) is persian for " place of " or " country " and tajik is , most likely , the name of a pre - islamic ( before the seventh century a . d . ) tribe . according to the library of congress ' s 1997 country study of tajikistan , it is difficult to definitively state the origins of the word " tajik " because the term is " embroiled in twentieth - century political disputes about whether turkic or iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of central asia . " [ sep ] the name of a pre - islamic ( before the seventh century a . d . ) tribe
tajikistan means the " land of the tajiks " . the suffix " - stan " ( persian : [unk] - stan ) is persian for " place of " or " country " and tajik is , most likely , the name of a pre - islamic ( before the seventh century a . d . ) tribe . according to the library of congress ' s 1997 country study of tajikistan , it is difficult to definitively state the origins of the word " tajik " because the term is " embroiled in twentieth - century political disputes about whether turkic or iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of central asia . " [ sep ] because the term is " embroiled in twentieth - century political disputes about whether turkic or iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of central asia . "
it must be emphasized , however , that an entity is not merely a sum of its relations , but also a valuation of them and reaction to them . for whitehead , creativity is the absolute principle of existence , and every entity ( whether it is a human being , a tree , or an electron ) has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities , and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws . of course , most entities do not have consciousness . as a human being ' s actions cannot always be predicted , the same can be said of where a tree ' s roots will grow , or how an electron will move , or whether it will rain tomorrow . moreover , inability to predict an electron ' s movement ( for instance ) is not due to faulty understanding or inadequate technology ; rather , the fundamental creativity / freedom of all entities means that there will always remain phenomena that are unpredictable . [ sep ] an entity is not merely a sum of its relations , but also a valuation of them and reaction to them
it must be emphasized , however , that an entity is not merely a sum of its relations , but also a valuation of them and reaction to them . for whitehead , creativity is the absolute principle of existence , and every entity ( whether it is a human being , a tree , or an electron ) has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities , and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws . of course , most entities do not have consciousness . as a human being ' s actions cannot always be predicted , the same can be said of where a tree ' s roots will grow , or how an electron will move , or whether it will rain tomorrow . moreover , inability to predict an electron ' s movement ( for instance ) is not due to faulty understanding or inadequate technology ; rather , the fundamental creativity / freedom of all entities means that there will always remain phenomena that are unpredictable . [ sep ] creativity is the absolute principle of existence
it must be emphasized , however , that an entity is not merely a sum of its relations , but also a valuation of them and reaction to them . for whitehead , creativity is the absolute principle of existence , and every entity ( whether it is a human being , a tree , or an electron ) has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities , and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws . of course , most entities do not have consciousness . as a human being ' s actions cannot always be predicted , the same can be said of where a tree ' s roots will grow , or how an electron will move , or whether it will rain tomorrow . moreover , inability to predict an electron ' s movement ( for instance ) is not due to faulty understanding or inadequate technology ; rather , the fundamental creativity / freedom of all entities means that there will always remain phenomena that are unpredictable . [ sep ] has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities , and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws
economist mark zandi testified to the financial crisis inquiry commission in january 2010 : " the securitization markets also remain impaired , as investors anticipate more loan losses . investors are also uncertain about coming legal and accounting rule changes and regulatory reforms . private bond issuance of residential and commercial mortgage - backed securities , asset - backed securities , and cdos peaked in 2006 at close to $ 2 trillion . . . in 2009 , private issuance was less than $ 150 billion , and almost all of it was asset - backed issuance supported by the federal reserve ' s talf program to aid credit card , auto and small - business lenders . issuance of residential and commercial mortgage - backed securities and cdos remains dormant . " [ sep ] mark zandi
economist mark zandi testified to the financial crisis inquiry commission in january 2010 : " the securitization markets also remain impaired , as investors anticipate more loan losses . investors are also uncertain about coming legal and accounting rule changes and regulatory reforms . private bond issuance of residential and commercial mortgage - backed securities , asset - backed securities , and cdos peaked in 2006 at close to $ 2 trillion . . . in 2009 , private issuance was less than $ 150 billion , and almost all of it was asset - backed issuance supported by the federal reserve ' s talf program to aid credit card , auto and small - business lenders . issuance of residential and commercial mortgage - backed securities and cdos remains dormant . " [ sep ] securitization markets
economist mark zandi testified to the financial crisis inquiry commission in january 2010 : " the securitization markets also remain impaired , as investors anticipate more loan losses . investors are also uncertain about coming legal and accounting rule changes and regulatory reforms . private bond issuance of residential and commercial mortgage - backed securities , asset - backed securities , and cdos peaked in 2006 at close to $ 2 trillion . . . in 2009 , private issuance was less than $ 150 billion , and almost all of it was asset - backed issuance supported by the federal reserve ' s talf program to aid credit card , auto and small - business lenders . issuance of residential and commercial mortgage - backed securities and cdos remains dormant . " [ sep ] close to $ 2 trillion
economist mark zandi testified to the financial crisis inquiry commission in january 2010 : " the securitization markets also remain impaired , as investors anticipate more loan losses . investors are also uncertain about coming legal and accounting rule changes and regulatory reforms . private bond issuance of residential and commercial mortgage - backed securities , asset - backed securities , and cdos peaked in 2006 at close to $ 2 trillion . . . in 2009 , private issuance was less than $ 150 billion , and almost all of it was asset - backed issuance supported by the federal reserve ' s talf program to aid credit card , auto and small - business lenders . issuance of residential and commercial mortgage - backed securities and cdos remains dormant . " [ sep ] less than $ 150 billion
economist mark zandi testified to the financial crisis inquiry commission in january 2010 : " the securitization markets also remain impaired , as investors anticipate more loan losses . investors are also uncertain about coming legal and accounting rule changes and regulatory reforms . private bond issuance of residential and commercial mortgage - backed securities , asset - backed securities , and cdos peaked in 2006 at close to $ 2 trillion . . . in 2009 , private issuance was less than $ 150 billion , and almost all of it was asset - backed issuance supported by the federal reserve ' s talf program to aid credit card , auto and small - business lenders . issuance of residential and commercial mortgage - backed securities and cdos remains dormant . " [ sep ] talf
since whitehead ' s metaphysics described a universe in which all entities experience , he needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living , self - conscious beings . the term he coined was " prehension " , which comes from the latin prehensio , meaning " to seize . " the term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious , applying to people as well as electrons . it is also intended to make clear whitehead ' s rejection of the theory of representative perception , in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities . for whitehead , the term " prehension " indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself . in this way , entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations , rather than being independent of them . further , whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes , causal efficacy ( or " physical prehension " ) and presentational immediacy ( or " conceptual prehension " ) . [ sep ] comes from the latin prehensio , meaning " to seize . "
since whitehead ' s metaphysics described a universe in which all entities experience , he needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living , self - conscious beings . the term he coined was " prehension " , which comes from the latin prehensio , meaning " to seize . " the term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious , applying to people as well as electrons . it is also intended to make clear whitehead ' s rejection of the theory of representative perception , in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities . for whitehead , the term " prehension " indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself . in this way , entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations , rather than being independent of them . further , whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes , causal efficacy ( or " physical prehension " ) and presentational immediacy ( or " conceptual prehension " ) . [ sep ] a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious , applying to people as well as electrons
since whitehead ' s metaphysics described a universe in which all entities experience , he needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living , self - conscious beings . the term he coined was " prehension " , which comes from the latin prehensio , meaning " to seize . " the term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious , applying to people as well as electrons . it is also intended to make clear whitehead ' s rejection of the theory of representative perception , in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities . for whitehead , the term " prehension " indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself . in this way , entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations , rather than being independent of them . further , whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes , causal efficacy ( or " physical prehension " ) and presentational immediacy ( or " conceptual prehension " ) . [ sep ] the mind only has private ideas about other entities
since whitehead ' s metaphysics described a universe in which all entities experience , he needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living , self - conscious beings . the term he coined was " prehension " , which comes from the latin prehensio , meaning " to seize . " the term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious , applying to people as well as electrons . it is also intended to make clear whitehead ' s rejection of the theory of representative perception , in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities . for whitehead , the term " prehension " indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself . in this way , entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations , rather than being independent of them . further , whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes , causal efficacy ( or " physical prehension " ) and presentational immediacy ( or " conceptual prehension " ) . [ sep ] entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations , rather than being independent of them
since whitehead ' s metaphysics described a universe in which all entities experience , he needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living , self - conscious beings . the term he coined was " prehension " , which comes from the latin prehensio , meaning " to seize . " the term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious , applying to people as well as electrons . it is also intended to make clear whitehead ' s rejection of the theory of representative perception , in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities . for whitehead , the term " prehension " indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself . in this way , entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations , rather than being independent of them . further , whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes , causal efficacy ( or " physical prehension " ) and presentational immediacy ( or " conceptual prehension " ) . [ sep ] causal efficacy ( or " physical prehension " ) and presentational immediacy ( or " conceptual prehension " )
rapid increases in a number of commodity prices followed the collapse in the housing bubble . the price of oil nearly tripled from $ 50 to $ 147 from early 2007 to 2008 , before plunging as the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008 . experts debate the causes , with some attributing it to speculative flow of money from housing and other investments into commodities , some to monetary policy , and some to the increasing feeling of raw materials scarcity in a fast - growing world , leading to long positions taken on those markets , such as chinese increasing presence in africa . an increase in oil prices tends to divert a larger share of consumer spending into gasoline , which creates downward pressure on economic growth in oil importing countries , as wealth flows to oil - producing states . a pattern of spiking instability in the price of oil over the decade leading up to the price high of 2008 has been recently identified . the destabilizing effects of this price variance has been proposed as a contributory factor in the financial crisis . [ sep ] rapid increases
rapid increases in a number of commodity prices followed the collapse in the housing bubble . the price of oil nearly tripled from $ 50 to $ 147 from early 2007 to 2008 , before plunging as the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008 . experts debate the causes , with some attributing it to speculative flow of money from housing and other investments into commodities , some to monetary policy , and some to the increasing feeling of raw materials scarcity in a fast - growing world , leading to long positions taken on those markets , such as chinese increasing presence in africa . an increase in oil prices tends to divert a larger share of consumer spending into gasoline , which creates downward pressure on economic growth in oil importing countries , as wealth flows to oil - producing states . a pattern of spiking instability in the price of oil over the decade leading up to the price high of 2008 has been recently identified . the destabilizing effects of this price variance has been proposed as a contributory factor in the financial crisis . [ sep ] nearly tripled from $ 50 to $ 147
rapid increases in a number of commodity prices followed the collapse in the housing bubble . the price of oil nearly tripled from $ 50 to $ 147 from early 2007 to 2008 , before plunging as the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008 . experts debate the causes , with some attributing it to speculative flow of money from housing and other investments into commodities , some to monetary policy , and some to the increasing feeling of raw materials scarcity in a fast - growing world , leading to long positions taken on those markets , such as chinese increasing presence in africa . an increase in oil prices tends to divert a larger share of consumer spending into gasoline , which creates downward pressure on economic growth in oil importing countries , as wealth flows to oil - producing states . a pattern of spiking instability in the price of oil over the decade leading up to the price high of 2008 has been recently identified . the destabilizing effects of this price variance has been proposed as a contributory factor in the financial crisis . [ sep ] plunging
rapid increases in a number of commodity prices followed the collapse in the housing bubble . the price of oil nearly tripled from $ 50 to $ 147 from early 2007 to 2008 , before plunging as the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008 . experts debate the causes , with some attributing it to speculative flow of money from housing and other investments into commodities , some to monetary policy , and some to the increasing feeling of raw materials scarcity in a fast - growing world , leading to long positions taken on those markets , such as chinese increasing presence in africa . an increase in oil prices tends to divert a larger share of consumer spending into gasoline , which creates downward pressure on economic growth in oil importing countries , as wealth flows to oil - producing states . a pattern of spiking instability in the price of oil over the decade leading up to the price high of 2008 has been recently identified . the destabilizing effects of this price variance has been proposed as a contributory factor in the financial crisis . [ sep ] monetary policy
rapid increases in a number of commodity prices followed the collapse in the housing bubble . the price of oil nearly tripled from $ 50 to $ 147 from early 2007 to 2008 , before plunging as the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008 . experts debate the causes , with some attributing it to speculative flow of money from housing and other investments into commodities , some to monetary policy , and some to the increasing feeling of raw materials scarcity in a fast - growing world , leading to long positions taken on those markets , such as chinese increasing presence in africa . an increase in oil prices tends to divert a larger share of consumer spending into gasoline , which creates downward pressure on economic growth in oil importing countries , as wealth flows to oil - producing states . a pattern of spiking instability in the price of oil over the decade leading up to the price high of 2008 has been recently identified . the destabilizing effects of this price variance has been proposed as a contributory factor in the financial crisis . [ sep ] gasoline
in testimony before the senate committee on commerce , science , and transportation on june 3 , 2008 , former director of the cftc division of trading & markets ( responsible for enforcement ) michael greenberger specifically named the atlanta - based intercontinentalexchange , founded by goldman sachs , morgan stanley and bp as playing a key role in speculative run - up of oil futures prices traded off the regulated futures exchanges in london and new york . however , the intercontinentalexchange ( ice ) had been regulated by both european and u . s . authorities since its purchase of the international petroleum exchange in 2001 . mr greenberger was later corrected on this matter . [ sep ] michael greenberger
in testimony before the senate committee on commerce , science , and transportation on june 3 , 2008 , former director of the cftc division of trading & markets ( responsible for enforcement ) michael greenberger specifically named the atlanta - based intercontinentalexchange , founded by goldman sachs , morgan stanley and bp as playing a key role in speculative run - up of oil futures prices traded off the regulated futures exchanges in london and new york . however , the intercontinentalexchange ( ice ) had been regulated by both european and u . s . authorities since its purchase of the international petroleum exchange in 2001 . mr greenberger was later corrected on this matter . [ sep ] intercontinentalexchange
in testimony before the senate committee on commerce , science , and transportation on june 3 , 2008 , former director of the cftc division of trading & markets ( responsible for enforcement ) michael greenberger specifically named the atlanta - based intercontinentalexchange , founded by goldman sachs , morgan stanley and bp as playing a key role in speculative run - up of oil futures prices traded off the regulated futures exchanges in london and new york . however , the intercontinentalexchange ( ice ) had been regulated by both european and u . s . authorities since its purchase of the international petroleum exchange in 2001 . mr greenberger was later corrected on this matter . [ sep ] goldman sachs , morgan stanley and bp
in testimony before the senate committee on commerce , science , and transportation on june 3 , 2008 , former director of the cftc division of trading & markets ( responsible for enforcement ) michael greenberger specifically named the atlanta - based intercontinentalexchange , founded by goldman sachs , morgan stanley and bp as playing a key role in speculative run - up of oil futures prices traded off the regulated futures exchanges in london and new york . however , the intercontinentalexchange ( ice ) had been regulated by both european and u . s . authorities since its purchase of the international petroleum exchange in 2001 . mr greenberger was later corrected on this matter . [ sep ] intercontinentalexchange ( ice )
in testimony before the senate committee on commerce , science , and transportation on june 3 , 2008 , former director of the cftc division of trading & markets ( responsible for enforcement ) michael greenberger specifically named the atlanta - based intercontinentalexchange , founded by goldman sachs , morgan stanley and bp as playing a key role in speculative run - up of oil futures prices traded off the regulated futures exchanges in london and new york . however , the intercontinentalexchange ( ice ) had been regulated by both european and u . s . authorities since its purchase of the international petroleum exchange in 2001 . mr greenberger was later corrected on this matter . [ sep ] london and new york
whitehead describes causal efficacy as " the experience dominating the primitive living organisms , which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged , and the fate towards which they go . " it is , in other words , the sense of causal relations between entities , a feeling of being influenced and affected by the surrounding environment , unmediated by the senses . presentational immediacy , on the other hand , is what is usually referred to as " pure sense perception " , unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation , even unconscious interpretation . in other words , it is pure appearance , which may or may not be delusive ( e . g . mistaking an image in a mirror for " the real thing " ) . [ sep ] " the experience dominating the primitive living organisms , which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged , and the fate towards which they go . "
whitehead describes causal efficacy as " the experience dominating the primitive living organisms , which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged , and the fate towards which they go . " it is , in other words , the sense of causal relations between entities , a feeling of being influenced and affected by the surrounding environment , unmediated by the senses . presentational immediacy , on the other hand , is what is usually referred to as " pure sense perception " , unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation , even unconscious interpretation . in other words , it is pure appearance , which may or may not be delusive ( e . g . mistaking an image in a mirror for " the real thing " ) . [ sep ] unmediated by the senses
whitehead describes causal efficacy as " the experience dominating the primitive living organisms , which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged , and the fate towards which they go . " it is , in other words , the sense of causal relations between entities , a feeling of being influenced and affected by the surrounding environment , unmediated by the senses . presentational immediacy , on the other hand , is what is usually referred to as " pure sense perception " , unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation , even unconscious interpretation . in other words , it is pure appearance , which may or may not be delusive ( e . g . mistaking an image in a mirror for " the real thing " ) . [ sep ] " pure sense perception " , unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation , even unconscious interpretation
whitehead describes causal efficacy as " the experience dominating the primitive living organisms , which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged , and the fate towards which they go . " it is , in other words , the sense of causal relations between entities , a feeling of being influenced and affected by the surrounding environment , unmediated by the senses . presentational immediacy , on the other hand , is what is usually referred to as " pure sense perception " , unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation , even unconscious interpretation . in other words , it is pure appearance , which may or may not be delusive ( e . g . mistaking an image in a mirror for " the real thing " ) . [ sep ] it is pure appearance , which may or may not be delusive
feminist economists ailsa mckay and margunn bjørnholt argue that the financial crisis and the response to it revealed a crisis of ideas in mainstream economics and within the economics profession , and call for a reshaping of both the economy , economic theory and the economics profession . they argue that such a reshaping should include new advances within feminist economics and ecological economics that take as their starting point the socially responsible , sensible and accountable subject in creating an economy and economic theories that fully acknowledge care for each other as well as the planet . [ sep ] ailsa mckay
feminist economists ailsa mckay and margunn bjørnholt argue that the financial crisis and the response to it revealed a crisis of ideas in mainstream economics and within the economics profession , and call for a reshaping of both the economy , economic theory and the economics profession . they argue that such a reshaping should include new advances within feminist economics and ecological economics that take as their starting point the socially responsible , sensible and accountable subject in creating an economy and economic theories that fully acknowledge care for each other as well as the planet . [ sep ] mainstream economics
feminist economists ailsa mckay and margunn bjørnholt argue that the financial crisis and the response to it revealed a crisis of ideas in mainstream economics and within the economics profession , and call for a reshaping of both the economy , economic theory and the economics profession . they argue that such a reshaping should include new advances within feminist economics and ecological economics that take as their starting point the socially responsible , sensible and accountable subject in creating an economy and economic theories that fully acknowledge care for each other as well as the planet . [ sep ] feminist economics
feminist economists ailsa mckay and margunn bjørnholt argue that the financial crisis and the response to it revealed a crisis of ideas in mainstream economics and within the economics profession , and call for a reshaping of both the economy , economic theory and the economics profession . they argue that such a reshaping should include new advances within feminist economics and ecological economics that take as their starting point the socially responsible , sensible and accountable subject in creating an economy and economic theories that fully acknowledge care for each other as well as the planet . [ sep ] a reshaping
in higher organisms ( like people ) , these two modes of perception combine into what whitehead terms " symbolic reference " , which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it . by way of illustration , whitehead uses the example of a person ' s encounter with a chair . an ordinary person looks up , sees a colored shape , and immediately infers that it is a chair . however , an artist , whitehead supposes , " might not have jumped to the notion of a chair " , but instead " might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape . " this is not the normal human reaction ; most people place objects in categories by habit and instinct , without even thinking about it . moreover , animals do the same thing . using the same example , whitehead points out that a dog " would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such . " in this way symbolic reference is a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other , and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality ( as the dog illustrates ) , while it is the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality ( as the artist illustrates ) . [ sep ] links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it
in higher organisms ( like people ) , these two modes of perception combine into what whitehead terms " symbolic reference " , which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it . by way of illustration , whitehead uses the example of a person ' s encounter with a chair . an ordinary person looks up , sees a colored shape , and immediately infers that it is a chair . however , an artist , whitehead supposes , " might not have jumped to the notion of a chair " , but instead " might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape . " this is not the normal human reaction ; most people place objects in categories by habit and instinct , without even thinking about it . moreover , animals do the same thing . using the same example , whitehead points out that a dog " would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such . " in this way symbolic reference is a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other , and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality ( as the dog illustrates ) , while it is the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality ( as the artist illustrates ) . [ sep ] an ordinary person looks up , sees a colored shape , and immediately infers that it is a chair
in higher organisms ( like people ) , these two modes of perception combine into what whitehead terms " symbolic reference " , which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it . by way of illustration , whitehead uses the example of a person ' s encounter with a chair . an ordinary person looks up , sees a colored shape , and immediately infers that it is a chair . however , an artist , whitehead supposes , " might not have jumped to the notion of a chair " , but instead " might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape . " this is not the normal human reaction ; most people place objects in categories by habit and instinct , without even thinking about it . moreover , animals do the same thing . using the same example , whitehead points out that a dog " would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such . " in this way symbolic reference is a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other , and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality ( as the dog illustrates ) , while it is the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality ( as the artist illustrates ) . [ sep ] " might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape . "
in higher organisms ( like people ) , these two modes of perception combine into what whitehead terms " symbolic reference " , which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it . by way of illustration , whitehead uses the example of a person ' s encounter with a chair . an ordinary person looks up , sees a colored shape , and immediately infers that it is a chair . however , an artist , whitehead supposes , " might not have jumped to the notion of a chair " , but instead " might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape . " this is not the normal human reaction ; most people place objects in categories by habit and instinct , without even thinking about it . moreover , animals do the same thing . using the same example , whitehead points out that a dog " would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such . " in this way symbolic reference is a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other , and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality ( as the dog illustrates ) , while it is the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality ( as the artist illustrates ) . [ sep ] " would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such . "
in higher organisms ( like people ) , these two modes of perception combine into what whitehead terms " symbolic reference " , which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it . by way of illustration , whitehead uses the example of a person ' s encounter with a chair . an ordinary person looks up , sees a colored shape , and immediately infers that it is a chair . however , an artist , whitehead supposes , " might not have jumped to the notion of a chair " , but instead " might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape . " this is not the normal human reaction ; most people place objects in categories by habit and instinct , without even thinking about it . moreover , animals do the same thing . using the same example , whitehead points out that a dog " would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such . " in this way symbolic reference is a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other , and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality ( as the dog illustrates ) , while it is the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality ( as the artist illustrates ) . [ sep ] causal relationships
current governor of the reserve bank of india raghuram rajan had predicted the crisis in 2005 when he became chief economist at the international monetary fund . in 2005 , at a celebration honouring alan greenspan , who was about to retire as chairman of the us federal reserve , rajan delivered a controversial paper that was critical of the financial sector . in that paper , " has financial development made the world riskier ? " , rajan " argued that disaster might loom . " rajan argued that financial sector managers were encouraged to " take risks that generate severe adverse consequences with small probability but , in return , offer generous compensation the rest of the time . these risks are known as tail risks . but perhaps the most important concern is whether banks will be able to provide liquidity to financial markets so that if the tail risk does materialise , financial positions can be unwound and losses allocated so that the consequences to the real economy are minimised . " [ sep ] raghuram rajan
current governor of the reserve bank of india raghuram rajan had predicted the crisis in 2005 when he became chief economist at the international monetary fund . in 2005 , at a celebration honouring alan greenspan , who was about to retire as chairman of the us federal reserve , rajan delivered a controversial paper that was critical of the financial sector . in that paper , " has financial development made the world riskier ? " , rajan " argued that disaster might loom . " rajan argued that financial sector managers were encouraged to " take risks that generate severe adverse consequences with small probability but , in return , offer generous compensation the rest of the time . these risks are known as tail risks . but perhaps the most important concern is whether banks will be able to provide liquidity to financial markets so that if the tail risk does materialise , financial positions can be unwound and losses allocated so that the consequences to the real economy are minimised . " [ sep ] 2005
current governor of the reserve bank of india raghuram rajan had predicted the crisis in 2005 when he became chief economist at the international monetary fund . in 2005 , at a celebration honouring alan greenspan , who was about to retire as chairman of the us federal reserve , rajan delivered a controversial paper that was critical of the financial sector . in that paper , " has financial development made the world riskier ? " , rajan " argued that disaster might loom . " rajan argued that financial sector managers were encouraged to " take risks that generate severe adverse consequences with small probability but , in return , offer generous compensation the rest of the time . these risks are known as tail risks . but perhaps the most important concern is whether banks will be able to provide liquidity to financial markets so that if the tail risk does materialise , financial positions can be unwound and losses allocated so that the consequences to the real economy are minimised . " [ sep ] at a celebration honouring alan greenspan
current governor of the reserve bank of india raghuram rajan had predicted the crisis in 2005 when he became chief economist at the international monetary fund . in 2005 , at a celebration honouring alan greenspan , who was about to retire as chairman of the us federal reserve , rajan delivered a controversial paper that was critical of the financial sector . in that paper , " has financial development made the world riskier ? " , rajan " argued that disaster might loom . " rajan argued that financial sector managers were encouraged to " take risks that generate severe adverse consequences with small probability but , in return , offer generous compensation the rest of the time . these risks are known as tail risks . but perhaps the most important concern is whether banks will be able to provide liquidity to financial markets so that if the tail risk does materialise , financial positions can be unwound and losses allocated so that the consequences to the real economy are minimised . " [ sep ] " has financial development made the world riskier ? "
current governor of the reserve bank of india raghuram rajan had predicted the crisis in 2005 when he became chief economist at the international monetary fund . in 2005 , at a celebration honouring alan greenspan , who was about to retire as chairman of the us federal reserve , rajan delivered a controversial paper that was critical of the financial sector . in that paper , " has financial development made the world riskier ? " , rajan " argued that disaster might loom . " rajan argued that financial sector managers were encouraged to " take risks that generate severe adverse consequences with small probability but , in return , offer generous compensation the rest of the time . these risks are known as tail risks . but perhaps the most important concern is whether banks will be able to provide liquidity to financial markets so that if the tail risk does materialise , financial positions can be unwound and losses allocated so that the consequences to the real economy are minimised . " [ sep ] tail risks
whitehead makes the startling observation that " life is comparatively deficient in survival value . " if humans can only exist for about a hundred years , and rocks for eight hundred million , then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place ; as whitehead humorously notes , " they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them . " he then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment , an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three - fold goal of living , living well , and living better . in other words , whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction . without such a goal , he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible . [ sep ] " life is comparatively deficient in survival value . "
whitehead makes the startling observation that " life is comparatively deficient in survival value . " if humans can only exist for about a hundred years , and rocks for eight hundred million , then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place ; as whitehead humorously notes , " they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them . " he then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment , an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three - fold goal of living , living well , and living better . in other words , whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction . without such a goal , he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible . [ sep ] " they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them . "
whitehead makes the startling observation that " life is comparatively deficient in survival value . " if humans can only exist for about a hundred years , and rocks for eight hundred million , then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place ; as whitehead humorously notes , " they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them . " he then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment , an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three - fold goal of living , living well , and living better . in other words , whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction . without such a goal , he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible . [ sep ] they are actively engaged in modifying their environment
whitehead makes the startling observation that " life is comparatively deficient in survival value . " if humans can only exist for about a hundred years , and rocks for eight hundred million , then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place ; as whitehead humorously notes , " they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them . " he then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment , an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three - fold goal of living , living well , and living better . in other words , whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction . without such a goal , he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible . [ sep ] living , living well , and living better
whitehead makes the startling observation that " life is comparatively deficient in survival value . " if humans can only exist for about a hundred years , and rocks for eight hundred million , then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place ; as whitehead humorously notes , " they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them . " he then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment , an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three - fold goal of living , living well , and living better . in other words , whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction . without such a goal , he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible . [ sep ] increasing its own satisfaction
but sebastiao de melo ' s greatest reforms were economic and financial , with the creation of several companies and guilds to regulate every commercial activity . he demarcated the region for production of port to ensure the wine ' s quality , and this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in europe . he ruled with a strong hand by imposing strict law upon all classes of portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class , along with a widespread review of the country ' s tax system . these reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes , especially among the high nobility , who despised him as a social upstart . [ sep ] economic and financial
but sebastiao de melo ' s greatest reforms were economic and financial , with the creation of several companies and guilds to regulate every commercial activity . he demarcated the region for production of port to ensure the wine ' s quality , and this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in europe . he ruled with a strong hand by imposing strict law upon all classes of portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class , along with a widespread review of the country ' s tax system . these reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes , especially among the high nobility , who despised him as a social upstart . [ sep ] to ensure the wine ' s quality
but sebastiao de melo ' s greatest reforms were economic and financial , with the creation of several companies and guilds to regulate every commercial activity . he demarcated the region for production of port to ensure the wine ' s quality , and this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in europe . he ruled with a strong hand by imposing strict law upon all classes of portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class , along with a widespread review of the country ' s tax system . these reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes , especially among the high nobility , who despised him as a social upstart . [ sep ] upon all classes of portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class
but sebastiao de melo ' s greatest reforms were economic and financial , with the creation of several companies and guilds to regulate every commercial activity . he demarcated the region for production of port to ensure the wine ' s quality , and this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in europe . he ruled with a strong hand by imposing strict law upon all classes of portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class , along with a widespread review of the country ' s tax system . these reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes , especially among the high nobility , who despised him as a social upstart . [ sep ] especially among the high nobility
but sebastiao de melo ' s greatest reforms were economic and financial , with the creation of several companies and guilds to regulate every commercial activity . he demarcated the region for production of port to ensure the wine ' s quality , and this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in europe . he ruled with a strong hand by imposing strict law upon all classes of portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class , along with a widespread review of the country ' s tax system . these reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes , especially among the high nobility , who despised him as a social upstart . [ sep ] sebastiao de melo
the financial crisis was not widely predicted by mainstream economists except raghuram rajan , who instead spoke of the great moderation . a number of heterodox economists predicted the crisis , with varying arguments . dirk bezemer in his research credits ( with supporting argument and estimates of timing ) 12 economists with predicting the crisis : dean baker ( us ) , wynne godley ( uk ) , fred harrison ( uk ) , michael hudson ( us ) , eric janszen ( us ) , steve keen ( australia ) , jakob brøchner madsen & jens kjaer sørensen ( denmark ) , kurt richebacher ( us ) , nouriel roubini ( us ) , peter schiff ( us ) , and robert shiller ( us ) . examples of other experts who gave indications of a financial crisis have also been given . not surprisingly , the austrian economic school regarded the crisis as a vindication and classic example of a predictable credit - fueled bubble that could not forestall the disregarded but inevitable effect of an artificial , manufactured laxity in monetary supply , a perspective that even former fed chair alan greenspan in congressional testimony confessed himself forced to return to . [ sep ] raghuram rajan
the financial crisis was not widely predicted by mainstream economists except raghuram rajan , who instead spoke of the great moderation . a number of heterodox economists predicted the crisis , with varying arguments . dirk bezemer in his research credits ( with supporting argument and estimates of timing ) 12 economists with predicting the crisis : dean baker ( us ) , wynne godley ( uk ) , fred harrison ( uk ) , michael hudson ( us ) , eric janszen ( us ) , steve keen ( australia ) , jakob brøchner madsen & jens kjaer sørensen ( denmark ) , kurt richebacher ( us ) , nouriel roubini ( us ) , peter schiff ( us ) , and robert shiller ( us ) . examples of other experts who gave indications of a financial crisis have also been given . not surprisingly , the austrian economic school regarded the crisis as a vindication and classic example of a predictable credit - fueled bubble that could not forestall the disregarded but inevitable effect of an artificial , manufactured laxity in monetary supply , a perspective that even former fed chair alan greenspan in congressional testimony confessed himself forced to return to . [ sep ] great moderation
the financial crisis was not widely predicted by mainstream economists except raghuram rajan , who instead spoke of the great moderation . a number of heterodox economists predicted the crisis , with varying arguments . dirk bezemer in his research credits ( with supporting argument and estimates of timing ) 12 economists with predicting the crisis : dean baker ( us ) , wynne godley ( uk ) , fred harrison ( uk ) , michael hudson ( us ) , eric janszen ( us ) , steve keen ( australia ) , jakob brøchner madsen & jens kjaer sørensen ( denmark ) , kurt richebacher ( us ) , nouriel roubini ( us ) , peter schiff ( us ) , and robert shiller ( us ) . examples of other experts who gave indications of a financial crisis have also been given . not surprisingly , the austrian economic school regarded the crisis as a vindication and classic example of a predictable credit - fueled bubble that could not forestall the disregarded but inevitable effect of an artificial , manufactured laxity in monetary supply , a perspective that even former fed chair alan greenspan in congressional testimony confessed himself forced to return to . [ sep ] dirk bezemer
the financial crisis was not widely predicted by mainstream economists except raghuram rajan , who instead spoke of the great moderation . a number of heterodox economists predicted the crisis , with varying arguments . dirk bezemer in his research credits ( with supporting argument and estimates of timing ) 12 economists with predicting the crisis : dean baker ( us ) , wynne godley ( uk ) , fred harrison ( uk ) , michael hudson ( us ) , eric janszen ( us ) , steve keen ( australia ) , jakob brøchner madsen & jens kjaer sørensen ( denmark ) , kurt richebacher ( us ) , nouriel roubini ( us ) , peter schiff ( us ) , and robert shiller ( us ) . examples of other experts who gave indications of a financial crisis have also been given . not surprisingly , the austrian economic school regarded the crisis as a vindication and classic example of a predictable credit - fueled bubble that could not forestall the disregarded but inevitable effect of an artificial , manufactured laxity in monetary supply , a perspective that even former fed chair alan greenspan in congressional testimony confessed himself forced to return to . [ sep ] as a vindication
the financial crisis was not widely predicted by mainstream economists except raghuram rajan , who instead spoke of the great moderation . a number of heterodox economists predicted the crisis , with varying arguments . dirk bezemer in his research credits ( with supporting argument and estimates of timing ) 12 economists with predicting the crisis : dean baker ( us ) , wynne godley ( uk ) , fred harrison ( uk ) , michael hudson ( us ) , eric janszen ( us ) , steve keen ( australia ) , jakob brøchner madsen & jens kjaer sørensen ( denmark ) , kurt richebacher ( us ) , nouriel roubini ( us ) , peter schiff ( us ) , and robert shiller ( us ) . examples of other experts who gave indications of a financial crisis have also been given . not surprisingly , the austrian economic school regarded the crisis as a vindication and classic example of a predictable credit - fueled bubble that could not forestall the disregarded but inevitable effect of an artificial , manufactured laxity in monetary supply , a perspective that even former fed chair alan greenspan in congressional testimony confessed himself forced to return to . [ sep ] alan greenspan
whitehead ' s idea of god differs from traditional monotheistic notions . perhaps his most famous and pointed criticism of the christian conception of god is that " the church gave unto god the attributes which belonged exclusively to caesar . " here whitehead is criticizing christianity for defining god as primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world , and whose most important attribute is power . as opposed to the most widely accepted forms of christianity , whitehead emphasized an idea of god that he called " the brief galilean vision of humility " : [ sep ] " the church gave unto god the attributes which belonged exclusively to caesar . "
whitehead ' s idea of god differs from traditional monotheistic notions . perhaps his most famous and pointed criticism of the christian conception of god is that " the church gave unto god the attributes which belonged exclusively to caesar . " here whitehead is criticizing christianity for defining god as primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world , and whose most important attribute is power . as opposed to the most widely accepted forms of christianity , whitehead emphasized an idea of god that he called " the brief galilean vision of humility " : [ sep ] primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world , and whose most important attribute is power
whitehead ' s idea of god differs from traditional monotheistic notions . perhaps his most famous and pointed criticism of the christian conception of god is that " the church gave unto god the attributes which belonged exclusively to caesar . " here whitehead is criticizing christianity for defining god as primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world , and whose most important attribute is power . as opposed to the most widely accepted forms of christianity , whitehead emphasized an idea of god that he called " the brief galilean vision of humility " : [ sep ] " the brief galilean vision of humility "
the earliest recorded history of the region dates back to about 500 bce when much , if not all , of modern tajikistan was part of the achaemenid empire . some authors have also suggested that in the 7th and 6th century bce parts of modern tajikistan , including territories in the zeravshan valley , formed part of kambojas before it became part of the achaemenid empire . after the region ' s conquest by alexander the great it became part of the greco - bactrian kingdom , a successor state of alexander ' s empire . northern tajikistan ( the cities of khujand and panjakent ) was part of sogdia , a collection of city - states which was overrun by scythians and yuezhi nomadic tribes around 150 bce . the silk road passed through the region and following the expedition of chinese explorer zhang qian during the reign of wudi ( 141 – 87 bce ) commercial relations between han china and sogdiana flourished . sogdians played a major role in facilitating trade and also worked in other capacities , as farmers , carpetweavers , glassmakers , and woodcarvers . [ sep ] about 500 bce
the earliest recorded history of the region dates back to about 500 bce when much , if not all , of modern tajikistan was part of the achaemenid empire . some authors have also suggested that in the 7th and 6th century bce parts of modern tajikistan , including territories in the zeravshan valley , formed part of kambojas before it became part of the achaemenid empire . after the region ' s conquest by alexander the great it became part of the greco - bactrian kingdom , a successor state of alexander ' s empire . northern tajikistan ( the cities of khujand and panjakent ) was part of sogdia , a collection of city - states which was overrun by scythians and yuezhi nomadic tribes around 150 bce . the silk road passed through the region and following the expedition of chinese explorer zhang qian during the reign of wudi ( 141 – 87 bce ) commercial relations between han china and sogdiana flourished . sogdians played a major role in facilitating trade and also worked in other capacities , as farmers , carpetweavers , glassmakers , and woodcarvers . [ sep ] the achaemenid empire
the earliest recorded history of the region dates back to about 500 bce when much , if not all , of modern tajikistan was part of the achaemenid empire . some authors have also suggested that in the 7th and 6th century bce parts of modern tajikistan , including territories in the zeravshan valley , formed part of kambojas before it became part of the achaemenid empire . after the region ' s conquest by alexander the great it became part of the greco - bactrian kingdom , a successor state of alexander ' s empire . northern tajikistan ( the cities of khujand and panjakent ) was part of sogdia , a collection of city - states which was overrun by scythians and yuezhi nomadic tribes around 150 bce . the silk road passed through the region and following the expedition of chinese explorer zhang qian during the reign of wudi ( 141 – 87 bce ) commercial relations between han china and sogdiana flourished . sogdians played a major role in facilitating trade and also worked in other capacities , as farmers , carpetweavers , glassmakers , and woodcarvers . [ sep ] alexander the great
a cover story in businessweek magazine claims that economists mostly failed to predict the worst international economic crisis since the great depression of the 1930s . the wharton school of the university of pennsylvania ' s online business journal examines why economists failed to predict a major global financial crisis . popular articles published in the mass media have led the general public to believe that the majority of economists have failed in their obligation to predict the financial crisis . for example , an article in the new york times informs that economist nouriel roubini warned of such crisis as early as september 2006 , and the article goes on to state that the profession of economics is bad at predicting recessions . according to the guardian , roubini was ridiculed for predicting a collapse of the housing market and worldwide recession , while the new york times labelled him " dr . doom " . [ sep ] businessweek
a cover story in businessweek magazine claims that economists mostly failed to predict the worst international economic crisis since the great depression of the 1930s . the wharton school of the university of pennsylvania ' s online business journal examines why economists failed to predict a major global financial crisis . popular articles published in the mass media have led the general public to believe that the majority of economists have failed in their obligation to predict the financial crisis . for example , an article in the new york times informs that economist nouriel roubini warned of such crisis as early as september 2006 , and the article goes on to state that the profession of economics is bad at predicting recessions . according to the guardian , roubini was ridiculed for predicting a collapse of the housing market and worldwide recession , while the new york times labelled him " dr . doom " . [ sep ] great depression
a cover story in businessweek magazine claims that economists mostly failed to predict the worst international economic crisis since the great depression of the 1930s . the wharton school of the university of pennsylvania ' s online business journal examines why economists failed to predict a major global financial crisis . popular articles published in the mass media have led the general public to believe that the majority of economists have failed in their obligation to predict the financial crisis . for example , an article in the new york times informs that economist nouriel roubini warned of such crisis as early as september 2006 , and the article goes on to state that the profession of economics is bad at predicting recessions . according to the guardian , roubini was ridiculed for predicting a collapse of the housing market and worldwide recession , while the new york times labelled him " dr . doom " . [ sep ] the wharton school
a cover story in businessweek magazine claims that economists mostly failed to predict the worst international economic crisis since the great depression of the 1930s . the wharton school of the university of pennsylvania ' s online business journal examines why economists failed to predict a major global financial crisis . popular articles published in the mass media have led the general public to believe that the majority of economists have failed in their obligation to predict the financial crisis . for example , an article in the new york times informs that economist nouriel roubini warned of such crisis as early as september 2006 , and the article goes on to state that the profession of economics is bad at predicting recessions . according to the guardian , roubini was ridiculed for predicting a collapse of the housing market and worldwide recession , while the new york times labelled him " dr . doom " . [ sep ] nouriel roubini
a cover story in businessweek magazine claims that economists mostly failed to predict the worst international economic crisis since the great depression of the 1930s . the wharton school of the university of pennsylvania ' s online business journal examines why economists failed to predict a major global financial crisis . popular articles published in the mass media have led the general public to believe that the majority of economists have failed in their obligation to predict the financial crisis . for example , an article in the new york times informs that economist nouriel roubini warned of such crisis as early as september 2006 , and the article goes on to state that the profession of economics is bad at predicting recessions . according to the guardian , roubini was ridiculed for predicting a collapse of the housing market and worldwide recession , while the new york times labelled him " dr . doom " . [ sep ] " dr . doom "
the kushan empire , a collection of yuezhi tribes , took control of the region in the first century ce and ruled until the 4th century ce during which time buddhism , nestorian christianity , zoroastrianism , and manichaeism were all practiced in the region . later the hephthalite empire , a collection of nomadic tribes , moved into the region and arabs brought islam in the early eighth century . central asia continued in its role as a commercial crossroads , linking china , the steppes to the north , and the islamic heartland . [ sep ] buddhism , nestorian christianity , zoroastrianism , and manichaeism
the kushan empire , a collection of yuezhi tribes , took control of the region in the first century ce and ruled until the 4th century ce during which time buddhism , nestorian christianity , zoroastrianism , and manichaeism were all practiced in the region . later the hephthalite empire , a collection of nomadic tribes , moved into the region and arabs brought islam in the early eighth century . central asia continued in its role as a commercial crossroads , linking china , the steppes to the north , and the islamic heartland . [ sep ] yuezhi tribes
the kushan empire , a collection of yuezhi tribes , took control of the region in the first century ce and ruled until the 4th century ce during which time buddhism , nestorian christianity , zoroastrianism , and manichaeism were all practiced in the region . later the hephthalite empire , a collection of nomadic tribes , moved into the region and arabs brought islam in the early eighth century . central asia continued in its role as a commercial crossroads , linking china , the steppes to the north , and the islamic heartland . [ sep ] in the early eighth century
the kushan empire , a collection of yuezhi tribes , took control of the region in the first century ce and ruled until the 4th century ce during which time buddhism , nestorian christianity , zoroastrianism , and manichaeism were all practiced in the region . later the hephthalite empire , a collection of nomadic tribes , moved into the region and arabs brought islam in the early eighth century . central asia continued in its role as a commercial crossroads , linking china , the steppes to the north , and the islamic heartland . [ sep ] hephthalite empire ,
it should be emphasized , however , that for whitehead god is not necessarily tied to religion . rather than springing primarily from religious faith , whitehead saw god as necessary for his metaphysical system . his system required that an order exist among possibilities , an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities . whitehead posited that these ordered potentials exist in what he called the primordial nature of god . however , whitehead was also interested in religious experience . this led him to reflect more intensively on what he saw as the second nature of god , the consequent nature . whitehead ' s conception of god as a " dipolar " entity has called for fresh theological thinking . [ sep ] god is not necessarily tied to religion
it should be emphasized , however , that for whitehead god is not necessarily tied to religion . rather than springing primarily from religious faith , whitehead saw god as necessary for his metaphysical system . his system required that an order exist among possibilities , an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities . whitehead posited that these ordered potentials exist in what he called the primordial nature of god . however , whitehead was also interested in religious experience . this led him to reflect more intensively on what he saw as the second nature of god , the consequent nature . whitehead ' s conception of god as a " dipolar " entity has called for fresh theological thinking . [ sep ] his system required that an order exist among possibilities , an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities .
it should be emphasized , however , that for whitehead god is not necessarily tied to religion . rather than springing primarily from religious faith , whitehead saw god as necessary for his metaphysical system . his system required that an order exist among possibilities , an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities . whitehead posited that these ordered potentials exist in what he called the primordial nature of god . however , whitehead was also interested in religious experience . this led him to reflect more intensively on what he saw as the second nature of god , the consequent nature . whitehead ' s conception of god as a " dipolar " entity has called for fresh theological thinking . [ sep ] primordial nature of god
it should be emphasized , however , that for whitehead god is not necessarily tied to religion . rather than springing primarily from religious faith , whitehead saw god as necessary for his metaphysical system . his system required that an order exist among possibilities , an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities . whitehead posited that these ordered potentials exist in what he called the primordial nature of god . however , whitehead was also interested in religious experience . this led him to reflect more intensively on what he saw as the second nature of god , the consequent nature . whitehead ' s conception of god as a " dipolar " entity has called for fresh theological thinking . [ sep ] the consequent nature
it should be emphasized , however , that for whitehead god is not necessarily tied to religion . rather than springing primarily from religious faith , whitehead saw god as necessary for his metaphysical system . his system required that an order exist among possibilities , an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities . whitehead posited that these ordered potentials exist in what he called the primordial nature of god . however , whitehead was also interested in religious experience . this led him to reflect more intensively on what he saw as the second nature of god , the consequent nature . whitehead ' s conception of god as a " dipolar " entity has called for fresh theological thinking . [ sep ] dipolar
stock trader and financial risk engineer nassim nicholas taleb , author of the 2007 book the black swan , spent years warning against the breakdown of the banking system in particular and the economy in general owing to their use of bad risk models and reliance on forecasting , and their reliance on bad models , and framed the problem as part of " robustness and fragility " . he also took action against the establishment view by making a big financial bet on banking stocks and making a fortune from the crisis ( " they didn ' t listen , so i took their money " ) . according to david brooks from the new york times , " taleb not only has an explanation for what ’ s happening , he saw it coming . " [ sep ] nassim nicholas taleb
stock trader and financial risk engineer nassim nicholas taleb , author of the 2007 book the black swan , spent years warning against the breakdown of the banking system in particular and the economy in general owing to their use of bad risk models and reliance on forecasting , and their reliance on bad models , and framed the problem as part of " robustness and fragility " . he also took action against the establishment view by making a big financial bet on banking stocks and making a fortune from the crisis ( " they didn ' t listen , so i took their money " ) . according to david brooks from the new york times , " taleb not only has an explanation for what ’ s happening , he saw it coming . " [ sep ] david brooks
stock trader and financial risk engineer nassim nicholas taleb , author of the 2007 book the black swan , spent years warning against the breakdown of the banking system in particular and the economy in general owing to their use of bad risk models and reliance on forecasting , and their reliance on bad models , and framed the problem as part of " robustness and fragility " . he also took action against the establishment view by making a big financial bet on banking stocks and making a fortune from the crisis ( " they didn ' t listen , so i took their money " ) . according to david brooks from the new york times , " taleb not only has an explanation for what ’ s happening , he saw it coming . " [ sep ] the breakdown of the banking system
stock trader and financial risk engineer nassim nicholas taleb , author of the 2007 book the black swan , spent years warning against the breakdown of the banking system in particular and the economy in general owing to their use of bad risk models and reliance on forecasting , and their reliance on bad models , and framed the problem as part of " robustness and fragility " . he also took action against the establishment view by making a big financial bet on banking stocks and making a fortune from the crisis ( " they didn ' t listen , so i took their money " ) . according to david brooks from the new york times , " taleb not only has an explanation for what ’ s happening , he saw it coming . " [ sep ] banking stocks
god ' s consequent nature , on the other hand , is anything but unchanging – it is god ' s reception of the world ' s activity . as whitehead puts it , " [ god ] saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life . it is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved . " in other words , god saves and cherishes all experiences forever , and those experiences go on to change the way god interacts with the world . in this way , god is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe , lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance . [ sep ] god ' s reception of the world ' s activity
god ' s consequent nature , on the other hand , is anything but unchanging – it is god ' s reception of the world ' s activity . as whitehead puts it , " [ god ] saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life . it is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved . " in other words , god saves and cherishes all experiences forever , and those experiences go on to change the way god interacts with the world . in this way , god is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe , lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance . [ sep ] it is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved .
god ' s consequent nature , on the other hand , is anything but unchanging – it is god ' s reception of the world ' s activity . as whitehead puts it , " [ god ] saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life . it is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved . " in other words , god saves and cherishes all experiences forever , and those experiences go on to change the way god interacts with the world . in this way , god is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe , lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance . [ sep ] god saves and cherishes all experiences forever
god ' s consequent nature , on the other hand , is anything but unchanging – it is god ' s reception of the world ' s activity . as whitehead puts it , " [ god ] saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life . it is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved . " in other words , god saves and cherishes all experiences forever , and those experiences go on to change the way god interacts with the world . in this way , god is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe , lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance . [ sep ] those experiences go on to change the way god interacts with the world
god ' s consequent nature , on the other hand , is anything but unchanging – it is god ' s reception of the world ' s activity . as whitehead puts it , " [ god ] saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life . it is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved . " in other words , god saves and cherishes all experiences forever , and those experiences go on to change the way god interacts with the world . in this way , god is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe , lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance . [ sep ] god is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe , lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance .
saint barthelemy , a volcanic island fully encircled by shallow reefs , has an area of 25 square kilometres ( 9 . 7 sq mi ) and a population of 9 , 035 ( jan . 2011 estimate ) . its capital is gustavia [ citation needed ] , which also contains the main harbour to the island . it is the only caribbean island which was a swedish colony for any significant length of time ; guadeloupe was under swedish rule only briefly at the end of the napoleonic wars . symbolism from the swedish national arms , the three crowns , still appears in the island ' s coat of arms . the language , cuisine , and culture , however , are distinctly french . the island is a popular tourist destination during the winter holiday season , especially for the rich and famous during the christmas and new year period . [ sep ] volcanic
saint barthelemy , a volcanic island fully encircled by shallow reefs , has an area of 25 square kilometres ( 9 . 7 sq mi ) and a population of 9 , 035 ( jan . 2011 estimate ) . its capital is gustavia [ citation needed ] , which also contains the main harbour to the island . it is the only caribbean island which was a swedish colony for any significant length of time ; guadeloupe was under swedish rule only briefly at the end of the napoleonic wars . symbolism from the swedish national arms , the three crowns , still appears in the island ' s coat of arms . the language , cuisine , and culture , however , are distinctly french . the island is a popular tourist destination during the winter holiday season , especially for the rich and famous during the christmas and new year period . [ sep ] 9 , 035
saint barthelemy , a volcanic island fully encircled by shallow reefs , has an area of 25 square kilometres ( 9 . 7 sq mi ) and a population of 9 , 035 ( jan . 2011 estimate ) . its capital is gustavia [ citation needed ] , which also contains the main harbour to the island . it is the only caribbean island which was a swedish colony for any significant length of time ; guadeloupe was under swedish rule only briefly at the end of the napoleonic wars . symbolism from the swedish national arms , the three crowns , still appears in the island ' s coat of arms . the language , cuisine , and culture , however , are distinctly french . the island is a popular tourist destination during the winter holiday season , especially for the rich and famous during the christmas and new year period . [ sep ] gustavia
saint barthelemy , a volcanic island fully encircled by shallow reefs , has an area of 25 square kilometres ( 9 . 7 sq mi ) and a population of 9 , 035 ( jan . 2011 estimate ) . its capital is gustavia [ citation needed ] , which also contains the main harbour to the island . it is the only caribbean island which was a swedish colony for any significant length of time ; guadeloupe was under swedish rule only briefly at the end of the napoleonic wars . symbolism from the swedish national arms , the three crowns , still appears in the island ' s coat of arms . the language , cuisine , and culture , however , are distinctly french . the island is a popular tourist destination during the winter holiday season , especially for the rich and famous during the christmas and new year period . [ sep ] swedish
saint barthelemy , a volcanic island fully encircled by shallow reefs , has an area of 25 square kilometres ( 9 . 7 sq mi ) and a population of 9 , 035 ( jan . 2011 estimate ) . its capital is gustavia [ citation needed ] , which also contains the main harbour to the island . it is the only caribbean island which was a swedish colony for any significant length of time ; guadeloupe was under swedish rule only briefly at the end of the napoleonic wars . symbolism from the swedish national arms , the three crowns , still appears in the island ' s coat of arms . the language , cuisine , and culture , however , are distinctly french . the island is a popular tourist destination during the winter holiday season , especially for the rich and famous during the christmas and new year period . [ sep ] the winter holiday season
market strategist phil dow believes distinctions exist " between the current market malaise " and the great depression . he says the dow jones average ' s fall of more than 50 % over a period of 17 months is similar to a 54 . 7 % fall in the great depression , followed by a total drop of 89 % over the following 16 months . " it ' s very troubling if you have a mirror image , " said dow . floyd norris , the chief financial correspondent of the new york times , wrote in a blog entry in march 2009 that the decline has not been a mirror image of the great depression , explaining that although the decline amounts were nearly the same at the time , the rates of decline had started much faster in 2007 , and that the past year had only ranked eighth among the worst recorded years of percentage drops in the dow . the past two years ranked third , however . [ sep ] phil dow
market strategist phil dow believes distinctions exist " between the current market malaise " and the great depression . he says the dow jones average ' s fall of more than 50 % over a period of 17 months is similar to a 54 . 7 % fall in the great depression , followed by a total drop of 89 % over the following 16 months . " it ' s very troubling if you have a mirror image , " said dow . floyd norris , the chief financial correspondent of the new york times , wrote in a blog entry in march 2009 that the decline has not been a mirror image of the great depression , explaining that although the decline amounts were nearly the same at the time , the rates of decline had started much faster in 2007 , and that the past year had only ranked eighth among the worst recorded years of percentage drops in the dow . the past two years ranked third , however . [ sep ] 50 %
market strategist phil dow believes distinctions exist " between the current market malaise " and the great depression . he says the dow jones average ' s fall of more than 50 % over a period of 17 months is similar to a 54 . 7 % fall in the great depression , followed by a total drop of 89 % over the following 16 months . " it ' s very troubling if you have a mirror image , " said dow . floyd norris , the chief financial correspondent of the new york times , wrote in a blog entry in march 2009 that the decline has not been a mirror image of the great depression , explaining that although the decline amounts were nearly the same at the time , the rates of decline had started much faster in 2007 , and that the past year had only ranked eighth among the worst recorded years of percentage drops in the dow . the past two years ranked third , however . [ sep ] 54 . 7 %
market strategist phil dow believes distinctions exist " between the current market malaise " and the great depression . he says the dow jones average ' s fall of more than 50 % over a period of 17 months is similar to a 54 . 7 % fall in the great depression , followed by a total drop of 89 % over the following 16 months . " it ' s very troubling if you have a mirror image , " said dow . floyd norris , the chief financial correspondent of the new york times , wrote in a blog entry in march 2009 that the decline has not been a mirror image of the great depression , explaining that although the decline amounts were nearly the same at the time , the rates of decline had started much faster in 2007 , and that the past year had only ranked eighth among the worst recorded years of percentage drops in the dow . the past two years ranked third , however . [ sep ] floyd norris
saint barthelemy was for many years a french commune forming part of guadeloupe , which is an overseas region and department of france . through a referendum in 2003 , island residents sought separation from the administrative jurisdiction of guadeloupe , and it was finally accomplished in 2007 . the island of saint barthelemy became an overseas collectivity ( com ) . a governing territorial council was elected for its administration , which has provided the island with a certain degree of autonomy . the hotel de ville , which was the town hall , is now the hotel de la collectivite . a senator represents the island in paris . st . barthelemy has retained its free port status . [ sep ] guadeloupe
saint barthelemy was for many years a french commune forming part of guadeloupe , which is an overseas region and department of france . through a referendum in 2003 , island residents sought separation from the administrative jurisdiction of guadeloupe , and it was finally accomplished in 2007 . the island of saint barthelemy became an overseas collectivity ( com ) . a governing territorial council was elected for its administration , which has provided the island with a certain degree of autonomy . the hotel de ville , which was the town hall , is now the hotel de la collectivite . a senator represents the island in paris . st . barthelemy has retained its free port status . [ sep ] 2003
saint barthelemy was for many years a french commune forming part of guadeloupe , which is an overseas region and department of france . through a referendum in 2003 , island residents sought separation from the administrative jurisdiction of guadeloupe , and it was finally accomplished in 2007 . the island of saint barthelemy became an overseas collectivity ( com ) . a governing territorial council was elected for its administration , which has provided the island with a certain degree of autonomy . the hotel de ville , which was the town hall , is now the hotel de la collectivite . a senator represents the island in paris . st . barthelemy has retained its free port status . [ sep ] 2007
saint barthelemy was for many years a french commune forming part of guadeloupe , which is an overseas region and department of france . through a referendum in 2003 , island residents sought separation from the administrative jurisdiction of guadeloupe , and it was finally accomplished in 2007 . the island of saint barthelemy became an overseas collectivity ( com ) . a governing territorial council was elected for its administration , which has provided the island with a certain degree of autonomy . the hotel de ville , which was the town hall , is now the hotel de la collectivite . a senator represents the island in paris . st . barthelemy has retained its free port status . [ sep ] hotel de la collectivite
saint barthelemy was for many years a french commune forming part of guadeloupe , which is an overseas region and department of france . through a referendum in 2003 , island residents sought separation from the administrative jurisdiction of guadeloupe , and it was finally accomplished in 2007 . the island of saint barthelemy became an overseas collectivity ( com ) . a governing territorial council was elected for its administration , which has provided the island with a certain degree of autonomy . the hotel de ville , which was the town hall , is now the hotel de la collectivite . a senator represents the island in paris . st . barthelemy has retained its free port status . [ sep ] a senator
one of the first victims was northern rock , a medium - sized british bank . the highly leveraged nature of its business led the bank to request security from the bank of england . this in turn led to investor panic and a bank run in mid - september 2007 . calls by liberal democrat treasury spokesman vince cable to nationalise the institution were initially ignored ; in february 2008 , however , the british government ( having failed to find a private sector buyer ) relented , and the bank was taken into public hands . northern rock ' s problems proved to be an early indication of the troubles that would soon befall other banks and financial institutions . [ sep ] northern rock
one of the first victims was northern rock , a medium - sized british bank . the highly leveraged nature of its business led the bank to request security from the bank of england . this in turn led to investor panic and a bank run in mid - september 2007 . calls by liberal democrat treasury spokesman vince cable to nationalise the institution were initially ignored ; in february 2008 , however , the british government ( having failed to find a private sector buyer ) relented , and the bank was taken into public hands . northern rock ' s problems proved to be an early indication of the troubles that would soon befall other banks and financial institutions . [ sep ] bank of england
one of the first victims was northern rock , a medium - sized british bank . the highly leveraged nature of its business led the bank to request security from the bank of england . this in turn led to investor panic and a bank run in mid - september 2007 . calls by liberal democrat treasury spokesman vince cable to nationalise the institution were initially ignored ; in february 2008 , however , the british government ( having failed to find a private sector buyer ) relented , and the bank was taken into public hands . northern rock ' s problems proved to be an early indication of the troubles that would soon befall other banks and financial institutions . [ sep ] september 2007
one of the first victims was northern rock , a medium - sized british bank . the highly leveraged nature of its business led the bank to request security from the bank of england . this in turn led to investor panic and a bank run in mid - september 2007 . calls by liberal democrat treasury spokesman vince cable to nationalise the institution were initially ignored ; in february 2008 , however , the british government ( having failed to find a private sector buyer ) relented , and the bank was taken into public hands . northern rock ' s problems proved to be an early indication of the troubles that would soon befall other banks and financial institutions . [ sep ] february 2008
one of the first victims was northern rock , a medium - sized british bank . the highly leveraged nature of its business led the bank to request security from the bank of england . this in turn led to investor panic and a bank run in mid - september 2007 . calls by liberal democrat treasury spokesman vince cable to nationalise the institution were initially ignored ; in february 2008 , however , the british government ( having failed to find a private sector buyer ) relented , and the bank was taken into public hands . northern rock ' s problems proved to be an early indication of the troubles that would soon befall other banks and financial institutions . [ sep ] northern rock
whitehead thus sees god and the world as fulfilling one another . he sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only god can provide by taking them into god ' s self , thereafter changing god and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time . on the other hand , he sees god as permanent but as deficient in actuality and change : alone , god is merely eternally unrealized possibilities , and requires the world to actualize them . god gives creatures permanence , while the creatures give god actuality and change . here it is worthwhile to quote whitehead at length : [ sep ] whitehead thus sees god and the world as fulfilling one another
whitehead thus sees god and the world as fulfilling one another . he sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only god can provide by taking them into god ' s self , thereafter changing god and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time . on the other hand , he sees god as permanent but as deficient in actuality and change : alone , god is merely eternally unrealized possibilities , and requires the world to actualize them . god gives creatures permanence , while the creatures give god actuality and change . here it is worthwhile to quote whitehead at length : [ sep ] he sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only god can provide
whitehead thus sees god and the world as fulfilling one another . he sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only god can provide by taking them into god ' s self , thereafter changing god and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time . on the other hand , he sees god as permanent but as deficient in actuality and change : alone , god is merely eternally unrealized possibilities , and requires the world to actualize them . god gives creatures permanence , while the creatures give god actuality and change . here it is worthwhile to quote whitehead at length : [ sep ] by taking them into god ' s self , thereafter changing god and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time
whitehead thus sees god and the world as fulfilling one another . he sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only god can provide by taking them into god ' s self , thereafter changing god and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time . on the other hand , he sees god as permanent but as deficient in actuality and change : alone , god is merely eternally unrealized possibilities , and requires the world to actualize them . god gives creatures permanence , while the creatures give god actuality and change . here it is worthwhile to quote whitehead at length : [ sep ] deficient in actuality and change
whitehead thus sees god and the world as fulfilling one another . he sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only god can provide by taking them into god ' s self , thereafter changing god and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time . on the other hand , he sees god as permanent but as deficient in actuality and change : alone , god is merely eternally unrealized possibilities , and requires the world to actualize them . god gives creatures permanence , while the creatures give god actuality and change . here it is worthwhile to quote whitehead at length : [ sep ] merely eternally unrealized possibilities
it was temporarily under the control of the tibetan empire and chinese from 650 – 680 and then under the control of the umayyads in 710 . the samanid empire , 819 to 999 , restored persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of samarkand and bukhara ( both cities are today part of uzbekistan ) which became the cultural centers of iran and the region was known as khorasan . the kara - khanid khanate conquered transoxania ( which corresponds approximately with modern - day uzbekistan , tajikistan , southern kyrgyzstan and southwest kazakhstan ) and ruled between 999 – 1211 . their arrival in transoxania signaled a definitive shift from iranian to turkic predominance in central asia , but gradually the kara - khanids became assimilated into the perso - arab muslim culture of the region . [ sep ] 650 – 680
it was temporarily under the control of the tibetan empire and chinese from 650 – 680 and then under the control of the umayyads in 710 . the samanid empire , 819 to 999 , restored persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of samarkand and bukhara ( both cities are today part of uzbekistan ) which became the cultural centers of iran and the region was known as khorasan . the kara - khanid khanate conquered transoxania ( which corresponds approximately with modern - day uzbekistan , tajikistan , southern kyrgyzstan and southwest kazakhstan ) and ruled between 999 – 1211 . their arrival in transoxania signaled a definitive shift from iranian to turkic predominance in central asia , but gradually the kara - khanids became assimilated into the perso - arab muslim culture of the region . [ sep ] umayyads
it was temporarily under the control of the tibetan empire and chinese from 650 – 680 and then under the control of the umayyads in 710 . the samanid empire , 819 to 999 , restored persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of samarkand and bukhara ( both cities are today part of uzbekistan ) which became the cultural centers of iran and the region was known as khorasan . the kara - khanid khanate conquered transoxania ( which corresponds approximately with modern - day uzbekistan , tajikistan , southern kyrgyzstan and southwest kazakhstan ) and ruled between 999 – 1211 . their arrival in transoxania signaled a definitive shift from iranian to turkic predominance in central asia , but gradually the kara - khanids became assimilated into the perso - arab muslim culture of the region . [ sep ] the samanid empire ,
it was temporarily under the control of the tibetan empire and chinese from 650 – 680 and then under the control of the umayyads in 710 . the samanid empire , 819 to 999 , restored persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of samarkand and bukhara ( both cities are today part of uzbekistan ) which became the cultural centers of iran and the region was known as khorasan . the kara - khanid khanate conquered transoxania ( which corresponds approximately with modern - day uzbekistan , tajikistan , southern kyrgyzstan and southwest kazakhstan ) and ruled between 999 – 1211 . their arrival in transoxania signaled a definitive shift from iranian to turkic predominance in central asia , but gradually the kara - khanids became assimilated into the perso - arab muslim culture of the region . [ sep ] khorasan
it was temporarily under the control of the tibetan empire and chinese from 650 – 680 and then under the control of the umayyads in 710 . the samanid empire , 819 to 999 , restored persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of samarkand and bukhara ( both cities are today part of uzbekistan ) which became the cultural centers of iran and the region was known as khorasan . the kara - khanid khanate conquered transoxania ( which corresponds approximately with modern - day uzbekistan , tajikistan , southern kyrgyzstan and southwest kazakhstan ) and ruled between 999 – 1211 . their arrival in transoxania signaled a definitive shift from iranian to turkic predominance in central asia , but gradually the kara - khanids became assimilated into the perso - arab muslim culture of the region . [ sep ] 650 – 680
it was temporarily under the control of the tibetan empire and chinese from 650 – 680 and then under the control of the umayyads in 710 . the samanid empire , 819 to 999 , restored persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of samarkand and bukhara ( both cities are today part of uzbekistan ) which became the cultural centers of iran and the region was known as khorasan . the kara - khanid khanate conquered transoxania ( which corresponds approximately with modern - day uzbekistan , tajikistan , southern kyrgyzstan and southwest kazakhstan ) and ruled between 999 – 1211 . their arrival in transoxania signaled a definitive shift from iranian to turkic predominance in central asia , but gradually the kara - khanids became assimilated into the perso - arab muslim culture of the region . [ sep ] umayyads
it was temporarily under the control of the tibetan empire and chinese from 650 – 680 and then under the control of the umayyads in 710 . the samanid empire , 819 to 999 , restored persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of samarkand and bukhara ( both cities are today part of uzbekistan ) which became the cultural centers of iran and the region was known as khorasan . the kara - khanid khanate conquered transoxania ( which corresponds approximately with modern - day uzbekistan , tajikistan , southern kyrgyzstan and southwest kazakhstan ) and ruled between 999 – 1211 . their arrival in transoxania signaled a definitive shift from iranian to turkic predominance in central asia , but gradually the kara - khanids became assimilated into the perso - arab muslim culture of the region . [ sep ] the samanid empire ,
it was temporarily under the control of the tibetan empire and chinese from 650 – 680 and then under the control of the umayyads in 710 . the samanid empire , 819 to 999 , restored persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of samarkand and bukhara ( both cities are today part of uzbekistan ) which became the cultural centers of iran and the region was known as khorasan . the kara - khanid khanate conquered transoxania ( which corresponds approximately with modern - day uzbekistan , tajikistan , southern kyrgyzstan and southwest kazakhstan ) and ruled between 999 – 1211 . their arrival in transoxania signaled a definitive shift from iranian to turkic predominance in central asia , but gradually the kara - khanids became assimilated into the perso - arab muslim culture of the region . [ sep ] khorasan
it was temporarily under the control of the tibetan empire and chinese from 650 – 680 and then under the control of the umayyads in 710 . the samanid empire , 819 to 999 , restored persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of samarkand and bukhara ( both cities are today part of uzbekistan ) which became the cultural centers of iran and the region was known as khorasan . the kara - khanid khanate conquered transoxania ( which corresponds approximately with modern - day uzbekistan , tajikistan , southern kyrgyzstan and southwest kazakhstan ) and ruled between 999 – 1211 . their arrival in transoxania signaled a definitive shift from iranian to turkic predominance in central asia , but gradually the kara - khanids became assimilated into the perso - arab muslim culture of the region . [ sep ] 650 – 680
it was temporarily under the control of the tibetan empire and chinese from 650 – 680 and then under the control of the umayyads in 710 . the samanid empire , 819 to 999 , restored persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of samarkand and bukhara ( both cities are today part of uzbekistan ) which became the cultural centers of iran and the region was known as khorasan . the kara - khanid khanate conquered transoxania ( which corresponds approximately with modern - day uzbekistan , tajikistan , southern kyrgyzstan and southwest kazakhstan ) and ruled between 999 – 1211 . their arrival in transoxania signaled a definitive shift from iranian to turkic predominance in central asia , but gradually the kara - khanids became assimilated into the perso - arab muslim culture of the region . [ sep ] umayyads
it was temporarily under the control of the tibetan empire and chinese from 650 – 680 and then under the control of the umayyads in 710 . the samanid empire , 819 to 999 , restored persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of samarkand and bukhara ( both cities are today part of uzbekistan ) which became the cultural centers of iran and the region was known as khorasan . the kara - khanid khanate conquered transoxania ( which corresponds approximately with modern - day uzbekistan , tajikistan , southern kyrgyzstan and southwest kazakhstan ) and ruled between 999 – 1211 . their arrival in transoxania signaled a definitive shift from iranian to turkic predominance in central asia , but gradually the kara - khanids became assimilated into the perso - arab muslim culture of the region . [ sep ] the samanid empire ,
it was temporarily under the control of the tibetan empire and chinese from 650 – 680 and then under the control of the umayyads in 710 . the samanid empire , 819 to 999 , restored persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of samarkand and bukhara ( both cities are today part of uzbekistan ) which became the cultural centers of iran and the region was known as khorasan . the kara - khanid khanate conquered transoxania ( which corresponds approximately with modern - day uzbekistan , tajikistan , southern kyrgyzstan and southwest kazakhstan ) and ruled between 999 – 1211 . their arrival in transoxania signaled a definitive shift from iranian to turkic predominance in central asia , but gradually the kara - khanids became assimilated into the perso - arab muslim culture of the region . [ sep ] khorasan
located approximately 250 kilometres ( 160 mi ) east of puerto rico and the nearer virgin islands , st . barthelemy lies immediately southeast of the islands of saint martin and anguilla . it is one of the renaissance islands . st . barthelemy is separated from saint martin by the saint - barthelemy channel . it lies northeast of saba and st eustatius , and north of st kitts . some small satellite islets belong to st . barthelemy including ile chevreau ( ile bonhomme ) , ile fregate , ile toc vers , ile tortue and gros ilets ( ilots syndare ) . a much bigger islet , ile fourchue , lies on the north of the island , in the saint - barthelemy channel . other rocky islets which include coco , the roques ( or little turtle rocks ) , the goat , and the sugarloaf . [ sep ] 160
located approximately 250 kilometres ( 160 mi ) east of puerto rico and the nearer virgin islands , st . barthelemy lies immediately southeast of the islands of saint martin and anguilla . it is one of the renaissance islands . st . barthelemy is separated from saint martin by the saint - barthelemy channel . it lies northeast of saba and st eustatius , and north of st kitts . some small satellite islets belong to st . barthelemy including ile chevreau ( ile bonhomme ) , ile fregate , ile toc vers , ile tortue and gros ilets ( ilots syndare ) . a much bigger islet , ile fourchue , lies on the north of the island , in the saint - barthelemy channel . other rocky islets which include coco , the roques ( or little turtle rocks ) , the goat , and the sugarloaf . [ sep ] the renaissance
located approximately 250 kilometres ( 160 mi ) east of puerto rico and the nearer virgin islands , st . barthelemy lies immediately southeast of the islands of saint martin and anguilla . it is one of the renaissance islands . st . barthelemy is separated from saint martin by the saint - barthelemy channel . it lies northeast of saba and st eustatius , and north of st kitts . some small satellite islets belong to st . barthelemy including ile chevreau ( ile bonhomme ) , ile fregate , ile toc vers , ile tortue and gros ilets ( ilots syndare ) . a much bigger islet , ile fourchue , lies on the north of the island , in the saint - barthelemy channel . other rocky islets which include coco , the roques ( or little turtle rocks ) , the goat , and the sugarloaf . [ sep ] the saint - barthelemy channel
located approximately 250 kilometres ( 160 mi ) east of puerto rico and the nearer virgin islands , st . barthelemy lies immediately southeast of the islands of saint martin and anguilla . it is one of the renaissance islands . st . barthelemy is separated from saint martin by the saint - barthelemy channel . it lies northeast of saba and st eustatius , and north of st kitts . some small satellite islets belong to st . barthelemy including ile chevreau ( ile bonhomme ) , ile fregate , ile toc vers , ile tortue and gros ilets ( ilots syndare ) . a much bigger islet , ile fourchue , lies on the north of the island , in the saint - barthelemy channel . other rocky islets which include coco , the roques ( or little turtle rocks ) , the goat , and the sugarloaf . [ sep ] satellite islets
located approximately 250 kilometres ( 160 mi ) east of puerto rico and the nearer virgin islands , st . barthelemy lies immediately southeast of the islands of saint martin and anguilla . it is one of the renaissance islands . st . barthelemy is separated from saint martin by the saint - barthelemy channel . it lies northeast of saba and st eustatius , and north of st kitts . some small satellite islets belong to st . barthelemy including ile chevreau ( ile bonhomme ) , ile fregate , ile toc vers , ile tortue and gros ilets ( ilots syndare ) . a much bigger islet , ile fourchue , lies on the north of the island , in the saint - barthelemy channel . other rocky islets which include coco , the roques ( or little turtle rocks ) , the goat , and the sugarloaf . [ sep ] little turtle rocks
for whitehead the core of religion was individual . while he acknowledged that individuals cannot ever be fully separated from their society , he argued that life is an internal fact for its own sake before it is an external fact relating to others . his most famous remark on religion is that " religion is what the individual does with his own solitariness . . . and if you are never solitary , you are never religious . " whitehead saw religion as a system of general truths that transformed a person ' s character . he took special care to note that while religion is often a good influence , it is not necessarily good – an idea which he called a " dangerous delusion " ( e . g . , a religion might encourage the violent extermination of a rival religion ' s adherents ) . [ sep ] individual
for whitehead the core of religion was individual . while he acknowledged that individuals cannot ever be fully separated from their society , he argued that life is an internal fact for its own sake before it is an external fact relating to others . his most famous remark on religion is that " religion is what the individual does with his own solitariness . . . and if you are never solitary , you are never religious . " whitehead saw religion as a system of general truths that transformed a person ' s character . he took special care to note that while religion is often a good influence , it is not necessarily good – an idea which he called a " dangerous delusion " ( e . g . , a religion might encourage the violent extermination of a rival religion ' s adherents ) . [ sep ] " religion is what the individual does with his own solitariness . . . and if you are never solitary , you are never religious . "
for whitehead the core of religion was individual . while he acknowledged that individuals cannot ever be fully separated from their society , he argued that life is an internal fact for its own sake before it is an external fact relating to others . his most famous remark on religion is that " religion is what the individual does with his own solitariness . . . and if you are never solitary , you are never religious . " whitehead saw religion as a system of general truths that transformed a person ' s character . he took special care to note that while religion is often a good influence , it is not necessarily good – an idea which he called a " dangerous delusion " ( e . g . , a religion might encourage the violent extermination of a rival religion ' s adherents ) . [ sep ] a system of general truths that transformed a person ' s character
for whitehead the core of religion was individual . while he acknowledged that individuals cannot ever be fully separated from their society , he argued that life is an internal fact for its own sake before it is an external fact relating to others . his most famous remark on religion is that " religion is what the individual does with his own solitariness . . . and if you are never solitary , you are never religious . " whitehead saw religion as a system of general truths that transformed a person ' s character . he took special care to note that while religion is often a good influence , it is not necessarily good – an idea which he called a " dangerous delusion " ( e . g . , a religion might encourage the violent extermination of a rival religion ' s adherents ) . [ sep ] while religion is often a good influence , it is not necessarily good
the first visible institution to run into trouble in the united states was the southern california – based indymac , a spin - off of countrywide financial . before its failure , indymac bank was the largest savings and loan association in the los angeles market and the seventh largest mortgage originator in the united states . the failure of indymac bank on july 11 , 2008 , was the fourth largest bank failure in united states history up until the crisis precipitated even larger failures , and the second largest failure of a regulated thrift . indymac bank ' s parent corporation was indymac bancorp until the fdic seized indymac bank . indymac bancorp filed for chapter 7 bankruptcy in july 2008 . [ sep ] indymac
the first visible institution to run into trouble in the united states was the southern california – based indymac , a spin - off of countrywide financial . before its failure , indymac bank was the largest savings and loan association in the los angeles market and the seventh largest mortgage originator in the united states . the failure of indymac bank on july 11 , 2008 , was the fourth largest bank failure in united states history up until the crisis precipitated even larger failures , and the second largest failure of a regulated thrift . indymac bank ' s parent corporation was indymac bancorp until the fdic seized indymac bank . indymac bancorp filed for chapter 7 bankruptcy in july 2008 . [ sep ] countrywide financial
the first visible institution to run into trouble in the united states was the southern california – based indymac , a spin - off of countrywide financial . before its failure , indymac bank was the largest savings and loan association in the los angeles market and the seventh largest mortgage originator in the united states . the failure of indymac bank on july 11 , 2008 , was the fourth largest bank failure in united states history up until the crisis precipitated even larger failures , and the second largest failure of a regulated thrift . indymac bank ' s parent corporation was indymac bancorp until the fdic seized indymac bank . indymac bancorp filed for chapter 7 bankruptcy in july 2008 . [ sep ] indymac bank
the first visible institution to run into trouble in the united states was the southern california – based indymac , a spin - off of countrywide financial . before its failure , indymac bank was the largest savings and loan association in the los angeles market and the seventh largest mortgage originator in the united states . the failure of indymac bank on july 11 , 2008 , was the fourth largest bank failure in united states history up until the crisis precipitated even larger failures , and the second largest failure of a regulated thrift . indymac bank ' s parent corporation was indymac bancorp until the fdic seized indymac bank . indymac bancorp filed for chapter 7 bankruptcy in july 2008 . [ sep ] july 11 , 2008
the first visible institution to run into trouble in the united states was the southern california – based indymac , a spin - off of countrywide financial . before its failure , indymac bank was the largest savings and loan association in the los angeles market and the seventh largest mortgage originator in the united states . the failure of indymac bank on july 11 , 2008 , was the fourth largest bank failure in united states history up until the crisis precipitated even larger failures , and the second largest failure of a regulated thrift . indymac bank ' s parent corporation was indymac bancorp until the fdic seized indymac bank . indymac bancorp filed for chapter 7 bankruptcy in july 2008 . [ sep ] indymac bancorp
grande saline bay provides temporary anchorage for small vessels while colombier bay , to the northwest , has a 4 fathoms patch near mid entrance . in the bight of st . jean bay there is a narrow cut through the reef . the north and east sides of the island are fringed , to a short distance from the shore , by a visible coral reef . reefs are mostly in shallow waters and are clearly visible . the coastal areas abound with beaches and many of these have offshore reefs , some of which are part of a marine reserve . [ sep ] colombier bay
grande saline bay provides temporary anchorage for small vessels while colombier bay , to the northwest , has a 4 fathoms patch near mid entrance . in the bight of st . jean bay there is a narrow cut through the reef . the north and east sides of the island are fringed , to a short distance from the shore , by a visible coral reef . reefs are mostly in shallow waters and are clearly visible . the coastal areas abound with beaches and many of these have offshore reefs , some of which are part of a marine reserve . [ sep ] small
grande saline bay provides temporary anchorage for small vessels while colombier bay , to the northwest , has a 4 fathoms patch near mid entrance . in the bight of st . jean bay there is a narrow cut through the reef . the north and east sides of the island are fringed , to a short distance from the shore , by a visible coral reef . reefs are mostly in shallow waters and are clearly visible . the coastal areas abound with beaches and many of these have offshore reefs , some of which are part of a marine reserve . [ sep ] visible coral reef
grande saline bay provides temporary anchorage for small vessels while colombier bay , to the northwest , has a 4 fathoms patch near mid entrance . in the bight of st . jean bay there is a narrow cut through the reef . the north and east sides of the island are fringed , to a short distance from the shore , by a visible coral reef . reefs are mostly in shallow waters and are clearly visible . the coastal areas abound with beaches and many of these have offshore reefs , some of which are part of a marine reserve . [ sep ] shallow
grande saline bay provides temporary anchorage for small vessels while colombier bay , to the northwest , has a 4 fathoms patch near mid entrance . in the bight of st . jean bay there is a narrow cut through the reef . the north and east sides of the island are fringed , to a short distance from the shore , by a visible coral reef . reefs are mostly in shallow waters and are clearly visible . the coastal areas abound with beaches and many of these have offshore reefs , some of which are part of a marine reserve . [ sep ] a marine reserve
indymac often made loans without verification of the borrower ’ s income or assets , and to borrowers with poor credit histories . appraisals obtained by indymac on underlying collateral were often questionable as well . as an alt - a lender , indymac ’ s business model was to offer loan products to fit the borrower ’ s needs , using an extensive array of risky option - adjustable - rate - mortgages ( option arms ) , subprime loans , 80 / 20 loans , and other nontraditional products . ultimately , loans were made to many borrowers who simply could not afford to make their payments . the thrift remained profitable only as long as it was able to sell those loans in the secondary mortgage market . indymac resisted efforts to regulate its involvement in those loans or tighten their issuing criteria : see the comment by ruthann melbourne , chief risk officer , to the regulating agencies . [ sep ] the borrower ’ s income
indymac often made loans without verification of the borrower ’ s income or assets , and to borrowers with poor credit histories . appraisals obtained by indymac on underlying collateral were often questionable as well . as an alt - a lender , indymac ’ s business model was to offer loan products to fit the borrower ’ s needs , using an extensive array of risky option - adjustable - rate - mortgages ( option arms ) , subprime loans , 80 / 20 loans , and other nontraditional products . ultimately , loans were made to many borrowers who simply could not afford to make their payments . the thrift remained profitable only as long as it was able to sell those loans in the secondary mortgage market . indymac resisted efforts to regulate its involvement in those loans or tighten their issuing criteria : see the comment by ruthann melbourne , chief risk officer , to the regulating agencies . [ sep ] appraisals
indymac often made loans without verification of the borrower ’ s income or assets , and to borrowers with poor credit histories . appraisals obtained by indymac on underlying collateral were often questionable as well . as an alt - a lender , indymac ’ s business model was to offer loan products to fit the borrower ’ s needs , using an extensive array of risky option - adjustable - rate - mortgages ( option arms ) , subprime loans , 80 / 20 loans , and other nontraditional products . ultimately , loans were made to many borrowers who simply could not afford to make their payments . the thrift remained profitable only as long as it was able to sell those loans in the secondary mortgage market . indymac resisted efforts to regulate its involvement in those loans or tighten their issuing criteria : see the comment by ruthann melbourne , chief risk officer , to the regulating agencies . [ sep ] poor
indymac often made loans without verification of the borrower ’ s income or assets , and to borrowers with poor credit histories . appraisals obtained by indymac on underlying collateral were often questionable as well . as an alt - a lender , indymac ’ s business model was to offer loan products to fit the borrower ’ s needs , using an extensive array of risky option - adjustable - rate - mortgages ( option arms ) , subprime loans , 80 / 20 loans , and other nontraditional products . ultimately , loans were made to many borrowers who simply could not afford to make their payments . the thrift remained profitable only as long as it was able to sell those loans in the secondary mortgage market . indymac resisted efforts to regulate its involvement in those loans or tighten their issuing criteria : see the comment by ruthann melbourne , chief risk officer , to the regulating agencies . [ sep ] risky
indymac often made loans without verification of the borrower ’ s income or assets , and to borrowers with poor credit histories . appraisals obtained by indymac on underlying collateral were often questionable as well . as an alt - a lender , indymac ’ s business model was to offer loan products to fit the borrower ’ s needs , using an extensive array of risky option - adjustable - rate - mortgages ( option arms ) , subprime loans , 80 / 20 loans , and other nontraditional products . ultimately , loans were made to many borrowers who simply could not afford to make their payments . the thrift remained profitable only as long as it was able to sell those loans in the secondary mortgage market . indymac resisted efforts to regulate its involvement in those loans or tighten their issuing criteria : see the comment by ruthann melbourne , chief risk officer , to the regulating agencies . [ sep ] issuing criteria
there are as many as 22 public beaches ( most beaches on st barthelemy are known as " anse de . . . " etc . ) of which 15 are considered suitable for swimming . they are categorized and divided into two groups , the leeward side ( calm waters protected by the island itself ) and windward side ( some of which are protected by hills and reefs ) . the windward beaches are popular for windsurfing . the beach of st jean is suitable for water sports and facilities have been created for that purpose . the long beach at lorient has shade and is a quiet beach as compared to st . jean . [ sep ] 22
there are as many as 22 public beaches ( most beaches on st barthelemy are known as " anse de . . . " etc . ) of which 15 are considered suitable for swimming . they are categorized and divided into two groups , the leeward side ( calm waters protected by the island itself ) and windward side ( some of which are protected by hills and reefs ) . the windward beaches are popular for windsurfing . the beach of st jean is suitable for water sports and facilities have been created for that purpose . the long beach at lorient has shade and is a quiet beach as compared to st . jean . [ sep ] 15
there are as many as 22 public beaches ( most beaches on st barthelemy are known as " anse de . . . " etc . ) of which 15 are considered suitable for swimming . they are categorized and divided into two groups , the leeward side ( calm waters protected by the island itself ) and windward side ( some of which are protected by hills and reefs ) . the windward beaches are popular for windsurfing . the beach of st jean is suitable for water sports and facilities have been created for that purpose . the long beach at lorient has shade and is a quiet beach as compared to st . jean . [ sep ] leeward
there are as many as 22 public beaches ( most beaches on st barthelemy are known as " anse de . . . " etc . ) of which 15 are considered suitable for swimming . they are categorized and divided into two groups , the leeward side ( calm waters protected by the island itself ) and windward side ( some of which are protected by hills and reefs ) . the windward beaches are popular for windsurfing . the beach of st jean is suitable for water sports and facilities have been created for that purpose . the long beach at lorient has shade and is a quiet beach as compared to st . jean . [ sep ] windward
there are as many as 22 public beaches ( most beaches on st barthelemy are known as " anse de . . . " etc . ) of which 15 are considered suitable for swimming . they are categorized and divided into two groups , the leeward side ( calm waters protected by the island itself ) and windward side ( some of which are protected by hills and reefs ) . the windward beaches are popular for windsurfing . the beach of st jean is suitable for water sports and facilities have been created for that purpose . the long beach at lorient has shade and is a quiet beach as compared to st . jean . [ sep ] windsurfing
however , while whitehead saw religion as beginning in solitariness , he also saw religion as necessarily expanding beyond the individual . in keeping with his process metaphysics in which relations are primary , he wrote that religion necessitates the realization of " the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals . " in other words , the universe is a community which makes itself whole through the relatedness of each individual entity to all the others – meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone , but only in the context of the universal community . whitehead writes further that each entity " can find no such value till it has merged its individual claim with that of the objective universe . religion is world - loyalty . the spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself . " in this way the individual and universal / social aspects of religion are mutually dependent . [ sep ] solitariness
however , while whitehead saw religion as beginning in solitariness , he also saw religion as necessarily expanding beyond the individual . in keeping with his process metaphysics in which relations are primary , he wrote that religion necessitates the realization of " the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals . " in other words , the universe is a community which makes itself whole through the relatedness of each individual entity to all the others – meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone , but only in the context of the universal community . whitehead writes further that each entity " can find no such value till it has merged its individual claim with that of the objective universe . religion is world - loyalty . the spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself . " in this way the individual and universal / social aspects of religion are mutually dependent . [ sep ] " the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals . "
however , while whitehead saw religion as beginning in solitariness , he also saw religion as necessarily expanding beyond the individual . in keeping with his process metaphysics in which relations are primary , he wrote that religion necessitates the realization of " the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals . " in other words , the universe is a community which makes itself whole through the relatedness of each individual entity to all the others – meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone , but only in the context of the universal community . whitehead writes further that each entity " can find no such value till it has merged its individual claim with that of the objective universe . religion is world - loyalty . the spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself . " in this way the individual and universal / social aspects of religion are mutually dependent . [ sep ] meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone , but only in the context of the universal community
however , while whitehead saw religion as beginning in solitariness , he also saw religion as necessarily expanding beyond the individual . in keeping with his process metaphysics in which relations are primary , he wrote that religion necessitates the realization of " the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals . " in other words , the universe is a community which makes itself whole through the relatedness of each individual entity to all the others – meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone , but only in the context of the universal community . whitehead writes further that each entity " can find no such value till it has merged its individual claim with that of the objective universe . religion is world - loyalty . the spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself . " in this way the individual and universal / social aspects of religion are mutually dependent . [ sep ] the spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself
however , while whitehead saw religion as beginning in solitariness , he also saw religion as necessarily expanding beyond the individual . in keeping with his process metaphysics in which relations are primary , he wrote that religion necessitates the realization of " the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals . " in other words , the universe is a community which makes itself whole through the relatedness of each individual entity to all the others – meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone , but only in the context of the universal community . whitehead writes further that each entity " can find no such value till it has merged its individual claim with that of the objective universe . religion is world - loyalty . the spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself . " in this way the individual and universal / social aspects of religion are mutually dependent . [ sep ] the individual and universal / social aspects of religion are mutually dependent
the island covers an area of 25 square kilometres ( 2 , 500 ha ) . the eastern side is wetter than the western . although the climate is essentially arid , the rainfall does average 1000 mm annually , but with considerable variation over the terrain . summer is from may to november , which is also the rainy season . winter from december to april is the dry season . sunshine is very prominent for nearly the entire year and even during the rainy season . humidity , however , is not very high due to the winds . the average temperature is around 25 °c with day temperatures rising to 32 °c . the average high and low temperatures in january are 28 °c and 22 °c , respectively , while in july they are 30 °c and 24 °c . the lowest night temperature recorded is 13 °c . the caribbean sea waters in the vicinity generally maintain a temperature of about 27 °c . [ sep ] arid
the island covers an area of 25 square kilometres ( 2 , 500 ha ) . the eastern side is wetter than the western . although the climate is essentially arid , the rainfall does average 1000 mm annually , but with considerable variation over the terrain . summer is from may to november , which is also the rainy season . winter from december to april is the dry season . sunshine is very prominent for nearly the entire year and even during the rainy season . humidity , however , is not very high due to the winds . the average temperature is around 25 °c with day temperatures rising to 32 °c . the average high and low temperatures in january are 28 °c and 22 °c , respectively , while in july they are 30 °c and 24 °c . the lowest night temperature recorded is 13 °c . the caribbean sea waters in the vicinity generally maintain a temperature of about 27 °c . [ sep ] 2 , 500
the island covers an area of 25 square kilometres ( 2 , 500 ha ) . the eastern side is wetter than the western . although the climate is essentially arid , the rainfall does average 1000 mm annually , but with considerable variation over the terrain . summer is from may to november , which is also the rainy season . winter from december to april is the dry season . sunshine is very prominent for nearly the entire year and even during the rainy season . humidity , however , is not very high due to the winds . the average temperature is around 25 °c with day temperatures rising to 32 °c . the average high and low temperatures in january are 28 °c and 22 °c , respectively , while in july they are 30 °c and 24 °c . the lowest night temperature recorded is 13 °c . the caribbean sea waters in the vicinity generally maintain a temperature of about 27 °c . [ sep ] 1000 mm
the island covers an area of 25 square kilometres ( 2 , 500 ha ) . the eastern side is wetter than the western . although the climate is essentially arid , the rainfall does average 1000 mm annually , but with considerable variation over the terrain . summer is from may to november , which is also the rainy season . winter from december to april is the dry season . sunshine is very prominent for nearly the entire year and even during the rainy season . humidity , however , is not very high due to the winds . the average temperature is around 25 °c with day temperatures rising to 32 °c . the average high and low temperatures in january are 28 °c and 22 °c , respectively , while in july they are 30 °c and 24 °c . the lowest night temperature recorded is 13 °c . the caribbean sea waters in the vicinity generally maintain a temperature of about 27 °c . [ sep ] november
the island covers an area of 25 square kilometres ( 2 , 500 ha ) . the eastern side is wetter than the western . although the climate is essentially arid , the rainfall does average 1000 mm annually , but with considerable variation over the terrain . summer is from may to november , which is also the rainy season . winter from december to april is the dry season . sunshine is very prominent for nearly the entire year and even during the rainy season . humidity , however , is not very high due to the winds . the average temperature is around 25 °c with day temperatures rising to 32 °c . the average high and low temperatures in january are 28 °c and 22 °c , respectively , while in july they are 30 °c and 24 °c . the lowest night temperature recorded is 13 °c . the caribbean sea waters in the vicinity generally maintain a temperature of about 27 °c . [ sep ] 13 °c
whitehead also described religion more technically as " an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non - temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone . " in other words , religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world , helping people to identify their wider meaning and significance . for whitehead , religion served as a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society . it is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people . [ sep ] " an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non - temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone . "
whitehead also described religion more technically as " an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non - temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone . " in other words , religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world , helping people to identify their wider meaning and significance . for whitehead , religion served as a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society . it is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people . [ sep ] religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world
whitehead also described religion more technically as " an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non - temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone . " in other words , religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world , helping people to identify their wider meaning and significance . for whitehead , religion served as a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society . it is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people . [ sep ] a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society
whitehead also described religion more technically as " an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non - temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone . " in other words , religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world , helping people to identify their wider meaning and significance . for whitehead , religion served as a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society . it is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people . [ sep ] it is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people .
indymac reported that during april 2008 , moody ' s and standard & poor ' s downgraded the ratings on a significant number of mortgage - backed security ( mbs ) bonds including $ 160 million of those issued by indymac and which the bank retained in its mbs portfolio . indymac concluded that these downgrades would have negatively impacted the company ' s risk - based capital ratio as of june 30 , 2008 . had these lowered ratings been in effect at march 31 , 2008 , indymac concluded that the bank ' s capital ratio would have been 9 . 27 % total risk - based . indymac warned that if its regulators found its capital position to have fallen below " well capitalized " ( minimum 10 % risk - based capital ratio ) to " adequately capitalized " ( 8 – 10 % risk - based capital ratio ) the bank might no longer be able to use brokered deposits as a source of funds . [ sep ] april 2008
indymac reported that during april 2008 , moody ' s and standard & poor ' s downgraded the ratings on a significant number of mortgage - backed security ( mbs ) bonds including $ 160 million of those issued by indymac and which the bank retained in its mbs portfolio . indymac concluded that these downgrades would have negatively impacted the company ' s risk - based capital ratio as of june 30 , 2008 . had these lowered ratings been in effect at march 31 , 2008 , indymac concluded that the bank ' s capital ratio would have been 9 . 27 % total risk - based . indymac warned that if its regulators found its capital position to have fallen below " well capitalized " ( minimum 10 % risk - based capital ratio ) to " adequately capitalized " ( 8 – 10 % risk - based capital ratio ) the bank might no longer be able to use brokered deposits as a source of funds . [ sep ] $ 160 million
indymac reported that during april 2008 , moody ' s and standard & poor ' s downgraded the ratings on a significant number of mortgage - backed security ( mbs ) bonds including $ 160 million of those issued by indymac and which the bank retained in its mbs portfolio . indymac concluded that these downgrades would have negatively impacted the company ' s risk - based capital ratio as of june 30 , 2008 . had these lowered ratings been in effect at march 31 , 2008 , indymac concluded that the bank ' s capital ratio would have been 9 . 27 % total risk - based . indymac warned that if its regulators found its capital position to have fallen below " well capitalized " ( minimum 10 % risk - based capital ratio ) to " adequately capitalized " ( 8 – 10 % risk - based capital ratio ) the bank might no longer be able to use brokered deposits as a source of funds . [ sep ] moody ' s
indymac reported that during april 2008 , moody ' s and standard & poor ' s downgraded the ratings on a significant number of mortgage - backed security ( mbs ) bonds including $ 160 million of those issued by indymac and which the bank retained in its mbs portfolio . indymac concluded that these downgrades would have negatively impacted the company ' s risk - based capital ratio as of june 30 , 2008 . had these lowered ratings been in effect at march 31 , 2008 , indymac concluded that the bank ' s capital ratio would have been 9 . 27 % total risk - based . indymac warned that if its regulators found its capital position to have fallen below " well capitalized " ( minimum 10 % risk - based capital ratio ) to " adequately capitalized " ( 8 – 10 % risk - based capital ratio ) the bank might no longer be able to use brokered deposits as a source of funds . [ sep ] 9 . 27 %
indymac reported that during april 2008 , moody ' s and standard & poor ' s downgraded the ratings on a significant number of mortgage - backed security ( mbs ) bonds including $ 160 million of those issued by indymac and which the bank retained in its mbs portfolio . indymac concluded that these downgrades would have negatively impacted the company ' s risk - based capital ratio as of june 30 , 2008 . had these lowered ratings been in effect at march 31 , 2008 , indymac concluded that the bank ' s capital ratio would have been 9 . 27 % total risk - based . indymac warned that if its regulators found its capital position to have fallen below " well capitalized " ( minimum 10 % risk - based capital ratio ) to " adequately capitalized " ( 8 – 10 % risk - based capital ratio ) the bank might no longer be able to use brokered deposits as a source of funds . [ sep ] minimum 10 % risk - based
senator charles schumer ( d - ny ) would later point out that brokered deposits made up more than 37 percent of indymac ' s total deposits and ask the federal deposit insurance corporation ( fdic ) whether it had considered ordering indymac to reduce its reliance on these deposits . with $ 18 . 9 billion in total deposits reported on march 31 , senator schumer would have been referring to a little over $ 7 billion in brokered deposits . while the breakout of maturities of these deposits is not known exactly , a simple averaging would have put the threat of brokered deposits loss to indymac at $ 500 million a month , had the regulator disallowed indymac from acquiring new brokered deposits on june 30 . [ sep ] charles schumer ( d - ny )
senator charles schumer ( d - ny ) would later point out that brokered deposits made up more than 37 percent of indymac ' s total deposits and ask the federal deposit insurance corporation ( fdic ) whether it had considered ordering indymac to reduce its reliance on these deposits . with $ 18 . 9 billion in total deposits reported on march 31 , senator schumer would have been referring to a little over $ 7 billion in brokered deposits . while the breakout of maturities of these deposits is not known exactly , a simple averaging would have put the threat of brokered deposits loss to indymac at $ 500 million a month , had the regulator disallowed indymac from acquiring new brokered deposits on june 30 . [ sep ] federal deposit insurance corporation
senator charles schumer ( d - ny ) would later point out that brokered deposits made up more than 37 percent of indymac ' s total deposits and ask the federal deposit insurance corporation ( fdic ) whether it had considered ordering indymac to reduce its reliance on these deposits . with $ 18 . 9 billion in total deposits reported on march 31 , senator schumer would have been referring to a little over $ 7 billion in brokered deposits . while the breakout of maturities of these deposits is not known exactly , a simple averaging would have put the threat of brokered deposits loss to indymac at $ 500 million a month , had the regulator disallowed indymac from acquiring new brokered deposits on june 30 . [ sep ] a little over $ 7 billion
senator charles schumer ( d - ny ) would later point out that brokered deposits made up more than 37 percent of indymac ' s total deposits and ask the federal deposit insurance corporation ( fdic ) whether it had considered ordering indymac to reduce its reliance on these deposits . with $ 18 . 9 billion in total deposits reported on march 31 , senator schumer would have been referring to a little over $ 7 billion in brokered deposits . while the breakout of maturities of these deposits is not known exactly , a simple averaging would have put the threat of brokered deposits loss to indymac at $ 500 million a month , had the regulator disallowed indymac from acquiring new brokered deposits on june 30 . [ sep ] june 30
senator charles schumer ( d - ny ) would later point out that brokered deposits made up more than 37 percent of indymac ' s total deposits and ask the federal deposit insurance corporation ( fdic ) whether it had considered ordering indymac to reduce its reliance on these deposits . with $ 18 . 9 billion in total deposits reported on march 31 , senator schumer would have been referring to a little over $ 7 billion in brokered deposits . while the breakout of maturities of these deposits is not known exactly , a simple averaging would have put the threat of brokered deposits loss to indymac at $ 500 million a month , had the regulator disallowed indymac from acquiring new brokered deposits on june 30 . [ sep ] $ 500 million
residents of saint - barthelemy ( saint - barthelemoise people ) are french citizens and work at establishments on the island . most of them are descendants of the first settlers , of breton , norman , poitevin , saintongeais and angevin lineage . french is the native tongue of the population . english is understood in hotels and restaurants , and a small population of anglophones have been resident in gustavia for many years . the st . barthelemy french patois is spoken by some 500 – 700 people in the leeward portion of the island and is superficially related to quebec french , whereas creole french is limited to the windward side . unlike other populations in the caribbean , language preference between the creole and patois is geographically , and not racially , determined . [ page needed ] [ sep ] saint - barthelemoise
residents of saint - barthelemy ( saint - barthelemoise people ) are french citizens and work at establishments on the island . most of them are descendants of the first settlers , of breton , norman , poitevin , saintongeais and angevin lineage . french is the native tongue of the population . english is understood in hotels and restaurants , and a small population of anglophones have been resident in gustavia for many years . the st . barthelemy french patois is spoken by some 500 – 700 people in the leeward portion of the island and is superficially related to quebec french , whereas creole french is limited to the windward side . unlike other populations in the caribbean , language preference between the creole and patois is geographically , and not racially , determined . [ page needed ] [ sep ] french
residents of saint - barthelemy ( saint - barthelemoise people ) are french citizens and work at establishments on the island . most of them are descendants of the first settlers , of breton , norman , poitevin , saintongeais and angevin lineage . french is the native tongue of the population . english is understood in hotels and restaurants , and a small population of anglophones have been resident in gustavia for many years . the st . barthelemy french patois is spoken by some 500 – 700 people in the leeward portion of the island and is superficially related to quebec french , whereas creole french is limited to the windward side . unlike other populations in the caribbean , language preference between the creole and patois is geographically , and not racially , determined . [ page needed ] [ sep ] french
residents of saint - barthelemy ( saint - barthelemoise people ) are french citizens and work at establishments on the island . most of them are descendants of the first settlers , of breton , norman , poitevin , saintongeais and angevin lineage . french is the native tongue of the population . english is understood in hotels and restaurants , and a small population of anglophones have been resident in gustavia for many years . the st . barthelemy french patois is spoken by some 500 – 700 people in the leeward portion of the island and is superficially related to quebec french , whereas creole french is limited to the windward side . unlike other populations in the caribbean , language preference between the creole and patois is geographically , and not racially , determined . [ page needed ] [ sep ] racially
residents of saint - barthelemy ( saint - barthelemoise people ) are french citizens and work at establishments on the island . most of them are descendants of the first settlers , of breton , norman , poitevin , saintongeais and angevin lineage . french is the native tongue of the population . english is understood in hotels and restaurants , and a small population of anglophones have been resident in gustavia for many years . the st . barthelemy french patois is spoken by some 500 – 700 people in the leeward portion of the island and is superficially related to quebec french , whereas creole french is limited to the windward side . unlike other populations in the caribbean , language preference between the creole and patois is geographically , and not racially , determined . [ page needed ] [ sep ] 500 – 700
on 7 february 2007 , the french parliament passed a bill granting com status to both st . barthelemy and ( separately ) to the neighbouring saint martin . the new status took effect on 15 july 2007 , when the first territorial council was elected , according to the law . the island has a president ( elected every five years ) , a unicameral territorial council of nineteen members who are elected by popular vote and serve for five - year terms , and an executive council of seven members . elections to these councils were first held on 1 july 2007 with the last election in march 2012 . [ sep ] saint martin
on 7 february 2007 , the french parliament passed a bill granting com status to both st . barthelemy and ( separately ) to the neighbouring saint martin . the new status took effect on 15 july 2007 , when the first territorial council was elected , according to the law . the island has a president ( elected every five years ) , a unicameral territorial council of nineteen members who are elected by popular vote and serve for five - year terms , and an executive council of seven members . elections to these councils were first held on 1 july 2007 with the last election in march 2012 . [ sep ] 15 july 2007
on 7 february 2007 , the french parliament passed a bill granting com status to both st . barthelemy and ( separately ) to the neighbouring saint martin . the new status took effect on 15 july 2007 , when the first territorial council was elected , according to the law . the island has a president ( elected every five years ) , a unicameral territorial council of nineteen members who are elected by popular vote and serve for five - year terms , and an executive council of seven members . elections to these councils were first held on 1 july 2007 with the last election in march 2012 . [ sep ] five
on 7 february 2007 , the french parliament passed a bill granting com status to both st . barthelemy and ( separately ) to the neighbouring saint martin . the new status took effect on 15 july 2007 , when the first territorial council was elected , according to the law . the island has a president ( elected every five years ) , a unicameral territorial council of nineteen members who are elected by popular vote and serve for five - year terms , and an executive council of seven members . elections to these councils were first held on 1 july 2007 with the last election in march 2012 . [ sep ] nineteen
on 7 february 2007 , the french parliament passed a bill granting com status to both st . barthelemy and ( separately ) to the neighbouring saint martin . the new status took effect on 15 july 2007 , when the first territorial council was elected , according to the law . the island has a president ( elected every five years ) , a unicameral territorial council of nineteen members who are elected by popular vote and serve for five - year terms , and an executive council of seven members . elections to these councils were first held on 1 july 2007 with the last election in march 2012 . [ sep ] in march 2012
when home prices declined in the latter half of 2007 and the secondary mortgage market collapsed , indymac was forced to hold $ 10 . 7 billion of loans it could not sell in the secondary market . its reduced liquidity was further exacerbated in late june 2008 when account holders withdrew $ 1 . 55 billion or about 7 . 5 % of indymac ' s deposits . this “ run ” on the thrift followed the public release of a letter from senator charles schumer to the fdic and ots . the letter outlined the senator ’ s concerns with indymac . while the run was a contributing factor in the timing of indymac ’ s demise , the underlying cause of the failure was the unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated . [ sep ] $ 10 . 7 billion
when home prices declined in the latter half of 2007 and the secondary mortgage market collapsed , indymac was forced to hold $ 10 . 7 billion of loans it could not sell in the secondary market . its reduced liquidity was further exacerbated in late june 2008 when account holders withdrew $ 1 . 55 billion or about 7 . 5 % of indymac ' s deposits . this “ run ” on the thrift followed the public release of a letter from senator charles schumer to the fdic and ots . the letter outlined the senator ’ s concerns with indymac . while the run was a contributing factor in the timing of indymac ’ s demise , the underlying cause of the failure was the unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated . [ sep ] $ 1 . 55 billion
when home prices declined in the latter half of 2007 and the secondary mortgage market collapsed , indymac was forced to hold $ 10 . 7 billion of loans it could not sell in the secondary market . its reduced liquidity was further exacerbated in late june 2008 when account holders withdrew $ 1 . 55 billion or about 7 . 5 % of indymac ' s deposits . this “ run ” on the thrift followed the public release of a letter from senator charles schumer to the fdic and ots . the letter outlined the senator ’ s concerns with indymac . while the run was a contributing factor in the timing of indymac ’ s demise , the underlying cause of the failure was the unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated . [ sep ] 7 . 5 %
when home prices declined in the latter half of 2007 and the secondary mortgage market collapsed , indymac was forced to hold $ 10 . 7 billion of loans it could not sell in the secondary market . its reduced liquidity was further exacerbated in late june 2008 when account holders withdrew $ 1 . 55 billion or about 7 . 5 % of indymac ' s deposits . this “ run ” on the thrift followed the public release of a letter from senator charles schumer to the fdic and ots . the letter outlined the senator ’ s concerns with indymac . while the run was a contributing factor in the timing of indymac ’ s demise , the underlying cause of the failure was the unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated . [ sep ] charles schumer
when home prices declined in the latter half of 2007 and the secondary mortgage market collapsed , indymac was forced to hold $ 10 . 7 billion of loans it could not sell in the secondary market . its reduced liquidity was further exacerbated in late june 2008 when account holders withdrew $ 1 . 55 billion or about 7 . 5 % of indymac ' s deposits . this “ run ” on the thrift followed the public release of a letter from senator charles schumer to the fdic and ots . the letter outlined the senator ’ s concerns with indymac . while the run was a contributing factor in the timing of indymac ’ s demise , the underlying cause of the failure was the unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated . [ sep ] unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated
one senator represents the island in the french senate . the first election was held on 21 september 2008 with the last election in september 2014 . st . barthelemy became an overseas territory of the european union on 1 january 2012 , but the island ' s inhabitants remain french citizens with eu status holding eu passports . france is responsible for the defence of the island and as such has stationed a security force on the island comprising six policemen and thirteen gendarmes ( posted on two - year term ) . [ sep ] one
one senator represents the island in the french senate . the first election was held on 21 september 2008 with the last election in september 2014 . st . barthelemy became an overseas territory of the european union on 1 january 2012 , but the island ' s inhabitants remain french citizens with eu status holding eu passports . france is responsible for the defence of the island and as such has stationed a security force on the island comprising six policemen and thirteen gendarmes ( posted on two - year term ) . [ sep ] 2008
one senator represents the island in the french senate . the first election was held on 21 september 2008 with the last election in september 2014 . st . barthelemy became an overseas territory of the european union on 1 january 2012 , but the island ' s inhabitants remain french citizens with eu status holding eu passports . france is responsible for the defence of the island and as such has stationed a security force on the island comprising six policemen and thirteen gendarmes ( posted on two - year term ) . [ sep ] september 2014
one senator represents the island in the french senate . the first election was held on 21 september 2008 with the last election in september 2014 . st . barthelemy became an overseas territory of the european union on 1 january 2012 , but the island ' s inhabitants remain french citizens with eu status holding eu passports . france is responsible for the defence of the island and as such has stationed a security force on the island comprising six policemen and thirteen gendarmes ( posted on two - year term ) . [ sep ] the european union
one senator represents the island in the french senate . the first election was held on 21 september 2008 with the last election in september 2014 . st . barthelemy became an overseas territory of the european union on 1 january 2012 , but the island ' s inhabitants remain french citizens with eu status holding eu passports . france is responsible for the defence of the island and as such has stationed a security force on the island comprising six policemen and thirteen gendarmes ( posted on two - year term ) . [ sep ] thirteen
agricultural production on the island is difficult given the dry and rocky terrain , but the early settlers managed to produce vegetables , cotton , pineapples , salt , bananas and also fishing . sweet potato is also grown in patches . the islanders developed commerce through the port of gustavia . duty - free port attractions , retail trade , high - end tourism ( mostly from north america ) and its luxury hotels and villas have increased the island ' s prosperity , reflected in the high standard of living of its citizens . [ sep ] agricultural production
agricultural production on the island is difficult given the dry and rocky terrain , but the early settlers managed to produce vegetables , cotton , pineapples , salt , bananas and also fishing . sweet potato is also grown in patches . the islanders developed commerce through the port of gustavia . duty - free port attractions , retail trade , high - end tourism ( mostly from north america ) and its luxury hotels and villas have increased the island ' s prosperity , reflected in the high standard of living of its citizens . [ sep ] fishing
agricultural production on the island is difficult given the dry and rocky terrain , but the early settlers managed to produce vegetables , cotton , pineapples , salt , bananas and also fishing . sweet potato is also grown in patches . the islanders developed commerce through the port of gustavia . duty - free port attractions , retail trade , high - end tourism ( mostly from north america ) and its luxury hotels and villas have increased the island ' s prosperity , reflected in the high standard of living of its citizens . [ sep ] gustavia
agricultural production on the island is difficult given the dry and rocky terrain , but the early settlers managed to produce vegetables , cotton , pineapples , salt , bananas and also fishing . sweet potato is also grown in patches . the islanders developed commerce through the port of gustavia . duty - free port attractions , retail trade , high - end tourism ( mostly from north america ) and its luxury hotels and villas have increased the island ' s prosperity , reflected in the high standard of living of its citizens . [ sep ] sweet potato
agricultural production on the island is difficult given the dry and rocky terrain , but the early settlers managed to produce vegetables , cotton , pineapples , salt , bananas and also fishing . sweet potato is also grown in patches . the islanders developed commerce through the port of gustavia . duty - free port attractions , retail trade , high - end tourism ( mostly from north america ) and its luxury hotels and villas have increased the island ' s prosperity , reflected in the high standard of living of its citizens . [ sep ] salt
on july 11 , 2008 , citing liquidity concerns , the fdic put indymac bank into conservatorship . a bridge bank , indymac federal bank , fsb , was established to assume control of indymac bank ' s assets , its secured liabilities , and its insured deposit accounts . the fdic announced plans to open indymac federal bank , fsb on july 14 , 2008 . until then , depositors would have access their insured deposits through atms , their existing checks , and their existing debit cards . telephone and internet account access was restored when the bank reopened . the fdic guarantees the funds of all insured accounts up to us $ 100 , 000 , and has declared a special advance dividend to the roughly 10 , 000 depositors with funds in excess of the insured amount , guaranteeing 50 % of any amounts in excess of $ 100 , 000 . yet , even with the pending sale of indymac to imb management holdings , an estimated 10 , 000 uninsured depositors of indymac are still at a loss of over $ 270 million . [ sep ] july 11 , 2008
on july 11 , 2008 , citing liquidity concerns , the fdic put indymac bank into conservatorship . a bridge bank , indymac federal bank , fsb , was established to assume control of indymac bank ' s assets , its secured liabilities , and its insured deposit accounts . the fdic announced plans to open indymac federal bank , fsb on july 14 , 2008 . until then , depositors would have access their insured deposits through atms , their existing checks , and their existing debit cards . telephone and internet account access was restored when the bank reopened . the fdic guarantees the funds of all insured accounts up to us $ 100 , 000 , and has declared a special advance dividend to the roughly 10 , 000 depositors with funds in excess of the insured amount , guaranteeing 50 % of any amounts in excess of $ 100 , 000 . yet , even with the pending sale of indymac to imb management holdings , an estimated 10 , 000 uninsured depositors of indymac are still at a loss of over $ 270 million . [ sep ] indymac federal bank , fsb
on july 11 , 2008 , citing liquidity concerns , the fdic put indymac bank into conservatorship . a bridge bank , indymac federal bank , fsb , was established to assume control of indymac bank ' s assets , its secured liabilities , and its insured deposit accounts . the fdic announced plans to open indymac federal bank , fsb on july 14 , 2008 . until then , depositors would have access their insured deposits through atms , their existing checks , and their existing debit cards . telephone and internet account access was restored when the bank reopened . the fdic guarantees the funds of all insured accounts up to us $ 100 , 000 , and has declared a special advance dividend to the roughly 10 , 000 depositors with funds in excess of the insured amount , guaranteeing 50 % of any amounts in excess of $ 100 , 000 . yet , even with the pending sale of indymac to imb management holdings , an estimated 10 , 000 uninsured depositors of indymac are still at a loss of over $ 270 million . [ sep ] july 14 , 2008
on july 11 , 2008 , citing liquidity concerns , the fdic put indymac bank into conservatorship . a bridge bank , indymac federal bank , fsb , was established to assume control of indymac bank ' s assets , its secured liabilities , and its insured deposit accounts . the fdic announced plans to open indymac federal bank , fsb on july 14 , 2008 . until then , depositors would have access their insured deposits through atms , their existing checks , and their existing debit cards . telephone and internet account access was restored when the bank reopened . the fdic guarantees the funds of all insured accounts up to us $ 100 , 000 , and has declared a special advance dividend to the roughly 10 , 000 depositors with funds in excess of the insured amount , guaranteeing 50 % of any amounts in excess of $ 100 , 000 . yet , even with the pending sale of indymac to imb management holdings , an estimated 10 , 000 uninsured depositors of indymac are still at a loss of over $ 270 million . [ sep ] us $ 100 , 000
on july 11 , 2008 , citing liquidity concerns , the fdic put indymac bank into conservatorship . a bridge bank , indymac federal bank , fsb , was established to assume control of indymac bank ' s assets , its secured liabilities , and its insured deposit accounts . the fdic announced plans to open indymac federal bank , fsb on july 14 , 2008 . until then , depositors would have access their insured deposits through atms , their existing checks , and their existing debit cards . telephone and internet account access was restored when the bank reopened . the fdic guarantees the funds of all insured accounts up to us $ 100 , 000 , and has declared a special advance dividend to the roughly 10 , 000 depositors with funds in excess of the insured amount , guaranteeing 50 % of any amounts in excess of $ 100 , 000 . yet , even with the pending sale of indymac to imb management holdings , an estimated 10 , 000 uninsured depositors of indymac are still at a loss of over $ 270 million . [ sep ] roughly 10 , 000 depositors
international investment and the wealth generated by wealthy tourists explain the high standard of living on the island . st . barthelemy is considered a playground of the rich and famous , [ citation needed ] especially as a winter haven , and is known for its beaches , gourmet dining and high - end designers . most of the food is imported by airplane or boat from the us or france . tourism attracts about 200 , 000 visitors every year . as a result , there is a boom in house building activity catering to the tourists and also to the permanent residents of the island , with prices as high as €61 , 200 , 000 for a beachfront villa . [ sep ] wealth generated by wealthy tourists
international investment and the wealth generated by wealthy tourists explain the high standard of living on the island . st . barthelemy is considered a playground of the rich and famous , [ citation needed ] especially as a winter haven , and is known for its beaches , gourmet dining and high - end designers . most of the food is imported by airplane or boat from the us or france . tourism attracts about 200 , 000 visitors every year . as a result , there is a boom in house building activity catering to the tourists and also to the permanent residents of the island , with prices as high as €61 , 200 , 000 for a beachfront villa . [ sep ] the rich and famous
international investment and the wealth generated by wealthy tourists explain the high standard of living on the island . st . barthelemy is considered a playground of the rich and famous , [ citation needed ] especially as a winter haven , and is known for its beaches , gourmet dining and high - end designers . most of the food is imported by airplane or boat from the us or france . tourism attracts about 200 , 000 visitors every year . as a result , there is a boom in house building activity catering to the tourists and also to the permanent residents of the island , with prices as high as €61 , 200 , 000 for a beachfront villa . [ sep ] by airplane
international investment and the wealth generated by wealthy tourists explain the high standard of living on the island . st . barthelemy is considered a playground of the rich and famous , [ citation needed ] especially as a winter haven , and is known for its beaches , gourmet dining and high - end designers . most of the food is imported by airplane or boat from the us or france . tourism attracts about 200 , 000 visitors every year . as a result , there is a boom in house building activity catering to the tourists and also to the permanent residents of the island , with prices as high as €61 , 200 , 000 for a beachfront villa . [ sep ] 200 , 000
international investment and the wealth generated by wealthy tourists explain the high standard of living on the island . st . barthelemy is considered a playground of the rich and famous , [ citation needed ] especially as a winter haven , and is known for its beaches , gourmet dining and high - end designers . most of the food is imported by airplane or boat from the us or france . tourism attracts about 200 , 000 visitors every year . as a result , there is a boom in house building activity catering to the tourists and also to the permanent residents of the island , with prices as high as €61 , 200 , 000 for a beachfront villa . [ sep ] €61 , 200 , 000
st . barthelemy has about 25 hotels , most of them with 15 rooms or fewer . the largest has 58 rooms . hotels are classified in the traditional french manner ; 3 star , 4 star and 4 star luxe . of particular note are eden rock and cheval blanc . hotel le toiny , the most expensive hotel on the island , has 12 rooms . most places of accommodation are in the form of private villas , of which there are some 400 available to rent on the island . the island ' s tourism industry , though expensive , attracts 70 , 000 visitors every year to its luxury hotels and villas and another 130 , 000 people arrive by luxury boats . it also attracts a labour force from brazil and portugal to meet the industry needs . [ sep ] 25
st . barthelemy has about 25 hotels , most of them with 15 rooms or fewer . the largest has 58 rooms . hotels are classified in the traditional french manner ; 3 star , 4 star and 4 star luxe . of particular note are eden rock and cheval blanc . hotel le toiny , the most expensive hotel on the island , has 12 rooms . most places of accommodation are in the form of private villas , of which there are some 400 available to rent on the island . the island ' s tourism industry , though expensive , attracts 70 , 000 visitors every year to its luxury hotels and villas and another 130 , 000 people arrive by luxury boats . it also attracts a labour force from brazil and portugal to meet the industry needs . [ sep ] 58
st . barthelemy has about 25 hotels , most of them with 15 rooms or fewer . the largest has 58 rooms . hotels are classified in the traditional french manner ; 3 star , 4 star and 4 star luxe . of particular note are eden rock and cheval blanc . hotel le toiny , the most expensive hotel on the island , has 12 rooms . most places of accommodation are in the form of private villas , of which there are some 400 available to rent on the island . the island ' s tourism industry , though expensive , attracts 70 , 000 visitors every year to its luxury hotels and villas and another 130 , 000 people arrive by luxury boats . it also attracts a labour force from brazil and portugal to meet the industry needs . [ sep ] 12
st . barthelemy has about 25 hotels , most of them with 15 rooms or fewer . the largest has 58 rooms . hotels are classified in the traditional french manner ; 3 star , 4 star and 4 star luxe . of particular note are eden rock and cheval blanc . hotel le toiny , the most expensive hotel on the island , has 12 rooms . most places of accommodation are in the form of private villas , of which there are some 400 available to rent on the island . the island ' s tourism industry , though expensive , attracts 70 , 000 visitors every year to its luxury hotels and villas and another 130 , 000 people arrive by luxury boats . it also attracts a labour force from brazil and portugal to meet the industry needs . [ sep ] 400
st . barthelemy has about 25 hotels , most of them with 15 rooms or fewer . the largest has 58 rooms . hotels are classified in the traditional french manner ; 3 star , 4 star and 4 star luxe . of particular note are eden rock and cheval blanc . hotel le toiny , the most expensive hotel on the island , has 12 rooms . most places of accommodation are in the form of private villas , of which there are some 400 available to rent on the island . the island ' s tourism industry , though expensive , attracts 70 , 000 visitors every year to its luxury hotels and villas and another 130 , 000 people arrive by luxury boats . it also attracts a labour force from brazil and portugal to meet the industry needs . [ sep ] portugal
initially the companies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as northern rock and countrywide financial , as they could no longer obtain financing through the credit markets . over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008 . concerns that investment bank bear stearns would collapse in march 2008 resulted in its fire - sale to jp morgan chase . the financial institution crisis hit its peak in september and october 2008 . several major institutions either failed , were acquired under duress , or were subject to government takeover . these included lehman brothers , merrill lynch , fannie mae , freddie mac , washington mutual , wachovia , citigroup , and aig . on oct . 6 , 2008 , three weeks after lehman brothers filed the largest bankruptcy in u . s . history , lehman ' s former ceo found himself before representative henry a . waxman , the california democrat who chaired the house committee on oversight and government reform . fuld said he was a victim of the collapse , blaming a " crisis of confidence " in the markets for dooming his firm . [ sep ] over 100
initially the companies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as northern rock and countrywide financial , as they could no longer obtain financing through the credit markets . over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008 . concerns that investment bank bear stearns would collapse in march 2008 resulted in its fire - sale to jp morgan chase . the financial institution crisis hit its peak in september and october 2008 . several major institutions either failed , were acquired under duress , or were subject to government takeover . these included lehman brothers , merrill lynch , fannie mae , freddie mac , washington mutual , wachovia , citigroup , and aig . on oct . 6 , 2008 , three weeks after lehman brothers filed the largest bankruptcy in u . s . history , lehman ' s former ceo found himself before representative henry a . waxman , the california democrat who chaired the house committee on oversight and government reform . fuld said he was a victim of the collapse , blaming a " crisis of confidence " in the markets for dooming his firm . [ sep ] bear stearns
initially the companies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as northern rock and countrywide financial , as they could no longer obtain financing through the credit markets . over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008 . concerns that investment bank bear stearns would collapse in march 2008 resulted in its fire - sale to jp morgan chase . the financial institution crisis hit its peak in september and october 2008 . several major institutions either failed , were acquired under duress , or were subject to government takeover . these included lehman brothers , merrill lynch , fannie mae , freddie mac , washington mutual , wachovia , citigroup , and aig . on oct . 6 , 2008 , three weeks after lehman brothers filed the largest bankruptcy in u . s . history , lehman ' s former ceo found himself before representative henry a . waxman , the california democrat who chaired the house committee on oversight and government reform . fuld said he was a victim of the collapse , blaming a " crisis of confidence " in the markets for dooming his firm . [ sep ] september and october 2008
initially the companies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as northern rock and countrywide financial , as they could no longer obtain financing through the credit markets . over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008 . concerns that investment bank bear stearns would collapse in march 2008 resulted in its fire - sale to jp morgan chase . the financial institution crisis hit its peak in september and october 2008 . several major institutions either failed , were acquired under duress , or were subject to government takeover . these included lehman brothers , merrill lynch , fannie mae , freddie mac , washington mutual , wachovia , citigroup , and aig . on oct . 6 , 2008 , three weeks after lehman brothers filed the largest bankruptcy in u . s . history , lehman ' s former ceo found himself before representative henry a . waxman , the california democrat who chaired the house committee on oversight and government reform . fuld said he was a victim of the collapse , blaming a " crisis of confidence " in the markets for dooming his firm . [ sep ] oct . 6 , 2008
initially the companies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as northern rock and countrywide financial , as they could no longer obtain financing through the credit markets . over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008 . concerns that investment bank bear stearns would collapse in march 2008 resulted in its fire - sale to jp morgan chase . the financial institution crisis hit its peak in september and october 2008 . several major institutions either failed , were acquired under duress , or were subject to government takeover . these included lehman brothers , merrill lynch , fannie mae , freddie mac , washington mutual , wachovia , citigroup , and aig . on oct . 6 , 2008 , three weeks after lehman brothers filed the largest bankruptcy in u . s . history , lehman ' s former ceo found himself before representative henry a . waxman , the california democrat who chaired the house committee on oversight and government reform . fuld said he was a victim of the collapse , blaming a " crisis of confidence " in the markets for dooming his firm . [ sep ] lehman brothers
in september 2008 , the crisis hit its most critical stage . there was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market funds , which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls . withdrawal from money markets were $ 144 . 5 billion during one week , versus $ 7 . 1 billion the week prior . this interrupted the ability of corporations to rollover ( replace ) their short - term debt . the u . s . government responded by extending insurance for money market accounts analogous to bank deposit insurance via a temporary guarantee and with federal reserve programs to purchase commercial paper . the ted spread , an indicator of perceived credit risk in the general economy , spiked up in july 2007 , remained volatile for a year , then spiked even higher in september 2008 , reaching a record 4 . 65 % on october 10 , 2008 . [ sep ] september 2008
in september 2008 , the crisis hit its most critical stage . there was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market funds , which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls . withdrawal from money markets were $ 144 . 5 billion during one week , versus $ 7 . 1 billion the week prior . this interrupted the ability of corporations to rollover ( replace ) their short - term debt . the u . s . government responded by extending insurance for money market accounts analogous to bank deposit insurance via a temporary guarantee and with federal reserve programs to purchase commercial paper . the ted spread , an indicator of perceived credit risk in the general economy , spiked up in july 2007 , remained volatile for a year , then spiked even higher in september 2008 , reaching a record 4 . 65 % on october 10 , 2008 . [ sep ] money market funds
in september 2008 , the crisis hit its most critical stage . there was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market funds , which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls . withdrawal from money markets were $ 144 . 5 billion during one week , versus $ 7 . 1 billion the week prior . this interrupted the ability of corporations to rollover ( replace ) their short - term debt . the u . s . government responded by extending insurance for money market accounts analogous to bank deposit insurance via a temporary guarantee and with federal reserve programs to purchase commercial paper . the ted spread , an indicator of perceived credit risk in the general economy , spiked up in july 2007 , remained volatile for a year , then spiked even higher in september 2008 , reaching a record 4 . 65 % on october 10 , 2008 . [ sep ] commercial paper issued by corporations
in september 2008 , the crisis hit its most critical stage . there was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market funds , which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls . withdrawal from money markets were $ 144 . 5 billion during one week , versus $ 7 . 1 billion the week prior . this interrupted the ability of corporations to rollover ( replace ) their short - term debt . the u . s . government responded by extending insurance for money market accounts analogous to bank deposit insurance via a temporary guarantee and with federal reserve programs to purchase commercial paper . the ted spread , an indicator of perceived credit risk in the general economy , spiked up in july 2007 , remained volatile for a year , then spiked even higher in september 2008 , reaching a record 4 . 65 % on october 10 , 2008 . [ sep ] $ 144 . 5 billion
in september 2008 , the crisis hit its most critical stage . there was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market funds , which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls . withdrawal from money markets were $ 144 . 5 billion during one week , versus $ 7 . 1 billion the week prior . this interrupted the ability of corporations to rollover ( replace ) their short - term debt . the u . s . government responded by extending insurance for money market accounts analogous to bank deposit insurance via a temporary guarantee and with federal reserve programs to purchase commercial paper . the ted spread , an indicator of perceived credit risk in the general economy , spiked up in july 2007 , remained volatile for a year , then spiked even higher in september 2008 , reaching a record 4 . 65 % on october 10 , 2008 . [ sep ] 4 . 65 %
economist paul krugman and u . s . treasury secretary timothy geithner explain the credit crisis via the implosion of the shadow banking system , which had grown to nearly equal the importance of the traditional commercial banking sector as described above . without the ability to obtain investor funds in exchange for most types of mortgage - backed securities or asset - backed commercial paper , investment banks and other entities in the shadow banking system could not provide funds to mortgage firms and other corporations . [ sep ] shadow banking system
economist paul krugman and u . s . treasury secretary timothy geithner explain the credit crisis via the implosion of the shadow banking system , which had grown to nearly equal the importance of the traditional commercial banking sector as described above . without the ability to obtain investor funds in exchange for most types of mortgage - backed securities or asset - backed commercial paper , investment banks and other entities in the shadow banking system could not provide funds to mortgage firms and other corporations . [ sep ] shadow banking system
economist paul krugman and u . s . treasury secretary timothy geithner explain the credit crisis via the implosion of the shadow banking system , which had grown to nearly equal the importance of the traditional commercial banking sector as described above . without the ability to obtain investor funds in exchange for most types of mortgage - backed securities or asset - backed commercial paper , investment banks and other entities in the shadow banking system could not provide funds to mortgage firms and other corporations . [ sep ] investor funds
economist paul krugman and u . s . treasury secretary timothy geithner explain the credit crisis via the implosion of the shadow banking system , which had grown to nearly equal the importance of the traditional commercial banking sector as described above . without the ability to obtain investor funds in exchange for most types of mortgage - backed securities or asset - backed commercial paper , investment banks and other entities in the shadow banking system could not provide funds to mortgage firms and other corporations . [ sep ] u . s . treasury secretary
isabelle stengers wrote that " whiteheadians are recruited among both philosophers and theologians , and the palette has been enriched by practitioners from the most diverse horizons , from ecology to feminism , practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education . " indeed , in recent decades attention to whitehead ' s work has become more widespread , with interest extending to intellectuals in europe and china , and coming from such diverse fields as ecology , physics , biology , education , economics , and psychology . one of the first theologians to attempt to interact with whitehead ' s thought was the future archbishop of canterbury , william temple . in temple ' s gifford lectures of 1932 - 1934 ( subsequently published as " nature , man and god " ) , whitehead is one of a number of philosophers of the emergent evolution approach temple interacts with . however , it was not until the 1970s and 1980s that whitehead ' s thought drew much attention outside of a small group of philosophers and theologians , primarily americans , and even today he is not considered especially influential outside of relatively specialized circles . [ sep ] practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education
isabelle stengers wrote that " whiteheadians are recruited among both philosophers and theologians , and the palette has been enriched by practitioners from the most diverse horizons , from ecology to feminism , practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education . " indeed , in recent decades attention to whitehead ' s work has become more widespread , with interest extending to intellectuals in europe and china , and coming from such diverse fields as ecology , physics , biology , education , economics , and psychology . one of the first theologians to attempt to interact with whitehead ' s thought was the future archbishop of canterbury , william temple . in temple ' s gifford lectures of 1932 - 1934 ( subsequently published as " nature , man and god " ) , whitehead is one of a number of philosophers of the emergent evolution approach temple interacts with . however , it was not until the 1970s and 1980s that whitehead ' s thought drew much attention outside of a small group of philosophers and theologians , primarily americans , and even today he is not considered especially influential outside of relatively specialized circles . [ sep ] europe and china
isabelle stengers wrote that " whiteheadians are recruited among both philosophers and theologians , and the palette has been enriched by practitioners from the most diverse horizons , from ecology to feminism , practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education . " indeed , in recent decades attention to whitehead ' s work has become more widespread , with interest extending to intellectuals in europe and china , and coming from such diverse fields as ecology , physics , biology , education , economics , and psychology . one of the first theologians to attempt to interact with whitehead ' s thought was the future archbishop of canterbury , william temple . in temple ' s gifford lectures of 1932 - 1934 ( subsequently published as " nature , man and god " ) , whitehead is one of a number of philosophers of the emergent evolution approach temple interacts with . however , it was not until the 1970s and 1980s that whitehead ' s thought drew much attention outside of a small group of philosophers and theologians , primarily americans , and even today he is not considered especially influential outside of relatively specialized circles . [ sep ] ecology , physics , biology , education , economics , and psychology
isabelle stengers wrote that " whiteheadians are recruited among both philosophers and theologians , and the palette has been enriched by practitioners from the most diverse horizons , from ecology to feminism , practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education . " indeed , in recent decades attention to whitehead ' s work has become more widespread , with interest extending to intellectuals in europe and china , and coming from such diverse fields as ecology , physics , biology , education , economics , and psychology . one of the first theologians to attempt to interact with whitehead ' s thought was the future archbishop of canterbury , william temple . in temple ' s gifford lectures of 1932 - 1934 ( subsequently published as " nature , man and god " ) , whitehead is one of a number of philosophers of the emergent evolution approach temple interacts with . however , it was not until the 1970s and 1980s that whitehead ' s thought drew much attention outside of a small group of philosophers and theologians , primarily americans , and even today he is not considered especially influential outside of relatively specialized circles . [ sep ] william temple
isabelle stengers wrote that " whiteheadians are recruited among both philosophers and theologians , and the palette has been enriched by practitioners from the most diverse horizons , from ecology to feminism , practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education . " indeed , in recent decades attention to whitehead ' s work has become more widespread , with interest extending to intellectuals in europe and china , and coming from such diverse fields as ecology , physics , biology , education , economics , and psychology . one of the first theologians to attempt to interact with whitehead ' s thought was the future archbishop of canterbury , william temple . in temple ' s gifford lectures of 1932 - 1934 ( subsequently published as " nature , man and god " ) , whitehead is one of a number of philosophers of the emergent evolution approach temple interacts with . however , it was not until the 1970s and 1980s that whitehead ' s thought drew much attention outside of a small group of philosophers and theologians , primarily americans , and even today he is not considered especially influential outside of relatively specialized circles . [ sep ] temple ' s gifford lectures of 1932 - 1934
this meant that nearly one - third of the u . s . lending mechanism was frozen and continued to be frozen into june 2009 . according to the brookings institution , the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of june 2009 : " it would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume " . the authors also indicate that some forms of securitization are " likely to vanish forever , having been an artifact of excessively loose credit conditions " . while traditional banks have raised their lending standards , it was the collapse of the shadow banking system that is the primary cause of the reduction in funds available for borrowing . [ sep ] nearly one - third
this meant that nearly one - third of the u . s . lending mechanism was frozen and continued to be frozen into june 2009 . according to the brookings institution , the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of june 2009 : " it would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume " . the authors also indicate that some forms of securitization are " likely to vanish forever , having been an artifact of excessively loose credit conditions " . while traditional banks have raised their lending standards , it was the collapse of the shadow banking system that is the primary cause of the reduction in funds available for borrowing . [ sep ] the collapse of the shadow banking system
this meant that nearly one - third of the u . s . lending mechanism was frozen and continued to be frozen into june 2009 . according to the brookings institution , the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of june 2009 : " it would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume " . the authors also indicate that some forms of securitization are " likely to vanish forever , having been an artifact of excessively loose credit conditions " . while traditional banks have raised their lending standards , it was the collapse of the shadow banking system that is the primary cause of the reduction in funds available for borrowing . [ sep ] brookings institution
this meant that nearly one - third of the u . s . lending mechanism was frozen and continued to be frozen into june 2009 . according to the brookings institution , the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of june 2009 : " it would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume " . the authors also indicate that some forms of securitization are " likely to vanish forever , having been an artifact of excessively loose credit conditions " . while traditional banks have raised their lending standards , it was the collapse of the shadow banking system that is the primary cause of the reduction in funds available for borrowing . [ sep ] some forms of securitization
this meant that nearly one - third of the u . s . lending mechanism was frozen and continued to be frozen into june 2009 . according to the brookings institution , the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of june 2009 : " it would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume " . the authors also indicate that some forms of securitization are " likely to vanish forever , having been an artifact of excessively loose credit conditions " . while traditional banks have raised their lending standards , it was the collapse of the shadow banking system that is the primary cause of the reduction in funds available for borrowing . [ sep ] capital
there is a direct relationship between declines in wealth and declines in consumption and business investment , which along with government spending , represent the economic engine . between june 2007 and november 2008 , americans lost an estimated average of more than a quarter of their collective net worth . [ citation needed ] by early november 2008 , a broad u . s . stock index the s & p 500 , was down 45 % from its 2007 high . housing prices had dropped 20 % from their 2006 peak , with futures markets signaling a 30 – 35 % potential drop . total home equity in the united states , which was valued at $ 13 trillion at its peak in 2006 , had dropped to $ 8 . 8 trillion by mid - 2008 and was still falling in late 2008 . total retirement assets , americans ' second - largest household asset , dropped by 22 % , from $ 10 . 3 trillion in 2006 to $ 8 trillion in mid - 2008 . during the same period , savings and investment assets ( apart from retirement savings ) lost $ 1 . 2 trillion and pension assets lost $ 1 . 3 trillion . taken together , these losses total a staggering $ 8 . 3 trillion . since peaking in the second quarter of 2007 , household wealth is down $ 14 trillion . [ sep ] more than a quarter
there is a direct relationship between declines in wealth and declines in consumption and business investment , which along with government spending , represent the economic engine . between june 2007 and november 2008 , americans lost an estimated average of more than a quarter of their collective net worth . [ citation needed ] by early november 2008 , a broad u . s . stock index the s & p 500 , was down 45 % from its 2007 high . housing prices had dropped 20 % from their 2006 peak , with futures markets signaling a 30 – 35 % potential drop . total home equity in the united states , which was valued at $ 13 trillion at its peak in 2006 , had dropped to $ 8 . 8 trillion by mid - 2008 and was still falling in late 2008 . total retirement assets , americans ' second - largest household asset , dropped by 22 % , from $ 10 . 3 trillion in 2006 to $ 8 trillion in mid - 2008 . during the same period , savings and investment assets ( apart from retirement savings ) lost $ 1 . 2 trillion and pension assets lost $ 1 . 3 trillion . taken together , these losses total a staggering $ 8 . 3 trillion . since peaking in the second quarter of 2007 , household wealth is down $ 14 trillion . [ sep ] 45 %
there is a direct relationship between declines in wealth and declines in consumption and business investment , which along with government spending , represent the economic engine . between june 2007 and november 2008 , americans lost an estimated average of more than a quarter of their collective net worth . [ citation needed ] by early november 2008 , a broad u . s . stock index the s & p 500 , was down 45 % from its 2007 high . housing prices had dropped 20 % from their 2006 peak , with futures markets signaling a 30 – 35 % potential drop . total home equity in the united states , which was valued at $ 13 trillion at its peak in 2006 , had dropped to $ 8 . 8 trillion by mid - 2008 and was still falling in late 2008 . total retirement assets , americans ' second - largest household asset , dropped by 22 % , from $ 10 . 3 trillion in 2006 to $ 8 trillion in mid - 2008 . during the same period , savings and investment assets ( apart from retirement savings ) lost $ 1 . 2 trillion and pension assets lost $ 1 . 3 trillion . taken together , these losses total a staggering $ 8 . 3 trillion . since peaking in the second quarter of 2007 , household wealth is down $ 14 trillion . [ sep ] 20 %
there is a direct relationship between declines in wealth and declines in consumption and business investment , which along with government spending , represent the economic engine . between june 2007 and november 2008 , americans lost an estimated average of more than a quarter of their collective net worth . [ citation needed ] by early november 2008 , a broad u . s . stock index the s & p 500 , was down 45 % from its 2007 high . housing prices had dropped 20 % from their 2006 peak , with futures markets signaling a 30 – 35 % potential drop . total home equity in the united states , which was valued at $ 13 trillion at its peak in 2006 , had dropped to $ 8 . 8 trillion by mid - 2008 and was still falling in late 2008 . total retirement assets , americans ' second - largest household asset , dropped by 22 % , from $ 10 . 3 trillion in 2006 to $ 8 trillion in mid - 2008 . during the same period , savings and investment assets ( apart from retirement savings ) lost $ 1 . 2 trillion and pension assets lost $ 1 . 3 trillion . taken together , these losses total a staggering $ 8 . 3 trillion . since peaking in the second quarter of 2007 , household wealth is down $ 14 trillion . [ sep ] $ 13 trillion
there is a direct relationship between declines in wealth and declines in consumption and business investment , which along with government spending , represent the economic engine . between june 2007 and november 2008 , americans lost an estimated average of more than a quarter of their collective net worth . [ citation needed ] by early november 2008 , a broad u . s . stock index the s & p 500 , was down 45 % from its 2007 high . housing prices had dropped 20 % from their 2006 peak , with futures markets signaling a 30 – 35 % potential drop . total home equity in the united states , which was valued at $ 13 trillion at its peak in 2006 , had dropped to $ 8 . 8 trillion by mid - 2008 and was still falling in late 2008 . total retirement assets , americans ' second - largest household asset , dropped by 22 % , from $ 10 . 3 trillion in 2006 to $ 8 trillion in mid - 2008 . during the same period , savings and investment assets ( apart from retirement savings ) lost $ 1 . 2 trillion and pension assets lost $ 1 . 3 trillion . taken together , these losses total a staggering $ 8 . 3 trillion . since peaking in the second quarter of 2007 , household wealth is down $ 14 trillion . [ sep ] $ 8 . 8 trillion
early followers of whitehead were found primarily at the university of chicago ' s divinity school , where henry nelson wieman initiated an interest in whitehead ' s work that would last for about thirty years . professors such as wieman , charles hartshorne , bernard loomer , bernard meland , and daniel day williams made whitehead ' s philosophy arguably the most important intellectual thread running through the divinity school . they taught generations of whitehead scholars , the most notable of which is john b . cobb , jr . [ sep ] at the university of chicago ' s divinity school
early followers of whitehead were found primarily at the university of chicago ' s divinity school , where henry nelson wieman initiated an interest in whitehead ' s work that would last for about thirty years . professors such as wieman , charles hartshorne , bernard loomer , bernard meland , and daniel day williams made whitehead ' s philosophy arguably the most important intellectual thread running through the divinity school . they taught generations of whitehead scholars , the most notable of which is john b . cobb , jr . [ sep ] henry nelson wieman
early followers of whitehead were found primarily at the university of chicago ' s divinity school , where henry nelson wieman initiated an interest in whitehead ' s work that would last for about thirty years . professors such as wieman , charles hartshorne , bernard loomer , bernard meland , and daniel day williams made whitehead ' s philosophy arguably the most important intellectual thread running through the divinity school . they taught generations of whitehead scholars , the most notable of which is john b . cobb , jr . [ sep ] wieman , charles hartshorne , bernard loomer , bernard meland , and daniel day williams
early followers of whitehead were found primarily at the university of chicago ' s divinity school , where henry nelson wieman initiated an interest in whitehead ' s work that would last for about thirty years . professors such as wieman , charles hartshorne , bernard loomer , bernard meland , and daniel day williams made whitehead ' s philosophy arguably the most important intellectual thread running through the divinity school . they taught generations of whitehead scholars , the most notable of which is john b . cobb , jr . [ sep ] john b . cobb
in november 2008 , economist dean baker observed : " there is a really good reason for tighter credit . tens of millions of homeowners who had substantial equity in their homes two years ago have little or nothing today . businesses are facing the worst downturn since the great depression . this matters for credit decisions . a homeowner with equity in her home is very unlikely to default on a car loan or credit card debt . they will draw on this equity rather than lose their car and / or have a default placed on their credit record . on the other hand , a homeowner who has no equity is a serious default risk . in the case of businesses , their creditworthiness depends on their future profits . profit prospects look much worse in november 2008 than they did in november 2007 . . . while many banks are obviously at the brink , consumers and businesses would be facing a much harder time getting credit right now even if the financial system were rock solid . the problem with the economy is the loss of close to $ 6 trillion in housing wealth and an even larger amount of stock wealth . [ sep ] serious
in november 2008 , economist dean baker observed : " there is a really good reason for tighter credit . tens of millions of homeowners who had substantial equity in their homes two years ago have little or nothing today . businesses are facing the worst downturn since the great depression . this matters for credit decisions . a homeowner with equity in her home is very unlikely to default on a car loan or credit card debt . they will draw on this equity rather than lose their car and / or have a default placed on their credit record . on the other hand , a homeowner who has no equity is a serious default risk . in the case of businesses , their creditworthiness depends on their future profits . profit prospects look much worse in november 2008 than they did in november 2007 . . . while many banks are obviously at the brink , consumers and businesses would be facing a much harder time getting credit right now even if the financial system were rock solid . the problem with the economy is the loss of close to $ 6 trillion in housing wealth and an even larger amount of stock wealth . [ sep ] loss of close to $ 6 trillion in housing wealth
in november 2008 , economist dean baker observed : " there is a really good reason for tighter credit . tens of millions of homeowners who had substantial equity in their homes two years ago have little or nothing today . businesses are facing the worst downturn since the great depression . this matters for credit decisions . a homeowner with equity in her home is very unlikely to default on a car loan or credit card debt . they will draw on this equity rather than lose their car and / or have a default placed on their credit record . on the other hand , a homeowner who has no equity is a serious default risk . in the case of businesses , their creditworthiness depends on their future profits . profit prospects look much worse in november 2008 than they did in november 2007 . . . while many banks are obviously at the brink , consumers and businesses would be facing a much harder time getting credit right now even if the financial system were rock solid . the problem with the economy is the loss of close to $ 6 trillion in housing wealth and an even larger amount of stock wealth . [ sep ] tens of millions
in november 2008 , economist dean baker observed : " there is a really good reason for tighter credit . tens of millions of homeowners who had substantial equity in their homes two years ago have little or nothing today . businesses are facing the worst downturn since the great depression . this matters for credit decisions . a homeowner with equity in her home is very unlikely to default on a car loan or credit card debt . they will draw on this equity rather than lose their car and / or have a default placed on their credit record . on the other hand , a homeowner who has no equity is a serious default risk . in the case of businesses , their creditworthiness depends on their future profits . profit prospects look much worse in november 2008 than they did in november 2007 . . . while many banks are obviously at the brink , consumers and businesses would be facing a much harder time getting credit right now even if the financial system were rock solid . the problem with the economy is the loss of close to $ 6 trillion in housing wealth and an even larger amount of stock wealth . [ sep ] future profits
in november 2008 , economist dean baker observed : " there is a really good reason for tighter credit . tens of millions of homeowners who had substantial equity in their homes two years ago have little or nothing today . businesses are facing the worst downturn since the great depression . this matters for credit decisions . a homeowner with equity in her home is very unlikely to default on a car loan or credit card debt . they will draw on this equity rather than lose their car and / or have a default placed on their credit record . on the other hand , a homeowner who has no equity is a serious default risk . in the case of businesses , their creditworthiness depends on their future profits . profit prospects look much worse in november 2008 than they did in november 2007 . . . while many banks are obviously at the brink , consumers and businesses would be facing a much harder time getting credit right now even if the financial system were rock solid . the problem with the economy is the loss of close to $ 6 trillion in housing wealth and an even larger amount of stock wealth . [ sep ] much worse
as the terrain is generally arid , the hills have mostly poor soil and support only cacti and succulent plants . during the rainy season the area turns green with vegetation and grass . the eastern part of the island is greener as it receives more rainfall . a 1994 survey has revealed several hundred indigenous species of plants including the naturalized varieties of flora ; some growing in irrigated areas while the dry areas are dominated by the cacti variety . sea grapes and palm trees are a common sight with mangroves and shrubs surviving in the saline coastal swamps . coconut palm was brought to the island from the pacific islands . important plants noted on the island are : [ sep ] succulent
as the terrain is generally arid , the hills have mostly poor soil and support only cacti and succulent plants . during the rainy season the area turns green with vegetation and grass . the eastern part of the island is greener as it receives more rainfall . a 1994 survey has revealed several hundred indigenous species of plants including the naturalized varieties of flora ; some growing in irrigated areas while the dry areas are dominated by the cacti variety . sea grapes and palm trees are a common sight with mangroves and shrubs surviving in the saline coastal swamps . coconut palm was brought to the island from the pacific islands . important plants noted on the island are : [ sep ] the eastern part
as the terrain is generally arid , the hills have mostly poor soil and support only cacti and succulent plants . during the rainy season the area turns green with vegetation and grass . the eastern part of the island is greener as it receives more rainfall . a 1994 survey has revealed several hundred indigenous species of plants including the naturalized varieties of flora ; some growing in irrigated areas while the dry areas are dominated by the cacti variety . sea grapes and palm trees are a common sight with mangroves and shrubs surviving in the saline coastal swamps . coconut palm was brought to the island from the pacific islands . important plants noted on the island are : [ sep ] several hundred
as the terrain is generally arid , the hills have mostly poor soil and support only cacti and succulent plants . during the rainy season the area turns green with vegetation and grass . the eastern part of the island is greener as it receives more rainfall . a 1994 survey has revealed several hundred indigenous species of plants including the naturalized varieties of flora ; some growing in irrigated areas while the dry areas are dominated by the cacti variety . sea grapes and palm trees are a common sight with mangroves and shrubs surviving in the saline coastal swamps . coconut palm was brought to the island from the pacific islands . important plants noted on the island are : [ sep ] sea grapes
as the terrain is generally arid , the hills have mostly poor soil and support only cacti and succulent plants . during the rainy season the area turns green with vegetation and grass . the eastern part of the island is greener as it receives more rainfall . a 1994 survey has revealed several hundred indigenous species of plants including the naturalized varieties of flora ; some growing in irrigated areas while the dry areas are dominated by the cacti variety . sea grapes and palm trees are a common sight with mangroves and shrubs surviving in the saline coastal swamps . coconut palm was brought to the island from the pacific islands . important plants noted on the island are : [ sep ] the pacific islands
other trees of note include the royal palm , sea grape trees in the form of shrubs on the beaches and as 5 to 7 m trees in the interior areas of the island , aloe or aloe vera ( brought from the mediterranean ) , the night blooming cereus , mamillaria nivosa , yellow prickly pear or barbary fig which was planted as barbed wire defences against invading british army in 1773 , mexican cactus , stapelia gigantea , golden trumpet or yellow bell which was originally from south america , bougainvillea and others . [ sep ] aloe or aloe vera
other trees of note include the royal palm , sea grape trees in the form of shrubs on the beaches and as 5 to 7 m trees in the interior areas of the island , aloe or aloe vera ( brought from the mediterranean ) , the night blooming cereus , mamillaria nivosa , yellow prickly pear or barbary fig which was planted as barbed wire defences against invading british army in 1773 , mexican cactus , stapelia gigantea , golden trumpet or yellow bell which was originally from south america , bougainvillea and others . [ sep ] cereus
other trees of note include the royal palm , sea grape trees in the form of shrubs on the beaches and as 5 to 7 m trees in the interior areas of the island , aloe or aloe vera ( brought from the mediterranean ) , the night blooming cereus , mamillaria nivosa , yellow prickly pear or barbary fig which was planted as barbed wire defences against invading british army in 1773 , mexican cactus , stapelia gigantea , golden trumpet or yellow bell which was originally from south america , bougainvillea and others . [ sep ] south america
other trees of note include the royal palm , sea grape trees in the form of shrubs on the beaches and as 5 to 7 m trees in the interior areas of the island , aloe or aloe vera ( brought from the mediterranean ) , the night blooming cereus , mamillaria nivosa , yellow prickly pear or barbary fig which was planted as barbed wire defences against invading british army in 1773 , mexican cactus , stapelia gigantea , golden trumpet or yellow bell which was originally from south america , bougainvillea and others . [ sep ] 1773
other trees of note include the royal palm , sea grape trees in the form of shrubs on the beaches and as 5 to 7 m trees in the interior areas of the island , aloe or aloe vera ( brought from the mediterranean ) , the night blooming cereus , mamillaria nivosa , yellow prickly pear or barbary fig which was planted as barbed wire defences against invading british army in 1773 , mexican cactus , stapelia gigantea , golden trumpet or yellow bell which was originally from south america , bougainvillea and others . [ sep ] barbary
but while claremont remains the most concentrated hub of whiteheadian activity , the place where whitehead ' s thought currently seems to be growing the most quickly is in china . in order to address the challenges of modernization and industrialization , china has begun to blend traditions of taoism , buddhism , and confucianism with whitehead ' s " constructive post - modern " philosophy in order to create an " ecological civilization . " to date , the chinese government has encouraged the building of twenty - three university - based centers for the study of whitehead ' s philosophy , and books by process philosophers john cobb and david ray griffin are becoming required reading for chinese graduate students . cobb has attributed china ' s interest in process philosophy partly to whitehead ' s stress on the mutual interdependence of humanity and nature , as well as his emphasis on an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts . [ sep ] china
but while claremont remains the most concentrated hub of whiteheadian activity , the place where whitehead ' s thought currently seems to be growing the most quickly is in china . in order to address the challenges of modernization and industrialization , china has begun to blend traditions of taoism , buddhism , and confucianism with whitehead ' s " constructive post - modern " philosophy in order to create an " ecological civilization . " to date , the chinese government has encouraged the building of twenty - three university - based centers for the study of whitehead ' s philosophy , and books by process philosophers john cobb and david ray griffin are becoming required reading for chinese graduate students . cobb has attributed china ' s interest in process philosophy partly to whitehead ' s stress on the mutual interdependence of humanity and nature , as well as his emphasis on an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts . [ sep ] modernization and industrialization
but while claremont remains the most concentrated hub of whiteheadian activity , the place where whitehead ' s thought currently seems to be growing the most quickly is in china . in order to address the challenges of modernization and industrialization , china has begun to blend traditions of taoism , buddhism , and confucianism with whitehead ' s " constructive post - modern " philosophy in order to create an " ecological civilization . " to date , the chinese government has encouraged the building of twenty - three university - based centers for the study of whitehead ' s philosophy , and books by process philosophers john cobb and david ray griffin are becoming required reading for chinese graduate students . cobb has attributed china ' s interest in process philosophy partly to whitehead ' s stress on the mutual interdependence of humanity and nature , as well as his emphasis on an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts . [ sep ] traditions of taoism , buddhism , and confucianism
but while claremont remains the most concentrated hub of whiteheadian activity , the place where whitehead ' s thought currently seems to be growing the most quickly is in china . in order to address the challenges of modernization and industrialization , china has begun to blend traditions of taoism , buddhism , and confucianism with whitehead ' s " constructive post - modern " philosophy in order to create an " ecological civilization . " to date , the chinese government has encouraged the building of twenty - three university - based centers for the study of whitehead ' s philosophy , and books by process philosophers john cobb and david ray griffin are becoming required reading for chinese graduate students . cobb has attributed china ' s interest in process philosophy partly to whitehead ' s stress on the mutual interdependence of humanity and nature , as well as his emphasis on an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts . [ sep ] john cobb and david ray griffin
but while claremont remains the most concentrated hub of whiteheadian activity , the place where whitehead ' s thought currently seems to be growing the most quickly is in china . in order to address the challenges of modernization and industrialization , china has begun to blend traditions of taoism , buddhism , and confucianism with whitehead ' s " constructive post - modern " philosophy in order to create an " ecological civilization . " to date , the chinese government has encouraged the building of twenty - three university - based centers for the study of whitehead ' s philosophy , and books by process philosophers john cobb and david ray griffin are becoming required reading for chinese graduate students . cobb has attributed china ' s interest in process philosophy partly to whitehead ' s stress on the mutual interdependence of humanity and nature , as well as his emphasis on an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts . [ sep ] interdependence of humanity and nature , as well as his emphasis on an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts
several commentators have suggested that if the liquidity crisis continues , an extended recession or worse could occur . the continuing development of the crisis has prompted fears of a global economic collapse although there are now many cautiously optimistic forecasters in addition to some prominent sources who remain negative . the financial crisis is likely to yield the biggest banking shakeout since the savings - and - loan meltdown . investment bank ubs stated on october 6 that 2008 would see a clear global recession , with recovery unlikely for at least two years . three days later ubs economists announced that the " beginning of the end " of the crisis had begun , with the world starting to make the necessary actions to fix the crisis : capital injection by governments ; injection made systemically ; interest rate cuts to help borrowers . the united kingdom had started systemic injection , and the world ' s central banks were now cutting interest rates . ubs emphasized the united states needed to implement systemic injection . ubs further emphasized that this fixes only the financial crisis , but that in economic terms " the worst is still to come " . ubs quantified their expected recession durations on october 16 : the eurozone ' s would last two quarters , the united states ' would last three quarters , and the united kingdom ' s would last four quarters . the economic crisis in iceland involved all three of the country ' s major banks . relative to the size of its economy , iceland ’ s banking collapse is the largest suffered by any country in economic history . [ sep ] global economic collapse
several commentators have suggested that if the liquidity crisis continues , an extended recession or worse could occur . the continuing development of the crisis has prompted fears of a global economic collapse although there are now many cautiously optimistic forecasters in addition to some prominent sources who remain negative . the financial crisis is likely to yield the biggest banking shakeout since the savings - and - loan meltdown . investment bank ubs stated on october 6 that 2008 would see a clear global recession , with recovery unlikely for at least two years . three days later ubs economists announced that the " beginning of the end " of the crisis had begun , with the world starting to make the necessary actions to fix the crisis : capital injection by governments ; injection made systemically ; interest rate cuts to help borrowers . the united kingdom had started systemic injection , and the world ' s central banks were now cutting interest rates . ubs emphasized the united states needed to implement systemic injection . ubs further emphasized that this fixes only the financial crisis , but that in economic terms " the worst is still to come " . ubs quantified their expected recession durations on october 16 : the eurozone ' s would last two quarters , the united states ' would last three quarters , and the united kingdom ' s would last four quarters . the economic crisis in iceland involved all three of the country ' s major banks . relative to the size of its economy , iceland ’ s banking collapse is the largest suffered by any country in economic history . [ sep ] ubs
several commentators have suggested that if the liquidity crisis continues , an extended recession or worse could occur . the continuing development of the crisis has prompted fears of a global economic collapse although there are now many cautiously optimistic forecasters in addition to some prominent sources who remain negative . the financial crisis is likely to yield the biggest banking shakeout since the savings - and - loan meltdown . investment bank ubs stated on october 6 that 2008 would see a clear global recession , with recovery unlikely for at least two years . three days later ubs economists announced that the " beginning of the end " of the crisis had begun , with the world starting to make the necessary actions to fix the crisis : capital injection by governments ; injection made systemically ; interest rate cuts to help borrowers . the united kingdom had started systemic injection , and the world ' s central banks were now cutting interest rates . ubs emphasized the united states needed to implement systemic injection . ubs further emphasized that this fixes only the financial crisis , but that in economic terms " the worst is still to come " . ubs quantified their expected recession durations on october 16 : the eurozone ' s would last two quarters , the united states ' would last three quarters , and the united kingdom ' s would last four quarters . the economic crisis in iceland involved all three of the country ' s major banks . relative to the size of its economy , iceland ’ s banking collapse is the largest suffered by any country in economic history . [ sep ] three quarters
several commentators have suggested that if the liquidity crisis continues , an extended recession or worse could occur . the continuing development of the crisis has prompted fears of a global economic collapse although there are now many cautiously optimistic forecasters in addition to some prominent sources who remain negative . the financial crisis is likely to yield the biggest banking shakeout since the savings - and - loan meltdown . investment bank ubs stated on october 6 that 2008 would see a clear global recession , with recovery unlikely for at least two years . three days later ubs economists announced that the " beginning of the end " of the crisis had begun , with the world starting to make the necessary actions to fix the crisis : capital injection by governments ; injection made systemically ; interest rate cuts to help borrowers . the united kingdom had started systemic injection , and the world ' s central banks were now cutting interest rates . ubs emphasized the united states needed to implement systemic injection . ubs further emphasized that this fixes only the financial crisis , but that in economic terms " the worst is still to come " . ubs quantified their expected recession durations on october 16 : the eurozone ' s would last two quarters , the united states ' would last three quarters , and the united kingdom ' s would last four quarters . the economic crisis in iceland involved all three of the country ' s major banks . relative to the size of its economy , iceland ’ s banking collapse is the largest suffered by any country in economic history . [ sep ] iceland
several commentators have suggested that if the liquidity crisis continues , an extended recession or worse could occur . the continuing development of the crisis has prompted fears of a global economic collapse although there are now many cautiously optimistic forecasters in addition to some prominent sources who remain negative . the financial crisis is likely to yield the biggest banking shakeout since the savings - and - loan meltdown . investment bank ubs stated on october 6 that 2008 would see a clear global recession , with recovery unlikely for at least two years . three days later ubs economists announced that the " beginning of the end " of the crisis had begun , with the world starting to make the necessary actions to fix the crisis : capital injection by governments ; injection made systemically ; interest rate cuts to help borrowers . the united kingdom had started systemic injection , and the world ' s central banks were now cutting interest rates . ubs emphasized the united states needed to implement systemic injection . ubs further emphasized that this fixes only the financial crisis , but that in economic terms " the worst is still to come " . ubs quantified their expected recession durations on october 16 : the eurozone ' s would last two quarters , the united states ' would last three quarters , and the united kingdom ' s would last four quarters . the economic crisis in iceland involved all three of the country ' s major banks . relative to the size of its economy , iceland ’ s banking collapse is the largest suffered by any country in economic history . [ sep ] capital injection
the brookings institution reported in june 2009 that u . s . consumption accounted for more than a third of the growth in global consumption between 2000 and 2007 . " the us economy has been spending too much and borrowing too much for years and the rest of the world depended on the u . s . consumer as a source of global demand . " with a recession in the u . s . and the increased savings rate of u . s . consumers , declines in growth elsewhere have been dramatic . for the first quarter of 2009 , the annualized rate of decline in gdp was 14 . 4 % in germany , 15 . 2 % in japan , 7 . 4 % in the uk , 18 % in latvia , 9 . 8 % in the euro area and 21 . 5 % for mexico . [ sep ] more than a third
the brookings institution reported in june 2009 that u . s . consumption accounted for more than a third of the growth in global consumption between 2000 and 2007 . " the us economy has been spending too much and borrowing too much for years and the rest of the world depended on the u . s . consumer as a source of global demand . " with a recession in the u . s . and the increased savings rate of u . s . consumers , declines in growth elsewhere have been dramatic . for the first quarter of 2009 , the annualized rate of decline in gdp was 14 . 4 % in germany , 15 . 2 % in japan , 7 . 4 % in the uk , 18 % in latvia , 9 . 8 % in the euro area and 21 . 5 % for mexico . [ sep ] 14 . 4 %
the brookings institution reported in june 2009 that u . s . consumption accounted for more than a third of the growth in global consumption between 2000 and 2007 . " the us economy has been spending too much and borrowing too much for years and the rest of the world depended on the u . s . consumer as a source of global demand . " with a recession in the u . s . and the increased savings rate of u . s . consumers , declines in growth elsewhere have been dramatic . for the first quarter of 2009 , the annualized rate of decline in gdp was 14 . 4 % in germany , 15 . 2 % in japan , 7 . 4 % in the uk , 18 % in latvia , 9 . 8 % in the euro area and 21 . 5 % for mexico . [ sep ] 21 . 5 %
the brookings institution reported in june 2009 that u . s . consumption accounted for more than a third of the growth in global consumption between 2000 and 2007 . " the us economy has been spending too much and borrowing too much for years and the rest of the world depended on the u . s . consumer as a source of global demand . " with a recession in the u . s . and the increased savings rate of u . s . consumers , declines in growth elsewhere have been dramatic . for the first quarter of 2009 , the annualized rate of decline in gdp was 14 . 4 % in germany , 15 . 2 % in japan , 7 . 4 % in the uk , 18 % in latvia , 9 . 8 % in the euro area and 21 . 5 % for mexico . [ sep ] the rest of the world
the brookings institution reported in june 2009 that u . s . consumption accounted for more than a third of the growth in global consumption between 2000 and 2007 . " the us economy has been spending too much and borrowing too much for years and the rest of the world depended on the u . s . consumer as a source of global demand . " with a recession in the u . s . and the increased savings rate of u . s . consumers , declines in growth elsewhere have been dramatic . for the first quarter of 2009 , the annualized rate of decline in gdp was 14 . 4 % in germany , 15 . 2 % in japan , 7 . 4 % in the uk , 18 % in latvia , 9 . 8 % in the euro area and 21 . 5 % for mexico . [ sep ] recession in the u . s .
some developing countries that had seen strong economic growth saw significant slowdowns . for example , growth forecasts in cambodia show a fall from more than 10 % in 2007 to close to zero in 2009 , and kenya may achieve only 3 – 4 % growth in 2009 , down from 7 % in 2007 . according to the research by the overseas development institute , reductions in growth can be attributed to falls in trade , commodity prices , investment and remittances sent from migrant workers ( which reached a record $ 251 billion in 2007 , but have fallen in many countries since ) . this has stark implications and has led to a dramatic rise in the number of households living below the poverty line , be it 300 , 000 in bangladesh or 230 , 000 in ghana . especially states with a fragile political system have to fear that investors from western states withdraw their money because of the crisis . bruno wenn of the german deg recommends to provide a sound economic policymaking and good governance to attract new investors [ sep ] close to zero
some developing countries that had seen strong economic growth saw significant slowdowns . for example , growth forecasts in cambodia show a fall from more than 10 % in 2007 to close to zero in 2009 , and kenya may achieve only 3 – 4 % growth in 2009 , down from 7 % in 2007 . according to the research by the overseas development institute , reductions in growth can be attributed to falls in trade , commodity prices , investment and remittances sent from migrant workers ( which reached a record $ 251 billion in 2007 , but have fallen in many countries since ) . this has stark implications and has led to a dramatic rise in the number of households living below the poverty line , be it 300 , 000 in bangladesh or 230 , 000 in ghana . especially states with a fragile political system have to fear that investors from western states withdraw their money because of the crisis . bruno wenn of the german deg recommends to provide a sound economic policymaking and good governance to attract new investors [ sep ] $ 251 billion
some developing countries that had seen strong economic growth saw significant slowdowns . for example , growth forecasts in cambodia show a fall from more than 10 % in 2007 to close to zero in 2009 , and kenya may achieve only 3 – 4 % growth in 2009 , down from 7 % in 2007 . according to the research by the overseas development institute , reductions in growth can be attributed to falls in trade , commodity prices , investment and remittances sent from migrant workers ( which reached a record $ 251 billion in 2007 , but have fallen in many countries since ) . this has stark implications and has led to a dramatic rise in the number of households living below the poverty line , be it 300 , 000 in bangladesh or 230 , 000 in ghana . especially states with a fragile political system have to fear that investors from western states withdraw their money because of the crisis . bruno wenn of the german deg recommends to provide a sound economic policymaking and good governance to attract new investors [ sep ] 300 , 000
some developing countries that had seen strong economic growth saw significant slowdowns . for example , growth forecasts in cambodia show a fall from more than 10 % in 2007 to close to zero in 2009 , and kenya may achieve only 3 – 4 % growth in 2009 , down from 7 % in 2007 . according to the research by the overseas development institute , reductions in growth can be attributed to falls in trade , commodity prices , investment and remittances sent from migrant workers ( which reached a record $ 251 billion in 2007 , but have fallen in many countries since ) . this has stark implications and has led to a dramatic rise in the number of households living below the poverty line , be it 300 , 000 in bangladesh or 230 , 000 in ghana . especially states with a fragile political system have to fear that investors from western states withdraw their money because of the crisis . bruno wenn of the german deg recommends to provide a sound economic policymaking and good governance to attract new investors [ sep ] sound economic policymaking and good governance
some developing countries that had seen strong economic growth saw significant slowdowns . for example , growth forecasts in cambodia show a fall from more than 10 % in 2007 to close to zero in 2009 , and kenya may achieve only 3 – 4 % growth in 2009 , down from 7 % in 2007 . according to the research by the overseas development institute , reductions in growth can be attributed to falls in trade , commodity prices , investment and remittances sent from migrant workers ( which reached a record $ 251 billion in 2007 , but have fallen in many countries since ) . this has stark implications and has led to a dramatic rise in the number of households living below the poverty line , be it 300 , 000 in bangladesh or 230 , 000 in ghana . especially states with a fragile political system have to fear that investors from western states withdraw their money because of the crisis . bruno wenn of the german deg recommends to provide a sound economic policymaking and good governance to attract new investors [ sep ] falls in trade
marine mammals are many , such as the dolphins , porpoises and whales , which are seen here during the migration period from december till may . turtles are a common sight along the coastline of the island . they are a protected species and in the endangered list . it is stated that it will take 15 – 50 years for this species to attain reproductive age . though they live in the sea , the females come to the shore to lay eggs and are protected by private societies . three species of turtles are particularly notable . these are : the leatherback sea turtles which have leather skin instead of a shell and are the largest of the type found here , some times measuring a much as 3 m ( average is about 1 . 5 m ) and weighing about 450 kg ( jellyfish is their favourite diet ) ; the hawksbill turtles , which have hawk - like beaks and found near reefs , generally about 90 cm in diameter and weigh about 60 kg and their diet consists of crabs and snails ; and the green turtles , herbivores which have rounded heads , generally about 90 cm in diameter and live amidst tall sea grasses . [ sep ] may
marine mammals are many , such as the dolphins , porpoises and whales , which are seen here during the migration period from december till may . turtles are a common sight along the coastline of the island . they are a protected species and in the endangered list . it is stated that it will take 15 – 50 years for this species to attain reproductive age . though they live in the sea , the females come to the shore to lay eggs and are protected by private societies . three species of turtles are particularly notable . these are : the leatherback sea turtles which have leather skin instead of a shell and are the largest of the type found here , some times measuring a much as 3 m ( average is about 1 . 5 m ) and weighing about 450 kg ( jellyfish is their favourite diet ) ; the hawksbill turtles , which have hawk - like beaks and found near reefs , generally about 90 cm in diameter and weigh about 60 kg and their diet consists of crabs and snails ; and the green turtles , herbivores which have rounded heads , generally about 90 cm in diameter and live amidst tall sea grasses . [ sep ] december
marine mammals are many , such as the dolphins , porpoises and whales , which are seen here during the migration period from december till may . turtles are a common sight along the coastline of the island . they are a protected species and in the endangered list . it is stated that it will take 15 – 50 years for this species to attain reproductive age . though they live in the sea , the females come to the shore to lay eggs and are protected by private societies . three species of turtles are particularly notable . these are : the leatherback sea turtles which have leather skin instead of a shell and are the largest of the type found here , some times measuring a much as 3 m ( average is about 1 . 5 m ) and weighing about 450 kg ( jellyfish is their favourite diet ) ; the hawksbill turtles , which have hawk - like beaks and found near reefs , generally about 90 cm in diameter and weigh about 60 kg and their diet consists of crabs and snails ; and the green turtles , herbivores which have rounded heads , generally about 90 cm in diameter and live amidst tall sea grasses . [ sep ] turtles
marine mammals are many , such as the dolphins , porpoises and whales , which are seen here during the migration period from december till may . turtles are a common sight along the coastline of the island . they are a protected species and in the endangered list . it is stated that it will take 15 – 50 years for this species to attain reproductive age . though they live in the sea , the females come to the shore to lay eggs and are protected by private societies . three species of turtles are particularly notable . these are : the leatherback sea turtles which have leather skin instead of a shell and are the largest of the type found here , some times measuring a much as 3 m ( average is about 1 . 5 m ) and weighing about 450 kg ( jellyfish is their favourite diet ) ; the hawksbill turtles , which have hawk - like beaks and found near reefs , generally about 90 cm in diameter and weigh about 60 kg and their diet consists of crabs and snails ; and the green turtles , herbivores which have rounded heads , generally about 90 cm in diameter and live amidst tall sea grasses . [ sep ] jellyfish
marine mammals are many , such as the dolphins , porpoises and whales , which are seen here during the migration period from december till may . turtles are a common sight along the coastline of the island . they are a protected species and in the endangered list . it is stated that it will take 15 – 50 years for this species to attain reproductive age . though they live in the sea , the females come to the shore to lay eggs and are protected by private societies . three species of turtles are particularly notable . these are : the leatherback sea turtles which have leather skin instead of a shell and are the largest of the type found here , some times measuring a much as 3 m ( average is about 1 . 5 m ) and weighing about 450 kg ( jellyfish is their favourite diet ) ; the hawksbill turtles , which have hawk - like beaks and found near reefs , generally about 90 cm in diameter and weigh about 60 kg and their diet consists of crabs and snails ; and the green turtles , herbivores which have rounded heads , generally about 90 cm in diameter and live amidst tall sea grasses . [ sep ] amidst tall sea grasses
the world bank reported in february 2009 that the arab world was far less severely affected by the credit crunch . with generally good balance of payments positions coming into the crisis or with alternative sources of financing for their large current account deficits , such as remittances , foreign direct investment ( fdi ) or foreign aid , arab countries were able to avoid going to the market in the latter part of 2008 . this group is in the best position to absorb the economic shocks . they entered the crisis in exceptionally strong positions . this gives them a significant cushion against the global downturn . the greatest impact of the global economic crisis will come in the form of lower oil prices , which remains the single most important determinant of economic performance . steadily declining oil prices would force them to draw down reserves and cut down on investments . significantly lower oil prices could cause a reversal of economic performance as has been the case in past oil shocks . initial impact will be seen on public finances and employment for foreign workers . [ sep ] arab world
the world bank reported in february 2009 that the arab world was far less severely affected by the credit crunch . with generally good balance of payments positions coming into the crisis or with alternative sources of financing for their large current account deficits , such as remittances , foreign direct investment ( fdi ) or foreign aid , arab countries were able to avoid going to the market in the latter part of 2008 . this group is in the best position to absorb the economic shocks . they entered the crisis in exceptionally strong positions . this gives them a significant cushion against the global downturn . the greatest impact of the global economic crisis will come in the form of lower oil prices , which remains the single most important determinant of economic performance . steadily declining oil prices would force them to draw down reserves and cut down on investments . significantly lower oil prices could cause a reversal of economic performance as has been the case in past oil shocks . initial impact will be seen on public finances and employment for foreign workers . [ sep ] foreign direct investment
the world bank reported in february 2009 that the arab world was far less severely affected by the credit crunch . with generally good balance of payments positions coming into the crisis or with alternative sources of financing for their large current account deficits , such as remittances , foreign direct investment ( fdi ) or foreign aid , arab countries were able to avoid going to the market in the latter part of 2008 . this group is in the best position to absorb the economic shocks . they entered the crisis in exceptionally strong positions . this gives them a significant cushion against the global downturn . the greatest impact of the global economic crisis will come in the form of lower oil prices , which remains the single most important determinant of economic performance . steadily declining oil prices would force them to draw down reserves and cut down on investments . significantly lower oil prices could cause a reversal of economic performance as has been the case in past oil shocks . initial impact will be seen on public finances and employment for foreign workers . [ sep ] global downturn
the world bank reported in february 2009 that the arab world was far less severely affected by the credit crunch . with generally good balance of payments positions coming into the crisis or with alternative sources of financing for their large current account deficits , such as remittances , foreign direct investment ( fdi ) or foreign aid , arab countries were able to avoid going to the market in the latter part of 2008 . this group is in the best position to absorb the economic shocks . they entered the crisis in exceptionally strong positions . this gives them a significant cushion against the global downturn . the greatest impact of the global economic crisis will come in the form of lower oil prices , which remains the single most important determinant of economic performance . steadily declining oil prices would force them to draw down reserves and cut down on investments . significantly lower oil prices could cause a reversal of economic performance as has been the case in past oil shocks . initial impact will be seen on public finances and employment for foreign workers . [ sep ] lower oil prices
the world bank reported in february 2009 that the arab world was far less severely affected by the credit crunch . with generally good balance of payments positions coming into the crisis or with alternative sources of financing for their large current account deficits , such as remittances , foreign direct investment ( fdi ) or foreign aid , arab countries were able to avoid going to the market in the latter part of 2008 . this group is in the best position to absorb the economic shocks . they entered the crisis in exceptionally strong positions . this gives them a significant cushion against the global downturn . the greatest impact of the global economic crisis will come in the form of lower oil prices , which remains the single most important determinant of economic performance . steadily declining oil prices would force them to draw down reserves and cut down on investments . significantly lower oil prices could cause a reversal of economic performance as has been the case in past oil shocks . initial impact will be seen on public finances and employment for foreign workers . [ sep ] oil prices
the marine life found here consists of anemones , urchins , sea cucumbers , and eels , which all live on the reefs along with turtles , conch and many varieties of marine fishes . the marine aquafauna is rich in conch , which has pearly - pink shells . its meat is a favourite food supplement item and their shells are a collectors item . other species of fish which are recorded close to the shore line in shallow waters are : sergeant majors , the blue chromis , brown chromis , surgeon fish ; blue tangs and trumpet fish . on the shore are ghost crabs , which always live on the beach in small burrowed tunnels made in sand , and the hermit crabs , which live in land but lay eggs in water and which also eat garbage and sewerage . they spend some months in the sea during and after the hatching season . [ sep ] pearly - pink
the marine life found here consists of anemones , urchins , sea cucumbers , and eels , which all live on the reefs along with turtles , conch and many varieties of marine fishes . the marine aquafauna is rich in conch , which has pearly - pink shells . its meat is a favourite food supplement item and their shells are a collectors item . other species of fish which are recorded close to the shore line in shallow waters are : sergeant majors , the blue chromis , brown chromis , surgeon fish ; blue tangs and trumpet fish . on the shore are ghost crabs , which always live on the beach in small burrowed tunnels made in sand , and the hermit crabs , which live in land but lay eggs in water and which also eat garbage and sewerage . they spend some months in the sea during and after the hatching season . [ sep ] conch
the marine life found here consists of anemones , urchins , sea cucumbers , and eels , which all live on the reefs along with turtles , conch and many varieties of marine fishes . the marine aquafauna is rich in conch , which has pearly - pink shells . its meat is a favourite food supplement item and their shells are a collectors item . other species of fish which are recorded close to the shore line in shallow waters are : sergeant majors , the blue chromis , brown chromis , surgeon fish ; blue tangs and trumpet fish . on the shore are ghost crabs , which always live on the beach in small burrowed tunnels made in sand , and the hermit crabs , which live in land but lay eggs in water and which also eat garbage and sewerage . they spend some months in the sea during and after the hatching season . [ sep ] shallow waters
the marine life found here consists of anemones , urchins , sea cucumbers , and eels , which all live on the reefs along with turtles , conch and many varieties of marine fishes . the marine aquafauna is rich in conch , which has pearly - pink shells . its meat is a favourite food supplement item and their shells are a collectors item . other species of fish which are recorded close to the shore line in shallow waters are : sergeant majors , the blue chromis , brown chromis , surgeon fish ; blue tangs and trumpet fish . on the shore are ghost crabs , which always live on the beach in small burrowed tunnels made in sand , and the hermit crabs , which live in land but lay eggs in water and which also eat garbage and sewerage . they spend some months in the sea during and after the hatching season . [ sep ] ghost
the marine life found here consists of anemones , urchins , sea cucumbers , and eels , which all live on the reefs along with turtles , conch and many varieties of marine fishes . the marine aquafauna is rich in conch , which has pearly - pink shells . its meat is a favourite food supplement item and their shells are a collectors item . other species of fish which are recorded close to the shore line in shallow waters are : sergeant majors , the blue chromis , brown chromis , surgeon fish ; blue tangs and trumpet fish . on the shore are ghost crabs , which always live on the beach in small burrowed tunnels made in sand , and the hermit crabs , which live in land but lay eggs in water and which also eat garbage and sewerage . they spend some months in the sea during and after the hatching season . [ sep ] garbage and sewerage
saint - barthelemy has a marine nature reserve , known as the reserve naturelle that covers 1 . 200 ha , and is divided into 5 zones all around the island to form a network of protected areas . the reserve includes the bays of grand cul de sac , colombier , marigot , petit cul de sac , petite anse as well as waters around offshore rocks such as les gross islets , pain de sucre , tortue and forchue . the reserve is designed to protect the islands coral reefs , seagrass and endangered marine species including sea turtles . the reserve has two levels of protection , the yellow zones of protection where certain non - extractive activities , like snorkeling and boating , are allowed and the red zones of high protection where most activities including scuba are restricted in order to protect or recover marine life . anchoring is prohibited in the reserve and mooring buoys are in place in some of the protected bays like colombier [ sep ] reserve naturelle
saint - barthelemy has a marine nature reserve , known as the reserve naturelle that covers 1 . 200 ha , and is divided into 5 zones all around the island to form a network of protected areas . the reserve includes the bays of grand cul de sac , colombier , marigot , petit cul de sac , petite anse as well as waters around offshore rocks such as les gross islets , pain de sucre , tortue and forchue . the reserve is designed to protect the islands coral reefs , seagrass and endangered marine species including sea turtles . the reserve has two levels of protection , the yellow zones of protection where certain non - extractive activities , like snorkeling and boating , are allowed and the red zones of high protection where most activities including scuba are restricted in order to protect or recover marine life . anchoring is prohibited in the reserve and mooring buoys are in place in some of the protected bays like colombier [ sep ] 1 . 200
saint - barthelemy has a marine nature reserve , known as the reserve naturelle that covers 1 . 200 ha , and is divided into 5 zones all around the island to form a network of protected areas . the reserve includes the bays of grand cul de sac , colombier , marigot , petit cul de sac , petite anse as well as waters around offshore rocks such as les gross islets , pain de sucre , tortue and forchue . the reserve is designed to protect the islands coral reefs , seagrass and endangered marine species including sea turtles . the reserve has two levels of protection , the yellow zones of protection where certain non - extractive activities , like snorkeling and boating , are allowed and the red zones of high protection where most activities including scuba are restricted in order to protect or recover marine life . anchoring is prohibited in the reserve and mooring buoys are in place in some of the protected bays like colombier [ sep ] sea turtles
saint - barthelemy has a marine nature reserve , known as the reserve naturelle that covers 1 . 200 ha , and is divided into 5 zones all around the island to form a network of protected areas . the reserve includes the bays of grand cul de sac , colombier , marigot , petit cul de sac , petite anse as well as waters around offshore rocks such as les gross islets , pain de sucre , tortue and forchue . the reserve is designed to protect the islands coral reefs , seagrass and endangered marine species including sea turtles . the reserve has two levels of protection , the yellow zones of protection where certain non - extractive activities , like snorkeling and boating , are allowed and the red zones of high protection where most activities including scuba are restricted in order to protect or recover marine life . anchoring is prohibited in the reserve and mooring buoys are in place in some of the protected bays like colombier [ sep ] anchoring
saint - barthelemy has a marine nature reserve , known as the reserve naturelle that covers 1 . 200 ha , and is divided into 5 zones all around the island to form a network of protected areas . the reserve includes the bays of grand cul de sac , colombier , marigot , petit cul de sac , petite anse as well as waters around offshore rocks such as les gross islets , pain de sucre , tortue and forchue . the reserve is designed to protect the islands coral reefs , seagrass and endangered marine species including sea turtles . the reserve has two levels of protection , the yellow zones of protection where certain non - extractive activities , like snorkeling and boating , are allowed and the red zones of high protection where most activities including scuba are restricted in order to protect or recover marine life . anchoring is prohibited in the reserve and mooring buoys are in place in some of the protected bays like colombier [ sep ] mooring buoys
when the british invaded the harbour town in 1744 [ verification needed ] , the town ’ s architectural buildings were destroyed [ verification needed ] . subsequently , new structures were built in the town around the harbour area [ verification needed ] and the swedes had also further added to the architectural beauty of the town in 1785 with more buildings , when they had occupied the town . earlier to their occupation , the port was known as " carenage " . the swedes renamed it as gustavia in honour of their king gustav iii . it was then their prime trading center . the port maintained a neutral stance since the caribbean war was on in the 18th century . they used it as trading post of contraband and the city of gustavia prospered but this prosperity was short lived . [ sep ] 1744
when the british invaded the harbour town in 1744 [ verification needed ] , the town ’ s architectural buildings were destroyed [ verification needed ] . subsequently , new structures were built in the town around the harbour area [ verification needed ] and the swedes had also further added to the architectural beauty of the town in 1785 with more buildings , when they had occupied the town . earlier to their occupation , the port was known as " carenage " . the swedes renamed it as gustavia in honour of their king gustav iii . it was then their prime trading center . the port maintained a neutral stance since the caribbean war was on in the 18th century . they used it as trading post of contraband and the city of gustavia prospered but this prosperity was short lived . [ sep ] 1785
when the british invaded the harbour town in 1744 [ verification needed ] , the town ’ s architectural buildings were destroyed [ verification needed ] . subsequently , new structures were built in the town around the harbour area [ verification needed ] and the swedes had also further added to the architectural beauty of the town in 1785 with more buildings , when they had occupied the town . earlier to their occupation , the port was known as " carenage " . the swedes renamed it as gustavia in honour of their king gustav iii . it was then their prime trading center . the port maintained a neutral stance since the caribbean war was on in the 18th century . they used it as trading post of contraband and the city of gustavia prospered but this prosperity was short lived . [ sep ] carenage
when the british invaded the harbour town in 1744 [ verification needed ] , the town ’ s architectural buildings were destroyed [ verification needed ] . subsequently , new structures were built in the town around the harbour area [ verification needed ] and the swedes had also further added to the architectural beauty of the town in 1785 with more buildings , when they had occupied the town . earlier to their occupation , the port was known as " carenage " . the swedes renamed it as gustavia in honour of their king gustav iii . it was then their prime trading center . the port maintained a neutral stance since the caribbean war was on in the 18th century . they used it as trading post of contraband and the city of gustavia prospered but this prosperity was short lived . [ sep ] gustavia
when the british invaded the harbour town in 1744 [ verification needed ] , the town ’ s architectural buildings were destroyed [ verification needed ] . subsequently , new structures were built in the town around the harbour area [ verification needed ] and the swedes had also further added to the architectural beauty of the town in 1785 with more buildings , when they had occupied the town . earlier to their occupation , the port was known as " carenage " . the swedes renamed it as gustavia in honour of their king gustav iii . it was then their prime trading center . the port maintained a neutral stance since the caribbean war was on in the 18th century . they used it as trading post of contraband and the city of gustavia prospered but this prosperity was short lived . [ sep ] the caribbean war
musee territorial de st . - barthelemy is a historical museum known as the " st . barts municipal museum " also called the " wall house " ( musee – bibliotheque ) in gustavia , which is located on the far end of la pointe . the museum is housed in an old stone house , a two - storey building which has been refurbished . the island ’ s history relating to french , swedish and british period of occupation is well presented in the museum with photographs , maps and paintings . also on display are the ancestral costumes , antique tools , models of creole houses and ancient fishing boats . it also houses a library . [ sep ] st . barts municipal museum
musee territorial de st . - barthelemy is a historical museum known as the " st . barts municipal museum " also called the " wall house " ( musee – bibliotheque ) in gustavia , which is located on the far end of la pointe . the museum is housed in an old stone house , a two - storey building which has been refurbished . the island ’ s history relating to french , swedish and british period of occupation is well presented in the museum with photographs , maps and paintings . also on display are the ancestral costumes , antique tools , models of creole houses and ancient fishing boats . it also houses a library . [ sep ] musee territorial de st . - barthelemy
musee territorial de st . - barthelemy is a historical museum known as the " st . barts municipal museum " also called the " wall house " ( musee – bibliotheque ) in gustavia , which is located on the far end of la pointe . the museum is housed in an old stone house , a two - storey building which has been refurbished . the island ’ s history relating to french , swedish and british period of occupation is well presented in the museum with photographs , maps and paintings . also on display are the ancestral costumes , antique tools , models of creole houses and ancient fishing boats . it also houses a library . [ sep ] gustavia
musee territorial de st . - barthelemy is a historical museum known as the " st . barts municipal museum " also called the " wall house " ( musee – bibliotheque ) in gustavia , which is located on the far end of la pointe . the museum is housed in an old stone house , a two - storey building which has been refurbished . the island ’ s history relating to french , swedish and british period of occupation is well presented in the museum with photographs , maps and paintings . also on display are the ancestral costumes , antique tools , models of creole houses and ancient fishing boats . it also houses a library . [ sep ] british
musee territorial de st . - barthelemy is a historical museum known as the " st . barts municipal museum " also called the " wall house " ( musee – bibliotheque ) in gustavia , which is located on the far end of la pointe . the museum is housed in an old stone house , a two - storey building which has been refurbished . the island ’ s history relating to french , swedish and british period of occupation is well presented in the museum with photographs , maps and paintings . also on display are the ancestral costumes , antique tools , models of creole houses and ancient fishing boats . it also houses a library . [ sep ] creole
overall , however , whitehead ' s influence is very difficult to characterize . in english - speaking countries , his primary works are little - studied outside of claremont and a select number of liberal graduate - level theology and philosophy programs . outside of these circles his influence is relatively small and diffuse , and has tended to come chiefly through the work of his students and admirers rather than whitehead himself . for instance , whitehead was a teacher and long - time friend and collaborator of bertrand russell , and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of willard van orman quine , both of whom are important figures in analytic philosophy – the dominant strain of philosophy in english - speaking countries in the 20th century . whitehead has also had high - profile admirers in the continental tradition , such as french post - structuralist philosopher gilles deleuze , who once dryly remarked of whitehead that " he stands provisionally as the last great anglo - american philosopher before wittgenstein ' s disciples spread their misty confusion , sufficiency , and terror . " french sociologist and anthropologist bruno latour even went so far as to call whitehead " the greatest philosopher of the 20th century . " [ sep ] claremont and a select number of liberal graduate - level theology and philosophy programs
overall , however , whitehead ' s influence is very difficult to characterize . in english - speaking countries , his primary works are little - studied outside of claremont and a select number of liberal graduate - level theology and philosophy programs . outside of these circles his influence is relatively small and diffuse , and has tended to come chiefly through the work of his students and admirers rather than whitehead himself . for instance , whitehead was a teacher and long - time friend and collaborator of bertrand russell , and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of willard van orman quine , both of whom are important figures in analytic philosophy – the dominant strain of philosophy in english - speaking countries in the 20th century . whitehead has also had high - profile admirers in the continental tradition , such as french post - structuralist philosopher gilles deleuze , who once dryly remarked of whitehead that " he stands provisionally as the last great anglo - american philosopher before wittgenstein ' s disciples spread their misty confusion , sufficiency , and terror . " french sociologist and anthropologist bruno latour even went so far as to call whitehead " the greatest philosopher of the 20th century . " [ sep ] through the work of his students and admirers rather
overall , however , whitehead ' s influence is very difficult to characterize . in english - speaking countries , his primary works are little - studied outside of claremont and a select number of liberal graduate - level theology and philosophy programs . outside of these circles his influence is relatively small and diffuse , and has tended to come chiefly through the work of his students and admirers rather than whitehead himself . for instance , whitehead was a teacher and long - time friend and collaborator of bertrand russell , and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of willard van orman quine , both of whom are important figures in analytic philosophy – the dominant strain of philosophy in english - speaking countries in the 20th century . whitehead has also had high - profile admirers in the continental tradition , such as french post - structuralist philosopher gilles deleuze , who once dryly remarked of whitehead that " he stands provisionally as the last great anglo - american philosopher before wittgenstein ' s disciples spread their misty confusion , sufficiency , and terror . " french sociologist and anthropologist bruno latour even went so far as to call whitehead " the greatest philosopher of the 20th century . " [ sep ] bertrand russell , and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of willard van orman quine
overall , however , whitehead ' s influence is very difficult to characterize . in english - speaking countries , his primary works are little - studied outside of claremont and a select number of liberal graduate - level theology and philosophy programs . outside of these circles his influence is relatively small and diffuse , and has tended to come chiefly through the work of his students and admirers rather than whitehead himself . for instance , whitehead was a teacher and long - time friend and collaborator of bertrand russell , and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of willard van orman quine , both of whom are important figures in analytic philosophy – the dominant strain of philosophy in english - speaking countries in the 20th century . whitehead has also had high - profile admirers in the continental tradition , such as french post - structuralist philosopher gilles deleuze , who once dryly remarked of whitehead that " he stands provisionally as the last great anglo - american philosopher before wittgenstein ' s disciples spread their misty confusion , sufficiency , and terror . " french sociologist and anthropologist bruno latour even went so far as to call whitehead " the greatest philosopher of the 20th century . " [ sep ] " he stands provisionally as the last great anglo - american philosopher before wittgenstein ' s disciples spread their misty confusion , sufficiency , and terror . "
overall , however , whitehead ' s influence is very difficult to characterize . in english - speaking countries , his primary works are little - studied outside of claremont and a select number of liberal graduate - level theology and philosophy programs . outside of these circles his influence is relatively small and diffuse , and has tended to come chiefly through the work of his students and admirers rather than whitehead himself . for instance , whitehead was a teacher and long - time friend and collaborator of bertrand russell , and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of willard van orman quine , both of whom are important figures in analytic philosophy – the dominant strain of philosophy in english - speaking countries in the 20th century . whitehead has also had high - profile admirers in the continental tradition , such as french post - structuralist philosopher gilles deleuze , who once dryly remarked of whitehead that " he stands provisionally as the last great anglo - american philosopher before wittgenstein ' s disciples spread their misty confusion , sufficiency , and terror . " french sociologist and anthropologist bruno latour even went so far as to call whitehead " the greatest philosopher of the 20th century . " [ sep ] bruno latour
deleuze ' s and latour ' s opinions , however , are minority ones , as whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools . it is impossible to say exactly why whitehead ' s influence has not been more widespread , but it may be partly due to his metaphysical ideas seeming somewhat counter - intuitive ( such as his assertion that matter is an abstraction ) , or his inclusion of theistic elements in his philosophy , or the perception of metaphysics itself as passe , or simply the sheer difficulty and density of his prose . [ sep ] whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools
deleuze ' s and latour ' s opinions , however , are minority ones , as whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools . it is impossible to say exactly why whitehead ' s influence has not been more widespread , but it may be partly due to his metaphysical ideas seeming somewhat counter - intuitive ( such as his assertion that matter is an abstraction ) , or his inclusion of theistic elements in his philosophy , or the perception of metaphysics itself as passe , or simply the sheer difficulty and density of his prose . [ sep ] his assertion that matter is an abstraction
deleuze ' s and latour ' s opinions , however , are minority ones , as whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools . it is impossible to say exactly why whitehead ' s influence has not been more widespread , but it may be partly due to his metaphysical ideas seeming somewhat counter - intuitive ( such as his assertion that matter is an abstraction ) , or his inclusion of theistic elements in his philosophy , or the perception of metaphysics itself as passe , or simply the sheer difficulty and density of his prose . [ sep ] perception of metaphysics itself as passe
deleuze ' s and latour ' s opinions , however , are minority ones , as whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools . it is impossible to say exactly why whitehead ' s influence has not been more widespread , but it may be partly due to his metaphysical ideas seeming somewhat counter - intuitive ( such as his assertion that matter is an abstraction ) , or his inclusion of theistic elements in his philosophy , or the perception of metaphysics itself as passe , or simply the sheer difficulty and density of his prose . [ sep ] the sheer difficulty and density of his prose
the output of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the united states — decreased at an annual rate of approximately 6 % in the fourth quarter of 2008 and first quarter of 2009 , versus activity in the year - ago periods . the u . s . unemployment rate increased to 10 . 1 % by october 2009 , the highest rate since 1983 and roughly twice the pre - crisis rate . the average hours per work week declined to 33 , the lowest level since the government began collecting the data in 1964 . with the decline of gross domestic product came the decline in innovation . with fewer resources to risk in creative destruction , the number of patent applications flat - lined . compared to the previous 5 years of exponential increases in patent application , this stagnation correlates to the similar drop in gdp during the same time period . [ sep ] 6 %
the output of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the united states — decreased at an annual rate of approximately 6 % in the fourth quarter of 2008 and first quarter of 2009 , versus activity in the year - ago periods . the u . s . unemployment rate increased to 10 . 1 % by october 2009 , the highest rate since 1983 and roughly twice the pre - crisis rate . the average hours per work week declined to 33 , the lowest level since the government began collecting the data in 1964 . with the decline of gross domestic product came the decline in innovation . with fewer resources to risk in creative destruction , the number of patent applications flat - lined . compared to the previous 5 years of exponential increases in patent application , this stagnation correlates to the similar drop in gdp during the same time period . [ sep ] 10 . 1 %
the output of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the united states — decreased at an annual rate of approximately 6 % in the fourth quarter of 2008 and first quarter of 2009 , versus activity in the year - ago periods . the u . s . unemployment rate increased to 10 . 1 % by october 2009 , the highest rate since 1983 and roughly twice the pre - crisis rate . the average hours per work week declined to 33 , the lowest level since the government began collecting the data in 1964 . with the decline of gross domestic product came the decline in innovation . with fewer resources to risk in creative destruction , the number of patent applications flat - lined . compared to the previous 5 years of exponential increases in patent application , this stagnation correlates to the similar drop in gdp during the same time period . [ sep ] 1983
the output of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the united states — decreased at an annual rate of approximately 6 % in the fourth quarter of 2008 and first quarter of 2009 , versus activity in the year - ago periods . the u . s . unemployment rate increased to 10 . 1 % by october 2009 , the highest rate since 1983 and roughly twice the pre - crisis rate . the average hours per work week declined to 33 , the lowest level since the government began collecting the data in 1964 . with the decline of gross domestic product came the decline in innovation . with fewer resources to risk in creative destruction , the number of patent applications flat - lined . compared to the previous 5 years of exponential increases in patent application , this stagnation correlates to the similar drop in gdp during the same time period . [ sep ] 33
the output of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the united states — decreased at an annual rate of approximately 6 % in the fourth quarter of 2008 and first quarter of 2009 , versus activity in the year - ago periods . the u . s . unemployment rate increased to 10 . 1 % by october 2009 , the highest rate since 1983 and roughly twice the pre - crisis rate . the average hours per work week declined to 33 , the lowest level since the government began collecting the data in 1964 . with the decline of gross domestic product came the decline in innovation . with fewer resources to risk in creative destruction , the number of patent applications flat - lined . compared to the previous 5 years of exponential increases in patent application , this stagnation correlates to the similar drop in gdp during the same time period . [ sep ] patent applications
typical american families did not fare as well , nor did those " wealthy - but - not wealthiest " families just beneath the pyramid ' s top . on the other hand , half of the poorest families did not have wealth declines at all during the crisis . the federal reserve surveyed 4 , 000 households between 2007 and 2009 , and found that the total wealth of 63 percent of all americans declined in that period . 77 percent of the richest families had a decrease in total wealth , while only 50 percent of those on the bottom of the pyramid suffered a decrease . [ sep ] half
typical american families did not fare as well , nor did those " wealthy - but - not wealthiest " families just beneath the pyramid ' s top . on the other hand , half of the poorest families did not have wealth declines at all during the crisis . the federal reserve surveyed 4 , 000 households between 2007 and 2009 , and found that the total wealth of 63 percent of all americans declined in that period . 77 percent of the richest families had a decrease in total wealth , while only 50 percent of those on the bottom of the pyramid suffered a decrease . [ sep ] 63
typical american families did not fare as well , nor did those " wealthy - but - not wealthiest " families just beneath the pyramid ' s top . on the other hand , half of the poorest families did not have wealth declines at all during the crisis . the federal reserve surveyed 4 , 000 households between 2007 and 2009 , and found that the total wealth of 63 percent of all americans declined in that period . 77 percent of the richest families had a decrease in total wealth , while only 50 percent of those on the bottom of the pyramid suffered a decrease . [ sep ] 77
typical american families did not fare as well , nor did those " wealthy - but - not wealthiest " families just beneath the pyramid ' s top . on the other hand , half of the poorest families did not have wealth declines at all during the crisis . the federal reserve surveyed 4 , 000 households between 2007 and 2009 , and found that the total wealth of 63 percent of all americans declined in that period . 77 percent of the richest families had a decrease in total wealth , while only 50 percent of those on the bottom of the pyramid suffered a decrease . [ sep ] 50
typical american families did not fare as well , nor did those " wealthy - but - not wealthiest " families just beneath the pyramid ' s top . on the other hand , half of the poorest families did not have wealth declines at all during the crisis . the federal reserve surveyed 4 , 000 households between 2007 and 2009 , and found that the total wealth of 63 percent of all americans declined in that period . 77 percent of the richest families had a decrease in total wealth , while only 50 percent of those on the bottom of the pyramid suffered a decrease . [ sep ] poorest families
historically whitehead ' s work has been most influential in the field of american progressive theology . the most important early proponent of whitehead ' s thought in a theological context was charles hartshorne , who spent a semester at harvard as whitehead ' s teaching assistant in 1925 , and is widely credited with developing whitehead ' s process philosophy into a full - blown process theology . other notable process theologians include john b . cobb , jr . , david ray griffin , marjorie hewitt suchocki , c . robert mesle , roland faber , and catherine keller . [ sep ] american progressive theology
historically whitehead ' s work has been most influential in the field of american progressive theology . the most important early proponent of whitehead ' s thought in a theological context was charles hartshorne , who spent a semester at harvard as whitehead ' s teaching assistant in 1925 , and is widely credited with developing whitehead ' s process philosophy into a full - blown process theology . other notable process theologians include john b . cobb , jr . , david ray griffin , marjorie hewitt suchocki , c . robert mesle , roland faber , and catherine keller . [ sep ] charles hartshorne
historically whitehead ' s work has been most influential in the field of american progressive theology . the most important early proponent of whitehead ' s thought in a theological context was charles hartshorne , who spent a semester at harvard as whitehead ' s teaching assistant in 1925 , and is widely credited with developing whitehead ' s process philosophy into a full - blown process theology . other notable process theologians include john b . cobb , jr . , david ray griffin , marjorie hewitt suchocki , c . robert mesle , roland faber , and catherine keller . [ sep ] developing whitehead ' s process philosophy into a full - blown process theology
historically whitehead ' s work has been most influential in the field of american progressive theology . the most important early proponent of whitehead ' s thought in a theological context was charles hartshorne , who spent a semester at harvard as whitehead ' s teaching assistant in 1925 , and is widely credited with developing whitehead ' s process philosophy into a full - blown process theology . other notable process theologians include john b . cobb , jr . , david ray griffin , marjorie hewitt suchocki , c . robert mesle , roland faber , and catherine keller . [ sep ] john b . cobb , jr . , david ray griffin , marjorie hewitt suchocki , c . robert mesle , roland faber , and catherine keller
on november 3 , 2008 , the european commission at brussels predicted for 2009 an extremely weak growth of gdp , by 0 . 1 % , for the countries of the eurozone ( france , germany , italy , belgium etc . ) and even negative number for the uk ( −1 . 0 % ) , ireland and spain . on november 6 , the imf at washington , d . c . , launched numbers predicting a worldwide recession by −0 . 3 % for 2009 , averaged over the developed economies . on the same day , the bank of england and the european central bank , respectively , reduced their interest rates from 4 . 5 % down to 3 % , and from 3 . 75 % down to 3 . 25 % . as a consequence , starting from november 2008 , several countries launched large " help packages " for their economies . [ sep ] european commission at brussels
on november 3 , 2008 , the european commission at brussels predicted for 2009 an extremely weak growth of gdp , by 0 . 1 % , for the countries of the eurozone ( france , germany , italy , belgium etc . ) and even negative number for the uk ( −1 . 0 % ) , ireland and spain . on november 6 , the imf at washington , d . c . , launched numbers predicting a worldwide recession by −0 . 3 % for 2009 , averaged over the developed economies . on the same day , the bank of england and the european central bank , respectively , reduced their interest rates from 4 . 5 % down to 3 % , and from 3 . 75 % down to 3 . 25 % . as a consequence , starting from november 2008 , several countries launched large " help packages " for their economies . [ sep ] 0 . 1 %
on november 3 , 2008 , the european commission at brussels predicted for 2009 an extremely weak growth of gdp , by 0 . 1 % , for the countries of the eurozone ( france , germany , italy , belgium etc . ) and even negative number for the uk ( −1 . 0 % ) , ireland and spain . on november 6 , the imf at washington , d . c . , launched numbers predicting a worldwide recession by −0 . 3 % for 2009 , averaged over the developed economies . on the same day , the bank of england and the european central bank , respectively , reduced their interest rates from 4 . 5 % down to 3 % , and from 3 . 75 % down to 3 . 25 % . as a consequence , starting from november 2008 , several countries launched large " help packages " for their economies . [ sep ] −1 . 0 %
on november 3 , 2008 , the european commission at brussels predicted for 2009 an extremely weak growth of gdp , by 0 . 1 % , for the countries of the eurozone ( france , germany , italy , belgium etc . ) and even negative number for the uk ( −1 . 0 % ) , ireland and spain . on november 6 , the imf at washington , d . c . , launched numbers predicting a worldwide recession by −0 . 3 % for 2009 , averaged over the developed economies . on the same day , the bank of england and the european central bank , respectively , reduced their interest rates from 4 . 5 % down to 3 % , and from 3 . 75 % down to 3 . 25 % . as a consequence , starting from november 2008 , several countries launched large " help packages " for their economies . [ sep ] the imf
on november 3 , 2008 , the european commission at brussels predicted for 2009 an extremely weak growth of gdp , by 0 . 1 % , for the countries of the eurozone ( france , germany , italy , belgium etc . ) and even negative number for the uk ( −1 . 0 % ) , ireland and spain . on november 6 , the imf at washington , d . c . , launched numbers predicting a worldwide recession by −0 . 3 % for 2009 , averaged over the developed economies . on the same day , the bank of england and the european central bank , respectively , reduced their interest rates from 4 . 5 % down to 3 % , and from 3 . 75 % down to 3 . 25 % . as a consequence , starting from november 2008 , several countries launched large " help packages " for their economies . [ sep ] 3 %
the u . s . federal reserve and central banks around the world have taken steps to expand money supplies to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral , in which lower wages and higher unemployment lead to a self - reinforcing decline in global consumption . in addition , governments have enacted large fiscal stimulus packages , by borrowing and spending to offset the reduction in private sector demand caused by the crisis . the u . s . federal reserve ' s new and expanded liquidity facilities were intended to enable the central bank to fulfill its traditional lender - of - last - resort role during the crisis while mitigating stigma , broadening the set of institutions with access to liquidity , and increasing the flexibility with which institutions could tap such liquidity . [ sep ] expand money supplies
the u . s . federal reserve and central banks around the world have taken steps to expand money supplies to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral , in which lower wages and higher unemployment lead to a self - reinforcing decline in global consumption . in addition , governments have enacted large fiscal stimulus packages , by borrowing and spending to offset the reduction in private sector demand caused by the crisis . the u . s . federal reserve ' s new and expanded liquidity facilities were intended to enable the central bank to fulfill its traditional lender - of - last - resort role during the crisis while mitigating stigma , broadening the set of institutions with access to liquidity , and increasing the flexibility with which institutions could tap such liquidity . [ sep ] enacted large fiscal stimulus packages
the u . s . federal reserve and central banks around the world have taken steps to expand money supplies to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral , in which lower wages and higher unemployment lead to a self - reinforcing decline in global consumption . in addition , governments have enacted large fiscal stimulus packages , by borrowing and spending to offset the reduction in private sector demand caused by the crisis . the u . s . federal reserve ' s new and expanded liquidity facilities were intended to enable the central bank to fulfill its traditional lender - of - last - resort role during the crisis while mitigating stigma , broadening the set of institutions with access to liquidity , and increasing the flexibility with which institutions could tap such liquidity . [ sep ] lender - of - last - resort
the u . s . federal reserve and central banks around the world have taken steps to expand money supplies to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral , in which lower wages and higher unemployment lead to a self - reinforcing decline in global consumption . in addition , governments have enacted large fiscal stimulus packages , by borrowing and spending to offset the reduction in private sector demand caused by the crisis . the u . s . federal reserve ' s new and expanded liquidity facilities were intended to enable the central bank to fulfill its traditional lender - of - last - resort role during the crisis while mitigating stigma , broadening the set of institutions with access to liquidity , and increasing the flexibility with which institutions could tap such liquidity . [ sep ] expanded liquidity facilities
the u . s . federal reserve and central banks around the world have taken steps to expand money supplies to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral , in which lower wages and higher unemployment lead to a self - reinforcing decline in global consumption . in addition , governments have enacted large fiscal stimulus packages , by borrowing and spending to offset the reduction in private sector demand caused by the crisis . the u . s . federal reserve ' s new and expanded liquidity facilities were intended to enable the central bank to fulfill its traditional lender - of - last - resort role during the crisis while mitigating stigma , broadening the set of institutions with access to liquidity , and increasing the flexibility with which institutions could tap such liquidity . [ sep ] self - reinforcing decline
the university of notre dame du lac ( or simply notre dame / [unk] / noh - tər - daym ) is a catholic research university located adjacent to south bend , indiana , in the united states . in french , notre dame du lac means " our lady of the lake " and refers to the university ' s patron saint , the virgin mary . the main campus covers 1 , 250 acres in a suburban setting and it contains a number of recognizable landmarks , such as the golden dome , the " word of life " mural ( commonly known as touchdown jesus ) , and the basilica . [ sep ] university of notre dame du
the university of notre dame du lac ( or simply notre dame / [unk] / noh - tər - daym ) is a catholic research university located adjacent to south bend , indiana , in the united states . in french , notre dame du lac means " our lady of the lake " and refers to the university ' s patron saint , the virgin mary . the main campus covers 1 , 250 acres in a suburban setting and it contains a number of recognizable landmarks , such as the golden dome , the " word of life " mural ( commonly known as touchdown jesus ) , and the basilica . [ sep ] catholic research university
the university of notre dame du lac ( or simply notre dame / [unk] / noh - tər - daym ) is a catholic research university located adjacent to south bend , indiana , in the united states . in french , notre dame du lac means " our lady of the lake " and refers to the university ' s patron saint , the virgin mary . the main campus covers 1 , 250 acres in a suburban setting and it contains a number of recognizable landmarks , such as the golden dome , the " word of life " mural ( commonly known as touchdown jesus ) , and the basilica . [ sep ] our lady of the lake
the university of notre dame du lac ( or simply notre dame / [unk] / noh - tər - daym ) is a catholic research university located adjacent to south bend , indiana , in the united states . in french , notre dame du lac means " our lady of the lake " and refers to the university ' s patron saint , the virgin mary . the main campus covers 1 , 250 acres in a suburban setting and it contains a number of recognizable landmarks , such as the golden dome , the " word of life " mural ( commonly known as touchdown jesus ) , and the basilica . [ sep ] the virgin mary
the university of notre dame du lac ( or simply notre dame / [unk] / noh - tər - daym ) is a catholic research university located adjacent to south bend , indiana , in the united states . in french , notre dame du lac means " our lady of the lake " and refers to the university ' s patron saint , the virgin mary . the main campus covers 1 , 250 acres in a suburban setting and it contains a number of recognizable landmarks , such as the golden dome , the " word of life " mural ( commonly known as touchdown jesus ) , and the basilica . [ sep ] 1 , 250
notre dame rose to national prominence in the early 1900s for its fighting irish football team , especially under the guidance of the legendary coach knute rockne . the university ' s athletic teams are members of the ncaa division i and are known collectively as the fighting irish . the football team , an independent , has accumulated eleven consensus national championships , seven heisman trophy winners , 62 members in the college football hall of fame and 13 members in the pro football hall of fame and is considered one of the most famed and successful college football teams in history . other nd teams , chiefly in the atlantic coast conference , have accumulated 16 national championships . the notre dame victory march is often regarded as the most famous and recognizable collegiate fight song . [ sep ] its fighting irish football team
notre dame rose to national prominence in the early 1900s for its fighting irish football team , especially under the guidance of the legendary coach knute rockne . the university ' s athletic teams are members of the ncaa division i and are known collectively as the fighting irish . the football team , an independent , has accumulated eleven consensus national championships , seven heisman trophy winners , 62 members in the college football hall of fame and 13 members in the pro football hall of fame and is considered one of the most famed and successful college football teams in history . other nd teams , chiefly in the atlantic coast conference , have accumulated 16 national championships . the notre dame victory march is often regarded as the most famous and recognizable collegiate fight song . [ sep ] knute rockne
notre dame rose to national prominence in the early 1900s for its fighting irish football team , especially under the guidance of the legendary coach knute rockne . the university ' s athletic teams are members of the ncaa division i and are known collectively as the fighting irish . the football team , an independent , has accumulated eleven consensus national championships , seven heisman trophy winners , 62 members in the college football hall of fame and 13 members in the pro football hall of fame and is considered one of the most famed and successful college football teams in history . other nd teams , chiefly in the atlantic coast conference , have accumulated 16 national championships . the notre dame victory march is often regarded as the most famous and recognizable collegiate fight song . [ sep ] ncaa division i
notre dame rose to national prominence in the early 1900s for its fighting irish football team , especially under the guidance of the legendary coach knute rockne . the university ' s athletic teams are members of the ncaa division i and are known collectively as the fighting irish . the football team , an independent , has accumulated eleven consensus national championships , seven heisman trophy winners , 62 members in the college football hall of fame and 13 members in the pro football hall of fame and is considered one of the most famed and successful college football teams in history . other nd teams , chiefly in the atlantic coast conference , have accumulated 16 national championships . the notre dame victory march is often regarded as the most famous and recognizable collegiate fight song . [ sep ] seven
notre dame rose to national prominence in the early 1900s for its fighting irish football team , especially under the guidance of the legendary coach knute rockne . the university ' s athletic teams are members of the ncaa division i and are known collectively as the fighting irish . the football team , an independent , has accumulated eleven consensus national championships , seven heisman trophy winners , 62 members in the college football hall of fame and 13 members in the pro football hall of fame and is considered one of the most famed and successful college football teams in history . other nd teams , chiefly in the atlantic coast conference , have accumulated 16 national championships . the notre dame victory march is often regarded as the most famous and recognizable collegiate fight song . [ sep ] 13
this credit freeze brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse . the response of the federal reserve , the european central bank , the bank of england and other central banks was immediate and dramatic . during the last quarter of 2008 , these central banks purchased us $ 2 . 5 trillion of government debt and troubled private assets from banks . this was the largest liquidity injection into the credit market , and the largest monetary policy action , in world history . following a model initiated by the united kingdom bank rescue package , the governments of european nations and the usa guaranteed the debt issued by their banks and raised the capital of their national banking systems , ultimately purchasing $ 1 . 5 trillion newly issued preferred stock in their major banks . in october 2010 , nobel laureate joseph stiglitz explained how the u . s . federal reserve was implementing another monetary policy — creating currency — as a method to combat the liquidity trap . by creating $ 600 billion and inserting [ clarification needed ] this directly into banks , the federal reserve intended to spur banks to finance more domestic loans and refinance mortgages . however , banks instead were spending the money in more profitable areas by investing internationally in emerging markets . banks were also investing in foreign currencies , which stiglitz and others point out may lead to currency wars while china redirects its currency holdings away from the united states . [ sep ] credit freeze
this credit freeze brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse . the response of the federal reserve , the european central bank , the bank of england and other central banks was immediate and dramatic . during the last quarter of 2008 , these central banks purchased us $ 2 . 5 trillion of government debt and troubled private assets from banks . this was the largest liquidity injection into the credit market , and the largest monetary policy action , in world history . following a model initiated by the united kingdom bank rescue package , the governments of european nations and the usa guaranteed the debt issued by their banks and raised the capital of their national banking systems , ultimately purchasing $ 1 . 5 trillion newly issued preferred stock in their major banks . in october 2010 , nobel laureate joseph stiglitz explained how the u . s . federal reserve was implementing another monetary policy — creating currency — as a method to combat the liquidity trap . by creating $ 600 billion and inserting [ clarification needed ] this directly into banks , the federal reserve intended to spur banks to finance more domestic loans and refinance mortgages . however , banks instead were spending the money in more profitable areas by investing internationally in emerging markets . banks were also investing in foreign currencies , which stiglitz and others point out may lead to currency wars while china redirects its currency holdings away from the united states . [ sep ] us $ 2 . 5 trillion
this credit freeze brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse . the response of the federal reserve , the european central bank , the bank of england and other central banks was immediate and dramatic . during the last quarter of 2008 , these central banks purchased us $ 2 . 5 trillion of government debt and troubled private assets from banks . this was the largest liquidity injection into the credit market , and the largest monetary policy action , in world history . following a model initiated by the united kingdom bank rescue package , the governments of european nations and the usa guaranteed the debt issued by their banks and raised the capital of their national banking systems , ultimately purchasing $ 1 . 5 trillion newly issued preferred stock in their major banks . in october 2010 , nobel laureate joseph stiglitz explained how the u . s . federal reserve was implementing another monetary policy — creating currency — as a method to combat the liquidity trap . by creating $ 600 billion and inserting [ clarification needed ] this directly into banks , the federal reserve intended to spur banks to finance more domestic loans and refinance mortgages . however , banks instead were spending the money in more profitable areas by investing internationally in emerging markets . banks were also investing in foreign currencies , which stiglitz and others point out may lead to currency wars while china redirects its currency holdings away from the united states . [ sep ] $ 1 . 5 trillion
this credit freeze brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse . the response of the federal reserve , the european central bank , the bank of england and other central banks was immediate and dramatic . during the last quarter of 2008 , these central banks purchased us $ 2 . 5 trillion of government debt and troubled private assets from banks . this was the largest liquidity injection into the credit market , and the largest monetary policy action , in world history . following a model initiated by the united kingdom bank rescue package , the governments of european nations and the usa guaranteed the debt issued by their banks and raised the capital of their national banking systems , ultimately purchasing $ 1 . 5 trillion newly issued preferred stock in their major banks . in october 2010 , nobel laureate joseph stiglitz explained how the u . s . federal reserve was implementing another monetary policy — creating currency — as a method to combat the liquidity trap . by creating $ 600 billion and inserting [ clarification needed ] this directly into banks , the federal reserve intended to spur banks to finance more domestic loans and refinance mortgages . however , banks instead were spending the money in more profitable areas by investing internationally in emerging markets . banks were also investing in foreign currencies , which stiglitz and others point out may lead to currency wars while china redirects its currency holdings away from the united states . [ sep ] joseph stiglitz
this credit freeze brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse . the response of the federal reserve , the european central bank , the bank of england and other central banks was immediate and dramatic . during the last quarter of 2008 , these central banks purchased us $ 2 . 5 trillion of government debt and troubled private assets from banks . this was the largest liquidity injection into the credit market , and the largest monetary policy action , in world history . following a model initiated by the united kingdom bank rescue package , the governments of european nations and the usa guaranteed the debt issued by their banks and raised the capital of their national banking systems , ultimately purchasing $ 1 . 5 trillion newly issued preferred stock in their major banks . in october 2010 , nobel laureate joseph stiglitz explained how the u . s . federal reserve was implementing another monetary policy — creating currency — as a method to combat the liquidity trap . by creating $ 600 billion and inserting [ clarification needed ] this directly into banks , the federal reserve intended to spur banks to finance more domestic loans and refinance mortgages . however , banks instead were spending the money in more profitable areas by investing internationally in emerging markets . banks were also investing in foreign currencies , which stiglitz and others point out may lead to currency wars while china redirects its currency holdings away from the united states . [ sep ] investing internationally in emerging markets
besides its prominence in sports , notre dame is also a large , four - year , highly residential research university , and is consistently ranked among the top twenty universities in the united states and as a major global university . the undergraduate component of the university is organized into four colleges ( arts and letters , science , engineering , business ) and the architecture school . the latter is known for teaching new classical architecture and for awarding the globally renowned annual driehaus architecture prize . notre dame ' s graduate program has more than 50 master ' s , doctoral and professional degree programs offered by the five schools , with the addition of the notre dame law school and a md - phd program offered in combination with iu medical school . it maintains a system of libraries , cultural venues , artistic and scientific museums , including hesburgh library and the snite museum of art . over 80 % of the university ' s 8 , 000 undergraduates live on campus in one of 29 single - sex residence halls , each with its own traditions , legacies , events and intramural sports teams . the university counts approximately 120 , 000 alumni , considered among the strongest alumni networks among u . s . colleges . [ sep ] among the top twenty
besides its prominence in sports , notre dame is also a large , four - year , highly residential research university , and is consistently ranked among the top twenty universities in the united states and as a major global university . the undergraduate component of the university is organized into four colleges ( arts and letters , science , engineering , business ) and the architecture school . the latter is known for teaching new classical architecture and for awarding the globally renowned annual driehaus architecture prize . notre dame ' s graduate program has more than 50 master ' s , doctoral and professional degree programs offered by the five schools , with the addition of the notre dame law school and a md - phd program offered in combination with iu medical school . it maintains a system of libraries , cultural venues , artistic and scientific museums , including hesburgh library and the snite museum of art . over 80 % of the university ' s 8 , 000 undergraduates live on campus in one of 29 single - sex residence halls , each with its own traditions , legacies , events and intramural sports teams . the university counts approximately 120 , 000 alumni , considered among the strongest alumni networks among u . s . colleges . [ sep ] four
besides its prominence in sports , notre dame is also a large , four - year , highly residential research university , and is consistently ranked among the top twenty universities in the united states and as a major global university . the undergraduate component of the university is organized into four colleges ( arts and letters , science , engineering , business ) and the architecture school . the latter is known for teaching new classical architecture and for awarding the globally renowned annual driehaus architecture prize . notre dame ' s graduate program has more than 50 master ' s , doctoral and professional degree programs offered by the five schools , with the addition of the notre dame law school and a md - phd program offered in combination with iu medical school . it maintains a system of libraries , cultural venues , artistic and scientific museums , including hesburgh library and the snite museum of art . over 80 % of the university ' s 8 , 000 undergraduates live on campus in one of 29 single - sex residence halls , each with its own traditions , legacies , events and intramural sports teams . the university counts approximately 120 , 000 alumni , considered among the strongest alumni networks among u . s . colleges . [ sep ] driehaus architecture prize
besides its prominence in sports , notre dame is also a large , four - year , highly residential research university , and is consistently ranked among the top twenty universities in the united states and as a major global university . the undergraduate component of the university is organized into four colleges ( arts and letters , science , engineering , business ) and the architecture school . the latter is known for teaching new classical architecture and for awarding the globally renowned annual driehaus architecture prize . notre dame ' s graduate program has more than 50 master ' s , doctoral and professional degree programs offered by the five schools , with the addition of the notre dame law school and a md - phd program offered in combination with iu medical school . it maintains a system of libraries , cultural venues , artistic and scientific museums , including hesburgh library and the snite museum of art . over 80 % of the university ' s 8 , 000 undergraduates live on campus in one of 29 single - sex residence halls , each with its own traditions , legacies , events and intramural sports teams . the university counts approximately 120 , 000 alumni , considered among the strongest alumni networks among u . s . colleges . [ sep ] more than 50
besides its prominence in sports , notre dame is also a large , four - year , highly residential research university , and is consistently ranked among the top twenty universities in the united states and as a major global university . the undergraduate component of the university is organized into four colleges ( arts and letters , science , engineering , business ) and the architecture school . the latter is known for teaching new classical architecture and for awarding the globally renowned annual driehaus architecture prize . notre dame ' s graduate program has more than 50 master ' s , doctoral and professional degree programs offered by the five schools , with the addition of the notre dame law school and a md - phd program offered in combination with iu medical school . it maintains a system of libraries , cultural venues , artistic and scientific museums , including hesburgh library and the snite museum of art . over 80 % of the university ' s 8 , 000 undergraduates live on campus in one of 29 single - sex residence halls , each with its own traditions , legacies , events and intramural sports teams . the university counts approximately 120 , 000 alumni , considered among the strongest alumni networks among u . s . colleges . [ sep ] snite museum of art
united states president barack obama and key advisers introduced a series of regulatory proposals in june 2009 . the proposals address consumer protection , executive pay , bank financial cushions or capital requirements , expanded regulation of the shadow banking system and derivatives , and enhanced authority for the federal reserve to safely wind - down systemically important institutions , among others . in january 2010 , obama proposed additional regulations limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading . the proposals were dubbed " the volcker rule " , in recognition of paul volcker , who has publicly argued for the proposed changes . [ sep ] a series of regulatory proposals
united states president barack obama and key advisers introduced a series of regulatory proposals in june 2009 . the proposals address consumer protection , executive pay , bank financial cushions or capital requirements , expanded regulation of the shadow banking system and derivatives , and enhanced authority for the federal reserve to safely wind - down systemically important institutions , among others . in january 2010 , obama proposed additional regulations limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading . the proposals were dubbed " the volcker rule " , in recognition of paul volcker , who has publicly argued for the proposed changes . [ sep ] consumer protection
united states president barack obama and key advisers introduced a series of regulatory proposals in june 2009 . the proposals address consumer protection , executive pay , bank financial cushions or capital requirements , expanded regulation of the shadow banking system and derivatives , and enhanced authority for the federal reserve to safely wind - down systemically important institutions , among others . in january 2010 , obama proposed additional regulations limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading . the proposals were dubbed " the volcker rule " , in recognition of paul volcker , who has publicly argued for the proposed changes . [ sep ] proprietary
united states president barack obama and key advisers introduced a series of regulatory proposals in june 2009 . the proposals address consumer protection , executive pay , bank financial cushions or capital requirements , expanded regulation of the shadow banking system and derivatives , and enhanced authority for the federal reserve to safely wind - down systemically important institutions , among others . in january 2010 , obama proposed additional regulations limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading . the proposals were dubbed " the volcker rule " , in recognition of paul volcker , who has publicly argued for the proposed changes . [ sep ] paul volcker
united states president barack obama and key advisers introduced a series of regulatory proposals in june 2009 . the proposals address consumer protection , executive pay , bank financial cushions or capital requirements , expanded regulation of the shadow banking system and derivatives , and enhanced authority for the federal reserve to safely wind - down systemically important institutions , among others . in january 2010 , obama proposed additional regulations limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading . the proposals were dubbed " the volcker rule " , in recognition of paul volcker , who has publicly argued for the proposed changes . [ sep ] paul volcker
process theology typically stresses god ' s relational nature . rather than seeing god as impassive or emotionless , process theologians view god as " the fellow sufferer who understands " , and as the being who is supremely affected by temporal events . hartshorne points out that people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers – so why would this be a praise - worthy quality in god ? instead , as the being who is most affected by the world , god is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world . however , process theology has been formulated in a wide variety of ways . c . robert mesle , for instance , advocates a " process naturalism " , i . e . a process theology without god . [ sep ] god ' s relational nature
process theology typically stresses god ' s relational nature . rather than seeing god as impassive or emotionless , process theologians view god as " the fellow sufferer who understands " , and as the being who is supremely affected by temporal events . hartshorne points out that people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers – so why would this be a praise - worthy quality in god ? instead , as the being who is most affected by the world , god is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world . however , process theology has been formulated in a wide variety of ways . c . robert mesle , for instance , advocates a " process naturalism " , i . e . a process theology without god . [ sep ] " the fellow sufferer who understands " , and as the being who is supremely affected by temporal events
process theology typically stresses god ' s relational nature . rather than seeing god as impassive or emotionless , process theologians view god as " the fellow sufferer who understands " , and as the being who is supremely affected by temporal events . hartshorne points out that people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers – so why would this be a praise - worthy quality in god ? instead , as the being who is most affected by the world , god is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world . however , process theology has been formulated in a wide variety of ways . c . robert mesle , for instance , advocates a " process naturalism " , i . e . a process theology without god . [ sep ] people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers – so why would this be a praise - worthy quality in god ?
process theology typically stresses god ' s relational nature . rather than seeing god as impassive or emotionless , process theologians view god as " the fellow sufferer who understands " , and as the being who is supremely affected by temporal events . hartshorne points out that people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers – so why would this be a praise - worthy quality in god ? instead , as the being who is most affected by the world , god is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world . however , process theology has been formulated in a wide variety of ways . c . robert mesle , for instance , advocates a " process naturalism " , i . e . a process theology without god . [ sep ] as the being who is most affected by the world , god is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world
process theology typically stresses god ' s relational nature . rather than seeing god as impassive or emotionless , process theologians view god as " the fellow sufferer who understands " , and as the being who is supremely affected by temporal events . hartshorne points out that people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers – so why would this be a praise - worthy quality in god ? instead , as the being who is most affected by the world , god is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world . however , process theology has been formulated in a wide variety of ways . c . robert mesle , for instance , advocates a " process naturalism " , i . e . a process theology without god . [ sep ] " process naturalism " , i . e . a process theology without god .
in 1842 , the bishop of vincennes , celestine guynemer de la hailandiere , offered land to father edward sorin of the congregation of the holy cross , on the condition that he build a college in two years . fr . sorin arrived on the site with eight holy cross brothers from france and ireland on november 26 , 1842 , and began the school using father stephen badin ' s old log chapel . he soon erected additional buildings , including old college , the first church , and the first main building . they immediately acquired two students and set about building additions to the campus . [ sep ] 1842
in 1842 , the bishop of vincennes , celestine guynemer de la hailandiere , offered land to father edward sorin of the congregation of the holy cross , on the condition that he build a college in two years . fr . sorin arrived on the site with eight holy cross brothers from france and ireland on november 26 , 1842 , and began the school using father stephen badin ' s old log chapel . he soon erected additional buildings , including old college , the first church , and the first main building . they immediately acquired two students and set about building additions to the campus . [ sep ] celestine guynemer de la hailandiere
in 1842 , the bishop of vincennes , celestine guynemer de la hailandiere , offered land to father edward sorin of the congregation of the holy cross , on the condition that he build a college in two years . fr . sorin arrived on the site with eight holy cross brothers from france and ireland on november 26 , 1842 , and began the school using father stephen badin ' s old log chapel . he soon erected additional buildings , including old college , the first church , and the first main building . they immediately acquired two students and set about building additions to the campus . [ sep ] the congregation of the holy cross
in 1842 , the bishop of vincennes , celestine guynemer de la hailandiere , offered land to father edward sorin of the congregation of the holy cross , on the condition that he build a college in two years . fr . sorin arrived on the site with eight holy cross brothers from france and ireland on november 26 , 1842 , and began the school using father stephen badin ' s old log chapel . he soon erected additional buildings , including old college , the first church , and the first main building . they immediately acquired two students and set about building additions to the campus . [ sep ] november 26 , 1842
in 1842 , the bishop of vincennes , celestine guynemer de la hailandiere , offered land to father edward sorin of the congregation of the holy cross , on the condition that he build a college in two years . fr . sorin arrived on the site with eight holy cross brothers from france and ireland on november 26 , 1842 , and began the school using father stephen badin ' s old log chapel . he soon erected additional buildings , including old college , the first church , and the first main building . they immediately acquired two students and set about building additions to the campus . [ sep ] father stephen badin ' s old log chapel
the first degrees from the college were awarded in 1849 . the university was expanded with new buildings to accommodate more students and faculty . with each new president , new academic programs were offered and new buildings built to accommodate them . the original main building built by sorin just after he arrived was replaced by a larger " main building " in 1865 , which housed the university ' s administration , classrooms , and dormitories . beginning in 1873 , a library collection was started by father lemonnier . by 1879 it had grown to ten thousand volumes that were housed in the main building . [ sep ] 1849
the first degrees from the college were awarded in 1849 . the university was expanded with new buildings to accommodate more students and faculty . with each new president , new academic programs were offered and new buildings built to accommodate them . the original main building built by sorin just after he arrived was replaced by a larger " main building " in 1865 , which housed the university ' s administration , classrooms , and dormitories . beginning in 1873 , a library collection was started by father lemonnier . by 1879 it had grown to ten thousand volumes that were housed in the main building . [ sep ] 1865
the first degrees from the college were awarded in 1849 . the university was expanded with new buildings to accommodate more students and faculty . with each new president , new academic programs were offered and new buildings built to accommodate them . the original main building built by sorin just after he arrived was replaced by a larger " main building " in 1865 , which housed the university ' s administration , classrooms , and dormitories . beginning in 1873 , a library collection was started by father lemonnier . by 1879 it had grown to ten thousand volumes that were housed in the main building . [ sep ] father lemonnier
the first degrees from the college were awarded in 1849 . the university was expanded with new buildings to accommodate more students and faculty . with each new president , new academic programs were offered and new buildings built to accommodate them . the original main building built by sorin just after he arrived was replaced by a larger " main building " in 1865 , which housed the university ' s administration , classrooms , and dormitories . beginning in 1873 , a library collection was started by father lemonnier . by 1879 it had grown to ten thousand volumes that were housed in the main building . [ sep ] 1879
the first degrees from the college were awarded in 1849 . the university was expanded with new buildings to accommodate more students and faculty . with each new president , new academic programs were offered and new buildings built to accommodate them . the original main building built by sorin just after he arrived was replaced by a larger " main building " in 1865 , which housed the university ' s administration , classrooms , and dormitories . beginning in 1873 , a library collection was started by father lemonnier . by 1879 it had grown to ten thousand volumes that were housed in the main building . [ sep ] 1873
the u . s . senate passed a reform bill in may 2010 , following the house which passed a bill in december 2009 . these bills must now be reconciled . the new york times provided a comparative summary of the features of the two bills , which address to varying extent the principles enumerated by the obama administration . for instance , the volcker rule against proprietary trading is not part of the legislation , though in the senate bill regulators have the discretion but not the obligation to prohibit these trades . [ sep ] may 2010
the u . s . senate passed a reform bill in may 2010 , following the house which passed a bill in december 2009 . these bills must now be reconciled . the new york times provided a comparative summary of the features of the two bills , which address to varying extent the principles enumerated by the obama administration . for instance , the volcker rule against proprietary trading is not part of the legislation , though in the senate bill regulators have the discretion but not the obligation to prohibit these trades . [ sep ] december 2009
the u . s . senate passed a reform bill in may 2010 , following the house which passed a bill in december 2009 . these bills must now be reconciled . the new york times provided a comparative summary of the features of the two bills , which address to varying extent the principles enumerated by the obama administration . for instance , the volcker rule against proprietary trading is not part of the legislation , though in the senate bill regulators have the discretion but not the obligation to prohibit these trades . [ sep ] volcker rule
the u . s . senate passed a reform bill in may 2010 , following the house which passed a bill in december 2009 . these bills must now be reconciled . the new york times provided a comparative summary of the features of the two bills , which address to varying extent the principles enumerated by the obama administration . for instance , the volcker rule against proprietary trading is not part of the legislation , though in the senate bill regulators have the discretion but not the obligation to prohibit these trades . [ sep ] senate
in fact , process theology is difficult to define because process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests . john b . cobb , jr . is a process theologian who has also written books on biology and economics . roland faber and catherine keller integrate whitehead with poststructuralist , postcolonialist , and feminist theory . charles birch was both a theologian and a geneticist . franklin i . gamwell writes on theology and political theory . in syntheism - creating god in the internet age , futurologists alexander bard and jan soderqvist repeatedly credit whitehead for the process theology they see rising out of the participatory culture expected to dominate the digital era . [ sep ] process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests
in fact , process theology is difficult to define because process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests . john b . cobb , jr . is a process theologian who has also written books on biology and economics . roland faber and catherine keller integrate whitehead with poststructuralist , postcolonialist , and feminist theory . charles birch was both a theologian and a geneticist . franklin i . gamwell writes on theology and political theory . in syntheism - creating god in the internet age , futurologists alexander bard and jan soderqvist repeatedly credit whitehead for the process theology they see rising out of the participatory culture expected to dominate the digital era . [ sep ] biology and economics
in fact , process theology is difficult to define because process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests . john b . cobb , jr . is a process theologian who has also written books on biology and economics . roland faber and catherine keller integrate whitehead with poststructuralist , postcolonialist , and feminist theory . charles birch was both a theologian and a geneticist . franklin i . gamwell writes on theology and political theory . in syntheism - creating god in the internet age , futurologists alexander bard and jan soderqvist repeatedly credit whitehead for the process theology they see rising out of the participatory culture expected to dominate the digital era . [ sep ] poststructuralist , postcolonialist , and feminist theory
in fact , process theology is difficult to define because process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests . john b . cobb , jr . is a process theologian who has also written books on biology and economics . roland faber and catherine keller integrate whitehead with poststructuralist , postcolonialist , and feminist theory . charles birch was both a theologian and a geneticist . franklin i . gamwell writes on theology and political theory . in syntheism - creating god in the internet age , futurologists alexander bard and jan soderqvist repeatedly credit whitehead for the process theology they see rising out of the participatory culture expected to dominate the digital era . [ sep ] geneticist
in fact , process theology is difficult to define because process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests . john b . cobb , jr . is a process theologian who has also written books on biology and economics . roland faber and catherine keller integrate whitehead with poststructuralist , postcolonialist , and feminist theory . charles birch was both a theologian and a geneticist . franklin i . gamwell writes on theology and political theory . in syntheism - creating god in the internet age , futurologists alexander bard and jan soderqvist repeatedly credit whitehead for the process theology they see rising out of the participatory culture expected to dominate the digital era . [ sep ] alexander bard and jan soderqvist
this main building , and the library collection , was entirely destroyed by a fire in april 1879 , and the school closed immediately and students were sent home . the university founder , fr . sorin and the president at the time , the rev . william corby , immediately planned for the rebuilding of the structure that had housed virtually the entire university . construction was started on the 17th of may and by the incredible zeal of administrator and workers the building was completed before the fall semester of 1879 . the library collection was also rebuilt and stayed housed in the new main building for years afterwards . around the time of the fire , a music hall was opened . eventually becoming known as washington hall , it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school . by 1880 , a science program was established at the university , and a science hall ( today lafortune student center ) was built in 1883 . the hall housed multiple classrooms and science labs needed for early research at the university . [ sep ] 1879
this main building , and the library collection , was entirely destroyed by a fire in april 1879 , and the school closed immediately and students were sent home . the university founder , fr . sorin and the president at the time , the rev . william corby , immediately planned for the rebuilding of the structure that had housed virtually the entire university . construction was started on the 17th of may and by the incredible zeal of administrator and workers the building was completed before the fall semester of 1879 . the library collection was also rebuilt and stayed housed in the new main building for years afterwards . around the time of the fire , a music hall was opened . eventually becoming known as washington hall , it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school . by 1880 , a science program was established at the university , and a science hall ( today lafortune student center ) was built in 1883 . the hall housed multiple classrooms and science labs needed for early research at the university . [ sep ] rev . william corby
this main building , and the library collection , was entirely destroyed by a fire in april 1879 , and the school closed immediately and students were sent home . the university founder , fr . sorin and the president at the time , the rev . william corby , immediately planned for the rebuilding of the structure that had housed virtually the entire university . construction was started on the 17th of may and by the incredible zeal of administrator and workers the building was completed before the fall semester of 1879 . the library collection was also rebuilt and stayed housed in the new main building for years afterwards . around the time of the fire , a music hall was opened . eventually becoming known as washington hall , it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school . by 1880 , a science program was established at the university , and a science hall ( today lafortune student center ) was built in 1883 . the hall housed multiple classrooms and science labs needed for early research at the university . [ sep ] 17th of may
this main building , and the library collection , was entirely destroyed by a fire in april 1879 , and the school closed immediately and students were sent home . the university founder , fr . sorin and the president at the time , the rev . william corby , immediately planned for the rebuilding of the structure that had housed virtually the entire university . construction was started on the 17th of may and by the incredible zeal of administrator and workers the building was completed before the fall semester of 1879 . the library collection was also rebuilt and stayed housed in the new main building for years afterwards . around the time of the fire , a music hall was opened . eventually becoming known as washington hall , it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school . by 1880 , a science program was established at the university , and a science hall ( today lafortune student center ) was built in 1883 . the hall housed multiple classrooms and science labs needed for early research at the university . [ sep ] washington hall
this main building , and the library collection , was entirely destroyed by a fire in april 1879 , and the school closed immediately and students were sent home . the university founder , fr . sorin and the president at the time , the rev . william corby , immediately planned for the rebuilding of the structure that had housed virtually the entire university . construction was started on the 17th of may and by the incredible zeal of administrator and workers the building was completed before the fall semester of 1879 . the library collection was also rebuilt and stayed housed in the new main building for years afterwards . around the time of the fire , a music hall was opened . eventually becoming known as washington hall , it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school . by 1880 , a science program was established at the university , and a science hall ( today lafortune student center ) was built in 1883 . the hall housed multiple classrooms and science labs needed for early research at the university . [ sep ] lafortune student center
european regulators introduced basel iii regulations for banks . it increased capital ratios , limits on leverage , narrow definition of capital ( to exclude subordinated debt ) , limit counter - party risk , and new liquidity requirements . critics argue that basel iii doesn ’ t address the problem of faulty risk - weightings . major banks suffered losses from aaa - rated created by financial engineering ( which creates apparently risk - free assets out of high risk collateral ) that required less capital according to basel ii . lending to aa - rated sovereigns has a risk - weight of zero , thus increasing lending to governments and leading to the next crisis . johan norberg argues that regulations ( basel iii among others ) have indeed led to excessive lending to risky governments ( see european sovereign - debt crisis ) and the ecb pursues even more lending as the solution . [ sep ] basel iii regulations
european regulators introduced basel iii regulations for banks . it increased capital ratios , limits on leverage , narrow definition of capital ( to exclude subordinated debt ) , limit counter - party risk , and new liquidity requirements . critics argue that basel iii doesn ’ t address the problem of faulty risk - weightings . major banks suffered losses from aaa - rated created by financial engineering ( which creates apparently risk - free assets out of high risk collateral ) that required less capital according to basel ii . lending to aa - rated sovereigns has a risk - weight of zero , thus increasing lending to governments and leading to the next crisis . johan norberg argues that regulations ( basel iii among others ) have indeed led to excessive lending to risky governments ( see european sovereign - debt crisis ) and the ecb pursues even more lending as the solution . [ sep ] faulty risk - weightings
european regulators introduced basel iii regulations for banks . it increased capital ratios , limits on leverage , narrow definition of capital ( to exclude subordinated debt ) , limit counter - party risk , and new liquidity requirements . critics argue that basel iii doesn ’ t address the problem of faulty risk - weightings . major banks suffered losses from aaa - rated created by financial engineering ( which creates apparently risk - free assets out of high risk collateral ) that required less capital according to basel ii . lending to aa - rated sovereigns has a risk - weight of zero , thus increasing lending to governments and leading to the next crisis . johan norberg argues that regulations ( basel iii among others ) have indeed led to excessive lending to risky governments ( see european sovereign - debt crisis ) and the ecb pursues even more lending as the solution . [ sep ] johan norberg
european regulators introduced basel iii regulations for banks . it increased capital ratios , limits on leverage , narrow definition of capital ( to exclude subordinated debt ) , limit counter - party risk , and new liquidity requirements . critics argue that basel iii doesn ’ t address the problem of faulty risk - weightings . major banks suffered losses from aaa - rated created by financial engineering ( which creates apparently risk - free assets out of high risk collateral ) that required less capital according to basel ii . lending to aa - rated sovereigns has a risk - weight of zero , thus increasing lending to governments and leading to the next crisis . johan norberg argues that regulations ( basel iii among others ) have indeed led to excessive lending to risky governments ( see european sovereign - debt crisis ) and the ecb pursues even more lending as the solution . [ sep ] capital ratios
european regulators introduced basel iii regulations for banks . it increased capital ratios , limits on leverage , narrow definition of capital ( to exclude subordinated debt ) , limit counter - party risk , and new liquidity requirements . critics argue that basel iii doesn ’ t address the problem of faulty risk - weightings . major banks suffered losses from aaa - rated created by financial engineering ( which creates apparently risk - free assets out of high risk collateral ) that required less capital according to basel ii . lending to aa - rated sovereigns has a risk - weight of zero , thus increasing lending to governments and leading to the next crisis . johan norberg argues that regulations ( basel iii among others ) have indeed led to excessive lending to risky governments ( see european sovereign - debt crisis ) and the ecb pursues even more lending as the solution . [ sep ] financial engineering
in 1919 father james burns became president of notre dame , and in three years he produced an academic revolution that brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and moving away from the university ' s traditional scholastic and classical emphasis . by contrast , the jesuit colleges , bastions of academic conservatism , were reluctant to move to a system of electives . their graduates were shut out of harvard law school for that reason . notre dame continued to grow over the years , adding more colleges , programs , and sports teams . by 1921 , with the addition of the college of commerce , notre dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school . the university continued to expand and add new residence halls and buildings with each subsequent president . [ sep ] father james burns
in 1919 father james burns became president of notre dame , and in three years he produced an academic revolution that brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and moving away from the university ' s traditional scholastic and classical emphasis . by contrast , the jesuit colleges , bastions of academic conservatism , were reluctant to move to a system of electives . their graduates were shut out of harvard law school for that reason . notre dame continued to grow over the years , adding more colleges , programs , and sports teams . by 1921 , with the addition of the college of commerce , notre dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school . the university continued to expand and add new residence halls and buildings with each subsequent president . [ sep ] three years
in 1919 father james burns became president of notre dame , and in three years he produced an academic revolution that brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and moving away from the university ' s traditional scholastic and classical emphasis . by contrast , the jesuit colleges , bastions of academic conservatism , were reluctant to move to a system of electives . their graduates were shut out of harvard law school for that reason . notre dame continued to grow over the years , adding more colleges , programs , and sports teams . by 1921 , with the addition of the college of commerce , notre dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school . the university continued to expand and add new residence halls and buildings with each subsequent president . [ sep ] scholastic and classical
in 1919 father james burns became president of notre dame , and in three years he produced an academic revolution that brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and moving away from the university ' s traditional scholastic and classical emphasis . by contrast , the jesuit colleges , bastions of academic conservatism , were reluctant to move to a system of electives . their graduates were shut out of harvard law school for that reason . notre dame continued to grow over the years , adding more colleges , programs , and sports teams . by 1921 , with the addition of the college of commerce , notre dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school . the university continued to expand and add new residence halls and buildings with each subsequent president . [ sep ] harvard law school
in 1919 father james burns became president of notre dame , and in three years he produced an academic revolution that brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and moving away from the university ' s traditional scholastic and classical emphasis . by contrast , the jesuit colleges , bastions of academic conservatism , were reluctant to move to a system of electives . their graduates were shut out of harvard law school for that reason . notre dame continued to grow over the years , adding more colleges , programs , and sports teams . by 1921 , with the addition of the college of commerce , notre dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school . the university continued to expand and add new residence halls and buildings with each subsequent president . [ sep ] college of commerce
the u . s . recession that began in december 2007 ended in june 2009 , according to the u . s . national bureau of economic research ( nber ) and the financial crisis appears to have ended about the same time . in april 2009 time magazine declared " more quickly than it began , the banking crisis is over . " the united states financial crisis inquiry commission dates the crisis to 2008 . president barack obama declared on january 27 , 2010 , " the markets are now stabilized , and we ' ve recovered most of the money we spent on the banks . " [ sep ] june 2009
the u . s . recession that began in december 2007 ended in june 2009 , according to the u . s . national bureau of economic research ( nber ) and the financial crisis appears to have ended about the same time . in april 2009 time magazine declared " more quickly than it began , the banking crisis is over . " the united states financial crisis inquiry commission dates the crisis to 2008 . president barack obama declared on january 27 , 2010 , " the markets are now stabilized , and we ' ve recovered most of the money we spent on the banks . " [ sep ] june 2009
the u . s . recession that began in december 2007 ended in june 2009 , according to the u . s . national bureau of economic research ( nber ) and the financial crisis appears to have ended about the same time . in april 2009 time magazine declared " more quickly than it began , the banking crisis is over . " the united states financial crisis inquiry commission dates the crisis to 2008 . president barack obama declared on january 27 , 2010 , " the markets are now stabilized , and we ' ve recovered most of the money we spent on the banks . " [ sep ] more quickly than it began , the banking crisis is over . "
the u . s . recession that began in december 2007 ended in june 2009 , according to the u . s . national bureau of economic research ( nber ) and the financial crisis appears to have ended about the same time . in april 2009 time magazine declared " more quickly than it began , the banking crisis is over . " the united states financial crisis inquiry commission dates the crisis to 2008 . president barack obama declared on january 27 , 2010 , " the markets are now stabilized , and we ' ve recovered most of the money we spent on the banks . " [ sep ] january 27 , 2010
the u . s . recession that began in december 2007 ended in june 2009 , according to the u . s . national bureau of economic research ( nber ) and the financial crisis appears to have ended about the same time . in april 2009 time magazine declared " more quickly than it began , the banking crisis is over . " the united states financial crisis inquiry commission dates the crisis to 2008 . president barack obama declared on january 27 , 2010 , " the markets are now stabilized , and we ' ve recovered most of the money we spent on the banks . " [ sep ] 2008
one of the main driving forces in the growth of the university was its football team , the notre dame fighting irish . knute rockne became head coach in 1918 . under rockne , the irish would post a record of 105 wins , 12 losses , and five ties . during his 13 years the irish won three national championships , had five undefeated seasons , won the rose bowl in 1925 , and produced players such as george gipp and the " four horsemen " . knute rockne has the highest winning percentage ( . 881 ) in ncaa division i / fbs football history . rockne ' s offenses employed the notre dame box and his defenses ran a 7 – 2 – 2 scheme . the last game rockne coached was on december 14 , 1930 when he led a group of notre dame all - stars against the new york giants in new york city . [ sep ] knute rockne
one of the main driving forces in the growth of the university was its football team , the notre dame fighting irish . knute rockne became head coach in 1918 . under rockne , the irish would post a record of 105 wins , 12 losses , and five ties . during his 13 years the irish won three national championships , had five undefeated seasons , won the rose bowl in 1925 , and produced players such as george gipp and the " four horsemen " . knute rockne has the highest winning percentage ( . 881 ) in ncaa division i / fbs football history . rockne ' s offenses employed the notre dame box and his defenses ran a 7 – 2 – 2 scheme . the last game rockne coached was on december 14 , 1930 when he led a group of notre dame all - stars against the new york giants in new york city . [ sep ] 105
one of the main driving forces in the growth of the university was its football team , the notre dame fighting irish . knute rockne became head coach in 1918 . under rockne , the irish would post a record of 105 wins , 12 losses , and five ties . during his 13 years the irish won three national championships , had five undefeated seasons , won the rose bowl in 1925 , and produced players such as george gipp and the " four horsemen " . knute rockne has the highest winning percentage ( . 881 ) in ncaa division i / fbs football history . rockne ' s offenses employed the notre dame box and his defenses ran a 7 – 2 – 2 scheme . the last game rockne coached was on december 14 , 1930 when he led a group of notre dame all - stars against the new york giants in new york city . [ sep ] 13
one of the main driving forces in the growth of the university was its football team , the notre dame fighting irish . knute rockne became head coach in 1918 . under rockne , the irish would post a record of 105 wins , 12 losses , and five ties . during his 13 years the irish won three national championships , had five undefeated seasons , won the rose bowl in 1925 , and produced players such as george gipp and the " four horsemen " . knute rockne has the highest winning percentage ( . 881 ) in ncaa division i / fbs football history . rockne ' s offenses employed the notre dame box and his defenses ran a 7 – 2 – 2 scheme . the last game rockne coached was on december 14 , 1930 when he led a group of notre dame all - stars against the new york giants in new york city . [ sep ] three
one of the main driving forces in the growth of the university was its football team , the notre dame fighting irish . knute rockne became head coach in 1918 . under rockne , the irish would post a record of 105 wins , 12 losses , and five ties . during his 13 years the irish won three national championships , had five undefeated seasons , won the rose bowl in 1925 , and produced players such as george gipp and the " four horsemen " . knute rockne has the highest winning percentage ( . 881 ) in ncaa division i / fbs football history . rockne ' s offenses employed the notre dame box and his defenses ran a 7 – 2 – 2 scheme . the last game rockne coached was on december 14 , 1930 when he led a group of notre dame all - stars against the new york giants in new york city . [ sep ] 1925
one philosophical school which has historically had a close relationship with process philosophy is american pragmatism . whitehead himself thought highly of william james and john dewey , and acknowledged his indebtedness to them in the preface to process and reality . charles hartshorne ( along with paul weiss ) edited the collected papers of charles sanders peirce , one of the founders of pragmatism . noted neopragmatist richard rorty was in turn a student of hartshorne . today , nicholas rescher is one example of a philosopher who advocates both process philosophy and pragmatism . [ sep ] american pragmatism
one philosophical school which has historically had a close relationship with process philosophy is american pragmatism . whitehead himself thought highly of william james and john dewey , and acknowledged his indebtedness to them in the preface to process and reality . charles hartshorne ( along with paul weiss ) edited the collected papers of charles sanders peirce , one of the founders of pragmatism . noted neopragmatist richard rorty was in turn a student of hartshorne . today , nicholas rescher is one example of a philosopher who advocates both process philosophy and pragmatism . [ sep ] william james and john dewey
one philosophical school which has historically had a close relationship with process philosophy is american pragmatism . whitehead himself thought highly of william james and john dewey , and acknowledged his indebtedness to them in the preface to process and reality . charles hartshorne ( along with paul weiss ) edited the collected papers of charles sanders peirce , one of the founders of pragmatism . noted neopragmatist richard rorty was in turn a student of hartshorne . today , nicholas rescher is one example of a philosopher who advocates both process philosophy and pragmatism . [ sep ] charles sanders peirce
one philosophical school which has historically had a close relationship with process philosophy is american pragmatism . whitehead himself thought highly of william james and john dewey , and acknowledged his indebtedness to them in the preface to process and reality . charles hartshorne ( along with paul weiss ) edited the collected papers of charles sanders peirce , one of the founders of pragmatism . noted neopragmatist richard rorty was in turn a student of hartshorne . today , nicholas rescher is one example of a philosopher who advocates both process philosophy and pragmatism . [ sep ] richard rorty
one philosophical school which has historically had a close relationship with process philosophy is american pragmatism . whitehead himself thought highly of william james and john dewey , and acknowledged his indebtedness to them in the preface to process and reality . charles hartshorne ( along with paul weiss ) edited the collected papers of charles sanders peirce , one of the founders of pragmatism . noted neopragmatist richard rorty was in turn a student of hartshorne . today , nicholas rescher is one example of a philosopher who advocates both process philosophy and pragmatism . [ sep ] nicholas rescher
advanced economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis with " emerging " and " developing " economies lagging behind . the crisis completely overturned this relationship . the international monetary fund found that " advanced " economies accounted for only 31 % of global gdp while emerging and developing economies accounted for 69 % of global gdp from 2007 to 2014 . in the tables , the names of emergent economies are shown in boldface type , while the names of developed economies are in roman ( regular ) type . [ sep ] " emerging " and " developing " economies
advanced economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis with " emerging " and " developing " economies lagging behind . the crisis completely overturned this relationship . the international monetary fund found that " advanced " economies accounted for only 31 % of global gdp while emerging and developing economies accounted for 69 % of global gdp from 2007 to 2014 . in the tables , the names of emergent economies are shown in boldface type , while the names of developed economies are in roman ( regular ) type . [ sep ] 69 %
advanced economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis with " emerging " and " developing " economies lagging behind . the crisis completely overturned this relationship . the international monetary fund found that " advanced " economies accounted for only 31 % of global gdp while emerging and developing economies accounted for 69 % of global gdp from 2007 to 2014 . in the tables , the names of emergent economies are shown in boldface type , while the names of developed economies are in roman ( regular ) type . [ sep ] 31 %
advanced economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis with " emerging " and " developing " economies lagging behind . the crisis completely overturned this relationship . the international monetary fund found that " advanced " economies accounted for only 31 % of global gdp while emerging and developing economies accounted for 69 % of global gdp from 2007 to 2014 . in the tables , the names of emergent economies are shown in boldface type , while the names of developed economies are in roman ( regular ) type . [ sep ] advanced economies
advanced economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis with " emerging " and " developing " economies lagging behind . the crisis completely overturned this relationship . the international monetary fund found that " advanced " economies accounted for only 31 % of global gdp while emerging and developing economies accounted for 69 % of global gdp from 2007 to 2014 . in the tables , the names of emergent economies are shown in boldface type , while the names of developed economies are in roman ( regular ) type . [ sep ] global economic growth
the success of its football team made notre dame a household name . the success of note dame reflected rising status of irish americans and catholics in the 1920s . catholics rallied up around the team and listen to the games on the radio , especially when it knocked off the schools that symbolized the protestant establishment in america — harvard , yale , princeton , and army . yet this role as high - profile flagship institution of catholicism made it an easy target of anti - catholicism . the most remarkable episode of violence was the clash between notre dame students and the ku klux klan in 1924 . nativism and anti - catholicism , especially when directed towards immigrants , were cornerstones of the kkk ' s rhetoric , and notre dame was seen as a symbol of the threat posed by the catholic church . the klan decided to have a week - long klavern in south bend . clashes with the student body started on march 17 , when students , aware of the anti - catholic animosity , blocked the klansmen from descending from their trains in the south bend station and ripped the kkk clothes and regalia . on may 19 thousands of students massed downtown protesting the klavern , and only the arrival of college president fr . matthew walsh prevented any further clashes . the next day , football coach knute rockne spoke at a campus rally and implored the students to obey the college president and refrain from further violence . a few days later the klavern broke up , but the hostility shown by the students was an omen and a contribution to the downfall of the kkk in indiana . [ sep ] the protestant establishment
the success of its football team made notre dame a household name . the success of note dame reflected rising status of irish americans and catholics in the 1920s . catholics rallied up around the team and listen to the games on the radio , especially when it knocked off the schools that symbolized the protestant establishment in america — harvard , yale , princeton , and army . yet this role as high - profile flagship institution of catholicism made it an easy target of anti - catholicism . the most remarkable episode of violence was the clash between notre dame students and the ku klux klan in 1924 . nativism and anti - catholicism , especially when directed towards immigrants , were cornerstones of the kkk ' s rhetoric , and notre dame was seen as a symbol of the threat posed by the catholic church . the klan decided to have a week - long klavern in south bend . clashes with the student body started on march 17 , when students , aware of the anti - catholic animosity , blocked the klansmen from descending from their trains in the south bend station and ripped the kkk clothes and regalia . on may 19 thousands of students massed downtown protesting the klavern , and only the arrival of college president fr . matthew walsh prevented any further clashes . the next day , football coach knute rockne spoke at a campus rally and implored the students to obey the college president and refrain from further violence . a few days later the klavern broke up , but the hostility shown by the students was an omen and a contribution to the downfall of the kkk in indiana . [ sep ] the ku klux klan
the success of its football team made notre dame a household name . the success of note dame reflected rising status of irish americans and catholics in the 1920s . catholics rallied up around the team and listen to the games on the radio , especially when it knocked off the schools that symbolized the protestant establishment in america — harvard , yale , princeton , and army . yet this role as high - profile flagship institution of catholicism made it an easy target of anti - catholicism . the most remarkable episode of violence was the clash between notre dame students and the ku klux klan in 1924 . nativism and anti - catholicism , especially when directed towards immigrants , were cornerstones of the kkk ' s rhetoric , and notre dame was seen as a symbol of the threat posed by the catholic church . the klan decided to have a week - long klavern in south bend . clashes with the student body started on march 17 , when students , aware of the anti - catholic animosity , blocked the klansmen from descending from their trains in the south bend station and ripped the kkk clothes and regalia . on may 19 thousands of students massed downtown protesting the klavern , and only the arrival of college president fr . matthew walsh prevented any further clashes . the next day , football coach knute rockne spoke at a campus rally and implored the students to obey the college president and refrain from further violence . a few days later the klavern broke up , but the hostility shown by the students was an omen and a contribution to the downfall of the kkk in indiana . [ sep ] a week - long klavern
the success of its football team made notre dame a household name . the success of note dame reflected rising status of irish americans and catholics in the 1920s . catholics rallied up around the team and listen to the games on the radio , especially when it knocked off the schools that symbolized the protestant establishment in america — harvard , yale , princeton , and army . yet this role as high - profile flagship institution of catholicism made it an easy target of anti - catholicism . the most remarkable episode of violence was the clash between notre dame students and the ku klux klan in 1924 . nativism and anti - catholicism , especially when directed towards immigrants , were cornerstones of the kkk ' s rhetoric , and notre dame was seen as a symbol of the threat posed by the catholic church . the klan decided to have a week - long klavern in south bend . clashes with the student body started on march 17 , when students , aware of the anti - catholic animosity , blocked the klansmen from descending from their trains in the south bend station and ripped the kkk clothes and regalia . on may 19 thousands of students massed downtown protesting the klavern , and only the arrival of college president fr . matthew walsh prevented any further clashes . the next day , football coach knute rockne spoke at a campus rally and implored the students to obey the college president and refrain from further violence . a few days later the klavern broke up , but the hostility shown by the students was an omen and a contribution to the downfall of the kkk in indiana . [ sep ] south bend
the success of its football team made notre dame a household name . the success of note dame reflected rising status of irish americans and catholics in the 1920s . catholics rallied up around the team and listen to the games on the radio , especially when it knocked off the schools that symbolized the protestant establishment in america — harvard , yale , princeton , and army . yet this role as high - profile flagship institution of catholicism made it an easy target of anti - catholicism . the most remarkable episode of violence was the clash between notre dame students and the ku klux klan in 1924 . nativism and anti - catholicism , especially when directed towards immigrants , were cornerstones of the kkk ' s rhetoric , and notre dame was seen as a symbol of the threat posed by the catholic church . the klan decided to have a week - long klavern in south bend . clashes with the student body started on march 17 , when students , aware of the anti - catholic animosity , blocked the klansmen from descending from their trains in the south bend station and ripped the kkk clothes and regalia . on may 19 thousands of students massed downtown protesting the klavern , and only the arrival of college president fr . matthew walsh prevented any further clashes . the next day , football coach knute rockne spoke at a campus rally and implored the students to obey the college president and refrain from further violence . a few days later the klavern broke up , but the hostility shown by the students was an omen and a contribution to the downfall of the kkk in indiana . [ sep ] fr . matthew walsh
among the notable structures in the town are the three forts built by the swedes for defense purposes . one of these forts , known as fort oscar ( formerly gustav adolph ) , which overlooks the sea is located on the far side of la pointe . however , the ruins have been replaced by a modern military building which now houses the local gendarmerie . the other fort known as fort karl now presents a very few ruins . the third fort built by the swedes is the fort gustav , which is also seen in ruins strewn around the weather station and the light house . the fort built in 1787 over a hill slope has ruins of ramparts , guardhouse , munitions depot , wood - burning oven and so forth . [ sep ] the swedes
among the notable structures in the town are the three forts built by the swedes for defense purposes . one of these forts , known as fort oscar ( formerly gustav adolph ) , which overlooks the sea is located on the far side of la pointe . however , the ruins have been replaced by a modern military building which now houses the local gendarmerie . the other fort known as fort karl now presents a very few ruins . the third fort built by the swedes is the fort gustav , which is also seen in ruins strewn around the weather station and the light house . the fort built in 1787 over a hill slope has ruins of ramparts , guardhouse , munitions depot , wood - burning oven and so forth . [ sep ] gustav adolph
among the notable structures in the town are the three forts built by the swedes for defense purposes . one of these forts , known as fort oscar ( formerly gustav adolph ) , which overlooks the sea is located on the far side of la pointe . however , the ruins have been replaced by a modern military building which now houses the local gendarmerie . the other fort known as fort karl now presents a very few ruins . the third fort built by the swedes is the fort gustav , which is also seen in ruins strewn around the weather station and the light house . the fort built in 1787 over a hill slope has ruins of ramparts , guardhouse , munitions depot , wood - burning oven and so forth . [ sep ] 1787
among the notable structures in the town are the three forts built by the swedes for defense purposes . one of these forts , known as fort oscar ( formerly gustav adolph ) , which overlooks the sea is located on the far side of la pointe . however , the ruins have been replaced by a modern military building which now houses the local gendarmerie . the other fort known as fort karl now presents a very few ruins . the third fort built by the swedes is the fort gustav , which is also seen in ruins strewn around the weather station and the light house . the fort built in 1787 over a hill slope has ruins of ramparts , guardhouse , munitions depot , wood - burning oven and so forth . [ sep ] la pointe
among the notable structures in the town are the three forts built by the swedes for defense purposes . one of these forts , known as fort oscar ( formerly gustav adolph ) , which overlooks the sea is located on the far side of la pointe . however , the ruins have been replaced by a modern military building which now houses the local gendarmerie . the other fort known as fort karl now presents a very few ruins . the third fort built by the swedes is the fort gustav , which is also seen in ruins strewn around the weather station and the light house . the fort built in 1787 over a hill slope has ruins of ramparts , guardhouse , munitions depot , wood - burning oven and so forth . [ sep ] ruins
french cuisine , west indian cuisine , creole cuisine , italian cuisine and asian cuisine are common in st . barthelemy . the island has over 70 restaurants serving many dishes and others are a significant number of gourmet restaurants ; many of the finest restaurants are located in the hotels . there are also a number of snack restaurants which the french call " les snacks " or " les petits creux " which include sandwiches , pizzas and salads . west indian cuisine , steamed vegetables with fresh fish is common ; creole dishes tend to be spicier . the island hosts gastronomic events throughout the year , with dishes such as spring roll of shrimp and bacon , fresh grilled lobster , chinese noodle salad with coconut milk , and grilled beef fillet etc . [ sep ] over 70
french cuisine , west indian cuisine , creole cuisine , italian cuisine and asian cuisine are common in st . barthelemy . the island has over 70 restaurants serving many dishes and others are a significant number of gourmet restaurants ; many of the finest restaurants are located in the hotels . there are also a number of snack restaurants which the french call " les snacks " or " les petits creux " which include sandwiches , pizzas and salads . west indian cuisine , steamed vegetables with fresh fish is common ; creole dishes tend to be spicier . the island hosts gastronomic events throughout the year , with dishes such as spring roll of shrimp and bacon , fresh grilled lobster , chinese noodle salad with coconut milk , and grilled beef fillet etc . [ sep ] in the hotels
french cuisine , west indian cuisine , creole cuisine , italian cuisine and asian cuisine are common in st . barthelemy . the island has over 70 restaurants serving many dishes and others are a significant number of gourmet restaurants ; many of the finest restaurants are located in the hotels . there are also a number of snack restaurants which the french call " les snacks " or " les petits creux " which include sandwiches , pizzas and salads . west indian cuisine , steamed vegetables with fresh fish is common ; creole dishes tend to be spicier . the island hosts gastronomic events throughout the year , with dishes such as spring roll of shrimp and bacon , fresh grilled lobster , chinese noodle salad with coconut milk , and grilled beef fillet etc . [ sep ] les petits creux
french cuisine , west indian cuisine , creole cuisine , italian cuisine and asian cuisine are common in st . barthelemy . the island has over 70 restaurants serving many dishes and others are a significant number of gourmet restaurants ; many of the finest restaurants are located in the hotels . there are also a number of snack restaurants which the french call " les snacks " or " les petits creux " which include sandwiches , pizzas and salads . west indian cuisine , steamed vegetables with fresh fish is common ; creole dishes tend to be spicier . the island hosts gastronomic events throughout the year , with dishes such as spring roll of shrimp and bacon , fresh grilled lobster , chinese noodle salad with coconut milk , and grilled beef fillet etc . [ sep ] spicier
french cuisine , west indian cuisine , creole cuisine , italian cuisine and asian cuisine are common in st . barthelemy . the island has over 70 restaurants serving many dishes and others are a significant number of gourmet restaurants ; many of the finest restaurants are located in the hotels . there are also a number of snack restaurants which the french call " les snacks " or " les petits creux " which include sandwiches , pizzas and salads . west indian cuisine , steamed vegetables with fresh fish is common ; creole dishes tend to be spicier . the island hosts gastronomic events throughout the year , with dishes such as spring roll of shrimp and bacon , fresh grilled lobster , chinese noodle salad with coconut milk , and grilled beef fillet etc . [ sep ] gastronomic
holy cross father john francis o ' hara was elected vice - president in 1933 and president of notre dame in 1934 . during his tenure at notre dame , he brought numerous refugee intellectuals to campus ; he selected frank h . spearman , jeremiah d . m . ford , irvin abell , and josephine brownson for the laetare medal , instituted in 1883 . o ' hara strongly believed that the fighting irish football team could be an effective means to " acquaint the public with the ideals that dominate " notre dame . he wrote , " notre dame football is a spiritual service because it is played for the honor and glory of god and of his blessed mother . when st . paul said : ' whether you eat or drink , or whatsoever else you do , do all for the glory of god , ' he included football . " [ sep ] father john francis o ' hara
holy cross father john francis o ' hara was elected vice - president in 1933 and president of notre dame in 1934 . during his tenure at notre dame , he brought numerous refugee intellectuals to campus ; he selected frank h . spearman , jeremiah d . m . ford , irvin abell , and josephine brownson for the laetare medal , instituted in 1883 . o ' hara strongly believed that the fighting irish football team could be an effective means to " acquaint the public with the ideals that dominate " notre dame . he wrote , " notre dame football is a spiritual service because it is played for the honor and glory of god and of his blessed mother . when st . paul said : ' whether you eat or drink , or whatsoever else you do , do all for the glory of god , ' he included football . " [ sep ] father john francis o ' hara
holy cross father john francis o ' hara was elected vice - president in 1933 and president of notre dame in 1934 . during his tenure at notre dame , he brought numerous refugee intellectuals to campus ; he selected frank h . spearman , jeremiah d . m . ford , irvin abell , and josephine brownson for the laetare medal , instituted in 1883 . o ' hara strongly believed that the fighting irish football team could be an effective means to " acquaint the public with the ideals that dominate " notre dame . he wrote , " notre dame football is a spiritual service because it is played for the honor and glory of god and of his blessed mother . when st . paul said : ' whether you eat or drink , or whatsoever else you do , do all for the glory of god , ' he included football . " [ sep ] laetare medal
holy cross father john francis o ' hara was elected vice - president in 1933 and president of notre dame in 1934 . during his tenure at notre dame , he brought numerous refugee intellectuals to campus ; he selected frank h . spearman , jeremiah d . m . ford , irvin abell , and josephine brownson for the laetare medal , instituted in 1883 . o ' hara strongly believed that the fighting irish football team could be an effective means to " acquaint the public with the ideals that dominate " notre dame . he wrote , " notre dame football is a spiritual service because it is played for the honor and glory of god and of his blessed mother . when st . paul said : ' whether you eat or drink , or whatsoever else you do , do all for the glory of god , ' he included football . " [ sep ] 1883
holy cross father john francis o ' hara was elected vice - president in 1933 and president of notre dame in 1934 . during his tenure at notre dame , he brought numerous refugee intellectuals to campus ; he selected frank h . spearman , jeremiah d . m . ford , irvin abell , and josephine brownson for the laetare medal , instituted in 1883 . o ' hara strongly believed that the fighting irish football team could be an effective means to " acquaint the public with the ideals that dominate " notre dame . he wrote , " notre dame football is a spiritual service because it is played for the honor and glory of god and of his blessed mother . when st . paul said : ' whether you eat or drink , or whatsoever else you do , do all for the glory of god , ' he included football . " [ sep ] god
the transat ag2r race , held every alternate year , is an event which originates in concarneau in brittany , france , reaching st . barthelemy . it is a boat race with boats of 10 m length with a single hull and with essential safety equipment . each boat is navigated by two sailors . kitesurfing and other water sports have also become popular on the island in recent years , especially at grand cul - de - sac beach ( baie de grand cul de sac ) for windy sports as kitesurfing and saint jean beach ( baie de saint jean ) , lorient , toiny and anse des cayes for surfing . tennis is also popular on the island and it has several tennis clubs , tennis clube de flamboyant in grand cul - de - sac , ajoe tennis club in orient and asco in colombier . [ sep ] every alternate year
the transat ag2r race , held every alternate year , is an event which originates in concarneau in brittany , france , reaching st . barthelemy . it is a boat race with boats of 10 m length with a single hull and with essential safety equipment . each boat is navigated by two sailors . kitesurfing and other water sports have also become popular on the island in recent years , especially at grand cul - de - sac beach ( baie de grand cul de sac ) for windy sports as kitesurfing and saint jean beach ( baie de saint jean ) , lorient , toiny and anse des cayes for surfing . tennis is also popular on the island and it has several tennis clubs , tennis clube de flamboyant in grand cul - de - sac , ajoe tennis club in orient and asco in colombier . [ sep ] concarneau
the transat ag2r race , held every alternate year , is an event which originates in concarneau in brittany , france , reaching st . barthelemy . it is a boat race with boats of 10 m length with a single hull and with essential safety equipment . each boat is navigated by two sailors . kitesurfing and other water sports have also become popular on the island in recent years , especially at grand cul - de - sac beach ( baie de grand cul de sac ) for windy sports as kitesurfing and saint jean beach ( baie de saint jean ) , lorient , toiny and anse des cayes for surfing . tennis is also popular on the island and it has several tennis clubs , tennis clube de flamboyant in grand cul - de - sac , ajoe tennis club in orient and asco in colombier . [ sep ] boats
the transat ag2r race , held every alternate year , is an event which originates in concarneau in brittany , france , reaching st . barthelemy . it is a boat race with boats of 10 m length with a single hull and with essential safety equipment . each boat is navigated by two sailors . kitesurfing and other water sports have also become popular on the island in recent years , especially at grand cul - de - sac beach ( baie de grand cul de sac ) for windy sports as kitesurfing and saint jean beach ( baie de saint jean ) , lorient , toiny and anse des cayes for surfing . tennis is also popular on the island and it has several tennis clubs , tennis clube de flamboyant in grand cul - de - sac , ajoe tennis club in orient and asco in colombier . [ sep ] 10 m
the transat ag2r race , held every alternate year , is an event which originates in concarneau in brittany , france , reaching st . barthelemy . it is a boat race with boats of 10 m length with a single hull and with essential safety equipment . each boat is navigated by two sailors . kitesurfing and other water sports have also become popular on the island in recent years , especially at grand cul - de - sac beach ( baie de grand cul de sac ) for windy sports as kitesurfing and saint jean beach ( baie de saint jean ) , lorient , toiny and anse des cayes for surfing . tennis is also popular on the island and it has several tennis clubs , tennis clube de flamboyant in grand cul - de - sac , ajoe tennis club in orient and asco in colombier . [ sep ] two
st . barthelemy has a small airport known as gustaf iii airport on the north coast of the island that is served by small regional commercial aircraft and charters . the nearest airport with a runway length sufficient to land a typical commercial jet airliner is on the neighboring island of sint maarten : princess juliana international airport , which acts as a hub , providing connecting flights with regional carriers to st . barthelemy . several international airlines and domestic caribbean airlines operate in this sector . [ sep ] gustaf iii
st . barthelemy has a small airport known as gustaf iii airport on the north coast of the island that is served by small regional commercial aircraft and charters . the nearest airport with a runway length sufficient to land a typical commercial jet airliner is on the neighboring island of sint maarten : princess juliana international airport , which acts as a hub , providing connecting flights with regional carriers to st . barthelemy . several international airlines and domestic caribbean airlines operate in this sector . [ sep ] the north coast
st . barthelemy has a small airport known as gustaf iii airport on the north coast of the island that is served by small regional commercial aircraft and charters . the nearest airport with a runway length sufficient to land a typical commercial jet airliner is on the neighboring island of sint maarten : princess juliana international airport , which acts as a hub , providing connecting flights with regional carriers to st . barthelemy . several international airlines and domestic caribbean airlines operate in this sector . [ sep ] princess juliana international airport
st . barthelemy has a small airport known as gustaf iii airport on the north coast of the island that is served by small regional commercial aircraft and charters . the nearest airport with a runway length sufficient to land a typical commercial jet airliner is on the neighboring island of sint maarten : princess juliana international airport , which acts as a hub , providing connecting flights with regional carriers to st . barthelemy . several international airlines and domestic caribbean airlines operate in this sector . [ sep ] sint maarten
st . barthelemy has a small airport known as gustaf iii airport on the north coast of the island that is served by small regional commercial aircraft and charters . the nearest airport with a runway length sufficient to land a typical commercial jet airliner is on the neighboring island of sint maarten : princess juliana international airport , which acts as a hub , providing connecting flights with regional carriers to st . barthelemy . several international airlines and domestic caribbean airlines operate in this sector . [ sep ] charters
in physics , whitehead ' s thought has had some influence . he articulated a view that might perhaps be regarded as dual to einstein ' s general relativity , see whitehead ' s theory of gravitation . it has been severely criticized . yutaka tanaka , who suggests that the gravitational constant disagrees with experimental findings , proposes that einstein ' s work does not actually refute whitehead ' s formulation . whitehead ' s view has now been rendered obsolete , with the discovery of gravitational waves . they are phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that whitehead assumes . consequently , whitehead ' s cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation , and his assumption of a uniform spatio - temporal geometry , minkowskian in particular , as an often - locally - adequate approximation . an exact replacement of whitehead ' s cosmology would need to admit a riemannian geometry . also , although whitehead himself gave only secondary consideration to quantum theory , his metaphysics of processes has proved attractive to some physicists in that field . henry stapp and david bohm are among those whose work has been influenced by whitehead . [ sep ] it has been severely criticized
in physics , whitehead ' s thought has had some influence . he articulated a view that might perhaps be regarded as dual to einstein ' s general relativity , see whitehead ' s theory of gravitation . it has been severely criticized . yutaka tanaka , who suggests that the gravitational constant disagrees with experimental findings , proposes that einstein ' s work does not actually refute whitehead ' s formulation . whitehead ' s view has now been rendered obsolete , with the discovery of gravitational waves . they are phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that whitehead assumes . consequently , whitehead ' s cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation , and his assumption of a uniform spatio - temporal geometry , minkowskian in particular , as an often - locally - adequate approximation . an exact replacement of whitehead ' s cosmology would need to admit a riemannian geometry . also , although whitehead himself gave only secondary consideration to quantum theory , his metaphysics of processes has proved attractive to some physicists in that field . henry stapp and david bohm are among those whose work has been influenced by whitehead . [ sep ] whitehead ' s view has now been rendered obsolete , with the discovery of gravitational waves
in physics , whitehead ' s thought has had some influence . he articulated a view that might perhaps be regarded as dual to einstein ' s general relativity , see whitehead ' s theory of gravitation . it has been severely criticized . yutaka tanaka , who suggests that the gravitational constant disagrees with experimental findings , proposes that einstein ' s work does not actually refute whitehead ' s formulation . whitehead ' s view has now been rendered obsolete , with the discovery of gravitational waves . they are phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that whitehead assumes . consequently , whitehead ' s cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation , and his assumption of a uniform spatio - temporal geometry , minkowskian in particular , as an often - locally - adequate approximation . an exact replacement of whitehead ' s cosmology would need to admit a riemannian geometry . also , although whitehead himself gave only secondary consideration to quantum theory , his metaphysics of processes has proved attractive to some physicists in that field . henry stapp and david bohm are among those whose work has been influenced by whitehead . [ sep ] phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that whitehead assumes
in physics , whitehead ' s thought has had some influence . he articulated a view that might perhaps be regarded as dual to einstein ' s general relativity , see whitehead ' s theory of gravitation . it has been severely criticized . yutaka tanaka , who suggests that the gravitational constant disagrees with experimental findings , proposes that einstein ' s work does not actually refute whitehead ' s formulation . whitehead ' s view has now been rendered obsolete , with the discovery of gravitational waves . they are phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that whitehead assumes . consequently , whitehead ' s cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation , and his assumption of a uniform spatio - temporal geometry , minkowskian in particular , as an often - locally - adequate approximation . an exact replacement of whitehead ' s cosmology would need to admit a riemannian geometry . also , although whitehead himself gave only secondary consideration to quantum theory , his metaphysics of processes has proved attractive to some physicists in that field . henry stapp and david bohm are among those whose work has been influenced by whitehead . [ sep ] whitehead ' s cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation
in physics , whitehead ' s thought has had some influence . he articulated a view that might perhaps be regarded as dual to einstein ' s general relativity , see whitehead ' s theory of gravitation . it has been severely criticized . yutaka tanaka , who suggests that the gravitational constant disagrees with experimental findings , proposes that einstein ' s work does not actually refute whitehead ' s formulation . whitehead ' s view has now been rendered obsolete , with the discovery of gravitational waves . they are phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that whitehead assumes . consequently , whitehead ' s cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation , and his assumption of a uniform spatio - temporal geometry , minkowskian in particular , as an often - locally - adequate approximation . an exact replacement of whitehead ' s cosmology would need to admit a riemannian geometry . also , although whitehead himself gave only secondary consideration to quantum theory , his metaphysics of processes has proved attractive to some physicists in that field . henry stapp and david bohm are among those whose work has been influenced by whitehead . [ sep ] henry stapp and david bohm
the rev . john j . cavanaugh , c . s . c . served as president from 1946 to 1952 . cavanaugh ' s legacy at notre dame in the post - war years was devoted to raising academic standards and reshaping the university administration to suit it to an enlarged educational mission and an expanded student body and stressing advanced studies and research at a time when notre dame quadrupled in student census , undergraduate enrollment increased by more than half , and graduate student enrollment grew fivefold . cavanaugh also established the lobund institute for animal studies and notre dame ' s medieval institute . cavanaugh also presided over the construction of the nieuwland science hall , fisher hall , and the morris inn , as well as the hall of liberal arts ( now o ' shaughnessy hall ) , made possible by a donation from i . a . o ' shaughnessy , at the time the largest ever made to an american catholic university . cavanaugh also established a system of advisory councils at the university , which continue today and are vital to the university ' s governance and development [ sep ] rev . john j . cavanaugh , c . s . c .
the rev . john j . cavanaugh , c . s . c . served as president from 1946 to 1952 . cavanaugh ' s legacy at notre dame in the post - war years was devoted to raising academic standards and reshaping the university administration to suit it to an enlarged educational mission and an expanded student body and stressing advanced studies and research at a time when notre dame quadrupled in student census , undergraduate enrollment increased by more than half , and graduate student enrollment grew fivefold . cavanaugh also established the lobund institute for animal studies and notre dame ' s medieval institute . cavanaugh also presided over the construction of the nieuwland science hall , fisher hall , and the morris inn , as well as the hall of liberal arts ( now o ' shaughnessy hall ) , made possible by a donation from i . a . o ' shaughnessy , at the time the largest ever made to an american catholic university . cavanaugh also established a system of advisory councils at the university , which continue today and are vital to the university ' s governance and development [ sep ] more than half
the rev . john j . cavanaugh , c . s . c . served as president from 1946 to 1952 . cavanaugh ' s legacy at notre dame in the post - war years was devoted to raising academic standards and reshaping the university administration to suit it to an enlarged educational mission and an expanded student body and stressing advanced studies and research at a time when notre dame quadrupled in student census , undergraduate enrollment increased by more than half , and graduate student enrollment grew fivefold . cavanaugh also established the lobund institute for animal studies and notre dame ' s medieval institute . cavanaugh also presided over the construction of the nieuwland science hall , fisher hall , and the morris inn , as well as the hall of liberal arts ( now o ' shaughnessy hall ) , made possible by a donation from i . a . o ' shaughnessy , at the time the largest ever made to an american catholic university . cavanaugh also established a system of advisory councils at the university , which continue today and are vital to the university ' s governance and development [ sep ] lobund institute for animal studies
the rev . john j . cavanaugh , c . s . c . served as president from 1946 to 1952 . cavanaugh ' s legacy at notre dame in the post - war years was devoted to raising academic standards and reshaping the university administration to suit it to an enlarged educational mission and an expanded student body and stressing advanced studies and research at a time when notre dame quadrupled in student census , undergraduate enrollment increased by more than half , and graduate student enrollment grew fivefold . cavanaugh also established the lobund institute for animal studies and notre dame ' s medieval institute . cavanaugh also presided over the construction of the nieuwland science hall , fisher hall , and the morris inn , as well as the hall of liberal arts ( now o ' shaughnessy hall ) , made possible by a donation from i . a . o ' shaughnessy , at the time the largest ever made to an american catholic university . cavanaugh also established a system of advisory councils at the university , which continue today and are vital to the university ' s governance and development [ sep ] medieval institute
the rev . john j . cavanaugh , c . s . c . served as president from 1946 to 1952 . cavanaugh ' s legacy at notre dame in the post - war years was devoted to raising academic standards and reshaping the university administration to suit it to an enlarged educational mission and an expanded student body and stressing advanced studies and research at a time when notre dame quadrupled in student census , undergraduate enrollment increased by more than half , and graduate student enrollment grew fivefold . cavanaugh also established the lobund institute for animal studies and notre dame ' s medieval institute . cavanaugh also presided over the construction of the nieuwland science hall , fisher hall , and the morris inn , as well as the hall of liberal arts ( now o ' shaughnessy hall ) , made possible by a donation from i . a . o ' shaughnessy , at the time the largest ever made to an american catholic university . cavanaugh also established a system of advisory councils at the university , which continue today and are vital to the university ' s governance and development [ sep ] hall of liberal arts
the first draft of the convention included political killings , but these provisions were removed in a political and diplomatic compromise following objections from some countries , including the ussr , a permanent security council member . the ussr argued that the convention ' s definition should follow the etymology of the term , and may have feared greater international scrutiny of its own great purge . other nations feared that including political groups in the definition would invite international intervention in domestic politics . however leading genocide scholar william schabas states : “ rigorous examination of the travaux fails to confirm a popular impression in the literature that the opposition to inclusion of political genocide was some soviet machination . the soviet views were also shared by a number of other states for whom it is difficult to establish any geographic or social common denominator : lebanon , sweden , brazil , peru , venezuela , the philippines , the dominican republic , iran , egypt , belgium , and uruguay . the exclusion of political groups was in fact originally promoted by a non - governmental organization , the world jewish congress , and it corresponded to raphael lemkin ’ s vision of the nature of the crime of genocide . ” [ sep ] political killings
the first draft of the convention included political killings , but these provisions were removed in a political and diplomatic compromise following objections from some countries , including the ussr , a permanent security council member . the ussr argued that the convention ' s definition should follow the etymology of the term , and may have feared greater international scrutiny of its own great purge . other nations feared that including political groups in the definition would invite international intervention in domestic politics . however leading genocide scholar william schabas states : “ rigorous examination of the travaux fails to confirm a popular impression in the literature that the opposition to inclusion of political genocide was some soviet machination . the soviet views were also shared by a number of other states for whom it is difficult to establish any geographic or social common denominator : lebanon , sweden , brazil , peru , venezuela , the philippines , the dominican republic , iran , egypt , belgium , and uruguay . the exclusion of political groups was in fact originally promoted by a non - governmental organization , the world jewish congress , and it corresponded to raphael lemkin ’ s vision of the nature of the crime of genocide . ” [ sep ] ussr
the first draft of the convention included political killings , but these provisions were removed in a political and diplomatic compromise following objections from some countries , including the ussr , a permanent security council member . the ussr argued that the convention ' s definition should follow the etymology of the term , and may have feared greater international scrutiny of its own great purge . other nations feared that including political groups in the definition would invite international intervention in domestic politics . however leading genocide scholar william schabas states : “ rigorous examination of the travaux fails to confirm a popular impression in the literature that the opposition to inclusion of political genocide was some soviet machination . the soviet views were also shared by a number of other states for whom it is difficult to establish any geographic or social common denominator : lebanon , sweden , brazil , peru , venezuela , the philippines , the dominican republic , iran , egypt , belgium , and uruguay . the exclusion of political groups was in fact originally promoted by a non - governmental organization , the world jewish congress , and it corresponded to raphael lemkin ’ s vision of the nature of the crime of genocide . ” [ sep ] its own great purge
the first draft of the convention included political killings , but these provisions were removed in a political and diplomatic compromise following objections from some countries , including the ussr , a permanent security council member . the ussr argued that the convention ' s definition should follow the etymology of the term , and may have feared greater international scrutiny of its own great purge . other nations feared that including political groups in the definition would invite international intervention in domestic politics . however leading genocide scholar william schabas states : “ rigorous examination of the travaux fails to confirm a popular impression in the literature that the opposition to inclusion of political genocide was some soviet machination . the soviet views were also shared by a number of other states for whom it is difficult to establish any geographic or social common denominator : lebanon , sweden , brazil , peru , venezuela , the philippines , the dominican republic , iran , egypt , belgium , and uruguay . the exclusion of political groups was in fact originally promoted by a non - governmental organization , the world jewish congress , and it corresponded to raphael lemkin ’ s vision of the nature of the crime of genocide . ” [ sep ] international intervention in domestic politics
the first draft of the convention included political killings , but these provisions were removed in a political and diplomatic compromise following objections from some countries , including the ussr , a permanent security council member . the ussr argued that the convention ' s definition should follow the etymology of the term , and may have feared greater international scrutiny of its own great purge . other nations feared that including political groups in the definition would invite international intervention in domestic politics . however leading genocide scholar william schabas states : “ rigorous examination of the travaux fails to confirm a popular impression in the literature that the opposition to inclusion of political genocide was some soviet machination . the soviet views were also shared by a number of other states for whom it is difficult to establish any geographic or social common denominator : lebanon , sweden , brazil , peru , venezuela , the philippines , the dominican republic , iran , egypt , belgium , and uruguay . the exclusion of political groups was in fact originally promoted by a non - governmental organization , the world jewish congress , and it corresponded to raphael lemkin ’ s vision of the nature of the crime of genocide . ” [ sep ] william schabas
the rev . theodore hesburgh , c . s . c . , ( 1917 – 2015 ) served as president for 35 years ( 1952 – 87 ) of dramatic transformations . in that time the annual operating budget rose by a factor of 18 from $ 9 . 7 million to $ 176 . 6 million , and the endowment by a factor of 40 from $ 9 million to $ 350 million , and research funding by a factor of 20 from $ 735 , 000 to $ 15 million . enrollment nearly doubled from 4 , 979 to 9 , 600 , faculty more than doubled 389 to 950 , and degrees awarded annually doubled from 1 , 212 to 2 , 500 . [ sep ] 1917 – 2015
the rev . theodore hesburgh , c . s . c . , ( 1917 – 2015 ) served as president for 35 years ( 1952 – 87 ) of dramatic transformations . in that time the annual operating budget rose by a factor of 18 from $ 9 . 7 million to $ 176 . 6 million , and the endowment by a factor of 40 from $ 9 million to $ 350 million , and research funding by a factor of 20 from $ 735 , 000 to $ 15 million . enrollment nearly doubled from 4 , 979 to 9 , 600 , faculty more than doubled 389 to 950 , and degrees awarded annually doubled from 1 , 212 to 2 , 500 . [ sep ] 1952 – 87
the rev . theodore hesburgh , c . s . c . , ( 1917 – 2015 ) served as president for 35 years ( 1952 – 87 ) of dramatic transformations . in that time the annual operating budget rose by a factor of 18 from $ 9 . 7 million to $ 176 . 6 million , and the endowment by a factor of 40 from $ 9 million to $ 350 million , and research funding by a factor of 20 from $ 735 , 000 to $ 15 million . enrollment nearly doubled from 4 , 979 to 9 , 600 , faculty more than doubled 389 to 950 , and degrees awarded annually doubled from 1 , 212 to 2 , 500 . [ sep ] 18
the rev . theodore hesburgh , c . s . c . , ( 1917 – 2015 ) served as president for 35 years ( 1952 – 87 ) of dramatic transformations . in that time the annual operating budget rose by a factor of 18 from $ 9 . 7 million to $ 176 . 6 million , and the endowment by a factor of 40 from $ 9 million to $ 350 million , and research funding by a factor of 20 from $ 735 , 000 to $ 15 million . enrollment nearly doubled from 4 , 979 to 9 , 600 , faculty more than doubled 389 to 950 , and degrees awarded annually doubled from 1 , 212 to 2 , 500 . [ sep ] $ 9 million
the rev . theodore hesburgh , c . s . c . , ( 1917 – 2015 ) served as president for 35 years ( 1952 – 87 ) of dramatic transformations . in that time the annual operating budget rose by a factor of 18 from $ 9 . 7 million to $ 176 . 6 million , and the endowment by a factor of 40 from $ 9 million to $ 350 million , and research funding by a factor of 20 from $ 735 , 000 to $ 15 million . enrollment nearly doubled from 4 , 979 to 9 , 600 , faculty more than doubled 389 to 950 , and degrees awarded annually doubled from 1 , 212 to 2 , 500 . [ sep ] 950
this work has been pioneered by john b . cobb , jr . , whose book is it too late ? a theology of ecology ( 1971 ) was the first single - authored book in environmental ethics . cobb also co - authored a book with economist herman daly entitled for the common good : redirecting the economy toward community , the environment , and a sustainable future ( 1989 ) , which applied whitehead ' s thought to economics , and received the grawemeyer award for ideas improving world order . cobb followed this with a second book , sustaining the common good : a christian perspective on the global economy ( 1994 ) , which aimed to challenge " economists ' zealous faith in the great god of growth . " [ sep ] is it too late ? a theology of ecology
this work has been pioneered by john b . cobb , jr . , whose book is it too late ? a theology of ecology ( 1971 ) was the first single - authored book in environmental ethics . cobb also co - authored a book with economist herman daly entitled for the common good : redirecting the economy toward community , the environment , and a sustainable future ( 1989 ) , which applied whitehead ' s thought to economics , and received the grawemeyer award for ideas improving world order . cobb followed this with a second book , sustaining the common good : a christian perspective on the global economy ( 1994 ) , which aimed to challenge " economists ' zealous faith in the great god of growth . " [ sep ] for the common good : redirecting the economy toward community , the environment , and a sustainable future
this work has been pioneered by john b . cobb , jr . , whose book is it too late ? a theology of ecology ( 1971 ) was the first single - authored book in environmental ethics . cobb also co - authored a book with economist herman daly entitled for the common good : redirecting the economy toward community , the environment , and a sustainable future ( 1989 ) , which applied whitehead ' s thought to economics , and received the grawemeyer award for ideas improving world order . cobb followed this with a second book , sustaining the common good : a christian perspective on the global economy ( 1994 ) , which aimed to challenge " economists ' zealous faith in the great god of growth . " [ sep ] grawemeyer award for ideas improving world order
this work has been pioneered by john b . cobb , jr . , whose book is it too late ? a theology of ecology ( 1971 ) was the first single - authored book in environmental ethics . cobb also co - authored a book with economist herman daly entitled for the common good : redirecting the economy toward community , the environment , and a sustainable future ( 1989 ) , which applied whitehead ' s thought to economics , and received the grawemeyer award for ideas improving world order . cobb followed this with a second book , sustaining the common good : a christian perspective on the global economy ( 1994 ) , which aimed to challenge " economists ' zealous faith in the great god of growth . " [ sep ] sustaining the common good : a christian perspective on the global economy
this work has been pioneered by john b . cobb , jr . , whose book is it too late ? a theology of ecology ( 1971 ) was the first single - authored book in environmental ethics . cobb also co - authored a book with economist herman daly entitled for the common good : redirecting the economy toward community , the environment , and a sustainable future ( 1989 ) , which applied whitehead ' s thought to economics , and received the grawemeyer award for ideas improving world order . cobb followed this with a second book , sustaining the common good : a christian perspective on the global economy ( 1994 ) , which aimed to challenge " economists ' zealous faith in the great god of growth . " [ sep ] to challenge " economists ' zealous faith in the great god of growth . "
hesburgh is also credited with transforming the face of notre dame by making it a coeducational institution . in the mid - 1960s notre dame and saint mary ' s college developed a co - exchange program whereby several hundred students took classes not offered at their home institution , an arrangement that added undergraduate women to a campus that already had a few women in the graduate schools . after extensive debate , merging with st . mary ' s was rejected , primarily because of the differential in faculty qualifications and pay scales . " in american college education , " explained the rev . charles e . sheedy , c . s . c . , notre dame ' s dean of arts and letters , " certain features formerly considered advantageous and enviable are now seen as anachronistic and out of place . . . . in this environment of diversity , the integration of the sexes is a normal and expected aspect , replacing separatism . " thomas blantz , c . s . c . , notre dame ' s vice president of student affairs , added that coeducation " opened up a whole other pool of very bright students . " two of the male residence halls were converted for the newly admitted female students that first year , while two others were converted for the next school year . in 1971 mary ann proctor became the first female undergraduate ; she transferred from st . mary ' s college . in 1972 the first woman to graduate was angela sienko , who earned a bachelor ' s degree in marketing . [ sep ] coeducational
hesburgh is also credited with transforming the face of notre dame by making it a coeducational institution . in the mid - 1960s notre dame and saint mary ' s college developed a co - exchange program whereby several hundred students took classes not offered at their home institution , an arrangement that added undergraduate women to a campus that already had a few women in the graduate schools . after extensive debate , merging with st . mary ' s was rejected , primarily because of the differential in faculty qualifications and pay scales . " in american college education , " explained the rev . charles e . sheedy , c . s . c . , notre dame ' s dean of arts and letters , " certain features formerly considered advantageous and enviable are now seen as anachronistic and out of place . . . . in this environment of diversity , the integration of the sexes is a normal and expected aspect , replacing separatism . " thomas blantz , c . s . c . , notre dame ' s vice president of student affairs , added that coeducation " opened up a whole other pool of very bright students . " two of the male residence halls were converted for the newly admitted female students that first year , while two others were converted for the next school year . in 1971 mary ann proctor became the first female undergraduate ; she transferred from st . mary ' s college . in 1972 the first woman to graduate was angela sienko , who earned a bachelor ' s degree in marketing . [ sep ] saint mary ' s college
hesburgh is also credited with transforming the face of notre dame by making it a coeducational institution . in the mid - 1960s notre dame and saint mary ' s college developed a co - exchange program whereby several hundred students took classes not offered at their home institution , an arrangement that added undergraduate women to a campus that already had a few women in the graduate schools . after extensive debate , merging with st . mary ' s was rejected , primarily because of the differential in faculty qualifications and pay scales . " in american college education , " explained the rev . charles e . sheedy , c . s . c . , notre dame ' s dean of arts and letters , " certain features formerly considered advantageous and enviable are now seen as anachronistic and out of place . . . . in this environment of diversity , the integration of the sexes is a normal and expected aspect , replacing separatism . " thomas blantz , c . s . c . , notre dame ' s vice president of student affairs , added that coeducation " opened up a whole other pool of very bright students . " two of the male residence halls were converted for the newly admitted female students that first year , while two others were converted for the next school year . in 1971 mary ann proctor became the first female undergraduate ; she transferred from st . mary ' s college . in 1972 the first woman to graduate was angela sienko , who earned a bachelor ' s degree in marketing . [ sep ] dean of arts and letters
hesburgh is also credited with transforming the face of notre dame by making it a coeducational institution . in the mid - 1960s notre dame and saint mary ' s college developed a co - exchange program whereby several hundred students took classes not offered at their home institution , an arrangement that added undergraduate women to a campus that already had a few women in the graduate schools . after extensive debate , merging with st . mary ' s was rejected , primarily because of the differential in faculty qualifications and pay scales . " in american college education , " explained the rev . charles e . sheedy , c . s . c . , notre dame ' s dean of arts and letters , " certain features formerly considered advantageous and enviable are now seen as anachronistic and out of place . . . . in this environment of diversity , the integration of the sexes is a normal and expected aspect , replacing separatism . " thomas blantz , c . s . c . , notre dame ' s vice president of student affairs , added that coeducation " opened up a whole other pool of very bright students . " two of the male residence halls were converted for the newly admitted female students that first year , while two others were converted for the next school year . in 1971 mary ann proctor became the first female undergraduate ; she transferred from st . mary ' s college . in 1972 the first woman to graduate was angela sienko , who earned a bachelor ' s degree in marketing . [ sep ] vice president of student affairs
hesburgh is also credited with transforming the face of notre dame by making it a coeducational institution . in the mid - 1960s notre dame and saint mary ' s college developed a co - exchange program whereby several hundred students took classes not offered at their home institution , an arrangement that added undergraduate women to a campus that already had a few women in the graduate schools . after extensive debate , merging with st . mary ' s was rejected , primarily because of the differential in faculty qualifications and pay scales . " in american college education , " explained the rev . charles e . sheedy , c . s . c . , notre dame ' s dean of arts and letters , " certain features formerly considered advantageous and enviable are now seen as anachronistic and out of place . . . . in this environment of diversity , the integration of the sexes is a normal and expected aspect , replacing separatism . " thomas blantz , c . s . c . , notre dame ' s vice president of student affairs , added that coeducation " opened up a whole other pool of very bright students . " two of the male residence halls were converted for the newly admitted female students that first year , while two others were converted for the next school year . in 1971 mary ann proctor became the first female undergraduate ; she transferred from st . mary ' s college . in 1972 the first woman to graduate was angela sienko , who earned a bachelor ' s degree in marketing . [ sep ] 1971
another model is the feels model developed by xie bangxiu and deployed successfully in china . " feels " stands for five things in curriculum and education : flexible - goals , engaged - learner , embodied - knowledge , learning - through - interactions , and supportive - teacher . it is used for understanding and evaluating educational curriculum under the assumption that the purpose of education is to " help a person become whole . " this work is in part the product of cooperation between chinese government organizations and the institute for the postmodern development of china . [ sep ] xie bangxiu
another model is the feels model developed by xie bangxiu and deployed successfully in china . " feels " stands for five things in curriculum and education : flexible - goals , engaged - learner , embodied - knowledge , learning - through - interactions , and supportive - teacher . it is used for understanding and evaluating educational curriculum under the assumption that the purpose of education is to " help a person become whole . " this work is in part the product of cooperation between chinese government organizations and the institute for the postmodern development of china . [ sep ] flexible - goals , engaged - learner , embodied - knowledge , learning - through - interactions , and supportive - teacher
another model is the feels model developed by xie bangxiu and deployed successfully in china . " feels " stands for five things in curriculum and education : flexible - goals , engaged - learner , embodied - knowledge , learning - through - interactions , and supportive - teacher . it is used for understanding and evaluating educational curriculum under the assumption that the purpose of education is to " help a person become whole . " this work is in part the product of cooperation between chinese government organizations and the institute for the postmodern development of china . [ sep ] it is used for understanding and evaluating educational curriculum under the assumption that the purpose of education is to " help a person become whole . "
another model is the feels model developed by xie bangxiu and deployed successfully in china . " feels " stands for five things in curriculum and education : flexible - goals , engaged - learner , embodied - knowledge , learning - through - interactions , and supportive - teacher . it is used for understanding and evaluating educational curriculum under the assumption that the purpose of education is to " help a person become whole . " this work is in part the product of cooperation between chinese government organizations and the institute for the postmodern development of china . [ sep ] chinese government organizations and the institute for the postmodern development of china
in the 18 years under the presidency of edward malloy , c . s . c . , ( 1987 – 2005 ) , there was a rapid growth in the school ' s reputation , faculty , and resources . he increased the faculty by more than 500 professors ; the academic quality of the student body has improved dramatically , with the average sat score rising from 1240 to 1360 ; the number of minority students more than doubled ; the endowment grew from $ 350 million to more than $ 3 billion ; the annual operating budget rose from $ 177 million to more than $ 650 million ; and annual research funding improved from $ 15 million to more than $ 70 million . notre dame ' s most recent [ when ? ] capital campaign raised $ 1 . 1 billion , far exceeding its goal of $ 767 million , and is the largest in the history of catholic higher education . [ sep ] 1987 – 2005
in the 18 years under the presidency of edward malloy , c . s . c . , ( 1987 – 2005 ) , there was a rapid growth in the school ' s reputation , faculty , and resources . he increased the faculty by more than 500 professors ; the academic quality of the student body has improved dramatically , with the average sat score rising from 1240 to 1360 ; the number of minority students more than doubled ; the endowment grew from $ 350 million to more than $ 3 billion ; the annual operating budget rose from $ 177 million to more than $ 650 million ; and annual research funding improved from $ 15 million to more than $ 70 million . notre dame ' s most recent [ when ? ] capital campaign raised $ 1 . 1 billion , far exceeding its goal of $ 767 million , and is the largest in the history of catholic higher education . [ sep ] 500
in the 18 years under the presidency of edward malloy , c . s . c . , ( 1987 – 2005 ) , there was a rapid growth in the school ' s reputation , faculty , and resources . he increased the faculty by more than 500 professors ; the academic quality of the student body has improved dramatically , with the average sat score rising from 1240 to 1360 ; the number of minority students more than doubled ; the endowment grew from $ 350 million to more than $ 3 billion ; the annual operating budget rose from $ 177 million to more than $ 650 million ; and annual research funding improved from $ 15 million to more than $ 70 million . notre dame ' s most recent [ when ? ] capital campaign raised $ 1 . 1 billion , far exceeding its goal of $ 767 million , and is the largest in the history of catholic higher education . [ sep ] 1240
in the 18 years under the presidency of edward malloy , c . s . c . , ( 1987 – 2005 ) , there was a rapid growth in the school ' s reputation , faculty , and resources . he increased the faculty by more than 500 professors ; the academic quality of the student body has improved dramatically , with the average sat score rising from 1240 to 1360 ; the number of minority students more than doubled ; the endowment grew from $ 350 million to more than $ 3 billion ; the annual operating budget rose from $ 177 million to more than $ 650 million ; and annual research funding improved from $ 15 million to more than $ 70 million . notre dame ' s most recent [ when ? ] capital campaign raised $ 1 . 1 billion , far exceeding its goal of $ 767 million , and is the largest in the history of catholic higher education . [ sep ] $ 350 million
in the 18 years under the presidency of edward malloy , c . s . c . , ( 1987 – 2005 ) , there was a rapid growth in the school ' s reputation , faculty , and resources . he increased the faculty by more than 500 professors ; the academic quality of the student body has improved dramatically , with the average sat score rising from 1240 to 1360 ; the number of minority students more than doubled ; the endowment grew from $ 350 million to more than $ 3 billion ; the annual operating budget rose from $ 177 million to more than $ 650 million ; and annual research funding improved from $ 15 million to more than $ 70 million . notre dame ' s most recent [ when ? ] capital campaign raised $ 1 . 1 billion , far exceeding its goal of $ 767 million , and is the largest in the history of catholic higher education . [ sep ] more than $ 70 million
in 2007 the european court of human rights ( echr ) , noted in its judgement on jorgic v . germany case that in 1992 the majority of legal scholars took the narrow view that " intent to destroy " in the cppcg meant the intended physical - biological destruction of the protected group and that this was still the majority opinion . but the echr also noted that a minority took a broader view and did not consider biological - physical destruction was necessary as the intent to destroy a national , racial , religious or ethnic group was enough to qualify as genocide . [ sep ] jorgic v . germany
in 2007 the european court of human rights ( echr ) , noted in its judgement on jorgic v . germany case that in 1992 the majority of legal scholars took the narrow view that " intent to destroy " in the cppcg meant the intended physical - biological destruction of the protected group and that this was still the majority opinion . but the echr also noted that a minority took a broader view and did not consider biological - physical destruction was necessary as the intent to destroy a national , racial , religious or ethnic group was enough to qualify as genocide . [ sep ] majority of legal scholars
in 2007 the european court of human rights ( echr ) , noted in its judgement on jorgic v . germany case that in 1992 the majority of legal scholars took the narrow view that " intent to destroy " in the cppcg meant the intended physical - biological destruction of the protected group and that this was still the majority opinion . but the echr also noted that a minority took a broader view and did not consider biological - physical destruction was necessary as the intent to destroy a national , racial , religious or ethnic group was enough to qualify as genocide . [ sep ] biological - physical
in 2007 the european court of human rights ( echr ) , noted in its judgement on jorgic v . germany case that in 1992 the majority of legal scholars took the narrow view that " intent to destroy " in the cppcg meant the intended physical - biological destruction of the protected group and that this was still the majority opinion . but the echr also noted that a minority took a broader view and did not consider biological - physical destruction was necessary as the intent to destroy a national , racial , religious or ethnic group was enough to qualify as genocide . [ sep ] national , racial , religious or ethnic
whitehead has had some influence on philosophy of business administration and organizational theory . this has led in part to a focus on identifying and investigating the effect of temporal events ( as opposed to static things ) within organizations through an “ organization studies ” discourse that accommodates a variety of ' weak ' and ' strong ' process perspectives from a number of philosophers . one of the leading figures having an explicitly whiteheadian and panexperientialist stance towards management is mark dibben , who works in what he calls " applied process thought " to articulate a philosophy of management and business administration as part of a wider examination of the social sciences through the lens of process metaphysics . for dibben , this allows " a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing , as opposed to occasional – and thoroughly passive – happening . " dibben has published two books on applied process thought , applied process thought i : initial explorations in theory and research ( 2008 ) , and applied process thought ii : following a trail ablaze ( 2009 ) , as well as other papers in this vein in the fields of philosophy of management and business ethics . [ sep ] philosophy of business administration and organizational theory
whitehead has had some influence on philosophy of business administration and organizational theory . this has led in part to a focus on identifying and investigating the effect of temporal events ( as opposed to static things ) within organizations through an “ organization studies ” discourse that accommodates a variety of ' weak ' and ' strong ' process perspectives from a number of philosophers . one of the leading figures having an explicitly whiteheadian and panexperientialist stance towards management is mark dibben , who works in what he calls " applied process thought " to articulate a philosophy of management and business administration as part of a wider examination of the social sciences through the lens of process metaphysics . for dibben , this allows " a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing , as opposed to occasional – and thoroughly passive – happening . " dibben has published two books on applied process thought , applied process thought i : initial explorations in theory and research ( 2008 ) , and applied process thought ii : following a trail ablaze ( 2009 ) , as well as other papers in this vein in the fields of philosophy of management and business ethics . [ sep ] mark dibben
whitehead has had some influence on philosophy of business administration and organizational theory . this has led in part to a focus on identifying and investigating the effect of temporal events ( as opposed to static things ) within organizations through an “ organization studies ” discourse that accommodates a variety of ' weak ' and ' strong ' process perspectives from a number of philosophers . one of the leading figures having an explicitly whiteheadian and panexperientialist stance towards management is mark dibben , who works in what he calls " applied process thought " to articulate a philosophy of management and business administration as part of a wider examination of the social sciences through the lens of process metaphysics . for dibben , this allows " a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing , as opposed to occasional – and thoroughly passive – happening . " dibben has published two books on applied process thought , applied process thought i : initial explorations in theory and research ( 2008 ) , and applied process thought ii : following a trail ablaze ( 2009 ) , as well as other papers in this vein in the fields of philosophy of management and business ethics . [ sep ] " applied process thought "
whitehead has had some influence on philosophy of business administration and organizational theory . this has led in part to a focus on identifying and investigating the effect of temporal events ( as opposed to static things ) within organizations through an “ organization studies ” discourse that accommodates a variety of ' weak ' and ' strong ' process perspectives from a number of philosophers . one of the leading figures having an explicitly whiteheadian and panexperientialist stance towards management is mark dibben , who works in what he calls " applied process thought " to articulate a philosophy of management and business administration as part of a wider examination of the social sciences through the lens of process metaphysics . for dibben , this allows " a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing , as opposed to occasional – and thoroughly passive – happening . " dibben has published two books on applied process thought , applied process thought i : initial explorations in theory and research ( 2008 ) , and applied process thought ii : following a trail ablaze ( 2009 ) , as well as other papers in this vein in the fields of philosophy of management and business ethics . [ sep ] this allows " a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing , as opposed to occasional – and thoroughly passive – happening . "
whitehead has had some influence on philosophy of business administration and organizational theory . this has led in part to a focus on identifying and investigating the effect of temporal events ( as opposed to static things ) within organizations through an “ organization studies ” discourse that accommodates a variety of ' weak ' and ' strong ' process perspectives from a number of philosophers . one of the leading figures having an explicitly whiteheadian and panexperientialist stance towards management is mark dibben , who works in what he calls " applied process thought " to articulate a philosophy of management and business administration as part of a wider examination of the social sciences through the lens of process metaphysics . for dibben , this allows " a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing , as opposed to occasional – and thoroughly passive – happening . " dibben has published two books on applied process thought , applied process thought i : initial explorations in theory and research ( 2008 ) , and applied process thought ii : following a trail ablaze ( 2009 ) , as well as other papers in this vein in the fields of philosophy of management and business ethics . [ sep ] philosophy of management and business ethics
since 2005 , notre dame has been led by john i . jenkins , c . s . c . , the 17th president of the university . jenkins took over the position from malloy on july 1 , 2005 . in his inaugural address , jenkins described his goals of making the university a leader in research that recognizes ethics and building the connection between faith and studies . during his tenure , notre dame has increased its endowment , enlarged its student body , and undergone many construction projects on campus , including compton family ice arena , a new architecture hall , additional residence halls , and the campus crossroads , a $ 400m enhancement and expansion of notre dame stadium . [ sep ] 2005
since 2005 , notre dame has been led by john i . jenkins , c . s . c . , the 17th president of the university . jenkins took over the position from malloy on july 1 , 2005 . in his inaugural address , jenkins described his goals of making the university a leader in research that recognizes ethics and building the connection between faith and studies . during his tenure , notre dame has increased its endowment , enlarged its student body , and undergone many construction projects on campus , including compton family ice arena , a new architecture hall , additional residence halls , and the campus crossroads , a $ 400m enhancement and expansion of notre dame stadium . [ sep ] 17th
since 2005 , notre dame has been led by john i . jenkins , c . s . c . , the 17th president of the university . jenkins took over the position from malloy on july 1 , 2005 . in his inaugural address , jenkins described his goals of making the university a leader in research that recognizes ethics and building the connection between faith and studies . during his tenure , notre dame has increased its endowment , enlarged its student body , and undergone many construction projects on campus , including compton family ice arena , a new architecture hall , additional residence halls , and the campus crossroads , a $ 400m enhancement and expansion of notre dame stadium . [ sep ] malloy
since 2005 , notre dame has been led by john i . jenkins , c . s . c . , the 17th president of the university . jenkins took over the position from malloy on july 1 , 2005 . in his inaugural address , jenkins described his goals of making the university a leader in research that recognizes ethics and building the connection between faith and studies . during his tenure , notre dame has increased its endowment , enlarged its student body , and undergone many construction projects on campus , including compton family ice arena , a new architecture hall , additional residence halls , and the campus crossroads , a $ 400m enhancement and expansion of notre dame stadium . [ sep ] compton family ice arena
since 2005 , notre dame has been led by john i . jenkins , c . s . c . , the 17th president of the university . jenkins took over the position from malloy on july 1 , 2005 . in his inaugural address , jenkins described his goals of making the university a leader in research that recognizes ethics and building the connection between faith and studies . during his tenure , notre dame has increased its endowment , enlarged its student body , and undergone many construction projects on campus , including compton family ice arena , a new architecture hall , additional residence halls , and the campus crossroads , a $ 400m enhancement and expansion of notre dame stadium . [ sep ] $ 400m
because of its catholic identity , a number of religious buildings stand on campus . the old college building has become one of two seminaries on campus run by the congregation of holy cross . the current basilica of the sacred heart is located on the spot of fr . sorin ' s original church , which became too small for the growing college . it is built in french revival style and it is decorated by stained glass windows imported directly from france . the interior was painted by luigi gregori , an italian painter invited by fr . sorin to be artist in residence . the basilica also features a bell tower with a carillon . inside the church there are also sculptures by ivan mestrovic . the grotto of our lady of lourdes , which was built in 1896 , is a replica of the original in lourdes , france . it is very popular among students and alumni as a place of prayer and meditation , and it is considered one of the most beloved spots on campus . [ sep ] congregation of holy cross
because of its catholic identity , a number of religious buildings stand on campus . the old college building has become one of two seminaries on campus run by the congregation of holy cross . the current basilica of the sacred heart is located on the spot of fr . sorin ' s original church , which became too small for the growing college . it is built in french revival style and it is decorated by stained glass windows imported directly from france . the interior was painted by luigi gregori , an italian painter invited by fr . sorin to be artist in residence . the basilica also features a bell tower with a carillon . inside the church there are also sculptures by ivan mestrovic . the grotto of our lady of lourdes , which was built in 1896 , is a replica of the original in lourdes , france . it is very popular among students and alumni as a place of prayer and meditation , and it is considered one of the most beloved spots on campus . [ sep ] basilica of the sacred heart
because of its catholic identity , a number of religious buildings stand on campus . the old college building has become one of two seminaries on campus run by the congregation of holy cross . the current basilica of the sacred heart is located on the spot of fr . sorin ' s original church , which became too small for the growing college . it is built in french revival style and it is decorated by stained glass windows imported directly from france . the interior was painted by luigi gregori , an italian painter invited by fr . sorin to be artist in residence . the basilica also features a bell tower with a carillon . inside the church there are also sculptures by ivan mestrovic . the grotto of our lady of lourdes , which was built in 1896 , is a replica of the original in lourdes , france . it is very popular among students and alumni as a place of prayer and meditation , and it is considered one of the most beloved spots on campus . [ sep ] french revival
because of its catholic identity , a number of religious buildings stand on campus . the old college building has become one of two seminaries on campus run by the congregation of holy cross . the current basilica of the sacred heart is located on the spot of fr . sorin ' s original church , which became too small for the growing college . it is built in french revival style and it is decorated by stained glass windows imported directly from france . the interior was painted by luigi gregori , an italian painter invited by fr . sorin to be artist in residence . the basilica also features a bell tower with a carillon . inside the church there are also sculptures by ivan mestrovic . the grotto of our lady of lourdes , which was built in 1896 , is a replica of the original in lourdes , france . it is very popular among students and alumni as a place of prayer and meditation , and it is considered one of the most beloved spots on campus . [ sep ] luigi gregori
because of its catholic identity , a number of religious buildings stand on campus . the old college building has become one of two seminaries on campus run by the congregation of holy cross . the current basilica of the sacred heart is located on the spot of fr . sorin ' s original church , which became too small for the growing college . it is built in french revival style and it is decorated by stained glass windows imported directly from france . the interior was painted by luigi gregori , an italian painter invited by fr . sorin to be artist in residence . the basilica also features a bell tower with a carillon . inside the church there are also sculptures by ivan mestrovic . the grotto of our lady of lourdes , which was built in 1896 , is a replica of the original in lourdes , france . it is very popular among students and alumni as a place of prayer and meditation , and it is considered one of the most beloved spots on campus . [ sep ] 1896
margaret stout and carrie m . staton have also written recently on the mutual influence of whitehead and mary parker follett , a pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior . stout and staton see both whitehead and follett as sharing an ontology that " understands becoming as a relational process ; difference as being related , yet unique ; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference . " this connection is further analyzed by stout and jeannine m . love in integrative process : follettian thinking from ontology to administration [ sep ] pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior
margaret stout and carrie m . staton have also written recently on the mutual influence of whitehead and mary parker follett , a pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior . stout and staton see both whitehead and follett as sharing an ontology that " understands becoming as a relational process ; difference as being related , yet unique ; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference . " this connection is further analyzed by stout and jeannine m . love in integrative process : follettian thinking from ontology to administration [ sep ] ontology that " understands becoming as a relational process ; difference as being related , yet unique ; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference . "
margaret stout and carrie m . staton have also written recently on the mutual influence of whitehead and mary parker follett , a pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior . stout and staton see both whitehead and follett as sharing an ontology that " understands becoming as a relational process ; difference as being related , yet unique ; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference . " this connection is further analyzed by stout and jeannine m . love in integrative process : follettian thinking from ontology to administration [ sep ] integrative process : follettian thinking from ontology to administration
a science hall was built in 1883 under the direction of fr . zahm , but in 1950 it was converted to a student union building and named lafortune center , after joseph lafortune , an oil executive from tulsa , oklahoma . commonly known as " lafortune " or " lafun , " it is a 4 - story building of 83 , 000 square feet that provides the notre dame community with a meeting place for social , recreational , cultural , and educational activities . lafortune employs 35 part - time student staff and 29 full - time non - student staff and has an annual budget of $ 1 . 2 million . many businesses , services , and divisions of the office of student affairs are found within . the building also houses restaurants from national restaurant chains . [ sep ] fr . zahm
a science hall was built in 1883 under the direction of fr . zahm , but in 1950 it was converted to a student union building and named lafortune center , after joseph lafortune , an oil executive from tulsa , oklahoma . commonly known as " lafortune " or " lafun , " it is a 4 - story building of 83 , 000 square feet that provides the notre dame community with a meeting place for social , recreational , cultural , and educational activities . lafortune employs 35 part - time student staff and 29 full - time non - student staff and has an annual budget of $ 1 . 2 million . many businesses , services , and divisions of the office of student affairs are found within . the building also houses restaurants from national restaurant chains . [ sep ] 1950
a science hall was built in 1883 under the direction of fr . zahm , but in 1950 it was converted to a student union building and named lafortune center , after joseph lafortune , an oil executive from tulsa , oklahoma . commonly known as " lafortune " or " lafun , " it is a 4 - story building of 83 , 000 square feet that provides the notre dame community with a meeting place for social , recreational , cultural , and educational activities . lafortune employs 35 part - time student staff and 29 full - time non - student staff and has an annual budget of $ 1 . 2 million . many businesses , services , and divisions of the office of student affairs are found within . the building also houses restaurants from national restaurant chains . [ sep ] joseph lafortune
a science hall was built in 1883 under the direction of fr . zahm , but in 1950 it was converted to a student union building and named lafortune center , after joseph lafortune , an oil executive from tulsa , oklahoma . commonly known as " lafortune " or " lafun , " it is a 4 - story building of 83 , 000 square feet that provides the notre dame community with a meeting place for social , recreational , cultural , and educational activities . lafortune employs 35 part - time student staff and 29 full - time non - student staff and has an annual budget of $ 1 . 2 million . many businesses , services , and divisions of the office of student affairs are found within . the building also houses restaurants from national restaurant chains . [ sep ] 83 , 000 square feet
a science hall was built in 1883 under the direction of fr . zahm , but in 1950 it was converted to a student union building and named lafortune center , after joseph lafortune , an oil executive from tulsa , oklahoma . commonly known as " lafortune " or " lafun , " it is a 4 - story building of 83 , 000 square feet that provides the notre dame community with a meeting place for social , recreational , cultural , and educational activities . lafortune employs 35 part - time student staff and 29 full - time non - student staff and has an annual budget of $ 1 . 2 million . many businesses , services , and divisions of the office of student affairs are found within . the building also houses restaurants from national restaurant chains . [ sep ] $ 1 . 2 million
since the construction of its oldest buildings , the university ' s physical plant has grown substantially . over the years 29 residence halls have been built to accommodate students and each has been constructed with its own chapel . many academic building were added together with a system of libraries , the most prominent of which is the theodore hesburgh library , built in 1963 and today containing almost 4 million books . since 2004 , several buildings have been added , including the debartolo performing arts center , the guglielmino complex , and the jordan hall of science . additionally , a new residence for men , duncan hall , was begun on march 8 , 2007 , and began accepting residents for the fall 2008 semester . ryan hall was completed and began housing undergraduate women in the fall of 2009 . a new engineering building , stinson - remick hall , a new combination center for social concerns / institute for church life building , geddes hall , and a law school addition have recently been completed as well . additionally the new hockey arena opened in the fall of 2011 . the stayer center for executive education , which houses the mendoza college of business executive education department opened in march 2013 just south of the mendoza college of business building . because of its long athletic tradition , the university features also many building dedicated to sport . the most famous is notre dame stadium , home of the fighting irish football team ; it has been renovated several times and today it can hold more than 80 thousand people . prominent venues include also the edmund p . joyce center , with indoor basketball and volleyball courts , and the compton family ice arena , a two - rink facility dedicated to hockey . also , there are many outdoor fields , as the frank eck stadium for baseball . [ sep ] 29
since the construction of its oldest buildings , the university ' s physical plant has grown substantially . over the years 29 residence halls have been built to accommodate students and each has been constructed with its own chapel . many academic building were added together with a system of libraries , the most prominent of which is the theodore hesburgh library , built in 1963 and today containing almost 4 million books . since 2004 , several buildings have been added , including the debartolo performing arts center , the guglielmino complex , and the jordan hall of science . additionally , a new residence for men , duncan hall , was begun on march 8 , 2007 , and began accepting residents for the fall 2008 semester . ryan hall was completed and began housing undergraduate women in the fall of 2009 . a new engineering building , stinson - remick hall , a new combination center for social concerns / institute for church life building , geddes hall , and a law school addition have recently been completed as well . additionally the new hockey arena opened in the fall of 2011 . the stayer center for executive education , which houses the mendoza college of business executive education department opened in march 2013 just south of the mendoza college of business building . because of its long athletic tradition , the university features also many building dedicated to sport . the most famous is notre dame stadium , home of the fighting irish football team ; it has been renovated several times and today it can hold more than 80 thousand people . prominent venues include also the edmund p . joyce center , with indoor basketball and volleyball courts , and the compton family ice arena , a two - rink facility dedicated to hockey . also , there are many outdoor fields , as the frank eck stadium for baseball . [ sep ] theodore hesburgh library
since the construction of its oldest buildings , the university ' s physical plant has grown substantially . over the years 29 residence halls have been built to accommodate students and each has been constructed with its own chapel . many academic building were added together with a system of libraries , the most prominent of which is the theodore hesburgh library , built in 1963 and today containing almost 4 million books . since 2004 , several buildings have been added , including the debartolo performing arts center , the guglielmino complex , and the jordan hall of science . additionally , a new residence for men , duncan hall , was begun on march 8 , 2007 , and began accepting residents for the fall 2008 semester . ryan hall was completed and began housing undergraduate women in the fall of 2009 . a new engineering building , stinson - remick hall , a new combination center for social concerns / institute for church life building , geddes hall , and a law school addition have recently been completed as well . additionally the new hockey arena opened in the fall of 2011 . the stayer center for executive education , which houses the mendoza college of business executive education department opened in march 2013 just south of the mendoza college of business building . because of its long athletic tradition , the university features also many building dedicated to sport . the most famous is notre dame stadium , home of the fighting irish football team ; it has been renovated several times and today it can hold more than 80 thousand people . prominent venues include also the edmund p . joyce center , with indoor basketball and volleyball courts , and the compton family ice arena , a two - rink facility dedicated to hockey . also , there are many outdoor fields , as the frank eck stadium for baseball . [ sep ] almost 4 million
since the construction of its oldest buildings , the university ' s physical plant has grown substantially . over the years 29 residence halls have been built to accommodate students and each has been constructed with its own chapel . many academic building were added together with a system of libraries , the most prominent of which is the theodore hesburgh library , built in 1963 and today containing almost 4 million books . since 2004 , several buildings have been added , including the debartolo performing arts center , the guglielmino complex , and the jordan hall of science . additionally , a new residence for men , duncan hall , was begun on march 8 , 2007 , and began accepting residents for the fall 2008 semester . ryan hall was completed and began housing undergraduate women in the fall of 2009 . a new engineering building , stinson - remick hall , a new combination center for social concerns / institute for church life building , geddes hall , and a law school addition have recently been completed as well . additionally the new hockey arena opened in the fall of 2011 . the stayer center for executive education , which houses the mendoza college of business executive education department opened in march 2013 just south of the mendoza college of business building . because of its long athletic tradition , the university features also many building dedicated to sport . the most famous is notre dame stadium , home of the fighting irish football team ; it has been renovated several times and today it can hold more than 80 thousand people . prominent venues include also the edmund p . joyce center , with indoor basketball and volleyball courts , and the compton family ice arena , a two - rink facility dedicated to hockey . also , there are many outdoor fields , as the frank eck stadium for baseball . [ sep ] duncan hall
since the construction of its oldest buildings , the university ' s physical plant has grown substantially . over the years 29 residence halls have been built to accommodate students and each has been constructed with its own chapel . many academic building were added together with a system of libraries , the most prominent of which is the theodore hesburgh library , built in 1963 and today containing almost 4 million books . since 2004 , several buildings have been added , including the debartolo performing arts center , the guglielmino complex , and the jordan hall of science . additionally , a new residence for men , duncan hall , was begun on march 8 , 2007 , and began accepting residents for the fall 2008 semester . ryan hall was completed and began housing undergraduate women in the fall of 2009 . a new engineering building , stinson - remick hall , a new combination center for social concerns / institute for church life building , geddes hall , and a law school addition have recently been completed as well . additionally the new hockey arena opened in the fall of 2011 . the stayer center for executive education , which houses the mendoza college of business executive education department opened in march 2013 just south of the mendoza college of business building . because of its long athletic tradition , the university features also many building dedicated to sport . the most famous is notre dame stadium , home of the fighting irish football team ; it has been renovated several times and today it can hold more than 80 thousand people . prominent venues include also the edmund p . joyce center , with indoor basketball and volleyball courts , and the compton family ice arena , a two - rink facility dedicated to hockey . also , there are many outdoor fields , as the frank eck stadium for baseball . [ sep ] frank eck stadium
the university of notre dame has made being a sustainability leader an integral part of its mission , creating the office of sustainability in 2008 to achieve a number of goals in the areas of power generation , design and construction , waste reduction , procurement , food services , transportation , and water . as of 2012 [ update ] four building construction projects were pursuing leed - certified status and three were pursuing leed silver . notre dame ' s dining services sources 40 % of its food locally and offers sustainably caught seafood as well as many organic , fair - trade , and vegan options . on the sustainable endowments institute ' s college sustainability report card 2010 , university of notre dame received a " b " grade . the university also houses the kroc institute for international peace studies . father gustavo gutierrez , the founder of liberation theology is a current faculty member . [ sep ] 2008
the university of notre dame has made being a sustainability leader an integral part of its mission , creating the office of sustainability in 2008 to achieve a number of goals in the areas of power generation , design and construction , waste reduction , procurement , food services , transportation , and water . as of 2012 [ update ] four building construction projects were pursuing leed - certified status and three were pursuing leed silver . notre dame ' s dining services sources 40 % of its food locally and offers sustainably caught seafood as well as many organic , fair - trade , and vegan options . on the sustainable endowments institute ' s college sustainability report card 2010 , university of notre dame received a " b " grade . the university also houses the kroc institute for international peace studies . father gustavo gutierrez , the founder of liberation theology is a current faculty member . [ sep ] 40 %
the university of notre dame has made being a sustainability leader an integral part of its mission , creating the office of sustainability in 2008 to achieve a number of goals in the areas of power generation , design and construction , waste reduction , procurement , food services , transportation , and water . as of 2012 [ update ] four building construction projects were pursuing leed - certified status and three were pursuing leed silver . notre dame ' s dining services sources 40 % of its food locally and offers sustainably caught seafood as well as many organic , fair - trade , and vegan options . on the sustainable endowments institute ' s college sustainability report card 2010 , university of notre dame received a " b " grade . the university also houses the kroc institute for international peace studies . father gustavo gutierrez , the founder of liberation theology is a current faculty member . [ sep ] sustainable endowments institute
the university of notre dame has made being a sustainability leader an integral part of its mission , creating the office of sustainability in 2008 to achieve a number of goals in the areas of power generation , design and construction , waste reduction , procurement , food services , transportation , and water . as of 2012 [ update ] four building construction projects were pursuing leed - certified status and three were pursuing leed silver . notre dame ' s dining services sources 40 % of its food locally and offers sustainably caught seafood as well as many organic , fair - trade , and vegan options . on the sustainable endowments institute ' s college sustainability report card 2010 , university of notre dame received a " b " grade . the university also houses the kroc institute for international peace studies . father gustavo gutierrez , the founder of liberation theology is a current faculty member . [ sep ] kroc institute for international peace studies
the university owns several centers around the world used for international studies and research , conferences abroad , and alumni support . the university has had a presence in london , england , since 1968 . since 1998 , its london center has been based in the former united university club at 1 suffolk street in trafalgar square . the center enables the colleges of arts & letters , business administration , science , engineering and the law school to develop their own programs in london , as well as hosting conferences and symposia . other global gateways are located in beijing , chicago , dublin , jerusalem and rome . [ sep ] 1968
the university owns several centers around the world used for international studies and research , conferences abroad , and alumni support . the university has had a presence in london , england , since 1968 . since 1998 , its london center has been based in the former united university club at 1 suffolk street in trafalgar square . the center enables the colleges of arts & letters , business administration , science , engineering and the law school to develop their own programs in london , as well as hosting conferences and symposia . other global gateways are located in beijing , chicago , dublin , jerusalem and rome . [ sep ] 1 suffolk street in trafalgar square
the university owns several centers around the world used for international studies and research , conferences abroad , and alumni support . the university has had a presence in london , england , since 1968 . since 1998 , its london center has been based in the former united university club at 1 suffolk street in trafalgar square . the center enables the colleges of arts & letters , business administration , science , engineering and the law school to develop their own programs in london , as well as hosting conferences and symposia . other global gateways are located in beijing , chicago , dublin , jerusalem and rome . [ sep ] global gateways
the university owns several centers around the world used for international studies and research , conferences abroad , and alumni support . the university has had a presence in london , england , since 1968 . since 1998 , its london center has been based in the former united university club at 1 suffolk street in trafalgar square . the center enables the colleges of arts & letters , business administration , science , engineering and the law school to develop their own programs in london , as well as hosting conferences and symposia . other global gateways are located in beijing , chicago , dublin , jerusalem and rome . [ sep ] 1998
russian imperialism led to the russian empire ' s conquest of central asia during the late 19th century ' s imperial era . between 1864 and 1885 russia gradually took control of the entire territory of russian turkestan , the tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the emirate of bukhara and khanate of kokand . russia was interested in gaining access to a supply of cotton and in the 1870s attempted to switch cultivation in the region from grain to cotton ( a strategy later copied and expanded by the soviets ) . [ citation needed ] by 1885 tajikistan ' s territory was either ruled by the russian empire or its vassal state , the emirate of bukhara , nevertheless tajiks felt little russian influence . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] during the late 19th century ' s imperial era
russian imperialism led to the russian empire ' s conquest of central asia during the late 19th century ' s imperial era . between 1864 and 1885 russia gradually took control of the entire territory of russian turkestan , the tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the emirate of bukhara and khanate of kokand . russia was interested in gaining access to a supply of cotton and in the 1870s attempted to switch cultivation in the region from grain to cotton ( a strategy later copied and expanded by the soviets ) . [ citation needed ] by 1885 tajikistan ' s territory was either ruled by the russian empire or its vassal state , the emirate of bukhara , nevertheless tajiks felt little russian influence . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] russia gradually took control of the entire territory of russian turkestan
russian imperialism led to the russian empire ' s conquest of central asia during the late 19th century ' s imperial era . between 1864 and 1885 russia gradually took control of the entire territory of russian turkestan , the tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the emirate of bukhara and khanate of kokand . russia was interested in gaining access to a supply of cotton and in the 1870s attempted to switch cultivation in the region from grain to cotton ( a strategy later copied and expanded by the soviets ) . [ citation needed ] by 1885 tajikistan ' s territory was either ruled by the russian empire or its vassal state , the emirate of bukhara , nevertheless tajiks felt little russian influence . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] the emirate of bukhara and khanate of kokand
russian imperialism led to the russian empire ' s conquest of central asia during the late 19th century ' s imperial era . between 1864 and 1885 russia gradually took control of the entire territory of russian turkestan , the tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the emirate of bukhara and khanate of kokand . russia was interested in gaining access to a supply of cotton and in the 1870s attempted to switch cultivation in the region from grain to cotton ( a strategy later copied and expanded by the soviets ) . [ citation needed ] by 1885 tajikistan ' s territory was either ruled by the russian empire or its vassal state , the emirate of bukhara , nevertheless tajiks felt little russian influence . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] gaining access to a supply of cotton
russian imperialism led to the russian empire ' s conquest of central asia during the late 19th century ' s imperial era . between 1864 and 1885 russia gradually took control of the entire territory of russian turkestan , the tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the emirate of bukhara and khanate of kokand . russia was interested in gaining access to a supply of cotton and in the 1870s attempted to switch cultivation in the region from grain to cotton ( a strategy later copied and expanded by the soviets ) . [ citation needed ] by 1885 tajikistan ' s territory was either ruled by the russian empire or its vassal state , the emirate of bukhara , nevertheless tajiks felt little russian influence . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] the russian empire or its vassal state , the emirate of bukhara
the college of arts and letters was established as the university ' s first college in 1842 with the first degrees given in 1849 . the university ' s first academic curriculum was modeled after the jesuit ratio studiorum from saint louis university . today the college , housed in o ' shaughnessy hall , includes 20 departments in the areas of fine arts , humanities , and social sciences , and awards bachelor of arts ( b . a . ) degrees in 33 majors , making it the largest of the university ' s colleges . there are around 2 , 500 undergraduates and 750 graduates enrolled in the college . [ sep ] the college of arts and letters
the college of arts and letters was established as the university ' s first college in 1842 with the first degrees given in 1849 . the university ' s first academic curriculum was modeled after the jesuit ratio studiorum from saint louis university . today the college , housed in o ' shaughnessy hall , includes 20 departments in the areas of fine arts , humanities , and social sciences , and awards bachelor of arts ( b . a . ) degrees in 33 majors , making it the largest of the university ' s colleges . there are around 2 , 500 undergraduates and 750 graduates enrolled in the college . [ sep ] 1842
the college of arts and letters was established as the university ' s first college in 1842 with the first degrees given in 1849 . the university ' s first academic curriculum was modeled after the jesuit ratio studiorum from saint louis university . today the college , housed in o ' shaughnessy hall , includes 20 departments in the areas of fine arts , humanities , and social sciences , and awards bachelor of arts ( b . a . ) degrees in 33 majors , making it the largest of the university ' s colleges . there are around 2 , 500 undergraduates and 750 graduates enrolled in the college . [ sep ] 1849
the college of arts and letters was established as the university ' s first college in 1842 with the first degrees given in 1849 . the university ' s first academic curriculum was modeled after the jesuit ratio studiorum from saint louis university . today the college , housed in o ' shaughnessy hall , includes 20 departments in the areas of fine arts , humanities , and social sciences , and awards bachelor of arts ( b . a . ) degrees in 33 majors , making it the largest of the university ' s colleges . there are around 2 , 500 undergraduates and 750 graduates enrolled in the college . [ sep ] saint louis university
the college of arts and letters was established as the university ' s first college in 1842 with the first degrees given in 1849 . the university ' s first academic curriculum was modeled after the jesuit ratio studiorum from saint louis university . today the college , housed in o ' shaughnessy hall , includes 20 departments in the areas of fine arts , humanities , and social sciences , and awards bachelor of arts ( b . a . ) degrees in 33 majors , making it the largest of the university ' s colleges . there are around 2 , 500 undergraduates and 750 graduates enrolled in the college . [ sep ] 33
the college of science was established at the university in 1865 by president father patrick dillon . dillon ' s scientific courses were six years of work , including higher - level mathematics courses . today the college , housed in the newly built jordan hall of science , includes over 1 , 200 undergraduates in six departments of study – biology , chemistry , mathematics , physics , pre - professional studies , and applied and computational mathematics and statistics ( acms ) – each awarding bachelor of science ( b . s . ) degrees . according to university statistics , its science pre - professional program has one of the highest acceptance rates to medical school of any university in the united states . [ sep ] father patrick dillon
the college of science was established at the university in 1865 by president father patrick dillon . dillon ' s scientific courses were six years of work , including higher - level mathematics courses . today the college , housed in the newly built jordan hall of science , includes over 1 , 200 undergraduates in six departments of study – biology , chemistry , mathematics , physics , pre - professional studies , and applied and computational mathematics and statistics ( acms ) – each awarding bachelor of science ( b . s . ) degrees . according to university statistics , its science pre - professional program has one of the highest acceptance rates to medical school of any university in the united states . [ sep ] 1865
the college of science was established at the university in 1865 by president father patrick dillon . dillon ' s scientific courses were six years of work , including higher - level mathematics courses . today the college , housed in the newly built jordan hall of science , includes over 1 , 200 undergraduates in six departments of study – biology , chemistry , mathematics , physics , pre - professional studies , and applied and computational mathematics and statistics ( acms ) – each awarding bachelor of science ( b . s . ) degrees . according to university statistics , its science pre - professional program has one of the highest acceptance rates to medical school of any university in the united states . [ sep ] six years
the college of science was established at the university in 1865 by president father patrick dillon . dillon ' s scientific courses were six years of work , including higher - level mathematics courses . today the college , housed in the newly built jordan hall of science , includes over 1 , 200 undergraduates in six departments of study – biology , chemistry , mathematics , physics , pre - professional studies , and applied and computational mathematics and statistics ( acms ) – each awarding bachelor of science ( b . s . ) degrees . according to university statistics , its science pre - professional program has one of the highest acceptance rates to medical school of any university in the united states . [ sep ] jordan hall of science
the college of science was established at the university in 1865 by president father patrick dillon . dillon ' s scientific courses were six years of work , including higher - level mathematics courses . today the college , housed in the newly built jordan hall of science , includes over 1 , 200 undergraduates in six departments of study – biology , chemistry , mathematics , physics , pre - professional studies , and applied and computational mathematics and statistics ( acms ) – each awarding bachelor of science ( b . s . ) degrees . according to university statistics , its science pre - professional program has one of the highest acceptance rates to medical school of any university in the united states . [ sep ] over 1 , 200
the school of architecture was established in 1899 , although degrees in architecture were first awarded by the university in 1898 . today the school , housed in bond hall , offers a five - year undergraduate program leading to the bachelor of architecture degree . all undergraduate students study the third year of the program in rome . the university is globally recognized for its notre dame school of architecture , a faculty that teaches ( pre - modernist ) traditional and classical architecture and urban planning ( e . g . following the principles of new urbanism and new classical architecture ) . it also awards the renowned annual driehaus architecture prize . [ sep ] school of architecture
the school of architecture was established in 1899 , although degrees in architecture were first awarded by the university in 1898 . today the school , housed in bond hall , offers a five - year undergraduate program leading to the bachelor of architecture degree . all undergraduate students study the third year of the program in rome . the university is globally recognized for its notre dame school of architecture , a faculty that teaches ( pre - modernist ) traditional and classical architecture and urban planning ( e . g . following the principles of new urbanism and new classical architecture ) . it also awards the renowned annual driehaus architecture prize . [ sep ] bond hall
the school of architecture was established in 1899 , although degrees in architecture were first awarded by the university in 1898 . today the school , housed in bond hall , offers a five - year undergraduate program leading to the bachelor of architecture degree . all undergraduate students study the third year of the program in rome . the university is globally recognized for its notre dame school of architecture , a faculty that teaches ( pre - modernist ) traditional and classical architecture and urban planning ( e . g . following the principles of new urbanism and new classical architecture ) . it also awards the renowned annual driehaus architecture prize . [ sep ] five - year
the school of architecture was established in 1899 , although degrees in architecture were first awarded by the university in 1898 . today the school , housed in bond hall , offers a five - year undergraduate program leading to the bachelor of architecture degree . all undergraduate students study the third year of the program in rome . the university is globally recognized for its notre dame school of architecture , a faculty that teaches ( pre - modernist ) traditional and classical architecture and urban planning ( e . g . following the principles of new urbanism and new classical architecture ) . it also awards the renowned annual driehaus architecture prize . [ sep ] rome
the school of architecture was established in 1899 , although degrees in architecture were first awarded by the university in 1898 . today the school , housed in bond hall , offers a five - year undergraduate program leading to the bachelor of architecture degree . all undergraduate students study the third year of the program in rome . the university is globally recognized for its notre dame school of architecture , a faculty that teaches ( pre - modernist ) traditional and classical architecture and urban planning ( e . g . following the principles of new urbanism and new classical architecture ) . it also awards the renowned annual driehaus architecture prize . [ sep ] driehaus architecture prize
the college of engineering was established in 1920 , however , early courses in civil and mechanical engineering were a part of the college of science since the 1870s . today the college , housed in the fitzpatrick , cushing , and stinson - remick halls of engineering , includes five departments of study – aerospace and mechanical engineering , chemical and biomolecular engineering , civil engineering and geological sciences , computer science and engineering , and electrical engineering – with eight b . s . degrees offered . additionally , the college offers five - year dual degree programs with the colleges of arts and letters and of business awarding additional b . a . and master of business administration ( mba ) degrees , respectively . [ sep ] 1920
the college of engineering was established in 1920 , however , early courses in civil and mechanical engineering were a part of the college of science since the 1870s . today the college , housed in the fitzpatrick , cushing , and stinson - remick halls of engineering , includes five departments of study – aerospace and mechanical engineering , chemical and biomolecular engineering , civil engineering and geological sciences , computer science and engineering , and electrical engineering – with eight b . s . degrees offered . additionally , the college offers five - year dual degree programs with the colleges of arts and letters and of business awarding additional b . a . and master of business administration ( mba ) degrees , respectively . [ sep ] the college of science
the college of engineering was established in 1920 , however , early courses in civil and mechanical engineering were a part of the college of science since the 1870s . today the college , housed in the fitzpatrick , cushing , and stinson - remick halls of engineering , includes five departments of study – aerospace and mechanical engineering , chemical and biomolecular engineering , civil engineering and geological sciences , computer science and engineering , and electrical engineering – with eight b . s . degrees offered . additionally , the college offers five - year dual degree programs with the colleges of arts and letters and of business awarding additional b . a . and master of business administration ( mba ) degrees , respectively . [ sep ] five
the college of engineering was established in 1920 , however , early courses in civil and mechanical engineering were a part of the college of science since the 1870s . today the college , housed in the fitzpatrick , cushing , and stinson - remick halls of engineering , includes five departments of study – aerospace and mechanical engineering , chemical and biomolecular engineering , civil engineering and geological sciences , computer science and engineering , and electrical engineering – with eight b . s . degrees offered . additionally , the college offers five - year dual degree programs with the colleges of arts and letters and of business awarding additional b . a . and master of business administration ( mba ) degrees , respectively . [ sep ] eight
the college of engineering was established in 1920 , however , early courses in civil and mechanical engineering were a part of the college of science since the 1870s . today the college , housed in the fitzpatrick , cushing , and stinson - remick halls of engineering , includes five departments of study – aerospace and mechanical engineering , chemical and biomolecular engineering , civil engineering and geological sciences , computer science and engineering , and electrical engineering – with eight b . s . degrees offered . additionally , the college offers five - year dual degree programs with the colleges of arts and letters and of business awarding additional b . a . and master of business administration ( mba ) degrees , respectively . [ sep ] the 1870s
all of notre dame ' s undergraduate students are a part of one of the five undergraduate colleges at the school or are in the first year of studies program . the first year of studies program was established in 1962 to guide incoming freshmen in their first year at the school before they have declared a major . each student is given an academic advisor from the program who helps them to choose classes that give them exposure to any major in which they are interested . the program also includes a learning resource center which provides time management , collaborative learning , and subject tutoring . this program has been recognized previously , by u . s . news & world report , as outstanding . [ sep ] five
all of notre dame ' s undergraduate students are a part of one of the five undergraduate colleges at the school or are in the first year of studies program . the first year of studies program was established in 1962 to guide incoming freshmen in their first year at the school before they have declared a major . each student is given an academic advisor from the program who helps them to choose classes that give them exposure to any major in which they are interested . the program also includes a learning resource center which provides time management , collaborative learning , and subject tutoring . this program has been recognized previously , by u . s . news & world report , as outstanding . [ sep ] the first year of studies program
all of notre dame ' s undergraduate students are a part of one of the five undergraduate colleges at the school or are in the first year of studies program . the first year of studies program was established in 1962 to guide incoming freshmen in their first year at the school before they have declared a major . each student is given an academic advisor from the program who helps them to choose classes that give them exposure to any major in which they are interested . the program also includes a learning resource center which provides time management , collaborative learning , and subject tutoring . this program has been recognized previously , by u . s . news & world report , as outstanding . [ sep ] learning resource center
all of notre dame ' s undergraduate students are a part of one of the five undergraduate colleges at the school or are in the first year of studies program . the first year of studies program was established in 1962 to guide incoming freshmen in their first year at the school before they have declared a major . each student is given an academic advisor from the program who helps them to choose classes that give them exposure to any major in which they are interested . the program also includes a learning resource center which provides time management , collaborative learning , and subject tutoring . this program has been recognized previously , by u . s . news & world report , as outstanding . [ sep ] u . s . news & world report
the university first offered graduate degrees , in the form of a master of arts ( ma ) , in the 1854 – 1855 academic year . the program expanded to include master of laws ( ll . m . ) and master of civil engineering in its early stages of growth , before a formal graduate school education was developed with a thesis not required to receive the degrees . this changed in 1924 with formal requirements developed for graduate degrees , including offering doctorate ( phd ) degrees . today each of the five colleges offer graduate education . most of the departments from the college of arts and letters offer phd programs , while a professional master of divinity ( m . div . ) program also exists . all of the departments in the college of science offer phd programs , except for the department of pre - professional studies . the school of architecture offers a master of architecture , while each of the departments of the college of engineering offer phd programs . the college of business offers multiple professional programs including mba and master of science in accountancy programs . it also operates facilities in chicago and cincinnati for its executive mba program . additionally , the alliance for catholic education program offers a master of education program where students study at the university during the summer and teach in catholic elementary schools , middle schools , and high schools across the southern united states for two school years . [ sep ] 1854
the university first offered graduate degrees , in the form of a master of arts ( ma ) , in the 1854 – 1855 academic year . the program expanded to include master of laws ( ll . m . ) and master of civil engineering in its early stages of growth , before a formal graduate school education was developed with a thesis not required to receive the degrees . this changed in 1924 with formal requirements developed for graduate degrees , including offering doctorate ( phd ) degrees . today each of the five colleges offer graduate education . most of the departments from the college of arts and letters offer phd programs , while a professional master of divinity ( m . div . ) program also exists . all of the departments in the college of science offer phd programs , except for the department of pre - professional studies . the school of architecture offers a master of architecture , while each of the departments of the college of engineering offer phd programs . the college of business offers multiple professional programs including mba and master of science in accountancy programs . it also operates facilities in chicago and cincinnati for its executive mba program . additionally , the alliance for catholic education program offers a master of education program where students study at the university during the summer and teach in catholic elementary schools , middle schools , and high schools across the southern united states for two school years . [ sep ] 1924
the university first offered graduate degrees , in the form of a master of arts ( ma ) , in the 1854 – 1855 academic year . the program expanded to include master of laws ( ll . m . ) and master of civil engineering in its early stages of growth , before a formal graduate school education was developed with a thesis not required to receive the degrees . this changed in 1924 with formal requirements developed for graduate degrees , including offering doctorate ( phd ) degrees . today each of the five colleges offer graduate education . most of the departments from the college of arts and letters offer phd programs , while a professional master of divinity ( m . div . ) program also exists . all of the departments in the college of science offer phd programs , except for the department of pre - professional studies . the school of architecture offers a master of architecture , while each of the departments of the college of engineering offer phd programs . the college of business offers multiple professional programs including mba and master of science in accountancy programs . it also operates facilities in chicago and cincinnati for its executive mba program . additionally , the alliance for catholic education program offers a master of education program where students study at the university during the summer and teach in catholic elementary schools , middle schools , and high schools across the southern united states for two school years . [ sep ] master of divinity
the university first offered graduate degrees , in the form of a master of arts ( ma ) , in the 1854 – 1855 academic year . the program expanded to include master of laws ( ll . m . ) and master of civil engineering in its early stages of growth , before a formal graduate school education was developed with a thesis not required to receive the degrees . this changed in 1924 with formal requirements developed for graduate degrees , including offering doctorate ( phd ) degrees . today each of the five colleges offer graduate education . most of the departments from the college of arts and letters offer phd programs , while a professional master of divinity ( m . div . ) program also exists . all of the departments in the college of science offer phd programs , except for the department of pre - professional studies . the school of architecture offers a master of architecture , while each of the departments of the college of engineering offer phd programs . the college of business offers multiple professional programs including mba and master of science in accountancy programs . it also operates facilities in chicago and cincinnati for its executive mba program . additionally , the alliance for catholic education program offers a master of education program where students study at the university during the summer and teach in catholic elementary schools , middle schools , and high schools across the southern united states for two school years . [ sep ] department of pre - professional studies
the university first offered graduate degrees , in the form of a master of arts ( ma ) , in the 1854 – 1855 academic year . the program expanded to include master of laws ( ll . m . ) and master of civil engineering in its early stages of growth , before a formal graduate school education was developed with a thesis not required to receive the degrees . this changed in 1924 with formal requirements developed for graduate degrees , including offering doctorate ( phd ) degrees . today each of the five colleges offer graduate education . most of the departments from the college of arts and letters offer phd programs , while a professional master of divinity ( m . div . ) program also exists . all of the departments in the college of science offer phd programs , except for the department of pre - professional studies . the school of architecture offers a master of architecture , while each of the departments of the college of engineering offer phd programs . the college of business offers multiple professional programs including mba and master of science in accountancy programs . it also operates facilities in chicago and cincinnati for its executive mba program . additionally , the alliance for catholic education program offers a master of education program where students study at the university during the summer and teach in catholic elementary schools , middle schools , and high schools across the southern united states for two school years . [ sep ] alliance for catholic education
anthropology is the study of humans and their societies in the past and present . its main subdivisions are social anthropology and cultural anthropology , which describes the workings of societies around the world , linguistic anthropology , which investigates the influence of language in social life , and biological or physical anthropology , which concerns long - term development of the human organism . archaeology , which studies past human cultures through investigation of physical evidence , is thought of as a branch of anthropology in the united states , while in europe , it is viewed as a discipline in its own right , or grouped under other related disciplines such as history . [ sep ] humans and their societies
anthropology is the study of humans and their societies in the past and present . its main subdivisions are social anthropology and cultural anthropology , which describes the workings of societies around the world , linguistic anthropology , which investigates the influence of language in social life , and biological or physical anthropology , which concerns long - term development of the human organism . archaeology , which studies past human cultures through investigation of physical evidence , is thought of as a branch of anthropology in the united states , while in europe , it is viewed as a discipline in its own right , or grouped under other related disciplines such as history . [ sep ] social
anthropology is the study of humans and their societies in the past and present . its main subdivisions are social anthropology and cultural anthropology , which describes the workings of societies around the world , linguistic anthropology , which investigates the influence of language in social life , and biological or physical anthropology , which concerns long - term development of the human organism . archaeology , which studies past human cultures through investigation of physical evidence , is thought of as a branch of anthropology in the united states , while in europe , it is viewed as a discipline in its own right , or grouped under other related disciplines such as history . [ sep ] linguistic anthropology
anthropology is the study of humans and their societies in the past and present . its main subdivisions are social anthropology and cultural anthropology , which describes the workings of societies around the world , linguistic anthropology , which investigates the influence of language in social life , and biological or physical anthropology , which concerns long - term development of the human organism . archaeology , which studies past human cultures through investigation of physical evidence , is thought of as a branch of anthropology in the united states , while in europe , it is viewed as a discipline in its own right , or grouped under other related disciplines such as history . [ sep ] physical
anthropology is the study of humans and their societies in the past and present . its main subdivisions are social anthropology and cultural anthropology , which describes the workings of societies around the world , linguistic anthropology , which investigates the influence of language in social life , and biological or physical anthropology , which concerns long - term development of the human organism . archaeology , which studies past human cultures through investigation of physical evidence , is thought of as a branch of anthropology in the united states , while in europe , it is viewed as a discipline in its own right , or grouped under other related disciplines such as history . [ sep ] united states
during the late 19th century the jadidists established themselves as an islamic social movement throughout the region . although the jadidists were pro - modernization and not necessarily anti - russian the russians viewed the movement as a threat . [ citation needed ] russian troops were required to restore order during uprisings against the khanate of kokand between 1910 and 1913 . further violence occurred in july 1916 when demonstrators attacked russian soldiers in khujand over the threat of forced conscription during world war i . despite russian troops quickly bringing khujand back under control , clashes continued throughout the year in various locations in tajikistan . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] an islamic social movement throughout the region
during the late 19th century the jadidists established themselves as an islamic social movement throughout the region . although the jadidists were pro - modernization and not necessarily anti - russian the russians viewed the movement as a threat . [ citation needed ] russian troops were required to restore order during uprisings against the khanate of kokand between 1910 and 1913 . further violence occurred in july 1916 when demonstrators attacked russian soldiers in khujand over the threat of forced conscription during world war i . despite russian troops quickly bringing khujand back under control , clashes continued throughout the year in various locations in tajikistan . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] russians
during the late 19th century the jadidists established themselves as an islamic social movement throughout the region . although the jadidists were pro - modernization and not necessarily anti - russian the russians viewed the movement as a threat . [ citation needed ] russian troops were required to restore order during uprisings against the khanate of kokand between 1910 and 1913 . further violence occurred in july 1916 when demonstrators attacked russian soldiers in khujand over the threat of forced conscription during world war i . despite russian troops quickly bringing khujand back under control , clashes continued throughout the year in various locations in tajikistan . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] between 1910 and 1913
during the late 19th century the jadidists established themselves as an islamic social movement throughout the region . although the jadidists were pro - modernization and not necessarily anti - russian the russians viewed the movement as a threat . [ citation needed ] russian troops were required to restore order during uprisings against the khanate of kokand between 1910 and 1913 . further violence occurred in july 1916 when demonstrators attacked russian soldiers in khujand over the threat of forced conscription during world war i . despite russian troops quickly bringing khujand back under control , clashes continued throughout the year in various locations in tajikistan . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] the threat of forced conscription during world war i
despite the calamity and huge death toll , lisbon suffered no epidemics and within less than one year was already being rebuilt . the new city centre of lisbon was designed to resist subsequent earthquakes . architectural models were built for tests , and the effects of an earthquake were simulated by marching troops around the models . the buildings and big squares of the pombaline city centre still remain as one of lisbon ' s tourist attractions . sebastiao de melo also made an important contribution to the study of seismology by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country . [ sep ] earthquakes
despite the calamity and huge death toll , lisbon suffered no epidemics and within less than one year was already being rebuilt . the new city centre of lisbon was designed to resist subsequent earthquakes . architectural models were built for tests , and the effects of an earthquake were simulated by marching troops around the models . the buildings and big squares of the pombaline city centre still remain as one of lisbon ' s tourist attractions . sebastiao de melo also made an important contribution to the study of seismology by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country . [ sep ] marching troops around the models
despite the calamity and huge death toll , lisbon suffered no epidemics and within less than one year was already being rebuilt . the new city centre of lisbon was designed to resist subsequent earthquakes . architectural models were built for tests , and the effects of an earthquake were simulated by marching troops around the models . the buildings and big squares of the pombaline city centre still remain as one of lisbon ' s tourist attractions . sebastiao de melo also made an important contribution to the study of seismology by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country . [ sep ] the buildings and big squares of the pombaline city centre
despite the calamity and huge death toll , lisbon suffered no epidemics and within less than one year was already being rebuilt . the new city centre of lisbon was designed to resist subsequent earthquakes . architectural models were built for tests , and the effects of an earthquake were simulated by marching troops around the models . the buildings and big squares of the pombaline city centre still remain as one of lisbon ' s tourist attractions . sebastiao de melo also made an important contribution to the study of seismology by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country . [ sep ] by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country
despite the calamity and huge death toll , lisbon suffered no epidemics and within less than one year was already being rebuilt . the new city centre of lisbon was designed to resist subsequent earthquakes . architectural models were built for tests , and the effects of an earthquake were simulated by marching troops around the models . the buildings and big squares of the pombaline city centre still remain as one of lisbon ' s tourist attractions . sebastiao de melo also made an important contribution to the study of seismology by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country . [ sep ] lisbon suffered no epidemics
sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently , such as the use by etienne serres in 1838 to describe the natural history , or paleontology , of man , based on comparative anatomy , and the creation of a chair in anthropology and ethnography in 1850 at the national museum of natural history ( france ) by jean louis armand de quatrefages de breau . various short - lived organizations of anthropologists had already been formed . the societe ethnologique de paris , the first to use ethnology , was formed in 1839 . its members were primarily anti - slavery activists . when slavery was abolished in france in 1848 the societe was abandoned . [ sep ] etienne serres
sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently , such as the use by etienne serres in 1838 to describe the natural history , or paleontology , of man , based on comparative anatomy , and the creation of a chair in anthropology and ethnography in 1850 at the national museum of natural history ( france ) by jean louis armand de quatrefages de breau . various short - lived organizations of anthropologists had already been formed . the societe ethnologique de paris , the first to use ethnology , was formed in 1839 . its members were primarily anti - slavery activists . when slavery was abolished in france in 1848 the societe was abandoned . [ sep ] 1838
sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently , such as the use by etienne serres in 1838 to describe the natural history , or paleontology , of man , based on comparative anatomy , and the creation of a chair in anthropology and ethnography in 1850 at the national museum of natural history ( france ) by jean louis armand de quatrefages de breau . various short - lived organizations of anthropologists had already been formed . the societe ethnologique de paris , the first to use ethnology , was formed in 1839 . its members were primarily anti - slavery activists . when slavery was abolished in france in 1848 the societe was abandoned . [ sep ] 1850
sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently , such as the use by etienne serres in 1838 to describe the natural history , or paleontology , of man , based on comparative anatomy , and the creation of a chair in anthropology and ethnography in 1850 at the national museum of natural history ( france ) by jean louis armand de quatrefages de breau . various short - lived organizations of anthropologists had already been formed . the societe ethnologique de paris , the first to use ethnology , was formed in 1839 . its members were primarily anti - slavery activists . when slavery was abolished in france in 1848 the societe was abandoned . [ sep ] france
sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently , such as the use by etienne serres in 1838 to describe the natural history , or paleontology , of man , based on comparative anatomy , and the creation of a chair in anthropology and ethnography in 1850 at the national museum of natural history ( france ) by jean louis armand de quatrefages de breau . various short - lived organizations of anthropologists had already been formed . the societe ethnologique de paris , the first to use ethnology , was formed in 1839 . its members were primarily anti - slavery activists . when slavery was abolished in france in 1848 the societe was abandoned . [ sep ] societe ethnologique de paris
anthropology and many other current fields are the intellectual results of the comparative methods developed in the earlier 19th century . theorists in such diverse fields as anatomy , linguistics , and ethnology , making feature - by - feature comparisons of their subject matters , were beginning to suspect that similarities between animals , languages , and folkways were the result of processes or laws unknown to them then . for them , the publication of charles darwin ' s on the origin of species was the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect . darwin himself arrived at his conclusions through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild . [ sep ] comparative methods
anthropology and many other current fields are the intellectual results of the comparative methods developed in the earlier 19th century . theorists in such diverse fields as anatomy , linguistics , and ethnology , making feature - by - feature comparisons of their subject matters , were beginning to suspect that similarities between animals , languages , and folkways were the result of processes or laws unknown to them then . for them , the publication of charles darwin ' s on the origin of species was the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect . darwin himself arrived at his conclusions through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild . [ sep ] similarities
anthropology and many other current fields are the intellectual results of the comparative methods developed in the earlier 19th century . theorists in such diverse fields as anatomy , linguistics , and ethnology , making feature - by - feature comparisons of their subject matters , were beginning to suspect that similarities between animals , languages , and folkways were the result of processes or laws unknown to them then . for them , the publication of charles darwin ' s on the origin of species was the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect . darwin himself arrived at his conclusions through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild . [ sep ] processes or laws unknown to them then
anthropology and many other current fields are the intellectual results of the comparative methods developed in the earlier 19th century . theorists in such diverse fields as anatomy , linguistics , and ethnology , making feature - by - feature comparisons of their subject matters , were beginning to suspect that similarities between animals , languages , and folkways were the result of processes or laws unknown to them then . for them , the publication of charles darwin ' s on the origin of species was the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect . darwin himself arrived at his conclusions through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild . [ sep ] epiphany
anthropology and many other current fields are the intellectual results of the comparative methods developed in the earlier 19th century . theorists in such diverse fields as anatomy , linguistics , and ethnology , making feature - by - feature comparisons of their subject matters , were beginning to suspect that similarities between animals , languages , and folkways were the result of processes or laws unknown to them then . for them , the publication of charles darwin ' s on the origin of species was the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect . darwin himself arrived at his conclusions through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild . [ sep ] comparison of species
darwin and wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s . there was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences . paul broca in paris was in the process of breaking away from the societe de biologie to form the first of the explicitly anthropological societies , the societe d ' anthropologie de paris , meeting for the first time in paris in 1859 . [ n 4 ] when he read darwin he became an immediate convert to transformisme , as the french called evolutionism . his definition now became " the study of the human group , considered as a whole , in its details , and in relation to the rest of nature " . [ sep ] late 1850s .
darwin and wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s . there was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences . paul broca in paris was in the process of breaking away from the societe de biologie to form the first of the explicitly anthropological societies , the societe d ' anthropologie de paris , meeting for the first time in paris in 1859 . [ n 4 ] when he read darwin he became an immediate convert to transformisme , as the french called evolutionism . his definition now became " the study of the human group , considered as a whole , in its details , and in relation to the rest of nature " . [ sep ] bring it into the social sciences
darwin and wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s . there was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences . paul broca in paris was in the process of breaking away from the societe de biologie to form the first of the explicitly anthropological societies , the societe d ' anthropologie de paris , meeting for the first time in paris in 1859 . [ n 4 ] when he read darwin he became an immediate convert to transformisme , as the french called evolutionism . his definition now became " the study of the human group , considered as a whole , in its details , and in relation to the rest of nature " . [ sep ] paris
darwin and wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s . there was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences . paul broca in paris was in the process of breaking away from the societe de biologie to form the first of the explicitly anthropological societies , the societe d ' anthropologie de paris , meeting for the first time in paris in 1859 . [ n 4 ] when he read darwin he became an immediate convert to transformisme , as the french called evolutionism . his definition now became " the study of the human group , considered as a whole , in its details , and in relation to the rest of nature " . [ sep ] societe de biologie
darwin and wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s . there was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences . paul broca in paris was in the process of breaking away from the societe de biologie to form the first of the explicitly anthropological societies , the societe d ' anthropologie de paris , meeting for the first time in paris in 1859 . [ n 4 ] when he read darwin he became an immediate convert to transformisme , as the french called evolutionism . his definition now became " the study of the human group , considered as a whole , in its details , and in relation to the rest of nature " . [ sep ] transformisme
after the russian revolution of 1917 guerrillas throughout central asia , known as basmachi , waged a war against bolshevik armies in a futile attempt to maintain independence . the bolsheviks prevailed after a four - year war , in which mosques and villages were burned down and the population heavily suppressed . soviet authorities started a campaign of secularization , practicing islam , judaism , and christianity was discouraged and repressed , and many mosques , churches , and synagogues were closed . as a consequence of the conflict and soviet agriculture policies , central asia , tajikistan included , suffered a famine that claimed many lives . [ sep ] guerrillas throughout central asia , known as basmachi
after the russian revolution of 1917 guerrillas throughout central asia , known as basmachi , waged a war against bolshevik armies in a futile attempt to maintain independence . the bolsheviks prevailed after a four - year war , in which mosques and villages were burned down and the population heavily suppressed . soviet authorities started a campaign of secularization , practicing islam , judaism , and christianity was discouraged and repressed , and many mosques , churches , and synagogues were closed . as a consequence of the conflict and soviet agriculture policies , central asia , tajikistan included , suffered a famine that claimed many lives . [ sep ] to maintain independence
after the russian revolution of 1917 guerrillas throughout central asia , known as basmachi , waged a war against bolshevik armies in a futile attempt to maintain independence . the bolsheviks prevailed after a four - year war , in which mosques and villages were burned down and the population heavily suppressed . soviet authorities started a campaign of secularization , practicing islam , judaism , and christianity was discouraged and repressed , and many mosques , churches , and synagogues were closed . as a consequence of the conflict and soviet agriculture policies , central asia , tajikistan included , suffered a famine that claimed many lives . [ sep ] the bolsheviks
after the russian revolution of 1917 guerrillas throughout central asia , known as basmachi , waged a war against bolshevik armies in a futile attempt to maintain independence . the bolsheviks prevailed after a four - year war , in which mosques and villages were burned down and the population heavily suppressed . soviet authorities started a campaign of secularization , practicing islam , judaism , and christianity was discouraged and repressed , and many mosques , churches , and synagogues were closed . as a consequence of the conflict and soviet agriculture policies , central asia , tajikistan included , suffered a famine that claimed many lives . [ sep ] islam , judaism , and christianity
broca , being what today would be called a neurosurgeon , had taken an interest in the pathology of speech . he wanted to localize the difference between man and the other animals , which appeared to reside in speech . he discovered the speech center of the human brain , today called broca ' s area after him . his interest was mainly in biological anthropology , but a german philosopher specializing in psychology , theodor waitz , took up the theme of general and social anthropology in his six - volume work , entitled die anthropologie der naturvolker , 1859 – 1864 . the title was soon translated as " the anthropology of primitive peoples " . the last two volumes were published posthumously . [ sep ] neurosurgeon
broca , being what today would be called a neurosurgeon , had taken an interest in the pathology of speech . he wanted to localize the difference between man and the other animals , which appeared to reside in speech . he discovered the speech center of the human brain , today called broca ' s area after him . his interest was mainly in biological anthropology , but a german philosopher specializing in psychology , theodor waitz , took up the theme of general and social anthropology in his six - volume work , entitled die anthropologie der naturvolker , 1859 – 1864 . the title was soon translated as " the anthropology of primitive peoples " . the last two volumes were published posthumously . [ sep ] the pathology of speech
broca , being what today would be called a neurosurgeon , had taken an interest in the pathology of speech . he wanted to localize the difference between man and the other animals , which appeared to reside in speech . he discovered the speech center of the human brain , today called broca ' s area after him . his interest was mainly in biological anthropology , but a german philosopher specializing in psychology , theodor waitz , took up the theme of general and social anthropology in his six - volume work , entitled die anthropologie der naturvolker , 1859 – 1864 . the title was soon translated as " the anthropology of primitive peoples " . the last two volumes were published posthumously . [ sep ] speech center
broca , being what today would be called a neurosurgeon , had taken an interest in the pathology of speech . he wanted to localize the difference between man and the other animals , which appeared to reside in speech . he discovered the speech center of the human brain , today called broca ' s area after him . his interest was mainly in biological anthropology , but a german philosopher specializing in psychology , theodor waitz , took up the theme of general and social anthropology in his six - volume work , entitled die anthropologie der naturvolker , 1859 – 1864 . the title was soon translated as " the anthropology of primitive peoples " . the last two volumes were published posthumously . [ sep ] psychology
broca , being what today would be called a neurosurgeon , had taken an interest in the pathology of speech . he wanted to localize the difference between man and the other animals , which appeared to reside in speech . he discovered the speech center of the human brain , today called broca ' s area after him . his interest was mainly in biological anthropology , but a german philosopher specializing in psychology , theodor waitz , took up the theme of general and social anthropology in his six - volume work , entitled die anthropologie der naturvolker , 1859 – 1864 . the title was soon translated as " the anthropology of primitive peoples " . the last two volumes were published posthumously . [ sep ] six
waitz defined anthropology as " the science of the nature of man " . by nature he meant matter animated by " the divine breath " ; i . e . , he was an animist . following broca ' s lead , waitz points out that anthropology is a new field , which would gather material from other fields , but would differ from them in the use of comparative anatomy , physiology , and psychology to differentiate man from " the animals nearest to him " . he stresses that the data of comparison must be empirical , gathered by experimentation . the history of civilization as well as ethnology are to be brought into the comparison . it is to be presumed fundamentally that the species , man , is a unity , and that " the same laws of thought are applicable to all men " . [ sep ] the science of the nature of man
waitz defined anthropology as " the science of the nature of man " . by nature he meant matter animated by " the divine breath " ; i . e . , he was an animist . following broca ' s lead , waitz points out that anthropology is a new field , which would gather material from other fields , but would differ from them in the use of comparative anatomy , physiology , and psychology to differentiate man from " the animals nearest to him " . he stresses that the data of comparison must be empirical , gathered by experimentation . the history of civilization as well as ethnology are to be brought into the comparison . it is to be presumed fundamentally that the species , man , is a unity , and that " the same laws of thought are applicable to all men " . [ sep ] an animist
waitz defined anthropology as " the science of the nature of man " . by nature he meant matter animated by " the divine breath " ; i . e . , he was an animist . following broca ' s lead , waitz points out that anthropology is a new field , which would gather material from other fields , but would differ from them in the use of comparative anatomy , physiology , and psychology to differentiate man from " the animals nearest to him " . he stresses that the data of comparison must be empirical , gathered by experimentation . the history of civilization as well as ethnology are to be brought into the comparison . it is to be presumed fundamentally that the species , man , is a unity , and that " the same laws of thought are applicable to all men " . [ sep ] comparative anatomy , physiology , and psychology
waitz defined anthropology as " the science of the nature of man " . by nature he meant matter animated by " the divine breath " ; i . e . , he was an animist . following broca ' s lead , waitz points out that anthropology is a new field , which would gather material from other fields , but would differ from them in the use of comparative anatomy , physiology , and psychology to differentiate man from " the animals nearest to him " . he stresses that the data of comparison must be empirical , gathered by experimentation . the history of civilization as well as ethnology are to be brought into the comparison . it is to be presumed fundamentally that the species , man , is a unity , and that " the same laws of thought are applicable to all men " . [ sep ] empirical
waitz defined anthropology as " the science of the nature of man " . by nature he meant matter animated by " the divine breath " ; i . e . , he was an animist . following broca ' s lead , waitz points out that anthropology is a new field , which would gather material from other fields , but would differ from them in the use of comparative anatomy , physiology , and psychology to differentiate man from " the animals nearest to him " . he stresses that the data of comparison must be empirical , gathered by experimentation . the history of civilization as well as ethnology are to be brought into the comparison . it is to be presumed fundamentally that the species , man , is a unity , and that " the same laws of thought are applicable to all men " . [ sep ] civilization
in 1924 , the tajik autonomous soviet socialist republic was created as a part of uzbekistan , but in 1929 the tajik soviet socialist republic ( tajik ssr ) was made a separate constituent republic , however the predominantly ethnic tajik cities of samarkand and bukhara remained in the uzbek ssr . between 1927 and 1934 , collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place , especially in the southern region . soviet collectivization policy brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement occurred throughout tajikistan . consequently , some peasants fought collectivization and revived the basmachi movement . some small scale industrial development also occurred during this time along with the expansion of irrigation infrastructure . [ sep ] tajik autonomous soviet socialist republic
in 1924 , the tajik autonomous soviet socialist republic was created as a part of uzbekistan , but in 1929 the tajik soviet socialist republic ( tajik ssr ) was made a separate constituent republic , however the predominantly ethnic tajik cities of samarkand and bukhara remained in the uzbek ssr . between 1927 and 1934 , collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place , especially in the southern region . soviet collectivization policy brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement occurred throughout tajikistan . consequently , some peasants fought collectivization and revived the basmachi movement . some small scale industrial development also occurred during this time along with the expansion of irrigation infrastructure . [ sep ] collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place
in 1924 , the tajik autonomous soviet socialist republic was created as a part of uzbekistan , but in 1929 the tajik soviet socialist republic ( tajik ssr ) was made a separate constituent republic , however the predominantly ethnic tajik cities of samarkand and bukhara remained in the uzbek ssr . between 1927 and 1934 , collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place , especially in the southern region . soviet collectivization policy brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement occurred throughout tajikistan . consequently , some peasants fought collectivization and revived the basmachi movement . some small scale industrial development also occurred during this time along with the expansion of irrigation infrastructure . [ sep ] in the southern region
in 1924 , the tajik autonomous soviet socialist republic was created as a part of uzbekistan , but in 1929 the tajik soviet socialist republic ( tajik ssr ) was made a separate constituent republic , however the predominantly ethnic tajik cities of samarkand and bukhara remained in the uzbek ssr . between 1927 and 1934 , collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place , especially in the southern region . soviet collectivization policy brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement occurred throughout tajikistan . consequently , some peasants fought collectivization and revived the basmachi movement . some small scale industrial development also occurred during this time along with the expansion of irrigation infrastructure . [ sep ] soviet collectivization policy brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement
waitz was influential among the british ethnologists . in 1863 the explorer richard francis burton and the speech therapist james hunt broke away from the ethnological society of london to form the anthropological society of london , which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnology . it was the 2nd society dedicated to general anthropology in existence . representatives from the french societe were present , though not broca . in his keynote address , printed in the first volume of its new publication , the anthropological review , hunt stressed the work of waitz , adopting his definitions as a standard . [ n 5 ] among the first associates were the young edward burnett tylor , inventor of cultural anthropology , and his brother alfred tylor , a geologist . previously edward had referred to himself as an ethnologist ; subsequently , an anthropologist . [ sep ] british ethnologists
waitz was influential among the british ethnologists . in 1863 the explorer richard francis burton and the speech therapist james hunt broke away from the ethnological society of london to form the anthropological society of london , which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnology . it was the 2nd society dedicated to general anthropology in existence . representatives from the french societe were present , though not broca . in his keynote address , printed in the first volume of its new publication , the anthropological review , hunt stressed the work of waitz , adopting his definitions as a standard . [ n 5 ] among the first associates were the young edward burnett tylor , inventor of cultural anthropology , and his brother alfred tylor , a geologist . previously edward had referred to himself as an ethnologist ; subsequently , an anthropologist . [ sep ] 1863
waitz was influential among the british ethnologists . in 1863 the explorer richard francis burton and the speech therapist james hunt broke away from the ethnological society of london to form the anthropological society of london , which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnology . it was the 2nd society dedicated to general anthropology in existence . representatives from the french societe were present , though not broca . in his keynote address , printed in the first volume of its new publication , the anthropological review , hunt stressed the work of waitz , adopting his definitions as a standard . [ n 5 ] among the first associates were the young edward burnett tylor , inventor of cultural anthropology , and his brother alfred tylor , a geologist . previously edward had referred to himself as an ethnologist ; subsequently , an anthropologist . [ sep ] anthropology
waitz was influential among the british ethnologists . in 1863 the explorer richard francis burton and the speech therapist james hunt broke away from the ethnological society of london to form the anthropological society of london , which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnology . it was the 2nd society dedicated to general anthropology in existence . representatives from the french societe were present , though not broca . in his keynote address , printed in the first volume of its new publication , the anthropological review , hunt stressed the work of waitz , adopting his definitions as a standard . [ n 5 ] among the first associates were the young edward burnett tylor , inventor of cultural anthropology , and his brother alfred tylor , a geologist . previously edward had referred to himself as an ethnologist ; subsequently , an anthropologist . [ sep ] french societe
waitz was influential among the british ethnologists . in 1863 the explorer richard francis burton and the speech therapist james hunt broke away from the ethnological society of london to form the anthropological society of london , which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnology . it was the 2nd society dedicated to general anthropology in existence . representatives from the french societe were present , though not broca . in his keynote address , printed in the first volume of its new publication , the anthropological review , hunt stressed the work of waitz , adopting his definitions as a standard . [ n 5 ] among the first associates were the young edward burnett tylor , inventor of cultural anthropology , and his brother alfred tylor , a geologist . previously edward had referred to himself as an ethnologist ; subsequently , an anthropologist . [ sep ] waitz
two rounds of soviet purges directed by moscow ( 1927 – 1934 and 1937 – 1938 ) resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10 , 000 people , from all levels of the communist party of tajikistan . ethnic russians were sent in to replace those expelled and subsequently russians dominated party positions at all levels , including the top position of first secretary . between 1926 and 1959 the proportion of russians among tajikistan ' s population grew from less than 1 % to 13 % . bobojon ghafurov , tajikistan ' s first secretary of the communist party of tajikistan from 1946 – 1956 was the only tajikistani politician of significance outside of the country during the soviet era . he was followed in office by tursun uljabayev ( 1956 – 61 ) , jabbor rasulov ( 1961 – 1982 ) , and rahmon nabiyev ( 1982 – 1985 , 1991 – 1992 ) . [ sep ] moscow
two rounds of soviet purges directed by moscow ( 1927 – 1934 and 1937 – 1938 ) resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10 , 000 people , from all levels of the communist party of tajikistan . ethnic russians were sent in to replace those expelled and subsequently russians dominated party positions at all levels , including the top position of first secretary . between 1926 and 1959 the proportion of russians among tajikistan ' s population grew from less than 1 % to 13 % . bobojon ghafurov , tajikistan ' s first secretary of the communist party of tajikistan from 1946 – 1956 was the only tajikistani politician of significance outside of the country during the soviet era . he was followed in office by tursun uljabayev ( 1956 – 61 ) , jabbor rasulov ( 1961 – 1982 ) , and rahmon nabiyev ( 1982 – 1985 , 1991 – 1992 ) . [ sep ] nearly 10 , 000 people
two rounds of soviet purges directed by moscow ( 1927 – 1934 and 1937 – 1938 ) resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10 , 000 people , from all levels of the communist party of tajikistan . ethnic russians were sent in to replace those expelled and subsequently russians dominated party positions at all levels , including the top position of first secretary . between 1926 and 1959 the proportion of russians among tajikistan ' s population grew from less than 1 % to 13 % . bobojon ghafurov , tajikistan ' s first secretary of the communist party of tajikistan from 1946 – 1956 was the only tajikistani politician of significance outside of the country during the soviet era . he was followed in office by tursun uljabayev ( 1956 – 61 ) , jabbor rasulov ( 1961 – 1982 ) , and rahmon nabiyev ( 1982 – 1985 , 1991 – 1992 ) . [ sep ] ethnic russians
two rounds of soviet purges directed by moscow ( 1927 – 1934 and 1937 – 1938 ) resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10 , 000 people , from all levels of the communist party of tajikistan . ethnic russians were sent in to replace those expelled and subsequently russians dominated party positions at all levels , including the top position of first secretary . between 1926 and 1959 the proportion of russians among tajikistan ' s population grew from less than 1 % to 13 % . bobojon ghafurov , tajikistan ' s first secretary of the communist party of tajikistan from 1946 – 1956 was the only tajikistani politician of significance outside of the country during the soviet era . he was followed in office by tursun uljabayev ( 1956 – 61 ) , jabbor rasulov ( 1961 – 1982 ) , and rahmon nabiyev ( 1982 – 1985 , 1991 – 1992 ) . [ sep ] subsequently russians dominated party positions at all levels , including the top position of first secretary
two rounds of soviet purges directed by moscow ( 1927 – 1934 and 1937 – 1938 ) resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10 , 000 people , from all levels of the communist party of tajikistan . ethnic russians were sent in to replace those expelled and subsequently russians dominated party positions at all levels , including the top position of first secretary . between 1926 and 1959 the proportion of russians among tajikistan ' s population grew from less than 1 % to 13 % . bobojon ghafurov , tajikistan ' s first secretary of the communist party of tajikistan from 1946 – 1956 was the only tajikistani politician of significance outside of the country during the soviet era . he was followed in office by tursun uljabayev ( 1956 – 61 ) , jabbor rasulov ( 1961 – 1982 ) , and rahmon nabiyev ( 1982 – 1985 , 1991 – 1992 ) . [ sep ] grew from less than 1 % to 13 %
the joan b . kroc institute for international peace studies at the university of notre dame is dedicated to research , education and outreach on the causes of violent conflict and the conditions for sustainable peace . it offers phd , master ' s , and undergraduate degrees in peace studies . it was founded in 1986 through the donations of joan b . kroc , the widow of mcdonald ' s owner ray kroc . the institute was inspired by the vision of the rev . theodore m . hesburgh csc , president emeritus of the university of notre dame . the institute has contributed to international policy discussions about peace building practices . [ sep ] joan b . kroc institute for international peace studies
the joan b . kroc institute for international peace studies at the university of notre dame is dedicated to research , education and outreach on the causes of violent conflict and the conditions for sustainable peace . it offers phd , master ' s , and undergraduate degrees in peace studies . it was founded in 1986 through the donations of joan b . kroc , the widow of mcdonald ' s owner ray kroc . the institute was inspired by the vision of the rev . theodore m . hesburgh csc , president emeritus of the university of notre dame . the institute has contributed to international policy discussions about peace building practices . [ sep ] 1986
the joan b . kroc institute for international peace studies at the university of notre dame is dedicated to research , education and outreach on the causes of violent conflict and the conditions for sustainable peace . it offers phd , master ' s , and undergraduate degrees in peace studies . it was founded in 1986 through the donations of joan b . kroc , the widow of mcdonald ' s owner ray kroc . the institute was inspired by the vision of the rev . theodore m . hesburgh csc , president emeritus of the university of notre dame . the institute has contributed to international policy discussions about peace building practices . [ sep ] ray kroc
the joan b . kroc institute for international peace studies at the university of notre dame is dedicated to research , education and outreach on the causes of violent conflict and the conditions for sustainable peace . it offers phd , master ' s , and undergraduate degrees in peace studies . it was founded in 1986 through the donations of joan b . kroc , the widow of mcdonald ' s owner ray kroc . the institute was inspired by the vision of the rev . theodore m . hesburgh csc , president emeritus of the university of notre dame . the institute has contributed to international policy discussions about peace building practices . [ sep ] president emeritus of the university of notre dame
the joan b . kroc institute for international peace studies at the university of notre dame is dedicated to research , education and outreach on the causes of violent conflict and the conditions for sustainable peace . it offers phd , master ' s , and undergraduate degrees in peace studies . it was founded in 1986 through the donations of joan b . kroc , the widow of mcdonald ' s owner ray kroc . the institute was inspired by the vision of the rev . theodore m . hesburgh csc , president emeritus of the university of notre dame . the institute has contributed to international policy discussions about peace building practices . [ sep ] mcdonald ' s
similar organizations in other countries followed : the american anthropological association in 1902 , the anthropological society of madrid ( 1865 ) , the anthropological society of vienna ( 1870 ) , the italian society of anthropology and ethnology ( 1871 ) , and many others subsequently . the majority of these were evolutionist . one notable exception was the berlin society of anthropology ( 1869 ) founded by rudolph virchow , known for his vituperative attacks on the evolutionists . not religious himself , he insisted that darwin ' s conclusions lacked empirical foundation . [ sep ] 1902
similar organizations in other countries followed : the american anthropological association in 1902 , the anthropological society of madrid ( 1865 ) , the anthropological society of vienna ( 1870 ) , the italian society of anthropology and ethnology ( 1871 ) , and many others subsequently . the majority of these were evolutionist . one notable exception was the berlin society of anthropology ( 1869 ) founded by rudolph virchow , known for his vituperative attacks on the evolutionists . not religious himself , he insisted that darwin ' s conclusions lacked empirical foundation . [ sep ] 1865
similar organizations in other countries followed : the american anthropological association in 1902 , the anthropological society of madrid ( 1865 ) , the anthropological society of vienna ( 1870 ) , the italian society of anthropology and ethnology ( 1871 ) , and many others subsequently . the majority of these were evolutionist . one notable exception was the berlin society of anthropology ( 1869 ) founded by rudolph virchow , known for his vituperative attacks on the evolutionists . not religious himself , he insisted that darwin ' s conclusions lacked empirical foundation . [ sep ] 1870
similar organizations in other countries followed : the american anthropological association in 1902 , the anthropological society of madrid ( 1865 ) , the anthropological society of vienna ( 1870 ) , the italian society of anthropology and ethnology ( 1871 ) , and many others subsequently . the majority of these were evolutionist . one notable exception was the berlin society of anthropology ( 1869 ) founded by rudolph virchow , known for his vituperative attacks on the evolutionists . not religious himself , he insisted that darwin ' s conclusions lacked empirical foundation . [ sep ] 1869
similar organizations in other countries followed : the american anthropological association in 1902 , the anthropological society of madrid ( 1865 ) , the anthropological society of vienna ( 1870 ) , the italian society of anthropology and ethnology ( 1871 ) , and many others subsequently . the majority of these were evolutionist . one notable exception was the berlin society of anthropology ( 1869 ) founded by rudolph virchow , known for his vituperative attacks on the evolutionists . not religious himself , he insisted that darwin ' s conclusions lacked empirical foundation . [ sep ] empirical foundation
tajiks began to be conscripted into the soviet army in 1939 and during world war ii around 260 , 000 tajik citizens fought against germany , finland and japan . between 60 , 000 ( 4 % ) and 120 , 000 ( 8 % ) of tajikistan ' s 1 , 530 , 000 citizens were killed during world war ii . following the war and stalin ' s reign attempts were made to further expand the agriculture and industry of tajikistan . during 1957 – 58 nikita khrushchev ' s virgin lands campaign focused attention on tajikistan , where living conditions , education and industry lagged behind the other soviet republics . in the 1980s , tajikistan had the lowest household saving rate in the ussr , the lowest percentage of households in the two top per capita income groups , and the lowest rate of university graduates per 1000 people . by the late 1980s tajik nationalists were calling for increased rights . real disturbances did not occur within the republic until 1990 . the following year , the soviet union collapsed , and tajikistan declared its independence . [ sep ] 1939
tajiks began to be conscripted into the soviet army in 1939 and during world war ii around 260 , 000 tajik citizens fought against germany , finland and japan . between 60 , 000 ( 4 % ) and 120 , 000 ( 8 % ) of tajikistan ' s 1 , 530 , 000 citizens were killed during world war ii . following the war and stalin ' s reign attempts were made to further expand the agriculture and industry of tajikistan . during 1957 – 58 nikita khrushchev ' s virgin lands campaign focused attention on tajikistan , where living conditions , education and industry lagged behind the other soviet republics . in the 1980s , tajikistan had the lowest household saving rate in the ussr , the lowest percentage of households in the two top per capita income groups , and the lowest rate of university graduates per 1000 people . by the late 1980s tajik nationalists were calling for increased rights . real disturbances did not occur within the republic until 1990 . the following year , the soviet union collapsed , and tajikistan declared its independence . [ sep ] 260 , 000 tajik
tajiks began to be conscripted into the soviet army in 1939 and during world war ii around 260 , 000 tajik citizens fought against germany , finland and japan . between 60 , 000 ( 4 % ) and 120 , 000 ( 8 % ) of tajikistan ' s 1 , 530 , 000 citizens were killed during world war ii . following the war and stalin ' s reign attempts were made to further expand the agriculture and industry of tajikistan . during 1957 – 58 nikita khrushchev ' s virgin lands campaign focused attention on tajikistan , where living conditions , education and industry lagged behind the other soviet republics . in the 1980s , tajikistan had the lowest household saving rate in the ussr , the lowest percentage of households in the two top per capita income groups , and the lowest rate of university graduates per 1000 people . by the late 1980s tajik nationalists were calling for increased rights . real disturbances did not occur within the republic until 1990 . the following year , the soviet union collapsed , and tajikistan declared its independence . [ sep ] between 60 , 000 ( 4 % ) and 120 , 000 ( 8 % )
tajiks began to be conscripted into the soviet army in 1939 and during world war ii around 260 , 000 tajik citizens fought against germany , finland and japan . between 60 , 000 ( 4 % ) and 120 , 000 ( 8 % ) of tajikistan ' s 1 , 530 , 000 citizens were killed during world war ii . following the war and stalin ' s reign attempts were made to further expand the agriculture and industry of tajikistan . during 1957 – 58 nikita khrushchev ' s virgin lands campaign focused attention on tajikistan , where living conditions , education and industry lagged behind the other soviet republics . in the 1980s , tajikistan had the lowest household saving rate in the ussr , the lowest percentage of households in the two top per capita income groups , and the lowest rate of university graduates per 1000 people . by the late 1980s tajik nationalists were calling for increased rights . real disturbances did not occur within the republic until 1990 . the following year , the soviet union collapsed , and tajikistan declared its independence . [ sep ] living conditions , education and industry
during the last three decades of the 19th century a proliferation of anthropological societies and associations occurred , most independent , most publishing their own journals , and all international in membership and association . the major theorists belonged to these organizations . they supported the gradual osmosis of anthropology curricula into the major institutions of higher learning . by 1898 the american association for the advancement of science was able to report that 48 educational institutions in 13 countries had some curriculum in anthropology . none of the 75 faculty members were under a department named anthropology . [ sep ] anthropological societies
during the last three decades of the 19th century a proliferation of anthropological societies and associations occurred , most independent , most publishing their own journals , and all international in membership and association . the major theorists belonged to these organizations . they supported the gradual osmosis of anthropology curricula into the major institutions of higher learning . by 1898 the american association for the advancement of science was able to report that 48 educational institutions in 13 countries had some curriculum in anthropology . none of the 75 faculty members were under a department named anthropology . [ sep ] international
during the last three decades of the 19th century a proliferation of anthropological societies and associations occurred , most independent , most publishing their own journals , and all international in membership and association . the major theorists belonged to these organizations . they supported the gradual osmosis of anthropology curricula into the major institutions of higher learning . by 1898 the american association for the advancement of science was able to report that 48 educational institutions in 13 countries had some curriculum in anthropology . none of the 75 faculty members were under a department named anthropology . [ sep ] the major theorists
during the last three decades of the 19th century a proliferation of anthropological societies and associations occurred , most independent , most publishing their own journals , and all international in membership and association . the major theorists belonged to these organizations . they supported the gradual osmosis of anthropology curricula into the major institutions of higher learning . by 1898 the american association for the advancement of science was able to report that 48 educational institutions in 13 countries had some curriculum in anthropology . none of the 75 faculty members were under a department named anthropology . [ sep ] 48
during the last three decades of the 19th century a proliferation of anthropological societies and associations occurred , most independent , most publishing their own journals , and all international in membership and association . the major theorists belonged to these organizations . they supported the gradual osmosis of anthropology curricula into the major institutions of higher learning . by 1898 the american association for the advancement of science was able to report that 48 educational institutions in 13 countries had some curriculum in anthropology . none of the 75 faculty members were under a department named anthropology . [ sep ] 13
the library system of the university is divided between the main library and each of the colleges and schools . the main building is the 14 - story theodore m . hesburgh library , completed in 1963 , which is the third building to house the main collection of books . the front of the library is adorned with the word of life mural designed by artist millard sheets . this mural is popularly known as " touchdown jesus " because of its proximity to notre dame stadium and jesus ' arms appearing to make the signal for a touchdown . [ sep ] 14
the library system of the university is divided between the main library and each of the colleges and schools . the main building is the 14 - story theodore m . hesburgh library , completed in 1963 , which is the third building to house the main collection of books . the front of the library is adorned with the word of life mural designed by artist millard sheets . this mural is popularly known as " touchdown jesus " because of its proximity to notre dame stadium and jesus ' arms appearing to make the signal for a touchdown . [ sep ] theodore m . hesburgh library
the library system of the university is divided between the main library and each of the colleges and schools . the main building is the 14 - story theodore m . hesburgh library , completed in 1963 , which is the third building to house the main collection of books . the front of the library is adorned with the word of life mural designed by artist millard sheets . this mural is popularly known as " touchdown jesus " because of its proximity to notre dame stadium and jesus ' arms appearing to make the signal for a touchdown . [ sep ] 1963
the library system of the university is divided between the main library and each of the colleges and schools . the main building is the 14 - story theodore m . hesburgh library , completed in 1963 , which is the third building to house the main collection of books . the front of the library is adorned with the word of life mural designed by artist millard sheets . this mural is popularly known as " touchdown jesus " because of its proximity to notre dame stadium and jesus ' arms appearing to make the signal for a touchdown . [ sep ] millard sheets
the library system of the university is divided between the main library and each of the colleges and schools . the main building is the 14 - story theodore m . hesburgh library , completed in 1963 , which is the third building to house the main collection of books . the front of the library is adorned with the word of life mural designed by artist millard sheets . this mural is popularly known as " touchdown jesus " because of its proximity to notre dame stadium and jesus ' arms appearing to make the signal for a touchdown . [ sep ] touchdown jesus
following the earthquake , joseph i gave his prime minister even more power , and sebastiao de melo became a powerful , progressive dictator . as his power grew , his enemies increased in number , and bitter disputes with the high nobility became frequent . in 1758 joseph i was wounded in an attempted assassination . the tavora family and the duke of aveiro were implicated and executed after a quick trial . the jesuits were expelled from the country and their assets confiscated by the crown . sebastiao de melo prosecuted every person involved , even women and children . this was the final stroke that broke the power of the aristocracy . joseph i made his loyal minister count of oeiras in 1759 . [ sep ] wounded in an attempted assassination
following the earthquake , joseph i gave his prime minister even more power , and sebastiao de melo became a powerful , progressive dictator . as his power grew , his enemies increased in number , and bitter disputes with the high nobility became frequent . in 1758 joseph i was wounded in an attempted assassination . the tavora family and the duke of aveiro were implicated and executed after a quick trial . the jesuits were expelled from the country and their assets confiscated by the crown . sebastiao de melo prosecuted every person involved , even women and children . this was the final stroke that broke the power of the aristocracy . joseph i made his loyal minister count of oeiras in 1759 . [ sep ] the tavora family and the duke of aveiro
following the earthquake , joseph i gave his prime minister even more power , and sebastiao de melo became a powerful , progressive dictator . as his power grew , his enemies increased in number , and bitter disputes with the high nobility became frequent . in 1758 joseph i was wounded in an attempted assassination . the tavora family and the duke of aveiro were implicated and executed after a quick trial . the jesuits were expelled from the country and their assets confiscated by the crown . sebastiao de melo prosecuted every person involved , even women and children . this was the final stroke that broke the power of the aristocracy . joseph i made his loyal minister count of oeiras in 1759 . [ sep ] the jesuits
following the earthquake , joseph i gave his prime minister even more power , and sebastiao de melo became a powerful , progressive dictator . as his power grew , his enemies increased in number , and bitter disputes with the high nobility became frequent . in 1758 joseph i was wounded in an attempted assassination . the tavora family and the duke of aveiro were implicated and executed after a quick trial . the jesuits were expelled from the country and their assets confiscated by the crown . sebastiao de melo prosecuted every person involved , even women and children . this was the final stroke that broke the power of the aristocracy . joseph i made his loyal minister count of oeiras in 1759 . [ sep ] sebastiao de melo prosecuted every person involved , even women and children
following the earthquake , joseph i gave his prime minister even more power , and sebastiao de melo became a powerful , progressive dictator . as his power grew , his enemies increased in number , and bitter disputes with the high nobility became frequent . in 1758 joseph i was wounded in an attempted assassination . the tavora family and the duke of aveiro were implicated and executed after a quick trial . the jesuits were expelled from the country and their assets confiscated by the crown . sebastiao de melo prosecuted every person involved , even women and children . this was the final stroke that broke the power of the aristocracy . joseph i made his loyal minister count of oeiras in 1759 . [ sep ] 1759
the library system also includes branch libraries for architecture , chemistry & physics , engineering , law , and mathematics as well as information centers in the mendoza college of business , the kellogg institute for international studies , the joan b . kroc institute for international peace studies , and a slide library in o ' shaughnessy hall . a theology library was also opened in fall of 2015 . located on the first floor of stanford hall , it is the first branch of the library system to be housed in a dorm room . the library system holds over three million volumes , was the single largest university library in the world upon its completion , and remains one of the 100 largest libraries in the country . [ sep ] 2015
the library system also includes branch libraries for architecture , chemistry & physics , engineering , law , and mathematics as well as information centers in the mendoza college of business , the kellogg institute for international studies , the joan b . kroc institute for international peace studies , and a slide library in o ' shaughnessy hall . a theology library was also opened in fall of 2015 . located on the first floor of stanford hall , it is the first branch of the library system to be housed in a dorm room . the library system holds over three million volumes , was the single largest university library in the world upon its completion , and remains one of the 100 largest libraries in the country . [ sep ] the first floor of stanford hall
the library system also includes branch libraries for architecture , chemistry & physics , engineering , law , and mathematics as well as information centers in the mendoza college of business , the kellogg institute for international studies , the joan b . kroc institute for international peace studies , and a slide library in o ' shaughnessy hall . a theology library was also opened in fall of 2015 . located on the first floor of stanford hall , it is the first branch of the library system to be housed in a dorm room . the library system holds over three million volumes , was the single largest university library in the world upon its completion , and remains one of the 100 largest libraries in the country . [ sep ] over three million volumes
the library system also includes branch libraries for architecture , chemistry & physics , engineering , law , and mathematics as well as information centers in the mendoza college of business , the kellogg institute for international studies , the joan b . kroc institute for international peace studies , and a slide library in o ' shaughnessy hall . a theology library was also opened in fall of 2015 . located on the first floor of stanford hall , it is the first branch of the library system to be housed in a dorm room . the library system holds over three million volumes , was the single largest university library in the world upon its completion , and remains one of the 100 largest libraries in the country . [ sep ] one of the 100 largest
this meagre statistic expanded in the 20th century to comprise anthropology departments in the majority of the world ' s higher educational institutions , many thousands in number . anthropology has diversified from a few major subdivisions to dozens more . practical anthropology , the use of anthropological knowledge and technique to solve specific problems , has arrived ; for example , the presence of buried victims might stimulate the use of a forensic archaeologist to recreate the final scene . organization has reached global level . for example , the world council of anthropological associations ( wcaa ) , " a network of national , regional and international associations that aims to promote worldwide communication and cooperation in anthropology " , currently contains members from about three dozen nations . [ sep ] majority of the world ' s higher educational institutions
this meagre statistic expanded in the 20th century to comprise anthropology departments in the majority of the world ' s higher educational institutions , many thousands in number . anthropology has diversified from a few major subdivisions to dozens more . practical anthropology , the use of anthropological knowledge and technique to solve specific problems , has arrived ; for example , the presence of buried victims might stimulate the use of a forensic archaeologist to recreate the final scene . organization has reached global level . for example , the world council of anthropological associations ( wcaa ) , " a network of national , regional and international associations that aims to promote worldwide communication and cooperation in anthropology " , currently contains members from about three dozen nations . [ sep ] subdivisions
this meagre statistic expanded in the 20th century to comprise anthropology departments in the majority of the world ' s higher educational institutions , many thousands in number . anthropology has diversified from a few major subdivisions to dozens more . practical anthropology , the use of anthropological knowledge and technique to solve specific problems , has arrived ; for example , the presence of buried victims might stimulate the use of a forensic archaeologist to recreate the final scene . organization has reached global level . for example , the world council of anthropological associations ( wcaa ) , " a network of national , regional and international associations that aims to promote worldwide communication and cooperation in anthropology " , currently contains members from about three dozen nations . [ sep ] practical
this meagre statistic expanded in the 20th century to comprise anthropology departments in the majority of the world ' s higher educational institutions , many thousands in number . anthropology has diversified from a few major subdivisions to dozens more . practical anthropology , the use of anthropological knowledge and technique to solve specific problems , has arrived ; for example , the presence of buried victims might stimulate the use of a forensic archaeologist to recreate the final scene . organization has reached global level . for example , the world council of anthropological associations ( wcaa ) , " a network of national , regional and international associations that aims to promote worldwide communication and cooperation in anthropology " , currently contains members from about three dozen nations . [ sep ] recreate the final scene
this meagre statistic expanded in the 20th century to comprise anthropology departments in the majority of the world ' s higher educational institutions , many thousands in number . anthropology has diversified from a few major subdivisions to dozens more . practical anthropology , the use of anthropological knowledge and technique to solve specific problems , has arrived ; for example , the presence of buried victims might stimulate the use of a forensic archaeologist to recreate the final scene . organization has reached global level . for example , the world council of anthropological associations ( wcaa ) , " a network of national , regional and international associations that aims to promote worldwide communication and cooperation in anthropology " , currently contains members from about three dozen nations . [ sep ] about three dozen
notre dame is known for its competitive admissions , with the incoming class enrolling in fall 2015 admitting 3 , 577 from a pool of 18 , 156 ( 19 . 7 % ) . the academic profile of the enrolled class continues to rate among the top 10 to 15 in the nation for national research universities . the university practices a non - restrictive early action policy that allows admitted students to consider admission to notre dame as well as any other colleges to which they were accepted . 1 , 400 of the 3 , 577 ( 39 . 1 % ) were admitted under the early action plan . admitted students came from 1 , 311 high schools and the average student traveled more than 750 miles to notre dame , making it arguably the most representative university in the united states . while all entering students begin in the college of the first year of studies , 25 % have indicated they plan to study in the liberal arts or social sciences , 24 % in engineering , 24 % in business , 24 % in science , and 3 % in architecture . [ sep ] 19 . 7 %
notre dame is known for its competitive admissions , with the incoming class enrolling in fall 2015 admitting 3 , 577 from a pool of 18 , 156 ( 19 . 7 % ) . the academic profile of the enrolled class continues to rate among the top 10 to 15 in the nation for national research universities . the university practices a non - restrictive early action policy that allows admitted students to consider admission to notre dame as well as any other colleges to which they were accepted . 1 , 400 of the 3 , 577 ( 39 . 1 % ) were admitted under the early action plan . admitted students came from 1 , 311 high schools and the average student traveled more than 750 miles to notre dame , making it arguably the most representative university in the united states . while all entering students begin in the college of the first year of studies , 25 % have indicated they plan to study in the liberal arts or social sciences , 24 % in engineering , 24 % in business , 24 % in science , and 3 % in architecture . [ sep ] 3 , 577
notre dame is known for its competitive admissions , with the incoming class enrolling in fall 2015 admitting 3 , 577 from a pool of 18 , 156 ( 19 . 7 % ) . the academic profile of the enrolled class continues to rate among the top 10 to 15 in the nation for national research universities . the university practices a non - restrictive early action policy that allows admitted students to consider admission to notre dame as well as any other colleges to which they were accepted . 1 , 400 of the 3 , 577 ( 39 . 1 % ) were admitted under the early action plan . admitted students came from 1 , 311 high schools and the average student traveled more than 750 miles to notre dame , making it arguably the most representative university in the united states . while all entering students begin in the college of the first year of studies , 25 % have indicated they plan to study in the liberal arts or social sciences , 24 % in engineering , 24 % in business , 24 % in science , and 3 % in architecture . [ sep ] the top 10 to 15 in the nation
notre dame is known for its competitive admissions , with the incoming class enrolling in fall 2015 admitting 3 , 577 from a pool of 18 , 156 ( 19 . 7 % ) . the academic profile of the enrolled class continues to rate among the top 10 to 15 in the nation for national research universities . the university practices a non - restrictive early action policy that allows admitted students to consider admission to notre dame as well as any other colleges to which they were accepted . 1 , 400 of the 3 , 577 ( 39 . 1 % ) were admitted under the early action plan . admitted students came from 1 , 311 high schools and the average student traveled more than 750 miles to notre dame , making it arguably the most representative university in the united states . while all entering students begin in the college of the first year of studies , 25 % have indicated they plan to study in the liberal arts or social sciences , 24 % in engineering , 24 % in business , 24 % in science , and 3 % in architecture . [ sep ] 39 . 1 %
notre dame is known for its competitive admissions , with the incoming class enrolling in fall 2015 admitting 3 , 577 from a pool of 18 , 156 ( 19 . 7 % ) . the academic profile of the enrolled class continues to rate among the top 10 to 15 in the nation for national research universities . the university practices a non - restrictive early action policy that allows admitted students to consider admission to notre dame as well as any other colleges to which they were accepted . 1 , 400 of the 3 , 577 ( 39 . 1 % ) were admitted under the early action plan . admitted students came from 1 , 311 high schools and the average student traveled more than 750 miles to notre dame , making it arguably the most representative university in the united states . while all entering students begin in the college of the first year of studies , 25 % have indicated they plan to study in the liberal arts or social sciences , 24 % in engineering , 24 % in business , 24 % in science , and 3 % in architecture . [ sep ] more than 750 miles
since the work of franz boas and bronisław malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , social anthropology in great britain and cultural anthropology in the us have been distinguished from other social sciences by its emphasis on cross - cultural comparisons , long - term in - depth examination of context , and the importance it places on participant - observation or experiential immersion in the area of research . cultural anthropology in particular has emphasized cultural relativism , holism , and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques . this has been particularly prominent in the united states , from boas ' arguments against 19th - century racial ideology , through margaret mead ' s advocacy for gender equality and sexual liberation , to current criticisms of post - colonial oppression and promotion of multiculturalism . ethnography is one of its primary research designs as well as the text that is generated from anthropological fieldwork . [ sep ] late 19th and early 20th centuries
since the work of franz boas and bronisław malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , social anthropology in great britain and cultural anthropology in the us have been distinguished from other social sciences by its emphasis on cross - cultural comparisons , long - term in - depth examination of context , and the importance it places on participant - observation or experiential immersion in the area of research . cultural anthropology in particular has emphasized cultural relativism , holism , and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques . this has been particularly prominent in the united states , from boas ' arguments against 19th - century racial ideology , through margaret mead ' s advocacy for gender equality and sexual liberation , to current criticisms of post - colonial oppression and promotion of multiculturalism . ethnography is one of its primary research designs as well as the text that is generated from anthropological fieldwork . [ sep ] cross - cultural comparisons
since the work of franz boas and bronisław malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , social anthropology in great britain and cultural anthropology in the us have been distinguished from other social sciences by its emphasis on cross - cultural comparisons , long - term in - depth examination of context , and the importance it places on participant - observation or experiential immersion in the area of research . cultural anthropology in particular has emphasized cultural relativism , holism , and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques . this has been particularly prominent in the united states , from boas ' arguments against 19th - century racial ideology , through margaret mead ' s advocacy for gender equality and sexual liberation , to current criticisms of post - colonial oppression and promotion of multiculturalism . ethnography is one of its primary research designs as well as the text that is generated from anthropological fieldwork . [ sep ] cultural relativism , holism , and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques
since the work of franz boas and bronisław malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , social anthropology in great britain and cultural anthropology in the us have been distinguished from other social sciences by its emphasis on cross - cultural comparisons , long - term in - depth examination of context , and the importance it places on participant - observation or experiential immersion in the area of research . cultural anthropology in particular has emphasized cultural relativism , holism , and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques . this has been particularly prominent in the united states , from boas ' arguments against 19th - century racial ideology , through margaret mead ' s advocacy for gender equality and sexual liberation , to current criticisms of post - colonial oppression and promotion of multiculturalism . ethnography is one of its primary research designs as well as the text that is generated from anthropological fieldwork . [ sep ] 19th - century racial ideology
since the work of franz boas and bronisław malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , social anthropology in great britain and cultural anthropology in the us have been distinguished from other social sciences by its emphasis on cross - cultural comparisons , long - term in - depth examination of context , and the importance it places on participant - observation or experiential immersion in the area of research . cultural anthropology in particular has emphasized cultural relativism , holism , and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques . this has been particularly prominent in the united states , from boas ' arguments against 19th - century racial ideology , through margaret mead ' s advocacy for gender equality and sexual liberation , to current criticisms of post - colonial oppression and promotion of multiculturalism . ethnography is one of its primary research designs as well as the text that is generated from anthropological fieldwork . [ sep ] gender equality and sexual liberation
the nation almost immediately fell into civil war that involved various factions fighting one another ; these factions were often distinguished by clan loyalties . more than 500 , 000 residents fled during this time because of persecution , increased poverty and better economic opportunities in the west or in other former soviet republics . emomali rahmon came to power in 1992 , defeating former prime minister abdumalik abdullajanov in a november presidential election with 58 % of the vote . the elections took place shortly after the end of the war , and tajikistan was in a state of complete devastation . the estimated dead numbered over 100 , 000 . around 1 . 2 million people were refugees inside and outside of the country . in 1997 , a ceasefire was reached between rahmon and opposition parties under the guidance of gerd d . merrem , special representative to the secretary general , a result widely praised as a successful united nations peace keeping initiative . the ceasefire guaranteed 30 % of ministerial positions would go to the opposition . elections were held in 1999 , though they were criticized by opposition parties and foreign observers as unfair and rahmon was re - elected with 98 % of the vote . elections in 2006 were again won by rahmon ( with 79 % of the vote ) and he began his third term in office . several opposition parties boycotted the 2006 election and the organization for security and cooperation in europe ( osce ) criticized it , although observers from the commonwealth of independent states claimed the elections were legal and transparent . rahmon ' s administration came under further criticism from the osce in october 2010 for its censorship and repression of the media . the osce claimed that the tajik government censored tajik and foreign websites and instituted tax inspections on independent printing houses that led to the cessation of printing activities for a number of independent newspapers . [ sep ] by clan loyalties
the nation almost immediately fell into civil war that involved various factions fighting one another ; these factions were often distinguished by clan loyalties . more than 500 , 000 residents fled during this time because of persecution , increased poverty and better economic opportunities in the west or in other former soviet republics . emomali rahmon came to power in 1992 , defeating former prime minister abdumalik abdullajanov in a november presidential election with 58 % of the vote . the elections took place shortly after the end of the war , and tajikistan was in a state of complete devastation . the estimated dead numbered over 100 , 000 . around 1 . 2 million people were refugees inside and outside of the country . in 1997 , a ceasefire was reached between rahmon and opposition parties under the guidance of gerd d . merrem , special representative to the secretary general , a result widely praised as a successful united nations peace keeping initiative . the ceasefire guaranteed 30 % of ministerial positions would go to the opposition . elections were held in 1999 , though they were criticized by opposition parties and foreign observers as unfair and rahmon was re - elected with 98 % of the vote . elections in 2006 were again won by rahmon ( with 79 % of the vote ) and he began his third term in office . several opposition parties boycotted the 2006 election and the organization for security and cooperation in europe ( osce ) criticized it , although observers from the commonwealth of independent states claimed the elections were legal and transparent . rahmon ' s administration came under further criticism from the osce in october 2010 for its censorship and repression of the media . the osce claimed that the tajik government censored tajik and foreign websites and instituted tax inspections on independent printing houses that led to the cessation of printing activities for a number of independent newspapers . [ sep ] because of persecution , increased poverty and better economic opportunities
the nation almost immediately fell into civil war that involved various factions fighting one another ; these factions were often distinguished by clan loyalties . more than 500 , 000 residents fled during this time because of persecution , increased poverty and better economic opportunities in the west or in other former soviet republics . emomali rahmon came to power in 1992 , defeating former prime minister abdumalik abdullajanov in a november presidential election with 58 % of the vote . the elections took place shortly after the end of the war , and tajikistan was in a state of complete devastation . the estimated dead numbered over 100 , 000 . around 1 . 2 million people were refugees inside and outside of the country . in 1997 , a ceasefire was reached between rahmon and opposition parties under the guidance of gerd d . merrem , special representative to the secretary general , a result widely praised as a successful united nations peace keeping initiative . the ceasefire guaranteed 30 % of ministerial positions would go to the opposition . elections were held in 1999 , though they were criticized by opposition parties and foreign observers as unfair and rahmon was re - elected with 98 % of the vote . elections in 2006 were again won by rahmon ( with 79 % of the vote ) and he began his third term in office . several opposition parties boycotted the 2006 election and the organization for security and cooperation in europe ( osce ) criticized it , although observers from the commonwealth of independent states claimed the elections were legal and transparent . rahmon ' s administration came under further criticism from the osce in october 2010 for its censorship and repression of the media . the osce claimed that the tajik government censored tajik and foreign websites and instituted tax inspections on independent printing houses that led to the cessation of printing activities for a number of independent newspapers . [ sep ] emomali rahmon
the nation almost immediately fell into civil war that involved various factions fighting one another ; these factions were often distinguished by clan loyalties . more than 500 , 000 residents fled during this time because of persecution , increased poverty and better economic opportunities in the west or in other former soviet republics . emomali rahmon came to power in 1992 , defeating former prime minister abdumalik abdullajanov in a november presidential election with 58 % of the vote . the elections took place shortly after the end of the war , and tajikistan was in a state of complete devastation . the estimated dead numbered over 100 , 000 . around 1 . 2 million people were refugees inside and outside of the country . in 1997 , a ceasefire was reached between rahmon and opposition parties under the guidance of gerd d . merrem , special representative to the secretary general , a result widely praised as a successful united nations peace keeping initiative . the ceasefire guaranteed 30 % of ministerial positions would go to the opposition . elections were held in 1999 , though they were criticized by opposition parties and foreign observers as unfair and rahmon was re - elected with 98 % of the vote . elections in 2006 were again won by rahmon ( with 79 % of the vote ) and he began his third term in office . several opposition parties boycotted the 2006 election and the organization for security and cooperation in europe ( osce ) criticized it , although observers from the commonwealth of independent states claimed the elections were legal and transparent . rahmon ' s administration came under further criticism from the osce in october 2010 for its censorship and repression of the media . the osce claimed that the tajik government censored tajik and foreign websites and instituted tax inspections on independent printing houses that led to the cessation of printing activities for a number of independent newspapers . [ sep ] 30 % of ministerial positions would go to the opposition
anthropology is a global discipline where humanities , social , and natural sciences are forced to confront one another . anthropology builds upon knowledge from natural sciences , including the discoveries about the origin and evolution of homo sapiens , human physical traits , human behavior , the variations among different groups of humans , how the evolutionary past of homo sapiens has influenced its social organization and culture , and from social sciences , including the organization of human social and cultural relations , institutions , social conflicts , etc . early anthropology originated in classical greece and persia and studied and tried to understand observable cultural diversity . as such , anthropology has been central in the development of several new ( late 20th century ) interdisciplinary fields such as cognitive science , global studies , and various ethnic studies . [ sep ] global
anthropology is a global discipline where humanities , social , and natural sciences are forced to confront one another . anthropology builds upon knowledge from natural sciences , including the discoveries about the origin and evolution of homo sapiens , human physical traits , human behavior , the variations among different groups of humans , how the evolutionary past of homo sapiens has influenced its social organization and culture , and from social sciences , including the organization of human social and cultural relations , institutions , social conflicts , etc . early anthropology originated in classical greece and persia and studied and tried to understand observable cultural diversity . as such , anthropology has been central in the development of several new ( late 20th century ) interdisciplinary fields such as cognitive science , global studies , and various ethnic studies . [ sep ] humanities , social , and natural sciences
anthropology is a global discipline where humanities , social , and natural sciences are forced to confront one another . anthropology builds upon knowledge from natural sciences , including the discoveries about the origin and evolution of homo sapiens , human physical traits , human behavior , the variations among different groups of humans , how the evolutionary past of homo sapiens has influenced its social organization and culture , and from social sciences , including the organization of human social and cultural relations , institutions , social conflicts , etc . early anthropology originated in classical greece and persia and studied and tried to understand observable cultural diversity . as such , anthropology has been central in the development of several new ( late 20th century ) interdisciplinary fields such as cognitive science , global studies , and various ethnic studies . [ sep ] anthropology
anthropology is a global discipline where humanities , social , and natural sciences are forced to confront one another . anthropology builds upon knowledge from natural sciences , including the discoveries about the origin and evolution of homo sapiens , human physical traits , human behavior , the variations among different groups of humans , how the evolutionary past of homo sapiens has influenced its social organization and culture , and from social sciences , including the organization of human social and cultural relations , institutions , social conflicts , etc . early anthropology originated in classical greece and persia and studied and tried to understand observable cultural diversity . as such , anthropology has been central in the development of several new ( late 20th century ) interdisciplinary fields such as cognitive science , global studies , and various ethnic studies . [ sep ] greece and persia
anthropology is a global discipline where humanities , social , and natural sciences are forced to confront one another . anthropology builds upon knowledge from natural sciences , including the discoveries about the origin and evolution of homo sapiens , human physical traits , human behavior , the variations among different groups of humans , how the evolutionary past of homo sapiens has influenced its social organization and culture , and from social sciences , including the organization of human social and cultural relations , institutions , social conflicts , etc . early anthropology originated in classical greece and persia and studied and tried to understand observable cultural diversity . as such , anthropology has been central in the development of several new ( late 20th century ) interdisciplinary fields such as cognitive science , global studies , and various ethnic studies . [ sep ] cognitive science , global studies , and various ethnic studies
in 2015 - 2016 , notre dame ranked 18th overall among " national universities " in the united states in u . s . news & world report ' s best colleges 2016 . in 2014 , usa today ranked notre dame 10th overall for american universities based on data from college factual . forbes . com ' s america ' s best colleges ranks notre dame 13th among colleges in the united states in 2015 , 8th among research universities , and 1st in the midwest . u . s . news & world report also lists notre dame law school as 22nd overall . businessweek ranks mendoza college of business undergraduate school as 1st overall . it ranks the mba program as 20th overall . the philosophical gourmet report ranks notre dame ' s graduate philosophy program as 15th nationally , while architect magazine ranked the undergraduate architecture program as 12th nationally . additionally , the study abroad program ranks sixth in highest participation percentage in the nation , with 57 . 6 % of students choosing to study abroad in 17 countries . according to payscale . com , undergraduate alumni of university of notre dame have a mid - career median salary $ 110 , 000 , making it the 24th highest among colleges and universities in the united states . the median starting salary of $ 55 , 300 ranked 58th in the same peer group . [ sep ] 18th overall
in 2015 - 2016 , notre dame ranked 18th overall among " national universities " in the united states in u . s . news & world report ' s best colleges 2016 . in 2014 , usa today ranked notre dame 10th overall for american universities based on data from college factual . forbes . com ' s america ' s best colleges ranks notre dame 13th among colleges in the united states in 2015 , 8th among research universities , and 1st in the midwest . u . s . news & world report also lists notre dame law school as 22nd overall . businessweek ranks mendoza college of business undergraduate school as 1st overall . it ranks the mba program as 20th overall . the philosophical gourmet report ranks notre dame ' s graduate philosophy program as 15th nationally , while architect magazine ranked the undergraduate architecture program as 12th nationally . additionally , the study abroad program ranks sixth in highest participation percentage in the nation , with 57 . 6 % of students choosing to study abroad in 17 countries . according to payscale . com , undergraduate alumni of university of notre dame have a mid - career median salary $ 110 , 000 , making it the 24th highest among colleges and universities in the united states . the median starting salary of $ 55 , 300 ranked 58th in the same peer group . [ sep ] usa today
in 2015 - 2016 , notre dame ranked 18th overall among " national universities " in the united states in u . s . news & world report ' s best colleges 2016 . in 2014 , usa today ranked notre dame 10th overall for american universities based on data from college factual . forbes . com ' s america ' s best colleges ranks notre dame 13th among colleges in the united states in 2015 , 8th among research universities , and 1st in the midwest . u . s . news & world report also lists notre dame law school as 22nd overall . businessweek ranks mendoza college of business undergraduate school as 1st overall . it ranks the mba program as 20th overall . the philosophical gourmet report ranks notre dame ' s graduate philosophy program as 15th nationally , while architect magazine ranked the undergraduate architecture program as 12th nationally . additionally , the study abroad program ranks sixth in highest participation percentage in the nation , with 57 . 6 % of students choosing to study abroad in 17 countries . according to payscale . com , undergraduate alumni of university of notre dame have a mid - career median salary $ 110 , 000 , making it the 24th highest among colleges and universities in the united states . the median starting salary of $ 55 , 300 ranked 58th in the same peer group . [ sep ] 8th
in 2015 - 2016 , notre dame ranked 18th overall among " national universities " in the united states in u . s . news & world report ' s best colleges 2016 . in 2014 , usa today ranked notre dame 10th overall for american universities based on data from college factual . forbes . com ' s america ' s best colleges ranks notre dame 13th among colleges in the united states in 2015 , 8th among research universities , and 1st in the midwest . u . s . news & world report also lists notre dame law school as 22nd overall . businessweek ranks mendoza college of business undergraduate school as 1st overall . it ranks the mba program as 20th overall . the philosophical gourmet report ranks notre dame ' s graduate philosophy program as 15th nationally , while architect magazine ranked the undergraduate architecture program as 12th nationally . additionally , the study abroad program ranks sixth in highest participation percentage in the nation , with 57 . 6 % of students choosing to study abroad in 17 countries . according to payscale . com , undergraduate alumni of university of notre dame have a mid - career median salary $ 110 , 000 , making it the 24th highest among colleges and universities in the united states . the median starting salary of $ 55 , 300 ranked 58th in the same peer group . [ sep ] 1st overall
in 2015 - 2016 , notre dame ranked 18th overall among " national universities " in the united states in u . s . news & world report ' s best colleges 2016 . in 2014 , usa today ranked notre dame 10th overall for american universities based on data from college factual . forbes . com ' s america ' s best colleges ranks notre dame 13th among colleges in the united states in 2015 , 8th among research universities , and 1st in the midwest . u . s . news & world report also lists notre dame law school as 22nd overall . businessweek ranks mendoza college of business undergraduate school as 1st overall . it ranks the mba program as 20th overall . the philosophical gourmet report ranks notre dame ' s graduate philosophy program as 15th nationally , while architect magazine ranked the undergraduate architecture program as 12th nationally . additionally , the study abroad program ranks sixth in highest participation percentage in the nation , with 57 . 6 % of students choosing to study abroad in 17 countries . according to payscale . com , undergraduate alumni of university of notre dame have a mid - career median salary $ 110 , 000 , making it the 24th highest among colleges and universities in the united states . the median starting salary of $ 55 , 300 ranked 58th in the same peer group . [ sep ] 57 . 6 %
sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories , as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies . during the 1970s and 1990s , there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline . [ page needed ] during this shift , enduring questions about the nature and production of knowledge came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology . in contrast , archaeology and biological anthropology remained largely positivist . due to this difference in epistemology , the four sub - fields of anthropology have lacked cohesion over the last several decades . [ sep ] structuralist and postmodern theories
sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories , as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies . during the 1970s and 1990s , there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline . [ page needed ] during this shift , enduring questions about the nature and production of knowledge came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology . in contrast , archaeology and biological anthropology remained largely positivist . due to this difference in epistemology , the four sub - fields of anthropology have lacked cohesion over the last several decades . [ sep ] during the 1970s and 1990s
sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories , as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies . during the 1970s and 1990s , there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline . [ page needed ] during this shift , enduring questions about the nature and production of knowledge came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology . in contrast , archaeology and biological anthropology remained largely positivist . due to this difference in epistemology , the four sub - fields of anthropology have lacked cohesion over the last several decades . [ sep ] nature and production of knowledge
sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories , as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies . during the 1970s and 1990s , there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline . [ page needed ] during this shift , enduring questions about the nature and production of knowledge came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology . in contrast , archaeology and biological anthropology remained largely positivist . due to this difference in epistemology , the four sub - fields of anthropology have lacked cohesion over the last several decades . [ sep ] archaeology and biological anthropology
sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories , as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies . during the 1970s and 1990s , there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline . [ page needed ] during this shift , enduring questions about the nature and production of knowledge came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology . in contrast , archaeology and biological anthropology remained largely positivist . due to this difference in epistemology , the four sub - fields of anthropology have lacked cohesion over the last several decades . [ sep ] cohesion
following the tavora affair , the new count of oeiras knew no opposition . made " marquis of pombal " in 1770 , he effectively ruled portugal until joseph i ' s death in 1779 . however , historians also argue that pombal ’ s " enlightenment , " while far - reaching , was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and especially an apparatus for crushing opposition , suppressing criticism , and furthering colonial economic exploitation as well as intensifying book censorship and consolidating personal control and profit . [ sep ] knew no opposition
following the tavora affair , the new count of oeiras knew no opposition . made " marquis of pombal " in 1770 , he effectively ruled portugal until joseph i ' s death in 1779 . however , historians also argue that pombal ’ s " enlightenment , " while far - reaching , was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and especially an apparatus for crushing opposition , suppressing criticism , and furthering colonial economic exploitation as well as intensifying book censorship and consolidating personal control and profit . [ sep ] 1770
following the tavora affair , the new count of oeiras knew no opposition . made " marquis of pombal " in 1770 , he effectively ruled portugal until joseph i ' s death in 1779 . however , historians also argue that pombal ’ s " enlightenment , " while far - reaching , was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and especially an apparatus for crushing opposition , suppressing criticism , and furthering colonial economic exploitation as well as intensifying book censorship and consolidating personal control and profit . [ sep ] until joseph i ' s death in 1779
following the tavora affair , the new count of oeiras knew no opposition . made " marquis of pombal " in 1770 , he effectively ruled portugal until joseph i ' s death in 1779 . however , historians also argue that pombal ’ s " enlightenment , " while far - reaching , was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and especially an apparatus for crushing opposition , suppressing criticism , and furthering colonial economic exploitation as well as intensifying book censorship and consolidating personal control and profit . [ sep ] autocracy
following the tavora affair , the new count of oeiras knew no opposition . made " marquis of pombal " in 1770 , he effectively ruled portugal until joseph i ' s death in 1779 . however , historians also argue that pombal ’ s " enlightenment , " while far - reaching , was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and especially an apparatus for crushing opposition , suppressing criticism , and furthering colonial economic exploitation as well as intensifying book censorship and consolidating personal control and profit . [ sep ] crushing opposition , suppressing criticism , and furthering colonial economic exploitation
russian border troops were stationed along the tajik – afghan border until summer 2005 . since the september 11 , 2001 attacks , french troops have been stationed at the dushanbe airport in support of air operations of nato ' s international security assistance force in afghanistan . united states army and marine corps personnel periodically visit tajikistan to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration . the government of india rebuilt the ayni air base , a military airport located 15 km southwest of dushanbe , at a cost of $ 70 million , completing the repairs in september 2010 . it is now the main base of the tajikistan air force . there have been talks with russia concerning use of the ayni facility , and russia continues to maintain a large base on the outskirts of dushanbe . [ sep ] russian border troops
russian border troops were stationed along the tajik – afghan border until summer 2005 . since the september 11 , 2001 attacks , french troops have been stationed at the dushanbe airport in support of air operations of nato ' s international security assistance force in afghanistan . united states army and marine corps personnel periodically visit tajikistan to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration . the government of india rebuilt the ayni air base , a military airport located 15 km southwest of dushanbe , at a cost of $ 70 million , completing the repairs in september 2010 . it is now the main base of the tajikistan air force . there have been talks with russia concerning use of the ayni facility , and russia continues to maintain a large base on the outskirts of dushanbe . [ sep ] at the dushanbe airport
russian border troops were stationed along the tajik – afghan border until summer 2005 . since the september 11 , 2001 attacks , french troops have been stationed at the dushanbe airport in support of air operations of nato ' s international security assistance force in afghanistan . united states army and marine corps personnel periodically visit tajikistan to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration . the government of india rebuilt the ayni air base , a military airport located 15 km southwest of dushanbe , at a cost of $ 70 million , completing the repairs in september 2010 . it is now the main base of the tajikistan air force . there have been talks with russia concerning use of the ayni facility , and russia continues to maintain a large base on the outskirts of dushanbe . [ sep ] to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration .
russian border troops were stationed along the tajik – afghan border until summer 2005 . since the september 11 , 2001 attacks , french troops have been stationed at the dushanbe airport in support of air operations of nato ' s international security assistance force in afghanistan . united states army and marine corps personnel periodically visit tajikistan to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration . the government of india rebuilt the ayni air base , a military airport located 15 km southwest of dushanbe , at a cost of $ 70 million , completing the repairs in september 2010 . it is now the main base of the tajikistan air force . there have been talks with russia concerning use of the ayni facility , and russia continues to maintain a large base on the outskirts of dushanbe . [ sep ] t located 15 km southwest of dushanbe
sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology . cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them , while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups . cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy , literature and the arts ( how one ' s culture affects experience for self and group , contributing to more complete understanding of the people ' s knowledge , customs , and institutions ) , while social anthropology is more related to sociology and history . in that it helps develop understanding of social structures , typically of others and other populations ( such as minorities , subgroups , dissidents , etc . ) . there is no hard - and - fast distinction between them , and these categories overlap to a considerable degree . [ sep ] sociocultural anthropology
sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology . cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them , while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups . cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy , literature and the arts ( how one ' s culture affects experience for self and group , contributing to more complete understanding of the people ' s knowledge , customs , and institutions ) , while social anthropology is more related to sociology and history . in that it helps develop understanding of social structures , typically of others and other populations ( such as minorities , subgroups , dissidents , etc . ) . there is no hard - and - fast distinction between them , and these categories overlap to a considerable degree . [ sep ] cultural anthropology
sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology . cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them , while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups . cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy , literature and the arts ( how one ' s culture affects experience for self and group , contributing to more complete understanding of the people ' s knowledge , customs , and institutions ) , while social anthropology is more related to sociology and history . in that it helps develop understanding of social structures , typically of others and other populations ( such as minorities , subgroups , dissidents , etc . ) . there is no hard - and - fast distinction between them , and these categories overlap to a considerable degree . [ sep ] social
sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology . cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them , while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups . cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy , literature and the arts ( how one ' s culture affects experience for self and group , contributing to more complete understanding of the people ' s knowledge , customs , and institutions ) , while social anthropology is more related to sociology and history . in that it helps develop understanding of social structures , typically of others and other populations ( such as minorities , subgroups , dissidents , etc . ) . there is no hard - and - fast distinction between them , and these categories overlap to a considerable degree . [ sep ] social structures ,
sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology . cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them , while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups . cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy , literature and the arts ( how one ' s culture affects experience for self and group , contributing to more complete understanding of the people ' s knowledge , customs , and institutions ) , while social anthropology is more related to sociology and history . in that it helps develop understanding of social structures , typically of others and other populations ( such as minorities , subgroups , dissidents , etc . ) . there is no hard - and - fast distinction between them , and these categories overlap to a considerable degree . [ sep ] hard - and - fast
father joseph carrier , c . s . c . was director of the science museum and the library and professor of chemistry and physics until 1874 . carrier taught that scientific research and its promise for progress were not antagonistic to the ideals of intellectual and moral culture endorsed by the church . one of carrier ' s students was father john augustine zahm ( 1851 – 1921 ) who was made professor and co - director of the science department at age 23 and by 1900 was a nationally prominent scientist and naturalist . zahm was active in the catholic summer school movement , which introduced catholic laity to contemporary intellectual issues . his book evolution and dogma ( 1896 ) defended certain aspects of evolutionary theory as true , and argued , moreover , that even the great church teachers thomas aquinas and augustine taught something like it . the intervention of irish american catholics in rome prevented zahm ' s censure by the vatican . in 1913 , zahm and former president theodore roosevelt embarked on a major expedition through the amazon . [ sep ] father joseph carrier , c . s . c .
father joseph carrier , c . s . c . was director of the science museum and the library and professor of chemistry and physics until 1874 . carrier taught that scientific research and its promise for progress were not antagonistic to the ideals of intellectual and moral culture endorsed by the church . one of carrier ' s students was father john augustine zahm ( 1851 – 1921 ) who was made professor and co - director of the science department at age 23 and by 1900 was a nationally prominent scientist and naturalist . zahm was active in the catholic summer school movement , which introduced catholic laity to contemporary intellectual issues . his book evolution and dogma ( 1896 ) defended certain aspects of evolutionary theory as true , and argued , moreover , that even the great church teachers thomas aquinas and augustine taught something like it . the intervention of irish american catholics in rome prevented zahm ' s censure by the vatican . in 1913 , zahm and former president theodore roosevelt embarked on a major expedition through the amazon . [ sep ] professor of chemistry and physics
father joseph carrier , c . s . c . was director of the science museum and the library and professor of chemistry and physics until 1874 . carrier taught that scientific research and its promise for progress were not antagonistic to the ideals of intellectual and moral culture endorsed by the church . one of carrier ' s students was father john augustine zahm ( 1851 – 1921 ) who was made professor and co - director of the science department at age 23 and by 1900 was a nationally prominent scientist and naturalist . zahm was active in the catholic summer school movement , which introduced catholic laity to contemporary intellectual issues . his book evolution and dogma ( 1896 ) defended certain aspects of evolutionary theory as true , and argued , moreover , that even the great church teachers thomas aquinas and augustine taught something like it . the intervention of irish american catholics in rome prevented zahm ' s censure by the vatican . in 1913 , zahm and former president theodore roosevelt embarked on a major expedition through the amazon . [ sep ] 1851 – 1921
father joseph carrier , c . s . c . was director of the science museum and the library and professor of chemistry and physics until 1874 . carrier taught that scientific research and its promise for progress were not antagonistic to the ideals of intellectual and moral culture endorsed by the church . one of carrier ' s students was father john augustine zahm ( 1851 – 1921 ) who was made professor and co - director of the science department at age 23 and by 1900 was a nationally prominent scientist and naturalist . zahm was active in the catholic summer school movement , which introduced catholic laity to contemporary intellectual issues . his book evolution and dogma ( 1896 ) defended certain aspects of evolutionary theory as true , and argued , moreover , that even the great church teachers thomas aquinas and augustine taught something like it . the intervention of irish american catholics in rome prevented zahm ' s censure by the vatican . in 1913 , zahm and former president theodore roosevelt embarked on a major expedition through the amazon . [ sep ] the science department
father joseph carrier , c . s . c . was director of the science museum and the library and professor of chemistry and physics until 1874 . carrier taught that scientific research and its promise for progress were not antagonistic to the ideals of intellectual and moral culture endorsed by the church . one of carrier ' s students was father john augustine zahm ( 1851 – 1921 ) who was made professor and co - director of the science department at age 23 and by 1900 was a nationally prominent scientist and naturalist . zahm was active in the catholic summer school movement , which introduced catholic laity to contemporary intellectual issues . his book evolution and dogma ( 1896 ) defended certain aspects of evolutionary theory as true , and argued , moreover , that even the great church teachers thomas aquinas and augustine taught something like it . the intervention of irish american catholics in rome prevented zahm ' s censure by the vatican . in 1913 , zahm and former president theodore roosevelt embarked on a major expedition through the amazon . [ sep ] evolution and dogma
inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism , the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values . accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross - cultural comparison . this project is often accommodated in the field of ethnography . ethnography can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research , i . e . an ethnographic monograph . as methodology , ethnography is based upon long - term fieldwork within a community or other research site . participant observation is one of the foundational methods of social and cultural anthropology . ethnology involves the systematic comparison of different cultures . the process of participant - observation can be especially helpful to understanding a culture from an emic ( conceptual , vs . etic , or technical ) point of view . [ sep ] cultural relativism
inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism , the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values . accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross - cultural comparison . this project is often accommodated in the field of ethnography . ethnography can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research , i . e . an ethnographic monograph . as methodology , ethnography is based upon long - term fieldwork within a community or other research site . participant observation is one of the foundational methods of social and cultural anthropology . ethnology involves the systematic comparison of different cultures . the process of participant - observation can be especially helpful to understanding a culture from an emic ( conceptual , vs . etic , or technical ) point of view . [ sep ] reductionism in cross - cultural comparison
inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism , the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values . accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross - cultural comparison . this project is often accommodated in the field of ethnography . ethnography can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research , i . e . an ethnographic monograph . as methodology , ethnography is based upon long - term fieldwork within a community or other research site . participant observation is one of the foundational methods of social and cultural anthropology . ethnology involves the systematic comparison of different cultures . the process of participant - observation can be especially helpful to understanding a culture from an emic ( conceptual , vs . etic , or technical ) point of view . [ sep ] ethnography
inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism , the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values . accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross - cultural comparison . this project is often accommodated in the field of ethnography . ethnography can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research , i . e . an ethnographic monograph . as methodology , ethnography is based upon long - term fieldwork within a community or other research site . participant observation is one of the foundational methods of social and cultural anthropology . ethnology involves the systematic comparison of different cultures . the process of participant - observation can be especially helpful to understanding a culture from an emic ( conceptual , vs . etic , or technical ) point of view . [ sep ] participant observation
inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism , the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values . accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross - cultural comparison . this project is often accommodated in the field of ethnography . ethnography can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research , i . e . an ethnographic monograph . as methodology , ethnography is based upon long - term fieldwork within a community or other research site . participant observation is one of the foundational methods of social and cultural anthropology . ethnology involves the systematic comparison of different cultures . the process of participant - observation can be especially helpful to understanding a culture from an emic ( conceptual , vs . etic , or technical ) point of view . [ sep ] emic
with the occupation by napoleon , portugal began a slow but inexorable decline that lasted until the 20th century . this decline was hastened by the independence in 1822 of the country ' s largest colonial possession , brazil . in 1807 , as napoleon ' s army closed in on lisbon , the prince regent joao vi of portugal transferred his court to brazil and established rio de janeiro as the capital of the portuguese empire . in 1815 , brazil was declared a kingdom and the kingdom of portugal was united with it , forming a pluricontinental state , the united kingdom of portugal , brazil and the algarves . [ sep ] napoleon
with the occupation by napoleon , portugal began a slow but inexorable decline that lasted until the 20th century . this decline was hastened by the independence in 1822 of the country ' s largest colonial possession , brazil . in 1807 , as napoleon ' s army closed in on lisbon , the prince regent joao vi of portugal transferred his court to brazil and established rio de janeiro as the capital of the portuguese empire . in 1815 , brazil was declared a kingdom and the kingdom of portugal was united with it , forming a pluricontinental state , the united kingdom of portugal , brazil and the algarves . [ sep ] until the 20th century
with the occupation by napoleon , portugal began a slow but inexorable decline that lasted until the 20th century . this decline was hastened by the independence in 1822 of the country ' s largest colonial possession , brazil . in 1807 , as napoleon ' s army closed in on lisbon , the prince regent joao vi of portugal transferred his court to brazil and established rio de janeiro as the capital of the portuguese empire . in 1815 , brazil was declared a kingdom and the kingdom of portugal was united with it , forming a pluricontinental state , the united kingdom of portugal , brazil and the algarves . [ sep ] 1822
with the occupation by napoleon , portugal began a slow but inexorable decline that lasted until the 20th century . this decline was hastened by the independence in 1822 of the country ' s largest colonial possession , brazil . in 1807 , as napoleon ' s army closed in on lisbon , the prince regent joao vi of portugal transferred his court to brazil and established rio de janeiro as the capital of the portuguese empire . in 1815 , brazil was declared a kingdom and the kingdom of portugal was united with it , forming a pluricontinental state , the united kingdom of portugal , brazil and the algarves . [ sep ] brazil
with the occupation by napoleon , portugal began a slow but inexorable decline that lasted until the 20th century . this decline was hastened by the independence in 1822 of the country ' s largest colonial possession , brazil . in 1807 , as napoleon ' s army closed in on lisbon , the prince regent joao vi of portugal transferred his court to brazil and established rio de janeiro as the capital of the portuguese empire . in 1815 , brazil was declared a kingdom and the kingdom of portugal was united with it , forming a pluricontinental state , the united kingdom of portugal , brazil and the algarves . [ sep ] united kingdom of portugal , brazil and the algarves
in 2010 , there were concerns among tajik officials that islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a tajik prison in august , an ambush that killed 28 tajik soldiers in the rasht valley in september , and another ambush in the valley in october that killed 30 soldiers , followed by fighting outside gharm that left 3 militants dead . to date the country ' s interior ministry asserts that the central government maintains full control over the country ' s east , and the military operation in the rasht valley was concluded in november 2010 . however , fighting erupted again in july 2012 . in 2015 russia will send more troops to tajikistan , as confirmed by a report of stratfor ( magazine online ) [ sep ] that islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a tajik prison in august
in 2010 , there were concerns among tajik officials that islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a tajik prison in august , an ambush that killed 28 tajik soldiers in the rasht valley in september , and another ambush in the valley in october that killed 30 soldiers , followed by fighting outside gharm that left 3 militants dead . to date the country ' s interior ministry asserts that the central government maintains full control over the country ' s east , and the military operation in the rasht valley was concluded in november 2010 . however , fighting erupted again in july 2012 . in 2015 russia will send more troops to tajikistan , as confirmed by a report of stratfor ( magazine online ) [ sep ] 28 tajik soldiers
in 2010 , there were concerns among tajik officials that islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a tajik prison in august , an ambush that killed 28 tajik soldiers in the rasht valley in september , and another ambush in the valley in october that killed 30 soldiers , followed by fighting outside gharm that left 3 militants dead . to date the country ' s interior ministry asserts that the central government maintains full control over the country ' s east , and the military operation in the rasht valley was concluded in november 2010 . however , fighting erupted again in july 2012 . in 2015 russia will send more troops to tajikistan , as confirmed by a report of stratfor ( magazine online ) [ sep ] november 2010
in 2010 , there were concerns among tajik officials that islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a tajik prison in august , an ambush that killed 28 tajik soldiers in the rasht valley in september , and another ambush in the valley in october that killed 30 soldiers , followed by fighting outside gharm that left 3 militants dead . to date the country ' s interior ministry asserts that the central government maintains full control over the country ' s east , and the military operation in the rasht valley was concluded in november 2010 . however , fighting erupted again in july 2012 . in 2015 russia will send more troops to tajikistan , as confirmed by a report of stratfor ( magazine online ) [ sep ] 2015
in 1882 , albert zahm ( john zahm ' s brother ) built an early wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models . around 1899 , professor jerome green became the first american to send a wireless message . in 1931 , father julius nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene . study of nuclear physics at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936 , and continues now partly through a partnership in the joint institute for nuclear astrophysics . [ sep ] an early wind tunnel
in 1882 , albert zahm ( john zahm ' s brother ) built an early wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models . around 1899 , professor jerome green became the first american to send a wireless message . in 1931 , father julius nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene . study of nuclear physics at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936 , and continues now partly through a partnership in the joint institute for nuclear astrophysics . [ sep ] 1882
in 1882 , albert zahm ( john zahm ' s brother ) built an early wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models . around 1899 , professor jerome green became the first american to send a wireless message . in 1931 , father julius nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene . study of nuclear physics at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936 , and continues now partly through a partnership in the joint institute for nuclear astrophysics . [ sep ] professor jerome green
in 1882 , albert zahm ( john zahm ' s brother ) built an early wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models . around 1899 , professor jerome green became the first american to send a wireless message . in 1931 , father julius nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene . study of nuclear physics at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936 , and continues now partly through a partnership in the joint institute for nuclear astrophysics . [ sep ] around 1899
in 1882 , albert zahm ( john zahm ' s brother ) built an early wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models . around 1899 , professor jerome green became the first american to send a wireless message . in 1931 , father julius nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene . study of nuclear physics at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936 , and continues now partly through a partnership in the joint institute for nuclear astrophysics . [ sep ] father julius nieuwland
the study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology , as kinship is a human universal . sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization , law and conflict resolution , patterns of consumption and exchange , material culture , technology , infrastructure , gender relations , ethnicity , childrearing and socialization , religion , myth , symbols , values , etiquette , worldview , sports , music , nutrition , recreation , games , food , festivals , and language ( which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology ) . [ sep ] sociocultural
the study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology , as kinship is a human universal . sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization , law and conflict resolution , patterns of consumption and exchange , material culture , technology , infrastructure , gender relations , ethnicity , childrearing and socialization , religion , myth , symbols , values , etiquette , worldview , sports , music , nutrition , recreation , games , food , festivals , and language ( which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology ) . [ sep ] resolution
the study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology , as kinship is a human universal . sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization , law and conflict resolution , patterns of consumption and exchange , material culture , technology , infrastructure , gender relations , ethnicity , childrearing and socialization , religion , myth , symbols , values , etiquette , worldview , sports , music , nutrition , recreation , games , food , festivals , and language ( which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology ) . [ sep ] consumption and exchange
the study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology , as kinship is a human universal . sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization , law and conflict resolution , patterns of consumption and exchange , material culture , technology , infrastructure , gender relations , ethnicity , childrearing and socialization , religion , myth , symbols , values , etiquette , worldview , sports , music , nutrition , recreation , games , food , festivals , and language ( which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology ) . [ sep ] language
the study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology , as kinship is a human universal . sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization , law and conflict resolution , patterns of consumption and exchange , material culture , technology , infrastructure , gender relations , ethnicity , childrearing and socialization , religion , myth , symbols , values , etiquette , worldview , sports , music , nutrition , recreation , games , food , festivals , and language ( which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology ) . [ sep ] kinship
as a result of the change in its status and the arrival of the portuguese royal family , brazilian administrative , civic , economical , military , educational , and scientific apparatus were expanded and highly modernized . portuguese and their allied british troops fought against the french invasion of portugal and by 1815 the situation in europe had cooled down sufficiently that joao vi would have been able to return safely to lisbon . however , the king of portugal remained in brazil until the liberal revolution of 1820 , which started in porto , demanded his return to lisbon in 1821 . [ sep ] the change in its status and the arrival of the portuguese royal family
as a result of the change in its status and the arrival of the portuguese royal family , brazilian administrative , civic , economical , military , educational , and scientific apparatus were expanded and highly modernized . portuguese and their allied british troops fought against the french invasion of portugal and by 1815 the situation in europe had cooled down sufficiently that joao vi would have been able to return safely to lisbon . however , the king of portugal remained in brazil until the liberal revolution of 1820 , which started in porto , demanded his return to lisbon in 1821 . [ sep ] french
as a result of the change in its status and the arrival of the portuguese royal family , brazilian administrative , civic , economical , military , educational , and scientific apparatus were expanded and highly modernized . portuguese and their allied british troops fought against the french invasion of portugal and by 1815 the situation in europe had cooled down sufficiently that joao vi would have been able to return safely to lisbon . however , the king of portugal remained in brazil until the liberal revolution of 1820 , which started in porto , demanded his return to lisbon in 1821 . [ sep ] 1815
as a result of the change in its status and the arrival of the portuguese royal family , brazilian administrative , civic , economical , military , educational , and scientific apparatus were expanded and highly modernized . portuguese and their allied british troops fought against the french invasion of portugal and by 1815 the situation in europe had cooled down sufficiently that joao vi would have been able to return safely to lisbon . however , the king of portugal remained in brazil until the liberal revolution of 1820 , which started in porto , demanded his return to lisbon in 1821 . [ sep ] until the liberal revolution of 1820
as a result of the change in its status and the arrival of the portuguese royal family , brazilian administrative , civic , economical , military , educational , and scientific apparatus were expanded and highly modernized . portuguese and their allied british troops fought against the french invasion of portugal and by 1815 the situation in europe had cooled down sufficiently that joao vi would have been able to return safely to lisbon . however , the king of portugal remained in brazil until the liberal revolution of 1820 , which started in porto , demanded his return to lisbon in 1821 . [ sep ] porto
archaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains . artifacts , faunal remains , and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies . archaeologists examine these material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices . ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remains of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups , who are presumed to have lived in similar ways . [ sep ] archaeology
archaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains . artifacts , faunal remains , and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies . archaeologists examine these material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices . ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remains of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups , who are presumed to have lived in similar ways . [ sep ] cultural and material lives of past societies
archaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains . artifacts , faunal remains , and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies . archaeologists examine these material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices . ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remains of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups , who are presumed to have lived in similar ways . [ sep ] human behavior and cultural practices
archaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains . artifacts , faunal remains , and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies . archaeologists examine these material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices . ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remains of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups , who are presumed to have lived in similar ways . [ sep ] past human groups
archaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains . artifacts , faunal remains , and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies . archaeologists examine these material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices . ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remains of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups , who are presumed to have lived in similar ways . [ sep ] in similar ways
the lobund institute grew out of pioneering research in germ - free - life which began in 1928 . this area of research originated in a question posed by pasteur as to whether animal life was possible without bacteria . though others had taken up this idea , their research was short lived and inconclusive . lobund was the first research organization to answer definitively , that such life is possible and that it can be prolonged through generations . but the objective was not merely to answer pasteur ' s question but also to produce the germ free animal as a new tool for biological and medical research . this objective was reached and for years lobund was a unique center for the study and production of germ free animals and for their use in biological and medical investigations . today the work has spread to other universities . in the beginning it was under the department of biology and a program leading to the master ' s degree accompanied the research program . in the 1940s lobund achieved independent status as a purely research organization and in 1950 was raised to the status of an institute . in 1958 it was brought back into the department of biology as integral part of that department , but with its own program leading to the degree of phd in gnotobiotics . [ sep ] the lobund institute
the lobund institute grew out of pioneering research in germ - free - life which began in 1928 . this area of research originated in a question posed by pasteur as to whether animal life was possible without bacteria . though others had taken up this idea , their research was short lived and inconclusive . lobund was the first research organization to answer definitively , that such life is possible and that it can be prolonged through generations . but the objective was not merely to answer pasteur ' s question but also to produce the germ free animal as a new tool for biological and medical research . this objective was reached and for years lobund was a unique center for the study and production of germ free animals and for their use in biological and medical investigations . today the work has spread to other universities . in the beginning it was under the department of biology and a program leading to the master ' s degree accompanied the research program . in the 1940s lobund achieved independent status as a purely research organization and in 1950 was raised to the status of an institute . in 1958 it was brought back into the department of biology as integral part of that department , but with its own program leading to the degree of phd in gnotobiotics . [ sep ] 1928
the lobund institute grew out of pioneering research in germ - free - life which began in 1928 . this area of research originated in a question posed by pasteur as to whether animal life was possible without bacteria . though others had taken up this idea , their research was short lived and inconclusive . lobund was the first research organization to answer definitively , that such life is possible and that it can be prolonged through generations . but the objective was not merely to answer pasteur ' s question but also to produce the germ free animal as a new tool for biological and medical research . this objective was reached and for years lobund was a unique center for the study and production of germ free animals and for their use in biological and medical investigations . today the work has spread to other universities . in the beginning it was under the department of biology and a program leading to the master ' s degree accompanied the research program . in the 1940s lobund achieved independent status as a purely research organization and in 1950 was raised to the status of an institute . in 1958 it was brought back into the department of biology as integral part of that department , but with its own program leading to the degree of phd in gnotobiotics . [ sep ] the 1940s
the lobund institute grew out of pioneering research in germ - free - life which began in 1928 . this area of research originated in a question posed by pasteur as to whether animal life was possible without bacteria . though others had taken up this idea , their research was short lived and inconclusive . lobund was the first research organization to answer definitively , that such life is possible and that it can be prolonged through generations . but the objective was not merely to answer pasteur ' s question but also to produce the germ free animal as a new tool for biological and medical research . this objective was reached and for years lobund was a unique center for the study and production of germ free animals and for their use in biological and medical investigations . today the work has spread to other universities . in the beginning it was under the department of biology and a program leading to the master ' s degree accompanied the research program . in the 1940s lobund achieved independent status as a purely research organization and in 1950 was raised to the status of an institute . in 1958 it was brought back into the department of biology as integral part of that department , but with its own program leading to the degree of phd in gnotobiotics . [ sep ] 1950
the lobund institute grew out of pioneering research in germ - free - life which began in 1928 . this area of research originated in a question posed by pasteur as to whether animal life was possible without bacteria . though others had taken up this idea , their research was short lived and inconclusive . lobund was the first research organization to answer definitively , that such life is possible and that it can be prolonged through generations . but the objective was not merely to answer pasteur ' s question but also to produce the germ free animal as a new tool for biological and medical research . this objective was reached and for years lobund was a unique center for the study and production of germ free animals and for their use in biological and medical investigations . today the work has spread to other universities . in the beginning it was under the department of biology and a program leading to the master ' s degree accompanied the research program . in the 1940s lobund achieved independent status as a purely research organization and in 1950 was raised to the status of an institute . in 1958 it was brought back into the department of biology as integral part of that department , but with its own program leading to the degree of phd in gnotobiotics . [ sep ] 1958
the successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors . these include host defense mechanisms , the location of infection , and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial . a bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase , and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells . these findings are based on laboratory studies , and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection . since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration , in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial . to predict clinical outcome , the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile , and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy . [ sep ] host defense mechanisms , the location of infection , and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial
the successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors . these include host defense mechanisms , the location of infection , and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial . a bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase , and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells . these findings are based on laboratory studies , and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection . since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration , in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial . to predict clinical outcome , the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile , and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy . [ sep ] concentration
the successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors . these include host defense mechanisms , the location of infection , and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial . a bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase , and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells . these findings are based on laboratory studies , and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection . since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration , in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial . to predict clinical outcome , the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile , and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy . [ sep ] several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy
linguistic anthropology ( also called anthropological linguistics ) seeks to understand the processes of human communications , verbal and non - verbal , variation in language across time and space , the social uses of language , and the relationship between language and culture . it is the branch of anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems , linking the analysis of linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes . linguistic anthropologists often draw on related fields including sociolinguistics , pragmatics , cognitive linguistics , semiotics , discourse analysis , and narrative analysis . [ sep ] linguistic
linguistic anthropology ( also called anthropological linguistics ) seeks to understand the processes of human communications , verbal and non - verbal , variation in language across time and space , the social uses of language , and the relationship between language and culture . it is the branch of anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems , linking the analysis of linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes . linguistic anthropologists often draw on related fields including sociolinguistics , pragmatics , cognitive linguistics , semiotics , discourse analysis , and narrative analysis . [ sep ] anthropological
linguistic anthropology ( also called anthropological linguistics ) seeks to understand the processes of human communications , verbal and non - verbal , variation in language across time and space , the social uses of language , and the relationship between language and culture . it is the branch of anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems , linking the analysis of linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes . linguistic anthropologists often draw on related fields including sociolinguistics , pragmatics , cognitive linguistics , semiotics , discourse analysis , and narrative analysis . [ sep ] interpretation of sociocultural processes
linguistic anthropology ( also called anthropological linguistics ) seeks to understand the processes of human communications , verbal and non - verbal , variation in language across time and space , the social uses of language , and the relationship between language and culture . it is the branch of anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems , linking the analysis of linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes . linguistic anthropologists often draw on related fields including sociolinguistics , pragmatics , cognitive linguistics , semiotics , discourse analysis , and narrative analysis . [ sep ] sociolinguistics , pragmatics , cognitive linguistics , semiotics , discourse analysis , and narrative analysis
tajikistan is officially a republic , and holds elections for the presidency and parliament , operating under a presidential system . it is , however , a dominant - party system , where the people ' s democratic party of tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in parliament . emomalii rahmon has held the office of president of tajikistan continually since november 1994 . the prime minister is kokhir rasulzoda , the first deputy prime minister is matlubkhon davlatov and the two deputy prime ministers are murodali alimardon and ruqiya qurbanova . [ sep ] a republic
tajikistan is officially a republic , and holds elections for the presidency and parliament , operating under a presidential system . it is , however , a dominant - party system , where the people ' s democratic party of tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in parliament . emomalii rahmon has held the office of president of tajikistan continually since november 1994 . the prime minister is kokhir rasulzoda , the first deputy prime minister is matlubkhon davlatov and the two deputy prime ministers are murodali alimardon and ruqiya qurbanova . [ sep ] where the people ' s democratic party of tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in parliament
tajikistan is officially a republic , and holds elections for the presidency and parliament , operating under a presidential system . it is , however , a dominant - party system , where the people ' s democratic party of tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in parliament . emomalii rahmon has held the office of president of tajikistan continually since november 1994 . the prime minister is kokhir rasulzoda , the first deputy prime minister is matlubkhon davlatov and the two deputy prime ministers are murodali alimardon and ruqiya qurbanova . [ sep ] november 1994
tajikistan is officially a republic , and holds elections for the presidency and parliament , operating under a presidential system . it is , however , a dominant - party system , where the people ' s democratic party of tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in parliament . emomalii rahmon has held the office of president of tajikistan continually since november 1994 . the prime minister is kokhir rasulzoda , the first deputy prime minister is matlubkhon davlatov and the two deputy prime ministers are murodali alimardon and ruqiya qurbanova . [ sep ] kokhir rasulzoda
tajikistan is officially a republic , and holds elections for the presidency and parliament , operating under a presidential system . it is , however , a dominant - party system , where the people ' s democratic party of tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in parliament . emomalii rahmon has held the office of president of tajikistan continually since november 1994 . the prime minister is kokhir rasulzoda , the first deputy prime minister is matlubkhon davlatov and the two deputy prime ministers are murodali alimardon and ruqiya qurbanova . [ sep ] murodali alimardon and ruqiya qurbanova
the review of politics was founded in 1939 by gurian , modeled after german catholic journals . it quickly emerged as part of an international catholic intellectual revival , offering an alternative vision to positivist philosophy . for 44 years , the review was edited by gurian , matthew fitzsimons , frederick crosson , and thomas stritch . intellectual leaders included gurian , jacques maritain , frank o ' malley , leo richard ward , f . a . hermens , and john u . nef . it became a major forum for political ideas and modern political concerns , especially from a catholic and scholastic tradition . [ sep ] the review of politics
the review of politics was founded in 1939 by gurian , modeled after german catholic journals . it quickly emerged as part of an international catholic intellectual revival , offering an alternative vision to positivist philosophy . for 44 years , the review was edited by gurian , matthew fitzsimons , frederick crosson , and thomas stritch . intellectual leaders included gurian , jacques maritain , frank o ' malley , leo richard ward , f . a . hermens , and john u . nef . it became a major forum for political ideas and modern political concerns , especially from a catholic and scholastic tradition . [ sep ] german catholic journals
the review of politics was founded in 1939 by gurian , modeled after german catholic journals . it quickly emerged as part of an international catholic intellectual revival , offering an alternative vision to positivist philosophy . for 44 years , the review was edited by gurian , matthew fitzsimons , frederick crosson , and thomas stritch . intellectual leaders included gurian , jacques maritain , frank o ' malley , leo richard ward , f . a . hermens , and john u . nef . it became a major forum for political ideas and modern political concerns , especially from a catholic and scholastic tradition . [ sep ] 44
the review of politics was founded in 1939 by gurian , modeled after german catholic journals . it quickly emerged as part of an international catholic intellectual revival , offering an alternative vision to positivist philosophy . for 44 years , the review was edited by gurian , matthew fitzsimons , frederick crosson , and thomas stritch . intellectual leaders included gurian , jacques maritain , frank o ' malley , leo richard ward , f . a . hermens , and john u . nef . it became a major forum for political ideas and modern political concerns , especially from a catholic and scholastic tradition . [ sep ] review of politics
one of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of ' art ' as a cultural phenomenon . several anthropologists have noted that the western categories of ' painting ' , ' sculpture ' , or ' literature ' , conceived as independent artistic activities , do not exist , or exist in a significantly different form , in most non - western contexts . to surmount this difficulty , anthropologists of art have focused on formal features in objects which , without exclusively being ' artistic ' , have certain evident ' aesthetic ' qualities . boas ' primitive art , claude levi - strauss ' the way of the masks ( 1982 ) or geertz ' s ' art as cultural system ' ( 1983 ) are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of ' art ' into an anthropology of culturally specific ' aesthetics ' . [ sep ] art
one of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of ' art ' as a cultural phenomenon . several anthropologists have noted that the western categories of ' painting ' , ' sculpture ' , or ' literature ' , conceived as independent artistic activities , do not exist , or exist in a significantly different form , in most non - western contexts . to surmount this difficulty , anthropologists of art have focused on formal features in objects which , without exclusively being ' artistic ' , have certain evident ' aesthetic ' qualities . boas ' primitive art , claude levi - strauss ' the way of the masks ( 1982 ) or geertz ' s ' art as cultural system ' ( 1983 ) are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of ' art ' into an anthropology of culturally specific ' aesthetics ' . [ sep ] do not exist
one of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of ' art ' as a cultural phenomenon . several anthropologists have noted that the western categories of ' painting ' , ' sculpture ' , or ' literature ' , conceived as independent artistic activities , do not exist , or exist in a significantly different form , in most non - western contexts . to surmount this difficulty , anthropologists of art have focused on formal features in objects which , without exclusively being ' artistic ' , have certain evident ' aesthetic ' qualities . boas ' primitive art , claude levi - strauss ' the way of the masks ( 1982 ) or geertz ' s ' art as cultural system ' ( 1983 ) are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of ' art ' into an anthropology of culturally specific ' aesthetics ' . [ sep ] evident ' aesthetic ' qualities
one of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of ' art ' as a cultural phenomenon . several anthropologists have noted that the western categories of ' painting ' , ' sculpture ' , or ' literature ' , conceived as independent artistic activities , do not exist , or exist in a significantly different form , in most non - western contexts . to surmount this difficulty , anthropologists of art have focused on formal features in objects which , without exclusively being ' artistic ' , have certain evident ' aesthetic ' qualities . boas ' primitive art , claude levi - strauss ' the way of the masks ( 1982 ) or geertz ' s ' art as cultural system ' ( 1983 ) are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of ' art ' into an anthropology of culturally specific ' aesthetics ' . [ sep ] 1983
one of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of ' art ' as a cultural phenomenon . several anthropologists have noted that the western categories of ' painting ' , ' sculpture ' , or ' literature ' , conceived as independent artistic activities , do not exist , or exist in a significantly different form , in most non - western contexts . to surmount this difficulty , anthropologists of art have focused on formal features in objects which , without exclusively being ' artistic ' , have certain evident ' aesthetic ' qualities . boas ' primitive art , claude levi - strauss ' the way of the masks ( 1982 ) or geertz ' s ' art as cultural system ' ( 1983 ) are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of ' art ' into an anthropology of culturally specific ' aesthetics ' . [ sep ] culturally specific ' aesthetics '
the parliamentary elections of 2005 aroused many accusations from opposition parties and international observers that president emomalii rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment . the most recent elections , in february 2010 , saw the ruling pdpt lose four seats in parliament , yet still maintain a comfortable majority . the organization for security and co - operation in europe election observers said the 2010 polling " failed to meet many key osce commitments " and that " these elections failed on many basic democratic standards . " the government insisted that only minor violations had occurred , which would not affect the will of the tajik people . [ sep ] accusations from opposition parties and international observers that president emomalii rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment
the parliamentary elections of 2005 aroused many accusations from opposition parties and international observers that president emomalii rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment . the most recent elections , in february 2010 , saw the ruling pdpt lose four seats in parliament , yet still maintain a comfortable majority . the organization for security and co - operation in europe election observers said the 2010 polling " failed to meet many key osce commitments " and that " these elections failed on many basic democratic standards . " the government insisted that only minor violations had occurred , which would not affect the will of the tajik people . [ sep ] pdpt lose four seats in parliament
the parliamentary elections of 2005 aroused many accusations from opposition parties and international observers that president emomalii rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment . the most recent elections , in february 2010 , saw the ruling pdpt lose four seats in parliament , yet still maintain a comfortable majority . the organization for security and co - operation in europe election observers said the 2010 polling " failed to meet many key osce commitments " and that " these elections failed on many basic democratic standards . " the government insisted that only minor violations had occurred , which would not affect the will of the tajik people . [ sep ] " failed to meet many key osce commitments " and that " these elections failed on many basic democratic standards . "
the parliamentary elections of 2005 aroused many accusations from opposition parties and international observers that president emomalii rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment . the most recent elections , in february 2010 , saw the ruling pdpt lose four seats in parliament , yet still maintain a comfortable majority . the organization for security and co - operation in europe election observers said the 2010 polling " failed to meet many key osce commitments " and that " these elections failed on many basic democratic standards . " the government insisted that only minor violations had occurred , which would not affect the will of the tajik people . [ sep ] the government insisted that only minor violations had occurred , which would not affect the will of the tajik people
the rise of hitler and other dictators in the 1930s forced numerous catholic intellectuals to flee europe ; president john o ' hara brought many to notre dame . from germany came anton - hermann chroust ( 1907 – 1982 ) in classics and law , and waldemar gurian a german catholic intellectual of jewish descent . positivism dominated american intellectual life in the 1920s onward but in marked contrast , gurian received a german catholic education and wrote his doctoral dissertation under max scheler . ivan mestrovic ( 1883 – 1962 ) , a renowned sculptor , brought croatian culture to campus , 1955 – 62 . yves simon ( 1903 – 61 ) , brought to nd in the 1940s the insights of french studies in the aristotelian - thomistic tradition of philosophy ; his own teacher jacques maritain ( 1882 – 73 ) was a frequent visitor to campus . [ sep ] the rise of hitler and other dictators
the rise of hitler and other dictators in the 1930s forced numerous catholic intellectuals to flee europe ; president john o ' hara brought many to notre dame . from germany came anton - hermann chroust ( 1907 – 1982 ) in classics and law , and waldemar gurian a german catholic intellectual of jewish descent . positivism dominated american intellectual life in the 1920s onward but in marked contrast , gurian received a german catholic education and wrote his doctoral dissertation under max scheler . ivan mestrovic ( 1883 – 1962 ) , a renowned sculptor , brought croatian culture to campus , 1955 – 62 . yves simon ( 1903 – 61 ) , brought to nd in the 1940s the insights of french studies in the aristotelian - thomistic tradition of philosophy ; his own teacher jacques maritain ( 1882 – 73 ) was a frequent visitor to campus . [ sep ] germany
the rise of hitler and other dictators in the 1930s forced numerous catholic intellectuals to flee europe ; president john o ' hara brought many to notre dame . from germany came anton - hermann chroust ( 1907 – 1982 ) in classics and law , and waldemar gurian a german catholic intellectual of jewish descent . positivism dominated american intellectual life in the 1920s onward but in marked contrast , gurian received a german catholic education and wrote his doctoral dissertation under max scheler . ivan mestrovic ( 1883 – 1962 ) , a renowned sculptor , brought croatian culture to campus , 1955 – 62 . yves simon ( 1903 – 61 ) , brought to nd in the 1940s the insights of french studies in the aristotelian - thomistic tradition of philosophy ; his own teacher jacques maritain ( 1882 – 73 ) was a frequent visitor to campus . [ sep ] classics and law
the rise of hitler and other dictators in the 1930s forced numerous catholic intellectuals to flee europe ; president john o ' hara brought many to notre dame . from germany came anton - hermann chroust ( 1907 – 1982 ) in classics and law , and waldemar gurian a german catholic intellectual of jewish descent . positivism dominated american intellectual life in the 1920s onward but in marked contrast , gurian received a german catholic education and wrote his doctoral dissertation under max scheler . ivan mestrovic ( 1883 – 1962 ) , a renowned sculptor , brought croatian culture to campus , 1955 – 62 . yves simon ( 1903 – 61 ) , brought to nd in the 1940s the insights of french studies in the aristotelian - thomistic tradition of philosophy ; his own teacher jacques maritain ( 1882 – 73 ) was a frequent visitor to campus . [ sep ] max scheler
the rise of hitler and other dictators in the 1930s forced numerous catholic intellectuals to flee europe ; president john o ' hara brought many to notre dame . from germany came anton - hermann chroust ( 1907 – 1982 ) in classics and law , and waldemar gurian a german catholic intellectual of jewish descent . positivism dominated american intellectual life in the 1920s onward but in marked contrast , gurian received a german catholic education and wrote his doctoral dissertation under max scheler . ivan mestrovic ( 1883 – 1962 ) , a renowned sculptor , brought croatian culture to campus , 1955 – 62 . yves simon ( 1903 – 61 ) , brought to nd in the 1940s the insights of french studies in the aristotelian - thomistic tradition of philosophy ; his own teacher jacques maritain ( 1882 – 73 ) was a frequent visitor to campus . [ sep ] a renowned sculptor
with the conference of berlin of 1884 , portuguese africa territories had their borders formally established on request of portugal in order to protect the centuries - long portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the scramble for africa . portuguese africa ' s cities and towns like nova lisboa , sa da bandeira , silva porto , malanje , tete , vila junqueiro , vila pery and vila cabral were founded or redeveloped inland during this period and beyond . new coastal towns like beira , mocamedes , lobito , joao belo , nacala and porto amelia were also founded . even before the turn of the 20th century , railway tracks as the benguela railway in angola , and the beira railway in mozambique , started to be built to link coastal areas and selected inland regions . [ sep ] 1884
with the conference of berlin of 1884 , portuguese africa territories had their borders formally established on request of portugal in order to protect the centuries - long portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the scramble for africa . portuguese africa ' s cities and towns like nova lisboa , sa da bandeira , silva porto , malanje , tete , vila junqueiro , vila pery and vila cabral were founded or redeveloped inland during this period and beyond . new coastal towns like beira , mocamedes , lobito , joao belo , nacala and porto amelia were also founded . even before the turn of the 20th century , railway tracks as the benguela railway in angola , and the beira railway in mozambique , started to be built to link coastal areas and selected inland regions . [ sep ] to protect the centuries - long portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the scramble for africa
with the conference of berlin of 1884 , portuguese africa territories had their borders formally established on request of portugal in order to protect the centuries - long portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the scramble for africa . portuguese africa ' s cities and towns like nova lisboa , sa da bandeira , silva porto , malanje , tete , vila junqueiro , vila pery and vila cabral were founded or redeveloped inland during this period and beyond . new coastal towns like beira , mocamedes , lobito , joao belo , nacala and porto amelia were also founded . even before the turn of the 20th century , railway tracks as the benguela railway in angola , and the beira railway in mozambique , started to be built to link coastal areas and selected inland regions . [ sep ] scramble for africa
with the conference of berlin of 1884 , portuguese africa territories had their borders formally established on request of portugal in order to protect the centuries - long portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the scramble for africa . portuguese africa ' s cities and towns like nova lisboa , sa da bandeira , silva porto , malanje , tete , vila junqueiro , vila pery and vila cabral were founded or redeveloped inland during this period and beyond . new coastal towns like beira , mocamedes , lobito , joao belo , nacala and porto amelia were also founded . even before the turn of the 20th century , railway tracks as the benguela railway in angola , and the beira railway in mozambique , started to be built to link coastal areas and selected inland regions . [ sep ] beira , mocamedes , lobito , joao belo , nacala and porto amelia
with the conference of berlin of 1884 , portuguese africa territories had their borders formally established on request of portugal in order to protect the centuries - long portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the scramble for africa . portuguese africa ' s cities and towns like nova lisboa , sa da bandeira , silva porto , malanje , tete , vila junqueiro , vila pery and vila cabral were founded or redeveloped inland during this period and beyond . new coastal towns like beira , mocamedes , lobito , joao belo , nacala and porto amelia were also founded . even before the turn of the 20th century , railway tracks as the benguela railway in angola , and the beira railway in mozambique , started to be built to link coastal areas and selected inland regions . [ sep ] before the turn of the 20th century
antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action , chemical structure , or spectrum of activity . most target bacterial functions or growth processes . those that target the bacterial cell wall ( penicillins and cephalosporins ) or the cell membrane ( polymyxins ) , or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes ( rifamycins , lipiarmycins , quinolones , and sulfonamides ) have bactericidal activities . those that target protein synthesis ( macrolides , lincosamides and tetracyclines ) are usually bacteriostatic ( with the exception of bactericidal aminoglycosides ) . further categorization is based on their target specificity . " narrow - spectrum " antibacterial antibiotics target specific types of bacteria , such as gram - negative or gram - positive bacteria , whereas broad - spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria . following a 40 - year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibacterial compounds , four new classes of antibacterial antibiotics have been brought into clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s : cyclic lipopeptides ( such as daptomycin ) , glycylcyclines ( such as tigecycline ) , oxazolidinones ( such as linezolid ) , and lipiarmycins ( such as fidaxomicin ) . [ sep ] mechanism of action , chemical structure , or spectrum of activity
antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action , chemical structure , or spectrum of activity . most target bacterial functions or growth processes . those that target the bacterial cell wall ( penicillins and cephalosporins ) or the cell membrane ( polymyxins ) , or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes ( rifamycins , lipiarmycins , quinolones , and sulfonamides ) have bactericidal activities . those that target protein synthesis ( macrolides , lincosamides and tetracyclines ) are usually bacteriostatic ( with the exception of bactericidal aminoglycosides ) . further categorization is based on their target specificity . " narrow - spectrum " antibacterial antibiotics target specific types of bacteria , such as gram - negative or gram - positive bacteria , whereas broad - spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria . following a 40 - year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibacterial compounds , four new classes of antibacterial antibiotics have been brought into clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s : cyclic lipopeptides ( such as daptomycin ) , glycylcyclines ( such as tigecycline ) , oxazolidinones ( such as linezolid ) , and lipiarmycins ( such as fidaxomicin ) . [ sep ] bacterial functions or growth processes
antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action , chemical structure , or spectrum of activity . most target bacterial functions or growth processes . those that target the bacterial cell wall ( penicillins and cephalosporins ) or the cell membrane ( polymyxins ) , or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes ( rifamycins , lipiarmycins , quinolones , and sulfonamides ) have bactericidal activities . those that target protein synthesis ( macrolides , lincosamides and tetracyclines ) are usually bacteriostatic ( with the exception of bactericidal aminoglycosides ) . further categorization is based on their target specificity . " narrow - spectrum " antibacterial antibiotics target specific types of bacteria , such as gram - negative or gram - positive bacteria , whereas broad - spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria . following a 40 - year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibacterial compounds , four new classes of antibacterial antibiotics have been brought into clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s : cyclic lipopeptides ( such as daptomycin ) , glycylcyclines ( such as tigecycline ) , oxazolidinones ( such as linezolid ) , and lipiarmycins ( such as fidaxomicin ) . [ sep ] penicillins and cephalosporins
antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action , chemical structure , or spectrum of activity . most target bacterial functions or growth processes . those that target the bacterial cell wall ( penicillins and cephalosporins ) or the cell membrane ( polymyxins ) , or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes ( rifamycins , lipiarmycins , quinolones , and sulfonamides ) have bactericidal activities . those that target protein synthesis ( macrolides , lincosamides and tetracyclines ) are usually bacteriostatic ( with the exception of bactericidal aminoglycosides ) . further categorization is based on their target specificity . " narrow - spectrum " antibacterial antibiotics target specific types of bacteria , such as gram - negative or gram - positive bacteria , whereas broad - spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria . following a 40 - year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibacterial compounds , four new classes of antibacterial antibiotics have been brought into clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s : cyclic lipopeptides ( such as daptomycin ) , glycylcyclines ( such as tigecycline ) , oxazolidinones ( such as linezolid ) , and lipiarmycins ( such as fidaxomicin ) . [ sep ] polymyxins
antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action , chemical structure , or spectrum of activity . most target bacterial functions or growth processes . those that target the bacterial cell wall ( penicillins and cephalosporins ) or the cell membrane ( polymyxins ) , or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes ( rifamycins , lipiarmycins , quinolones , and sulfonamides ) have bactericidal activities . those that target protein synthesis ( macrolides , lincosamides and tetracyclines ) are usually bacteriostatic ( with the exception of bactericidal aminoglycosides ) . further categorization is based on their target specificity . " narrow - spectrum " antibacterial antibiotics target specific types of bacteria , such as gram - negative or gram - positive bacteria , whereas broad - spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria . following a 40 - year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibacterial compounds , four new classes of antibacterial antibiotics have been brought into clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s : cyclic lipopeptides ( such as daptomycin ) , glycylcyclines ( such as tigecycline ) , oxazolidinones ( such as linezolid ) , and lipiarmycins ( such as fidaxomicin ) . [ sep ] ( macrolides , lincosamides and tetracyclines
freedom of the press is ostensibly officially guaranteed by the government , but independent press outlets remain restricted , as does a substantial amount of web content . according to the institute for war & peace reporting , access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta . tj , tjknews . com , ferghana . ru , centrasia . ru and journalists are often obstructed from reporting on controversial events . in practice , no public criticism of the regime is tolerated and all direct protest is severely suppressed and does not receive coverage in the local media . [ sep ] independent press outlets remain restricted
freedom of the press is ostensibly officially guaranteed by the government , but independent press outlets remain restricted , as does a substantial amount of web content . according to the institute for war & peace reporting , access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta . tj , tjknews . com , ferghana . ru , centrasia . ru and journalists are often obstructed from reporting on controversial events . in practice , no public criticism of the regime is tolerated and all direct protest is severely suppressed and does not receive coverage in the local media . [ sep ] access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta . tj , tjknews . com , ferghana . ru , centrasia . ru
freedom of the press is ostensibly officially guaranteed by the government , but independent press outlets remain restricted , as does a substantial amount of web content . according to the institute for war & peace reporting , access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta . tj , tjknews . com , ferghana . ru , centrasia . ru and journalists are often obstructed from reporting on controversial events . in practice , no public criticism of the regime is tolerated and all direct protest is severely suppressed and does not receive coverage in the local media . [ sep ] no public criticism of the regime is tolerated
freedom of the press is ostensibly officially guaranteed by the government , but independent press outlets remain restricted , as does a substantial amount of web content . according to the institute for war & peace reporting , access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta . tj , tjknews . com , ferghana . ru , centrasia . ru and journalists are often obstructed from reporting on controversial events . in practice , no public criticism of the regime is tolerated and all direct protest is severely suppressed and does not receive coverage in the local media . [ sep ] all direct protest is severely suppressed
as of 2012 [ update ] research continued in many fields . the university president , john jenkins , described his hope that notre dame would become " one of the pre – eminent research institutions in the world " in his inaugural address . the university has many multi - disciplinary institutes devoted to research in varying fields , including the medieval institute , the kellogg institute for international studies , the kroc institute for international peace studies , and the center for social concerns . recent research includes work on family conflict and child development , genome mapping , the increasing trade deficit of the united states with china , studies in fluid mechanics , computational science and engineering , and marketing trends on the internet . as of 2013 , the university is home to the notre dame global adaptation index which ranks countries annually based on how vulnerable they are to climate change and how prepared they are to adapt . [ sep ] john jenkins
as of 2012 [ update ] research continued in many fields . the university president , john jenkins , described his hope that notre dame would become " one of the pre – eminent research institutions in the world " in his inaugural address . the university has many multi - disciplinary institutes devoted to research in varying fields , including the medieval institute , the kellogg institute for international studies , the kroc institute for international peace studies , and the center for social concerns . recent research includes work on family conflict and child development , genome mapping , the increasing trade deficit of the united states with china , studies in fluid mechanics , computational science and engineering , and marketing trends on the internet . as of 2013 , the university is home to the notre dame global adaptation index which ranks countries annually based on how vulnerable they are to climate change and how prepared they are to adapt . [ sep ] notre dame
as of 2012 [ update ] research continued in many fields . the university president , john jenkins , described his hope that notre dame would become " one of the pre – eminent research institutions in the world " in his inaugural address . the university has many multi - disciplinary institutes devoted to research in varying fields , including the medieval institute , the kellogg institute for international studies , the kroc institute for international peace studies , and the center for social concerns . recent research includes work on family conflict and child development , genome mapping , the increasing trade deficit of the united states with china , studies in fluid mechanics , computational science and engineering , and marketing trends on the internet . as of 2013 , the university is home to the notre dame global adaptation index which ranks countries annually based on how vulnerable they are to climate change and how prepared they are to adapt . [ sep ] international peace studies
as of 2012 [ update ] research continued in many fields . the university president , john jenkins , described his hope that notre dame would become " one of the pre – eminent research institutions in the world " in his inaugural address . the university has many multi - disciplinary institutes devoted to research in varying fields , including the medieval institute , the kellogg institute for international studies , the kroc institute for international peace studies , and the center for social concerns . recent research includes work on family conflict and child development , genome mapping , the increasing trade deficit of the united states with china , studies in fluid mechanics , computational science and engineering , and marketing trends on the internet . as of 2013 , the university is home to the notre dame global adaptation index which ranks countries annually based on how vulnerable they are to climate change and how prepared they are to adapt . [ sep ] 2013
as of 2012 [ update ] research continued in many fields . the university president , john jenkins , described his hope that notre dame would become " one of the pre – eminent research institutions in the world " in his inaugural address . the university has many multi - disciplinary institutes devoted to research in varying fields , including the medieval institute , the kellogg institute for international studies , the kroc institute for international peace studies , and the center for social concerns . recent research includes work on family conflict and child development , genome mapping , the increasing trade deficit of the united states with china , studies in fluid mechanics , computational science and engineering , and marketing trends on the internet . as of 2013 , the university is home to the notre dame global adaptation index which ranks countries annually based on how vulnerable they are to climate change and how prepared they are to adapt . [ sep ] climate change
on 1 february 1908 , the king dom carlos i of portugal and his heir apparent , prince royal dom luis filipe , duke of braganza , were murdered in lisbon . under his rule , portugal had twice been declared bankrupt – on 14 june 1892 , and again on 10 may 1902 – causing social turmoil , economic disturbances , protests , revolts and criticism of the monarchy . manuel ii of portugal became the new king , but was eventually overthrown by the 5 october 1910 revolution , which abolished the regime and instated republicanism in portugal . political instability and economic weaknesses were fertile ground for chaos and unrest during the portuguese first republic . these conditions would lead to the failed monarchy of the north , 28 may 1926 coup d ' etat , and the creation of the national dictatorship ( ditadura nacional ) . [ sep ] 1 february 1908
on 1 february 1908 , the king dom carlos i of portugal and his heir apparent , prince royal dom luis filipe , duke of braganza , were murdered in lisbon . under his rule , portugal had twice been declared bankrupt – on 14 june 1892 , and again on 10 may 1902 – causing social turmoil , economic disturbances , protests , revolts and criticism of the monarchy . manuel ii of portugal became the new king , but was eventually overthrown by the 5 october 1910 revolution , which abolished the regime and instated republicanism in portugal . political instability and economic weaknesses were fertile ground for chaos and unrest during the portuguese first republic . these conditions would lead to the failed monarchy of the north , 28 may 1926 coup d ' etat , and the creation of the national dictatorship ( ditadura nacional ) . [ sep ] on 14 june 1892 , and again on 10 may 1902
on 1 february 1908 , the king dom carlos i of portugal and his heir apparent , prince royal dom luis filipe , duke of braganza , were murdered in lisbon . under his rule , portugal had twice been declared bankrupt – on 14 june 1892 , and again on 10 may 1902 – causing social turmoil , economic disturbances , protests , revolts and criticism of the monarchy . manuel ii of portugal became the new king , but was eventually overthrown by the 5 october 1910 revolution , which abolished the regime and instated republicanism in portugal . political instability and economic weaknesses were fertile ground for chaos and unrest during the portuguese first republic . these conditions would lead to the failed monarchy of the north , 28 may 1926 coup d ' etat , and the creation of the national dictatorship ( ditadura nacional ) . [ sep ] manuel ii of portugal
on 1 february 1908 , the king dom carlos i of portugal and his heir apparent , prince royal dom luis filipe , duke of braganza , were murdered in lisbon . under his rule , portugal had twice been declared bankrupt – on 14 june 1892 , and again on 10 may 1902 – causing social turmoil , economic disturbances , protests , revolts and criticism of the monarchy . manuel ii of portugal became the new king , but was eventually overthrown by the 5 october 1910 revolution , which abolished the regime and instated republicanism in portugal . political instability and economic weaknesses were fertile ground for chaos and unrest during the portuguese first republic . these conditions would lead to the failed monarchy of the north , 28 may 1926 coup d ' etat , and the creation of the national dictatorship ( ditadura nacional ) . [ sep ] 5 october 1910
on 1 february 1908 , the king dom carlos i of portugal and his heir apparent , prince royal dom luis filipe , duke of braganza , were murdered in lisbon . under his rule , portugal had twice been declared bankrupt – on 14 june 1892 , and again on 10 may 1902 – causing social turmoil , economic disturbances , protests , revolts and criticism of the monarchy . manuel ii of portugal became the new king , but was eventually overthrown by the 5 october 1910 revolution , which abolished the regime and instated republicanism in portugal . political instability and economic weaknesses were fertile ground for chaos and unrest during the portuguese first republic . these conditions would lead to the failed monarchy of the north , 28 may 1926 coup d ' etat , and the creation of the national dictatorship ( ditadura nacional ) . [ sep ] political instability and economic weaknesses
tajikistan is landlocked , and is the smallest nation in central asia by area . it lies mostly between latitudes 36° and 41° n ( a small area is north of 41° ) , and longitudes 67° and 75° e ( a small area is east of 75° ) . it is covered by mountains of the pamir range , and more than fifty percent of the country is over 3 , 000 meters ( 9 , 800 ft ) above sea level . the only major areas of lower land are in the north ( part of the fergana valley ) , and in the southern kofarnihon and vakhsh river valleys , which form the amu darya . dushanbe is located on the southern slopes above the kofarnihon valley . [ sep ] tajikistan
tajikistan is landlocked , and is the smallest nation in central asia by area . it lies mostly between latitudes 36° and 41° n ( a small area is north of 41° ) , and longitudes 67° and 75° e ( a small area is east of 75° ) . it is covered by mountains of the pamir range , and more than fifty percent of the country is over 3 , 000 meters ( 9 , 800 ft ) above sea level . the only major areas of lower land are in the north ( part of the fergana valley ) , and in the southern kofarnihon and vakhsh river valleys , which form the amu darya . dushanbe is located on the southern slopes above the kofarnihon valley . [ sep ] between latitudes 36° and 41° n ( a small area is north of 41° ) , and longitudes 67° and 75° e ( a small area is east of 75° )
tajikistan is landlocked , and is the smallest nation in central asia by area . it lies mostly between latitudes 36° and 41° n ( a small area is north of 41° ) , and longitudes 67° and 75° e ( a small area is east of 75° ) . it is covered by mountains of the pamir range , and more than fifty percent of the country is over 3 , 000 meters ( 9 , 800 ft ) above sea level . the only major areas of lower land are in the north ( part of the fergana valley ) , and in the southern kofarnihon and vakhsh river valleys , which form the amu darya . dushanbe is located on the southern slopes above the kofarnihon valley . [ sep ] the pamir range
tajikistan is landlocked , and is the smallest nation in central asia by area . it lies mostly between latitudes 36° and 41° n ( a small area is north of 41° ) , and longitudes 67° and 75° e ( a small area is east of 75° ) . it is covered by mountains of the pamir range , and more than fifty percent of the country is over 3 , 000 meters ( 9 , 800 ft ) above sea level . the only major areas of lower land are in the north ( part of the fergana valley ) , and in the southern kofarnihon and vakhsh river valleys , which form the amu darya . dushanbe is located on the southern slopes above the kofarnihon valley . [ sep ] in the north ( part of the fergana valley ) , and in the southern kofarnihon and vakhsh river valleys
tajikistan is landlocked , and is the smallest nation in central asia by area . it lies mostly between latitudes 36° and 41° n ( a small area is north of 41° ) , and longitudes 67° and 75° e ( a small area is east of 75° ) . it is covered by mountains of the pamir range , and more than fifty percent of the country is over 3 , 000 meters ( 9 , 800 ft ) above sea level . the only major areas of lower land are in the north ( part of the fergana valley ) , and in the southern kofarnihon and vakhsh river valleys , which form the amu darya . dushanbe is located on the southern slopes above the kofarnihon valley . [ sep ] on the southern slopes above the kofarnihon valley
in 2014 the notre dame student body consisted of 12 , 179 students , with 8 , 448 undergraduates , 2 , 138 graduate and professional and 1 , 593 professional ( law , m . div . , business , m . ed . ) students . around 21 – 24 % of students are children of alumni , and although 37 % of students come from the midwestern united states , the student body represents all 50 states and 100 countries . as of march 2007 [ update ] the princeton review ranked the school as the fifth highest ' dream school ' for parents to send their children . as of march 2015 [ update ] the princeton review ranked notre dame as the ninth highest . the school has been previously criticized for its lack of diversity , and the princeton review ranks the university highly among schools at which " alternative lifestyles [ are ] not an alternative . " it has also been commended by some diversity oriented publications ; hispanic magazine in 2004 ranked the university ninth on its list of the top – 25 colleges for latinos , and the journal of blacks in higher education recognized the university in 2006 for raising enrollment of african - american students . with 6 , 000 participants , the university ' s intramural sports program was named in 2004 by sports illustrated as the best program in the country , while in 2007 the princeton review named it as the top school where " everyone plays intramural sports . " the annual bookstore basketball tournament is the largest outdoor five - on - five tournament in the world with over 700 teams participating each year , while the notre dame men ' s boxing club hosts the annual bengal bouts tournament that raises money for the holy cross missions in bangladesh . [ sep ] 8 , 448
in 2014 the notre dame student body consisted of 12 , 179 students , with 8 , 448 undergraduates , 2 , 138 graduate and professional and 1 , 593 professional ( law , m . div . , business , m . ed . ) students . around 21 – 24 % of students are children of alumni , and although 37 % of students come from the midwestern united states , the student body represents all 50 states and 100 countries . as of march 2007 [ update ] the princeton review ranked the school as the fifth highest ' dream school ' for parents to send their children . as of march 2015 [ update ] the princeton review ranked notre dame as the ninth highest . the school has been previously criticized for its lack of diversity , and the princeton review ranks the university highly among schools at which " alternative lifestyles [ are ] not an alternative . " it has also been commended by some diversity oriented publications ; hispanic magazine in 2004 ranked the university ninth on its list of the top – 25 colleges for latinos , and the journal of blacks in higher education recognized the university in 2006 for raising enrollment of african - american students . with 6 , 000 participants , the university ' s intramural sports program was named in 2004 by sports illustrated as the best program in the country , while in 2007 the princeton review named it as the top school where " everyone plays intramural sports . " the annual bookstore basketball tournament is the largest outdoor five - on - five tournament in the world with over 700 teams participating each year , while the notre dame men ' s boxing club hosts the annual bengal bouts tournament that raises money for the holy cross missions in bangladesh . [ sep ] 21 – 24 %
in 2014 the notre dame student body consisted of 12 , 179 students , with 8 , 448 undergraduates , 2 , 138 graduate and professional and 1 , 593 professional ( law , m . div . , business , m . ed . ) students . around 21 – 24 % of students are children of alumni , and although 37 % of students come from the midwestern united states , the student body represents all 50 states and 100 countries . as of march 2007 [ update ] the princeton review ranked the school as the fifth highest ' dream school ' for parents to send their children . as of march 2015 [ update ] the princeton review ranked notre dame as the ninth highest . the school has been previously criticized for its lack of diversity , and the princeton review ranks the university highly among schools at which " alternative lifestyles [ are ] not an alternative . " it has also been commended by some diversity oriented publications ; hispanic magazine in 2004 ranked the university ninth on its list of the top – 25 colleges for latinos , and the journal of blacks in higher education recognized the university in 2006 for raising enrollment of african - american students . with 6 , 000 participants , the university ' s intramural sports program was named in 2004 by sports illustrated as the best program in the country , while in 2007 the princeton review named it as the top school where " everyone plays intramural sports . " the annual bookstore basketball tournament is the largest outdoor five - on - five tournament in the world with over 700 teams participating each year , while the notre dame men ' s boxing club hosts the annual bengal bouts tournament that raises money for the holy cross missions in bangladesh . [ sep ] over 700
in 2014 the notre dame student body consisted of 12 , 179 students , with 8 , 448 undergraduates , 2 , 138 graduate and professional and 1 , 593 professional ( law , m . div . , business , m . ed . ) students . around 21 – 24 % of students are children of alumni , and although 37 % of students come from the midwestern united states , the student body represents all 50 states and 100 countries . as of march 2007 [ update ] the princeton review ranked the school as the fifth highest ' dream school ' for parents to send their children . as of march 2015 [ update ] the princeton review ranked notre dame as the ninth highest . the school has been previously criticized for its lack of diversity , and the princeton review ranks the university highly among schools at which " alternative lifestyles [ are ] not an alternative . " it has also been commended by some diversity oriented publications ; hispanic magazine in 2004 ranked the university ninth on its list of the top – 25 colleges for latinos , and the journal of blacks in higher education recognized the university in 2006 for raising enrollment of african - american students . with 6 , 000 participants , the university ' s intramural sports program was named in 2004 by sports illustrated as the best program in the country , while in 2007 the princeton review named it as the top school where " everyone plays intramural sports . " the annual bookstore basketball tournament is the largest outdoor five - on - five tournament in the world with over 700 teams participating each year , while the notre dame men ' s boxing club hosts the annual bengal bouts tournament that raises money for the holy cross missions in bangladesh . [ sep ] the holy cross missions in bangladesh
in 2014 the notre dame student body consisted of 12 , 179 students , with 8 , 448 undergraduates , 2 , 138 graduate and professional and 1 , 593 professional ( law , m . div . , business , m . ed . ) students . around 21 – 24 % of students are children of alumni , and although 37 % of students come from the midwestern united states , the student body represents all 50 states and 100 countries . as of march 2007 [ update ] the princeton review ranked the school as the fifth highest ' dream school ' for parents to send their children . as of march 2015 [ update ] the princeton review ranked notre dame as the ninth highest . the school has been previously criticized for its lack of diversity , and the princeton review ranks the university highly among schools at which " alternative lifestyles [ are ] not an alternative . " it has also been commended by some diversity oriented publications ; hispanic magazine in 2004 ranked the university ninth on its list of the top – 25 colleges for latinos , and the journal of blacks in higher education recognized the university in 2006 for raising enrollment of african - american students . with 6 , 000 participants , the university ' s intramural sports program was named in 2004 by sports illustrated as the best program in the country , while in 2007 the princeton review named it as the top school where " everyone plays intramural sports . " the annual bookstore basketball tournament is the largest outdoor five - on - five tournament in the world with over 700 teams participating each year , while the notre dame men ' s boxing club hosts the annual bengal bouts tournament that raises money for the holy cross missions in bangladesh . [ sep ] 12 , 179
about 80 % of undergraduates and 20 % of graduate students live on campus . the majority of the graduate students on campus live in one of four graduate housing complexes on campus , while all on - campus undergraduates live in one of the 29 residence halls . because of the religious affiliation of the university , all residence halls are single - sex , with 15 male dorms and 14 female dorms . the university maintains a visiting policy ( known as parietal hours ) for those students who live in dormitories , specifying times when members of the opposite sex are allowed to visit other students ' dorm rooms ; however , all residence halls have 24 - hour social spaces for students regardless of gender . many residence halls have at least one nun and / or priest as a resident . there are no traditional social fraternities or sororities at the university , but a majority of students live in the same residence hall for all four years . some intramural sports are based on residence hall teams , where the university offers the only non - military academy program of full - contact intramural american football . at the end of the intramural season , the championship game is played on the field in notre dame stadium . [ sep ] 80 %
about 80 % of undergraduates and 20 % of graduate students live on campus . the majority of the graduate students on campus live in one of four graduate housing complexes on campus , while all on - campus undergraduates live in one of the 29 residence halls . because of the religious affiliation of the university , all residence halls are single - sex , with 15 male dorms and 14 female dorms . the university maintains a visiting policy ( known as parietal hours ) for those students who live in dormitories , specifying times when members of the opposite sex are allowed to visit other students ' dorm rooms ; however , all residence halls have 24 - hour social spaces for students regardless of gender . many residence halls have at least one nun and / or priest as a resident . there are no traditional social fraternities or sororities at the university , but a majority of students live in the same residence hall for all four years . some intramural sports are based on residence hall teams , where the university offers the only non - military academy program of full - contact intramural american football . at the end of the intramural season , the championship game is played on the field in notre dame stadium . [ sep ] four
about 80 % of undergraduates and 20 % of graduate students live on campus . the majority of the graduate students on campus live in one of four graduate housing complexes on campus , while all on - campus undergraduates live in one of the 29 residence halls . because of the religious affiliation of the university , all residence halls are single - sex , with 15 male dorms and 14 female dorms . the university maintains a visiting policy ( known as parietal hours ) for those students who live in dormitories , specifying times when members of the opposite sex are allowed to visit other students ' dorm rooms ; however , all residence halls have 24 - hour social spaces for students regardless of gender . many residence halls have at least one nun and / or priest as a resident . there are no traditional social fraternities or sororities at the university , but a majority of students live in the same residence hall for all four years . some intramural sports are based on residence hall teams , where the university offers the only non - military academy program of full - contact intramural american football . at the end of the intramural season , the championship game is played on the field in notre dame stadium . [ sep ] 15
about 80 % of undergraduates and 20 % of graduate students live on campus . the majority of the graduate students on campus live in one of four graduate housing complexes on campus , while all on - campus undergraduates live in one of the 29 residence halls . because of the religious affiliation of the university , all residence halls are single - sex , with 15 male dorms and 14 female dorms . the university maintains a visiting policy ( known as parietal hours ) for those students who live in dormitories , specifying times when members of the opposite sex are allowed to visit other students ' dorm rooms ; however , all residence halls have 24 - hour social spaces for students regardless of gender . many residence halls have at least one nun and / or priest as a resident . there are no traditional social fraternities or sororities at the university , but a majority of students live in the same residence hall for all four years . some intramural sports are based on residence hall teams , where the university offers the only non - military academy program of full - contact intramural american football . at the end of the intramural season , the championship game is played on the field in notre dame stadium . [ sep ] 20 %
about 80 % of undergraduates and 20 % of graduate students live on campus . the majority of the graduate students on campus live in one of four graduate housing complexes on campus , while all on - campus undergraduates live in one of the 29 residence halls . because of the religious affiliation of the university , all residence halls are single - sex , with 15 male dorms and 14 female dorms . the university maintains a visiting policy ( known as parietal hours ) for those students who live in dormitories , specifying times when members of the opposite sex are allowed to visit other students ' dorm rooms ; however , all residence halls have 24 - hour social spaces for students regardless of gender . many residence halls have at least one nun and / or priest as a resident . there are no traditional social fraternities or sororities at the university , but a majority of students live in the same residence hall for all four years . some intramural sports are based on residence hall teams , where the university offers the only non - military academy program of full - contact intramural american football . at the end of the intramural season , the championship game is played on the field in notre dame stadium . [ sep ] 14
with advances in medicinal chemistry , most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds . these include , for example , the beta - lactam antibiotics , which include the penicillins ( produced by fungi in the genus penicillium ) , the cephalosporins , and the carbapenems . compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides , whereas other antibacterials — for example , the sulfonamides , the quinolones , and the oxazolidinones — are produced solely by chemical synthesis . many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] semisynthetic modifications
with advances in medicinal chemistry , most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds . these include , for example , the beta - lactam antibiotics , which include the penicillins ( produced by fungi in the genus penicillium ) , the cephalosporins , and the carbapenems . compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides , whereas other antibacterials — for example , the sulfonamides , the quinolones , and the oxazolidinones — are produced solely by chemical synthesis . many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] beta - lactam antibiotics
with advances in medicinal chemistry , most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds . these include , for example , the beta - lactam antibiotics , which include the penicillins ( produced by fungi in the genus penicillium ) , the cephalosporins , and the carbapenems . compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides , whereas other antibacterials — for example , the sulfonamides , the quinolones , and the oxazolidinones — are produced solely by chemical synthesis . many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] aminoglycosides
with advances in medicinal chemistry , most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds . these include , for example , the beta - lactam antibiotics , which include the penicillins ( produced by fungi in the genus penicillium ) , the cephalosporins , and the carbapenems . compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides , whereas other antibacterials — for example , the sulfonamides , the quinolones , and the oxazolidinones — are produced solely by chemical synthesis . many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] synthesis
this in turn led to the establishment of the right - wing dictatorship of the estado novo under antonio de oliveira salazar in 1933 . portugal was one of only five european countries to remain neutral in world war ii . from the 1940s to the 1960s , portugal was a founding member of nato , oecd and the european free trade association ( efta ) . gradually , new economic development projects and relocation of mainland portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in africa were initiated , with angola and mozambique , as the largest and richest overseas territories , being the main targets of those initiatives . these actions were used to affirm portugal ' s status as a transcontinental nation and not as a colonial empire . [ sep ] antonio de oliveira salazar
this in turn led to the establishment of the right - wing dictatorship of the estado novo under antonio de oliveira salazar in 1933 . portugal was one of only five european countries to remain neutral in world war ii . from the 1940s to the 1960s , portugal was a founding member of nato , oecd and the european free trade association ( efta ) . gradually , new economic development projects and relocation of mainland portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in africa were initiated , with angola and mozambique , as the largest and richest overseas territories , being the main targets of those initiatives . these actions were used to affirm portugal ' s status as a transcontinental nation and not as a colonial empire . [ sep ] 1933
this in turn led to the establishment of the right - wing dictatorship of the estado novo under antonio de oliveira salazar in 1933 . portugal was one of only five european countries to remain neutral in world war ii . from the 1940s to the 1960s , portugal was a founding member of nato , oecd and the european free trade association ( efta ) . gradually , new economic development projects and relocation of mainland portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in africa were initiated , with angola and mozambique , as the largest and richest overseas territories , being the main targets of those initiatives . these actions were used to affirm portugal ' s status as a transcontinental nation and not as a colonial empire . [ sep ] five
this in turn led to the establishment of the right - wing dictatorship of the estado novo under antonio de oliveira salazar in 1933 . portugal was one of only five european countries to remain neutral in world war ii . from the 1940s to the 1960s , portugal was a founding member of nato , oecd and the european free trade association ( efta ) . gradually , new economic development projects and relocation of mainland portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in africa were initiated , with angola and mozambique , as the largest and richest overseas territories , being the main targets of those initiatives . these actions were used to affirm portugal ' s status as a transcontinental nation and not as a colonial empire . [ sep ] relocation of mainland portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in africa
the university is affiliated with the congregation of holy cross ( latin : congregatio a sancta cruce , abbreviated postnominals : " csc " ) . while religious affiliation is not a criterion for admission , more than 93 % of students identify as christian , with over 80 % of the total being catholic . collectively , catholic mass is celebrated over 100 times per week on campus , and a large campus ministry program provides for the faith needs of the community . there are multitudes of religious statues and artwork around campus , most prominent of which are the statue of mary on the main building , the notre dame grotto , and the word of life mural on hesburgh library depicting christ as a teacher . additionally , every classroom displays a crucifix . there are many religious clubs ( catholic and non - catholic ) at the school , including council # 1477 of the knights of columbus ( koc ) , baptist collegiate ministry ( bcm ) , jewish club , muslim student association , orthodox christian fellowship , the mormon club , and many more . the notre dame kofc are known for being the first collegiate council of kofc , operating a charitable concession stand during every home football game and owning their own building on campus which can be used as a cigar lounge . fifty - seven chapels are located throughout the campus . [ sep ] congregatio a sancta cruce
the university is affiliated with the congregation of holy cross ( latin : congregatio a sancta cruce , abbreviated postnominals : " csc " ) . while religious affiliation is not a criterion for admission , more than 93 % of students identify as christian , with over 80 % of the total being catholic . collectively , catholic mass is celebrated over 100 times per week on campus , and a large campus ministry program provides for the faith needs of the community . there are multitudes of religious statues and artwork around campus , most prominent of which are the statue of mary on the main building , the notre dame grotto , and the word of life mural on hesburgh library depicting christ as a teacher . additionally , every classroom displays a crucifix . there are many religious clubs ( catholic and non - catholic ) at the school , including council # 1477 of the knights of columbus ( koc ) , baptist collegiate ministry ( bcm ) , jewish club , muslim student association , orthodox christian fellowship , the mormon club , and many more . the notre dame kofc are known for being the first collegiate council of kofc , operating a charitable concession stand during every home football game and owning their own building on campus which can be used as a cigar lounge . fifty - seven chapels are located throughout the campus . [ sep ] more than 93 %
the university is affiliated with the congregation of holy cross ( latin : congregatio a sancta cruce , abbreviated postnominals : " csc " ) . while religious affiliation is not a criterion for admission , more than 93 % of students identify as christian , with over 80 % of the total being catholic . collectively , catholic mass is celebrated over 100 times per week on campus , and a large campus ministry program provides for the faith needs of the community . there are multitudes of religious statues and artwork around campus , most prominent of which are the statue of mary on the main building , the notre dame grotto , and the word of life mural on hesburgh library depicting christ as a teacher . additionally , every classroom displays a crucifix . there are many religious clubs ( catholic and non - catholic ) at the school , including council # 1477 of the knights of columbus ( koc ) , baptist collegiate ministry ( bcm ) , jewish club , muslim student association , orthodox christian fellowship , the mormon club , and many more . the notre dame kofc are known for being the first collegiate council of kofc , operating a charitable concession stand during every home football game and owning their own building on campus which can be used as a cigar lounge . fifty - seven chapels are located throughout the campus . [ sep ] over 100 times
the university is affiliated with the congregation of holy cross ( latin : congregatio a sancta cruce , abbreviated postnominals : " csc " ) . while religious affiliation is not a criterion for admission , more than 93 % of students identify as christian , with over 80 % of the total being catholic . collectively , catholic mass is celebrated over 100 times per week on campus , and a large campus ministry program provides for the faith needs of the community . there are multitudes of religious statues and artwork around campus , most prominent of which are the statue of mary on the main building , the notre dame grotto , and the word of life mural on hesburgh library depicting christ as a teacher . additionally , every classroom displays a crucifix . there are many religious clubs ( catholic and non - catholic ) at the school , including council # 1477 of the knights of columbus ( koc ) , baptist collegiate ministry ( bcm ) , jewish club , muslim student association , orthodox christian fellowship , the mormon club , and many more . the notre dame kofc are known for being the first collegiate council of kofc , operating a charitable concession stand during every home football game and owning their own building on campus which can be used as a cigar lounge . fifty - seven chapels are located throughout the campus . [ sep ] fifty - seven
the university is affiliated with the congregation of holy cross ( latin : congregatio a sancta cruce , abbreviated postnominals : " csc " ) . while religious affiliation is not a criterion for admission , more than 93 % of students identify as christian , with over 80 % of the total being catholic . collectively , catholic mass is celebrated over 100 times per week on campus , and a large campus ministry program provides for the faith needs of the community . there are multitudes of religious statues and artwork around campus , most prominent of which are the statue of mary on the main building , the notre dame grotto , and the word of life mural on hesburgh library depicting christ as a teacher . additionally , every classroom displays a crucifix . there are many religious clubs ( catholic and non - catholic ) at the school , including council # 1477 of the knights of columbus ( koc ) , baptist collegiate ministry ( bcm ) , jewish club , muslim student association , orthodox christian fellowship , the mormon club , and many more . the notre dame kofc are known for being the first collegiate council of kofc , operating a charitable concession stand during every home football game and owning their own building on campus which can be used as a cigar lounge . fifty - seven chapels are located throughout the campus . [ sep ] over 80 %
in the same judgement the echr reviewed the judgements of several international and municipal courts judgements . it noted that international criminal tribunal for the former yugoslavia and the international court of justice had agreed with the narrow interpretation , that biological - physical destruction was necessary for an act to qualify as genocide . the echr also noted that at the time of its judgement , apart from courts in germany which had taken a broad view , that there had been few cases of genocide under other convention states municipal laws and that " there are no reported cases in which the courts of these states have defined the type of group destruction the perpetrator must have intended in order to be found guilty of genocide " . [ sep ] the judgements of several international and municipal courts
in the same judgement the echr reviewed the judgements of several international and municipal courts judgements . it noted that international criminal tribunal for the former yugoslavia and the international court of justice had agreed with the narrow interpretation , that biological - physical destruction was necessary for an act to qualify as genocide . the echr also noted that at the time of its judgement , apart from courts in germany which had taken a broad view , that there had been few cases of genocide under other convention states municipal laws and that " there are no reported cases in which the courts of these states have defined the type of group destruction the perpetrator must have intended in order to be found guilty of genocide " . [ sep ] that biological - physical destruction was necessary
in the same judgement the echr reviewed the judgements of several international and municipal courts judgements . it noted that international criminal tribunal for the former yugoslavia and the international court of justice had agreed with the narrow interpretation , that biological - physical destruction was necessary for an act to qualify as genocide . the echr also noted that at the time of its judgement , apart from courts in germany which had taken a broad view , that there had been few cases of genocide under other convention states municipal laws and that " there are no reported cases in which the courts of these states have defined the type of group destruction the perpetrator must have intended in order to be found guilty of genocide " . [ sep ] germany
in the same judgement the echr reviewed the judgements of several international and municipal courts judgements . it noted that international criminal tribunal for the former yugoslavia and the international court of justice had agreed with the narrow interpretation , that biological - physical destruction was necessary for an act to qualify as genocide . the echr also noted that at the time of its judgement , apart from courts in germany which had taken a broad view , that there had been few cases of genocide under other convention states municipal laws and that " there are no reported cases in which the courts of these states have defined the type of group destruction the perpetrator must have intended in order to be found guilty of genocide " . [ sep ] convention states municipal laws
in the same judgement the echr reviewed the judgements of several international and municipal courts judgements . it noted that international criminal tribunal for the former yugoslavia and the international court of justice had agreed with the narrow interpretation , that biological - physical destruction was necessary for an act to qualify as genocide . the echr also noted that at the time of its judgement , apart from courts in germany which had taken a broad view , that there had been few cases of genocide under other convention states municipal laws and that " there are no reported cases in which the courts of these states have defined the type of group destruction the perpetrator must have intended in order to be found guilty of genocide " . [ sep ] the type of group destruction
the emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon . emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy . the antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics . under certain conditions , it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria , while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug . for example , antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial - resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the luria – delbruck experiment . antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin , which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains , have become less effective , due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains . [ sep ] resistance of bacteria
the emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon . emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy . the antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics . under certain conditions , it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria , while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug . for example , antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial - resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the luria – delbruck experiment . antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin , which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains , have become less effective , due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains . [ sep ] evolution
the emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon . emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy . the antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics . under certain conditions , it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria , while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug . for example , antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial - resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the luria – delbruck experiment . antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin , which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains , have become less effective , due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains . [ sep ] 1943
the emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon . emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy . the antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics . under certain conditions , it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria , while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug . for example , antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial - resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the luria – delbruck experiment . antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin , which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains , have become less effective , due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains . [ sep ] penicillin and erythromycin
montana i / [unk] / is a state in the western region of the united states . the state ' s name is derived from the spanish word montana ( mountain ) . montana has several nicknames , although none official , including " big sky country " and " the treasure state " , and slogans that include " land of the shining mountains " and more recently " the last best place " . montana is ranked 4th in size , but 44th in population and 48th in population density of the 50 united states . the western third of montana contains numerous mountain ranges . smaller island ranges are found throughout the state . in total , 77 named ranges are part of the rocky mountains . [ sep ] spanish word montana ( mountain )
montana i / [unk] / is a state in the western region of the united states . the state ' s name is derived from the spanish word montana ( mountain ) . montana has several nicknames , although none official , including " big sky country " and " the treasure state " , and slogans that include " land of the shining mountains " and more recently " the last best place " . montana is ranked 4th in size , but 44th in population and 48th in population density of the 50 united states . the western third of montana contains numerous mountain ranges . smaller island ranges are found throughout the state . in total , 77 named ranges are part of the rocky mountains . [ sep ] 4th
montana i / [unk] / is a state in the western region of the united states . the state ' s name is derived from the spanish word montana ( mountain ) . montana has several nicknames , although none official , including " big sky country " and " the treasure state " , and slogans that include " land of the shining mountains " and more recently " the last best place " . montana is ranked 4th in size , but 44th in population and 48th in population density of the 50 united states . the western third of montana contains numerous mountain ranges . smaller island ranges are found throughout the state . in total , 77 named ranges are part of the rocky mountains . [ sep ] 44th
montana i / [unk] / is a state in the western region of the united states . the state ' s name is derived from the spanish word montana ( mountain ) . montana has several nicknames , although none official , including " big sky country " and " the treasure state " , and slogans that include " land of the shining mountains " and more recently " the last best place " . montana is ranked 4th in size , but 44th in population and 48th in population density of the 50 united states . the western third of montana contains numerous mountain ranges . smaller island ranges are found throughout the state . in total , 77 named ranges are part of the rocky mountains . [ sep ] 77
the phrase " in whole or in part " has been subject to much discussion by scholars of international humanitarian law . the international criminal tribunal for the former yugoslavia found in prosecutor v . radislav krstic – trial chamber i – judgment – it - 98 - 33 ( 2001 ) icty8 ( 2 august 2001 ) that genocide had been committed . in prosecutor v . radislav krstic – appeals chamber – judgment – it - 98 - 33 ( 2004 ) icty 7 ( 19 april 2004 ) paragraphs 8 , 9 , 10 , and 11 addressed the issue of in part and found that " the part must be a substantial part of that group . the aim of the genocide convention is to prevent the intentional destruction of entire human groups , and the part targeted must be significant enough to have an impact on the group as a whole . " the appeals chamber goes into details of other cases and the opinions of respected commentators on the genocide convention to explain how they came to this conclusion . [ sep ] " in whole or in part "
the phrase " in whole or in part " has been subject to much discussion by scholars of international humanitarian law . the international criminal tribunal for the former yugoslavia found in prosecutor v . radislav krstic – trial chamber i – judgment – it - 98 - 33 ( 2001 ) icty8 ( 2 august 2001 ) that genocide had been committed . in prosecutor v . radislav krstic – appeals chamber – judgment – it - 98 - 33 ( 2004 ) icty 7 ( 19 april 2004 ) paragraphs 8 , 9 , 10 , and 11 addressed the issue of in part and found that " the part must be a substantial part of that group . the aim of the genocide convention is to prevent the intentional destruction of entire human groups , and the part targeted must be significant enough to have an impact on the group as a whole . " the appeals chamber goes into details of other cases and the opinions of respected commentators on the genocide convention to explain how they came to this conclusion . [ sep ] prosecutor v . radislav krstic
the phrase " in whole or in part " has been subject to much discussion by scholars of international humanitarian law . the international criminal tribunal for the former yugoslavia found in prosecutor v . radislav krstic – trial chamber i – judgment – it - 98 - 33 ( 2001 ) icty8 ( 2 august 2001 ) that genocide had been committed . in prosecutor v . radislav krstic – appeals chamber – judgment – it - 98 - 33 ( 2004 ) icty 7 ( 19 april 2004 ) paragraphs 8 , 9 , 10 , and 11 addressed the issue of in part and found that " the part must be a substantial part of that group . the aim of the genocide convention is to prevent the intentional destruction of entire human groups , and the part targeted must be significant enough to have an impact on the group as a whole . " the appeals chamber goes into details of other cases and the opinions of respected commentators on the genocide convention to explain how they came to this conclusion . [ sep ] entire human groups
the phrase " in whole or in part " has been subject to much discussion by scholars of international humanitarian law . the international criminal tribunal for the former yugoslavia found in prosecutor v . radislav krstic – trial chamber i – judgment – it - 98 - 33 ( 2001 ) icty8 ( 2 august 2001 ) that genocide had been committed . in prosecutor v . radislav krstic – appeals chamber – judgment – it - 98 - 33 ( 2004 ) icty 7 ( 19 april 2004 ) paragraphs 8 , 9 , 10 , and 11 addressed the issue of in part and found that " the part must be a substantial part of that group . the aim of the genocide convention is to prevent the intentional destruction of entire human groups , and the part targeted must be significant enough to have an impact on the group as a whole . " the appeals chamber goes into details of other cases and the opinions of respected commentators on the genocide convention to explain how they came to this conclusion . [ sep ] that group
the phrase " in whole or in part " has been subject to much discussion by scholars of international humanitarian law . the international criminal tribunal for the former yugoslavia found in prosecutor v . radislav krstic – trial chamber i – judgment – it - 98 - 33 ( 2001 ) icty8 ( 2 august 2001 ) that genocide had been committed . in prosecutor v . radislav krstic – appeals chamber – judgment – it - 98 - 33 ( 2004 ) icty 7 ( 19 april 2004 ) paragraphs 8 , 9 , 10 , and 11 addressed the issue of in part and found that " the part must be a substantial part of that group . the aim of the genocide convention is to prevent the intentional destruction of entire human groups , and the part targeted must be significant enough to have an impact on the group as a whole . " the appeals chamber goes into details of other cases and the opinions of respected commentators on the genocide convention to explain how they came to this conclusion . [ sep ] opinions of respected commentators
architecturally , the school has a catholic character . atop the main building ' s gold dome is a golden statue of the virgin mary . immediately in front of the main building and facing it , is a copper statue of christ with arms upraised with the legend " venite ad me omnes " . next to the main building is the basilica of the sacred heart . immediately behind the basilica is the grotto , a marian place of prayer and reflection . it is a replica of the grotto at lourdes , france where the virgin mary reputedly appeared to saint bernadette soubirous in 1858 . at the end of the main drive ( and in a direct line that connects through 3 statues and the gold dome ) , is a simple , modern stone statue of mary . [ sep ] a golden statue of the virgin mary
architecturally , the school has a catholic character . atop the main building ' s gold dome is a golden statue of the virgin mary . immediately in front of the main building and facing it , is a copper statue of christ with arms upraised with the legend " venite ad me omnes " . next to the main building is the basilica of the sacred heart . immediately behind the basilica is the grotto , a marian place of prayer and reflection . it is a replica of the grotto at lourdes , france where the virgin mary reputedly appeared to saint bernadette soubirous in 1858 . at the end of the main drive ( and in a direct line that connects through 3 statues and the gold dome ) , is a simple , modern stone statue of mary . [ sep ] a copper statue of christ
architecturally , the school has a catholic character . atop the main building ' s gold dome is a golden statue of the virgin mary . immediately in front of the main building and facing it , is a copper statue of christ with arms upraised with the legend " venite ad me omnes " . next to the main building is the basilica of the sacred heart . immediately behind the basilica is the grotto , a marian place of prayer and reflection . it is a replica of the grotto at lourdes , france where the virgin mary reputedly appeared to saint bernadette soubirous in 1858 . at the end of the main drive ( and in a direct line that connects through 3 statues and the gold dome ) , is a simple , modern stone statue of mary . [ sep ] the main building
architecturally , the school has a catholic character . atop the main building ' s gold dome is a golden statue of the virgin mary . immediately in front of the main building and facing it , is a copper statue of christ with arms upraised with the legend " venite ad me omnes " . next to the main building is the basilica of the sacred heart . immediately behind the basilica is the grotto , a marian place of prayer and reflection . it is a replica of the grotto at lourdes , france where the virgin mary reputedly appeared to saint bernadette soubirous in 1858 . at the end of the main drive ( and in a direct line that connects through 3 statues and the gold dome ) , is a simple , modern stone statue of mary . [ sep ] a marian place of prayer and reflection
architecturally , the school has a catholic character . atop the main building ' s gold dome is a golden statue of the virgin mary . immediately in front of the main building and facing it , is a copper statue of christ with arms upraised with the legend " venite ad me omnes " . next to the main building is the basilica of the sacred heart . immediately behind the basilica is the grotto , a marian place of prayer and reflection . it is a replica of the grotto at lourdes , france where the virgin mary reputedly appeared to saint bernadette soubirous in 1858 . at the end of the main drive ( and in a direct line that connects through 3 statues and the gold dome ) , is a simple , modern stone statue of mary . [ sep ] saint bernadette soubirous
the university is the major seat of the congregation of holy cross ( albeit not its official headquarters , which are in rome ) . its main seminary , moreau seminary , is located on the campus across st . joseph lake from the main building . old college , the oldest building on campus and located near the shore of st . mary lake , houses undergraduate seminarians . retired priests and brothers reside in fatima house ( a former retreat center ) , holy cross house , as well as columba hall near the grotto . the university through the moreau seminary has ties to theologian frederick buechner . while not catholic , buechner has praised writers from notre dame and moreau seminary created a buechner prize for preaching . [ sep ] rome
the university is the major seat of the congregation of holy cross ( albeit not its official headquarters , which are in rome ) . its main seminary , moreau seminary , is located on the campus across st . joseph lake from the main building . old college , the oldest building on campus and located near the shore of st . mary lake , houses undergraduate seminarians . retired priests and brothers reside in fatima house ( a former retreat center ) , holy cross house , as well as columba hall near the grotto . the university through the moreau seminary has ties to theologian frederick buechner . while not catholic , buechner has praised writers from notre dame and moreau seminary created a buechner prize for preaching . [ sep ] moreau seminary
the university is the major seat of the congregation of holy cross ( albeit not its official headquarters , which are in rome ) . its main seminary , moreau seminary , is located on the campus across st . joseph lake from the main building . old college , the oldest building on campus and located near the shore of st . mary lake , houses undergraduate seminarians . retired priests and brothers reside in fatima house ( a former retreat center ) , holy cross house , as well as columba hall near the grotto . the university through the moreau seminary has ties to theologian frederick buechner . while not catholic , buechner has praised writers from notre dame and moreau seminary created a buechner prize for preaching . [ sep ] old college
the university is the major seat of the congregation of holy cross ( albeit not its official headquarters , which are in rome ) . its main seminary , moreau seminary , is located on the campus across st . joseph lake from the main building . old college , the oldest building on campus and located near the shore of st . mary lake , houses undergraduate seminarians . retired priests and brothers reside in fatima house ( a former retreat center ) , holy cross house , as well as columba hall near the grotto . the university through the moreau seminary has ties to theologian frederick buechner . while not catholic , buechner has praised writers from notre dame and moreau seminary created a buechner prize for preaching . [ sep ] retired priests and brothers
the university is the major seat of the congregation of holy cross ( albeit not its official headquarters , which are in rome ) . its main seminary , moreau seminary , is located on the campus across st . joseph lake from the main building . old college , the oldest building on campus and located near the shore of st . mary lake , houses undergraduate seminarians . retired priests and brothers reside in fatima house ( a former retreat center ) , holy cross house , as well as columba hall near the grotto . the university through the moreau seminary has ties to theologian frederick buechner . while not catholic , buechner has praised writers from notre dame and moreau seminary created a buechner prize for preaching . [ sep ] buechner prize for preaching
as at most other universities , notre dame ' s students run a number of news media outlets . the nine student - run outlets include three newspapers , both a radio and television station , and several magazines and journals . begun as a one - page journal in september 1876 , the scholastic magazine is issued twice monthly and claims to be the oldest continuous collegiate publication in the united states . the other magazine , the juggler , is released twice a year and focuses on student literature and artwork . the dome yearbook is published annually . the newspapers have varying publication interests , with the observer published daily and mainly reporting university and other news , and staffed by students from both notre dame and saint mary ' s college . unlike scholastic and the dome , the observer is an independent publication and does not have a faculty advisor or any editorial oversight from the university . in 1987 , when some students believed that the observer began to show a conservative bias , a liberal newspaper , common sense was published . likewise , in 2003 , when other students believed that the paper showed a liberal bias , the conservative paper irish rover went into production . neither paper is published as often as the observer ; however , all three are distributed to all students . finally , in spring 2008 an undergraduate journal for political science research , beyond politics , made its debut . [ sep ] three
as at most other universities , notre dame ' s students run a number of news media outlets . the nine student - run outlets include three newspapers , both a radio and television station , and several magazines and journals . begun as a one - page journal in september 1876 , the scholastic magazine is issued twice monthly and claims to be the oldest continuous collegiate publication in the united states . the other magazine , the juggler , is released twice a year and focuses on student literature and artwork . the dome yearbook is published annually . the newspapers have varying publication interests , with the observer published daily and mainly reporting university and other news , and staffed by students from both notre dame and saint mary ' s college . unlike scholastic and the dome , the observer is an independent publication and does not have a faculty advisor or any editorial oversight from the university . in 1987 , when some students believed that the observer began to show a conservative bias , a liberal newspaper , common sense was published . likewise , in 2003 , when other students believed that the paper showed a liberal bias , the conservative paper irish rover went into production . neither paper is published as often as the observer ; however , all three are distributed to all students . finally , in spring 2008 an undergraduate journal for political science research , beyond politics , made its debut . [ sep ] september 1876
as at most other universities , notre dame ' s students run a number of news media outlets . the nine student - run outlets include three newspapers , both a radio and television station , and several magazines and journals . begun as a one - page journal in september 1876 , the scholastic magazine is issued twice monthly and claims to be the oldest continuous collegiate publication in the united states . the other magazine , the juggler , is released twice a year and focuses on student literature and artwork . the dome yearbook is published annually . the newspapers have varying publication interests , with the observer published daily and mainly reporting university and other news , and staffed by students from both notre dame and saint mary ' s college . unlike scholastic and the dome , the observer is an independent publication and does not have a faculty advisor or any editorial oversight from the university . in 1987 , when some students believed that the observer began to show a conservative bias , a liberal newspaper , common sense was published . likewise , in 2003 , when other students believed that the paper showed a liberal bias , the conservative paper irish rover went into production . neither paper is published as often as the observer ; however , all three are distributed to all students . finally , in spring 2008 an undergraduate journal for political science research , beyond politics , made its debut . [ sep ] twice
as at most other universities , notre dame ' s students run a number of news media outlets . the nine student - run outlets include three newspapers , both a radio and television station , and several magazines and journals . begun as a one - page journal in september 1876 , the scholastic magazine is issued twice monthly and claims to be the oldest continuous collegiate publication in the united states . the other magazine , the juggler , is released twice a year and focuses on student literature and artwork . the dome yearbook is published annually . the newspapers have varying publication interests , with the observer published daily and mainly reporting university and other news , and staffed by students from both notre dame and saint mary ' s college . unlike scholastic and the dome , the observer is an independent publication and does not have a faculty advisor or any editorial oversight from the university . in 1987 , when some students believed that the observer began to show a conservative bias , a liberal newspaper , common sense was published . likewise , in 2003 , when other students believed that the paper showed a liberal bias , the conservative paper irish rover went into production . neither paper is published as often as the observer ; however , all three are distributed to all students . finally , in spring 2008 an undergraduate journal for political science research , beyond politics , made its debut . [ sep ] the observer
as at most other universities , notre dame ' s students run a number of news media outlets . the nine student - run outlets include three newspapers , both a radio and television station , and several magazines and journals . begun as a one - page journal in september 1876 , the scholastic magazine is issued twice monthly and claims to be the oldest continuous collegiate publication in the united states . the other magazine , the juggler , is released twice a year and focuses on student literature and artwork . the dome yearbook is published annually . the newspapers have varying publication interests , with the observer published daily and mainly reporting university and other news , and staffed by students from both notre dame and saint mary ' s college . unlike scholastic and the dome , the observer is an independent publication and does not have a faculty advisor or any editorial oversight from the university . in 1987 , when some students believed that the observer began to show a conservative bias , a liberal newspaper , common sense was published . likewise , in 2003 , when other students believed that the paper showed a liberal bias , the conservative paper irish rover went into production . neither paper is published as often as the observer ; however , all three are distributed to all students . finally , in spring 2008 an undergraduate journal for political science research , beyond politics , made its debut . [ sep ] 1987
the television station , ndtv , grew from one show in 2002 to a full 24 - hour channel with original programming by september 2006 . wsnd - fm serves the student body and larger south bend community at 88 . 9 fm , offering students a chance to become involved in bringing classical music , fine arts and educational programming , and alternative rock to the airwaves . another radio station , wvfi , began as a partner of wsnd - fm . more recently , however , wvfi has been airing independently and is streamed on the internet . [ sep ] ndtv
the television station , ndtv , grew from one show in 2002 to a full 24 - hour channel with original programming by september 2006 . wsnd - fm serves the student body and larger south bend community at 88 . 9 fm , offering students a chance to become involved in bringing classical music , fine arts and educational programming , and alternative rock to the airwaves . another radio station , wvfi , began as a partner of wsnd - fm . more recently , however , wvfi has been airing independently and is streamed on the internet . [ sep ] one show
the television station , ndtv , grew from one show in 2002 to a full 24 - hour channel with original programming by september 2006 . wsnd - fm serves the student body and larger south bend community at 88 . 9 fm , offering students a chance to become involved in bringing classical music , fine arts and educational programming , and alternative rock to the airwaves . another radio station , wvfi , began as a partner of wsnd - fm . more recently , however , wvfi has been airing independently and is streamed on the internet . [ sep ] wsnd - fm
the television station , ndtv , grew from one show in 2002 to a full 24 - hour channel with original programming by september 2006 . wsnd - fm serves the student body and larger south bend community at 88 . 9 fm , offering students a chance to become involved in bringing classical music , fine arts and educational programming , and alternative rock to the airwaves . another radio station , wvfi , began as a partner of wsnd - fm . more recently , however , wvfi has been airing independently and is streamed on the internet . [ sep ] wvfi
the first phase of eddy street commons , a $ 215 million development located adjacent to the university of notre dame campus and funded by the university , broke ground on june 3 , 2008 . the eddy street commons drew union protests when workers hired by the city of south bend to construct the public parking garage picketed the private work site after a contractor hired non - union workers . the developer , kite realty out of indianapolis , has made agreements with major national chains rather than local businesses , a move that has led to criticism from alumni and students . [ sep ] $ 215 million
the first phase of eddy street commons , a $ 215 million development located adjacent to the university of notre dame campus and funded by the university , broke ground on june 3 , 2008 . the eddy street commons drew union protests when workers hired by the city of south bend to construct the public parking garage picketed the private work site after a contractor hired non - union workers . the developer , kite realty out of indianapolis , has made agreements with major national chains rather than local businesses , a move that has led to criticism from alumni and students . [ sep ] june 3 , 2008
the first phase of eddy street commons , a $ 215 million development located adjacent to the university of notre dame campus and funded by the university , broke ground on june 3 , 2008 . the eddy street commons drew union protests when workers hired by the city of south bend to construct the public parking garage picketed the private work site after a contractor hired non - union workers . the developer , kite realty out of indianapolis , has made agreements with major national chains rather than local businesses , a move that has led to criticism from alumni and students . [ sep ] kite realty
the first phase of eddy street commons , a $ 215 million development located adjacent to the university of notre dame campus and funded by the university , broke ground on june 3 , 2008 . the eddy street commons drew union protests when workers hired by the city of south bend to construct the public parking garage picketed the private work site after a contractor hired non - union workers . the developer , kite realty out of indianapolis , has made agreements with major national chains rather than local businesses , a move that has led to criticism from alumni and students . [ sep ] the city of south bend
the first phase of eddy street commons , a $ 215 million development located adjacent to the university of notre dame campus and funded by the university , broke ground on june 3 , 2008 . the eddy street commons drew union protests when workers hired by the city of south bend to construct the public parking garage picketed the private work site after a contractor hired non - union workers . the developer , kite realty out of indianapolis , has made agreements with major national chains rather than local businesses , a move that has led to criticism from alumni and students . [ sep ] non - union workers
notre dame teams are known as the fighting irish . they compete as a member of the national collegiate athletic association ( ncaa ) division i , primarily competing in the atlantic coast conference ( acc ) for all sports since the 2013 – 14 school year . the fighting irish previously competed in the horizon league from 1982 - 83 to 1985 - 86 , and again from 1987 - 88 to 1994 - 95 , and then in the big east conference through 2012 – 13 . men ' s sports include baseball , basketball , crew , cross country , fencing , football , golf , ice hockey , lacrosse , soccer , swimming & diving , tennis and track & field ; while women ' s sports include basketball , cross country , fencing , golf , lacrosse , rowing , soccer , softball , swimming & diving , tennis , track & field and volleyball . the football team competes as an football bowl subdivision ( fbs ) independent since its inception in 1887 . both fencing teams compete in the midwest fencing conference , and the men ' s ice hockey team competes in hockey east . [ sep ] national collegiate athletic association
notre dame teams are known as the fighting irish . they compete as a member of the national collegiate athletic association ( ncaa ) division i , primarily competing in the atlantic coast conference ( acc ) for all sports since the 2013 – 14 school year . the fighting irish previously competed in the horizon league from 1982 - 83 to 1985 - 86 , and again from 1987 - 88 to 1994 - 95 , and then in the big east conference through 2012 – 13 . men ' s sports include baseball , basketball , crew , cross country , fencing , football , golf , ice hockey , lacrosse , soccer , swimming & diving , tennis and track & field ; while women ' s sports include basketball , cross country , fencing , golf , lacrosse , rowing , soccer , softball , swimming & diving , tennis , track & field and volleyball . the football team competes as an football bowl subdivision ( fbs ) independent since its inception in 1887 . both fencing teams compete in the midwest fencing conference , and the men ' s ice hockey team competes in hockey east . [ sep ] horizon league
notre dame teams are known as the fighting irish . they compete as a member of the national collegiate athletic association ( ncaa ) division i , primarily competing in the atlantic coast conference ( acc ) for all sports since the 2013 – 14 school year . the fighting irish previously competed in the horizon league from 1982 - 83 to 1985 - 86 , and again from 1987 - 88 to 1994 - 95 , and then in the big east conference through 2012 – 13 . men ' s sports include baseball , basketball , crew , cross country , fencing , football , golf , ice hockey , lacrosse , soccer , swimming & diving , tennis and track & field ; while women ' s sports include basketball , cross country , fencing , golf , lacrosse , rowing , soccer , softball , swimming & diving , tennis , track & field and volleyball . the football team competes as an football bowl subdivision ( fbs ) independent since its inception in 1887 . both fencing teams compete in the midwest fencing conference , and the men ' s ice hockey team competes in hockey east . [ sep ] midwest fencing conference
notre dame teams are known as the fighting irish . they compete as a member of the national collegiate athletic association ( ncaa ) division i , primarily competing in the atlantic coast conference ( acc ) for all sports since the 2013 – 14 school year . the fighting irish previously competed in the horizon league from 1982 - 83 to 1985 - 86 , and again from 1987 - 88 to 1994 - 95 , and then in the big east conference through 2012 – 13 . men ' s sports include baseball , basketball , crew , cross country , fencing , football , golf , ice hockey , lacrosse , soccer , swimming & diving , tennis and track & field ; while women ' s sports include basketball , cross country , fencing , golf , lacrosse , rowing , soccer , softball , swimming & diving , tennis , track & field and volleyball . the football team competes as an football bowl subdivision ( fbs ) independent since its inception in 1887 . both fencing teams compete in the midwest fencing conference , and the men ' s ice hockey team competes in hockey east . [ sep ] hockey east
notre dame teams are known as the fighting irish . they compete as a member of the national collegiate athletic association ( ncaa ) division i , primarily competing in the atlantic coast conference ( acc ) for all sports since the 2013 – 14 school year . the fighting irish previously competed in the horizon league from 1982 - 83 to 1985 - 86 , and again from 1987 - 88 to 1994 - 95 , and then in the big east conference through 2012 – 13 . men ' s sports include baseball , basketball , crew , cross country , fencing , football , golf , ice hockey , lacrosse , soccer , swimming & diving , tennis and track & field ; while women ' s sports include basketball , cross country , fencing , golf , lacrosse , rowing , soccer , softball , swimming & diving , tennis , track & field and volleyball . the football team competes as an football bowl subdivision ( fbs ) independent since its inception in 1887 . both fencing teams compete in the midwest fencing conference , and the men ' s ice hockey team competes in hockey east . [ sep ] big east conference
notre dame ' s conference affiliations for all of its sports except football and fencing changed in july 2013 as a result of major conference realignment , and its fencing affiliation will change in july 2014 . the irish left the big east for the acc during a prolonged period of instability in the big east ; while they maintain their football independence , they have committed to play five games per season against acc opponents . in ice hockey , the irish were forced to find a new conference home after the big ten conference ' s decision to add the sport in 2013 – 14 led to a cascade of conference moves that culminated in the dissolution of the school ' s former hockey home , the central collegiate hockey association , after the 2012 – 13 season . notre dame moved its hockey team to hockey east . after notre dame joined the acc , the conference announced it would add fencing as a sponsored sport beginning in the 2014 – 15 school year . there are many theories behind the adoption of the athletics moniker but it is known that the fighting irish name was used in the early 1920s with respect to the football team and was popularized by alumnus francis wallace in his new york daily news columns . the official colors of notre dame are navy blue and gold rush which are worn in competition by its athletic teams . in addition , the color green is often worn because of the fighting irish nickname . the notre dame leprechaun is the mascot of the athletic teams . created by theodore w . drake in 1964 , the leprechaun was first used on the football pocket schedule and later on the football program covers . the leprechaun was featured on the cover of time in november 1964 and gained national exposure . [ sep ] the acc
notre dame ' s conference affiliations for all of its sports except football and fencing changed in july 2013 as a result of major conference realignment , and its fencing affiliation will change in july 2014 . the irish left the big east for the acc during a prolonged period of instability in the big east ; while they maintain their football independence , they have committed to play five games per season against acc opponents . in ice hockey , the irish were forced to find a new conference home after the big ten conference ' s decision to add the sport in 2013 – 14 led to a cascade of conference moves that culminated in the dissolution of the school ' s former hockey home , the central collegiate hockey association , after the 2012 – 13 season . notre dame moved its hockey team to hockey east . after notre dame joined the acc , the conference announced it would add fencing as a sponsored sport beginning in the 2014 – 15 school year . there are many theories behind the adoption of the athletics moniker but it is known that the fighting irish name was used in the early 1920s with respect to the football team and was popularized by alumnus francis wallace in his new york daily news columns . the official colors of notre dame are navy blue and gold rush which are worn in competition by its athletic teams . in addition , the color green is often worn because of the fighting irish nickname . the notre dame leprechaun is the mascot of the athletic teams . created by theodore w . drake in 1964 , the leprechaun was first used on the football pocket schedule and later on the football program covers . the leprechaun was featured on the cover of time in november 1964 and gained national exposure . [ sep ] five
notre dame ' s conference affiliations for all of its sports except football and fencing changed in july 2013 as a result of major conference realignment , and its fencing affiliation will change in july 2014 . the irish left the big east for the acc during a prolonged period of instability in the big east ; while they maintain their football independence , they have committed to play five games per season against acc opponents . in ice hockey , the irish were forced to find a new conference home after the big ten conference ' s decision to add the sport in 2013 – 14 led to a cascade of conference moves that culminated in the dissolution of the school ' s former hockey home , the central collegiate hockey association , after the 2012 – 13 season . notre dame moved its hockey team to hockey east . after notre dame joined the acc , the conference announced it would add fencing as a sponsored sport beginning in the 2014 – 15 school year . there are many theories behind the adoption of the athletics moniker but it is known that the fighting irish name was used in the early 1920s with respect to the football team and was popularized by alumnus francis wallace in his new york daily news columns . the official colors of notre dame are navy blue and gold rush which are worn in competition by its athletic teams . in addition , the color green is often worn because of the fighting irish nickname . the notre dame leprechaun is the mascot of the athletic teams . created by theodore w . drake in 1964 , the leprechaun was first used on the football pocket schedule and later on the football program covers . the leprechaun was featured on the cover of time in november 1964 and gained national exposure . [ sep ] central collegiate hockey association
notre dame ' s conference affiliations for all of its sports except football and fencing changed in july 2013 as a result of major conference realignment , and its fencing affiliation will change in july 2014 . the irish left the big east for the acc during a prolonged period of instability in the big east ; while they maintain their football independence , they have committed to play five games per season against acc opponents . in ice hockey , the irish were forced to find a new conference home after the big ten conference ' s decision to add the sport in 2013 – 14 led to a cascade of conference moves that culminated in the dissolution of the school ' s former hockey home , the central collegiate hockey association , after the 2012 – 13 season . notre dame moved its hockey team to hockey east . after notre dame joined the acc , the conference announced it would add fencing as a sponsored sport beginning in the 2014 – 15 school year . there are many theories behind the adoption of the athletics moniker but it is known that the fighting irish name was used in the early 1920s with respect to the football team and was popularized by alumnus francis wallace in his new york daily news columns . the official colors of notre dame are navy blue and gold rush which are worn in competition by its athletic teams . in addition , the color green is often worn because of the fighting irish nickname . the notre dame leprechaun is the mascot of the athletic teams . created by theodore w . drake in 1964 , the leprechaun was first used on the football pocket schedule and later on the football program covers . the leprechaun was featured on the cover of time in november 1964 and gained national exposure . [ sep ] navy blue and gold rush
notre dame ' s conference affiliations for all of its sports except football and fencing changed in july 2013 as a result of major conference realignment , and its fencing affiliation will change in july 2014 . the irish left the big east for the acc during a prolonged period of instability in the big east ; while they maintain their football independence , they have committed to play five games per season against acc opponents . in ice hockey , the irish were forced to find a new conference home after the big ten conference ' s decision to add the sport in 2013 – 14 led to a cascade of conference moves that culminated in the dissolution of the school ' s former hockey home , the central collegiate hockey association , after the 2012 – 13 season . notre dame moved its hockey team to hockey east . after notre dame joined the acc , the conference announced it would add fencing as a sponsored sport beginning in the 2014 – 15 school year . there are many theories behind the adoption of the athletics moniker but it is known that the fighting irish name was used in the early 1920s with respect to the football team and was popularized by alumnus francis wallace in his new york daily news columns . the official colors of notre dame are navy blue and gold rush which are worn in competition by its athletic teams . in addition , the color green is often worn because of the fighting irish nickname . the notre dame leprechaun is the mascot of the athletic teams . created by theodore w . drake in 1964 , the leprechaun was first used on the football pocket schedule and later on the football program covers . the leprechaun was featured on the cover of time in november 1964 and gained national exposure . [ sep ] leprechaun
on july 1 , 2014 , the university of notre dame and under armour reached an agreement in which under armour will provide uniforms , apparel , equipment , and monetary compensation to notre dame for 10 years . this contract , worth almost $ 100 million , is the most lucrative in the history of the ncaa . the university marching band plays at home games for most of the sports . the band , which began in 1846 and has a claim as the oldest university band in continuous existence in the united states , was honored by the national music council as a " landmark of american music " during the united states bicentennial . the band regularly plays the school ' s fight song the notre dame victory march , which was named as the most played and most famous fight song by northern illinois professor william studwell . according to college fight songs : an annotated anthology published in 1998 , the " notre dame victory march " ranks as the greatest fight song of all time . [ sep ] under armour
on july 1 , 2014 , the university of notre dame and under armour reached an agreement in which under armour will provide uniforms , apparel , equipment , and monetary compensation to notre dame for 10 years . this contract , worth almost $ 100 million , is the most lucrative in the history of the ncaa . the university marching band plays at home games for most of the sports . the band , which began in 1846 and has a claim as the oldest university band in continuous existence in the united states , was honored by the national music council as a " landmark of american music " during the united states bicentennial . the band regularly plays the school ' s fight song the notre dame victory march , which was named as the most played and most famous fight song by northern illinois professor william studwell . according to college fight songs : an annotated anthology published in 1998 , the " notre dame victory march " ranks as the greatest fight song of all time . [ sep ] almost $ 100 million
on july 1 , 2014 , the university of notre dame and under armour reached an agreement in which under armour will provide uniforms , apparel , equipment , and monetary compensation to notre dame for 10 years . this contract , worth almost $ 100 million , is the most lucrative in the history of the ncaa . the university marching band plays at home games for most of the sports . the band , which began in 1846 and has a claim as the oldest university band in continuous existence in the united states , was honored by the national music council as a " landmark of american music " during the united states bicentennial . the band regularly plays the school ' s fight song the notre dame victory march , which was named as the most played and most famous fight song by northern illinois professor william studwell . according to college fight songs : an annotated anthology published in 1998 , the " notre dame victory march " ranks as the greatest fight song of all time . [ sep ] 1846
on july 1 , 2014 , the university of notre dame and under armour reached an agreement in which under armour will provide uniforms , apparel , equipment , and monetary compensation to notre dame for 10 years . this contract , worth almost $ 100 million , is the most lucrative in the history of the ncaa . the university marching band plays at home games for most of the sports . the band , which began in 1846 and has a claim as the oldest university band in continuous existence in the united states , was honored by the national music council as a " landmark of american music " during the united states bicentennial . the band regularly plays the school ' s fight song the notre dame victory march , which was named as the most played and most famous fight song by northern illinois professor william studwell . according to college fight songs : an annotated anthology published in 1998 , the " notre dame victory march " ranks as the greatest fight song of all time . [ sep ] oldest university band in continuous existence in the united states
on july 1 , 2014 , the university of notre dame and under armour reached an agreement in which under armour will provide uniforms , apparel , equipment , and monetary compensation to notre dame for 10 years . this contract , worth almost $ 100 million , is the most lucrative in the history of the ncaa . the university marching band plays at home games for most of the sports . the band , which began in 1846 and has a claim as the oldest university band in continuous existence in the united states , was honored by the national music council as a " landmark of american music " during the united states bicentennial . the band regularly plays the school ' s fight song the notre dame victory march , which was named as the most played and most famous fight song by northern illinois professor william studwell . according to college fight songs : an annotated anthology published in 1998 , the " notre dame victory march " ranks as the greatest fight song of all time . [ sep ] notre dame victory march
the portuguese government and army successfully resisted the decolonization of its overseas territories until april 1974 , when a bloodless left - wing military coup in lisbon , known as the carnation revolution , led the way for the independence of the overseas territories in africa and asia , as well as for the restoration of democracy after two years of a transitional period known as prec ( processo revolucionario em curso ) . this period was characterized by social turmoil and power disputes between left - and right - wing political forces . the retreat from the overseas territories and the acceptance of its independence terms by portuguese head representatives for overseas negotiations , which would create independent states in 1975 , prompted a mass exodus of portuguese citizens from portugal ' s african territories ( mostly from portuguese angola and mozambique ) . [ sep ] april 1974
the portuguese government and army successfully resisted the decolonization of its overseas territories until april 1974 , when a bloodless left - wing military coup in lisbon , known as the carnation revolution , led the way for the independence of the overseas territories in africa and asia , as well as for the restoration of democracy after two years of a transitional period known as prec ( processo revolucionario em curso ) . this period was characterized by social turmoil and power disputes between left - and right - wing political forces . the retreat from the overseas territories and the acceptance of its independence terms by portuguese head representatives for overseas negotiations , which would create independent states in 1975 , prompted a mass exodus of portuguese citizens from portugal ' s african territories ( mostly from portuguese angola and mozambique ) . [ sep ] left - wing military coup in lisbon
the portuguese government and army successfully resisted the decolonization of its overseas territories until april 1974 , when a bloodless left - wing military coup in lisbon , known as the carnation revolution , led the way for the independence of the overseas territories in africa and asia , as well as for the restoration of democracy after two years of a transitional period known as prec ( processo revolucionario em curso ) . this period was characterized by social turmoil and power disputes between left - and right - wing political forces . the retreat from the overseas territories and the acceptance of its independence terms by portuguese head representatives for overseas negotiations , which would create independent states in 1975 , prompted a mass exodus of portuguese citizens from portugal ' s african territories ( mostly from portuguese angola and mozambique ) . [ sep ] social turmoil and power disputes between left - and right - wing political forces
the judges continue in paragraph 12 , " the determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations . the numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point , though not in all cases the ending point of the inquiry . the number of individuals targeted should be evaluated not only in absolute terms , but also in relation to the overall size of the entire group . in addition to the numeric size of the targeted portion , its prominence within the group can be a useful consideration . if a specific part of the group is emblematic of the overall group , or is essential to its survival , that may support a finding that the part qualifies as substantial within the meaning of article 4 [ of the tribunal ' s statute ] . " [ sep ] when the targeted part is substantial enough
the judges continue in paragraph 12 , " the determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations . the numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point , though not in all cases the ending point of the inquiry . the number of individuals targeted should be evaluated not only in absolute terms , but also in relation to the overall size of the entire group . in addition to the numeric size of the targeted portion , its prominence within the group can be a useful consideration . if a specific part of the group is emblematic of the overall group , or is essential to its survival , that may support a finding that the part qualifies as substantial within the meaning of article 4 [ of the tribunal ' s statute ] . " [ sep ] the numeric size
the judges continue in paragraph 12 , " the determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations . the numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point , though not in all cases the ending point of the inquiry . the number of individuals targeted should be evaluated not only in absolute terms , but also in relation to the overall size of the entire group . in addition to the numeric size of the targeted portion , its prominence within the group can be a useful consideration . if a specific part of the group is emblematic of the overall group , or is essential to its survival , that may support a finding that the part qualifies as substantial within the meaning of article 4 [ of the tribunal ' s statute ] . " [ sep ] absolute terms
the judges continue in paragraph 12 , " the determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations . the numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point , though not in all cases the ending point of the inquiry . the number of individuals targeted should be evaluated not only in absolute terms , but also in relation to the overall size of the entire group . in addition to the numeric size of the targeted portion , its prominence within the group can be a useful consideration . if a specific part of the group is emblematic of the overall group , or is essential to its survival , that may support a finding that the part qualifies as substantial within the meaning of article 4 [ of the tribunal ' s statute ] . " [ sep ] prominence within the group
several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist . intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains . for example , an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome . acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra - chromosomal dna . antibacterial - producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to , and may have been transferred to , antibacterial - resistant strains . the spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of dna by horizontal genetic exchange . for instance , antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes . plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials . cross - resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound . [ sep ] mutation
several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist . intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains . for example , an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome . acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra - chromosomal dna . antibacterial - producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to , and may have been transferred to , antibacterial - resistant strains . the spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of dna by horizontal genetic exchange . for instance , antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes . plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials . cross - resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound . [ sep ] vertical transmission of mutations
several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist . intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains . for example , an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome . acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra - chromosomal dna . antibacterial - producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to , and may have been transferred to , antibacterial - resistant strains . the spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of dna by horizontal genetic exchange . for instance , antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes . plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials . cross - resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound . [ sep ] carry several different resistance genes
the country continued to be governed by a junta de salvacao nacional until the portuguese legislative election of 1976 . it was won by the portuguese socialist party ( ps ) and mario soares , its leader , became prime minister of the 1st constitutional government on 23 july . mario soares would be prime minister from 1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985 . in this capacity soares tried to resume the economic growth and development record that had been achieved before the carnation revolution , during the last decade of the previous regime . he initiated the process of accession to the european economic community ( eec ) by starting accession negotiations as early as 1977 . [ sep ] junta de salvacao nacional
the country continued to be governed by a junta de salvacao nacional until the portuguese legislative election of 1976 . it was won by the portuguese socialist party ( ps ) and mario soares , its leader , became prime minister of the 1st constitutional government on 23 july . mario soares would be prime minister from 1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985 . in this capacity soares tried to resume the economic growth and development record that had been achieved before the carnation revolution , during the last decade of the previous regime . he initiated the process of accession to the european economic community ( eec ) by starting accession negotiations as early as 1977 . [ sep ] socialist party
the country continued to be governed by a junta de salvacao nacional until the portuguese legislative election of 1976 . it was won by the portuguese socialist party ( ps ) and mario soares , its leader , became prime minister of the 1st constitutional government on 23 july . mario soares would be prime minister from 1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985 . in this capacity soares tried to resume the economic growth and development record that had been achieved before the carnation revolution , during the last decade of the previous regime . he initiated the process of accession to the european economic community ( eec ) by starting accession negotiations as early as 1977 . [ sep ] mario soares
the country continued to be governed by a junta de salvacao nacional until the portuguese legislative election of 1976 . it was won by the portuguese socialist party ( ps ) and mario soares , its leader , became prime minister of the 1st constitutional government on 23 july . mario soares would be prime minister from 1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985 . in this capacity soares tried to resume the economic growth and development record that had been achieved before the carnation revolution , during the last decade of the previous regime . he initiated the process of accession to the european economic community ( eec ) by starting accession negotiations as early as 1977 . [ sep ] 1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985
the notre dame football team has a long history , first beginning when the michigan wolverines football team brought football to notre dame in 1887 and played against a group of students . in the long history since then , 13 fighting irish teams have won consensus national championships ( although the university only claims 11 ) , along with another nine teams being named national champion by at least one source . additionally , the program has the most members in the college football hall of fame , is tied with ohio state university with the most heisman trophies won , and have the highest winning percentage in ncaa history . with the long history , notre dame has accumulated many rivals , and its annual game against usc for the jeweled shillelagh has been named by some as one of the most important in college football and is often called the greatest intersectional rivalry in college football in the country . [ sep ] michigan wolverines football team
the notre dame football team has a long history , first beginning when the michigan wolverines football team brought football to notre dame in 1887 and played against a group of students . in the long history since then , 13 fighting irish teams have won consensus national championships ( although the university only claims 11 ) , along with another nine teams being named national champion by at least one source . additionally , the program has the most members in the college football hall of fame , is tied with ohio state university with the most heisman trophies won , and have the highest winning percentage in ncaa history . with the long history , notre dame has accumulated many rivals , and its annual game against usc for the jeweled shillelagh has been named by some as one of the most important in college football and is often called the greatest intersectional rivalry in college football in the country . [ sep ] 1887
the notre dame football team has a long history , first beginning when the michigan wolverines football team brought football to notre dame in 1887 and played against a group of students . in the long history since then , 13 fighting irish teams have won consensus national championships ( although the university only claims 11 ) , along with another nine teams being named national champion by at least one source . additionally , the program has the most members in the college football hall of fame , is tied with ohio state university with the most heisman trophies won , and have the highest winning percentage in ncaa history . with the long history , notre dame has accumulated many rivals , and its annual game against usc for the jeweled shillelagh has been named by some as one of the most important in college football and is often called the greatest intersectional rivalry in college football in the country . [ sep ] ohio state university
the notre dame football team has a long history , first beginning when the michigan wolverines football team brought football to notre dame in 1887 and played against a group of students . in the long history since then , 13 fighting irish teams have won consensus national championships ( although the university only claims 11 ) , along with another nine teams being named national champion by at least one source . additionally , the program has the most members in the college football hall of fame , is tied with ohio state university with the most heisman trophies won , and have the highest winning percentage in ncaa history . with the long history , notre dame has accumulated many rivals , and its annual game against usc for the jeweled shillelagh has been named by some as one of the most important in college football and is often called the greatest intersectional rivalry in college football in the country . [ sep ] usc
the notre dame football team has a long history , first beginning when the michigan wolverines football team brought football to notre dame in 1887 and played against a group of students . in the long history since then , 13 fighting irish teams have won consensus national championships ( although the university only claims 11 ) , along with another nine teams being named national champion by at least one source . additionally , the program has the most members in the college football hall of fame , is tied with ohio state university with the most heisman trophies won , and have the highest winning percentage in ncaa history . with the long history , notre dame has accumulated many rivals , and its annual game against usc for the jeweled shillelagh has been named by some as one of the most important in college football and is often called the greatest intersectional rivalry in college football in the country . [ sep ] the most
antibacterial - resistant strains and species , sometimes referred to as " superbugs " , now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled . for example , emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis ( tb ) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeutic challenges . every year , nearly half a million new cases of multidrug - resistant tuberculosis ( mdr - tb ) are estimated to occur worldwide . for example , ndm - 1 is a newly identified enzyme conveying bacterial resistance to a broad range of beta - lactam antibacterials . the united kingdom ' s health protection agency has stated that " most isolates with ndm - 1 enzyme are resistant to all standard intravenous antibiotics for treatment of severe infections . " [ sep ] superbugs
antibacterial - resistant strains and species , sometimes referred to as " superbugs " , now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled . for example , emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis ( tb ) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeutic challenges . every year , nearly half a million new cases of multidrug - resistant tuberculosis ( mdr - tb ) are estimated to occur worldwide . for example , ndm - 1 is a newly identified enzyme conveying bacterial resistance to a broad range of beta - lactam antibacterials . the united kingdom ' s health protection agency has stated that " most isolates with ndm - 1 enzyme are resistant to all standard intravenous antibiotics for treatment of severe infections . " [ sep ] tuberculosis
antibacterial - resistant strains and species , sometimes referred to as " superbugs " , now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled . for example , emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis ( tb ) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeutic challenges . every year , nearly half a million new cases of multidrug - resistant tuberculosis ( mdr - tb ) are estimated to occur worldwide . for example , ndm - 1 is a newly identified enzyme conveying bacterial resistance to a broad range of beta - lactam antibacterials . the united kingdom ' s health protection agency has stated that " most isolates with ndm - 1 enzyme are resistant to all standard intravenous antibiotics for treatment of severe infections . " [ sep ] half a million
antibacterial - resistant strains and species , sometimes referred to as " superbugs " , now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled . for example , emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis ( tb ) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeutic challenges . every year , nearly half a million new cases of multidrug - resistant tuberculosis ( mdr - tb ) are estimated to occur worldwide . for example , ndm - 1 is a newly identified enzyme conveying bacterial resistance to a broad range of beta - lactam antibacterials . the united kingdom ' s health protection agency has stated that " most isolates with ndm - 1 enzyme are resistant to all standard intravenous antibiotics for treatment of severe infections . " [ sep ] mdr - tb
in paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators ' access to the victims : " the historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators ’ activity and control , as well as the possible extent of their reach , should be considered . . . . the intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him . while this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial , it can — in combination with other factors — inform the analysis . " [ sep ] perpetrators ' access to the victims
in paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators ' access to the victims : " the historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators ’ activity and control , as well as the possible extent of their reach , should be considered . . . . the intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him . while this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial , it can — in combination with other factors — inform the analysis . " [ sep ] historical examples of genocide
in paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators ' access to the victims : " the historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators ’ activity and control , as well as the possible extent of their reach , should be considered . . . . the intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him . while this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial , it can — in combination with other factors — inform the analysis . " [ sep ] possible extent of their reach
in paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators ' access to the victims : " the historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators ’ activity and control , as well as the possible extent of their reach , should be considered . . . . the intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him . while this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial , it can — in combination with other factors — inform the analysis . " [ sep ] the opportunity presented to him
in paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators ' access to the victims : " the historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators ’ activity and control , as well as the possible extent of their reach , should be considered . . . . the intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him . while this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial , it can — in combination with other factors — inform the analysis . " [ sep ] inform the analysis
media anthropology ( also known as anthropology of media or mass media ) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers , audiences , and other cultural and social aspects of mass media . the types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production ( e . g . , ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers , journalists in the field , film production ) to contexts of media reception , following audiences in their everyday responses to media . other types include cyber anthropology , a relatively new area of internet research , as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media , such as development work , social movements , or health education . this is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts , where media such as radio , the press , new media and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 1990s . [ sep ] media anthropology
media anthropology ( also known as anthropology of media or mass media ) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers , audiences , and other cultural and social aspects of mass media . the types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production ( e . g . , ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers , journalists in the field , film production ) to contexts of media reception , following audiences in their everyday responses to media . other types include cyber anthropology , a relatively new area of internet research , as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media , such as development work , social movements , or health education . this is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts , where media such as radio , the press , new media and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 1990s . [ sep ] ethnographic
media anthropology ( also known as anthropology of media or mass media ) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers , audiences , and other cultural and social aspects of mass media . the types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production ( e . g . , ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers , journalists in the field , film production ) to contexts of media reception , following audiences in their everyday responses to media . other types include cyber anthropology , a relatively new area of internet research , as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media , such as development work , social movements , or health education . this is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts , where media such as radio , the press , new media and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 1990s . [ sep ] cyber
media anthropology ( also known as anthropology of media or mass media ) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers , audiences , and other cultural and social aspects of mass media . the types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production ( e . g . , ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers , journalists in the field , film production ) to contexts of media reception , following audiences in their everyday responses to media . other types include cyber anthropology , a relatively new area of internet research , as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media , such as development work , social movements , or health education . this is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts , where media such as radio , the press , new media and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 1990s . [ sep ] early 1990s
media anthropology ( also known as anthropology of media or mass media ) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers , audiences , and other cultural and social aspects of mass media . the types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production ( e . g . , ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers , journalists in the field , film production ) to contexts of media reception , following audiences in their everyday responses to media . other types include cyber anthropology , a relatively new area of internet research , as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media , such as development work , social movements , or health education . this is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts , where media such as radio , the press , new media and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 1990s . [ sep ] media reception
inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics have contributed to the emergence of antibiotic - resistant bacteria . self prescription of antibiotics is an example of misuse . many antibiotics are frequently prescribed to treat symptoms or diseases that do not respond to antibiotics or that are likely to resolve without treatment . also , incorrect or suboptimal antibiotics are prescribed for certain bacterial infections . the overuse of antibiotics , like penicillin and erythromycin , has been associated with emerging antibiotic resistance since the 1950s . widespread usage of antibiotics in hospitals has also been associated with increases in bacterial strains and species that no longer respond to treatment with the most common antibiotics . [ sep ] inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse
inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics have contributed to the emergence of antibiotic - resistant bacteria . self prescription of antibiotics is an example of misuse . many antibiotics are frequently prescribed to treat symptoms or diseases that do not respond to antibiotics or that are likely to resolve without treatment . also , incorrect or suboptimal antibiotics are prescribed for certain bacterial infections . the overuse of antibiotics , like penicillin and erythromycin , has been associated with emerging antibiotic resistance since the 1950s . widespread usage of antibiotics in hospitals has also been associated with increases in bacterial strains and species that no longer respond to treatment with the most common antibiotics . [ sep ] self prescription
inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics have contributed to the emergence of antibiotic - resistant bacteria . self prescription of antibiotics is an example of misuse . many antibiotics are frequently prescribed to treat symptoms or diseases that do not respond to antibiotics or that are likely to resolve without treatment . also , incorrect or suboptimal antibiotics are prescribed for certain bacterial infections . the overuse of antibiotics , like penicillin and erythromycin , has been associated with emerging antibiotic resistance since the 1950s . widespread usage of antibiotics in hospitals has also been associated with increases in bacterial strains and species that no longer respond to treatment with the most common antibiotics . [ sep ] overuse of antibiotics
george gipp was the school ' s legendary football player during 1916 – 20 . he played semiprofessional baseball and smoked , drank , and gambled when not playing sports . he was also humble , generous to the needy , and a man of integrity . it was in 1928 that famed coach knute rockne used his final conversation with the dying gipp to inspire the notre dame team to beat the army team and " win one for the gipper . " the 1940 film , knute rockne , all american , starred pat o ' brien as knute rockne and ronald reagan as gipp . today the team competes in notre dame stadium , an 80 , 795 - seat stadium on campus . the current head coach is brian kelly , hired from the university of cincinnati on december 11 , 2009 . kelly ' s record in midway through his sixth season at notre dame is 52 – 21 . in 2012 , kelly ' s fighting irish squad went undefeated and played in the bcs national championship game . kelly succeeded charlie weis , who was fired in november 2009 after five seasons . although weis led his team to two bowl championship series bowl games , his overall record was 35 – 27 , mediocre by notre dame standards , and the 2007 team had the most losses in school history . the football team generates enough revenue to operate independently while $ 22 . 1 million is retained from the team ' s profits for academic use . forbes named the team as the most valuable in college football , worth a total of $ 101 million in 2007 . [ sep ] george gipp
george gipp was the school ' s legendary football player during 1916 – 20 . he played semiprofessional baseball and smoked , drank , and gambled when not playing sports . he was also humble , generous to the needy , and a man of integrity . it was in 1928 that famed coach knute rockne used his final conversation with the dying gipp to inspire the notre dame team to beat the army team and " win one for the gipper . " the 1940 film , knute rockne , all american , starred pat o ' brien as knute rockne and ronald reagan as gipp . today the team competes in notre dame stadium , an 80 , 795 - seat stadium on campus . the current head coach is brian kelly , hired from the university of cincinnati on december 11 , 2009 . kelly ' s record in midway through his sixth season at notre dame is 52 – 21 . in 2012 , kelly ' s fighting irish squad went undefeated and played in the bcs national championship game . kelly succeeded charlie weis , who was fired in november 2009 after five seasons . although weis led his team to two bowl championship series bowl games , his overall record was 35 – 27 , mediocre by notre dame standards , and the 2007 team had the most losses in school history . the football team generates enough revenue to operate independently while $ 22 . 1 million is retained from the team ' s profits for academic use . forbes named the team as the most valuable in college football , worth a total of $ 101 million in 2007 . [ sep ] the army team
george gipp was the school ' s legendary football player during 1916 – 20 . he played semiprofessional baseball and smoked , drank , and gambled when not playing sports . he was also humble , generous to the needy , and a man of integrity . it was in 1928 that famed coach knute rockne used his final conversation with the dying gipp to inspire the notre dame team to beat the army team and " win one for the gipper . " the 1940 film , knute rockne , all american , starred pat o ' brien as knute rockne and ronald reagan as gipp . today the team competes in notre dame stadium , an 80 , 795 - seat stadium on campus . the current head coach is brian kelly , hired from the university of cincinnati on december 11 , 2009 . kelly ' s record in midway through his sixth season at notre dame is 52 – 21 . in 2012 , kelly ' s fighting irish squad went undefeated and played in the bcs national championship game . kelly succeeded charlie weis , who was fired in november 2009 after five seasons . although weis led his team to two bowl championship series bowl games , his overall record was 35 – 27 , mediocre by notre dame standards , and the 2007 team had the most losses in school history . the football team generates enough revenue to operate independently while $ 22 . 1 million is retained from the team ' s profits for academic use . forbes named the team as the most valuable in college football , worth a total of $ 101 million in 2007 . [ sep ] pat o ' brien
george gipp was the school ' s legendary football player during 1916 – 20 . he played semiprofessional baseball and smoked , drank , and gambled when not playing sports . he was also humble , generous to the needy , and a man of integrity . it was in 1928 that famed coach knute rockne used his final conversation with the dying gipp to inspire the notre dame team to beat the army team and " win one for the gipper . " the 1940 film , knute rockne , all american , starred pat o ' brien as knute rockne and ronald reagan as gipp . today the team competes in notre dame stadium , an 80 , 795 - seat stadium on campus . the current head coach is brian kelly , hired from the university of cincinnati on december 11 , 2009 . kelly ' s record in midway through his sixth season at notre dame is 52 – 21 . in 2012 , kelly ' s fighting irish squad went undefeated and played in the bcs national championship game . kelly succeeded charlie weis , who was fired in november 2009 after five seasons . although weis led his team to two bowl championship series bowl games , his overall record was 35 – 27 , mediocre by notre dame standards , and the 2007 team had the most losses in school history . the football team generates enough revenue to operate independently while $ 22 . 1 million is retained from the team ' s profits for academic use . forbes named the team as the most valuable in college football , worth a total of $ 101 million in 2007 . [ sep ] gipp
george gipp was the school ' s legendary football player during 1916 – 20 . he played semiprofessional baseball and smoked , drank , and gambled when not playing sports . he was also humble , generous to the needy , and a man of integrity . it was in 1928 that famed coach knute rockne used his final conversation with the dying gipp to inspire the notre dame team to beat the army team and " win one for the gipper . " the 1940 film , knute rockne , all american , starred pat o ' brien as knute rockne and ronald reagan as gipp . today the team competes in notre dame stadium , an 80 , 795 - seat stadium on campus . the current head coach is brian kelly , hired from the university of cincinnati on december 11 , 2009 . kelly ' s record in midway through his sixth season at notre dame is 52 – 21 . in 2012 , kelly ' s fighting irish squad went undefeated and played in the bcs national championship game . kelly succeeded charlie weis , who was fired in november 2009 after five seasons . although weis led his team to two bowl championship series bowl games , his overall record was 35 – 27 , mediocre by notre dame standards , and the 2007 team had the most losses in school history . the football team generates enough revenue to operate independently while $ 22 . 1 million is retained from the team ' s profits for academic use . forbes named the team as the most valuable in college football , worth a total of $ 101 million in 2007 . [ sep ] 80 , 795
visual anthropology is concerned , in part , with the study and production of ethnographic photography , film and , since the mid - 1990s , new media . while the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film , visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation , including areas such as performance , museums , art , and the production and reception of mass media . visual representations from all cultures , such as sandpaintings , tattoos , sculptures and reliefs , cave paintings , scrimshaw , jewelry , hieroglyphics , paintings and photographs are included in the focus of visual anthropology . [ sep ] visual
visual anthropology is concerned , in part , with the study and production of ethnographic photography , film and , since the mid - 1990s , new media . while the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film , visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation , including areas such as performance , museums , art , and the production and reception of mass media . visual representations from all cultures , such as sandpaintings , tattoos , sculptures and reliefs , cave paintings , scrimshaw , jewelry , hieroglyphics , paintings and photographs are included in the focus of visual anthropology . [ sep ] visual representation
visual anthropology is concerned , in part , with the study and production of ethnographic photography , film and , since the mid - 1990s , new media . while the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film , visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation , including areas such as performance , museums , art , and the production and reception of mass media . visual representations from all cultures , such as sandpaintings , tattoos , sculptures and reliefs , cave paintings , scrimshaw , jewelry , hieroglyphics , paintings and photographs are included in the focus of visual anthropology . [ sep ] all
visual anthropology is concerned , in part , with the study and production of ethnographic photography , film and , since the mid - 1990s , new media . while the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film , visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation , including areas such as performance , museums , art , and the production and reception of mass media . visual representations from all cultures , such as sandpaintings , tattoos , sculptures and reliefs , cave paintings , scrimshaw , jewelry , hieroglyphics , paintings and photographs are included in the focus of visual anthropology . [ sep ] ethnographic film
common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient ' s weight and history of prior use . other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic , incorrect dosage and administration , or failure to rest for sufficient recovery . inappropriate antibiotic treatment , for example , is their prescription to treat viral infections such as the common cold . one study on respiratory tract infections found " physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients who appeared to expect them " . multifactorial interventions aimed at both physicians and patients can reduce inappropriate prescription of antibiotics . [ sep ] prophylactic antibiotics
common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient ' s weight and history of prior use . other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic , incorrect dosage and administration , or failure to rest for sufficient recovery . inappropriate antibiotic treatment , for example , is their prescription to treat viral infections such as the common cold . one study on respiratory tract infections found " physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients who appeared to expect them " . multifactorial interventions aimed at both physicians and patients can reduce inappropriate prescription of antibiotics . [ sep ] failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage
common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient ' s weight and history of prior use . other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic , incorrect dosage and administration , or failure to rest for sufficient recovery . inappropriate antibiotic treatment , for example , is their prescription to treat viral infections such as the common cold . one study on respiratory tract infections found " physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients who appeared to expect them " . multifactorial interventions aimed at both physicians and patients can reduce inappropriate prescription of antibiotics . [ sep ] failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic , incorrect dosage and administration , or failure to rest for sufficient recovery
common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient ' s weight and history of prior use . other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic , incorrect dosage and administration , or failure to rest for sufficient recovery . inappropriate antibiotic treatment , for example , is their prescription to treat viral infections such as the common cold . one study on respiratory tract infections found " physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients who appeared to expect them " . multifactorial interventions aimed at both physicians and patients can reduce inappropriate prescription of antibiotics . [ sep ] inappropriate antibiotic treatment
common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient ' s weight and history of prior use . other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic , incorrect dosage and administration , or failure to rest for sufficient recovery . inappropriate antibiotic treatment , for example , is their prescription to treat viral infections such as the common cold . one study on respiratory tract infections found " physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients who appeared to expect them " . multifactorial interventions aimed at both physicians and patients can reduce inappropriate prescription of antibiotics . [ sep ] prescribe antibiotics
economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic , geographic and cultural scope . it has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics , of which it is highly critical . its origins as a sub - field of anthropology begin with the polish - british founder of anthropology , bronislaw malinowski , and his french compatriot , marcel mauss , on the nature of gift - giving exchange ( or reciprocity ) as an alternative to market exchange . economic anthropology remains , for the most part , focused upon exchange . the school of thought derived from marx and known as political economy focuses on production , in contrast . economic anthropologists have abandoned the primitivist niche they were relegated to by economists , and have now turned to examine corporations , banks , and the global financial system from an anthropological perspective . [ sep ] economic
economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic , geographic and cultural scope . it has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics , of which it is highly critical . its origins as a sub - field of anthropology begin with the polish - british founder of anthropology , bronislaw malinowski , and his french compatriot , marcel mauss , on the nature of gift - giving exchange ( or reciprocity ) as an alternative to market exchange . economic anthropology remains , for the most part , focused upon exchange . the school of thought derived from marx and known as political economy focuses on production , in contrast . economic anthropologists have abandoned the primitivist niche they were relegated to by economists , and have now turned to examine corporations , banks , and the global financial system from an anthropological perspective . [ sep ] historic , geographic and cultural
economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic , geographic and cultural scope . it has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics , of which it is highly critical . its origins as a sub - field of anthropology begin with the polish - british founder of anthropology , bronislaw malinowski , and his french compatriot , marcel mauss , on the nature of gift - giving exchange ( or reciprocity ) as an alternative to market exchange . economic anthropology remains , for the most part , focused upon exchange . the school of thought derived from marx and known as political economy focuses on production , in contrast . economic anthropologists have abandoned the primitivist niche they were relegated to by economists , and have now turned to examine corporations , banks , and the global financial system from an anthropological perspective . [ sep ] discipline of economics
economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic , geographic and cultural scope . it has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics , of which it is highly critical . its origins as a sub - field of anthropology begin with the polish - british founder of anthropology , bronislaw malinowski , and his french compatriot , marcel mauss , on the nature of gift - giving exchange ( or reciprocity ) as an alternative to market exchange . economic anthropology remains , for the most part , focused upon exchange . the school of thought derived from marx and known as political economy focuses on production , in contrast . economic anthropologists have abandoned the primitivist niche they were relegated to by economists , and have now turned to examine corporations , banks , and the global financial system from an anthropological perspective . [ sep ] bronislaw malinowski
economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic , geographic and cultural scope . it has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics , of which it is highly critical . its origins as a sub - field of anthropology begin with the polish - british founder of anthropology , bronislaw malinowski , and his french compatriot , marcel mauss , on the nature of gift - giving exchange ( or reciprocity ) as an alternative to market exchange . economic anthropology remains , for the most part , focused upon exchange . the school of thought derived from marx and known as political economy focuses on production , in contrast . economic anthropologists have abandoned the primitivist niche they were relegated to by economists , and have now turned to examine corporations , banks , and the global financial system from an anthropological perspective . [ sep ] exchange
the country bounced between socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model . land reform and nationalizations were enforced ; the portuguese constitution ( approved in 1976 ) was rewritten in order to accommodate socialist and communist principles . until the constitutional revisions of 1982 and 1989 , the constitution was a highly charged ideological document with numerous references to socialism , the rights of workers , and the desirability of a socialist economy . portugal ' s economic situation after its transition to democracy , obliged the government to pursue international monetary fund ( imf ) - monitored stabilization programs in 1977 – 78 and 1983 – 85 . [ sep ] socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model
the country bounced between socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model . land reform and nationalizations were enforced ; the portuguese constitution ( approved in 1976 ) was rewritten in order to accommodate socialist and communist principles . until the constitutional revisions of 1982 and 1989 , the constitution was a highly charged ideological document with numerous references to socialism , the rights of workers , and the desirability of a socialist economy . portugal ' s economic situation after its transition to democracy , obliged the government to pursue international monetary fund ( imf ) - monitored stabilization programs in 1977 – 78 and 1983 – 85 . [ sep ] 1976
the country bounced between socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model . land reform and nationalizations were enforced ; the portuguese constitution ( approved in 1976 ) was rewritten in order to accommodate socialist and communist principles . until the constitutional revisions of 1982 and 1989 , the constitution was a highly charged ideological document with numerous references to socialism , the rights of workers , and the desirability of a socialist economy . portugal ' s economic situation after its transition to democracy , obliged the government to pursue international monetary fund ( imf ) - monitored stabilization programs in 1977 – 78 and 1983 – 85 . [ sep ] to accommodate socialist and communist principles
portugal is defined as a mediterranean climate ( csa in the south , interior , and douro region ; csb in the north , central portugal and coastal alentejo ; mixed oceanic climate along the northern half of the coastline and also semi - arid climate or steppe climate ( bsk in certain parts of beja district far south ) according to the koppen - geiger climate classification ) , and is one of the warmest european countries : the annual average temperature in mainland portugal varies from 8 – 12 °c ( 46 . 4 – 53 . 6 °f ) in the mountainous interior north to 16 – 19 °c ( 60 . 8 – 66 . 2 °f ) in the south and on the guadiana river basin . the algarve , separated from the alentejo region by mountains reaching up to 900 metres ( 3 , 000 ft ) in alto de foia , has a climate similar to that of the southern coastal areas of spain or southwest australia . [ sep ] mediterranean
portugal is defined as a mediterranean climate ( csa in the south , interior , and douro region ; csb in the north , central portugal and coastal alentejo ; mixed oceanic climate along the northern half of the coastline and also semi - arid climate or steppe climate ( bsk in certain parts of beja district far south ) according to the koppen - geiger climate classification ) , and is one of the warmest european countries : the annual average temperature in mainland portugal varies from 8 – 12 °c ( 46 . 4 – 53 . 6 °f ) in the mountainous interior north to 16 – 19 °c ( 60 . 8 – 66 . 2 °f ) in the south and on the guadiana river basin . the algarve , separated from the alentejo region by mountains reaching up to 900 metres ( 3 , 000 ft ) in alto de foia , has a climate similar to that of the southern coastal areas of spain or southwest australia . [ sep ] 8 – 12 °c ( 46 . 4 – 53 . 6 °f )
portugal is defined as a mediterranean climate ( csa in the south , interior , and douro region ; csb in the north , central portugal and coastal alentejo ; mixed oceanic climate along the northern half of the coastline and also semi - arid climate or steppe climate ( bsk in certain parts of beja district far south ) according to the koppen - geiger climate classification ) , and is one of the warmest european countries : the annual average temperature in mainland portugal varies from 8 – 12 °c ( 46 . 4 – 53 . 6 °f ) in the mountainous interior north to 16 – 19 °c ( 60 . 8 – 66 . 2 °f ) in the south and on the guadiana river basin . the algarve , separated from the alentejo region by mountains reaching up to 900 metres ( 3 , 000 ft ) in alto de foia , has a climate similar to that of the southern coastal areas of spain or southwest australia . [ sep ] 16 – 19 °c ( 60 . 8 – 66 . 2 °f )
portugal is defined as a mediterranean climate ( csa in the south , interior , and douro region ; csb in the north , central portugal and coastal alentejo ; mixed oceanic climate along the northern half of the coastline and also semi - arid climate or steppe climate ( bsk in certain parts of beja district far south ) according to the koppen - geiger climate classification ) , and is one of the warmest european countries : the annual average temperature in mainland portugal varies from 8 – 12 °c ( 46 . 4 – 53 . 6 °f ) in the mountainous interior north to 16 – 19 °c ( 60 . 8 – 66 . 2 °f ) in the south and on the guadiana river basin . the algarve , separated from the alentejo region by mountains reaching up to 900 metres ( 3 , 000 ft ) in alto de foia , has a climate similar to that of the southern coastal areas of spain or southwest australia . [ sep ] 900 metres ( 3 , 000 ft )
football gameday traditions during home games , activities occur all around campus and different dorms decorate their halls with a traditional item ( e . g . zahm house ' s two - story banner ) . traditional activities begin at the stroke of midnight with the drummers ' circle . this tradition involves the drum line of the band of the fighting irish and ushers in the rest of the festivities that will continue the rest of the gameday saturday . later that day , the trumpet section will play the notre dame victory march and the notre dame alma mater under the dome . the band entire will play a concert at the steps of bond hall , from where they will march into notre dame stadium , leading fans and students alike across campus to the game . [ sep ] two - story banner
football gameday traditions during home games , activities occur all around campus and different dorms decorate their halls with a traditional item ( e . g . zahm house ' s two - story banner ) . traditional activities begin at the stroke of midnight with the drummers ' circle . this tradition involves the drum line of the band of the fighting irish and ushers in the rest of the festivities that will continue the rest of the gameday saturday . later that day , the trumpet section will play the notre dame victory march and the notre dame alma mater under the dome . the band entire will play a concert at the steps of bond hall , from where they will march into notre dame stadium , leading fans and students alike across campus to the game . [ sep ] the drummers ' circle
football gameday traditions during home games , activities occur all around campus and different dorms decorate their halls with a traditional item ( e . g . zahm house ' s two - story banner ) . traditional activities begin at the stroke of midnight with the drummers ' circle . this tradition involves the drum line of the band of the fighting irish and ushers in the rest of the festivities that will continue the rest of the gameday saturday . later that day , the trumpet section will play the notre dame victory march and the notre dame alma mater under the dome . the band entire will play a concert at the steps of bond hall , from where they will march into notre dame stadium , leading fans and students alike across campus to the game . [ sep ] the steps of bond hall
football gameday traditions during home games , activities occur all around campus and different dorms decorate their halls with a traditional item ( e . g . zahm house ' s two - story banner ) . traditional activities begin at the stroke of midnight with the drummers ' circle . this tradition involves the drum line of the band of the fighting irish and ushers in the rest of the festivities that will continue the rest of the gameday saturday . later that day , the trumpet section will play the notre dame victory march and the notre dame alma mater under the dome . the band entire will play a concert at the steps of bond hall , from where they will march into notre dame stadium , leading fans and students alike across campus to the game . [ sep ] the notre dame victory march and the notre dame alma mater
football gameday traditions during home games , activities occur all around campus and different dorms decorate their halls with a traditional item ( e . g . zahm house ' s two - story banner ) . traditional activities begin at the stroke of midnight with the drummers ' circle . this tradition involves the drum line of the band of the fighting irish and ushers in the rest of the festivities that will continue the rest of the gameday saturday . later that day , the trumpet section will play the notre dame victory march and the notre dame alma mater under the dome . the band entire will play a concert at the steps of bond hall , from where they will march into notre dame stadium , leading fans and students alike across campus to the game . [ sep ] saturday
both the archipelagos of the azores and madeira have a subtropical climate , although variations between islands exist , making weather predictions very difficult ( owing to rough topography ) . the madeira and azorean archipelagos have a narrower temperature range , with annual average temperatures exceeding 20 °c ( 68 °f ) along the coast ( according to the portuguese meteorological institute ) . some islands in azores do have drier months in the summer . consequently , the island of the azores have been identified as having a mediterranean climate ( both csa and csb types ) , while some islands ( such as flores or corvo ) are classified as maritime temperate ( cfb ) and humid subtropical ( cfa ) , respectively , according to koppen - geiger classification . [ sep ] subtropical
both the archipelagos of the azores and madeira have a subtropical climate , although variations between islands exist , making weather predictions very difficult ( owing to rough topography ) . the madeira and azorean archipelagos have a narrower temperature range , with annual average temperatures exceeding 20 °c ( 68 °f ) along the coast ( according to the portuguese meteorological institute ) . some islands in azores do have drier months in the summer . consequently , the island of the azores have been identified as having a mediterranean climate ( both csa and csb types ) , while some islands ( such as flores or corvo ) are classified as maritime temperate ( cfb ) and humid subtropical ( cfa ) , respectively , according to koppen - geiger classification . [ sep ] rough topography
both the archipelagos of the azores and madeira have a subtropical climate , although variations between islands exist , making weather predictions very difficult ( owing to rough topography ) . the madeira and azorean archipelagos have a narrower temperature range , with annual average temperatures exceeding 20 °c ( 68 °f ) along the coast ( according to the portuguese meteorological institute ) . some islands in azores do have drier months in the summer . consequently , the island of the azores have been identified as having a mediterranean climate ( both csa and csb types ) , while some islands ( such as flores or corvo ) are classified as maritime temperate ( cfb ) and humid subtropical ( cfa ) , respectively , according to koppen - geiger classification . [ sep ] mediterranean
the men ' s basketball team has over 1 , 600 wins , one of only 12 schools who have reached that mark , and have appeared in 28 ncaa tournaments . former player austin carr holds the record for most points scored in a single game of the tournament with 61 . although the team has never won the ncaa tournament , they were named by the helms athletic foundation as national champions twice . the team has orchestrated a number of upsets of number one ranked teams , the most notable of which was ending ucla ' s record 88 - game winning streak in 1974 . the team has beaten an additional eight number - one teams , and those nine wins rank second , to ucla ' s 10 , all - time in wins against the top team . the team plays in newly renovated purcell pavilion ( within the edmund p . joyce center ) , which reopened for the beginning of the 2009 – 2010 season . the team is coached by mike brey , who , as of the 2014 – 15 season , his fifteenth at notre dame , has achieved a 332 - 165 record . in 2009 they were invited to the nit , where they advanced to the semifinals but were beaten by penn state who went on and beat baylor in the championship . the 2010 – 11 team concluded its regular season ranked number seven in the country , with a record of 25 – 5 , brey ' s fifth straight 20 - win season , and a second - place finish in the big east . during the 2014 - 15 season , the team went 32 - 6 and won the acc conference tournament , later advancing to the elite 8 , where the fighting irish lost on a missed buzzer - beater against then undefeated kentucky . led by nba draft picks jerian grant and pat connaughton , the fighting irish beat the eventual national champion duke blue devils twice during the season . the 32 wins were the most by the fighting irish team since 1908 - 09 . [ sep ] over 1 , 600
the men ' s basketball team has over 1 , 600 wins , one of only 12 schools who have reached that mark , and have appeared in 28 ncaa tournaments . former player austin carr holds the record for most points scored in a single game of the tournament with 61 . although the team has never won the ncaa tournament , they were named by the helms athletic foundation as national champions twice . the team has orchestrated a number of upsets of number one ranked teams , the most notable of which was ending ucla ' s record 88 - game winning streak in 1974 . the team has beaten an additional eight number - one teams , and those nine wins rank second , to ucla ' s 10 , all - time in wins against the top team . the team plays in newly renovated purcell pavilion ( within the edmund p . joyce center ) , which reopened for the beginning of the 2009 – 2010 season . the team is coached by mike brey , who , as of the 2014 – 15 season , his fifteenth at notre dame , has achieved a 332 - 165 record . in 2009 they were invited to the nit , where they advanced to the semifinals but were beaten by penn state who went on and beat baylor in the championship . the 2010 – 11 team concluded its regular season ranked number seven in the country , with a record of 25 – 5 , brey ' s fifth straight 20 - win season , and a second - place finish in the big east . during the 2014 - 15 season , the team went 32 - 6 and won the acc conference tournament , later advancing to the elite 8 , where the fighting irish lost on a missed buzzer - beater against then undefeated kentucky . led by nba draft picks jerian grant and pat connaughton , the fighting irish beat the eventual national champion duke blue devils twice during the season . the 32 wins were the most by the fighting irish team since 1908 - 09 . [ sep ] 12
the men ' s basketball team has over 1 , 600 wins , one of only 12 schools who have reached that mark , and have appeared in 28 ncaa tournaments . former player austin carr holds the record for most points scored in a single game of the tournament with 61 . although the team has never won the ncaa tournament , they were named by the helms athletic foundation as national champions twice . the team has orchestrated a number of upsets of number one ranked teams , the most notable of which was ending ucla ' s record 88 - game winning streak in 1974 . the team has beaten an additional eight number - one teams , and those nine wins rank second , to ucla ' s 10 , all - time in wins against the top team . the team plays in newly renovated purcell pavilion ( within the edmund p . joyce center ) , which reopened for the beginning of the 2009 – 2010 season . the team is coached by mike brey , who , as of the 2014 – 15 season , his fifteenth at notre dame , has achieved a 332 - 165 record . in 2009 they were invited to the nit , where they advanced to the semifinals but were beaten by penn state who went on and beat baylor in the championship . the 2010 – 11 team concluded its regular season ranked number seven in the country , with a record of 25 – 5 , brey ' s fifth straight 20 - win season , and a second - place finish in the big east . during the 2014 - 15 season , the team went 32 - 6 and won the acc conference tournament , later advancing to the elite 8 , where the fighting irish lost on a missed buzzer - beater against then undefeated kentucky . led by nba draft picks jerian grant and pat connaughton , the fighting irish beat the eventual national champion duke blue devils twice during the season . the 32 wins were the most by the fighting irish team since 1908 - 09 . [ sep ] 28
the men ' s basketball team has over 1 , 600 wins , one of only 12 schools who have reached that mark , and have appeared in 28 ncaa tournaments . former player austin carr holds the record for most points scored in a single game of the tournament with 61 . although the team has never won the ncaa tournament , they were named by the helms athletic foundation as national champions twice . the team has orchestrated a number of upsets of number one ranked teams , the most notable of which was ending ucla ' s record 88 - game winning streak in 1974 . the team has beaten an additional eight number - one teams , and those nine wins rank second , to ucla ' s 10 , all - time in wins against the top team . the team plays in newly renovated purcell pavilion ( within the edmund p . joyce center ) , which reopened for the beginning of the 2009 – 2010 season . the team is coached by mike brey , who , as of the 2014 – 15 season , his fifteenth at notre dame , has achieved a 332 - 165 record . in 2009 they were invited to the nit , where they advanced to the semifinals but were beaten by penn state who went on and beat baylor in the championship . the 2010 – 11 team concluded its regular season ranked number seven in the country , with a record of 25 – 5 , brey ' s fifth straight 20 - win season , and a second - place finish in the big east . during the 2014 - 15 season , the team went 32 - 6 and won the acc conference tournament , later advancing to the elite 8 , where the fighting irish lost on a missed buzzer - beater against then undefeated kentucky . led by nba draft picks jerian grant and pat connaughton , the fighting irish beat the eventual national champion duke blue devils twice during the season . the 32 wins were the most by the fighting irish team since 1908 - 09 . [ sep ] austin carr
the men ' s basketball team has over 1 , 600 wins , one of only 12 schools who have reached that mark , and have appeared in 28 ncaa tournaments . former player austin carr holds the record for most points scored in a single game of the tournament with 61 . although the team has never won the ncaa tournament , they were named by the helms athletic foundation as national champions twice . the team has orchestrated a number of upsets of number one ranked teams , the most notable of which was ending ucla ' s record 88 - game winning streak in 1974 . the team has beaten an additional eight number - one teams , and those nine wins rank second , to ucla ' s 10 , all - time in wins against the top team . the team plays in newly renovated purcell pavilion ( within the edmund p . joyce center ) , which reopened for the beginning of the 2009 – 2010 season . the team is coached by mike brey , who , as of the 2014 – 15 season , his fifteenth at notre dame , has achieved a 332 - 165 record . in 2009 they were invited to the nit , where they advanced to the semifinals but were beaten by penn state who went on and beat baylor in the championship . the 2010 – 11 team concluded its regular season ranked number seven in the country , with a record of 25 – 5 , brey ' s fifth straight 20 - win season , and a second - place finish in the big east . during the 2014 - 15 season , the team went 32 - 6 and won the acc conference tournament , later advancing to the elite 8 , where the fighting irish lost on a missed buzzer - beater against then undefeated kentucky . led by nba draft picks jerian grant and pat connaughton , the fighting irish beat the eventual national champion duke blue devils twice during the season . the 32 wins were the most by the fighting irish team since 1908 - 09 . [ sep ] mike brey
several organizations concerned with antimicrobial resistance are lobbying to eliminate the unnecessary use of antibiotics . the issues of misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been addressed by the formation of the us interagency task force on antimicrobial resistance . this task force aims to actively address antimicrobial resistance , and is coordinated by the us centers for disease control and prevention , the food and drug administration ( fda ) , and the national institutes of health ( nih ) , as well as other us agencies . an ngo campaign group is keep antibiotics working . in france , an " antibiotics are not automatic " government campaign started in 2002 and led to a marked reduction of unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions , especially in children . [ sep ] us interagency task force on antimicrobial resistance
several organizations concerned with antimicrobial resistance are lobbying to eliminate the unnecessary use of antibiotics . the issues of misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been addressed by the formation of the us interagency task force on antimicrobial resistance . this task force aims to actively address antimicrobial resistance , and is coordinated by the us centers for disease control and prevention , the food and drug administration ( fda ) , and the national institutes of health ( nih ) , as well as other us agencies . an ngo campaign group is keep antibiotics working . in france , an " antibiotics are not automatic " government campaign started in 2002 and led to a marked reduction of unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions , especially in children . [ sep ] us centers for disease control and prevention , the food and drug administration ( fda ) , and the national institutes of health ( nih )
several organizations concerned with antimicrobial resistance are lobbying to eliminate the unnecessary use of antibiotics . the issues of misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been addressed by the formation of the us interagency task force on antimicrobial resistance . this task force aims to actively address antimicrobial resistance , and is coordinated by the us centers for disease control and prevention , the food and drug administration ( fda ) , and the national institutes of health ( nih ) , as well as other us agencies . an ngo campaign group is keep antibiotics working . in france , an " antibiotics are not automatic " government campaign started in 2002 and led to a marked reduction of unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions , especially in children . [ sep ] 2002
political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of historical materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology , including , but not limited to , non - capitalist societies . political economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of social structure and culture . three main areas of interest rapidly developed . the first of these areas was concerned with the " pre - capitalist " societies that were subject to evolutionary " tribal " stereotypes . sahlins work on hunter - gatherers as the ' original affluent society ' did much to dissipate that image . the second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world ' s population at the time , the peasantry , many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in vietnam . the third area was on colonialism , imperialism , and the creation of the capitalist world - system . more recently , these political economists have more directly addressed issues of industrial ( and post - industrial ) capitalism around the world . [ sep ] traditional concerns
political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of historical materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology , including , but not limited to , non - capitalist societies . political economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of social structure and culture . three main areas of interest rapidly developed . the first of these areas was concerned with the " pre - capitalist " societies that were subject to evolutionary " tribal " stereotypes . sahlins work on hunter - gatherers as the ' original affluent society ' did much to dissipate that image . the second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world ' s population at the time , the peasantry , many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in vietnam . the third area was on colonialism , imperialism , and the creation of the capitalist world - system . more recently , these political economists have more directly addressed issues of industrial ( and post - industrial ) capitalism around the world . [ sep ] history and colonialism
political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of historical materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology , including , but not limited to , non - capitalist societies . political economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of social structure and culture . three main areas of interest rapidly developed . the first of these areas was concerned with the " pre - capitalist " societies that were subject to evolutionary " tribal " stereotypes . sahlins work on hunter - gatherers as the ' original affluent society ' did much to dissipate that image . the second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world ' s population at the time , the peasantry , many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in vietnam . the third area was on colonialism , imperialism , and the creation of the capitalist world - system . more recently , these political economists have more directly addressed issues of industrial ( and post - industrial ) capitalism around the world . [ sep ] hunter - gatherers
political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of historical materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology , including , but not limited to , non - capitalist societies . political economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of social structure and culture . three main areas of interest rapidly developed . the first of these areas was concerned with the " pre - capitalist " societies that were subject to evolutionary " tribal " stereotypes . sahlins work on hunter - gatherers as the ' original affluent society ' did much to dissipate that image . the second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world ' s population at the time , the peasantry , many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in vietnam . the third area was on colonialism , imperialism , and the creation of the capitalist world - system . more recently , these political economists have more directly addressed issues of industrial ( and post - industrial ) capitalism around the world . [ sep ] population
political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of historical materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology , including , but not limited to , non - capitalist societies . political economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of social structure and culture . three main areas of interest rapidly developed . the first of these areas was concerned with the " pre - capitalist " societies that were subject to evolutionary " tribal " stereotypes . sahlins work on hunter - gatherers as the ' original affluent society ' did much to dissipate that image . the second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world ' s population at the time , the peasantry , many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in vietnam . the third area was on colonialism , imperialism , and the creation of the capitalist world - system . more recently , these political economists have more directly addressed issues of industrial ( and post - industrial ) capitalism around the world . [ sep ] industrial ( and post - industrial ) capitalism
the " notre dame victory march " is the fight song for the university of notre dame . it was written by two brothers who were notre dame graduates . the rev . michael j . shea , a 1904 graduate , wrote the music , and his brother , john f . shea , who earned degrees in 1906 and 1908 , wrote the original lyrics . the lyrics were revised in the 1920s ; it first appeared under the copyright of the university of notre dame in 1928 . the chorus is , " cheer cheer for old notre dame , wake up the echos cheering her name . send a volley cheer on high , shake down the thunder from the sky ! what though the odds be great or small , old notre dame will win over all . while her loyal sons are marching , onward to victory ! " [ sep ] john f . shea
the " notre dame victory march " is the fight song for the university of notre dame . it was written by two brothers who were notre dame graduates . the rev . michael j . shea , a 1904 graduate , wrote the music , and his brother , john f . shea , who earned degrees in 1906 and 1908 , wrote the original lyrics . the lyrics were revised in the 1920s ; it first appeared under the copyright of the university of notre dame in 1928 . the chorus is , " cheer cheer for old notre dame , wake up the echos cheering her name . send a volley cheer on high , shake down the thunder from the sky ! what though the odds be great or small , old notre dame will win over all . while her loyal sons are marching , onward to victory ! " [ sep ] 1904
the " notre dame victory march " is the fight song for the university of notre dame . it was written by two brothers who were notre dame graduates . the rev . michael j . shea , a 1904 graduate , wrote the music , and his brother , john f . shea , who earned degrees in 1906 and 1908 , wrote the original lyrics . the lyrics were revised in the 1920s ; it first appeared under the copyright of the university of notre dame in 1928 . the chorus is , " cheer cheer for old notre dame , wake up the echos cheering her name . send a volley cheer on high , shake down the thunder from the sky ! what though the odds be great or small , old notre dame will win over all . while her loyal sons are marching , onward to victory ! " [ sep ] rev . michael j . shea
the " notre dame victory march " is the fight song for the university of notre dame . it was written by two brothers who were notre dame graduates . the rev . michael j . shea , a 1904 graduate , wrote the music , and his brother , john f . shea , who earned degrees in 1906 and 1908 , wrote the original lyrics . the lyrics were revised in the 1920s ; it first appeared under the copyright of the university of notre dame in 1928 . the chorus is , " cheer cheer for old notre dame , wake up the echos cheering her name . send a volley cheer on high , shake down the thunder from the sky ! what though the odds be great or small , old notre dame will win over all . while her loyal sons are marching , onward to victory ! " [ sep ] 1928
the " notre dame victory march " is the fight song for the university of notre dame . it was written by two brothers who were notre dame graduates . the rev . michael j . shea , a 1904 graduate , wrote the music , and his brother , john f . shea , who earned degrees in 1906 and 1908 , wrote the original lyrics . the lyrics were revised in the 1920s ; it first appeared under the copyright of the university of notre dame in 1928 . the chorus is , " cheer cheer for old notre dame , wake up the echos cheering her name . send a volley cheer on high , shake down the thunder from the sky ! what though the odds be great or small , old notre dame will win over all . while her loyal sons are marching , onward to victory ! " [ sep ] onward to victory
applied anthropology refers to the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems . it is a , " complex of related , research - based , instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data , initiation of direct action , and / or the formulation of policy " . more simply , applied anthropology is the practical side of anthropological research ; it includes researcher involvement and activism within the participating community . it is closely related to development anthropology ( distinct from the more critical anthropology of development ) . [ sep ] applied
applied anthropology refers to the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems . it is a , " complex of related , research - based , instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data , initiation of direct action , and / or the formulation of policy " . more simply , applied anthropology is the practical side of anthropological research ; it includes researcher involvement and activism within the participating community . it is closely related to development anthropology ( distinct from the more critical anthropology of development ) . [ sep ] change or stability
applied anthropology refers to the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems . it is a , " complex of related , research - based , instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data , initiation of direct action , and / or the formulation of policy " . more simply , applied anthropology is the practical side of anthropological research ; it includes researcher involvement and activism within the participating community . it is closely related to development anthropology ( distinct from the more critical anthropology of development ) . [ sep ] direct
applied anthropology refers to the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems . it is a , " complex of related , research - based , instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data , initiation of direct action , and / or the formulation of policy " . more simply , applied anthropology is the practical side of anthropological research ; it includes researcher involvement and activism within the participating community . it is closely related to development anthropology ( distinct from the more critical anthropology of development ) . [ sep ] the practical side
applied anthropology refers to the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems . it is a , " complex of related , research - based , instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data , initiation of direct action , and / or the formulation of policy " . more simply , applied anthropology is the practical side of anthropological research ; it includes researcher involvement and activism within the participating community . it is closely related to development anthropology ( distinct from the more critical anthropology of development ) . [ sep ] participating
in the film knute rockne , all american , knute rockne ( played by pat o ' brien ) delivers the famous " win one for the gipper " speech , at which point the background music swells with the " notre dame victory march " . george gipp was played by ronald reagan , whose nickname " the gipper " was derived from this role . this scene was parodied in the movie airplane ! with the same background music , only this time honoring george zipp , one of ted striker ' s former comrades . the song also was prominent in the movie rudy , with sean astin as daniel " rudy " ruettiger , who harbored dreams of playing football at the university of notre dame despite significant obstacles . [ sep ] the gipper
in the film knute rockne , all american , knute rockne ( played by pat o ' brien ) delivers the famous " win one for the gipper " speech , at which point the background music swells with the " notre dame victory march " . george gipp was played by ronald reagan , whose nickname " the gipper " was derived from this role . this scene was parodied in the movie airplane ! with the same background music , only this time honoring george zipp , one of ted striker ' s former comrades . the song also was prominent in the movie rudy , with sean astin as daniel " rudy " ruettiger , who harbored dreams of playing football at the university of notre dame despite significant obstacles . [ sep ] airplane !
in the film knute rockne , all american , knute rockne ( played by pat o ' brien ) delivers the famous " win one for the gipper " speech , at which point the background music swells with the " notre dame victory march " . george gipp was played by ronald reagan , whose nickname " the gipper " was derived from this role . this scene was parodied in the movie airplane ! with the same background music , only this time honoring george zipp , one of ted striker ' s former comrades . the song also was prominent in the movie rudy , with sean astin as daniel " rudy " ruettiger , who harbored dreams of playing football at the university of notre dame despite significant obstacles . [ sep ] sean astin
in the film knute rockne , all american , knute rockne ( played by pat o ' brien ) delivers the famous " win one for the gipper " speech , at which point the background music swells with the " notre dame victory march " . george gipp was played by ronald reagan , whose nickname " the gipper " was derived from this role . this scene was parodied in the movie airplane ! with the same background music , only this time honoring george zipp , one of ted striker ' s former comrades . the song also was prominent in the movie rudy , with sean astin as daniel " rudy " ruettiger , who harbored dreams of playing football at the university of notre dame despite significant obstacles . [ sep ] george zipp
in the film knute rockne , all american , knute rockne ( played by pat o ' brien ) delivers the famous " win one for the gipper " speech , at which point the background music swells with the " notre dame victory march " . george gipp was played by ronald reagan , whose nickname " the gipper " was derived from this role . this scene was parodied in the movie airplane ! with the same background music , only this time honoring george zipp , one of ted striker ' s former comrades . the song also was prominent in the movie rudy , with sean astin as daniel " rudy " ruettiger , who harbored dreams of playing football at the university of notre dame despite significant obstacles . [ sep ] knute rockne
anthropology of development tends to view development from a critical perspective . the kind of issues addressed and implications for the approach simply involve pondering why , if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty , is poverty increasing ? why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes ? why are those working in development so willing to disregard history and the lessons it might offer ? why is development so externally driven rather than having an internal basis ? in short why does so much planned development fail ? [ sep ] critical
anthropology of development tends to view development from a critical perspective . the kind of issues addressed and implications for the approach simply involve pondering why , if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty , is poverty increasing ? why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes ? why are those working in development so willing to disregard history and the lessons it might offer ? why is development so externally driven rather than having an internal basis ? in short why does so much planned development fail ? [ sep ] pondering
anthropology of development tends to view development from a critical perspective . the kind of issues addressed and implications for the approach simply involve pondering why , if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty , is poverty increasing ? why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes ? why are those working in development so willing to disregard history and the lessons it might offer ? why is development so externally driven rather than having an internal basis ? in short why does so much planned development fail ? [ sep ] increasing
anthropology of development tends to view development from a critical perspective . the kind of issues addressed and implications for the approach simply involve pondering why , if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty , is poverty increasing ? why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes ? why are those working in development so willing to disregard history and the lessons it might offer ? why is development so externally driven rather than having an internal basis ? in short why does so much planned development fail ? [ sep ] gap
anthropology of development tends to view development from a critical perspective . the kind of issues addressed and implications for the approach simply involve pondering why , if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty , is poverty increasing ? why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes ? why are those working in development so willing to disregard history and the lessons it might offer ? why is development so externally driven rather than having an internal basis ? in short why does so much planned development fail ? [ sep ] fail
the emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the uk in 1970 ( swann report 1969 ) , and the eu has banned the use of antibiotics as growth - promotional agents since 2003 . moreover , several organizations ( e . g . , the american society for microbiology ( asm ) , american public health association ( apha ) and the american medical association ( ama ) ) have called for restrictions on antibiotic use in food animal production and an end to all nontherapeutic uses . [ citation needed ] however , commonly there are delays in regulatory and legislative actions to limit the use of antibiotics , attributable partly to resistance against such regulation by industries using or selling antibiotics , and to the time required for research to test causal links between their use and resistance to them . two federal bills ( s . 742 and h . r . 2562 ) aimed at phasing out nontherapeutic use of antibiotics in us food animals were proposed , but have not passed . these bills were endorsed by public health and medical organizations , including the american holistic nurses ' association , the american medical association , and the american public health association ( apha ) . [ sep ] 2003
the emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the uk in 1970 ( swann report 1969 ) , and the eu has banned the use of antibiotics as growth - promotional agents since 2003 . moreover , several organizations ( e . g . , the american society for microbiology ( asm ) , american public health association ( apha ) and the american medical association ( ama ) ) have called for restrictions on antibiotic use in food animal production and an end to all nontherapeutic uses . [ citation needed ] however , commonly there are delays in regulatory and legislative actions to limit the use of antibiotics , attributable partly to resistance against such regulation by industries using or selling antibiotics , and to the time required for research to test causal links between their use and resistance to them . two federal bills ( s . 742 and h . r . 2562 ) aimed at phasing out nontherapeutic use of antibiotics in us food animals were proposed , but have not passed . these bills were endorsed by public health and medical organizations , including the american holistic nurses ' association , the american medical association , and the american public health association ( apha ) . [ sep ] swann report 1969
the emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the uk in 1970 ( swann report 1969 ) , and the eu has banned the use of antibiotics as growth - promotional agents since 2003 . moreover , several organizations ( e . g . , the american society for microbiology ( asm ) , american public health association ( apha ) and the american medical association ( ama ) ) have called for restrictions on antibiotic use in food animal production and an end to all nontherapeutic uses . [ citation needed ] however , commonly there are delays in regulatory and legislative actions to limit the use of antibiotics , attributable partly to resistance against such regulation by industries using or selling antibiotics , and to the time required for research to test causal links between their use and resistance to them . two federal bills ( s . 742 and h . r . 2562 ) aimed at phasing out nontherapeutic use of antibiotics in us food animals were proposed , but have not passed . these bills were endorsed by public health and medical organizations , including the american holistic nurses ' association , the american medical association , and the american public health association ( apha ) . [ sep ] american society for microbiology ( asm ) , american public health association ( apha ) and the american medical association ( ama )
the emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the uk in 1970 ( swann report 1969 ) , and the eu has banned the use of antibiotics as growth - promotional agents since 2003 . moreover , several organizations ( e . g . , the american society for microbiology ( asm ) , american public health association ( apha ) and the american medical association ( ama ) ) have called for restrictions on antibiotic use in food animal production and an end to all nontherapeutic uses . [ citation needed ] however , commonly there are delays in regulatory and legislative actions to limit the use of antibiotics , attributable partly to resistance against such regulation by industries using or selling antibiotics , and to the time required for research to test causal links between their use and resistance to them . two federal bills ( s . 742 and h . r . 2562 ) aimed at phasing out nontherapeutic use of antibiotics in us food animals were proposed , but have not passed . these bills were endorsed by public health and medical organizations , including the american holistic nurses ' association , the american medical association , and the american public health association ( apha ) . [ sep ] s . 742 and h . r . 2562
the emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the uk in 1970 ( swann report 1969 ) , and the eu has banned the use of antibiotics as growth - promotional agents since 2003 . moreover , several organizations ( e . g . , the american society for microbiology ( asm ) , american public health association ( apha ) and the american medical association ( ama ) ) have called for restrictions on antibiotic use in food animal production and an end to all nontherapeutic uses . [ citation needed ] however , commonly there are delays in regulatory and legislative actions to limit the use of antibiotics , attributable partly to resistance against such regulation by industries using or selling antibiotics , and to the time required for research to test causal links between their use and resistance to them . two federal bills ( s . 742 and h . r . 2562 ) aimed at phasing out nontherapeutic use of antibiotics in us food animals were proposed , but have not passed . these bills were endorsed by public health and medical organizations , including the american holistic nurses ' association , the american medical association , and the american public health association ( apha ) . [ sep ] american holistic nurses ' association , the american medical association , and the american public health association ( apha )
notre dame alumni work in various fields . alumni working in political fields include state governors , members of the united states congress , and former united states secretary of state condoleezza rice . a notable alumnus of the college of science is medicine nobel prize winner eric f . wieschaus . a number of university heads are alumni , including notre dame ' s current president , the rev . john jenkins . additionally , many alumni are in the media , including talk show hosts regis philbin and phil donahue , and television and radio personalities such as mike golic and hannah storm . with the university having high profile sports teams itself , a number of alumni went on to become involved in athletics outside the university , including professional baseball , basketball , football , and ice hockey players , such as joe theismann , joe montana , tim brown , ross browner , rocket ismail , ruth riley , jeff samardzija , jerome bettis , brett lebda , olympic gold medalist mariel zagunis , professional boxer mike lee , former football coaches such as charlie weis , frank leahy and knute rockne , and basketball hall of famers austin carr and adrian dantley . other notable alumni include prominent businessman edward j . debartolo , jr . and astronaut jim wetherbee . [ sep ] condoleezza rice
notre dame alumni work in various fields . alumni working in political fields include state governors , members of the united states congress , and former united states secretary of state condoleezza rice . a notable alumnus of the college of science is medicine nobel prize winner eric f . wieschaus . a number of university heads are alumni , including notre dame ' s current president , the rev . john jenkins . additionally , many alumni are in the media , including talk show hosts regis philbin and phil donahue , and television and radio personalities such as mike golic and hannah storm . with the university having high profile sports teams itself , a number of alumni went on to become involved in athletics outside the university , including professional baseball , basketball , football , and ice hockey players , such as joe theismann , joe montana , tim brown , ross browner , rocket ismail , ruth riley , jeff samardzija , jerome bettis , brett lebda , olympic gold medalist mariel zagunis , professional boxer mike lee , former football coaches such as charlie weis , frank leahy and knute rockne , and basketball hall of famers austin carr and adrian dantley . other notable alumni include prominent businessman edward j . debartolo , jr . and astronaut jim wetherbee . [ sep ] eric f . wieschaus
notre dame alumni work in various fields . alumni working in political fields include state governors , members of the united states congress , and former united states secretary of state condoleezza rice . a notable alumnus of the college of science is medicine nobel prize winner eric f . wieschaus . a number of university heads are alumni , including notre dame ' s current president , the rev . john jenkins . additionally , many alumni are in the media , including talk show hosts regis philbin and phil donahue , and television and radio personalities such as mike golic and hannah storm . with the university having high profile sports teams itself , a number of alumni went on to become involved in athletics outside the university , including professional baseball , basketball , football , and ice hockey players , such as joe theismann , joe montana , tim brown , ross browner , rocket ismail , ruth riley , jeff samardzija , jerome bettis , brett lebda , olympic gold medalist mariel zagunis , professional boxer mike lee , former football coaches such as charlie weis , frank leahy and knute rockne , and basketball hall of famers austin carr and adrian dantley . other notable alumni include prominent businessman edward j . debartolo , jr . and astronaut jim wetherbee . [ sep ] rev . john jenkins
notre dame alumni work in various fields . alumni working in political fields include state governors , members of the united states congress , and former united states secretary of state condoleezza rice . a notable alumnus of the college of science is medicine nobel prize winner eric f . wieschaus . a number of university heads are alumni , including notre dame ' s current president , the rev . john jenkins . additionally , many alumni are in the media , including talk show hosts regis philbin and phil donahue , and television and radio personalities such as mike golic and hannah storm . with the university having high profile sports teams itself , a number of alumni went on to become involved in athletics outside the university , including professional baseball , basketball , football , and ice hockey players , such as joe theismann , joe montana , tim brown , ross browner , rocket ismail , ruth riley , jeff samardzija , jerome bettis , brett lebda , olympic gold medalist mariel zagunis , professional boxer mike lee , former football coaches such as charlie weis , frank leahy and knute rockne , and basketball hall of famers austin carr and adrian dantley . other notable alumni include prominent businessman edward j . debartolo , jr . and astronaut jim wetherbee . [ sep ] olympic gold
notre dame alumni work in various fields . alumni working in political fields include state governors , members of the united states congress , and former united states secretary of state condoleezza rice . a notable alumnus of the college of science is medicine nobel prize winner eric f . wieschaus . a number of university heads are alumni , including notre dame ' s current president , the rev . john jenkins . additionally , many alumni are in the media , including talk show hosts regis philbin and phil donahue , and television and radio personalities such as mike golic and hannah storm . with the university having high profile sports teams itself , a number of alumni went on to become involved in athletics outside the university , including professional baseball , basketball , football , and ice hockey players , such as joe theismann , joe montana , tim brown , ross browner , rocket ismail , ruth riley , jeff samardzija , jerome bettis , brett lebda , olympic gold medalist mariel zagunis , professional boxer mike lee , former football coaches such as charlie weis , frank leahy and knute rockne , and basketball hall of famers austin carr and adrian dantley . other notable alumni include prominent businessman edward j . debartolo , jr . and astronaut jim wetherbee . [ sep ] jim wetherbee
the convention came into force as international law on 12 january 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties . at that time however , only two of the five permanent members of the un security council were parties to the treaty : france and the republic of china . the soviet union ratified in 1954 , the united kingdom in 1970 , the people ' s republic of china in 1983 ( having replaced the taiwan - based republic of china on the unsc in 1971 ) , and the united states in 1988 . this long delay in support for the convention by the world ' s most powerful nations caused the convention to languish for over four decades . only in the 1990s did the international law on the crime of genocide begin to be enforced . [ sep ] 12 january 1951
the convention came into force as international law on 12 january 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties . at that time however , only two of the five permanent members of the un security council were parties to the treaty : france and the republic of china . the soviet union ratified in 1954 , the united kingdom in 1970 , the people ' s republic of china in 1983 ( having replaced the taiwan - based republic of china on the unsc in 1971 ) , and the united states in 1988 . this long delay in support for the convention by the world ' s most powerful nations caused the convention to languish for over four decades . only in the 1990s did the international law on the crime of genocide begin to be enforced . [ sep ] 20
the convention came into force as international law on 12 january 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties . at that time however , only two of the five permanent members of the un security council were parties to the treaty : france and the republic of china . the soviet union ratified in 1954 , the united kingdom in 1970 , the people ' s republic of china in 1983 ( having replaced the taiwan - based republic of china on the unsc in 1971 ) , and the united states in 1988 . this long delay in support for the convention by the world ' s most powerful nations caused the convention to languish for over four decades . only in the 1990s did the international law on the crime of genocide begin to be enforced . [ sep ] only two
the convention came into force as international law on 12 january 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties . at that time however , only two of the five permanent members of the un security council were parties to the treaty : france and the republic of china . the soviet union ratified in 1954 , the united kingdom in 1970 , the people ' s republic of china in 1983 ( having replaced the taiwan - based republic of china on the unsc in 1971 ) , and the united states in 1988 . this long delay in support for the convention by the world ' s most powerful nations caused the convention to languish for over four decades . only in the 1990s did the international law on the crime of genocide begin to be enforced . [ sep ] the united kingdom
the convention came into force as international law on 12 january 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties . at that time however , only two of the five permanent members of the un security council were parties to the treaty : france and the republic of china . the soviet union ratified in 1954 , the united kingdom in 1970 , the people ' s republic of china in 1983 ( having replaced the taiwan - based republic of china on the unsc in 1971 ) , and the united states in 1988 . this long delay in support for the convention by the world ' s most powerful nations caused the convention to languish for over four decades . only in the 1990s did the international law on the crime of genocide begin to be enforced . [ sep ] four
writing in 1998 kurt jonassohn and karin bjornson stated that the cppcg was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise . as such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool , and although it is used for this purpose , as it has an international legal credibility that others lack , other definitions have also been postulated . jonassohn and bjornson go on to say that none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support for various reasons . [ sep ] a diplomatic compromise
writing in 1998 kurt jonassohn and karin bjornson stated that the cppcg was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise . as such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool , and although it is used for this purpose , as it has an international legal credibility that others lack , other definitions have also been postulated . jonassohn and bjornson go on to say that none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support for various reasons . [ sep ] a research tool
writing in 1998 kurt jonassohn and karin bjornson stated that the cppcg was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise . as such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool , and although it is used for this purpose , as it has an international legal credibility that others lack , other definitions have also been postulated . jonassohn and bjornson go on to say that none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support for various reasons . [ sep ] international legal credibility
writing in 1998 kurt jonassohn and karin bjornson stated that the cppcg was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise . as such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool , and although it is used for this purpose , as it has an international legal credibility that others lack , other definitions have also been postulated . jonassohn and bjornson go on to say that none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support for various reasons . [ sep ] alternative definitions
kinship can refer both to the study of the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures , or it can refer to the patterns of social relationships themselves . over its history , anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms , such as " descent " , " descent groups " , " lineages " , " affines " , " cognates " , and even " fictive kinship " . broadly , kinship patterns may be considered to include people related both by descent ( one ' s social relations during development ) , and also relatives by marriage . [ sep ] kinship
kinship can refer both to the study of the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures , or it can refer to the patterns of social relationships themselves . over its history , anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms , such as " descent " , " descent groups " , " lineages " , " affines " , " cognates " , and even " fictive kinship " . broadly , kinship patterns may be considered to include people related both by descent ( one ' s social relations during development ) , and also relatives by marriage . [ sep ] anthropology
kinship can refer both to the study of the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures , or it can refer to the patterns of social relationships themselves . over its history , anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms , such as " descent " , " descent groups " , " lineages " , " affines " , " cognates " , and even " fictive kinship " . broadly , kinship patterns may be considered to include people related both by descent ( one ' s social relations during development ) , and also relatives by marriage . [ sep ] over its history
kinship can refer both to the study of the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures , or it can refer to the patterns of social relationships themselves . over its history , anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms , such as " descent " , " descent groups " , " lineages " , " affines " , " cognates " , and even " fictive kinship " . broadly , kinship patterns may be considered to include people related both by descent ( one ' s social relations during development ) , and also relatives by marriage . [ sep ] one ' s social relations during development
kinship can refer both to the study of the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures , or it can refer to the patterns of social relationships themselves . over its history , anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms , such as " descent " , " descent groups " , " lineages " , " affines " , " cognates " , and even " fictive kinship " . broadly , kinship patterns may be considered to include people related both by descent ( one ' s social relations during development ) , and also relatives by marriage . [ sep ] marriage
there has been extensive use of antibiotics in animal husbandry . in the united states , the question of emergence of antibiotic - resistant bacterial strains due to use of antibiotics in livestock was raised by the us food and drug administration ( fda ) in 1977 . in march 2012 , the united states district court for the southern district of new york , ruling in an action brought by the natural resources defense council and others , ordered the fda to revoke approvals for the use of antibiotics in livestock , which violated fda regulations . [ sep ] animal husbandry
there has been extensive use of antibiotics in animal husbandry . in the united states , the question of emergence of antibiotic - resistant bacterial strains due to use of antibiotics in livestock was raised by the us food and drug administration ( fda ) in 1977 . in march 2012 , the united states district court for the southern district of new york , ruling in an action brought by the natural resources defense council and others , ordered the fda to revoke approvals for the use of antibiotics in livestock , which violated fda regulations . [ sep ] 1977
there has been extensive use of antibiotics in animal husbandry . in the united states , the question of emergence of antibiotic - resistant bacterial strains due to use of antibiotics in livestock was raised by the us food and drug administration ( fda ) in 1977 . in march 2012 , the united states district court for the southern district of new york , ruling in an action brought by the natural resources defense council and others , ordered the fda to revoke approvals for the use of antibiotics in livestock , which violated fda regulations . [ sep ] march 2012
before the early 20th century , treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore . mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago . many ancient cultures , including the ancient egyptians and ancient greeks , used specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts to treat infections . more recent observations made in the laboratory of antibiosis between microorganisms led to the discovery of natural antibacterials produced by microorganisms . louis pasteur observed , " if we could intervene in the antagonism observed between some bacteria , it would offer perhaps the greatest hopes for therapeutics " . the term ' antibiosis ' , meaning " against life " , was introduced by the french bacteriologist jean paul vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs . antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when louis pasteur and robert koch observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of bacillus anthracis . these drugs were later renamed antibiotics by selman waksman , an american microbiologist , in 1942 . synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and development of antibacterials began in germany with paul ehrlich in the late 1880s . ehrlich noted certain dyes would color human , animal , or bacterial cells , whereas others did not . he then proposed the idea that it might be possible to create chemicals that would act as a selective drug that would bind to and kill bacteria without harming the human host . after screening hundreds of dyes against various organisms , in 1907 , he discovered a medicinally useful drug , the synthetic antibacterial salvarsan now called arsphenamine . [ sep ] medicinal folklore
before the early 20th century , treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore . mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago . many ancient cultures , including the ancient egyptians and ancient greeks , used specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts to treat infections . more recent observations made in the laboratory of antibiosis between microorganisms led to the discovery of natural antibacterials produced by microorganisms . louis pasteur observed , " if we could intervene in the antagonism observed between some bacteria , it would offer perhaps the greatest hopes for therapeutics " . the term ' antibiosis ' , meaning " against life " , was introduced by the french bacteriologist jean paul vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs . antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when louis pasteur and robert koch observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of bacillus anthracis . these drugs were later renamed antibiotics by selman waksman , an american microbiologist , in 1942 . synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and development of antibacterials began in germany with paul ehrlich in the late 1880s . ehrlich noted certain dyes would color human , animal , or bacterial cells , whereas others did not . he then proposed the idea that it might be possible to create chemicals that would act as a selective drug that would bind to and kill bacteria without harming the human host . after screening hundreds of dyes against various organisms , in 1907 , he discovered a medicinally useful drug , the synthetic antibacterial salvarsan now called arsphenamine . [ sep ] over 2000 years ago
before the early 20th century , treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore . mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago . many ancient cultures , including the ancient egyptians and ancient greeks , used specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts to treat infections . more recent observations made in the laboratory of antibiosis between microorganisms led to the discovery of natural antibacterials produced by microorganisms . louis pasteur observed , " if we could intervene in the antagonism observed between some bacteria , it would offer perhaps the greatest hopes for therapeutics " . the term ' antibiosis ' , meaning " against life " , was introduced by the french bacteriologist jean paul vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs . antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when louis pasteur and robert koch observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of bacillus anthracis . these drugs were later renamed antibiotics by selman waksman , an american microbiologist , in 1942 . synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and development of antibacterials began in germany with paul ehrlich in the late 1880s . ehrlich noted certain dyes would color human , animal , or bacterial cells , whereas others did not . he then proposed the idea that it might be possible to create chemicals that would act as a selective drug that would bind to and kill bacteria without harming the human host . after screening hundreds of dyes against various organisms , in 1907 , he discovered a medicinally useful drug , the synthetic antibacterial salvarsan now called arsphenamine . [ sep ] mold and plant materials and extracts
before the early 20th century , treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore . mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago . many ancient cultures , including the ancient egyptians and ancient greeks , used specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts to treat infections . more recent observations made in the laboratory of antibiosis between microorganisms led to the discovery of natural antibacterials produced by microorganisms . louis pasteur observed , " if we could intervene in the antagonism observed between some bacteria , it would offer perhaps the greatest hopes for therapeutics " . the term ' antibiosis ' , meaning " against life " , was introduced by the french bacteriologist jean paul vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs . antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when louis pasteur and robert koch observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of bacillus anthracis . these drugs were later renamed antibiotics by selman waksman , an american microbiologist , in 1942 . synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and development of antibacterials began in germany with paul ehrlich in the late 1880s . ehrlich noted certain dyes would color human , animal , or bacterial cells , whereas others did not . he then proposed the idea that it might be possible to create chemicals that would act as a selective drug that would bind to and kill bacteria without harming the human host . after screening hundreds of dyes against various organisms , in 1907 , he discovered a medicinally useful drug , the synthetic antibacterial salvarsan now called arsphenamine . [ sep ] against life
before the early 20th century , treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore . mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago . many ancient cultures , including the ancient egyptians and ancient greeks , used specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts to treat infections . more recent observations made in the laboratory of antibiosis between microorganisms led to the discovery of natural antibacterials produced by microorganisms . louis pasteur observed , " if we could intervene in the antagonism observed between some bacteria , it would offer perhaps the greatest hopes for therapeutics " . the term ' antibiosis ' , meaning " against life " , was introduced by the french bacteriologist jean paul vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs . antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when louis pasteur and robert koch observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of bacillus anthracis . these drugs were later renamed antibiotics by selman waksman , an american microbiologist , in 1942 . synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and development of antibacterials began in germany with paul ehrlich in the late 1880s . ehrlich noted certain dyes would color human , animal , or bacterial cells , whereas others did not . he then proposed the idea that it might be possible to create chemicals that would act as a selective drug that would bind to and kill bacteria without harming the human host . after screening hundreds of dyes against various organisms , in 1907 , he discovered a medicinally useful drug , the synthetic antibacterial salvarsan now called arsphenamine . [ sep ] jean paul vuillemin
the effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history ( see : history of penicillin ) . in 1928 , alexander fleming noticed the same effect in a petri dish , where a number of disease - causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus penicillium . fleming postulated that the effect is mediated by an antibacterial compound he named penicillin , and that its antibacterial properties could be exploited for chemotherapy . he initially characterized some of its biological properties , and attempted to use a crude preparation to treat some infections , but he was unable to pursue its further development without the aid of trained chemists . [ sep ] mold
the effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history ( see : history of penicillin ) . in 1928 , alexander fleming noticed the same effect in a petri dish , where a number of disease - causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus penicillium . fleming postulated that the effect is mediated by an antibacterial compound he named penicillin , and that its antibacterial properties could be exploited for chemotherapy . he initially characterized some of its biological properties , and attempted to use a crude preparation to treat some infections , but he was unable to pursue its further development without the aid of trained chemists . [ sep ] alexander fleming
the effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history ( see : history of penicillin ) . in 1928 , alexander fleming noticed the same effect in a petri dish , where a number of disease - causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus penicillium . fleming postulated that the effect is mediated by an antibacterial compound he named penicillin , and that its antibacterial properties could be exploited for chemotherapy . he initially characterized some of its biological properties , and attempted to use a crude preparation to treat some infections , but he was unable to pursue its further development without the aid of trained chemists . [ sep ] penicillin
the effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history ( see : history of penicillin ) . in 1928 , alexander fleming noticed the same effect in a petri dish , where a number of disease - causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus penicillium . fleming postulated that the effect is mediated by an antibacterial compound he named penicillin , and that its antibacterial properties could be exploited for chemotherapy . he initially characterized some of its biological properties , and attempted to use a crude preparation to treat some infections , but he was unable to pursue its further development without the aid of trained chemists . [ sep ] chemotherapy
the first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial , prontosil , was developed by a research team led by gerhard domagk in 1932 at the bayer laboratories of the ig farben conglomerate in germany . domagk received the 1939 nobel prize for medicine for his efforts . prontosil had a relatively broad effect against gram - positive cocci , but not against enterobacteria . research was stimulated apace by its success . the discovery and development of this sulfonamide drug opened the era of antibacterials . [ sep ] prontosil
the first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial , prontosil , was developed by a research team led by gerhard domagk in 1932 at the bayer laboratories of the ig farben conglomerate in germany . domagk received the 1939 nobel prize for medicine for his efforts . prontosil had a relatively broad effect against gram - positive cocci , but not against enterobacteria . research was stimulated apace by its success . the discovery and development of this sulfonamide drug opened the era of antibacterials . [ sep ] ig farben
the first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial , prontosil , was developed by a research team led by gerhard domagk in 1932 at the bayer laboratories of the ig farben conglomerate in germany . domagk received the 1939 nobel prize for medicine for his efforts . prontosil had a relatively broad effect against gram - positive cocci , but not against enterobacteria . research was stimulated apace by its success . the discovery and development of this sulfonamide drug opened the era of antibacterials . [ sep ] gerhard domagk
the first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial , prontosil , was developed by a research team led by gerhard domagk in 1932 at the bayer laboratories of the ig farben conglomerate in germany . domagk received the 1939 nobel prize for medicine for his efforts . prontosil had a relatively broad effect against gram - positive cocci , but not against enterobacteria . research was stimulated apace by its success . the discovery and development of this sulfonamide drug opened the era of antibacterials . [ sep ] 1939 nobel prize for medicine
in 1939 , coinciding with the start of world war ii , rene dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic , tyrothricin , a compound of 20 % gramicidin and 80 % tyrocidine , from b . brevis . it was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics universally and was very effective in treating wounds and ulcers during world war ii . gramicidin , however , could not be used systemically because of toxicity . tyrocidine also proved too toxic for systemic usage . research results obtained during that period were not shared between the axis and the allied powers during the war . [ sep ] tyrothricin
in 1939 , coinciding with the start of world war ii , rene dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic , tyrothricin , a compound of 20 % gramicidin and 80 % tyrocidine , from b . brevis . it was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics universally and was very effective in treating wounds and ulcers during world war ii . gramicidin , however , could not be used systemically because of toxicity . tyrocidine also proved too toxic for systemic usage . research results obtained during that period were not shared between the axis and the allied powers during the war . [ sep ] 1939
in 1939 , coinciding with the start of world war ii , rene dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic , tyrothricin , a compound of 20 % gramicidin and 80 % tyrocidine , from b . brevis . it was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics universally and was very effective in treating wounds and ulcers during world war ii . gramicidin , however , could not be used systemically because of toxicity . tyrocidine also proved too toxic for systemic usage . research results obtained during that period were not shared between the axis and the allied powers during the war . [ sep ] start of world war ii ,
in 1939 , coinciding with the start of world war ii , rene dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic , tyrothricin , a compound of 20 % gramicidin and 80 % tyrocidine , from b . brevis . it was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics universally and was very effective in treating wounds and ulcers during world war ii . gramicidin , however , could not be used systemically because of toxicity . tyrocidine also proved too toxic for systemic usage . research results obtained during that period were not shared between the axis and the allied powers during the war . [ sep ] rene dubos
in 1939 , coinciding with the start of world war ii , rene dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic , tyrothricin , a compound of 20 % gramicidin and 80 % tyrocidine , from b . brevis . it was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics universally and was very effective in treating wounds and ulcers during world war ii . gramicidin , however , could not be used systemically because of toxicity . tyrocidine also proved too toxic for systemic usage . research results obtained during that period were not shared between the axis and the allied powers during the war . [ sep ] wounds and ulcers
florey and chain succeeded in purifying the first penicillin , penicillin g , in 1942 , but it did not become widely available outside the allied military before 1945 . later , norman heatley developed the back extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk . the chemical structure of penicillin was determined by dorothy crowfoot hodgkin in 1945 . purified penicillin displayed potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria and had low toxicity in humans . furthermore , its activity was not inhibited by biological constituents such as pus , unlike the synthetic sulfonamides . the discovery of such a powerful antibiotic was unprecedented , and the development of penicillin led to renewed interest in the search for antibiotic compounds with similar efficacy and safety . for their successful development of penicillin , which fleming had accidentally discovered but could not develop himself , as a therapeutic drug , ernst chain and howard florey shared the 1945 nobel prize in medicine with fleming . florey credited dubos with pioneering the approach of deliberately and systematically searching for antibacterial compounds , which had led to the discovery of gramicidin and had revived florey ' s research in penicillin . [ sep ] 1942
florey and chain succeeded in purifying the first penicillin , penicillin g , in 1942 , but it did not become widely available outside the allied military before 1945 . later , norman heatley developed the back extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk . the chemical structure of penicillin was determined by dorothy crowfoot hodgkin in 1945 . purified penicillin displayed potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria and had low toxicity in humans . furthermore , its activity was not inhibited by biological constituents such as pus , unlike the synthetic sulfonamides . the discovery of such a powerful antibiotic was unprecedented , and the development of penicillin led to renewed interest in the search for antibiotic compounds with similar efficacy and safety . for their successful development of penicillin , which fleming had accidentally discovered but could not develop himself , as a therapeutic drug , ernst chain and howard florey shared the 1945 nobel prize in medicine with fleming . florey credited dubos with pioneering the approach of deliberately and systematically searching for antibacterial compounds , which had led to the discovery of gramicidin and had revived florey ' s research in penicillin . [ sep ] 1945
florey and chain succeeded in purifying the first penicillin , penicillin g , in 1942 , but it did not become widely available outside the allied military before 1945 . later , norman heatley developed the back extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk . the chemical structure of penicillin was determined by dorothy crowfoot hodgkin in 1945 . purified penicillin displayed potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria and had low toxicity in humans . furthermore , its activity was not inhibited by biological constituents such as pus , unlike the synthetic sulfonamides . the discovery of such a powerful antibiotic was unprecedented , and the development of penicillin led to renewed interest in the search for antibiotic compounds with similar efficacy and safety . for their successful development of penicillin , which fleming had accidentally discovered but could not develop himself , as a therapeutic drug , ernst chain and howard florey shared the 1945 nobel prize in medicine with fleming . florey credited dubos with pioneering the approach of deliberately and systematically searching for antibacterial compounds , which had led to the discovery of gramicidin and had revived florey ' s research in penicillin . [ sep ] norman heatley
florey and chain succeeded in purifying the first penicillin , penicillin g , in 1942 , but it did not become widely available outside the allied military before 1945 . later , norman heatley developed the back extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk . the chemical structure of penicillin was determined by dorothy crowfoot hodgkin in 1945 . purified penicillin displayed potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria and had low toxicity in humans . furthermore , its activity was not inhibited by biological constituents such as pus , unlike the synthetic sulfonamides . the discovery of such a powerful antibiotic was unprecedented , and the development of penicillin led to renewed interest in the search for antibiotic compounds with similar efficacy and safety . for their successful development of penicillin , which fleming had accidentally discovered but could not develop himself , as a therapeutic drug , ernst chain and howard florey shared the 1945 nobel prize in medicine with fleming . florey credited dubos with pioneering the approach of deliberately and systematically searching for antibacterial compounds , which had led to the discovery of gramicidin and had revived florey ' s research in penicillin . [ sep ] 1945
florey and chain succeeded in purifying the first penicillin , penicillin g , in 1942 , but it did not become widely available outside the allied military before 1945 . later , norman heatley developed the back extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk . the chemical structure of penicillin was determined by dorothy crowfoot hodgkin in 1945 . purified penicillin displayed potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria and had low toxicity in humans . furthermore , its activity was not inhibited by biological constituents such as pus , unlike the synthetic sulfonamides . the discovery of such a powerful antibiotic was unprecedented , and the development of penicillin led to renewed interest in the search for antibiotic compounds with similar efficacy and safety . for their successful development of penicillin , which fleming had accidentally discovered but could not develop himself , as a therapeutic drug , ernst chain and howard florey shared the 1945 nobel prize in medicine with fleming . florey credited dubos with pioneering the approach of deliberately and systematically searching for antibacterial compounds , which had led to the discovery of gramicidin and had revived florey ' s research in penicillin . [ sep ] dorothy crowfoot hodgkin
vaccines rely on immune modulation or augmentation . vaccination either excites or reinforces the immune competence of a host to ward off infection , leading to the activation of macrophages , the production of antibodies , inflammation , and other classic immune reactions . antibacterial vaccines have been responsible for a drastic reduction in global bacterial diseases . vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates have been replaced largely by less reactogenic , cell - free vaccines consisting of purified components , including capsular polysaccharides and their conjugates , to protein carriers , as well as inactivated toxins ( toxoids ) and proteins . [ sep ] immune modulation or augmentation
vaccines rely on immune modulation or augmentation . vaccination either excites or reinforces the immune competence of a host to ward off infection , leading to the activation of macrophages , the production of antibodies , inflammation , and other classic immune reactions . antibacterial vaccines have been responsible for a drastic reduction in global bacterial diseases . vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates have been replaced largely by less reactogenic , cell - free vaccines consisting of purified components , including capsular polysaccharides and their conjugates , to protein carriers , as well as inactivated toxins ( toxoids ) and proteins . [ sep ] antibacterial vaccines
vaccines rely on immune modulation or augmentation . vaccination either excites or reinforces the immune competence of a host to ward off infection , leading to the activation of macrophages , the production of antibodies , inflammation , and other classic immune reactions . antibacterial vaccines have been responsible for a drastic reduction in global bacterial diseases . vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates have been replaced largely by less reactogenic , cell - free vaccines consisting of purified components , including capsular polysaccharides and their conjugates , to protein carriers , as well as inactivated toxins ( toxoids ) and proteins . [ sep ] vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates
phage therapy is another option that is being looked into for treating resistant strains of bacteria . the way that researchers are doing this is by infecting pathogenic bacteria with their own viruses , more specifically , bacteriophages . bacteriophages , also known simply as phages , are precisely bacterial viruses that infect bacteria by disrupting pathogenic bacterium lytic cycles . by disrupting the lytic cycles of bacterium , phages destroy their metabolism , which eventually results in the cell ' s death . phages will insert their dna into the bacterium , allowing their dna to be transcribed . once their dna is transcribed the cell will proceed to make new phages and as soon as they are ready to be released , the cell will lyse . one of the worries about using phages to fight pathogens is that the phages will infect " good " bacteria , or the bacteria that are important in the everyday function of human beings . however , studies have proven that phages are very specific when they target bacteria , which makes researchers confident that bacteriophage therapy is the definite route to defeating antibiotic resistant bacteria . [ sep ] phage therapy
phage therapy is another option that is being looked into for treating resistant strains of bacteria . the way that researchers are doing this is by infecting pathogenic bacteria with their own viruses , more specifically , bacteriophages . bacteriophages , also known simply as phages , are precisely bacterial viruses that infect bacteria by disrupting pathogenic bacterium lytic cycles . by disrupting the lytic cycles of bacterium , phages destroy their metabolism , which eventually results in the cell ' s death . phages will insert their dna into the bacterium , allowing their dna to be transcribed . once their dna is transcribed the cell will proceed to make new phages and as soon as they are ready to be released , the cell will lyse . one of the worries about using phages to fight pathogens is that the phages will infect " good " bacteria , or the bacteria that are important in the everyday function of human beings . however , studies have proven that phages are very specific when they target bacteria , which makes researchers confident that bacteriophage therapy is the definite route to defeating antibiotic resistant bacteria . [ sep ] infecting pathogenic bacteria
phage therapy is another option that is being looked into for treating resistant strains of bacteria . the way that researchers are doing this is by infecting pathogenic bacteria with their own viruses , more specifically , bacteriophages . bacteriophages , also known simply as phages , are precisely bacterial viruses that infect bacteria by disrupting pathogenic bacterium lytic cycles . by disrupting the lytic cycles of bacterium , phages destroy their metabolism , which eventually results in the cell ' s death . phages will insert their dna into the bacterium , allowing their dna to be transcribed . once their dna is transcribed the cell will proceed to make new phages and as soon as they are ready to be released , the cell will lyse . one of the worries about using phages to fight pathogens is that the phages will infect " good " bacteria , or the bacteria that are important in the everyday function of human beings . however , studies have proven that phages are very specific when they target bacteria , which makes researchers confident that bacteriophage therapy is the definite route to defeating antibiotic resistant bacteria . [ sep ] phages will infect " good " bacteria
montana schoolchildren played a significant role in selecting several state symbols . the state tree , the ponderosa pine , was selected by montana schoolchildren as the preferred state tree by an overwhelming majority in a referendum held in 1908 . however , the legislature did not designate a state tree until 1949 , when the montana federation of garden clubs , with the support of the state forester , lobbied for formal recognition . schoolchildren also chose the western meadowlark as the state bird , in a 1930 vote , and the legislature acted to endorse this decision in 1931 . similarly , the secretary of state sponsored a children ' s vote in 1981 to choose a state animal , and after 74 animals were nominated , the grizzly bear won over the elk by a 2 – 1 margin . the students of livingston started a statewide school petition drive plus lobbied the governor and the state legislature to name the maiasaura as the state fossil in 1985 . [ sep ] 1908
montana schoolchildren played a significant role in selecting several state symbols . the state tree , the ponderosa pine , was selected by montana schoolchildren as the preferred state tree by an overwhelming majority in a referendum held in 1908 . however , the legislature did not designate a state tree until 1949 , when the montana federation of garden clubs , with the support of the state forester , lobbied for formal recognition . schoolchildren also chose the western meadowlark as the state bird , in a 1930 vote , and the legislature acted to endorse this decision in 1931 . similarly , the secretary of state sponsored a children ' s vote in 1981 to choose a state animal , and after 74 animals were nominated , the grizzly bear won over the elk by a 2 – 1 margin . the students of livingston started a statewide school petition drive plus lobbied the governor and the state legislature to name the maiasaura as the state fossil in 1985 . [ sep ] 1949
montana schoolchildren played a significant role in selecting several state symbols . the state tree , the ponderosa pine , was selected by montana schoolchildren as the preferred state tree by an overwhelming majority in a referendum held in 1908 . however , the legislature did not designate a state tree until 1949 , when the montana federation of garden clubs , with the support of the state forester , lobbied for formal recognition . schoolchildren also chose the western meadowlark as the state bird , in a 1930 vote , and the legislature acted to endorse this decision in 1931 . similarly , the secretary of state sponsored a children ' s vote in 1981 to choose a state animal , and after 74 animals were nominated , the grizzly bear won over the elk by a 2 – 1 margin . the students of livingston started a statewide school petition drive plus lobbied the governor and the state legislature to name the maiasaura as the state fossil in 1985 . [ sep ] 1981
montana schoolchildren played a significant role in selecting several state symbols . the state tree , the ponderosa pine , was selected by montana schoolchildren as the preferred state tree by an overwhelming majority in a referendum held in 1908 . however , the legislature did not designate a state tree until 1949 , when the montana federation of garden clubs , with the support of the state forester , lobbied for formal recognition . schoolchildren also chose the western meadowlark as the state bird , in a 1930 vote , and the legislature acted to endorse this decision in 1931 . similarly , the secretary of state sponsored a children ' s vote in 1981 to choose a state animal , and after 74 animals were nominated , the grizzly bear won over the elk by a 2 – 1 margin . the students of livingston started a statewide school petition drive plus lobbied the governor and the state legislature to name the maiasaura as the state fossil in 1985 . [ sep ] grizzly bear
montana schoolchildren played a significant role in selecting several state symbols . the state tree , the ponderosa pine , was selected by montana schoolchildren as the preferred state tree by an overwhelming majority in a referendum held in 1908 . however , the legislature did not designate a state tree until 1949 , when the montana federation of garden clubs , with the support of the state forester , lobbied for formal recognition . schoolchildren also chose the western meadowlark as the state bird , in a 1930 vote , and the legislature acted to endorse this decision in 1931 . similarly , the secretary of state sponsored a children ' s vote in 1981 to choose a state animal , and after 74 animals were nominated , the grizzly bear won over the elk by a 2 – 1 margin . the students of livingston started a statewide school petition drive plus lobbied the governor and the state legislature to name the maiasaura as the state fossil in 1985 . [ sep ] maiasaura
the state song was not composed until 21 years after statehood , when a musical troupe led by joseph e . howard stopped in butte in september 1910 . a former member of the troupe who lived in butte buttonholed howard at an after - show party , asking him to compose a song about montana and got another partygoer , the city editor for the butte miner newspaper , charles c . cohan , to help . the two men worked up a basic melody and lyrics in about a half - hour for the entertainment of party guests , then finished the song later that evening , with an arrangement worked up the following day . upon arriving in helena , howard ' s troupe performed 12 encores of the new song to an enthusiastic audience and the governor proclaimed it the state song on the spot , though formal legislative recognition did not occur until 1945 . montana is one of only three states to have a " state ballad " , " montana melody " , chosen by the legislature in 1983 . montana was the first state to also adopt a state lullaby . [ sep ] 1910
montana ' s motto , oro y plata , spanish for " gold and silver " , recognizing the significant role of mining , was first adopted in 1865 , when montana was still a territory . a state seal with a miner ' s pick and shovel above the motto , surrounded by the mountains and the great falls of the missouri river , was adopted during the first meeting of the territorial legislature in 1864 – 65 . the design was only slightly modified after montana became a state and adopted it as the great seal of the state of montana , enacted by the legislature in 1893 . the state flower , the bitterroot , was adopted in 1895 with the support of a group called the floral emblem association , which formed after montana ' s women ' s christian temperance union adopted the bitterroot as the organization ' s state flower . all other symbols were adopted throughout the 20th century , save for montana ' s newest symbol , the state butterfly , the mourning cloak , adopted in 2001 , and the state lullaby , " montana lullaby " , adopted in 2007 . [ sep ] oro y plata
montana ' s motto , oro y plata , spanish for " gold and silver " , recognizing the significant role of mining , was first adopted in 1865 , when montana was still a territory . a state seal with a miner ' s pick and shovel above the motto , surrounded by the mountains and the great falls of the missouri river , was adopted during the first meeting of the territorial legislature in 1864 – 65 . the design was only slightly modified after montana became a state and adopted it as the great seal of the state of montana , enacted by the legislature in 1893 . the state flower , the bitterroot , was adopted in 1895 with the support of a group called the floral emblem association , which formed after montana ' s women ' s christian temperance union adopted the bitterroot as the organization ' s state flower . all other symbols were adopted throughout the 20th century , save for montana ' s newest symbol , the state butterfly , the mourning cloak , adopted in 2001 , and the state lullaby , " montana lullaby " , adopted in 2007 . [ sep ] " gold and silver "
montana ' s motto , oro y plata , spanish for " gold and silver " , recognizing the significant role of mining , was first adopted in 1865 , when montana was still a territory . a state seal with a miner ' s pick and shovel above the motto , surrounded by the mountains and the great falls of the missouri river , was adopted during the first meeting of the territorial legislature in 1864 – 65 . the design was only slightly modified after montana became a state and adopted it as the great seal of the state of montana , enacted by the legislature in 1893 . the state flower , the bitterroot , was adopted in 1895 with the support of a group called the floral emblem association , which formed after montana ' s women ' s christian temperance union adopted the bitterroot as the organization ' s state flower . all other symbols were adopted throughout the 20th century , save for montana ' s newest symbol , the state butterfly , the mourning cloak , adopted in 2001 , and the state lullaby , " montana lullaby " , adopted in 2007 . [ sep ] 1865
montana ' s motto , oro y plata , spanish for " gold and silver " , recognizing the significant role of mining , was first adopted in 1865 , when montana was still a territory . a state seal with a miner ' s pick and shovel above the motto , surrounded by the mountains and the great falls of the missouri river , was adopted during the first meeting of the territorial legislature in 1864 – 65 . the design was only slightly modified after montana became a state and adopted it as the great seal of the state of montana , enacted by the legislature in 1893 . the state flower , the bitterroot , was adopted in 1895 with the support of a group called the floral emblem association , which formed after montana ' s women ' s christian temperance union adopted the bitterroot as the organization ' s state flower . all other symbols were adopted throughout the 20th century , save for montana ' s newest symbol , the state butterfly , the mourning cloak , adopted in 2001 , and the state lullaby , " montana lullaby " , adopted in 2007 . [ sep ] 1895
montana ' s motto , oro y plata , spanish for " gold and silver " , recognizing the significant role of mining , was first adopted in 1865 , when montana was still a territory . a state seal with a miner ' s pick and shovel above the motto , surrounded by the mountains and the great falls of the missouri river , was adopted during the first meeting of the territorial legislature in 1864 – 65 . the design was only slightly modified after montana became a state and adopted it as the great seal of the state of montana , enacted by the legislature in 1893 . the state flower , the bitterroot , was adopted in 1895 with the support of a group called the floral emblem association , which formed after montana ' s women ' s christian temperance union adopted the bitterroot as the organization ' s state flower . all other symbols were adopted throughout the 20th century , save for montana ' s newest symbol , the state butterfly , the mourning cloak , adopted in 2001 , and the state lullaby , " montana lullaby " , adopted in 2007 . [ sep ] bitterroot
in april 2013 , the infectious disease society of america ( idsa ) reported that the weak antibiotic pipeline does not match bacteria ' s increasing ability to develop resistance . since 2009 , only 2 new antibiotics were approved in the united states . the number of new antibiotics approved for marketing per year declines continuously . the report identified seven antibiotics against the gram - negative bacilli ( gnb ) currently in phase 2 or phase 3 clinical trials . however , these drugs do not address the entire spectrum of resistance of gnb . some of these antibiotics are combination of existent treatments : [ sep ] 2
in april 2013 , the infectious disease society of america ( idsa ) reported that the weak antibiotic pipeline does not match bacteria ' s increasing ability to develop resistance . since 2009 , only 2 new antibiotics were approved in the united states . the number of new antibiotics approved for marketing per year declines continuously . the report identified seven antibiotics against the gram - negative bacilli ( gnb ) currently in phase 2 or phase 3 clinical trials . however , these drugs do not address the entire spectrum of resistance of gnb . some of these antibiotics are combination of existent treatments : [ sep ] seven
in april 2013 , the infectious disease society of america ( idsa ) reported that the weak antibiotic pipeline does not match bacteria ' s increasing ability to develop resistance . since 2009 , only 2 new antibiotics were approved in the united states . the number of new antibiotics approved for marketing per year declines continuously . the report identified seven antibiotics against the gram - negative bacilli ( gnb ) currently in phase 2 or phase 3 clinical trials . however , these drugs do not address the entire spectrum of resistance of gnb . some of these antibiotics are combination of existent treatments : [ sep ] 2013
possible improvements include clarification of clinical trial regulations by fda . furthermore , appropriate economic incentives could persuade pharmaceutical companies to invest in this endeavor . antibiotic development to advance patient treatment ( adapt ) act aims to fast track the drug development to combat the growing threat of ' superbugs ' . under this act , fda can approve antibiotics and antifungals treating life - threatening infections based on smaller clinical trials . the cdc will monitor the use of antibiotics and the emerging resistance , and publish the data . the fda antibiotics labeling process , ' susceptibility test interpretive criteria for microbial organisms ' or ' breakpoints ' , will provide accurate data to healthcare professionals . according to allan coukell , senior director for health programs at the pew charitable trusts , " by allowing drug developers to rely on smaller datasets , and clarifying fda ' s authority to tolerate a higher level of uncertainty for these drugs when making a risk / benefit calculation , adapt would make the clinical trials more feasible . " [ sep ] fda
possible improvements include clarification of clinical trial regulations by fda . furthermore , appropriate economic incentives could persuade pharmaceutical companies to invest in this endeavor . antibiotic development to advance patient treatment ( adapt ) act aims to fast track the drug development to combat the growing threat of ' superbugs ' . under this act , fda can approve antibiotics and antifungals treating life - threatening infections based on smaller clinical trials . the cdc will monitor the use of antibiotics and the emerging resistance , and publish the data . the fda antibiotics labeling process , ' susceptibility test interpretive criteria for microbial organisms ' or ' breakpoints ' , will provide accurate data to healthcare professionals . according to allan coukell , senior director for health programs at the pew charitable trusts , " by allowing drug developers to rely on smaller datasets , and clarifying fda ' s authority to tolerate a higher level of uncertainty for these drugs when making a risk / benefit calculation , adapt would make the clinical trials more feasible . " [ sep ] economic incentives
possible improvements include clarification of clinical trial regulations by fda . furthermore , appropriate economic incentives could persuade pharmaceutical companies to invest in this endeavor . antibiotic development to advance patient treatment ( adapt ) act aims to fast track the drug development to combat the growing threat of ' superbugs ' . under this act , fda can approve antibiotics and antifungals treating life - threatening infections based on smaller clinical trials . the cdc will monitor the use of antibiotics and the emerging resistance , and publish the data . the fda antibiotics labeling process , ' susceptibility test interpretive criteria for microbial organisms ' or ' breakpoints ' , will provide accurate data to healthcare professionals . according to allan coukell , senior director for health programs at the pew charitable trusts , " by allowing drug developers to rely on smaller datasets , and clarifying fda ' s authority to tolerate a higher level of uncertainty for these drugs when making a risk / benefit calculation , adapt would make the clinical trials more feasible . " [ sep ] superbugs
possible improvements include clarification of clinical trial regulations by fda . furthermore , appropriate economic incentives could persuade pharmaceutical companies to invest in this endeavor . antibiotic development to advance patient treatment ( adapt ) act aims to fast track the drug development to combat the growing threat of ' superbugs ' . under this act , fda can approve antibiotics and antifungals treating life - threatening infections based on smaller clinical trials . the cdc will monitor the use of antibiotics and the emerging resistance , and publish the data . the fda antibiotics labeling process , ' susceptibility test interpretive criteria for microbial organisms ' or ' breakpoints ' , will provide accurate data to healthcare professionals . according to allan coukell , senior director for health programs at the pew charitable trusts , " by allowing drug developers to rely on smaller datasets , and clarifying fda ' s authority to tolerate a higher level of uncertainty for these drugs when making a risk / benefit calculation , adapt would make the clinical trials more feasible . " [ sep ] allan coukell ,
feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology ( archeological , biological , cultural , linguistic ) that seeks to reduce male bias in research findings , anthropological hiring practices , and the scholarly production of knowledge . anthropology engages often with feminists from non - western traditions , whose perspectives and experiences can differ from those of white european and american feminists . historically , such ' peripheral ' perspectives have sometimes been marginalized and regarded as less valid or important than knowledge from the western world . feminist anthropologists have claimed that their research helps to correct this systematic bias in mainstream feminist theory . feminist anthropologists are centrally concerned with the construction of gender across societies . feminist anthropology is inclusive of birth anthropology as a specialization . [ sep ] feminist
feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology ( archeological , biological , cultural , linguistic ) that seeks to reduce male bias in research findings , anthropological hiring practices , and the scholarly production of knowledge . anthropology engages often with feminists from non - western traditions , whose perspectives and experiences can differ from those of white european and american feminists . historically , such ' peripheral ' perspectives have sometimes been marginalized and regarded as less valid or important than knowledge from the western world . feminist anthropologists have claimed that their research helps to correct this systematic bias in mainstream feminist theory . feminist anthropologists are centrally concerned with the construction of gender across societies . feminist anthropology is inclusive of birth anthropology as a specialization . [ sep ] male bias
feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology ( archeological , biological , cultural , linguistic ) that seeks to reduce male bias in research findings , anthropological hiring practices , and the scholarly production of knowledge . anthropology engages often with feminists from non - western traditions , whose perspectives and experiences can differ from those of white european and american feminists . historically , such ' peripheral ' perspectives have sometimes been marginalized and regarded as less valid or important than knowledge from the western world . feminist anthropologists have claimed that their research helps to correct this systematic bias in mainstream feminist theory . feminist anthropologists are centrally concerned with the construction of gender across societies . feminist anthropology is inclusive of birth anthropology as a specialization . [ sep ] systematic bias
feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology ( archeological , biological , cultural , linguistic ) that seeks to reduce male bias in research findings , anthropological hiring practices , and the scholarly production of knowledge . anthropology engages often with feminists from non - western traditions , whose perspectives and experiences can differ from those of white european and american feminists . historically , such ' peripheral ' perspectives have sometimes been marginalized and regarded as less valid or important than knowledge from the western world . feminist anthropologists have claimed that their research helps to correct this systematic bias in mainstream feminist theory . feminist anthropologists are centrally concerned with the construction of gender across societies . feminist anthropology is inclusive of birth anthropology as a specialization . [ sep ] gender
feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology ( archeological , biological , cultural , linguistic ) that seeks to reduce male bias in research findings , anthropological hiring practices , and the scholarly production of knowledge . anthropology engages often with feminists from non - western traditions , whose perspectives and experiences can differ from those of white european and american feminists . historically , such ' peripheral ' perspectives have sometimes been marginalized and regarded as less valid or important than knowledge from the western world . feminist anthropologists have claimed that their research helps to correct this systematic bias in mainstream feminist theory . feminist anthropologists are centrally concerned with the construction of gender across societies . feminist anthropology is inclusive of birth anthropology as a specialization . [ sep ] birth anthropology
tajikistan ' s economy grew substantially after the war . the gdp of tajikistan expanded at an average rate of 9 . 6 % over the period of 2000 – 2007 according to the world bank data . this improved tajikistan ' s position among other central asian countries ( namely turkmenistan and uzbekistan ) , which seem to have degraded economically ever since . the primary sources of income in tajikistan are aluminium production , cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers . cotton accounts for 60 % of agricultural output , supporting 75 % of the rural population , and using 45 % of irrigated arable land . the aluminium industry is represented by the state - owned tajik aluminum company – the biggest aluminium plant in central asia and one of the biggest in the world . [ sep ] an average rate of 9 . 6 %
tajikistan ' s economy grew substantially after the war . the gdp of tajikistan expanded at an average rate of 9 . 6 % over the period of 2000 – 2007 according to the world bank data . this improved tajikistan ' s position among other central asian countries ( namely turkmenistan and uzbekistan ) , which seem to have degraded economically ever since . the primary sources of income in tajikistan are aluminium production , cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers . cotton accounts for 60 % of agricultural output , supporting 75 % of the rural population , and using 45 % of irrigated arable land . the aluminium industry is represented by the state - owned tajik aluminum company – the biggest aluminium plant in central asia and one of the biggest in the world . [ sep ] aluminium production , cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers
tajikistan ' s economy grew substantially after the war . the gdp of tajikistan expanded at an average rate of 9 . 6 % over the period of 2000 – 2007 according to the world bank data . this improved tajikistan ' s position among other central asian countries ( namely turkmenistan and uzbekistan ) , which seem to have degraded economically ever since . the primary sources of income in tajikistan are aluminium production , cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers . cotton accounts for 60 % of agricultural output , supporting 75 % of the rural population , and using 45 % of irrigated arable land . the aluminium industry is represented by the state - owned tajik aluminum company – the biggest aluminium plant in central asia and one of the biggest in the world . [ sep ] 60 %
tajikistan ' s economy grew substantially after the war . the gdp of tajikistan expanded at an average rate of 9 . 6 % over the period of 2000 – 2007 according to the world bank data . this improved tajikistan ' s position among other central asian countries ( namely turkmenistan and uzbekistan ) , which seem to have degraded economically ever since . the primary sources of income in tajikistan are aluminium production , cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers . cotton accounts for 60 % of agricultural output , supporting 75 % of the rural population , and using 45 % of irrigated arable land . the aluminium industry is represented by the state - owned tajik aluminum company – the biggest aluminium plant in central asia and one of the biggest in the world . [ sep ] tajik aluminum company
tajikistan ' s rivers , such as the vakhsh and the panj , have great hydropower potential , and the government has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use and electricity exports . tajikistan is home to the nurek dam , the highest dam in the world . lately , russia ' s rao ues energy giant has been working on the sangtuda - 1 hydroelectric power station ( 670 mw capacity ) commenced operations on 18 january 2008 . other projects at the development stage include sangtuda - 2 by iran , zerafshan by the chinese company sinohydro , and the rogun power plant that , at a projected height of 335 metres ( 1 , 099 ft ) , would supersede the nurek dam as highest in the world if it is brought to completion . a planned project , casa 1000 , will transmit 1000 mw of surplus electricity from tajikistan to pakistan with power transit through afghanistan . the total length of transmission line is 750 km while the project is planned to be on public - private partnership basis with the support of wb , ifc , adb and idb . the project cost is estimated to be around us $ 865 million . other energy resources include sizable coal deposits and smaller reserves of natural gas and petroleum . [ sep ] hydropower potential
tajikistan ' s rivers , such as the vakhsh and the panj , have great hydropower potential , and the government has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use and electricity exports . tajikistan is home to the nurek dam , the highest dam in the world . lately , russia ' s rao ues energy giant has been working on the sangtuda - 1 hydroelectric power station ( 670 mw capacity ) commenced operations on 18 january 2008 . other projects at the development stage include sangtuda - 2 by iran , zerafshan by the chinese company sinohydro , and the rogun power plant that , at a projected height of 335 metres ( 1 , 099 ft ) , would supersede the nurek dam as highest in the world if it is brought to completion . a planned project , casa 1000 , will transmit 1000 mw of surplus electricity from tajikistan to pakistan with power transit through afghanistan . the total length of transmission line is 750 km while the project is planned to be on public - private partnership basis with the support of wb , ifc , adb and idb . the project cost is estimated to be around us $ 865 million . other energy resources include sizable coal deposits and smaller reserves of natural gas and petroleum . [ sep ] the government
tajikistan ' s rivers , such as the vakhsh and the panj , have great hydropower potential , and the government has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use and electricity exports . tajikistan is home to the nurek dam , the highest dam in the world . lately , russia ' s rao ues energy giant has been working on the sangtuda - 1 hydroelectric power station ( 670 mw capacity ) commenced operations on 18 january 2008 . other projects at the development stage include sangtuda - 2 by iran , zerafshan by the chinese company sinohydro , and the rogun power plant that , at a projected height of 335 metres ( 1 , 099 ft ) , would supersede the nurek dam as highest in the world if it is brought to completion . a planned project , casa 1000 , will transmit 1000 mw of surplus electricity from tajikistan to pakistan with power transit through afghanistan . the total length of transmission line is 750 km while the project is planned to be on public - private partnership basis with the support of wb , ifc , adb and idb . the project cost is estimated to be around us $ 865 million . other energy resources include sizable coal deposits and smaller reserves of natural gas and petroleum . [ sep ] nurek dam
tajikistan ' s rivers , such as the vakhsh and the panj , have great hydropower potential , and the government has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use and electricity exports . tajikistan is home to the nurek dam , the highest dam in the world . lately , russia ' s rao ues energy giant has been working on the sangtuda - 1 hydroelectric power station ( 670 mw capacity ) commenced operations on 18 january 2008 . other projects at the development stage include sangtuda - 2 by iran , zerafshan by the chinese company sinohydro , and the rogun power plant that , at a projected height of 335 metres ( 1 , 099 ft ) , would supersede the nurek dam as highest in the world if it is brought to completion . a planned project , casa 1000 , will transmit 1000 mw of surplus electricity from tajikistan to pakistan with power transit through afghanistan . the total length of transmission line is 750 km while the project is planned to be on public - private partnership basis with the support of wb , ifc , adb and idb . the project cost is estimated to be around us $ 865 million . other energy resources include sizable coal deposits and smaller reserves of natural gas and petroleum . [ sep ] casa 1000 , will transmit 1000 mw of surplus electricity from tajikistan to pakistan with power transit through afghanistan
nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems , nutritional status and food security , and how changes in the former affect the latter . if economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food , food security , and dietary health , then this interplay between culture and biology is in turn connected to broader historical and economic trends associated with globalization . nutritional status affects overall health status , work performance potential , and the overall potential for economic development ( either in terms of human development or traditional western models ) for any given group of people . [ sep ] nutritional
nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems , nutritional status and food security , and how changes in the former affect the latter . if economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food , food security , and dietary health , then this interplay between culture and biology is in turn connected to broader historical and economic trends associated with globalization . nutritional status affects overall health status , work performance potential , and the overall potential for economic development ( either in terms of human development or traditional western models ) for any given group of people . [ sep ] food security
nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems , nutritional status and food security , and how changes in the former affect the latter . if economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food , food security , and dietary health , then this interplay between culture and biology is in turn connected to broader historical and economic trends associated with globalization . nutritional status affects overall health status , work performance potential , and the overall potential for economic development ( either in terms of human development or traditional western models ) for any given group of people . [ sep ] globalization
nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems , nutritional status and food security , and how changes in the former affect the latter . if economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food , food security , and dietary health , then this interplay between culture and biology is in turn connected to broader historical and economic trends associated with globalization . nutritional status affects overall health status , work performance potential , and the overall potential for economic development ( either in terms of human development or traditional western models ) for any given group of people . [ sep ] nutritional status
nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems , nutritional status and food security , and how changes in the former affect the latter . if economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food , food security , and dietary health , then this interplay between culture and biology is in turn connected to broader historical and economic trends associated with globalization . nutritional status affects overall health status , work performance potential , and the overall potential for economic development ( either in terms of human development or traditional western models ) for any given group of people . [ sep ] economic
psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes . this subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans ' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group — with its own history , language , practices , and conceptual categories — shape processes of human cognition , emotion , perception , motivation , and mental health . it also examines how the understanding of cognition , emotion , motivation , and similar psychological processes inform or constrain our models of cultural and social processes . [ sep ] psychological
psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes . this subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans ' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group — with its own history , language , practices , and conceptual categories — shape processes of human cognition , emotion , perception , motivation , and mental health . it also examines how the understanding of cognition , emotion , motivation , and similar psychological processes inform or constrain our models of cultural and social processes . [ sep ] humans ' development and enculturation
psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes . this subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans ' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group — with its own history , language , practices , and conceptual categories — shape processes of human cognition , emotion , perception , motivation , and mental health . it also examines how the understanding of cognition , emotion , motivation , and similar psychological processes inform or constrain our models of cultural and social processes . [ sep ] its own history , language , practices , and conceptual categories
psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes . this subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans ' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group — with its own history , language , practices , and conceptual categories — shape processes of human cognition , emotion , perception , motivation , and mental health . it also examines how the understanding of cognition , emotion , motivation , and similar psychological processes inform or constrain our models of cultural and social processes . [ sep ] cultural group
psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes . this subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans ' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group — with its own history , language , practices , and conceptual categories — shape processes of human cognition , emotion , perception , motivation , and mental health . it also examines how the understanding of cognition , emotion , motivation , and similar psychological processes inform or constrain our models of cultural and social processes . [ sep ] understanding
according to some estimates about 20 % of the population lives on less than us $ 1 . 25 per day . migration from tajikistan and the consequent remittances have been unprecedented in their magnitude and economic impact . in 2010 , remittances from tajik labour migrants totaled an estimated $ 2 . 1 billion us dollars , an increase from 2009 . tajikistan has achieved transition from a planned to a market economy without substantial and protracted recourse to aid ( of which it by now receives only negligible amounts ) , and by purely market - based means , simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage — cheap labor . the world bank tajikistan policy note 2006 concludes that remittances have played an important role as one of the drivers of tajikistan ' s robust economic growth during the past several years , have increased incomes , and as a result helped significantly reduce poverty . [ sep ] us $ 1 . 25 per day
according to some estimates about 20 % of the population lives on less than us $ 1 . 25 per day . migration from tajikistan and the consequent remittances have been unprecedented in their magnitude and economic impact . in 2010 , remittances from tajik labour migrants totaled an estimated $ 2 . 1 billion us dollars , an increase from 2009 . tajikistan has achieved transition from a planned to a market economy without substantial and protracted recourse to aid ( of which it by now receives only negligible amounts ) , and by purely market - based means , simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage — cheap labor . the world bank tajikistan policy note 2006 concludes that remittances have played an important role as one of the drivers of tajikistan ' s robust economic growth during the past several years , have increased incomes , and as a result helped significantly reduce poverty . [ sep ] estimated $ 2 . 1 billion us dollars
according to some estimates about 20 % of the population lives on less than us $ 1 . 25 per day . migration from tajikistan and the consequent remittances have been unprecedented in their magnitude and economic impact . in 2010 , remittances from tajik labour migrants totaled an estimated $ 2 . 1 billion us dollars , an increase from 2009 . tajikistan has achieved transition from a planned to a market economy without substantial and protracted recourse to aid ( of which it by now receives only negligible amounts ) , and by purely market - based means , simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage — cheap labor . the world bank tajikistan policy note 2006 concludes that remittances have played an important role as one of the drivers of tajikistan ' s robust economic growth during the past several years , have increased incomes , and as a result helped significantly reduce poverty . [ sep ] by purely market - based means , simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage — cheap labor
according to some estimates about 20 % of the population lives on less than us $ 1 . 25 per day . migration from tajikistan and the consequent remittances have been unprecedented in their magnitude and economic impact . in 2010 , remittances from tajik labour migrants totaled an estimated $ 2 . 1 billion us dollars , an increase from 2009 . tajikistan has achieved transition from a planned to a market economy without substantial and protracted recourse to aid ( of which it by now receives only negligible amounts ) , and by purely market - based means , simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage — cheap labor . the world bank tajikistan policy note 2006 concludes that remittances have played an important role as one of the drivers of tajikistan ' s robust economic growth during the past several years , have increased incomes , and as a result helped significantly reduce poverty . [ sep ] remittances
despite the fact that humans have occupied the territory of portugal for thousands of years , something still remains of the original vegetation . in geres both deciduous and coniferous forests can be found , an extremely rare worldwide mature mediterranean forest remain in some parts of the arrabida mountain and a subtropical laurissilva forest , dating back to the tertiary period , covers its largest continuous area in the world in the madeira main island . due to the human population decrease and rural exodus , pyrenean oak and other local native trees are colonizing many abandoned areas . boar , iberian red deer , roe deer , iberian wild goat , for example , are reported to be expanding greatly , during the last decades . boars were found recently roaming at night inside large urban areas , like in setubal . protected areas of portugal include one national park ( portuguese : parque nacional ) , 12 natural parks ( portuguese : parque natural ) , nine natural reserves ( portuguese : reserva natural ) , five natural monuments ( portuguese : monumento natural ) , and seven protected landscapes ( portuguese : paisagem protegida ) , which include the parque nacional da peneda - geres , the parque natural da serra da estrela and the paul d ' arzila . [ sep ] deciduous and coniferous
despite the fact that humans have occupied the territory of portugal for thousands of years , something still remains of the original vegetation . in geres both deciduous and coniferous forests can be found , an extremely rare worldwide mature mediterranean forest remain in some parts of the arrabida mountain and a subtropical laurissilva forest , dating back to the tertiary period , covers its largest continuous area in the world in the madeira main island . due to the human population decrease and rural exodus , pyrenean oak and other local native trees are colonizing many abandoned areas . boar , iberian red deer , roe deer , iberian wild goat , for example , are reported to be expanding greatly , during the last decades . boars were found recently roaming at night inside large urban areas , like in setubal . protected areas of portugal include one national park ( portuguese : parque nacional ) , 12 natural parks ( portuguese : parque natural ) , nine natural reserves ( portuguese : reserva natural ) , five natural monuments ( portuguese : monumento natural ) , and seven protected landscapes ( portuguese : paisagem protegida ) , which include the parque nacional da peneda - geres , the parque natural da serra da estrela and the paul d ' arzila . [ sep ] the tertiary period
despite the fact that humans have occupied the territory of portugal for thousands of years , something still remains of the original vegetation . in geres both deciduous and coniferous forests can be found , an extremely rare worldwide mature mediterranean forest remain in some parts of the arrabida mountain and a subtropical laurissilva forest , dating back to the tertiary period , covers its largest continuous area in the world in the madeira main island . due to the human population decrease and rural exodus , pyrenean oak and other local native trees are colonizing many abandoned areas . boar , iberian red deer , roe deer , iberian wild goat , for example , are reported to be expanding greatly , during the last decades . boars were found recently roaming at night inside large urban areas , like in setubal . protected areas of portugal include one national park ( portuguese : parque nacional ) , 12 natural parks ( portuguese : parque natural ) , nine natural reserves ( portuguese : reserva natural ) , five natural monuments ( portuguese : monumento natural ) , and seven protected landscapes ( portuguese : paisagem protegida ) , which include the parque nacional da peneda - geres , the parque natural da serra da estrela and the paul d ' arzila . [ sep ] pyrenean
despite the fact that humans have occupied the territory of portugal for thousands of years , something still remains of the original vegetation . in geres both deciduous and coniferous forests can be found , an extremely rare worldwide mature mediterranean forest remain in some parts of the arrabida mountain and a subtropical laurissilva forest , dating back to the tertiary period , covers its largest continuous area in the world in the madeira main island . due to the human population decrease and rural exodus , pyrenean oak and other local native trees are colonizing many abandoned areas . boar , iberian red deer , roe deer , iberian wild goat , for example , are reported to be expanding greatly , during the last decades . boars were found recently roaming at night inside large urban areas , like in setubal . protected areas of portugal include one national park ( portuguese : parque nacional ) , 12 natural parks ( portuguese : parque natural ) , nine natural reserves ( portuguese : reserva natural ) , five natural monuments ( portuguese : monumento natural ) , and seven protected landscapes ( portuguese : paisagem protegida ) , which include the parque nacional da peneda - geres , the parque natural da serra da estrela and the paul d ' arzila . [ sep ] boars
despite the fact that humans have occupied the territory of portugal for thousands of years , something still remains of the original vegetation . in geres both deciduous and coniferous forests can be found , an extremely rare worldwide mature mediterranean forest remain in some parts of the arrabida mountain and a subtropical laurissilva forest , dating back to the tertiary period , covers its largest continuous area in the world in the madeira main island . due to the human population decrease and rural exodus , pyrenean oak and other local native trees are colonizing many abandoned areas . boar , iberian red deer , roe deer , iberian wild goat , for example , are reported to be expanding greatly , during the last decades . boars were found recently roaming at night inside large urban areas , like in setubal . protected areas of portugal include one national park ( portuguese : parque nacional ) , 12 natural parks ( portuguese : parque natural ) , nine natural reserves ( portuguese : reserva natural ) , five natural monuments ( portuguese : monumento natural ) , and seven protected landscapes ( portuguese : paisagem protegida ) , which include the parque nacional da peneda - geres , the parque natural da serra da estrela and the paul d ' arzila . [ sep ] 12
cognitive anthropology seeks to explain patterns of shared knowledge , cultural innovation , and transmission over time and space using the methods and theories of the cognitive sciences ( especially experimental psychology and evolutionary biology ) often through close collaboration with historians , ethnographers , archaeologists , linguists , musicologists and other specialists engaged in the description and interpretation of cultural forms . cognitive anthropology is concerned with what people from different groups know and how that implicit knowledge changes the way people perceive and relate to the world around them . [ sep ] cognitive
cognitive anthropology seeks to explain patterns of shared knowledge , cultural innovation , and transmission over time and space using the methods and theories of the cognitive sciences ( especially experimental psychology and evolutionary biology ) often through close collaboration with historians , ethnographers , archaeologists , linguists , musicologists and other specialists engaged in the description and interpretation of cultural forms . cognitive anthropology is concerned with what people from different groups know and how that implicit knowledge changes the way people perceive and relate to the world around them . [ sep ] cognitive sciences
cognitive anthropology seeks to explain patterns of shared knowledge , cultural innovation , and transmission over time and space using the methods and theories of the cognitive sciences ( especially experimental psychology and evolutionary biology ) often through close collaboration with historians , ethnographers , archaeologists , linguists , musicologists and other specialists engaged in the description and interpretation of cultural forms . cognitive anthropology is concerned with what people from different groups know and how that implicit knowledge changes the way people perceive and relate to the world around them . [ sep ] experimental psychology and evolutionary biology
cognitive anthropology seeks to explain patterns of shared knowledge , cultural innovation , and transmission over time and space using the methods and theories of the cognitive sciences ( especially experimental psychology and evolutionary biology ) often through close collaboration with historians , ethnographers , archaeologists , linguists , musicologists and other specialists engaged in the description and interpretation of cultural forms . cognitive anthropology is concerned with what people from different groups know and how that implicit knowledge changes the way people perceive and relate to the world around them . [ sep ] implicit knowledge
political anthropology concerns the structure of political systems , looked at from the basis of the structure of societies . political anthropology developed as a discipline concerned primarily with politics in stateless societies , a new development started from the 1960s , and is still unfolding : anthropologists started increasingly to study more " complex " social settings in which the presence of states , bureaucracies and markets entered both ethnographic accounts and analysis of local phenomena . the turn towards complex societies meant that political themes were taken up at two main levels . first of all , anthropologists continued to study political organization and political phenomena that lay outside the state - regulated sphere ( as in patron - client relations or tribal political organization ) . second of all , anthropologists slowly started to develop a disciplinary concern with states and their institutions ( and of course on the relationship between formal and informal political institutions ) . an anthropology of the state developed , and it is a most thriving field today . geertz ' comparative work on " negara " , the balinese state is an early , famous example . [ sep ] political
political anthropology concerns the structure of political systems , looked at from the basis of the structure of societies . political anthropology developed as a discipline concerned primarily with politics in stateless societies , a new development started from the 1960s , and is still unfolding : anthropologists started increasingly to study more " complex " social settings in which the presence of states , bureaucracies and markets entered both ethnographic accounts and analysis of local phenomena . the turn towards complex societies meant that political themes were taken up at two main levels . first of all , anthropologists continued to study political organization and political phenomena that lay outside the state - regulated sphere ( as in patron - client relations or tribal political organization ) . second of all , anthropologists slowly started to develop a disciplinary concern with states and their institutions ( and of course on the relationship between formal and informal political institutions ) . an anthropology of the state developed , and it is a most thriving field today . geertz ' comparative work on " negara " , the balinese state is an early , famous example . [ sep ] structure of societies
political anthropology concerns the structure of political systems , looked at from the basis of the structure of societies . political anthropology developed as a discipline concerned primarily with politics in stateless societies , a new development started from the 1960s , and is still unfolding : anthropologists started increasingly to study more " complex " social settings in which the presence of states , bureaucracies and markets entered both ethnographic accounts and analysis of local phenomena . the turn towards complex societies meant that political themes were taken up at two main levels . first of all , anthropologists continued to study political organization and political phenomena that lay outside the state - regulated sphere ( as in patron - client relations or tribal political organization ) . second of all , anthropologists slowly started to develop a disciplinary concern with states and their institutions ( and of course on the relationship between formal and informal political institutions ) . an anthropology of the state developed , and it is a most thriving field today . geertz ' comparative work on " negara " , the balinese state is an early , famous example . [ sep ] the 1960s
political anthropology concerns the structure of political systems , looked at from the basis of the structure of societies . political anthropology developed as a discipline concerned primarily with politics in stateless societies , a new development started from the 1960s , and is still unfolding : anthropologists started increasingly to study more " complex " social settings in which the presence of states , bureaucracies and markets entered both ethnographic accounts and analysis of local phenomena . the turn towards complex societies meant that political themes were taken up at two main levels . first of all , anthropologists continued to study political organization and political phenomena that lay outside the state - regulated sphere ( as in patron - client relations or tribal political organization ) . second of all , anthropologists slowly started to develop a disciplinary concern with states and their institutions ( and of course on the relationship between formal and informal political institutions ) . an anthropology of the state developed , and it is a most thriving field today . geertz ' comparative work on " negara " , the balinese state is an early , famous example . [ sep ] " complex "
political anthropology concerns the structure of political systems , looked at from the basis of the structure of societies . political anthropology developed as a discipline concerned primarily with politics in stateless societies , a new development started from the 1960s , and is still unfolding : anthropologists started increasingly to study more " complex " social settings in which the presence of states , bureaucracies and markets entered both ethnographic accounts and analysis of local phenomena . the turn towards complex societies meant that political themes were taken up at two main levels . first of all , anthropologists continued to study political organization and political phenomena that lay outside the state - regulated sphere ( as in patron - client relations or tribal political organization ) . second of all , anthropologists slowly started to develop a disciplinary concern with states and their institutions ( and of course on the relationship between formal and informal political institutions ) . an anthropology of the state developed , and it is a most thriving field today . geertz ' comparative work on " negara " , the balinese state is an early , famous example . [ sep ] geertz
cyborg anthropology originated as a sub - focus group within the american anthropological association ' s annual meeting in 1993 . the sub - group was very closely related to sts and the society for the social studies of science . donna haraway ' s 1985 cyborg manifesto could be considered the founding document of cyborg anthropology by first exploring the philosophical and sociological ramifications of the term . cyborg anthropology studies humankind and its relations with the technological systems it has built , specifically modern technological systems that have reflexively shaped notions of what it means to be human beings . [ sep ] cyborg
cyborg anthropology originated as a sub - focus group within the american anthropological association ' s annual meeting in 1993 . the sub - group was very closely related to sts and the society for the social studies of science . donna haraway ' s 1985 cyborg manifesto could be considered the founding document of cyborg anthropology by first exploring the philosophical and sociological ramifications of the term . cyborg anthropology studies humankind and its relations with the technological systems it has built , specifically modern technological systems that have reflexively shaped notions of what it means to be human beings . [ sep ] 1993
cyborg anthropology originated as a sub - focus group within the american anthropological association ' s annual meeting in 1993 . the sub - group was very closely related to sts and the society for the social studies of science . donna haraway ' s 1985 cyborg manifesto could be considered the founding document of cyborg anthropology by first exploring the philosophical and sociological ramifications of the term . cyborg anthropology studies humankind and its relations with the technological systems it has built , specifically modern technological systems that have reflexively shaped notions of what it means to be human beings . [ sep ] the society for the social studies of science
cyborg anthropology originated as a sub - focus group within the american anthropological association ' s annual meeting in 1993 . the sub - group was very closely related to sts and the society for the social studies of science . donna haraway ' s 1985 cyborg manifesto could be considered the founding document of cyborg anthropology by first exploring the philosophical and sociological ramifications of the term . cyborg anthropology studies humankind and its relations with the technological systems it has built , specifically modern technological systems that have reflexively shaped notions of what it means to be human beings . [ sep ] donna haraway
cyborg anthropology originated as a sub - focus group within the american anthropological association ' s annual meeting in 1993 . the sub - group was very closely related to sts and the society for the social studies of science . donna haraway ' s 1985 cyborg manifesto could be considered the founding document of cyborg anthropology by first exploring the philosophical and sociological ramifications of the term . cyborg anthropology studies humankind and its relations with the technological systems it has built , specifically modern technological systems that have reflexively shaped notions of what it means to be human beings . [ sep ] its relations
environmental anthropology is a sub - specialty within the field of anthropology that takes an active role in examining the relationships between humans and their environment across space and time . the contemporary perspective of environmental anthropology , and arguably at least the backdrop , if not the focus of most of the ethnographies and cultural fieldworks of today , is political ecology . many characterize this new perspective as more informed with culture , politics and power , globalization , localized issues , and more . the focus and data interpretation is often used for arguments for / against or creation of policy , and to prevent corporate exploitation and damage of land . often , the observer has become an active part of the struggle either directly ( organizing , participation ) or indirectly ( articles , documentaries , books , ethnographies ) . such is the case with environmental justice advocate melissa checker and her relationship with the people of hyde park . [ sep ] environmental
environmental anthropology is a sub - specialty within the field of anthropology that takes an active role in examining the relationships between humans and their environment across space and time . the contemporary perspective of environmental anthropology , and arguably at least the backdrop , if not the focus of most of the ethnographies and cultural fieldworks of today , is political ecology . many characterize this new perspective as more informed with culture , politics and power , globalization , localized issues , and more . the focus and data interpretation is often used for arguments for / against or creation of policy , and to prevent corporate exploitation and damage of land . often , the observer has become an active part of the struggle either directly ( organizing , participation ) or indirectly ( articles , documentaries , books , ethnographies ) . such is the case with environmental justice advocate melissa checker and her relationship with the people of hyde park . [ sep ] political ecology
environmental anthropology is a sub - specialty within the field of anthropology that takes an active role in examining the relationships between humans and their environment across space and time . the contemporary perspective of environmental anthropology , and arguably at least the backdrop , if not the focus of most of the ethnographies and cultural fieldworks of today , is political ecology . many characterize this new perspective as more informed with culture , politics and power , globalization , localized issues , and more . the focus and data interpretation is often used for arguments for / against or creation of policy , and to prevent corporate exploitation and damage of land . often , the observer has become an active part of the struggle either directly ( organizing , participation ) or indirectly ( articles , documentaries , books , ethnographies ) . such is the case with environmental justice advocate melissa checker and her relationship with the people of hyde park . [ sep ] culture , politics and power , globalization , localized issues , and more .
environmental anthropology is a sub - specialty within the field of anthropology that takes an active role in examining the relationships between humans and their environment across space and time . the contemporary perspective of environmental anthropology , and arguably at least the backdrop , if not the focus of most of the ethnographies and cultural fieldworks of today , is political ecology . many characterize this new perspective as more informed with culture , politics and power , globalization , localized issues , and more . the focus and data interpretation is often used for arguments for / against or creation of policy , and to prevent corporate exploitation and damage of land . often , the observer has become an active part of the struggle either directly ( organizing , participation ) or indirectly ( articles , documentaries , books , ethnographies ) . such is the case with environmental justice advocate melissa checker and her relationship with the people of hyde park . [ sep ] corporate
environmental anthropology is a sub - specialty within the field of anthropology that takes an active role in examining the relationships between humans and their environment across space and time . the contemporary perspective of environmental anthropology , and arguably at least the backdrop , if not the focus of most of the ethnographies and cultural fieldworks of today , is political ecology . many characterize this new perspective as more informed with culture , politics and power , globalization , localized issues , and more . the focus and data interpretation is often used for arguments for / against or creation of policy , and to prevent corporate exploitation and damage of land . often , the observer has become an active part of the struggle either directly ( organizing , participation ) or indirectly ( articles , documentaries , books , ethnographies ) . such is the case with environmental justice advocate melissa checker and her relationship with the people of hyde park . [ sep ] people of hyde park
laurisilva is a unique type of subtropical rainforest found in few areas of europe and the world : in the azores , and in particular on the island of madeira , there are large forests of endemic laurisilva forests ( the latter protected as a natural heritage preserve ) . there are several species of diverse mammalian fauna , including the fox , badger , iberian lynx , iberian wolf , wild goat ( capra pyrenaica ) , wild cat ( felis silvestris ) , hare , weasel , polecat , chameleon , mongoose , civet , brown bear [ citation needed ] ( spotted near rio minho , close to peneda - geres ) and many others . portugal is an important stopover for migratory birds , in places such as cape st . vincent or the monchique mountains , where thousands of birds cross from europe to africa during the autumn or in the spring ( return migration ) . [ sep ] a unique type of subtropical rainforest
laurisilva is a unique type of subtropical rainforest found in few areas of europe and the world : in the azores , and in particular on the island of madeira , there are large forests of endemic laurisilva forests ( the latter protected as a natural heritage preserve ) . there are several species of diverse mammalian fauna , including the fox , badger , iberian lynx , iberian wolf , wild goat ( capra pyrenaica ) , wild cat ( felis silvestris ) , hare , weasel , polecat , chameleon , mongoose , civet , brown bear [ citation needed ] ( spotted near rio minho , close to peneda - geres ) and many others . portugal is an important stopover for migratory birds , in places such as cape st . vincent or the monchique mountains , where thousands of birds cross from europe to africa during the autumn or in the spring ( return migration ) . [ sep ] fox , badger , iberian lynx , iberian wolf , wild goat ( capra pyrenaica ) , wild cat ( felis silvestris ) , hare , weasel , polecat , chameleon , mongoose , civet , brown bear
laurisilva is a unique type of subtropical rainforest found in few areas of europe and the world : in the azores , and in particular on the island of madeira , there are large forests of endemic laurisilva forests ( the latter protected as a natural heritage preserve ) . there are several species of diverse mammalian fauna , including the fox , badger , iberian lynx , iberian wolf , wild goat ( capra pyrenaica ) , wild cat ( felis silvestris ) , hare , weasel , polecat , chameleon , mongoose , civet , brown bear [ citation needed ] ( spotted near rio minho , close to peneda - geres ) and many others . portugal is an important stopover for migratory birds , in places such as cape st . vincent or the monchique mountains , where thousands of birds cross from europe to africa during the autumn or in the spring ( return migration ) . [ sep ] migratory birds
ethnohistory is the study of ethnographic cultures and indigenous customs by examining historical records . it is also the study of the history of various ethnic groups that may or may not exist today . ethnohistory uses both historical and ethnographic data as its foundation . its historical methods and materials go beyond the standard use of documents and manuscripts . practitioners recognize the utility of such source material as maps , music , paintings , photography , folklore , oral tradition , site exploration , archaeological materials , museum collections , enduring customs , language , and place names . [ sep ] by examining historical records
ethnohistory is the study of ethnographic cultures and indigenous customs by examining historical records . it is also the study of the history of various ethnic groups that may or may not exist today . ethnohistory uses both historical and ethnographic data as its foundation . its historical methods and materials go beyond the standard use of documents and manuscripts . practitioners recognize the utility of such source material as maps , music , paintings , photography , folklore , oral tradition , site exploration , archaeological materials , museum collections , enduring customs , language , and place names . [ sep ] ethnic
ethnohistory is the study of ethnographic cultures and indigenous customs by examining historical records . it is also the study of the history of various ethnic groups that may or may not exist today . ethnohistory uses both historical and ethnographic data as its foundation . its historical methods and materials go beyond the standard use of documents and manuscripts . practitioners recognize the utility of such source material as maps , music , paintings , photography , folklore , oral tradition , site exploration , archaeological materials , museum collections , enduring customs , language , and place names . [ sep ] its foundation
ethnohistory is the study of ethnographic cultures and indigenous customs by examining historical records . it is also the study of the history of various ethnic groups that may or may not exist today . ethnohistory uses both historical and ethnographic data as its foundation . its historical methods and materials go beyond the standard use of documents and manuscripts . practitioners recognize the utility of such source material as maps , music , paintings , photography , folklore , oral tradition , site exploration , archaeological materials , museum collections , enduring customs , language , and place names . [ sep ] documents and manuscripts
ethnohistory is the study of ethnographic cultures and indigenous customs by examining historical records . it is also the study of the history of various ethnic groups that may or may not exist today . ethnohistory uses both historical and ethnographic data as its foundation . its historical methods and materials go beyond the standard use of documents and manuscripts . practitioners recognize the utility of such source material as maps , music , paintings , photography , folklore , oral tradition , site exploration , archaeological materials , museum collections , enduring customs , language , and place names . [ sep ] practitioners
drug trafficking is the major illegal source of income in tajikistan as it is an important transit country for afghan narcotics bound for russian and , to a lesser extent , western european markets ; some opium poppy is also raised locally for the domestic market . however , with the increasing assistance from international organizations , such as unodc , and cooperation with the us , russian , eu and afghan authorities a level of progress on the fight against illegal drug - trafficking is being achieved . tajikistan holds third place in the world for heroin and raw opium confiscations ( 1216 . 3 kg of heroin and 267 . 8 kg of raw opium in the first half of 2006 ) . drug money corrupts the country ' s government ; according to some experts the well - known personalities that fought on both sides of the civil war and have held the positions in the government after the armistice was signed are now involved in the drug trade . unodc is working with tajikistan to strengthen border crossings , provide training , and set up joint interdiction teams . it also helped to establish tajikistani drug control agency . [ sep ] opium poppy
drug trafficking is the major illegal source of income in tajikistan as it is an important transit country for afghan narcotics bound for russian and , to a lesser extent , western european markets ; some opium poppy is also raised locally for the domestic market . however , with the increasing assistance from international organizations , such as unodc , and cooperation with the us , russian , eu and afghan authorities a level of progress on the fight against illegal drug - trafficking is being achieved . tajikistan holds third place in the world for heroin and raw opium confiscations ( 1216 . 3 kg of heroin and 267 . 8 kg of raw opium in the first half of 2006 ) . drug money corrupts the country ' s government ; according to some experts the well - known personalities that fought on both sides of the civil war and have held the positions in the government after the armistice was signed are now involved in the drug trade . unodc is working with tajikistan to strengthen border crossings , provide training , and set up joint interdiction teams . it also helped to establish tajikistani drug control agency . [ sep ] with the increasing assistance from international organizations , such as unodc , and cooperation with the us , russian , eu and afghan authorities
drug trafficking is the major illegal source of income in tajikistan as it is an important transit country for afghan narcotics bound for russian and , to a lesser extent , western european markets ; some opium poppy is also raised locally for the domestic market . however , with the increasing assistance from international organizations , such as unodc , and cooperation with the us , russian , eu and afghan authorities a level of progress on the fight against illegal drug - trafficking is being achieved . tajikistan holds third place in the world for heroin and raw opium confiscations ( 1216 . 3 kg of heroin and 267 . 8 kg of raw opium in the first half of 2006 ) . drug money corrupts the country ' s government ; according to some experts the well - known personalities that fought on both sides of the civil war and have held the positions in the government after the armistice was signed are now involved in the drug trade . unodc is working with tajikistan to strengthen border crossings , provide training , and set up joint interdiction teams . it also helped to establish tajikistani drug control agency . [ sep ] heroin and raw opium confiscations
drug trafficking is the major illegal source of income in tajikistan as it is an important transit country for afghan narcotics bound for russian and , to a lesser extent , western european markets ; some opium poppy is also raised locally for the domestic market . however , with the increasing assistance from international organizations , such as unodc , and cooperation with the us , russian , eu and afghan authorities a level of progress on the fight against illegal drug - trafficking is being achieved . tajikistan holds third place in the world for heroin and raw opium confiscations ( 1216 . 3 kg of heroin and 267 . 8 kg of raw opium in the first half of 2006 ) . drug money corrupts the country ' s government ; according to some experts the well - known personalities that fought on both sides of the civil war and have held the positions in the government after the armistice was signed are now involved in the drug trade . unodc is working with tajikistan to strengthen border crossings , provide training , and set up joint interdiction teams . it also helped to establish tajikistani drug control agency . [ sep ] strengthen border crossings , provide training , and set up joint interdiction teams . it also helped to establish tajikistani drug control agency
urban anthropology is concerned with issues of urbanization , poverty , and neoliberalism . ulf hannerz quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists were " a notoriously agoraphobic lot , anti - urban by definition " . various social processes in the western world as well as in the " third world " ( the latter being the habitual focus of attention of anthropologists ) brought the attention of " specialists in ' other cultures ' " closer to their homes . there are two principle approaches in urban anthropology : by examining the types of cities or examining the social issues within the cities . these two methods are overlapping and dependent of each other . by defining different types of cities , one would use social factors as well as economic and political factors to categorize the cities . by directly looking at the different social issues , one would also be studying how they affect the dynamic of the city . [ sep ] urban
urban anthropology is concerned with issues of urbanization , poverty , and neoliberalism . ulf hannerz quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists were " a notoriously agoraphobic lot , anti - urban by definition " . various social processes in the western world as well as in the " third world " ( the latter being the habitual focus of attention of anthropologists ) brought the attention of " specialists in ' other cultures ' " closer to their homes . there are two principle approaches in urban anthropology : by examining the types of cities or examining the social issues within the cities . these two methods are overlapping and dependent of each other . by defining different types of cities , one would use social factors as well as economic and political factors to categorize the cities . by directly looking at the different social issues , one would also be studying how they affect the dynamic of the city . [ sep ] ulf hannerz
urban anthropology is concerned with issues of urbanization , poverty , and neoliberalism . ulf hannerz quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists were " a notoriously agoraphobic lot , anti - urban by definition " . various social processes in the western world as well as in the " third world " ( the latter being the habitual focus of attention of anthropologists ) brought the attention of " specialists in ' other cultures ' " closer to their homes . there are two principle approaches in urban anthropology : by examining the types of cities or examining the social issues within the cities . these two methods are overlapping and dependent of each other . by defining different types of cities , one would use social factors as well as economic and political factors to categorize the cities . by directly looking at the different social issues , one would also be studying how they affect the dynamic of the city . [ sep ] notoriously agoraphobic
urban anthropology is concerned with issues of urbanization , poverty , and neoliberalism . ulf hannerz quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists were " a notoriously agoraphobic lot , anti - urban by definition " . various social processes in the western world as well as in the " third world " ( the latter being the habitual focus of attention of anthropologists ) brought the attention of " specialists in ' other cultures ' " closer to their homes . there are two principle approaches in urban anthropology : by examining the types of cities or examining the social issues within the cities . these two methods are overlapping and dependent of each other . by defining different types of cities , one would use social factors as well as economic and political factors to categorize the cities . by directly looking at the different social issues , one would also be studying how they affect the dynamic of the city . [ sep ] two
urban anthropology is concerned with issues of urbanization , poverty , and neoliberalism . ulf hannerz quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists were " a notoriously agoraphobic lot , anti - urban by definition " . various social processes in the western world as well as in the " third world " ( the latter being the habitual focus of attention of anthropologists ) brought the attention of " specialists in ' other cultures ' " closer to their homes . there are two principle approaches in urban anthropology : by examining the types of cities or examining the social issues within the cities . these two methods are overlapping and dependent of each other . by defining different types of cities , one would use social factors as well as economic and political factors to categorize the cities . by directly looking at the different social issues , one would also be studying how they affect the dynamic of the city . [ sep ] social issues
as a landlocked country tajikistan has no ports and the majority of transportation is via roads , air , and rail . in recent years tajikistan has pursued agreements with iran and pakistan to gain port access in those countries via afghanistan . in 2009 , an agreement was made between tajikistan , pakistan , and afghanistan to improve and build a 1 , 300 km ( 810 mi ) highway and rail system connecting the three countries to pakistan ' s ports . the proposed route would go through the gorno - badakhshan autonomous province in the eastern part of the country . and in 2012 , the presidents of tajikistan , afghanistan , and iran signed an agreement to construct roads and railways as well as oil , gas , and water pipelines to connect the three countries . [ sep ] via roads , air , and rail .
as a landlocked country tajikistan has no ports and the majority of transportation is via roads , air , and rail . in recent years tajikistan has pursued agreements with iran and pakistan to gain port access in those countries via afghanistan . in 2009 , an agreement was made between tajikistan , pakistan , and afghanistan to improve and build a 1 , 300 km ( 810 mi ) highway and rail system connecting the three countries to pakistan ' s ports . the proposed route would go through the gorno - badakhshan autonomous province in the eastern part of the country . and in 2012 , the presidents of tajikistan , afghanistan , and iran signed an agreement to construct roads and railways as well as oil , gas , and water pipelines to connect the three countries . [ sep ] iran and pakistan
as a landlocked country tajikistan has no ports and the majority of transportation is via roads , air , and rail . in recent years tajikistan has pursued agreements with iran and pakistan to gain port access in those countries via afghanistan . in 2009 , an agreement was made between tajikistan , pakistan , and afghanistan to improve and build a 1 , 300 km ( 810 mi ) highway and rail system connecting the three countries to pakistan ' s ports . the proposed route would go through the gorno - badakhshan autonomous province in the eastern part of the country . and in 2012 , the presidents of tajikistan , afghanistan , and iran signed an agreement to construct roads and railways as well as oil , gas , and water pipelines to connect the three countries . [ sep ] tajikistan , pakistan , and afghanistan
as a landlocked country tajikistan has no ports and the majority of transportation is via roads , air , and rail . in recent years tajikistan has pursued agreements with iran and pakistan to gain port access in those countries via afghanistan . in 2009 , an agreement was made between tajikistan , pakistan , and afghanistan to improve and build a 1 , 300 km ( 810 mi ) highway and rail system connecting the three countries to pakistan ' s ports . the proposed route would go through the gorno - badakhshan autonomous province in the eastern part of the country . and in 2012 , the presidents of tajikistan , afghanistan , and iran signed an agreement to construct roads and railways as well as oil , gas , and water pipelines to connect the three countries . [ sep ] 2012
anthrozoology ( also known as " human – animal studies " ) is the study of interaction between living things . it is a burgeoning interdisciplinary field that overlaps with a number of other disciplines , including anthropology , ethology , medicine , psychology , veterinary medicine and zoology . a major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying of the positive effects of human - animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions . it includes scholars from a diverse range of fields , including anthropology , sociology , biology , and philosophy . [ n 7 ] [ sep ] human – animal studies
anthrozoology ( also known as " human – animal studies " ) is the study of interaction between living things . it is a burgeoning interdisciplinary field that overlaps with a number of other disciplines , including anthropology , ethology , medicine , psychology , veterinary medicine and zoology . a major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying of the positive effects of human - animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions . it includes scholars from a diverse range of fields , including anthropology , sociology , biology , and philosophy . [ n 7 ] [ sep ] anthrozoology
anthrozoology ( also known as " human – animal studies " ) is the study of interaction between living things . it is a burgeoning interdisciplinary field that overlaps with a number of other disciplines , including anthropology , ethology , medicine , psychology , veterinary medicine and zoology . a major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying of the positive effects of human - animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions . it includes scholars from a diverse range of fields , including anthropology , sociology , biology , and philosophy . [ n 7 ] [ sep ] number of other disciplines
anthrozoology ( also known as " human – animal studies " ) is the study of interaction between living things . it is a burgeoning interdisciplinary field that overlaps with a number of other disciplines , including anthropology , ethology , medicine , psychology , veterinary medicine and zoology . a major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying of the positive effects of human - animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions . it includes scholars from a diverse range of fields , including anthropology , sociology , biology , and philosophy . [ n 7 ] [ sep ] positive
anthrozoology ( also known as " human – animal studies " ) is the study of interaction between living things . it is a burgeoning interdisciplinary field that overlaps with a number of other disciplines , including anthropology , ethology , medicine , psychology , veterinary medicine and zoology . a major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying of the positive effects of human - animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions . it includes scholars from a diverse range of fields , including anthropology , sociology , biology , and philosophy . [ n 7 ] [ sep ] anthropology , sociology , biology , and philosophy
in 2009 tajikistan had 26 airports , 18 of which had paved runways , of which two had runways longer than 3 , 000 meters . the country ' s main airport is dushanbe international airport which as of april 2015 , had regularly scheduled flights to major cities in russia , central asia , as well as delhi , dubai , frankfurt , istanbul , kabul , tehran , and urumqi amongst others . there are also international flights , mainly to russia , from khujand airport in the northern part of the country as well as limited international services from kulob airport , and qurghonteppa international airport . khorog airport is a domestic airport and also the only airport in the sparsely populated eastern half of the country . [ sep ] 26 airports
in 2009 tajikistan had 26 airports , 18 of which had paved runways , of which two had runways longer than 3 , 000 meters . the country ' s main airport is dushanbe international airport which as of april 2015 , had regularly scheduled flights to major cities in russia , central asia , as well as delhi , dubai , frankfurt , istanbul , kabul , tehran , and urumqi amongst others . there are also international flights , mainly to russia , from khujand airport in the northern part of the country as well as limited international services from kulob airport , and qurghonteppa international airport . khorog airport is a domestic airport and also the only airport in the sparsely populated eastern half of the country . [ sep ] dushanbe international airport
in 2009 tajikistan had 26 airports , 18 of which had paved runways , of which two had runways longer than 3 , 000 meters . the country ' s main airport is dushanbe international airport which as of april 2015 , had regularly scheduled flights to major cities in russia , central asia , as well as delhi , dubai , frankfurt , istanbul , kabul , tehran , and urumqi amongst others . there are also international flights , mainly to russia , from khujand airport in the northern part of the country as well as limited international services from kulob airport , and qurghonteppa international airport . khorog airport is a domestic airport and also the only airport in the sparsely populated eastern half of the country . [ sep ] russia
in 2009 tajikistan had 26 airports , 18 of which had paved runways , of which two had runways longer than 3 , 000 meters . the country ' s main airport is dushanbe international airport which as of april 2015 , had regularly scheduled flights to major cities in russia , central asia , as well as delhi , dubai , frankfurt , istanbul , kabul , tehran , and urumqi amongst others . there are also international flights , mainly to russia , from khujand airport in the northern part of the country as well as limited international services from kulob airport , and qurghonteppa international airport . khorog airport is a domestic airport and also the only airport in the sparsely populated eastern half of the country . [ sep ] khorog airport
tajikistan has a population of 7 , 349 , 145 ( july 2009 est . ) of which 70 % are under the age of 30 and 35 % are between the ages of 14 and 30 . tajiks who speak tajik ( a dialect of persian ) are the main ethnic group , although there are sizable minorities of uzbeks and russians , whose numbers are declining due to emigration . the pamiris of badakhshan , a small population of yaghnobi people , and a sizeable minority of ismailis are all considered to belong to the larger group of tajiks . all citizens of tajikistan are called tajikistanis . [ sep ] 7 , 349 , 145
tajikistan has a population of 7 , 349 , 145 ( july 2009 est . ) of which 70 % are under the age of 30 and 35 % are between the ages of 14 and 30 . tajiks who speak tajik ( a dialect of persian ) are the main ethnic group , although there are sizable minorities of uzbeks and russians , whose numbers are declining due to emigration . the pamiris of badakhshan , a small population of yaghnobi people , and a sizeable minority of ismailis are all considered to belong to the larger group of tajiks . all citizens of tajikistan are called tajikistanis . [ sep ] 70 %
tajikistan has a population of 7 , 349 , 145 ( july 2009 est . ) of which 70 % are under the age of 30 and 35 % are between the ages of 14 and 30 . tajiks who speak tajik ( a dialect of persian ) are the main ethnic group , although there are sizable minorities of uzbeks and russians , whose numbers are declining due to emigration . the pamiris of badakhshan , a small population of yaghnobi people , and a sizeable minority of ismailis are all considered to belong to the larger group of tajiks . all citizens of tajikistan are called tajikistanis . [ sep ] 35 %
tajikistan has a population of 7 , 349 , 145 ( july 2009 est . ) of which 70 % are under the age of 30 and 35 % are between the ages of 14 and 30 . tajiks who speak tajik ( a dialect of persian ) are the main ethnic group , although there are sizable minorities of uzbeks and russians , whose numbers are declining due to emigration . the pamiris of badakhshan , a small population of yaghnobi people , and a sizeable minority of ismailis are all considered to belong to the larger group of tajiks . all citizens of tajikistan are called tajikistanis . [ sep ] tajik
tajikistan has a population of 7 , 349 , 145 ( july 2009 est . ) of which 70 % are under the age of 30 and 35 % are between the ages of 14 and 30 . tajiks who speak tajik ( a dialect of persian ) are the main ethnic group , although there are sizable minorities of uzbeks and russians , whose numbers are declining due to emigration . the pamiris of badakhshan , a small population of yaghnobi people , and a sizeable minority of ismailis are all considered to belong to the larger group of tajiks . all citizens of tajikistan are called tajikistanis . [ sep ] tajikistanis
there are more than 100 freshwater fish species , varying from the giant european catfish ( in the tagus international natural park ) to some small and endemic species that live only in small lakes ( along the western portion of country , for example ) . some of these rare and specific species are highly endangered because of habitat loss , pollution and drought . up - welling along the west coast of portugal makes the sea extremely rich in nutrients and diverse species of marine fish ; the portuguese marine waters are one of the richest in the world . marine fish species are more common , and include thousands of species , such as the sardine ( sardina pilchardus ) , tuna and atlantic mackerel . bioluminescent species are also well represented ( including species in different colour spectrum and forms ) , like the glowing plankton that are possible to observe in some beaches . [ sep ] more than 100
there are more than 100 freshwater fish species , varying from the giant european catfish ( in the tagus international natural park ) to some small and endemic species that live only in small lakes ( along the western portion of country , for example ) . some of these rare and specific species are highly endangered because of habitat loss , pollution and drought . up - welling along the west coast of portugal makes the sea extremely rich in nutrients and diverse species of marine fish ; the portuguese marine waters are one of the richest in the world . marine fish species are more common , and include thousands of species , such as the sardine ( sardina pilchardus ) , tuna and atlantic mackerel . bioluminescent species are also well represented ( including species in different colour spectrum and forms ) , like the glowing plankton that are possible to observe in some beaches . [ sep ] in the tagus international natural park
there are more than 100 freshwater fish species , varying from the giant european catfish ( in the tagus international natural park ) to some small and endemic species that live only in small lakes ( along the western portion of country , for example ) . some of these rare and specific species are highly endangered because of habitat loss , pollution and drought . up - welling along the west coast of portugal makes the sea extremely rich in nutrients and diverse species of marine fish ; the portuguese marine waters are one of the richest in the world . marine fish species are more common , and include thousands of species , such as the sardine ( sardina pilchardus ) , tuna and atlantic mackerel . bioluminescent species are also well represented ( including species in different colour spectrum and forms ) , like the glowing plankton that are possible to observe in some beaches . [ sep ] because of habitat loss , pollution and drought
there are more than 100 freshwater fish species , varying from the giant european catfish ( in the tagus international natural park ) to some small and endemic species that live only in small lakes ( along the western portion of country , for example ) . some of these rare and specific species are highly endangered because of habitat loss , pollution and drought . up - welling along the west coast of portugal makes the sea extremely rich in nutrients and diverse species of marine fish ; the portuguese marine waters are one of the richest in the world . marine fish species are more common , and include thousands of species , such as the sardine ( sardina pilchardus ) , tuna and atlantic mackerel . bioluminescent species are also well represented ( including species in different colour spectrum and forms ) , like the glowing plankton that are possible to observe in some beaches . [ sep ] plankton
evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between hominins and non - hominin primates . evolutionary anthropology is based in natural science and social science , combining the human development with socioeconomic factors . evolutionary anthropology is concerned with both biological and cultural evolution of humans , past and present . it is based on a scientific approach , and brings together fields such as archaeology , behavioral ecology , psychology , primatology , and genetics . it is a dynamic and interdisciplinary field , drawing on many lines of evidence to understand the human experience , past and present . [ sep ] evolutionary
evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between hominins and non - hominin primates . evolutionary anthropology is based in natural science and social science , combining the human development with socioeconomic factors . evolutionary anthropology is concerned with both biological and cultural evolution of humans , past and present . it is based on a scientific approach , and brings together fields such as archaeology , behavioral ecology , psychology , primatology , and genetics . it is a dynamic and interdisciplinary field , drawing on many lines of evidence to understand the human experience , past and present . [ sep ] natural science and social science
evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between hominins and non - hominin primates . evolutionary anthropology is based in natural science and social science , combining the human development with socioeconomic factors . evolutionary anthropology is concerned with both biological and cultural evolution of humans , past and present . it is based on a scientific approach , and brings together fields such as archaeology , behavioral ecology , psychology , primatology , and genetics . it is a dynamic and interdisciplinary field , drawing on many lines of evidence to understand the human experience , past and present . [ sep ] past and present
evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between hominins and non - hominin primates . evolutionary anthropology is based in natural science and social science , combining the human development with socioeconomic factors . evolutionary anthropology is concerned with both biological and cultural evolution of humans , past and present . it is based on a scientific approach , and brings together fields such as archaeology , behavioral ecology , psychology , primatology , and genetics . it is a dynamic and interdisciplinary field , drawing on many lines of evidence to understand the human experience , past and present . [ sep ] scientific
evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between hominins and non - hominin primates . evolutionary anthropology is based in natural science and social science , combining the human development with socioeconomic factors . evolutionary anthropology is concerned with both biological and cultural evolution of humans , past and present . it is based on a scientific approach , and brings together fields such as archaeology , behavioral ecology , psychology , primatology , and genetics . it is a dynamic and interdisciplinary field , drawing on many lines of evidence to understand the human experience , past and present . [ sep ] many lines
the pamiri people of gorno - badakhshan autonomous province in the southeast , bordering afghanistan and china , though considered part of the tajik ethnicity , nevertheless are distinct linguistically and culturally from most tajiks . in contrast to the mostly sunni muslim residents of the rest of tajikistan , the pamiris overwhelmingly follow the ismaili sect of islam , and speak a number of eastern iranian languages , including shughni , rushani , khufi and wakhi . isolated in the highest parts of the pamir mountains , they have preserved many ancient cultural traditions and folk arts that have been largely lost elsewhere in the country . [ sep ] the pamiri people
the pamiri people of gorno - badakhshan autonomous province in the southeast , bordering afghanistan and china , though considered part of the tajik ethnicity , nevertheless are distinct linguistically and culturally from most tajiks . in contrast to the mostly sunni muslim residents of the rest of tajikistan , the pamiris overwhelmingly follow the ismaili sect of islam , and speak a number of eastern iranian languages , including shughni , rushani , khufi and wakhi . isolated in the highest parts of the pamir mountains , they have preserved many ancient cultural traditions and folk arts that have been largely lost elsewhere in the country . [ sep ] distinct linguistically and culturally
the pamiri people of gorno - badakhshan autonomous province in the southeast , bordering afghanistan and china , though considered part of the tajik ethnicity , nevertheless are distinct linguistically and culturally from most tajiks . in contrast to the mostly sunni muslim residents of the rest of tajikistan , the pamiris overwhelmingly follow the ismaili sect of islam , and speak a number of eastern iranian languages , including shughni , rushani , khufi and wakhi . isolated in the highest parts of the pamir mountains , they have preserved many ancient cultural traditions and folk arts that have been largely lost elsewhere in the country . [ sep ] pamir mountains
ethical commitments in anthropology include noticing and documenting genocide , infanticide , racism , mutilation ( including circumcision and subincision ) , and torture . topics like racism , slavery , and human sacrifice attract anthropological attention and theories ranging from nutritional deficiencies to genes to acculturation have been proposed , not to mention theories of colonialism and many others as root causes of man ' s inhumanity to man . to illustrate the depth of an anthropological approach , one can take just one of these topics , such as " racism " and find thousands of anthropological references , stretching across all the major and minor sub - fields . [ sep ] ethical
ethical commitments in anthropology include noticing and documenting genocide , infanticide , racism , mutilation ( including circumcision and subincision ) , and torture . topics like racism , slavery , and human sacrifice attract anthropological attention and theories ranging from nutritional deficiencies to genes to acculturation have been proposed , not to mention theories of colonialism and many others as root causes of man ' s inhumanity to man . to illustrate the depth of an anthropological approach , one can take just one of these topics , such as " racism " and find thousands of anthropological references , stretching across all the major and minor sub - fields . [ sep ] mutilation
ethical commitments in anthropology include noticing and documenting genocide , infanticide , racism , mutilation ( including circumcision and subincision ) , and torture . topics like racism , slavery , and human sacrifice attract anthropological attention and theories ranging from nutritional deficiencies to genes to acculturation have been proposed , not to mention theories of colonialism and many others as root causes of man ' s inhumanity to man . to illustrate the depth of an anthropological approach , one can take just one of these topics , such as " racism " and find thousands of anthropological references , stretching across all the major and minor sub - fields . [ sep ] racism , slavery , and human sacrifice
ethical commitments in anthropology include noticing and documenting genocide , infanticide , racism , mutilation ( including circumcision and subincision ) , and torture . topics like racism , slavery , and human sacrifice attract anthropological attention and theories ranging from nutritional deficiencies to genes to acculturation have been proposed , not to mention theories of colonialism and many others as root causes of man ' s inhumanity to man . to illustrate the depth of an anthropological approach , one can take just one of these topics , such as " racism " and find thousands of anthropological references , stretching across all the major and minor sub - fields . [ sep ] man
ethical commitments in anthropology include noticing and documenting genocide , infanticide , racism , mutilation ( including circumcision and subincision ) , and torture . topics like racism , slavery , and human sacrifice attract anthropological attention and theories ranging from nutritional deficiencies to genes to acculturation have been proposed , not to mention theories of colonialism and many others as root causes of man ' s inhumanity to man . to illustrate the depth of an anthropological approach , one can take just one of these topics , such as " racism " and find thousands of anthropological references , stretching across all the major and minor sub - fields . [ sep ] depth of an anthropological approach
sunni islam of the hanafi school has been officially recognized by the government since 2009 . tajikistan considers itself a secular state with a constitution providing for freedom of religion . the government has declared two islamic holidays , id al - fitr and idi qurbon , as state holidays . according to a u . s . state department release and pew research group , the population of tajikistan is 98 % muslim . approximately 87 % – 95 % of them are sunni and roughly 3 % are shia and roughly 7 % are non - denominational muslims . the remaining 2 % of the population are followers of russian orthodoxy , protestantism , zoroastrianism and buddhism . a great majority of muslims fast during ramadan , although only about one third in the countryside and 10 % in the cities observe daily prayer and dietary restrictions . [ sep ] sunni islam of the hanafi
sunni islam of the hanafi school has been officially recognized by the government since 2009 . tajikistan considers itself a secular state with a constitution providing for freedom of religion . the government has declared two islamic holidays , id al - fitr and idi qurbon , as state holidays . according to a u . s . state department release and pew research group , the population of tajikistan is 98 % muslim . approximately 87 % – 95 % of them are sunni and roughly 3 % are shia and roughly 7 % are non - denominational muslims . the remaining 2 % of the population are followers of russian orthodoxy , protestantism , zoroastrianism and buddhism . a great majority of muslims fast during ramadan , although only about one third in the countryside and 10 % in the cities observe daily prayer and dietary restrictions . [ sep ] a secular state with a constitution providing for freedom of religion
sunni islam of the hanafi school has been officially recognized by the government since 2009 . tajikistan considers itself a secular state with a constitution providing for freedom of religion . the government has declared two islamic holidays , id al - fitr and idi qurbon , as state holidays . according to a u . s . state department release and pew research group , the population of tajikistan is 98 % muslim . approximately 87 % – 95 % of them are sunni and roughly 3 % are shia and roughly 7 % are non - denominational muslims . the remaining 2 % of the population are followers of russian orthodoxy , protestantism , zoroastrianism and buddhism . a great majority of muslims fast during ramadan , although only about one third in the countryside and 10 % in the cities observe daily prayer and dietary restrictions . [ sep ] id al - fitr and idi qurbon
sunni islam of the hanafi school has been officially recognized by the government since 2009 . tajikistan considers itself a secular state with a constitution providing for freedom of religion . the government has declared two islamic holidays , id al - fitr and idi qurbon , as state holidays . according to a u . s . state department release and pew research group , the population of tajikistan is 98 % muslim . approximately 87 % – 95 % of them are sunni and roughly 3 % are shia and roughly 7 % are non - denominational muslims . the remaining 2 % of the population are followers of russian orthodoxy , protestantism , zoroastrianism and buddhism . a great majority of muslims fast during ramadan , although only about one third in the countryside and 10 % in the cities observe daily prayer and dietary restrictions . [ sep ] 98 %
relationships between religious groups are generally amicable , although there is some concern among mainstream muslim leaders [ who ? ] that minority religious groups undermine national unity . there is a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere . the islamic renaissance party ( irp ) , a major combatant in the 1992 – 1997 civil war and then - proponent of the creation of an islamic state in tajikistan , constitutes no more than 30 % of the government by statute . membership in hizb ut - tahrir , a militant islamic party which today aims for an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of tajiks under one islamic state , is illegal and members are subject to arrest and imprisonment . numbers of large mosques appropriate for friday prayers are limited and some [ who ? ] feel this is discriminatory . [ sep ] minority religious groups undermine national unity
relationships between religious groups are generally amicable , although there is some concern among mainstream muslim leaders [ who ? ] that minority religious groups undermine national unity . there is a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere . the islamic renaissance party ( irp ) , a major combatant in the 1992 – 1997 civil war and then - proponent of the creation of an islamic state in tajikistan , constitutes no more than 30 % of the government by statute . membership in hizb ut - tahrir , a militant islamic party which today aims for an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of tajiks under one islamic state , is illegal and members are subject to arrest and imprisonment . numbers of large mosques appropriate for friday prayers are limited and some [ who ? ] feel this is discriminatory . [ sep ] a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere
relationships between religious groups are generally amicable , although there is some concern among mainstream muslim leaders [ who ? ] that minority religious groups undermine national unity . there is a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere . the islamic renaissance party ( irp ) , a major combatant in the 1992 – 1997 civil war and then - proponent of the creation of an islamic state in tajikistan , constitutes no more than 30 % of the government by statute . membership in hizb ut - tahrir , a militant islamic party which today aims for an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of tajiks under one islamic state , is illegal and members are subject to arrest and imprisonment . numbers of large mosques appropriate for friday prayers are limited and some [ who ? ] feel this is discriminatory . [ sep ] hizb ut - tahrir
relationships between religious groups are generally amicable , although there is some concern among mainstream muslim leaders [ who ? ] that minority religious groups undermine national unity . there is a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere . the islamic renaissance party ( irp ) , a major combatant in the 1992 – 1997 civil war and then - proponent of the creation of an islamic state in tajikistan , constitutes no more than 30 % of the government by statute . membership in hizb ut - tahrir , a militant islamic party which today aims for an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of tajiks under one islamic state , is illegal and members are subject to arrest and imprisonment . numbers of large mosques appropriate for friday prayers are limited and some [ who ? ] feel this is discriminatory . [ sep ] aims for an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of tajiks under one islamic state
but by the 1940s , many of boas ' anthropologist contemporaries were active in the allied war effort against the " axis " ( nazi germany , fascist italy , and imperial japan ) . many served in the armed forces , while others worked in intelligence ( for example , office of strategic services and the office of war information ) . at the same time , david h . price ' s work on american anthropology during the cold war provides detailed accounts of the pursuit and dismissal of several anthropologists from their jobs for communist sympathies . [ sep ] active in the allied war effort
but by the 1940s , many of boas ' anthropologist contemporaries were active in the allied war effort against the " axis " ( nazi germany , fascist italy , and imperial japan ) . many served in the armed forces , while others worked in intelligence ( for example , office of strategic services and the office of war information ) . at the same time , david h . price ' s work on american anthropology during the cold war provides detailed accounts of the pursuit and dismissal of several anthropologists from their jobs for communist sympathies . [ sep ] nazi germany , fascist italy , and imperial japan
but by the 1940s , many of boas ' anthropologist contemporaries were active in the allied war effort against the " axis " ( nazi germany , fascist italy , and imperial japan ) . many served in the armed forces , while others worked in intelligence ( for example , office of strategic services and the office of war information ) . at the same time , david h . price ' s work on american anthropology during the cold war provides detailed accounts of the pursuit and dismissal of several anthropologists from their jobs for communist sympathies . [ sep ] the armed forces
but by the 1940s , many of boas ' anthropologist contemporaries were active in the allied war effort against the " axis " ( nazi germany , fascist italy , and imperial japan ) . many served in the armed forces , while others worked in intelligence ( for example , office of strategic services and the office of war information ) . at the same time , david h . price ' s work on american anthropology during the cold war provides detailed accounts of the pursuit and dismissal of several anthropologists from their jobs for communist sympathies . [ sep ] intelligence
but by the 1940s , many of boas ' anthropologist contemporaries were active in the allied war effort against the " axis " ( nazi germany , fascist italy , and imperial japan ) . many served in the armed forces , while others worked in intelligence ( for example , office of strategic services and the office of war information ) . at the same time , david h . price ' s work on american anthropology during the cold war provides detailed accounts of the pursuit and dismissal of several anthropologists from their jobs for communist sympathies . [ sep ] communist sympathies .
by law , religious communities must register by the state committee on religious affairs ( scra ) and with local authorities . registration with the scra requires a charter , a list of 10 or more members , and evidence of local government approval prayer site location . religious groups who do not have a physical structure are not allowed to gather publicly for prayer . failure to register can result in large fines and closure of place of worship . there are reports that registration on the local level is sometimes difficult to obtain . people under the age of 18 are also barred from public religious practice . [ sep ] state committee on religious affairs ( scra ) and with local authorities
by law , religious communities must register by the state committee on religious affairs ( scra ) and with local authorities . registration with the scra requires a charter , a list of 10 or more members , and evidence of local government approval prayer site location . religious groups who do not have a physical structure are not allowed to gather publicly for prayer . failure to register can result in large fines and closure of place of worship . there are reports that registration on the local level is sometimes difficult to obtain . people under the age of 18 are also barred from public religious practice . [ sep ] a charter , a list of 10 or more members , and evidence of local government approval prayer site location
by law , religious communities must register by the state committee on religious affairs ( scra ) and with local authorities . registration with the scra requires a charter , a list of 10 or more members , and evidence of local government approval prayer site location . religious groups who do not have a physical structure are not allowed to gather publicly for prayer . failure to register can result in large fines and closure of place of worship . there are reports that registration on the local level is sometimes difficult to obtain . people under the age of 18 are also barred from public religious practice . [ sep ] a physical structure
by law , religious communities must register by the state committee on religious affairs ( scra ) and with local authorities . registration with the scra requires a charter , a list of 10 or more members , and evidence of local government approval prayer site location . religious groups who do not have a physical structure are not allowed to gather publicly for prayer . failure to register can result in large fines and closure of place of worship . there are reports that registration on the local level is sometimes difficult to obtain . people under the age of 18 are also barred from public religious practice . [ sep ] can result in large fines and closure of place of worship
the state also has five micropolitan statistical areas centered on bozeman , butte , helena , kalispell and havre . these communities , excluding havre , are colloquially known as the " big 7 " montana cities , as they are consistently the seven largest communities in montana , with a significant population difference when these communities are compared to those that are 8th and lower on the list . according to the 2010 u . s . census , the population of montana ' s seven most populous cities , in rank order , are billings , missoula , great falls , bozeman , butte , helena and kalispell . based on 2013 census numbers , they collectively contain 35 percent of montana ' s population . and the counties containing these communities hold 62 percent of the state ' s population . the geographic center of population of montana is located in sparsely populated meagher county , in the town of white sulphur springs . [ sep ] 35 percent
professional anthropological bodies often object to the use of anthropology for the benefit of the state . their codes of ethics or statements may proscribe anthropologists from giving secret briefings . the association of social anthropologists of the uk and commonwealth ( asa ) has called certain scholarship ethically dangerous . the aaa ' s current ' statement of professional responsibility ' clearly states that " in relation with their own government and with host governments . . . no secret research , no secret reports or debriefings of any kind should be agreed to or given . " [ sep ] the state
professional anthropological bodies often object to the use of anthropology for the benefit of the state . their codes of ethics or statements may proscribe anthropologists from giving secret briefings . the association of social anthropologists of the uk and commonwealth ( asa ) has called certain scholarship ethically dangerous . the aaa ' s current ' statement of professional responsibility ' clearly states that " in relation with their own government and with host governments . . . no secret research , no secret reports or debriefings of any kind should be agreed to or given . " [ sep ] secret
professional anthropological bodies often object to the use of anthropology for the benefit of the state . their codes of ethics or statements may proscribe anthropologists from giving secret briefings . the association of social anthropologists of the uk and commonwealth ( asa ) has called certain scholarship ethically dangerous . the aaa ' s current ' statement of professional responsibility ' clearly states that " in relation with their own government and with host governments . . . no secret research , no secret reports or debriefings of any kind should be agreed to or given . " [ sep ] certain scholarship
professional anthropological bodies often object to the use of anthropology for the benefit of the state . their codes of ethics or statements may proscribe anthropologists from giving secret briefings . the association of social anthropologists of the uk and commonwealth ( asa ) has called certain scholarship ethically dangerous . the aaa ' s current ' statement of professional responsibility ' clearly states that " in relation with their own government and with host governments . . . no secret research , no secret reports or debriefings of any kind should be agreed to or given . " [ sep ] the aaa
professional anthropological bodies often object to the use of anthropology for the benefit of the state . their codes of ethics or statements may proscribe anthropologists from giving secret briefings . the association of social anthropologists of the uk and commonwealth ( asa ) has called certain scholarship ethically dangerous . the aaa ' s current ' statement of professional responsibility ' clearly states that " in relation with their own government and with host governments . . . no secret research , no secret reports or debriefings of any kind should be agreed to or given . " [ sep ] given
despite repeated efforts by the tajik government to improve and expand health care , the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor , with severe shortages of medical supplies . the state ' s ministry of labor and social welfare reported that 104 , 272 disabled people are registered in tajikistan ( 2000 ) . this group of people suffers most from poverty in tajikistan . the government of tajikistan and the world bank considered activities to support this part of the population described in the world bank ' s poverty reduction strategy paper . public expenditure on health was at 1 % of the gdp in 2004 . [ sep ] , the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor , with severe shortages of medical supplies
despite repeated efforts by the tajik government to improve and expand health care , the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor , with severe shortages of medical supplies . the state ' s ministry of labor and social welfare reported that 104 , 272 disabled people are registered in tajikistan ( 2000 ) . this group of people suffers most from poverty in tajikistan . the government of tajikistan and the world bank considered activities to support this part of the population described in the world bank ' s poverty reduction strategy paper . public expenditure on health was at 1 % of the gdp in 2004 . [ sep ] 104 , 272
despite repeated efforts by the tajik government to improve and expand health care , the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor , with severe shortages of medical supplies . the state ' s ministry of labor and social welfare reported that 104 , 272 disabled people are registered in tajikistan ( 2000 ) . this group of people suffers most from poverty in tajikistan . the government of tajikistan and the world bank considered activities to support this part of the population described in the world bank ' s poverty reduction strategy paper . public expenditure on health was at 1 % of the gdp in 2004 . [ sep ] 1 %
despite repeated efforts by the tajik government to improve and expand health care , the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor , with severe shortages of medical supplies . the state ' s ministry of labor and social welfare reported that 104 , 272 disabled people are registered in tajikistan ( 2000 ) . this group of people suffers most from poverty in tajikistan . the government of tajikistan and the world bank considered activities to support this part of the population described in the world bank ' s poverty reduction strategy paper . public expenditure on health was at 1 % of the gdp in 2004 . [ sep ] world bank ' s poverty reduction strategy paper
public education in tajikistan consists of 11 years of primary and secondary education but the government has plans to implement a 12 - year system in 2016 . there is a relatively large number of tertiary education institutions including khujand state university which has 76 departments in 15 faculties , tajikistan state university of law , business , & politics , khorugh state university , agricultural university of tajikistan , tajik state national university , and several other institutions . most , but not all , universities were established during the soviet era . as of 2008 [ update ] tertiary education enrollment was 17 % , significantly below the sub - regional average of 37 % . many tajiks left the education system due to low demand in the labor market for people with extensive educational training or professional skills . [ sep ] 11 years of primary and secondary education
public education in tajikistan consists of 11 years of primary and secondary education but the government has plans to implement a 12 - year system in 2016 . there is a relatively large number of tertiary education institutions including khujand state university which has 76 departments in 15 faculties , tajikistan state university of law , business , & politics , khorugh state university , agricultural university of tajikistan , tajik state national university , and several other institutions . most , but not all , universities were established during the soviet era . as of 2008 [ update ] tertiary education enrollment was 17 % , significantly below the sub - regional average of 37 % . many tajiks left the education system due to low demand in the labor market for people with extensive educational training or professional skills . [ sep ] a 12 - year system
public education in tajikistan consists of 11 years of primary and secondary education but the government has plans to implement a 12 - year system in 2016 . there is a relatively large number of tertiary education institutions including khujand state university which has 76 departments in 15 faculties , tajikistan state university of law , business , & politics , khorugh state university , agricultural university of tajikistan , tajik state national university , and several other institutions . most , but not all , universities were established during the soviet era . as of 2008 [ update ] tertiary education enrollment was 17 % , significantly below the sub - regional average of 37 % . many tajiks left the education system due to low demand in the labor market for people with extensive educational training or professional skills . [ sep ] khujand state university
public education in tajikistan consists of 11 years of primary and secondary education but the government has plans to implement a 12 - year system in 2016 . there is a relatively large number of tertiary education institutions including khujand state university which has 76 departments in 15 faculties , tajikistan state university of law , business , & politics , khorugh state university , agricultural university of tajikistan , tajik state national university , and several other institutions . most , but not all , universities were established during the soviet era . as of 2008 [ update ] tertiary education enrollment was 17 % , significantly below the sub - regional average of 37 % . many tajiks left the education system due to low demand in the labor market for people with extensive educational training or professional skills . [ sep ] 17 %
anthropologists , along with other social scientists , are working with the us military as part of the us army ' s strategy in afghanistan . the christian science monitor reports that " counterinsurgency efforts focus on better grasping and meeting local needs " in afghanistan , under the human terrain system ( hts ) program ; in addition , hts teams are working with the us military in iraq . in 2009 , the american anthropological association ' s commission on the engagement of anthropology with the us security and intelligence communities released its final report concluding , in part , that , " when ethnographic investigation is determined by military missions , not subject to external review , where data collection occurs in the context of war , integrated into the goals of counterinsurgency , and in a potentially coercive environment – all characteristic factors of the hts concept and its application – it can no longer be considered a legitimate professional exercise of anthropology . in summary , while we stress that constructive engagement between anthropology and the military is possible , ceaussic suggests that the aaa emphasize the incompatibility of hts with disciplinary ethics and practice for job seekers and that it further recognize the problem of allowing hts to define the meaning of " anthropology " within dod . " [ sep ] the us military
anthropologists , along with other social scientists , are working with the us military as part of the us army ' s strategy in afghanistan . the christian science monitor reports that " counterinsurgency efforts focus on better grasping and meeting local needs " in afghanistan , under the human terrain system ( hts ) program ; in addition , hts teams are working with the us military in iraq . in 2009 , the american anthropological association ' s commission on the engagement of anthropology with the us security and intelligence communities released its final report concluding , in part , that , " when ethnographic investigation is determined by military missions , not subject to external review , where data collection occurs in the context of war , integrated into the goals of counterinsurgency , and in a potentially coercive environment – all characteristic factors of the hts concept and its application – it can no longer be considered a legitimate professional exercise of anthropology . in summary , while we stress that constructive engagement between anthropology and the military is possible , ceaussic suggests that the aaa emphasize the incompatibility of hts with disciplinary ethics and practice for job seekers and that it further recognize the problem of allowing hts to define the meaning of " anthropology " within dod . " [ sep ] us army ' s strategy in afghanistan
anthropologists , along with other social scientists , are working with the us military as part of the us army ' s strategy in afghanistan . the christian science monitor reports that " counterinsurgency efforts focus on better grasping and meeting local needs " in afghanistan , under the human terrain system ( hts ) program ; in addition , hts teams are working with the us military in iraq . in 2009 , the american anthropological association ' s commission on the engagement of anthropology with the us security and intelligence communities released its final report concluding , in part , that , " when ethnographic investigation is determined by military missions , not subject to external review , where data collection occurs in the context of war , integrated into the goals of counterinsurgency , and in a potentially coercive environment – all characteristic factors of the hts concept and its application – it can no longer be considered a legitimate professional exercise of anthropology . in summary , while we stress that constructive engagement between anthropology and the military is possible , ceaussic suggests that the aaa emphasize the incompatibility of hts with disciplinary ethics and practice for job seekers and that it further recognize the problem of allowing hts to define the meaning of " anthropology " within dod . " [ sep ] counterinsurgency
anthropologists , along with other social scientists , are working with the us military as part of the us army ' s strategy in afghanistan . the christian science monitor reports that " counterinsurgency efforts focus on better grasping and meeting local needs " in afghanistan , under the human terrain system ( hts ) program ; in addition , hts teams are working with the us military in iraq . in 2009 , the american anthropological association ' s commission on the engagement of anthropology with the us security and intelligence communities released its final report concluding , in part , that , " when ethnographic investigation is determined by military missions , not subject to external review , where data collection occurs in the context of war , integrated into the goals of counterinsurgency , and in a potentially coercive environment – all characteristic factors of the hts concept and its application – it can no longer be considered a legitimate professional exercise of anthropology . in summary , while we stress that constructive engagement between anthropology and the military is possible , ceaussic suggests that the aaa emphasize the incompatibility of hts with disciplinary ethics and practice for job seekers and that it further recognize the problem of allowing hts to define the meaning of " anthropology " within dod . " [ sep ] iraq
anthropologists , along with other social scientists , are working with the us military as part of the us army ' s strategy in afghanistan . the christian science monitor reports that " counterinsurgency efforts focus on better grasping and meeting local needs " in afghanistan , under the human terrain system ( hts ) program ; in addition , hts teams are working with the us military in iraq . in 2009 , the american anthropological association ' s commission on the engagement of anthropology with the us security and intelligence communities released its final report concluding , in part , that , " when ethnographic investigation is determined by military missions , not subject to external review , where data collection occurs in the context of war , integrated into the goals of counterinsurgency , and in a potentially coercive environment – all characteristic factors of the hts concept and its application – it can no longer be considered a legitimate professional exercise of anthropology . in summary , while we stress that constructive engagement between anthropology and the military is possible , ceaussic suggests that the aaa emphasize the incompatibility of hts with disciplinary ethics and practice for job seekers and that it further recognize the problem of allowing hts to define the meaning of " anthropology " within dod . " [ sep ] ethics
the territory that now constitutes tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures , including the city of sarazm of the neolithic and the bronze age , and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures , including the oxus civilization , andronovo culture , buddhism , nestorian christianity , zoroastrianism , and manichaeism . the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties , including the achaemenid empire , sassanian empire , hephthalite empire , samanid empire , mongol empire , timurid dynasty , and the russian empire . as a result of the breakup of the soviet union , tajikistan became an independent nation in 1991 . a civil war was fought almost immediately after independence , lasting from 1992 to 1997 . since the end of the war , newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country ' s economy to grow . [ sep ] oxus civilization , andronovo culture , buddhism , nestorian christianity , zoroastrianism , and manichaeism
the territory that now constitutes tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures , including the city of sarazm of the neolithic and the bronze age , and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures , including the oxus civilization , andronovo culture , buddhism , nestorian christianity , zoroastrianism , and manichaeism . the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties , including the achaemenid empire , sassanian empire , hephthalite empire , samanid empire , mongol empire , timurid dynasty , and the russian empire . as a result of the breakup of the soviet union , tajikistan became an independent nation in 1991 . a civil war was fought almost immediately after independence , lasting from 1992 to 1997 . since the end of the war , newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country ' s economy to grow . [ sep ] the achaemenid empire , sassanian empire , hephthalite empire , samanid empire , mongol empire , timurid dynasty , and the russian empire
the territory that now constitutes tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures , including the city of sarazm of the neolithic and the bronze age , and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures , including the oxus civilization , andronovo culture , buddhism , nestorian christianity , zoroastrianism , and manichaeism . the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties , including the achaemenid empire , sassanian empire , hephthalite empire , samanid empire , mongol empire , timurid dynasty , and the russian empire . as a result of the breakup of the soviet union , tajikistan became an independent nation in 1991 . a civil war was fought almost immediately after independence , lasting from 1992 to 1997 . since the end of the war , newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country ' s economy to grow . [ sep ] 1991
the territory that now constitutes tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures , including the city of sarazm of the neolithic and the bronze age , and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures , including the oxus civilization , andronovo culture , buddhism , nestorian christianity , zoroastrianism , and manichaeism . the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties , including the achaemenid empire , sassanian empire , hephthalite empire , samanid empire , mongol empire , timurid dynasty , and the russian empire . as a result of the breakup of the soviet union , tajikistan became an independent nation in 1991 . a civil war was fought almost immediately after independence , lasting from 1992 to 1997 . since the end of the war , newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country ' s economy to grow . [ sep ] 1992 to 1997
it was temporarily under the control of the tibetan empire and chinese from 650 – 680 and then under the control of the umayyads in 710 . the samanid empire , 819 to 999 , restored persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of samarkand and bukhara ( both cities are today part of uzbekistan ) which became the cultural centers of iran and the region was known as khorasan . the kara - khanid khanate conquered transoxania ( which corresponds approximately with modern - day uzbekistan , tajikistan , southern kyrgyzstan and southwest kazakhstan ) and ruled between 999 – 1211 . their arrival in transoxania signaled a definitive shift from iranian to turkic predominance in central asia , but gradually the kara - khanids became assimilated into the perso - arab muslim culture of the region . [ sep ] 650 – 680
it was temporarily under the control of the tibetan empire and chinese from 650 – 680 and then under the control of the umayyads in 710 . the samanid empire , 819 to 999 , restored persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of samarkand and bukhara ( both cities are today part of uzbekistan ) which became the cultural centers of iran and the region was known as khorasan . the kara - khanid khanate conquered transoxania ( which corresponds approximately with modern - day uzbekistan , tajikistan , southern kyrgyzstan and southwest kazakhstan ) and ruled between 999 – 1211 . their arrival in transoxania signaled a definitive shift from iranian to turkic predominance in central asia , but gradually the kara - khanids became assimilated into the perso - arab muslim culture of the region . [ sep ] 710
it was temporarily under the control of the tibetan empire and chinese from 650 – 680 and then under the control of the umayyads in 710 . the samanid empire , 819 to 999 , restored persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of samarkand and bukhara ( both cities are today part of uzbekistan ) which became the cultural centers of iran and the region was known as khorasan . the kara - khanid khanate conquered transoxania ( which corresponds approximately with modern - day uzbekistan , tajikistan , southern kyrgyzstan and southwest kazakhstan ) and ruled between 999 – 1211 . their arrival in transoxania signaled a definitive shift from iranian to turkic predominance in central asia , but gradually the kara - khanids became assimilated into the perso - arab muslim culture of the region . [ sep ] the kara - khanid khanate
it was temporarily under the control of the tibetan empire and chinese from 650 – 680 and then under the control of the umayyads in 710 . the samanid empire , 819 to 999 , restored persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of samarkand and bukhara ( both cities are today part of uzbekistan ) which became the cultural centers of iran and the region was known as khorasan . the kara - khanid khanate conquered transoxania ( which corresponds approximately with modern - day uzbekistan , tajikistan , southern kyrgyzstan and southwest kazakhstan ) and ruled between 999 – 1211 . their arrival in transoxania signaled a definitive shift from iranian to turkic predominance in central asia , but gradually the kara - khanids became assimilated into the perso - arab muslim culture of the region . [ sep ] the samanid empire
biological anthropologists are interested in both human variation and in the possibility of human universals ( behaviors , ideas or concepts shared by virtually all human cultures ) . they use many different methods of study , but modern population genetics , participant observation and other techniques often take anthropologists " into the field , " which means traveling to a community in its own setting , to do something called " fieldwork . " on the biological or physical side , human measurements , genetic samples , nutritional data may be gathered and published as articles or monographs . [ sep ] biological
biological anthropologists are interested in both human variation and in the possibility of human universals ( behaviors , ideas or concepts shared by virtually all human cultures ) . they use many different methods of study , but modern population genetics , participant observation and other techniques often take anthropologists " into the field , " which means traveling to a community in its own setting , to do something called " fieldwork . " on the biological or physical side , human measurements , genetic samples , nutritional data may be gathered and published as articles or monographs . [ sep ] human universals
biological anthropologists are interested in both human variation and in the possibility of human universals ( behaviors , ideas or concepts shared by virtually all human cultures ) . they use many different methods of study , but modern population genetics , participant observation and other techniques often take anthropologists " into the field , " which means traveling to a community in its own setting , to do something called " fieldwork . " on the biological or physical side , human measurements , genetic samples , nutritional data may be gathered and published as articles or monographs . [ sep ] into the field
biological anthropologists are interested in both human variation and in the possibility of human universals ( behaviors , ideas or concepts shared by virtually all human cultures ) . they use many different methods of study , but modern population genetics , participant observation and other techniques often take anthropologists " into the field , " which means traveling to a community in its own setting , to do something called " fieldwork . " on the biological or physical side , human measurements , genetic samples , nutritional data may be gathered and published as articles or monographs . [ sep ] a community in its own setting
biological anthropologists are interested in both human variation and in the possibility of human universals ( behaviors , ideas or concepts shared by virtually all human cultures ) . they use many different methods of study , but modern population genetics , participant observation and other techniques often take anthropologists " into the field , " which means traveling to a community in its own setting , to do something called " fieldwork . " on the biological or physical side , human measurements , genetic samples , nutritional data may be gathered and published as articles or monographs . [ sep ] genetic
along with dividing up their project by theoretical emphasis , anthropologists typically divide the world up into relevant time periods and geographic regions . human time on earth is divided up into relevant cultural traditions based on material , such as the paleolithic and the neolithic , of particular use in archaeology . [ citation needed ] further cultural subdivisions according to tool types , such as olduwan or mousterian or levalloisian help archaeologists and other anthropologists in understanding major trends in the human past . [ citation needed ] anthropologists and geographers share approaches to culture regions as well , since mapping cultures is central to both sciences . by making comparisons across cultural traditions ( time - based ) and cultural regions ( space - based ) , anthropologists have developed various kinds of comparative method , a central part of their science . [ sep ] relevant time periods and geographic regions
along with dividing up their project by theoretical emphasis , anthropologists typically divide the world up into relevant time periods and geographic regions . human time on earth is divided up into relevant cultural traditions based on material , such as the paleolithic and the neolithic , of particular use in archaeology . [ citation needed ] further cultural subdivisions according to tool types , such as olduwan or mousterian or levalloisian help archaeologists and other anthropologists in understanding major trends in the human past . [ citation needed ] anthropologists and geographers share approaches to culture regions as well , since mapping cultures is central to both sciences . by making comparisons across cultural traditions ( time - based ) and cultural regions ( space - based ) , anthropologists have developed various kinds of comparative method , a central part of their science . [ sep ] cultural traditions based on material
along with dividing up their project by theoretical emphasis , anthropologists typically divide the world up into relevant time periods and geographic regions . human time on earth is divided up into relevant cultural traditions based on material , such as the paleolithic and the neolithic , of particular use in archaeology . [ citation needed ] further cultural subdivisions according to tool types , such as olduwan or mousterian or levalloisian help archaeologists and other anthropologists in understanding major trends in the human past . [ citation needed ] anthropologists and geographers share approaches to culture regions as well , since mapping cultures is central to both sciences . by making comparisons across cultural traditions ( time - based ) and cultural regions ( space - based ) , anthropologists have developed various kinds of comparative method , a central part of their science . [ sep ] tool
along with dividing up their project by theoretical emphasis , anthropologists typically divide the world up into relevant time periods and geographic regions . human time on earth is divided up into relevant cultural traditions based on material , such as the paleolithic and the neolithic , of particular use in archaeology . [ citation needed ] further cultural subdivisions according to tool types , such as olduwan or mousterian or levalloisian help archaeologists and other anthropologists in understanding major trends in the human past . [ citation needed ] anthropologists and geographers share approaches to culture regions as well , since mapping cultures is central to both sciences . by making comparisons across cultural traditions ( time - based ) and cultural regions ( space - based ) , anthropologists have developed various kinds of comparative method , a central part of their science . [ sep ] geographers
along with dividing up their project by theoretical emphasis , anthropologists typically divide the world up into relevant time periods and geographic regions . human time on earth is divided up into relevant cultural traditions based on material , such as the paleolithic and the neolithic , of particular use in archaeology . [ citation needed ] further cultural subdivisions according to tool types , such as olduwan or mousterian or levalloisian help archaeologists and other anthropologists in understanding major trends in the human past . [ citation needed ] anthropologists and geographers share approaches to culture regions as well , since mapping cultures is central to both sciences . by making comparisons across cultural traditions ( time - based ) and cultural regions ( space - based ) , anthropologists have developed various kinds of comparative method , a central part of their science . [ sep ] comparative method
the president , who is elected to a five - year term , has an executive role : the current president is anibal cavaco silva . the assembly of the republic is a single chamber parliament composed of 230 deputies elected for a four - year term . the government is headed by the prime minister ( currently antonio costa ) and includes ministers and secretaries of state . the courts are organized into several levels , among the judicial , administrative and fiscal branches . the supreme courts are institutions of last resort / appeal . a thirteen - member constitutional court oversees the constitutionality of the laws . [ sep ] five
the president , who is elected to a five - year term , has an executive role : the current president is anibal cavaco silva . the assembly of the republic is a single chamber parliament composed of 230 deputies elected for a four - year term . the government is headed by the prime minister ( currently antonio costa ) and includes ministers and secretaries of state . the courts are organized into several levels , among the judicial , administrative and fiscal branches . the supreme courts are institutions of last resort / appeal . a thirteen - member constitutional court oversees the constitutionality of the laws . [ sep ] anibal cavaco silva
the president , who is elected to a five - year term , has an executive role : the current president is anibal cavaco silva . the assembly of the republic is a single chamber parliament composed of 230 deputies elected for a four - year term . the government is headed by the prime minister ( currently antonio costa ) and includes ministers and secretaries of state . the courts are organized into several levels , among the judicial , administrative and fiscal branches . the supreme courts are institutions of last resort / appeal . a thirteen - member constitutional court oversees the constitutionality of the laws . [ sep ] 230
the president , who is elected to a five - year term , has an executive role : the current president is anibal cavaco silva . the assembly of the republic is a single chamber parliament composed of 230 deputies elected for a four - year term . the government is headed by the prime minister ( currently antonio costa ) and includes ministers and secretaries of state . the courts are organized into several levels , among the judicial , administrative and fiscal branches . the supreme courts are institutions of last resort / appeal . a thirteen - member constitutional court oversees the constitutionality of the laws . [ sep ] four - year
the president , who is elected to a five - year term , has an executive role : the current president is anibal cavaco silva . the assembly of the republic is a single chamber parliament composed of 230 deputies elected for a four - year term . the government is headed by the prime minister ( currently antonio costa ) and includes ministers and secretaries of state . the courts are organized into several levels , among the judicial , administrative and fiscal branches . the supreme courts are institutions of last resort / appeal . a thirteen - member constitutional court oversees the constitutionality of the laws . [ sep ] thirteen
some authors argue that anthropology originated and developed as the study of " other cultures " , both in terms of time ( past societies ) and space ( non - european / non - western societies ) . for example , the classic of urban anthropology , ulf hannerz in the introduction to his seminal exploring the city : inquiries toward an urban anthropology mentions that the " third world " had habitually received most of attention ; anthropologists who traditionally specialized in " other cultures " looked for them far away and started to look " across the tracks " only in late 1960s . [ sep ] " other cultures
some authors argue that anthropology originated and developed as the study of " other cultures " , both in terms of time ( past societies ) and space ( non - european / non - western societies ) . for example , the classic of urban anthropology , ulf hannerz in the introduction to his seminal exploring the city : inquiries toward an urban anthropology mentions that the " third world " had habitually received most of attention ; anthropologists who traditionally specialized in " other cultures " looked for them far away and started to look " across the tracks " only in late 1960s . [ sep ] time
some authors argue that anthropology originated and developed as the study of " other cultures " , both in terms of time ( past societies ) and space ( non - european / non - western societies ) . for example , the classic of urban anthropology , ulf hannerz in the introduction to his seminal exploring the city : inquiries toward an urban anthropology mentions that the " third world " had habitually received most of attention ; anthropologists who traditionally specialized in " other cultures " looked for them far away and started to look " across the tracks " only in late 1960s . [ sep ] non - european / non - western societies
some authors argue that anthropology originated and developed as the study of " other cultures " , both in terms of time ( past societies ) and space ( non - european / non - western societies ) . for example , the classic of urban anthropology , ulf hannerz in the introduction to his seminal exploring the city : inquiries toward an urban anthropology mentions that the " third world " had habitually received most of attention ; anthropologists who traditionally specialized in " other cultures " looked for them far away and started to look " across the tracks " only in late 1960s . [ sep ] ulf hannerz
some authors argue that anthropology originated and developed as the study of " other cultures " , both in terms of time ( past societies ) and space ( non - european / non - western societies ) . for example , the classic of urban anthropology , ulf hannerz in the introduction to his seminal exploring the city : inquiries toward an urban anthropology mentions that the " third world " had habitually received most of attention ; anthropologists who traditionally specialized in " other cultures " looked for them far away and started to look " across the tracks " only in late 1960s . [ sep ] only in late 1960s
portugal operates a multi - party system of competitive legislatures / local administrative governments at the national - , regional - and local - levels . the assembly of the republic , regional assemblies and local municipalities and parishes , are dominated by two political parties , the socialist party and the social democratic party , in addition to the unitary democratic coalition ( portuguese communist party and ecologist party " the greens " ) , the left bloc and the democratic and social centre – people ' s party , which garner between 5 and 15 % of the vote regularly . [ sep ] socialist party and the social democratic party
portugal operates a multi - party system of competitive legislatures / local administrative governments at the national - , regional - and local - levels . the assembly of the republic , regional assemblies and local municipalities and parishes , are dominated by two political parties , the socialist party and the social democratic party , in addition to the unitary democratic coalition ( portuguese communist party and ecologist party " the greens " ) , the left bloc and the democratic and social centre – people ' s party , which garner between 5 and 15 % of the vote regularly . [ sep ] national - , regional - and local - levels
portugal operates a multi - party system of competitive legislatures / local administrative governments at the national - , regional - and local - levels . the assembly of the republic , regional assemblies and local municipalities and parishes , are dominated by two political parties , the socialist party and the social democratic party , in addition to the unitary democratic coalition ( portuguese communist party and ecologist party " the greens " ) , the left bloc and the democratic and social centre – people ' s party , which garner between 5 and 15 % of the vote regularly . [ sep ] unitary democratic coalition ( portuguese communist party and ecologist party " the greens " ) , the left bloc and the democratic and social centre – people ' s party
portugal operates a multi - party system of competitive legislatures / local administrative governments at the national - , regional - and local - levels . the assembly of the republic , regional assemblies and local municipalities and parishes , are dominated by two political parties , the socialist party and the social democratic party , in addition to the unitary democratic coalition ( portuguese communist party and ecologist party " the greens " ) , the left bloc and the democratic and social centre – people ' s party , which garner between 5 and 15 % of the vote regularly . [ sep ] 5 and 15 %
since the 1980s it has become common for social and cultural anthropologists to set ethnographic research in the north atlantic region , frequently examining the connections between locations rather than limiting research to a single locale . there has also been a related shift toward broadening the focus beyond the daily life of ordinary people ; increasingly , research is set in settings such as scientific laboratories , social movements , governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses . [ sep ] set ethnographic research in the north atlantic region
since the 1980s it has become common for social and cultural anthropologists to set ethnographic research in the north atlantic region , frequently examining the connections between locations rather than limiting research to a single locale . there has also been a related shift toward broadening the focus beyond the daily life of ordinary people ; increasingly , research is set in settings such as scientific laboratories , social movements , governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses . [ sep ] research to a single locale
since the 1980s it has become common for social and cultural anthropologists to set ethnographic research in the north atlantic region , frequently examining the connections between locations rather than limiting research to a single locale . there has also been a related shift toward broadening the focus beyond the daily life of ordinary people ; increasingly , research is set in settings such as scientific laboratories , social movements , governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses . [ sep ] daily life of ordinary people
since the 1980s it has become common for social and cultural anthropologists to set ethnographic research in the north atlantic region , frequently examining the connections between locations rather than limiting research to a single locale . there has also been a related shift toward broadening the focus beyond the daily life of ordinary people ; increasingly , research is set in settings such as scientific laboratories , social movements , governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses . [ sep ] scientific laboratories
since the 1980s it has become common for social and cultural anthropologists to set ethnographic research in the north atlantic region , frequently examining the connections between locations rather than limiting research to a single locale . there has also been a related shift toward broadening the focus beyond the daily life of ordinary people ; increasingly , research is set in settings such as scientific laboratories , social movements , governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses . [ sep ] research
montana has 56 counties with the united states census bureau stating montana ' s contains 364 " places " , broken down into 129 incorporated places and 235 census - designated places . incorporated places consist of 52 cities , 75 towns , and two consolidated city - counties . montana has one city , billings , with a population over 100 , 000 ; and two cities with populations over 50 , 000 , missoula and great falls . these three communities are considered the centers of montana ' s three metropolitan statistical areas . [ sep ] 56
montana has 56 counties with the united states census bureau stating montana ' s contains 364 " places " , broken down into 129 incorporated places and 235 census - designated places . incorporated places consist of 52 cities , 75 towns , and two consolidated city - counties . montana has one city , billings , with a population over 100 , 000 ; and two cities with populations over 50 , 000 , missoula and great falls . these three communities are considered the centers of montana ' s three metropolitan statistical areas . [ sep ] billings
montana has 56 counties with the united states census bureau stating montana ' s contains 364 " places " , broken down into 129 incorporated places and 235 census - designated places . incorporated places consist of 52 cities , 75 towns , and two consolidated city - counties . montana has one city , billings , with a population over 100 , 000 ; and two cities with populations over 50 , 000 , missoula and great falls . these three communities are considered the centers of montana ' s three metropolitan statistical areas . [ sep ] missoula and great falls
the head of state of portugal is the president of the republic , elected to a five - year term by direct , universal suffrage . he or she has also supervision and reserve powers . these powers are often compared [ by whom ? ] with the " moderator power " that was held by the king in the portuguese constitutional monarchy . [ citation needed ] presidential powers include the appointment of the prime minister and the other members of the government ( where the president takes into account the results of legislative elections ) ; dismissing the prime minister ; dissolving the assembly of the republic ( to call early elections ) ; vetoing legislation ( which may be overridden by the assembly with a supermajority ) ; and declaring a state of war or siege . the president is also the ex officio commander - in - chief of the armed forces . [ sep ] president of the republic
the head of state of portugal is the president of the republic , elected to a five - year term by direct , universal suffrage . he or she has also supervision and reserve powers . these powers are often compared [ by whom ? ] with the " moderator power " that was held by the king in the portuguese constitutional monarchy . [ citation needed ] presidential powers include the appointment of the prime minister and the other members of the government ( where the president takes into account the results of legislative elections ) ; dismissing the prime minister ; dissolving the assembly of the republic ( to call early elections ) ; vetoing legislation ( which may be overridden by the assembly with a supermajority ) ; and declaring a state of war or siege . the president is also the ex officio commander - in - chief of the armed forces . [ sep ] five
the head of state of portugal is the president of the republic , elected to a five - year term by direct , universal suffrage . he or she has also supervision and reserve powers . these powers are often compared [ by whom ? ] with the " moderator power " that was held by the king in the portuguese constitutional monarchy . [ citation needed ] presidential powers include the appointment of the prime minister and the other members of the government ( where the president takes into account the results of legislative elections ) ; dismissing the prime minister ; dissolving the assembly of the republic ( to call early elections ) ; vetoing legislation ( which may be overridden by the assembly with a supermajority ) ; and declaring a state of war or siege . the president is also the ex officio commander - in - chief of the armed forces . [ sep ] by direct , universal suffrage
the head of state of portugal is the president of the republic , elected to a five - year term by direct , universal suffrage . he or she has also supervision and reserve powers . these powers are often compared [ by whom ? ] with the " moderator power " that was held by the king in the portuguese constitutional monarchy . [ citation needed ] presidential powers include the appointment of the prime minister and the other members of the government ( where the president takes into account the results of legislative elections ) ; dismissing the prime minister ; dissolving the assembly of the republic ( to call early elections ) ; vetoing legislation ( which may be overridden by the assembly with a supermajority ) ; and declaring a state of war or siege . the president is also the ex officio commander - in - chief of the armed forces . [ sep ] president of the republic
the council of ministers – under the presidency of the prime minister ( or the president of portugal at the latter ' s request ) and the ministers ( may also include one or more deputy prime ministers ) – acts as the cabinet . each government is required to define the broad outline of its policies in a programme , and present it to the assembly for a mandatory period of debate . the failure of the assembly to reject the government programme by an absolute majority of deputies confirms the cabinet in office . [ sep ] the council of ministers
the council of ministers – under the presidency of the prime minister ( or the president of portugal at the latter ' s request ) and the ministers ( may also include one or more deputy prime ministers ) – acts as the cabinet . each government is required to define the broad outline of its policies in a programme , and present it to the assembly for a mandatory period of debate . the failure of the assembly to reject the government programme by an absolute majority of deputies confirms the cabinet in office . [ sep ] define the broad outline of its policies in a programme , and present it to the assembly for a mandatory period of debate
the council of ministers – under the presidency of the prime minister ( or the president of portugal at the latter ' s request ) and the ministers ( may also include one or more deputy prime ministers ) – acts as the cabinet . each government is required to define the broad outline of its policies in a programme , and present it to the assembly for a mandatory period of debate . the failure of the assembly to reject the government programme by an absolute majority of deputies confirms the cabinet in office . [ sep ] an absolute majority of deputies
montana i / [unk] / is a state in the western region of the united states . the state ' s name is derived from the spanish word montana ( mountain ) . montana has several nicknames , although none official , including " big sky country " and " the treasure state " , and slogans that include " land of the shining mountains " and more recently " the last best place " . montana is ranked 4th in size , but 44th in population and 48th in population density of the 50 united states . the western third of montana contains numerous mountain ranges . smaller island ranges are found throughout the state . in total , 77 named ranges are part of the rocky mountains . [ sep ] from the spanish word montana
portuguese law applied in the former colonies and territories and continues to be the major influence for those countries . portugal ' s main police organizations are the guarda nacional republicana – gnr ( national republican guard ) , a gendarmerie ; the policia de seguranca publica – psp ( public security police ) , a civilian police force who work in urban areas ; and the policia judiciaria – pj ( judicial police ) , a highly specialized criminal investigation police that is overseen by the public ministry . [ sep ] former colonies and territories
portuguese law applied in the former colonies and territories and continues to be the major influence for those countries . portugal ' s main police organizations are the guarda nacional republicana – gnr ( national republican guard ) , a gendarmerie ; the policia de seguranca publica – psp ( public security police ) , a civilian police force who work in urban areas ; and the policia judiciaria – pj ( judicial police ) , a highly specialized criminal investigation police that is overseen by the public ministry . [ sep ] a civilian police force who work in urban areas
portuguese law applied in the former colonies and territories and continues to be the major influence for those countries . portugal ' s main police organizations are the guarda nacional republicana – gnr ( national republican guard ) , a gendarmerie ; the policia de seguranca publica – psp ( public security police ) , a civilian police force who work in urban areas ; and the policia judiciaria – pj ( judicial police ) , a highly specialized criminal investigation police that is overseen by the public ministry . [ sep ] a highly specialized criminal investigation police
portuguese law applied in the former colonies and territories and continues to be the major influence for those countries . portugal ' s main police organizations are the guarda nacional republicana – gnr ( national republican guard ) , a gendarmerie ; the policia de seguranca publica – psp ( public security police ) , a civilian police force who work in urban areas ; and the policia judiciaria – pj ( judicial police ) , a highly specialized criminal investigation police that is overseen by the public ministry . [ sep ] the public ministry .
the name montana comes from the spanish word montana , meaning " mountain " , or more broadly , " mountainous country " . montana del norte was the name given by early spanish explorers to the entire mountainous region of the west . the name montana was added to a bill by the united states house committee on territories , which was chaired at the time by rep . james ashley of ohio , for the territory that would become idaho territory . the name was successfully changed by representatives henry wilson ( massachusetts ) and benjamin f . harding ( oregon ) , who complained that montana had " no meaning " . when ashley presented a bill to establish a temporary government in 1864 for a new territory to be carved out of idaho , he again chose montana territory . this time rep . samuel cox , also of ohio , objected to the name . cox complained that the name was a misnomer given that most of the territory was not mountainous and that a native american name would be more appropriate than a spanish one . other names such as shoshone were suggested , but it was eventually decided that the committee on territories could name it whatever they wanted , so the original name of montana was adopted . [ sep ] " mountain "
the name montana comes from the spanish word montana , meaning " mountain " , or more broadly , " mountainous country " . montana del norte was the name given by early spanish explorers to the entire mountainous region of the west . the name montana was added to a bill by the united states house committee on territories , which was chaired at the time by rep . james ashley of ohio , for the territory that would become idaho territory . the name was successfully changed by representatives henry wilson ( massachusetts ) and benjamin f . harding ( oregon ) , who complained that montana had " no meaning " . when ashley presented a bill to establish a temporary government in 1864 for a new territory to be carved out of idaho , he again chose montana territory . this time rep . samuel cox , also of ohio , objected to the name . cox complained that the name was a misnomer given that most of the territory was not mountainous and that a native american name would be more appropriate than a spanish one . other names such as shoshone were suggested , but it was eventually decided that the committee on territories could name it whatever they wanted , so the original name of montana was adopted . [ sep ] montana del norte
portugal has arguably the most liberal laws concerning possession of illicit drugs in the western world . in 2001 , portugal decriminalized possession of effectively all drugs that are still illegal in other developed nations including , but not limited to , cannabis , cocaine , heroin , and lsd . while possession is legal , trafficking and possession of more than " 10 days worth of personal use " are still punishable by jail time and fines . people caught with small amounts of any drug are given the choice to go to a rehab facility , and may refuse treatment without consequences . despite criticism from other european nations , who stated portugal ' s drug consumption would tremendously increase , overall drug use has declined along with the number of hiv infection cases , which had dropped 50 percent by 2009 . drug use among 16 - to 18 - year - olds also declined , however the use of marijuana rose only slightly among that age group . [ sep ] 2001
portugal has arguably the most liberal laws concerning possession of illicit drugs in the western world . in 2001 , portugal decriminalized possession of effectively all drugs that are still illegal in other developed nations including , but not limited to , cannabis , cocaine , heroin , and lsd . while possession is legal , trafficking and possession of more than " 10 days worth of personal use " are still punishable by jail time and fines . people caught with small amounts of any drug are given the choice to go to a rehab facility , and may refuse treatment without consequences . despite criticism from other european nations , who stated portugal ' s drug consumption would tremendously increase , overall drug use has declined along with the number of hiv infection cases , which had dropped 50 percent by 2009 . drug use among 16 - to 18 - year - olds also declined , however the use of marijuana rose only slightly among that age group . [ sep ] 10 days worth of personal use
portugal has arguably the most liberal laws concerning possession of illicit drugs in the western world . in 2001 , portugal decriminalized possession of effectively all drugs that are still illegal in other developed nations including , but not limited to , cannabis , cocaine , heroin , and lsd . while possession is legal , trafficking and possession of more than " 10 days worth of personal use " are still punishable by jail time and fines . people caught with small amounts of any drug are given the choice to go to a rehab facility , and may refuse treatment without consequences . despite criticism from other european nations , who stated portugal ' s drug consumption would tremendously increase , overall drug use has declined along with the number of hiv infection cases , which had dropped 50 percent by 2009 . drug use among 16 - to 18 - year - olds also declined , however the use of marijuana rose only slightly among that age group . [ sep ] go to a rehab facility
portugal has arguably the most liberal laws concerning possession of illicit drugs in the western world . in 2001 , portugal decriminalized possession of effectively all drugs that are still illegal in other developed nations including , but not limited to , cannabis , cocaine , heroin , and lsd . while possession is legal , trafficking and possession of more than " 10 days worth of personal use " are still punishable by jail time and fines . people caught with small amounts of any drug are given the choice to go to a rehab facility , and may refuse treatment without consequences . despite criticism from other european nations , who stated portugal ' s drug consumption would tremendously increase , overall drug use has declined along with the number of hiv infection cases , which had dropped 50 percent by 2009 . drug use among 16 - to 18 - year - olds also declined , however the use of marijuana rose only slightly among that age group . [ sep ] 50 percent
administratively , portugal is divided into 308 municipalities ( portuguese : municipios or concelhos ) , which after a reform in 2013 are subdivided into 3 , 092 civil parishes ( portuguese : freguesia ) . operationally , the municipality and civil parish , along with the national government , are the only legally identifiable local administrative units identified by the government of portugal ( for example , cities , towns or villages have no standing in law , although may be used as catchment for the defining services ) . for statistical purposes the portuguese government also identifies nuts , inter - municipal communities and informally , the district system , used until european integration ( and being phased - out by the national government ) . [ original research ? ] continental portugal is agglomerated into 18 districts , while the archipelagos of the azores and madeira are governed as autonomous regions ; the largest units , established since 1976 , are either mainland portugal ( portuguese : portugal continental ) and the autonomous regions of portugal ( azores and madeira ) . [ sep ] 308
administratively , portugal is divided into 308 municipalities ( portuguese : municipios or concelhos ) , which after a reform in 2013 are subdivided into 3 , 092 civil parishes ( portuguese : freguesia ) . operationally , the municipality and civil parish , along with the national government , are the only legally identifiable local administrative units identified by the government of portugal ( for example , cities , towns or villages have no standing in law , although may be used as catchment for the defining services ) . for statistical purposes the portuguese government also identifies nuts , inter - municipal communities and informally , the district system , used until european integration ( and being phased - out by the national government ) . [ original research ? ] continental portugal is agglomerated into 18 districts , while the archipelagos of the azores and madeira are governed as autonomous regions ; the largest units , established since 1976 , are either mainland portugal ( portuguese : portugal continental ) and the autonomous regions of portugal ( azores and madeira ) . [ sep ] 3 , 092
administratively , portugal is divided into 308 municipalities ( portuguese : municipios or concelhos ) , which after a reform in 2013 are subdivided into 3 , 092 civil parishes ( portuguese : freguesia ) . operationally , the municipality and civil parish , along with the national government , are the only legally identifiable local administrative units identified by the government of portugal ( for example , cities , towns or villages have no standing in law , although may be used as catchment for the defining services ) . for statistical purposes the portuguese government also identifies nuts , inter - municipal communities and informally , the district system , used until european integration ( and being phased - out by the national government ) . [ original research ? ] continental portugal is agglomerated into 18 districts , while the archipelagos of the azores and madeira are governed as autonomous regions ; the largest units , established since 1976 , are either mainland portugal ( portuguese : portugal continental ) and the autonomous regions of portugal ( azores and madeira ) . [ sep ] 18
the armed forces have three branches : navy , army and air force . they serve primarily as a self - defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security at home and abroad . as of 2008 , the three branches numbered 39 , 200 active personnel including 7 , 500 women . portuguese military expenditure in 2009 was $ 5 . 2 billion , representing 2 . 1 percent of gdp . military conscription was abolished in 2004 . the minimum age for voluntary recruitment is 18 years . [ sep ] three
the armed forces have three branches : navy , army and air force . they serve primarily as a self - defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security at home and abroad . as of 2008 , the three branches numbered 39 , 200 active personnel including 7 , 500 women . portuguese military expenditure in 2009 was $ 5 . 2 billion , representing 2 . 1 percent of gdp . military conscription was abolished in 2004 . the minimum age for voluntary recruitment is 18 years . [ sep ] navy , army and air force
the armed forces have three branches : navy , army and air force . they serve primarily as a self - defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security at home and abroad . as of 2008 , the three branches numbered 39 , 200 active personnel including 7 , 500 women . portuguese military expenditure in 2009 was $ 5 . 2 billion , representing 2 . 1 percent of gdp . military conscription was abolished in 2004 . the minimum age for voluntary recruitment is 18 years . [ sep ] primarily as a self - defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security
the armed forces have three branches : navy , army and air force . they serve primarily as a self - defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security at home and abroad . as of 2008 , the three branches numbered 39 , 200 active personnel including 7 , 500 women . portuguese military expenditure in 2009 was $ 5 . 2 billion , representing 2 . 1 percent of gdp . military conscription was abolished in 2004 . the minimum age for voluntary recruitment is 18 years . [ sep ] 7 , 500
the armed forces have three branches : navy , army and air force . they serve primarily as a self - defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security at home and abroad . as of 2008 , the three branches numbered 39 , 200 active personnel including 7 , 500 women . portuguese military expenditure in 2009 was $ 5 . 2 billion , representing 2 . 1 percent of gdp . military conscription was abolished in 2004 . the minimum age for voluntary recruitment is 18 years . [ sep ] $ 5 . 2 billion , representing 2 . 1 percent of gdp
the army ( 21 , 000 personnel ) comprises three brigades and other small units . an infantry brigade ( mainly equipped with pandur ii apc ) , a mechanized brigade ( mainly equipped with leopard 2 a6 tanks and m113 apc ) and a rapid reaction brigade ( consisting of paratroopers , commandos and rangers ) . the navy ( 10 , 700 personnel , of which 1 , 580 are marines ) has five frigates , seven corvettes , two submarines , and 28 patrol and auxiliary vessels . the air force ( 7 , 500 personnel ) has the lockheed f - 16 fighting falcon and the dassault / dornier alpha jet as the main combat aircraft . [ sep ] 21 , 000
the army ( 21 , 000 personnel ) comprises three brigades and other small units . an infantry brigade ( mainly equipped with pandur ii apc ) , a mechanized brigade ( mainly equipped with leopard 2 a6 tanks and m113 apc ) and a rapid reaction brigade ( consisting of paratroopers , commandos and rangers ) . the navy ( 10 , 700 personnel , of which 1 , 580 are marines ) has five frigates , seven corvettes , two submarines , and 28 patrol and auxiliary vessels . the air force ( 7 , 500 personnel ) has the lockheed f - 16 fighting falcon and the dassault / dornier alpha jet as the main combat aircraft . [ sep ] pandur ii apc
the army ( 21 , 000 personnel ) comprises three brigades and other small units . an infantry brigade ( mainly equipped with pandur ii apc ) , a mechanized brigade ( mainly equipped with leopard 2 a6 tanks and m113 apc ) and a rapid reaction brigade ( consisting of paratroopers , commandos and rangers ) . the navy ( 10 , 700 personnel , of which 1 , 580 are marines ) has five frigates , seven corvettes , two submarines , and 28 patrol and auxiliary vessels . the air force ( 7 , 500 personnel ) has the lockheed f - 16 fighting falcon and the dassault / dornier alpha jet as the main combat aircraft . [ sep ] leopard 2 a6 tanks and m113 apc
the army ( 21 , 000 personnel ) comprises three brigades and other small units . an infantry brigade ( mainly equipped with pandur ii apc ) , a mechanized brigade ( mainly equipped with leopard 2 a6 tanks and m113 apc ) and a rapid reaction brigade ( consisting of paratroopers , commandos and rangers ) . the navy ( 10 , 700 personnel , of which 1 , 580 are marines ) has five frigates , seven corvettes , two submarines , and 28 patrol and auxiliary vessels . the air force ( 7 , 500 personnel ) has the lockheed f - 16 fighting falcon and the dassault / dornier alpha jet as the main combat aircraft . [ sep ] paratroopers , commandos and rangers
the army ( 21 , 000 personnel ) comprises three brigades and other small units . an infantry brigade ( mainly equipped with pandur ii apc ) , a mechanized brigade ( mainly equipped with leopard 2 a6 tanks and m113 apc ) and a rapid reaction brigade ( consisting of paratroopers , commandos and rangers ) . the navy ( 10 , 700 personnel , of which 1 , 580 are marines ) has five frigates , seven corvettes , two submarines , and 28 patrol and auxiliary vessels . the air force ( 7 , 500 personnel ) has the lockheed f - 16 fighting falcon and the dassault / dornier alpha jet as the main combat aircraft . [ sep ] 10 , 700
in the 20th century , portugal engaged in two major conflicts : world war i and the portuguese colonial war ( 1961 – 1974 ) . after the end of the portuguese empire in 1975 , the portuguese armed forces have participated in peacekeeping missions in east timor , bosnia , kosovo , afghanistan , somalia , iraq ( nasiriyah ) and lebanon . portugal also conducted several independent unilateral military operations abroad , as were the cases of the interventions of the portuguese armed forces in angola in 1992 and in guinea - bissau in 1998 with the main objectives of protecting and withdrawing of portuguese and foreign citizens threatened by local civil conflicts . [ sep ] world war i and the portuguese colonial war
in the 20th century , portugal engaged in two major conflicts : world war i and the portuguese colonial war ( 1961 – 1974 ) . after the end of the portuguese empire in 1975 , the portuguese armed forces have participated in peacekeeping missions in east timor , bosnia , kosovo , afghanistan , somalia , iraq ( nasiriyah ) and lebanon . portugal also conducted several independent unilateral military operations abroad , as were the cases of the interventions of the portuguese armed forces in angola in 1992 and in guinea - bissau in 1998 with the main objectives of protecting and withdrawing of portuguese and foreign citizens threatened by local civil conflicts . [ sep ] 1961 – 1974
in the 20th century , portugal engaged in two major conflicts : world war i and the portuguese colonial war ( 1961 – 1974 ) . after the end of the portuguese empire in 1975 , the portuguese armed forces have participated in peacekeeping missions in east timor , bosnia , kosovo , afghanistan , somalia , iraq ( nasiriyah ) and lebanon . portugal also conducted several independent unilateral military operations abroad , as were the cases of the interventions of the portuguese armed forces in angola in 1992 and in guinea - bissau in 1998 with the main objectives of protecting and withdrawing of portuguese and foreign citizens threatened by local civil conflicts . [ sep ] east timor , bosnia , kosovo , afghanistan , somalia , iraq ( nasiriyah ) and lebanon
in the 20th century , portugal engaged in two major conflicts : world war i and the portuguese colonial war ( 1961 – 1974 ) . after the end of the portuguese empire in 1975 , the portuguese armed forces have participated in peacekeeping missions in east timor , bosnia , kosovo , afghanistan , somalia , iraq ( nasiriyah ) and lebanon . portugal also conducted several independent unilateral military operations abroad , as were the cases of the interventions of the portuguese armed forces in angola in 1992 and in guinea - bissau in 1998 with the main objectives of protecting and withdrawing of portuguese and foreign citizens threatened by local civil conflicts . [ sep ] angola in 1992 and in guinea - bissau in 1998
with a total area of 147 , 040 square miles ( 380 , 800 km2 ) , montana is slightly larger than japan . it is the fourth largest state in the united states after alaska , texas , and california ; the largest landlocked u . s . state ; and the 56th largest national state / province subdivision in the world . to the north , montana shares a 545 - mile ( 877 km ) border with three canadian provinces : british columbia , alberta , and saskatchewan , the only state to do so . it borders north dakota and south dakota to the east , wyoming to the south and idaho to the west and southwest . [ sep ] 147 , 040 square miles
with a total area of 147 , 040 square miles ( 380 , 800 km2 ) , montana is slightly larger than japan . it is the fourth largest state in the united states after alaska , texas , and california ; the largest landlocked u . s . state ; and the 56th largest national state / province subdivision in the world . to the north , montana shares a 545 - mile ( 877 km ) border with three canadian provinces : british columbia , alberta , and saskatchewan , the only state to do so . it borders north dakota and south dakota to the east , wyoming to the south and idaho to the west and southwest . [ sep ] wyoming
with a total area of 147 , 040 square miles ( 380 , 800 km2 ) , montana is slightly larger than japan . it is the fourth largest state in the united states after alaska , texas , and california ; the largest landlocked u . s . state ; and the 56th largest national state / province subdivision in the world . to the north , montana shares a 545 - mile ( 877 km ) border with three canadian provinces : british columbia , alberta , and saskatchewan , the only state to do so . it borders north dakota and south dakota to the east , wyoming to the south and idaho to the west and southwest . [ sep ] idaho
after the bailout was announced , the portuguese government headed by pedro passos coelho managed to implement measures with the intention of improve the state ' s financial situation , including tax hikes , a freeze of civil service - related lower - wages and cuts of higher - wages by 14 . 3 % , on top of the government ' s spending cuts . the portuguese government also agreed to eliminate its golden share in portugal telecom which gave it veto power over vital decisions . in 2012 , all public servants had already seen an average wage cut of 20 % relative to their 2010 baseline , with cuts reaching 25 % for those earning more than 1 , 500 euro per month . [ sep ] pedro passos coelho
after the bailout was announced , the portuguese government headed by pedro passos coelho managed to implement measures with the intention of improve the state ' s financial situation , including tax hikes , a freeze of civil service - related lower - wages and cuts of higher - wages by 14 . 3 % , on top of the government ' s spending cuts . the portuguese government also agreed to eliminate its golden share in portugal telecom which gave it veto power over vital decisions . in 2012 , all public servants had already seen an average wage cut of 20 % relative to their 2010 baseline , with cuts reaching 25 % for those earning more than 1 , 500 euro per month . [ sep ] improve the state ' s financial situation
after the bailout was announced , the portuguese government headed by pedro passos coelho managed to implement measures with the intention of improve the state ' s financial situation , including tax hikes , a freeze of civil service - related lower - wages and cuts of higher - wages by 14 . 3 % , on top of the government ' s spending cuts . the portuguese government also agreed to eliminate its golden share in portugal telecom which gave it veto power over vital decisions . in 2012 , all public servants had already seen an average wage cut of 20 % relative to their 2010 baseline , with cuts reaching 25 % for those earning more than 1 , 500 euro per month . [ sep ] tax hikes , a freeze of civil service - related lower - wages and cuts of higher - wages by 14 . 3 % , on top of the government ' s spending cuts
after the bailout was announced , the portuguese government headed by pedro passos coelho managed to implement measures with the intention of improve the state ' s financial situation , including tax hikes , a freeze of civil service - related lower - wages and cuts of higher - wages by 14 . 3 % , on top of the government ' s spending cuts . the portuguese government also agreed to eliminate its golden share in portugal telecom which gave it veto power over vital decisions . in 2012 , all public servants had already seen an average wage cut of 20 % relative to their 2010 baseline , with cuts reaching 25 % for those earning more than 1 , 500 euro per month . [ sep ] 20 %
a report released in january 2011 by the diario de noticias and published in portugal by gradiva , had demonstrated that in the period between the carnation revolution in 1974 and 2010 , the democratic portuguese republic governments encouraged over - expenditure and investment bubbles through unclear public – private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms . this allowed considerable slippage in state - managed public works and inflated top management and head officer bonuses and wages . persistent and lasting recruitment policies boosted the number of redundant public servants . risky credit , public debt creation , and european structural and cohesion funds were mismanaged across almost four decades . [ sep ] 1974
a report released in january 2011 by the diario de noticias and published in portugal by gradiva , had demonstrated that in the period between the carnation revolution in 1974 and 2010 , the democratic portuguese republic governments encouraged over - expenditure and investment bubbles through unclear public – private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms . this allowed considerable slippage in state - managed public works and inflated top management and head officer bonuses and wages . persistent and lasting recruitment policies boosted the number of redundant public servants . risky credit , public debt creation , and european structural and cohesion funds were mismanaged across almost four decades . [ sep ] unclear public – private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms
a report released in january 2011 by the diario de noticias and published in portugal by gradiva , had demonstrated that in the period between the carnation revolution in 1974 and 2010 , the democratic portuguese republic governments encouraged over - expenditure and investment bubbles through unclear public – private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms . this allowed considerable slippage in state - managed public works and inflated top management and head officer bonuses and wages . persistent and lasting recruitment policies boosted the number of redundant public servants . risky credit , public debt creation , and european structural and cohesion funds were mismanaged across almost four decades . [ sep ] diario de noticias
jonassohn and bjornson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events . for example , frank chalk and kurt jonassohn studied the whole of human history , while leo kuper and r . j . rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century , and helen fein , barbara harff and ted gurr have looked at post world war ii events . jonassohn and bjornson are critical of some of these studies , arguing that they are too expansive , and conclude that the academic discipline of genocide studies is too young to have a canon of work on which to build an academic paradigm . [ sep ] jonassohn and bjornson
jonassohn and bjornson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events . for example , frank chalk and kurt jonassohn studied the whole of human history , while leo kuper and r . j . rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century , and helen fein , barbara harff and ted gurr have looked at post world war ii events . jonassohn and bjornson are critical of some of these studies , arguing that they are too expansive , and conclude that the academic discipline of genocide studies is too young to have a canon of work on which to build an academic paradigm . [ sep ] their focus
jonassohn and bjornson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events . for example , frank chalk and kurt jonassohn studied the whole of human history , while leo kuper and r . j . rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century , and helen fein , barbara harff and ted gurr have looked at post world war ii events . jonassohn and bjornson are critical of some of these studies , arguing that they are too expansive , and conclude that the academic discipline of genocide studies is too young to have a canon of work on which to build an academic paradigm . [ sep ] frank chalk
jonassohn and bjornson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events . for example , frank chalk and kurt jonassohn studied the whole of human history , while leo kuper and r . j . rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century , and helen fein , barbara harff and ted gurr have looked at post world war ii events . jonassohn and bjornson are critical of some of these studies , arguing that they are too expansive , and conclude that the academic discipline of genocide studies is too young to have a canon of work on which to build an academic paradigm . [ sep ] r . j . rummel
jonassohn and bjornson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events . for example , frank chalk and kurt jonassohn studied the whole of human history , while leo kuper and r . j . rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century , and helen fein , barbara harff and ted gurr have looked at post world war ii events . jonassohn and bjornson are critical of some of these studies , arguing that they are too expansive , and conclude that the academic discipline of genocide studies is too young to have a canon of work on which to build an academic paradigm . [ sep ] ted gurr
after the financial crisis of 2007 – 08 , it was known in 2008 – 2009 that two portuguese banks ( banco portugues de negocios ( bpn ) and banco privado portugues ( bpp ) ) had been accumulating losses for years due to bad investments , embezzlement and accounting fraud . the case of bpn was particularly serious because of its size , market share , and the political implications - portugal ' s then current president , cavaco silva , and some of his political allies , maintained personal and business relationships with the bank and its ceo , who was eventually charged and arrested for fraud and other crimes . in the grounds of avoiding a potentially serious financial crisis in the portuguese economy , the portuguese government decided to give them a bailout , eventually at a future loss to taxpayers and to the portuguese people in general . [ sep ] 2007 – 08
after the financial crisis of 2007 – 08 , it was known in 2008 – 2009 that two portuguese banks ( banco portugues de negocios ( bpn ) and banco privado portugues ( bpp ) ) had been accumulating losses for years due to bad investments , embezzlement and accounting fraud . the case of bpn was particularly serious because of its size , market share , and the political implications - portugal ' s then current president , cavaco silva , and some of his political allies , maintained personal and business relationships with the bank and its ceo , who was eventually charged and arrested for fraud and other crimes . in the grounds of avoiding a potentially serious financial crisis in the portuguese economy , the portuguese government decided to give them a bailout , eventually at a future loss to taxpayers and to the portuguese people in general . [ sep ] banco portugues de negocios ( bpn ) and banco privado portugues ( bpp )
after the financial crisis of 2007 – 08 , it was known in 2008 – 2009 that two portuguese banks ( banco portugues de negocios ( bpn ) and banco privado portugues ( bpp ) ) had been accumulating losses for years due to bad investments , embezzlement and accounting fraud . the case of bpn was particularly serious because of its size , market share , and the political implications - portugal ' s then current president , cavaco silva , and some of his political allies , maintained personal and business relationships with the bank and its ceo , who was eventually charged and arrested for fraud and other crimes . in the grounds of avoiding a potentially serious financial crisis in the portuguese economy , the portuguese government decided to give them a bailout , eventually at a future loss to taxpayers and to the portuguese people in general . [ sep ] bad investments , embezzlement and accounting fraud
after the financial crisis of 2007 – 08 , it was known in 2008 – 2009 that two portuguese banks ( banco portugues de negocios ( bpn ) and banco privado portugues ( bpp ) ) had been accumulating losses for years due to bad investments , embezzlement and accounting fraud . the case of bpn was particularly serious because of its size , market share , and the political implications - portugal ' s then current president , cavaco silva , and some of his political allies , maintained personal and business relationships with the bank and its ceo , who was eventually charged and arrested for fraud and other crimes . in the grounds of avoiding a potentially serious financial crisis in the portuguese economy , the portuguese government decided to give them a bailout , eventually at a future loss to taxpayers and to the portuguese people in general . [ sep ] its size , market share , and the political implications
after the financial crisis of 2007 – 08 , it was known in 2008 – 2009 that two portuguese banks ( banco portugues de negocios ( bpn ) and banco privado portugues ( bpp ) ) had been accumulating losses for years due to bad investments , embezzlement and accounting fraud . the case of bpn was particularly serious because of its size , market share , and the political implications - portugal ' s then current president , cavaco silva , and some of his political allies , maintained personal and business relationships with the bank and its ceo , who was eventually charged and arrested for fraud and other crimes . in the grounds of avoiding a potentially serious financial crisis in the portuguese economy , the portuguese government decided to give them a bailout , eventually at a future loss to taxpayers and to the portuguese people in general . [ sep ] fraud
the portuguese currency is the euro ( € ) , which replaced the portuguese escudo , and the country was one of the original member states of the eurozone . portugal ' s central bank is the banco de portugal , an integral part of the european system of central banks . most industries , businesses and financial institutions are concentrated in the lisbon and porto metropolitan areas — the setubal , aveiro , braga , coimbra and leiria districts are the biggest economic centres outside these two main areas . [ citation needed ] according to world travel awards , portugal is the europe ' s leading golf destination 2012 and 2013 . [ sep ] the euro ( € )
the portuguese currency is the euro ( € ) , which replaced the portuguese escudo , and the country was one of the original member states of the eurozone . portugal ' s central bank is the banco de portugal , an integral part of the european system of central banks . most industries , businesses and financial institutions are concentrated in the lisbon and porto metropolitan areas — the setubal , aveiro , braga , coimbra and leiria districts are the biggest economic centres outside these two main areas . [ citation needed ] according to world travel awards , portugal is the europe ' s leading golf destination 2012 and 2013 . [ sep ] portuguese escudo
the portuguese currency is the euro ( € ) , which replaced the portuguese escudo , and the country was one of the original member states of the eurozone . portugal ' s central bank is the banco de portugal , an integral part of the european system of central banks . most industries , businesses and financial institutions are concentrated in the lisbon and porto metropolitan areas — the setubal , aveiro , braga , coimbra and leiria districts are the biggest economic centres outside these two main areas . [ citation needed ] according to world travel awards , portugal is the europe ' s leading golf destination 2012 and 2013 . [ sep ] banco de portugal
the portuguese currency is the euro ( € ) , which replaced the portuguese escudo , and the country was one of the original member states of the eurozone . portugal ' s central bank is the banco de portugal , an integral part of the european system of central banks . most industries , businesses and financial institutions are concentrated in the lisbon and porto metropolitan areas — the setubal , aveiro , braga , coimbra and leiria districts are the biggest economic centres outside these two main areas . [ citation needed ] according to world travel awards , portugal is the europe ' s leading golf destination 2012 and 2013 . [ sep ] lisbon and porto metropolitan areas
the portuguese currency is the euro ( € ) , which replaced the portuguese escudo , and the country was one of the original member states of the eurozone . portugal ' s central bank is the banco de portugal , an integral part of the european system of central banks . most industries , businesses and financial institutions are concentrated in the lisbon and porto metropolitan areas — the setubal , aveiro , braga , coimbra and leiria districts are the biggest economic centres outside these two main areas . [ citation needed ] according to world travel awards , portugal is the europe ' s leading golf destination 2012 and 2013 . [ sep ] golf
the exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the cppcg legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists , for example m . hassan kakar in his book the soviet invasion and the afghan response , 1979 – 1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted , and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes chalk and jonassohn : " genocide is a form of one - sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group , as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator . " while there are various definitions of the term , adam jones states that the majority of genocide scholars consider that " intent to destroy " is a requirement for any act to be labelled genocide , and that there is growing agreement on the inclusion of the physical destruction criterion . [ sep ] social and political groups
the exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the cppcg legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists , for example m . hassan kakar in his book the soviet invasion and the afghan response , 1979 – 1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted , and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes chalk and jonassohn : " genocide is a form of one - sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group , as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator . " while there are various definitions of the term , adam jones states that the majority of genocide scholars consider that " intent to destroy " is a requirement for any act to be labelled genocide , and that there is growing agreement on the inclusion of the physical destruction criterion . [ sep ] the soviet invasion and the afghan response
the exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the cppcg legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists , for example m . hassan kakar in his book the soviet invasion and the afghan response , 1979 – 1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted , and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes chalk and jonassohn : " genocide is a form of one - sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group , as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator . " while there are various definitions of the term , adam jones states that the majority of genocide scholars consider that " intent to destroy " is a requirement for any act to be labelled genocide , and that there is growing agreement on the inclusion of the physical destruction criterion . [ sep ] political groups
the exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the cppcg legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists , for example m . hassan kakar in his book the soviet invasion and the afghan response , 1979 – 1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted , and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes chalk and jonassohn : " genocide is a form of one - sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group , as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator . " while there are various definitions of the term , adam jones states that the majority of genocide scholars consider that " intent to destroy " is a requirement for any act to be labelled genocide , and that there is growing agreement on the inclusion of the physical destruction criterion . [ sep ] genocide
the exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the cppcg legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists , for example m . hassan kakar in his book the soviet invasion and the afghan response , 1979 – 1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted , and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes chalk and jonassohn : " genocide is a form of one - sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group , as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator . " while there are various definitions of the term , adam jones states that the majority of genocide scholars consider that " intent to destroy " is a requirement for any act to be labelled genocide , and that there is growing agreement on the inclusion of the physical destruction criterion . [ sep ] intends to destroy a group
since the carnation revolution of 1974 , which culminated in the end of one of portugal ' s most notable phases of economic expansion ( that started in the 1960s ) , a significant change has occurred in the nation ' s annual economic growth . [ citation needed ] after the turmoil of the 1974 revolution and the prec period , portugal tried to adapt to a changing modern global economy , a process that continues in 2013 . since the 1990s , portugal ' s public consumption - based economic development model has been slowly changing to a system that is focused on exports , private investment and the development of the high - tech sector . consequently , business services have overtaken more traditional industries such as textiles , clothing , footwear and cork ( portugal is the world ' s leading cork producer ) , wood products and beverages . [ sep ] 1974
since the carnation revolution of 1974 , which culminated in the end of one of portugal ' s most notable phases of economic expansion ( that started in the 1960s ) , a significant change has occurred in the nation ' s annual economic growth . [ citation needed ] after the turmoil of the 1974 revolution and the prec period , portugal tried to adapt to a changing modern global economy , a process that continues in 2013 . since the 1990s , portugal ' s public consumption - based economic development model has been slowly changing to a system that is focused on exports , private investment and the development of the high - tech sector . consequently , business services have overtaken more traditional industries such as textiles , clothing , footwear and cork ( portugal is the world ' s leading cork producer ) , wood products and beverages . [ sep ] prec period
since the carnation revolution of 1974 , which culminated in the end of one of portugal ' s most notable phases of economic expansion ( that started in the 1960s ) , a significant change has occurred in the nation ' s annual economic growth . [ citation needed ] after the turmoil of the 1974 revolution and the prec period , portugal tried to adapt to a changing modern global economy , a process that continues in 2013 . since the 1990s , portugal ' s public consumption - based economic development model has been slowly changing to a system that is focused on exports , private investment and the development of the high - tech sector . consequently , business services have overtaken more traditional industries such as textiles , clothing , footwear and cork ( portugal is the world ' s leading cork producer ) , wood products and beverages . [ sep ] changing to a system that is focused on exports , private investment and the development of the high - tech sector
since the carnation revolution of 1974 , which culminated in the end of one of portugal ' s most notable phases of economic expansion ( that started in the 1960s ) , a significant change has occurred in the nation ' s annual economic growth . [ citation needed ] after the turmoil of the 1974 revolution and the prec period , portugal tried to adapt to a changing modern global economy , a process that continues in 2013 . since the 1990s , portugal ' s public consumption - based economic development model has been slowly changing to a system that is focused on exports , private investment and the development of the high - tech sector . consequently , business services have overtaken more traditional industries such as textiles , clothing , footwear and cork ( portugal is the world ' s leading cork producer ) , wood products and beverages . [ sep ] textiles , clothing , footwear and cork
since the carnation revolution of 1974 , which culminated in the end of one of portugal ' s most notable phases of economic expansion ( that started in the 1960s ) , a significant change has occurred in the nation ' s annual economic growth . [ citation needed ] after the turmoil of the 1974 revolution and the prec period , portugal tried to adapt to a changing modern global economy , a process that continues in 2013 . since the 1990s , portugal ' s public consumption - based economic development model has been slowly changing to a system that is focused on exports , private investment and the development of the high - tech sector . consequently , business services have overtaken more traditional industries such as textiles , clothing , footwear and cork ( portugal is the world ' s leading cork producer ) , wood products and beverages . [ sep ] cork
in the second decade of the 21st century the portuguese economy suffered its most severe recession since the 1970s resulting in the country having to be bailed out by the european commission , european central bank and international monetary fund . the bailout , agreed to in 2011 , required portugal to enter into a range of austerity measures in exchange for funding support of €78 billion . in may 2014 the country exited the bailout but reaffirmed its commitment to maintaining its reformist momentum . at the time of exiting the bailout the economy had contracted by 0 . 7 % in the first quarter of 2014 , however unemployment , while still high had fallen to 15 . 3 percent . [ sep ] european commission , european central bank and international monetary fund
in the second decade of the 21st century the portuguese economy suffered its most severe recession since the 1970s resulting in the country having to be bailed out by the european commission , european central bank and international monetary fund . the bailout , agreed to in 2011 , required portugal to enter into a range of austerity measures in exchange for funding support of €78 billion . in may 2014 the country exited the bailout but reaffirmed its commitment to maintaining its reformist momentum . at the time of exiting the bailout the economy had contracted by 0 . 7 % in the first quarter of 2014 , however unemployment , while still high had fallen to 15 . 3 percent . [ sep ] 2011
in the second decade of the 21st century the portuguese economy suffered its most severe recession since the 1970s resulting in the country having to be bailed out by the european commission , european central bank and international monetary fund . the bailout , agreed to in 2011 , required portugal to enter into a range of austerity measures in exchange for funding support of €78 billion . in may 2014 the country exited the bailout but reaffirmed its commitment to maintaining its reformist momentum . at the time of exiting the bailout the economy had contracted by 0 . 7 % in the first quarter of 2014 , however unemployment , while still high had fallen to 15 . 3 percent . [ sep ] €78 billion
in the second decade of the 21st century the portuguese economy suffered its most severe recession since the 1970s resulting in the country having to be bailed out by the european commission , european central bank and international monetary fund . the bailout , agreed to in 2011 , required portugal to enter into a range of austerity measures in exchange for funding support of €78 billion . in may 2014 the country exited the bailout but reaffirmed its commitment to maintaining its reformist momentum . at the time of exiting the bailout the economy had contracted by 0 . 7 % in the first quarter of 2014 , however unemployment , while still high had fallen to 15 . 3 percent . [ sep ] may 2014
in the second decade of the 21st century the portuguese economy suffered its most severe recession since the 1970s resulting in the country having to be bailed out by the european commission , european central bank and international monetary fund . the bailout , agreed to in 2011 , required portugal to enter into a range of austerity measures in exchange for funding support of €78 billion . in may 2014 the country exited the bailout but reaffirmed its commitment to maintaining its reformist momentum . at the time of exiting the bailout the economy had contracted by 0 . 7 % in the first quarter of 2014 , however unemployment , while still high had fallen to 15 . 3 percent . [ sep ] 15 . 3 percent
barbara harff and ted gurr defined genocide as " the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group . . . [ when ] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics , i . e . , ethnicity , religion or nationality . " harff and gurr also differentiate between genocides and politicides by the characteristics by which members of a group are identified by the state . in genocides , the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics , i . e . , ethnicity , religion or nationality . in politicides the victim groups are defined primarily in terms of their hierarchical position or political opposition to the regime and dominant groups . daniel d . polsby and don b . kates , jr . state that " . . . we follow harff ' s distinction between genocides and ' pogroms , ' which she describes as ' short - lived outbursts by mobs , which , although often condoned by authorities , rarely persist . ' if the violence persists for long enough , however , harff argues , the distinction between condonation and complicity collapses . " [ sep ] policies
barbara harff and ted gurr defined genocide as " the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group . . . [ when ] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics , i . e . , ethnicity , religion or nationality . " harff and gurr also differentiate between genocides and politicides by the characteristics by which members of a group are identified by the state . in genocides , the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics , i . e . , ethnicity , religion or nationality . in politicides the victim groups are defined primarily in terms of their hierarchical position or political opposition to the regime and dominant groups . daniel d . polsby and don b . kates , jr . state that " . . . we follow harff ' s distinction between genocides and ' pogroms , ' which she describes as ' short - lived outbursts by mobs , which , although often condoned by authorities , rarely persist . ' if the violence persists for long enough , however , harff argues , the distinction between condonation and complicity collapses . " [ sep ] victimized groups
barbara harff and ted gurr defined genocide as " the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group . . . [ when ] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics , i . e . , ethnicity , religion or nationality . " harff and gurr also differentiate between genocides and politicides by the characteristics by which members of a group are identified by the state . in genocides , the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics , i . e . , ethnicity , religion or nationality . in politicides the victim groups are defined primarily in terms of their hierarchical position or political opposition to the regime and dominant groups . daniel d . polsby and don b . kates , jr . state that " . . . we follow harff ' s distinction between genocides and ' pogroms , ' which she describes as ' short - lived outbursts by mobs , which , although often condoned by authorities , rarely persist . ' if the violence persists for long enough , however , harff argues , the distinction between condonation and complicity collapses . " [ sep ] politicides
barbara harff and ted gurr defined genocide as " the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group . . . [ when ] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics , i . e . , ethnicity , religion or nationality . " harff and gurr also differentiate between genocides and politicides by the characteristics by which members of a group are identified by the state . in genocides , the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics , i . e . , ethnicity , religion or nationality . in politicides the victim groups are defined primarily in terms of their hierarchical position or political opposition to the regime and dominant groups . daniel d . polsby and don b . kates , jr . state that " . . . we follow harff ' s distinction between genocides and ' pogroms , ' which she describes as ' short - lived outbursts by mobs , which , although often condoned by authorities , rarely persist . ' if the violence persists for long enough , however , harff argues , the distinction between condonation and complicity collapses . " [ sep ] nationality
barbara harff and ted gurr defined genocide as " the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group . . . [ when ] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics , i . e . , ethnicity , religion or nationality . " harff and gurr also differentiate between genocides and politicides by the characteristics by which members of a group are identified by the state . in genocides , the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics , i . e . , ethnicity , religion or nationality . in politicides the victim groups are defined primarily in terms of their hierarchical position or political opposition to the regime and dominant groups . daniel d . polsby and don b . kates , jr . state that " . . . we follow harff ' s distinction between genocides and ' pogroms , ' which she describes as ' short - lived outbursts by mobs , which , although often condoned by authorities , rarely persist . ' if the violence persists for long enough , however , harff argues , the distinction between condonation and complicity collapses . " [ sep ] pogroms
according to r . j . rummel , genocide has 3 different meanings . the ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national , ethnic , racial , or religious group membership . the legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty , the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide . this also includes non - killings that in the end eliminate the group , such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group . a generalized meaning of genocide is similar to the ordinary meaning but also includes government killings of political opponents or otherwise intentional murder . it is to avoid confusion regarding what meaning is intended that rummel created the term democide for the third meaning . [ sep ] murder by government
according to r . j . rummel , genocide has 3 different meanings . the ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national , ethnic , racial , or religious group membership . the legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty , the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide . this also includes non - killings that in the end eliminate the group , such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group . a generalized meaning of genocide is similar to the ordinary meaning but also includes government killings of political opponents or otherwise intentional murder . it is to avoid confusion regarding what meaning is intended that rummel created the term democide for the third meaning . [ sep ] religious group
according to r . j . rummel , genocide has 3 different meanings . the ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national , ethnic , racial , or religious group membership . the legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty , the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide . this also includes non - killings that in the end eliminate the group , such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group . a generalized meaning of genocide is similar to the ordinary meaning but also includes government killings of political opponents or otherwise intentional murder . it is to avoid confusion regarding what meaning is intended that rummel created the term democide for the third meaning . [ sep ] convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide
according to r . j . rummel , genocide has 3 different meanings . the ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national , ethnic , racial , or religious group membership . the legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty , the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide . this also includes non - killings that in the end eliminate the group , such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group . a generalized meaning of genocide is similar to the ordinary meaning but also includes government killings of political opponents or otherwise intentional murder . it is to avoid confusion regarding what meaning is intended that rummel created the term democide for the third meaning . [ sep ] eliminate the group
according to r . j . rummel , genocide has 3 different meanings . the ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national , ethnic , racial , or religious group membership . the legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty , the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide . this also includes non - killings that in the end eliminate the group , such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group . a generalized meaning of genocide is similar to the ordinary meaning but also includes government killings of political opponents or otherwise intentional murder . it is to avoid confusion regarding what meaning is intended that rummel created the term democide for the third meaning . [ sep ] preventing births
highlighting the potential for state and non - state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century , for example , in failed states or as non - state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction , adrian gallagher defined genocide as ' when a source of collective power ( usually a state ) intentionally uses its power base to implement a process of destruction in order to destroy a group ( as defined by the perpetrator ) , in whole or in substantial part , dependent upon relative group size ' . the definition upholds the centrality of intent , the multidimensional understanding of destroy , broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the 1948 definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide ( dependent on relative group size ) . [ sep ] adrian gallagher
highlighting the potential for state and non - state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century , for example , in failed states or as non - state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction , adrian gallagher defined genocide as ' when a source of collective power ( usually a state ) intentionally uses its power base to implement a process of destruction in order to destroy a group ( as defined by the perpetrator ) , in whole or in substantial part , dependent upon relative group size ' . the definition upholds the centrality of intent , the multidimensional understanding of destroy , broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the 1948 definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide ( dependent on relative group size ) . [ sep ] collective power
highlighting the potential for state and non - state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century , for example , in failed states or as non - state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction , adrian gallagher defined genocide as ' when a source of collective power ( usually a state ) intentionally uses its power base to implement a process of destruction in order to destroy a group ( as defined by the perpetrator ) , in whole or in substantial part , dependent upon relative group size ' . the definition upholds the centrality of intent , the multidimensional understanding of destroy , broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the 1948 definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide ( dependent on relative group size ) . [ sep ] intent
highlighting the potential for state and non - state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century , for example , in failed states or as non - state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction , adrian gallagher defined genocide as ' when a source of collective power ( usually a state ) intentionally uses its power base to implement a process of destruction in order to destroy a group ( as defined by the perpetrator ) , in whole or in substantial part , dependent upon relative group size ' . the definition upholds the centrality of intent , the multidimensional understanding of destroy , broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the 1948 definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide ( dependent on relative group size ) . [ sep ] group identity
highlighting the potential for state and non - state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century , for example , in failed states or as non - state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction , adrian gallagher defined genocide as ' when a source of collective power ( usually a state ) intentionally uses its power base to implement a process of destruction in order to destroy a group ( as defined by the perpetrator ) , in whole or in substantial part , dependent upon relative group size ' . the definition upholds the centrality of intent , the multidimensional understanding of destroy , broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the 1948 definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide ( dependent on relative group size ) . [ sep ] destroyed
all signatories to the cppcg are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide , both in peace and wartime , though some barriers make this enforcement difficult . in particular , some of the signatories — namely , bahrain , bangladesh , india , malaysia , the philippines , singapore , the united states , vietnam , yemen , and former yugoslavia — signed with the proviso that no claim of genocide could be brought against them at the international court of justice without their consent . despite official protests from other signatories ( notably cyprus and norway ) on the ethics and legal standing of these reservations , the immunity from prosecution they grant has been invoked from time to time , as when the united states refused to allow a charge of genocide brought against it by former yugoslavia following the 1999 kosovo war . [ sep ] acts of genocide
all signatories to the cppcg are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide , both in peace and wartime , though some barriers make this enforcement difficult . in particular , some of the signatories — namely , bahrain , bangladesh , india , malaysia , the philippines , singapore , the united states , vietnam , yemen , and former yugoslavia — signed with the proviso that no claim of genocide could be brought against them at the international court of justice without their consent . despite official protests from other signatories ( notably cyprus and norway ) on the ethics and legal standing of these reservations , the immunity from prosecution they grant has been invoked from time to time , as when the united states refused to allow a charge of genocide brought against it by former yugoslavia following the 1999 kosovo war . [ sep ] both in peace and wartime
all signatories to the cppcg are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide , both in peace and wartime , though some barriers make this enforcement difficult . in particular , some of the signatories — namely , bahrain , bangladesh , india , malaysia , the philippines , singapore , the united states , vietnam , yemen , and former yugoslavia — signed with the proviso that no claim of genocide could be brought against them at the international court of justice without their consent . despite official protests from other signatories ( notably cyprus and norway ) on the ethics and legal standing of these reservations , the immunity from prosecution they grant has been invoked from time to time , as when the united states refused to allow a charge of genocide brought against it by former yugoslavia following the 1999 kosovo war . [ sep ] no claim of genocide could be brought against them
all signatories to the cppcg are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide , both in peace and wartime , though some barriers make this enforcement difficult . in particular , some of the signatories — namely , bahrain , bangladesh , india , malaysia , the philippines , singapore , the united states , vietnam , yemen , and former yugoslavia — signed with the proviso that no claim of genocide could be brought against them at the international court of justice without their consent . despite official protests from other signatories ( notably cyprus and norway ) on the ethics and legal standing of these reservations , the immunity from prosecution they grant has been invoked from time to time , as when the united states refused to allow a charge of genocide brought against it by former yugoslavia following the 1999 kosovo war . [ sep ] the united states
all signatories to the cppcg are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide , both in peace and wartime , though some barriers make this enforcement difficult . in particular , some of the signatories — namely , bahrain , bangladesh , india , malaysia , the philippines , singapore , the united states , vietnam , yemen , and former yugoslavia — signed with the proviso that no claim of genocide could be brought against them at the international court of justice without their consent . despite official protests from other signatories ( notably cyprus and norway ) on the ethics and legal standing of these reservations , the immunity from prosecution they grant has been invoked from time to time , as when the united states refused to allow a charge of genocide brought against it by former yugoslavia following the 1999 kosovo war . [ sep ] norway
agriculture in portugal is based on small to medium - sized family - owned dispersed units . however , the sector also includes larger scale intensive farming export - oriented agrobusinesses backed by companies ( like grupo rar ' s vitacress , sovena , lactogal , vale da rosa , companhia das lezirias and valouro ) . the country produces a wide variety of crops and livestock products , including tomatoes , citrus , green vegetables , rice , corn , barley , olives , oilseeds , nuts , cherries , bilberry , table grapes , edible mushrooms , dairy products , poultry and beef . [ sep ] small to medium - sized family - owned dispersed units
agriculture in portugal is based on small to medium - sized family - owned dispersed units . however , the sector also includes larger scale intensive farming export - oriented agrobusinesses backed by companies ( like grupo rar ' s vitacress , sovena , lactogal , vale da rosa , companhia das lezirias and valouro ) . the country produces a wide variety of crops and livestock products , including tomatoes , citrus , green vegetables , rice , corn , barley , olives , oilseeds , nuts , cherries , bilberry , table grapes , edible mushrooms , dairy products , poultry and beef . [ sep ] grupo rar ' s vitacress , sovena , lactogal , vale da rosa , companhia das lezirias and valouro
agriculture in portugal is based on small to medium - sized family - owned dispersed units . however , the sector also includes larger scale intensive farming export - oriented agrobusinesses backed by companies ( like grupo rar ' s vitacress , sovena , lactogal , vale da rosa , companhia das lezirias and valouro ) . the country produces a wide variety of crops and livestock products , including tomatoes , citrus , green vegetables , rice , corn , barley , olives , oilseeds , nuts , cherries , bilberry , table grapes , edible mushrooms , dairy products , poultry and beef . [ sep ] tomatoes , citrus , green vegetables , rice , corn , barley , olives , oilseeds , nuts , cherries , bilberry , table grapes , edible mushrooms
agriculture in portugal is based on small to medium - sized family - owned dispersed units . however , the sector also includes larger scale intensive farming export - oriented agrobusinesses backed by companies ( like grupo rar ' s vitacress , sovena , lactogal , vale da rosa , companhia das lezirias and valouro ) . the country produces a wide variety of crops and livestock products , including tomatoes , citrus , green vegetables , rice , corn , barley , olives , oilseeds , nuts , cherries , bilberry , table grapes , edible mushrooms , dairy products , poultry and beef . [ sep ] dairy products , poultry and beef
traditionally a sea - power , portugal has had a strong tradition in the portuguese fishing sector and is one of the countries with the highest fish consumption per capita . the main landing sites in portugal ( including azores and madeira ) , according to total landings in weight by year , are the harbours of matosinhos , peniche , olhao , sesimbra , figueira da foz , sines , portimao and madeira . portuguese processed fish products are exported through several companies , under a number of different brands and registered trademarks , such as ramirez ( the world ’ s oldest active canned fish producer ) , bom petisco , nero , combate , comur , general , lider , manna , murtosa , pescador , piteu , tenorio , torreira and vasco da gama . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] ramirez
traditionally a sea - power , portugal has had a strong tradition in the portuguese fishing sector and is one of the countries with the highest fish consumption per capita . the main landing sites in portugal ( including azores and madeira ) , according to total landings in weight by year , are the harbours of matosinhos , peniche , olhao , sesimbra , figueira da foz , sines , portimao and madeira . portuguese processed fish products are exported through several companies , under a number of different brands and registered trademarks , such as ramirez ( the world ’ s oldest active canned fish producer ) , bom petisco , nero , combate , comur , general , lider , manna , murtosa , pescador , piteu , tenorio , torreira and vasco da gama . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] bom petisco , nero , combate , comur , general , lider , manna , murtosa , pescador , piteu , tenorio , torreira and vasco da gama
traditionally a sea - power , portugal has had a strong tradition in the portuguese fishing sector and is one of the countries with the highest fish consumption per capita . the main landing sites in portugal ( including azores and madeira ) , according to total landings in weight by year , are the harbours of matosinhos , peniche , olhao , sesimbra , figueira da foz , sines , portimao and madeira . portuguese processed fish products are exported through several companies , under a number of different brands and registered trademarks , such as ramirez ( the world ’ s oldest active canned fish producer ) , bom petisco , nero , combate , comur , general , lider , manna , murtosa , pescador , piteu , tenorio , torreira and vasco da gama . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] fish
because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide ( cppcg ) , those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the holocaust were found guilty of crimes against humanity and other more specific crimes like murder . nevertheless , the holocaust is universally recognized to have been a genocide and the term , that had been coined the year before by raphael lemkin , appeared in the indictment of the 24 nazi leaders , count 3 , which stated that all the defendants had " conducted deliberate and systematic genocide — namely , the extermination of racial and national groups . . . " [ sep ] convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide
because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide ( cppcg ) , those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the holocaust were found guilty of crimes against humanity and other more specific crimes like murder . nevertheless , the holocaust is universally recognized to have been a genocide and the term , that had been coined the year before by raphael lemkin , appeared in the indictment of the 24 nazi leaders , count 3 , which stated that all the defendants had " conducted deliberate and systematic genocide — namely , the extermination of racial and national groups . . . " [ sep ] humanity
because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide ( cppcg ) , those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the holocaust were found guilty of crimes against humanity and other more specific crimes like murder . nevertheless , the holocaust is universally recognized to have been a genocide and the term , that had been coined the year before by raphael lemkin , appeared in the indictment of the 24 nazi leaders , count 3 , which stated that all the defendants had " conducted deliberate and systematic genocide — namely , the extermination of racial and national groups . . . " [ sep ] crimes like murder
because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide ( cppcg ) , those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the holocaust were found guilty of crimes against humanity and other more specific crimes like murder . nevertheless , the holocaust is universally recognized to have been a genocide and the term , that had been coined the year before by raphael lemkin , appeared in the indictment of the 24 nazi leaders , count 3 , which stated that all the defendants had " conducted deliberate and systematic genocide — namely , the extermination of racial and national groups . . . " [ sep ] the holocaust
because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide ( cppcg ) , those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the holocaust were found guilty of crimes against humanity and other more specific crimes like murder . nevertheless , the holocaust is universally recognized to have been a genocide and the term , that had been coined the year before by raphael lemkin , appeared in the indictment of the 24 nazi leaders , count 3 , which stated that all the defendants had " conducted deliberate and systematic genocide — namely , the extermination of racial and national groups . . . " [ sep ] raphael lemkin
portugal is a significant european minerals producer and is ranked among europe ' s leading copper producers . the nation is also a notable producer of tin , tungsten and uranium . however , the country lacks the potential to conduct hydrocarbon exploration and aluminium , a limitation that has hindered the development of portugal ' s mining and metallurgy sectors . although the country has vast iron and coal reserves — mainly in the north — after the 1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization , low competitiveness forced a decrease in the extraction activity for these minerals . the panasqueira and neves - corvo mines are among the most recognised portuguese mines that are still in operation . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] copper
portugal is a significant european minerals producer and is ranked among europe ' s leading copper producers . the nation is also a notable producer of tin , tungsten and uranium . however , the country lacks the potential to conduct hydrocarbon exploration and aluminium , a limitation that has hindered the development of portugal ' s mining and metallurgy sectors . although the country has vast iron and coal reserves — mainly in the north — after the 1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization , low competitiveness forced a decrease in the extraction activity for these minerals . the panasqueira and neves - corvo mines are among the most recognised portuguese mines that are still in operation . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] tin , tungsten and uranium
portugal is a significant european minerals producer and is ranked among europe ' s leading copper producers . the nation is also a notable producer of tin , tungsten and uranium . however , the country lacks the potential to conduct hydrocarbon exploration and aluminium , a limitation that has hindered the development of portugal ' s mining and metallurgy sectors . although the country has vast iron and coal reserves — mainly in the north — after the 1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization , low competitiveness forced a decrease in the extraction activity for these minerals . the panasqueira and neves - corvo mines are among the most recognised portuguese mines that are still in operation . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] hydrocarbon
portugal is a significant european minerals producer and is ranked among europe ' s leading copper producers . the nation is also a notable producer of tin , tungsten and uranium . however , the country lacks the potential to conduct hydrocarbon exploration and aluminium , a limitation that has hindered the development of portugal ' s mining and metallurgy sectors . although the country has vast iron and coal reserves — mainly in the north — after the 1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization , low competitiveness forced a decrease in the extraction activity for these minerals . the panasqueira and neves - corvo mines are among the most recognised portuguese mines that are still in operation . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] north
portugal is a significant european minerals producer and is ranked among europe ' s leading copper producers . the nation is also a notable producer of tin , tungsten and uranium . however , the country lacks the potential to conduct hydrocarbon exploration and aluminium , a limitation that has hindered the development of portugal ' s mining and metallurgy sectors . although the country has vast iron and coal reserves — mainly in the north — after the 1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization , low competitiveness forced a decrease in the extraction activity for these minerals . the panasqueira and neves - corvo mines are among the most recognised portuguese mines that are still in operation . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] 1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization
industry is diversified , ranging from automotive ( volkswagen autoeuropa and peugeot citroen ) , aerospace ( embraer and ogma ) , electronics and textiles , to food , chemicals , cement and wood pulp . volkswagen group ' s autoeuropa motor vehicle assembly plant in palmela is among the largest foreign direct investment projects in portugal . modern non - traditional technology - based industries , such as aerospace , biotechnology and information technology , have been developed in several locations across the country . alverca , covilha , evora , and ponte de sor are the main centres of the portuguese aerospace industry , which is led by brazil - based company embraer and the portuguese company ogma . following the turn of the 21st century , many major biotechnology and information technology industries have been founded , and are concentrated in the metropolitan areas of lisbon , porto , braga , coimbra and aveiro . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] volkswagen autoeuropa and peugeot citroen
industry is diversified , ranging from automotive ( volkswagen autoeuropa and peugeot citroen ) , aerospace ( embraer and ogma ) , electronics and textiles , to food , chemicals , cement and wood pulp . volkswagen group ' s autoeuropa motor vehicle assembly plant in palmela is among the largest foreign direct investment projects in portugal . modern non - traditional technology - based industries , such as aerospace , biotechnology and information technology , have been developed in several locations across the country . alverca , covilha , evora , and ponte de sor are the main centres of the portuguese aerospace industry , which is led by brazil - based company embraer and the portuguese company ogma . following the turn of the 21st century , many major biotechnology and information technology industries have been founded , and are concentrated in the metropolitan areas of lisbon , porto , braga , coimbra and aveiro . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] embraer and ogma
industry is diversified , ranging from automotive ( volkswagen autoeuropa and peugeot citroen ) , aerospace ( embraer and ogma ) , electronics and textiles , to food , chemicals , cement and wood pulp . volkswagen group ' s autoeuropa motor vehicle assembly plant in palmela is among the largest foreign direct investment projects in portugal . modern non - traditional technology - based industries , such as aerospace , biotechnology and information technology , have been developed in several locations across the country . alverca , covilha , evora , and ponte de sor are the main centres of the portuguese aerospace industry , which is led by brazil - based company embraer and the portuguese company ogma . following the turn of the 21st century , many major biotechnology and information technology industries have been founded , and are concentrated in the metropolitan areas of lisbon , porto , braga , coimbra and aveiro . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] palmela
industry is diversified , ranging from automotive ( volkswagen autoeuropa and peugeot citroen ) , aerospace ( embraer and ogma ) , electronics and textiles , to food , chemicals , cement and wood pulp . volkswagen group ' s autoeuropa motor vehicle assembly plant in palmela is among the largest foreign direct investment projects in portugal . modern non - traditional technology - based industries , such as aerospace , biotechnology and information technology , have been developed in several locations across the country . alverca , covilha , evora , and ponte de sor are the main centres of the portuguese aerospace industry , which is led by brazil - based company embraer and the portuguese company ogma . following the turn of the 21st century , many major biotechnology and information technology industries have been founded , and are concentrated in the metropolitan areas of lisbon , porto , braga , coimbra and aveiro . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] alverca , covilha , evora , and ponte de sor
industry is diversified , ranging from automotive ( volkswagen autoeuropa and peugeot citroen ) , aerospace ( embraer and ogma ) , electronics and textiles , to food , chemicals , cement and wood pulp . volkswagen group ' s autoeuropa motor vehicle assembly plant in palmela is among the largest foreign direct investment projects in portugal . modern non - traditional technology - based industries , such as aerospace , biotechnology and information technology , have been developed in several locations across the country . alverca , covilha , evora , and ponte de sor are the main centres of the portuguese aerospace industry , which is led by brazil - based company embraer and the portuguese company ogma . following the turn of the 21st century , many major biotechnology and information technology industries have been founded , and are concentrated in the metropolitan areas of lisbon , porto , braga , coimbra and aveiro . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] lisbon , porto , braga , coimbra and aveiro
travel and tourism continue to be extremely important for portugal , with visitor numbers forecast to increase significantly in the future . [ citation needed ] however , the increasing competition from eastern european destinations continues to develop , with the presence of similar attractions that are often cheaper in countries such as croatia . consequently , it has been necessary for the country to focus upon its niche attractions , such as health , nature and rural tourism , to stay ahead of its competitors . [ sep ] increase
travel and tourism continue to be extremely important for portugal , with visitor numbers forecast to increase significantly in the future . [ citation needed ] however , the increasing competition from eastern european destinations continues to develop , with the presence of similar attractions that are often cheaper in countries such as croatia . consequently , it has been necessary for the country to focus upon its niche attractions , such as health , nature and rural tourism , to stay ahead of its competitors . [ sep ] eastern european destinations
travel and tourism continue to be extremely important for portugal , with visitor numbers forecast to increase significantly in the future . [ citation needed ] however , the increasing competition from eastern european destinations continues to develop , with the presence of similar attractions that are often cheaper in countries such as croatia . consequently , it has been necessary for the country to focus upon its niche attractions , such as health , nature and rural tourism , to stay ahead of its competitors . [ sep ] focus upon its niche attractions
travel and tourism continue to be extremely important for portugal , with visitor numbers forecast to increase significantly in the future . [ citation needed ] however , the increasing competition from eastern european destinations continues to develop , with the presence of similar attractions that are often cheaper in countries such as croatia . consequently , it has been necessary for the country to focus upon its niche attractions , such as health , nature and rural tourism , to stay ahead of its competitors . [ sep ] health , nature and rural tourism
on 12 july 2007 , european court of human rights when dismissing the appeal by nikola jorgic against his conviction for genocide by a german court ( jorgic v . germany ) noted that the german courts wider interpretation of genocide has since been rejected by international courts considering similar cases . the echr also noted that in the 21st century " amongst scholars , the majority have taken the view that ethnic cleansing , in the way in which it was carried out by the serb forces in bosnia and herzegovina in order to expel muslims and croats from their homes , did not constitute genocide . however , there are also a considerable number of scholars who have suggested that these acts did amount to genocide , and the icty has found in the momcilo krajisnik case that the actus reu , of genocide was met in prijedor " with regard to the charge of genocide , the chamber found that in spite of evidence of acts perpetrated in the municipalities which constituted the actus reus of genocide " . [ sep ] european court of human rights
on 12 july 2007 , european court of human rights when dismissing the appeal by nikola jorgic against his conviction for genocide by a german court ( jorgic v . germany ) noted that the german courts wider interpretation of genocide has since been rejected by international courts considering similar cases . the echr also noted that in the 21st century " amongst scholars , the majority have taken the view that ethnic cleansing , in the way in which it was carried out by the serb forces in bosnia and herzegovina in order to expel muslims and croats from their homes , did not constitute genocide . however , there are also a considerable number of scholars who have suggested that these acts did amount to genocide , and the icty has found in the momcilo krajisnik case that the actus reu , of genocide was met in prijedor " with regard to the charge of genocide , the chamber found that in spite of evidence of acts perpetrated in the municipalities which constituted the actus reus of genocide " . [ sep ] wider interpretation of genocide
on 12 july 2007 , european court of human rights when dismissing the appeal by nikola jorgic against his conviction for genocide by a german court ( jorgic v . germany ) noted that the german courts wider interpretation of genocide has since been rejected by international courts considering similar cases . the echr also noted that in the 21st century " amongst scholars , the majority have taken the view that ethnic cleansing , in the way in which it was carried out by the serb forces in bosnia and herzegovina in order to expel muslims and croats from their homes , did not constitute genocide . however , there are also a considerable number of scholars who have suggested that these acts did amount to genocide , and the icty has found in the momcilo krajisnik case that the actus reu , of genocide was met in prijedor " with regard to the charge of genocide , the chamber found that in spite of evidence of acts perpetrated in the municipalities which constituted the actus reus of genocide " . [ sep ] ethnic cleansing
on 12 july 2007 , european court of human rights when dismissing the appeal by nikola jorgic against his conviction for genocide by a german court ( jorgic v . germany ) noted that the german courts wider interpretation of genocide has since been rejected by international courts considering similar cases . the echr also noted that in the 21st century " amongst scholars , the majority have taken the view that ethnic cleansing , in the way in which it was carried out by the serb forces in bosnia and herzegovina in order to expel muslims and croats from their homes , did not constitute genocide . however , there are also a considerable number of scholars who have suggested that these acts did amount to genocide , and the icty has found in the momcilo krajisnik case that the actus reu , of genocide was met in prijedor " with regard to the charge of genocide , the chamber found that in spite of evidence of acts perpetrated in the municipalities which constituted the actus reus of genocide " . [ sep ] expel muslims and croats from their homes
on 12 july 2007 , european court of human rights when dismissing the appeal by nikola jorgic against his conviction for genocide by a german court ( jorgic v . germany ) noted that the german courts wider interpretation of genocide has since been rejected by international courts considering similar cases . the echr also noted that in the 21st century " amongst scholars , the majority have taken the view that ethnic cleansing , in the way in which it was carried out by the serb forces in bosnia and herzegovina in order to expel muslims and croats from their homes , did not constitute genocide . however , there are also a considerable number of scholars who have suggested that these acts did amount to genocide , and the icty has found in the momcilo krajisnik case that the actus reu , of genocide was met in prijedor " with regard to the charge of genocide , the chamber found that in spite of evidence of acts perpetrated in the municipalities which constituted the actus reus of genocide " . [ sep ] the icty
the poor performance of the portuguese economy was explored in april 2007 by the economist , which described portugal as " a new sick man of europe " . from 2002 to 2007 , the number of unemployed increased by 65 % ( 270 , 500 unemployed citizens in 2002 , 448 , 600 unemployed citizens in 2007 ) . by early december 2009 , the unemployment rate had reached 10 . 2 % – a 23 - year record high . in december 2009 , ratings agency standard & poor ' s lowered its long - term credit assessment of portugal to " negative " from " stable , " voicing pessimism on the country ' s structural weaknesses in the economy and weak competitiveness that would hamper growth and the capacity to strengthen its public finances and reduce debt . in july 2011 , ratings agency moody ' s downgraded its long - term credit assessment of portugal after warning of deteriorating risk of default in march 2011 . [ sep ] the economist
the poor performance of the portuguese economy was explored in april 2007 by the economist , which described portugal as " a new sick man of europe " . from 2002 to 2007 , the number of unemployed increased by 65 % ( 270 , 500 unemployed citizens in 2002 , 448 , 600 unemployed citizens in 2007 ) . by early december 2009 , the unemployment rate had reached 10 . 2 % – a 23 - year record high . in december 2009 , ratings agency standard & poor ' s lowered its long - term credit assessment of portugal to " negative " from " stable , " voicing pessimism on the country ' s structural weaknesses in the economy and weak competitiveness that would hamper growth and the capacity to strengthen its public finances and reduce debt . in july 2011 , ratings agency moody ' s downgraded its long - term credit assessment of portugal after warning of deteriorating risk of default in march 2011 . [ sep ] 65 %
the poor performance of the portuguese economy was explored in april 2007 by the economist , which described portugal as " a new sick man of europe " . from 2002 to 2007 , the number of unemployed increased by 65 % ( 270 , 500 unemployed citizens in 2002 , 448 , 600 unemployed citizens in 2007 ) . by early december 2009 , the unemployment rate had reached 10 . 2 % – a 23 - year record high . in december 2009 , ratings agency standard & poor ' s lowered its long - term credit assessment of portugal to " negative " from " stable , " voicing pessimism on the country ' s structural weaknesses in the economy and weak competitiveness that would hamper growth and the capacity to strengthen its public finances and reduce debt . in july 2011 , ratings agency moody ' s downgraded its long - term credit assessment of portugal after warning of deteriorating risk of default in march 2011 . [ sep ] 10 . 2 %
the poor performance of the portuguese economy was explored in april 2007 by the economist , which described portugal as " a new sick man of europe " . from 2002 to 2007 , the number of unemployed increased by 65 % ( 270 , 500 unemployed citizens in 2002 , 448 , 600 unemployed citizens in 2007 ) . by early december 2009 , the unemployment rate had reached 10 . 2 % – a 23 - year record high . in december 2009 , ratings agency standard & poor ' s lowered its long - term credit assessment of portugal to " negative " from " stable , " voicing pessimism on the country ' s structural weaknesses in the economy and weak competitiveness that would hamper growth and the capacity to strengthen its public finances and reduce debt . in july 2011 , ratings agency moody ' s downgraded its long - term credit assessment of portugal after warning of deteriorating risk of default in march 2011 . [ sep ] negative
the poor performance of the portuguese economy was explored in april 2007 by the economist , which described portugal as " a new sick man of europe " . from 2002 to 2007 , the number of unemployed increased by 65 % ( 270 , 500 unemployed citizens in 2002 , 448 , 600 unemployed citizens in 2007 ) . by early december 2009 , the unemployment rate had reached 10 . 2 % – a 23 - year record high . in december 2009 , ratings agency standard & poor ' s lowered its long - term credit assessment of portugal to " negative " from " stable , " voicing pessimism on the country ' s structural weaknesses in the economy and weak competitiveness that would hamper growth and the capacity to strengthen its public finances and reduce debt . in july 2011 , ratings agency moody ' s downgraded its long - term credit assessment of portugal after warning of deteriorating risk of default in march 2011 . [ sep ] 2011
on 6 april 2011 , after his proposed " plan for stability and growth iv " ( pec iv ) was rejected by the parliament , prime minister jose socrates announced on national television that the country would request financial assistance from the imf and the european financial stability facility , as greece and the republic of ireland had done previously . it was the third time that the portuguese government had requested external financial aid from the imf — the first occasion occurred in the late 1970s following the carnation ' s revolution . in october 2011 , moody ' s investor services downgraded nine portuguese banks due to financial weakness . [ sep ] that the country would request financial assistance from the imf and the european financial stability facility
on 6 april 2011 , after his proposed " plan for stability and growth iv " ( pec iv ) was rejected by the parliament , prime minister jose socrates announced on national television that the country would request financial assistance from the imf and the european financial stability facility , as greece and the republic of ireland had done previously . it was the third time that the portuguese government had requested external financial aid from the imf — the first occasion occurred in the late 1970s following the carnation ' s revolution . in october 2011 , moody ' s investor services downgraded nine portuguese banks due to financial weakness . [ sep ] third
on 6 april 2011 , after his proposed " plan for stability and growth iv " ( pec iv ) was rejected by the parliament , prime minister jose socrates announced on national television that the country would request financial assistance from the imf and the european financial stability facility , as greece and the republic of ireland had done previously . it was the third time that the portuguese government had requested external financial aid from the imf — the first occasion occurred in the late 1970s following the carnation ' s revolution . in october 2011 , moody ' s investor services downgraded nine portuguese banks due to financial weakness . [ sep ] carnation ' s revolution
on 6 april 2011 , after his proposed " plan for stability and growth iv " ( pec iv ) was rejected by the parliament , prime minister jose socrates announced on national television that the country would request financial assistance from the imf and the european financial stability facility , as greece and the republic of ireland had done previously . it was the third time that the portuguese government had requested external financial aid from the imf — the first occasion occurred in the late 1970s following the carnation ' s revolution . in october 2011 , moody ' s investor services downgraded nine portuguese banks due to financial weakness . [ sep ] financial weakness
about 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in bosnia . to date , after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men , vujadin popovic and ljubisa beara , have been found guilty of committing genocide , zdravko tolimir has been found guilty of committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide , and two others , radislav krstic and drago nikolic , have been found guilty of aiding and abetting genocide . three others have been found guilty of participating in genocides in bosnia by german courts , one of whom nikola jorgic lost an appeal against his conviction in the european court of human rights . a further eight men , former members of the bosnian serb security forces were found guilty of genocide by the state court of bosnia and herzegovina ( see list of bosnian genocide prosecutions ) . [ sep ] about 30
about 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in bosnia . to date , after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men , vujadin popovic and ljubisa beara , have been found guilty of committing genocide , zdravko tolimir has been found guilty of committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide , and two others , radislav krstic and drago nikolic , have been found guilty of aiding and abetting genocide . three others have been found guilty of participating in genocides in bosnia by german courts , one of whom nikola jorgic lost an appeal against his conviction in the european court of human rights . a further eight men , former members of the bosnian serb security forces were found guilty of genocide by the state court of bosnia and herzegovina ( see list of bosnian genocide prosecutions ) . [ sep ] several plea bargains
about 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in bosnia . to date , after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men , vujadin popovic and ljubisa beara , have been found guilty of committing genocide , zdravko tolimir has been found guilty of committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide , and two others , radislav krstic and drago nikolic , have been found guilty of aiding and abetting genocide . three others have been found guilty of participating in genocides in bosnia by german courts , one of whom nikola jorgic lost an appeal against his conviction in the european court of human rights . a further eight men , former members of the bosnian serb security forces were found guilty of genocide by the state court of bosnia and herzegovina ( see list of bosnian genocide prosecutions ) . [ sep ] conspiracy to commit genocide
about 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in bosnia . to date , after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men , vujadin popovic and ljubisa beara , have been found guilty of committing genocide , zdravko tolimir has been found guilty of committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide , and two others , radislav krstic and drago nikolic , have been found guilty of aiding and abetting genocide . three others have been found guilty of participating in genocides in bosnia by german courts , one of whom nikola jorgic lost an appeal against his conviction in the european court of human rights . a further eight men , former members of the bosnian serb security forces were found guilty of genocide by the state court of bosnia and herzegovina ( see list of bosnian genocide prosecutions ) . [ sep ] aiding and abetting genocide
about 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in bosnia . to date , after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men , vujadin popovic and ljubisa beara , have been found guilty of committing genocide , zdravko tolimir has been found guilty of committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide , and two others , radislav krstic and drago nikolic , have been found guilty of aiding and abetting genocide . three others have been found guilty of participating in genocides in bosnia by german courts , one of whom nikola jorgic lost an appeal against his conviction in the european court of human rights . a further eight men , former members of the bosnian serb security forces were found guilty of genocide by the state court of bosnia and herzegovina ( see list of bosnian genocide prosecutions ) . [ sep ] german courts
the topography of the state is roughly defined by the continental divide , which splits much of the state into distinct eastern and western regions . most of montana ' s 100 or more named mountain ranges are concentrated in the western half of the state , most of which is geologically and geographically part of the northern rocky mountains . the absaroka and beartooth ranges in the south - central part of the state are technically part of the central rocky mountains . the rocky mountain front is a significant feature in the north - central portion of the state , and there are a number of isolated island ranges that interrupt the prairie landscape common in the central and eastern parts of the state . about 60 percent of the state is prairie , part of the northern great plains . [ sep ] western half of the state
the topography of the state is roughly defined by the continental divide , which splits much of the state into distinct eastern and western regions . most of montana ' s 100 or more named mountain ranges are concentrated in the western half of the state , most of which is geologically and geographically part of the northern rocky mountains . the absaroka and beartooth ranges in the south - central part of the state are technically part of the central rocky mountains . the rocky mountain front is a significant feature in the north - central portion of the state , and there are a number of isolated island ranges that interrupt the prairie landscape common in the central and eastern parts of the state . about 60 percent of the state is prairie , part of the northern great plains . [ sep ] about 60 percent
the northern section of the divide , where the mountains give way rapidly to prairie , is part of the rocky mountain front . the front is most pronounced in the lewis range , located primarily in glacier national park . due to the configuration of mountain ranges in glacier national park , the northern divide ( which begins in alaska ' s seward peninsula ) crosses this region and turns east in montana at triple divide peak . it causes the waterton river , belly , and saint mary rivers to flow north into alberta , canada . there they join the saskatchewan river , which ultimately empties into hudson bay . [ sep ] north
the northern section of the divide , where the mountains give way rapidly to prairie , is part of the rocky mountain front . the front is most pronounced in the lewis range , located primarily in glacier national park . due to the configuration of mountain ranges in glacier national park , the northern divide ( which begins in alaska ' s seward peninsula ) crosses this region and turns east in montana at triple divide peak . it causes the waterton river , belly , and saint mary rivers to flow north into alberta , canada . there they join the saskatchewan river , which ultimately empties into hudson bay . [ sep ] hudson bay .
in 2005 , the number of public employees per thousand inhabitants in the portuguese government ( 70 . 8 ) was above the european union average ( 62 . 4 per thousand inhabitants ) . by eu and usa standards , portugal ' s justice system was internationally known as being slow and inefficient , and by 2011 it was the second slowest in western europe ( after italy ) ; conversely , portugal has one of the highest rates of judges and prosecutors — over 30 per 100 , 000 people . the entire portuguese public service has been known for its mismanagement , useless redundancies , waste , excess of bureaucracy and a general lack of productivity in certain sectors , particularly in justice . [ sep ] 70 . 8
in 2005 , the number of public employees per thousand inhabitants in the portuguese government ( 70 . 8 ) was above the european union average ( 62 . 4 per thousand inhabitants ) . by eu and usa standards , portugal ' s justice system was internationally known as being slow and inefficient , and by 2011 it was the second slowest in western europe ( after italy ) ; conversely , portugal has one of the highest rates of judges and prosecutors — over 30 per 100 , 000 people . the entire portuguese public service has been known for its mismanagement , useless redundancies , waste , excess of bureaucracy and a general lack of productivity in certain sectors , particularly in justice . [ sep ] 62 . 4
in 2005 , the number of public employees per thousand inhabitants in the portuguese government ( 70 . 8 ) was above the european union average ( 62 . 4 per thousand inhabitants ) . by eu and usa standards , portugal ' s justice system was internationally known as being slow and inefficient , and by 2011 it was the second slowest in western europe ( after italy ) ; conversely , portugal has one of the highest rates of judges and prosecutors — over 30 per 100 , 000 people . the entire portuguese public service has been known for its mismanagement , useless redundancies , waste , excess of bureaucracy and a general lack of productivity in certain sectors , particularly in justice . [ sep ] slow and inefficient
in 2005 , the number of public employees per thousand inhabitants in the portuguese government ( 70 . 8 ) was above the european union average ( 62 . 4 per thousand inhabitants ) . by eu and usa standards , portugal ' s justice system was internationally known as being slow and inefficient , and by 2011 it was the second slowest in western europe ( after italy ) ; conversely , portugal has one of the highest rates of judges and prosecutors — over 30 per 100 , 000 people . the entire portuguese public service has been known for its mismanagement , useless redundancies , waste , excess of bureaucracy and a general lack of productivity in certain sectors , particularly in justice . [ sep ] italy
in 2005 , the number of public employees per thousand inhabitants in the portuguese government ( 70 . 8 ) was above the european union average ( 62 . 4 per thousand inhabitants ) . by eu and usa standards , portugal ' s justice system was internationally known as being slow and inefficient , and by 2011 it was the second slowest in western europe ( after italy ) ; conversely , portugal has one of the highest rates of judges and prosecutors — over 30 per 100 , 000 people . the entire portuguese public service has been known for its mismanagement , useless redundancies , waste , excess of bureaucracy and a general lack of productivity in certain sectors , particularly in justice . [ sep ] over 30
east of the divide , several roughly parallel ranges cover the southern part of the state , including the gravelly range , the madison range , gallatin range , absaroka mountains and the beartooth mountains . the beartooth plateau is the largest continuous land mass over 10 , 000 feet ( 3 , 000 m ) high in the continental united states . it contains the highest point in the state , granite peak , 12 , 799 feet ( 3 , 901 m ) high . north of these ranges are the big belt mountains , bridger mountains , tobacco roots , and several island ranges , including the crazy mountains and little belt mountains . [ sep ] over 10 , 000 feet
east of the divide , several roughly parallel ranges cover the southern part of the state , including the gravelly range , the madison range , gallatin range , absaroka mountains and the beartooth mountains . the beartooth plateau is the largest continuous land mass over 10 , 000 feet ( 3 , 000 m ) high in the continental united states . it contains the highest point in the state , granite peak , 12 , 799 feet ( 3 , 901 m ) high . north of these ranges are the big belt mountains , bridger mountains , tobacco roots , and several island ranges , including the crazy mountains and little belt mountains . [ sep ] granite peak
east of the divide , several roughly parallel ranges cover the southern part of the state , including the gravelly range , the madison range , gallatin range , absaroka mountains and the beartooth mountains . the beartooth plateau is the largest continuous land mass over 10 , 000 feet ( 3 , 000 m ) high in the continental united states . it contains the highest point in the state , granite peak , 12 , 799 feet ( 3 , 901 m ) high . north of these ranges are the big belt mountains , bridger mountains , tobacco roots , and several island ranges , including the crazy mountains and little belt mountains . [ sep ] 12 , 799 feet
slobodan milosevic , as the former president of serbia and of yugoslavia , was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the icty . he died on 11 march 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within bosnia and herzegovina , so no verdict was returned . in 1995 , the icty issued a warrant for the arrest of bosnian serbs radovan karadzic and ratko mladic on several charges including genocide . on 21 july 2008 , karadzic was arrested in belgrade , and he is currently in the hague on trial accused of genocide among other crimes . ratko mladic was arrested on 26 may 2011 by serbian special police in lazarevo , serbia . karadzic was convicted of ten of the eleven charges laid against him and sentenced to 40 years in prison on march 24 2016 . [ sep ] slobodan milosevic
slobodan milosevic , as the former president of serbia and of yugoslavia , was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the icty . he died on 11 march 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within bosnia and herzegovina , so no verdict was returned . in 1995 , the icty issued a warrant for the arrest of bosnian serbs radovan karadzic and ratko mladic on several charges including genocide . on 21 july 2008 , karadzic was arrested in belgrade , and he is currently in the hague on trial accused of genocide among other crimes . ratko mladic was arrested on 26 may 2011 by serbian special police in lazarevo , serbia . karadzic was convicted of ten of the eleven charges laid against him and sentenced to 40 years in prison on march 24 2016 . [ sep ] he died
slobodan milosevic , as the former president of serbia and of yugoslavia , was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the icty . he died on 11 march 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within bosnia and herzegovina , so no verdict was returned . in 1995 , the icty issued a warrant for the arrest of bosnian serbs radovan karadzic and ratko mladic on several charges including genocide . on 21 july 2008 , karadzic was arrested in belgrade , and he is currently in the hague on trial accused of genocide among other crimes . ratko mladic was arrested on 26 may 2011 by serbian special police in lazarevo , serbia . karadzic was convicted of ten of the eleven charges laid against him and sentenced to 40 years in prison on march 24 2016 . [ sep ] genocide or complicity in genocide
slobodan milosevic , as the former president of serbia and of yugoslavia , was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the icty . he died on 11 march 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within bosnia and herzegovina , so no verdict was returned . in 1995 , the icty issued a warrant for the arrest of bosnian serbs radovan karadzic and ratko mladic on several charges including genocide . on 21 july 2008 , karadzic was arrested in belgrade , and he is currently in the hague on trial accused of genocide among other crimes . ratko mladic was arrested on 26 may 2011 by serbian special police in lazarevo , serbia . karadzic was convicted of ten of the eleven charges laid against him and sentenced to 40 years in prison on march 24 2016 . [ sep ] radovan karadzic and ratko mladic
slobodan milosevic , as the former president of serbia and of yugoslavia , was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the icty . he died on 11 march 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within bosnia and herzegovina , so no verdict was returned . in 1995 , the icty issued a warrant for the arrest of bosnian serbs radovan karadzic and ratko mladic on several charges including genocide . on 21 july 2008 , karadzic was arrested in belgrade , and he is currently in the hague on trial accused of genocide among other crimes . ratko mladic was arrested on 26 may 2011 by serbian special police in lazarevo , serbia . karadzic was convicted of ten of the eleven charges laid against him and sentenced to 40 years in prison on march 24 2016 . [ sep ] belgrade
in the first week of may 2013 , prime minister passos coelho announced a significant government plan for the public sector , whereby 30 , 000 jobs will be cut and the number of weekly working hours will be increased from 35 to 40 hours . coelho reaffirmed the announcement by explaining that austerity measures are necessary if portugal seeks to avoid another monetary bailout grant from the european commission , european central bank and international monetary fund — the overall plan intends to enact further cuts of €4 . 8 billion over a three - year period . [ sep ] passos coelho
in the first week of may 2013 , prime minister passos coelho announced a significant government plan for the public sector , whereby 30 , 000 jobs will be cut and the number of weekly working hours will be increased from 35 to 40 hours . coelho reaffirmed the announcement by explaining that austerity measures are necessary if portugal seeks to avoid another monetary bailout grant from the european commission , european central bank and international monetary fund — the overall plan intends to enact further cuts of €4 . 8 billion over a three - year period . [ sep ] significant government plan for the public sector , whereby 30 , 000 jobs will be cut and the number of weekly working hours will be increased from 35 to 40 hours
in the first week of may 2013 , prime minister passos coelho announced a significant government plan for the public sector , whereby 30 , 000 jobs will be cut and the number of weekly working hours will be increased from 35 to 40 hours . coelho reaffirmed the announcement by explaining that austerity measures are necessary if portugal seeks to avoid another monetary bailout grant from the european commission , european central bank and international monetary fund — the overall plan intends to enact further cuts of €4 . 8 billion over a three - year period . [ sep ] austerity measures are necessary if portugal seeks to avoid another monetary bailout grant
in the first week of may 2013 , prime minister passos coelho announced a significant government plan for the public sector , whereby 30 , 000 jobs will be cut and the number of weekly working hours will be increased from 35 to 40 hours . coelho reaffirmed the announcement by explaining that austerity measures are necessary if portugal seeks to avoid another monetary bailout grant from the european commission , european central bank and international monetary fund — the overall plan intends to enact further cuts of €4 . 8 billion over a three - year period . [ sep ] european commission , european central bank and international monetary fund
passos coelho also announced that the retirement age will be increased from 65 to 66 , announced cuts in the pensions , unemployment benefits , health , education and science expenses , abolished the english obligatory classes in basic education , but kept the pensions of the judges , diplomats untouched and didn ' t raise the retirement age of the military and police forces . he has , however , cut meaningfully the politicians salaries . these policies have led to social unrest and to confrontations between several institutions , namely between the government and the constitutional court . several individualities belonging to the parties that support the government have also raised their voices against the policies that have been taken in order to try to solve the financial crisis . [ sep ] 66
passos coelho also announced that the retirement age will be increased from 65 to 66 , announced cuts in the pensions , unemployment benefits , health , education and science expenses , abolished the english obligatory classes in basic education , but kept the pensions of the judges , diplomats untouched and didn ' t raise the retirement age of the military and police forces . he has , however , cut meaningfully the politicians salaries . these policies have led to social unrest and to confrontations between several institutions , namely between the government and the constitutional court . several individualities belonging to the parties that support the government have also raised their voices against the policies that have been taken in order to try to solve the financial crisis . [ sep ] pensions , unemployment benefits , health , education and science expenses
passos coelho also announced that the retirement age will be increased from 65 to 66 , announced cuts in the pensions , unemployment benefits , health , education and science expenses , abolished the english obligatory classes in basic education , but kept the pensions of the judges , diplomats untouched and didn ' t raise the retirement age of the military and police forces . he has , however , cut meaningfully the politicians salaries . these policies have led to social unrest and to confrontations between several institutions , namely between the government and the constitutional court . several individualities belonging to the parties that support the government have also raised their voices against the policies that have been taken in order to try to solve the financial crisis . [ sep ] english
passos coelho also announced that the retirement age will be increased from 65 to 66 , announced cuts in the pensions , unemployment benefits , health , education and science expenses , abolished the english obligatory classes in basic education , but kept the pensions of the judges , diplomats untouched and didn ' t raise the retirement age of the military and police forces . he has , however , cut meaningfully the politicians salaries . these policies have led to social unrest and to confrontations between several institutions , namely between the government and the constitutional court . several individualities belonging to the parties that support the government have also raised their voices against the policies that have been taken in order to try to solve the financial crisis . [ sep ] social unrest and to confrontations between several institutions
however , at the state level , the pattern of split ticket voting and divided government holds . democrats currently hold one of the state ' s u . s . senate seats , as well as four of the five statewide offices ( governor , superintendent of public instruction , secretary of state and state auditor ) . the lone congressional district has been republican since 1996 and in 2014 steve daines won one of the state ' s senate seats for the gop . the legislative branch had split party control between the house and senate most years between 2004 and 2010 , when the mid - term elections returned both branches to republican control . the state senate is , as of 2015 , controlled by the republicans 29 to 21 , and the state house of representatives at 59 to 41 . [ sep ] one
however , at the state level , the pattern of split ticket voting and divided government holds . democrats currently hold one of the state ' s u . s . senate seats , as well as four of the five statewide offices ( governor , superintendent of public instruction , secretary of state and state auditor ) . the lone congressional district has been republican since 1996 and in 2014 steve daines won one of the state ' s senate seats for the gop . the legislative branch had split party control between the house and senate most years between 2004 and 2010 , when the mid - term elections returned both branches to republican control . the state senate is , as of 2015 , controlled by the republicans 29 to 21 , and the state house of representatives at 59 to 41 . [ sep ] 1996
however , at the state level , the pattern of split ticket voting and divided government holds . democrats currently hold one of the state ' s u . s . senate seats , as well as four of the five statewide offices ( governor , superintendent of public instruction , secretary of state and state auditor ) . the lone congressional district has been republican since 1996 and in 2014 steve daines won one of the state ' s senate seats for the gop . the legislative branch had split party control between the house and senate most years between 2004 and 2010 , when the mid - term elections returned both branches to republican control . the state senate is , as of 2015 , controlled by the republicans 29 to 21 , and the state house of representatives at 59 to 41 . [ sep ] 29 to 21
however , at the state level , the pattern of split ticket voting and divided government holds . democrats currently hold one of the state ' s u . s . senate seats , as well as four of the five statewide offices ( governor , superintendent of public instruction , secretary of state and state auditor ) . the lone congressional district has been republican since 1996 and in 2014 steve daines won one of the state ' s senate seats for the gop . the legislative branch had split party control between the house and senate most years between 2004 and 2010 , when the mid - term elections returned both branches to republican control . the state senate is , as of 2015 , controlled by the republicans 29 to 21 , and the state house of representatives at 59 to 41 . [ sep ] 59 to 41 .
after years of high increase , the unemployment in portugal has been in a continuous falling trend since the third quarter of 2014 , decreasing from a peak of 17 . 7 % achieved in the early 2013 to a rate of 11 . 9 % in the second quarter of 2015 . however , it is high still high compared with what was the normal average portuguese unemployment rate in the past . in the second quarter of 2008 the unemployment rate was 7 . 3 % , but the rate immediately rose the following period . by december 2009 , unemployment had surpassed the 10 % mark nationwide in the wake of worldwide events , by 2010 , the rate was around 11 % and in 2011 it was above 12 % . [ citation needed ] the first quarter of 2013 signified a new unemployment rate record for portugal , as it reached 17 . 7 % — up from 17 % in the previous quarter — and the government has predicted an 18 . 5 % unemployment rate in 2014 . however , in the third quarter of the same year , it has surprisingly declined to a rate of 15 . 6 % . from then on , the unemployment downtrend continued , declining to 13 . 9 % in the second semester of 2014 and to 11 . 9 % in the second quarter of 2015 . [ sep ] third quarter of 2014
after years of high increase , the unemployment in portugal has been in a continuous falling trend since the third quarter of 2014 , decreasing from a peak of 17 . 7 % achieved in the early 2013 to a rate of 11 . 9 % in the second quarter of 2015 . however , it is high still high compared with what was the normal average portuguese unemployment rate in the past . in the second quarter of 2008 the unemployment rate was 7 . 3 % , but the rate immediately rose the following period . by december 2009 , unemployment had surpassed the 10 % mark nationwide in the wake of worldwide events , by 2010 , the rate was around 11 % and in 2011 it was above 12 % . [ citation needed ] the first quarter of 2013 signified a new unemployment rate record for portugal , as it reached 17 . 7 % — up from 17 % in the previous quarter — and the government has predicted an 18 . 5 % unemployment rate in 2014 . however , in the third quarter of the same year , it has surprisingly declined to a rate of 15 . 6 % . from then on , the unemployment downtrend continued , declining to 13 . 9 % in the second semester of 2014 and to 11 . 9 % in the second quarter of 2015 . [ sep ] 17 . 7 %
after years of high increase , the unemployment in portugal has been in a continuous falling trend since the third quarter of 2014 , decreasing from a peak of 17 . 7 % achieved in the early 2013 to a rate of 11 . 9 % in the second quarter of 2015 . however , it is high still high compared with what was the normal average portuguese unemployment rate in the past . in the second quarter of 2008 the unemployment rate was 7 . 3 % , but the rate immediately rose the following period . by december 2009 , unemployment had surpassed the 10 % mark nationwide in the wake of worldwide events , by 2010 , the rate was around 11 % and in 2011 it was above 12 % . [ citation needed ] the first quarter of 2013 signified a new unemployment rate record for portugal , as it reached 17 . 7 % — up from 17 % in the previous quarter — and the government has predicted an 18 . 5 % unemployment rate in 2014 . however , in the third quarter of the same year , it has surprisingly declined to a rate of 15 . 6 % . from then on , the unemployment downtrend continued , declining to 13 . 9 % in the second semester of 2014 and to 11 . 9 % in the second quarter of 2015 . [ sep ] 7 . 3 %
after years of high increase , the unemployment in portugal has been in a continuous falling trend since the third quarter of 2014 , decreasing from a peak of 17 . 7 % achieved in the early 2013 to a rate of 11 . 9 % in the second quarter of 2015 . however , it is high still high compared with what was the normal average portuguese unemployment rate in the past . in the second quarter of 2008 the unemployment rate was 7 . 3 % , but the rate immediately rose the following period . by december 2009 , unemployment had surpassed the 10 % mark nationwide in the wake of worldwide events , by 2010 , the rate was around 11 % and in 2011 it was above 12 % . [ citation needed ] the first quarter of 2013 signified a new unemployment rate record for portugal , as it reached 17 . 7 % — up from 17 % in the previous quarter — and the government has predicted an 18 . 5 % unemployment rate in 2014 . however , in the third quarter of the same year , it has surprisingly declined to a rate of 15 . 6 % . from then on , the unemployment downtrend continued , declining to 13 . 9 % in the second semester of 2014 and to 11 . 9 % in the second quarter of 2015 . [ sep ] december 2009
the international criminal tribunal for rwanda ( ictr ) is a court under the auspices of the united nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during april 1994 , commencing on 6 april . the ictr was created on 8 november 1994 by the security council of the united nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of rwanda , or by rwandan citizens in nearby states , between 1 january and 31 december 1994 . [ sep ] international criminal tribunal for rwanda ( ictr )
the international criminal tribunal for rwanda ( ictr ) is a court under the auspices of the united nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during april 1994 , commencing on 6 april . the ictr was created on 8 november 1994 by the security council of the united nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of rwanda , or by rwandan citizens in nearby states , between 1 january and 31 december 1994 . [ sep ] april 1994
the international criminal tribunal for rwanda ( ictr ) is a court under the auspices of the united nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during april 1994 , commencing on 6 april . the ictr was created on 8 november 1994 by the security council of the united nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of rwanda , or by rwandan citizens in nearby states , between 1 january and 31 december 1994 . [ sep ] the security council of the united nations
the international criminal tribunal for rwanda ( ictr ) is a court under the auspices of the united nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during april 1994 , commencing on 6 april . the ictr was created on 8 november 1994 by the security council of the united nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of rwanda , or by rwandan citizens in nearby states , between 1 january and 31 december 1994 . [ sep ] serious violations of the international law
the international criminal tribunal for rwanda ( ictr ) is a court under the auspices of the united nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during april 1994 , commencing on 6 april . the ictr was created on 8 november 1994 by the security council of the united nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of rwanda , or by rwandan citizens in nearby states , between 1 january and 31 december 1994 . [ sep ] rwandan citizens
tourist hotspots in portugal are lisbon , algarve , madeira , porto and the city of coimbra , also , between 4 - 5 million religious pilgrims visit fatima each year , where apparitions of the blessed virgin mary to three shepherd children reportedly took place in 1917 . the sanctuary of fatima is one of the largest roman catholic shrines in the world . the portuguese government continues to promote and develop new tourist destinations , such as the douro valley , the island of porto santo , and alentejo . lisbon is the 16th european city which attracts the most tourists ( with seven million tourists occupying the city ' s hotels in 2006 , a number that grew 11 . 8 % compared to previous year ) . lisbon in recent years surpassed the algarve as the leading tourist region in portugal . porto and northern portugal , especially the urban areas north of douro river valley , was the tourist destination which grew most ( 11 . 9 % ) in 2006 , surpassing madeira ( in 2010 ) , as the third most visited destination . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] lisbon , algarve , madeira , porto and the city of coimbra
tourist hotspots in portugal are lisbon , algarve , madeira , porto and the city of coimbra , also , between 4 - 5 million religious pilgrims visit fatima each year , where apparitions of the blessed virgin mary to three shepherd children reportedly took place in 1917 . the sanctuary of fatima is one of the largest roman catholic shrines in the world . the portuguese government continues to promote and develop new tourist destinations , such as the douro valley , the island of porto santo , and alentejo . lisbon is the 16th european city which attracts the most tourists ( with seven million tourists occupying the city ' s hotels in 2006 , a number that grew 11 . 8 % compared to previous year ) . lisbon in recent years surpassed the algarve as the leading tourist region in portugal . porto and northern portugal , especially the urban areas north of douro river valley , was the tourist destination which grew most ( 11 . 9 % ) in 2006 , surpassing madeira ( in 2010 ) , as the third most visited destination . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] fatima
tourist hotspots in portugal are lisbon , algarve , madeira , porto and the city of coimbra , also , between 4 - 5 million religious pilgrims visit fatima each year , where apparitions of the blessed virgin mary to three shepherd children reportedly took place in 1917 . the sanctuary of fatima is one of the largest roman catholic shrines in the world . the portuguese government continues to promote and develop new tourist destinations , such as the douro valley , the island of porto santo , and alentejo . lisbon is the 16th european city which attracts the most tourists ( with seven million tourists occupying the city ' s hotels in 2006 , a number that grew 11 . 8 % compared to previous year ) . lisbon in recent years surpassed the algarve as the leading tourist region in portugal . porto and northern portugal , especially the urban areas north of douro river valley , was the tourist destination which grew most ( 11 . 9 % ) in 2006 , surpassing madeira ( in 2010 ) , as the third most visited destination . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] blessed virgin mary to three shepherd children
tourist hotspots in portugal are lisbon , algarve , madeira , porto and the city of coimbra , also , between 4 - 5 million religious pilgrims visit fatima each year , where apparitions of the blessed virgin mary to three shepherd children reportedly took place in 1917 . the sanctuary of fatima is one of the largest roman catholic shrines in the world . the portuguese government continues to promote and develop new tourist destinations , such as the douro valley , the island of porto santo , and alentejo . lisbon is the 16th european city which attracts the most tourists ( with seven million tourists occupying the city ' s hotels in 2006 , a number that grew 11 . 8 % compared to previous year ) . lisbon in recent years surpassed the algarve as the leading tourist region in portugal . porto and northern portugal , especially the urban areas north of douro river valley , was the tourist destination which grew most ( 11 . 9 % ) in 2006 , surpassing madeira ( in 2010 ) , as the third most visited destination . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] douro valley , the island of porto santo , and alentejo
tourist hotspots in portugal are lisbon , algarve , madeira , porto and the city of coimbra , also , between 4 - 5 million religious pilgrims visit fatima each year , where apparitions of the blessed virgin mary to three shepherd children reportedly took place in 1917 . the sanctuary of fatima is one of the largest roman catholic shrines in the world . the portuguese government continues to promote and develop new tourist destinations , such as the douro valley , the island of porto santo , and alentejo . lisbon is the 16th european city which attracts the most tourists ( with seven million tourists occupying the city ' s hotels in 2006 , a number that grew 11 . 8 % compared to previous year ) . lisbon in recent years surpassed the algarve as the leading tourist region in portugal . porto and northern portugal , especially the urban areas north of douro river valley , was the tourist destination which grew most ( 11 . 9 % ) in 2006 , surpassing madeira ( in 2010 ) , as the third most visited destination . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] lisbon
by the early 1970s portugal ' s fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles set the priority for improvements in transportation . again in the 1990s , after joining the european economic community , the country built many new motorways . today , the country has a 68 , 732 km ( 42 , 708 mi ) road network , of which almost 3 , 000 km ( 1 , 864 mi ) are part of system of 44 motorways . opened in 1944 , the first motorway ( which linked lisbon to the national stadium ) was an innovative project that made portugal among one of the first countries in the world to establish a motorway ( this roadway eventually became the lisbon - cascais highway , or a5 ) . but , although a few other tracts were created ( around 1960 and 1970 ) , it was only after the beginning of the 1980s that large - scale motorway construction was implemented . in 1972 , brisa , the highway concessionaire , was founded to handle the management of many of the regions motorways . on many highways , toll needs to be paid , see via verde . vasco da gama bridge is the longest bridge in europe . [ sep ] fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles
by the early 1970s portugal ' s fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles set the priority for improvements in transportation . again in the 1990s , after joining the european economic community , the country built many new motorways . today , the country has a 68 , 732 km ( 42 , 708 mi ) road network , of which almost 3 , 000 km ( 1 , 864 mi ) are part of system of 44 motorways . opened in 1944 , the first motorway ( which linked lisbon to the national stadium ) was an innovative project that made portugal among one of the first countries in the world to establish a motorway ( this roadway eventually became the lisbon - cascais highway , or a5 ) . but , although a few other tracts were created ( around 1960 and 1970 ) , it was only after the beginning of the 1980s that large - scale motorway construction was implemented . in 1972 , brisa , the highway concessionaire , was founded to handle the management of many of the regions motorways . on many highways , toll needs to be paid , see via verde . vasco da gama bridge is the longest bridge in europe . [ sep ] new motorways
by the early 1970s portugal ' s fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles set the priority for improvements in transportation . again in the 1990s , after joining the european economic community , the country built many new motorways . today , the country has a 68 , 732 km ( 42 , 708 mi ) road network , of which almost 3 , 000 km ( 1 , 864 mi ) are part of system of 44 motorways . opened in 1944 , the first motorway ( which linked lisbon to the national stadium ) was an innovative project that made portugal among one of the first countries in the world to establish a motorway ( this roadway eventually became the lisbon - cascais highway , or a5 ) . but , although a few other tracts were created ( around 1960 and 1970 ) , it was only after the beginning of the 1980s that large - scale motorway construction was implemented . in 1972 , brisa , the highway concessionaire , was founded to handle the management of many of the regions motorways . on many highways , toll needs to be paid , see via verde . vasco da gama bridge is the longest bridge in europe . [ sep ] 68 , 732 km ( 42 , 708 mi )
by the early 1970s portugal ' s fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles set the priority for improvements in transportation . again in the 1990s , after joining the european economic community , the country built many new motorways . today , the country has a 68 , 732 km ( 42 , 708 mi ) road network , of which almost 3 , 000 km ( 1 , 864 mi ) are part of system of 44 motorways . opened in 1944 , the first motorway ( which linked lisbon to the national stadium ) was an innovative project that made portugal among one of the first countries in the world to establish a motorway ( this roadway eventually became the lisbon - cascais highway , or a5 ) . but , although a few other tracts were created ( around 1960 and 1970 ) , it was only after the beginning of the 1980s that large - scale motorway construction was implemented . in 1972 , brisa , the highway concessionaire , was founded to handle the management of many of the regions motorways . on many highways , toll needs to be paid , see via verde . vasco da gama bridge is the longest bridge in europe . [ sep ] 1944
continental portugal ' s 89 , 015 km2 ( 34 , 369 sq mi ) territory is serviced by four international airports located near the principal cities of lisbon , porto , faro and beja . lisbon ' s geographical position makes it a stopover for many foreign airlines at several airports within the country . the primary flag - carrier is tap portugal , although many other domestic airlines provide services within and without the country . the government decided to build a new airport outside lisbon , in alcochete , to replace lisbon portela airport , though this plan has been stalled due to the austerity . currently , the most important airports are in lisbon , porto , faro , funchal ( madeira ) , and ponta delgada ( azores ) , managed by the national airport authority group ana – aeroportos de portugal . [ sep ] 89 , 015 km2 ( 34 , 369 sq mi )
continental portugal ' s 89 , 015 km2 ( 34 , 369 sq mi ) territory is serviced by four international airports located near the principal cities of lisbon , porto , faro and beja . lisbon ' s geographical position makes it a stopover for many foreign airlines at several airports within the country . the primary flag - carrier is tap portugal , although many other domestic airlines provide services within and without the country . the government decided to build a new airport outside lisbon , in alcochete , to replace lisbon portela airport , though this plan has been stalled due to the austerity . currently , the most important airports are in lisbon , porto , faro , funchal ( madeira ) , and ponta delgada ( azores ) , managed by the national airport authority group ana – aeroportos de portugal . [ sep ] four
continental portugal ' s 89 , 015 km2 ( 34 , 369 sq mi ) territory is serviced by four international airports located near the principal cities of lisbon , porto , faro and beja . lisbon ' s geographical position makes it a stopover for many foreign airlines at several airports within the country . the primary flag - carrier is tap portugal , although many other domestic airlines provide services within and without the country . the government decided to build a new airport outside lisbon , in alcochete , to replace lisbon portela airport , though this plan has been stalled due to the austerity . currently , the most important airports are in lisbon , porto , faro , funchal ( madeira ) , and ponta delgada ( azores ) , managed by the national airport authority group ana – aeroportos de portugal . [ sep ] lisbon , porto , faro and beja
continental portugal ' s 89 , 015 km2 ( 34 , 369 sq mi ) territory is serviced by four international airports located near the principal cities of lisbon , porto , faro and beja . lisbon ' s geographical position makes it a stopover for many foreign airlines at several airports within the country . the primary flag - carrier is tap portugal , although many other domestic airlines provide services within and without the country . the government decided to build a new airport outside lisbon , in alcochete , to replace lisbon portela airport , though this plan has been stalled due to the austerity . currently , the most important airports are in lisbon , porto , faro , funchal ( madeira ) , and ponta delgada ( azores ) , managed by the national airport authority group ana – aeroportos de portugal . [ sep ] geographical position
continental portugal ' s 89 , 015 km2 ( 34 , 369 sq mi ) territory is serviced by four international airports located near the principal cities of lisbon , porto , faro and beja . lisbon ' s geographical position makes it a stopover for many foreign airlines at several airports within the country . the primary flag - carrier is tap portugal , although many other domestic airlines provide services within and without the country . the government decided to build a new airport outside lisbon , in alcochete , to replace lisbon portela airport , though this plan has been stalled due to the austerity . currently , the most important airports are in lisbon , porto , faro , funchal ( madeira ) , and ponta delgada ( azores ) , managed by the national airport authority group ana – aeroportos de portugal . [ sep ] tap portugal
there has been much debate over categorizing the situation in darfur as genocide . the ongoing conflict in darfur , sudan , which started in 2003 , was declared a " genocide " by united states secretary of state colin powell on 9 september 2004 in testimony before the senate foreign relations committee . since that time however , no other permanent member of the un security council followed suit . in fact , in january 2005 , an international commission of inquiry on darfur , authorized by un security council resolution 1564 of 2004 , issued a report to the secretary - general stating that " the government of the sudan has not pursued a policy of genocide . " nevertheless , the commission cautioned that " the conclusion that no genocidal policy has been pursued and implemented in darfur by the government authorities , directly or through the militias under their control , should not be taken in any way as detracting from the gravity of the crimes perpetrated in that region . international offences such as the crimes against humanity and war crimes that have been committed in darfur may be no less serious and heinous than genocide . " [ sep ] situation in darfur
there has been much debate over categorizing the situation in darfur as genocide . the ongoing conflict in darfur , sudan , which started in 2003 , was declared a " genocide " by united states secretary of state colin powell on 9 september 2004 in testimony before the senate foreign relations committee . since that time however , no other permanent member of the un security council followed suit . in fact , in january 2005 , an international commission of inquiry on darfur , authorized by un security council resolution 1564 of 2004 , issued a report to the secretary - general stating that " the government of the sudan has not pursued a policy of genocide . " nevertheless , the commission cautioned that " the conclusion that no genocidal policy has been pursued and implemented in darfur by the government authorities , directly or through the militias under their control , should not be taken in any way as detracting from the gravity of the crimes perpetrated in that region . international offences such as the crimes against humanity and war crimes that have been committed in darfur may be no less serious and heinous than genocide . " [ sep ] colin powell
there has been much debate over categorizing the situation in darfur as genocide . the ongoing conflict in darfur , sudan , which started in 2003 , was declared a " genocide " by united states secretary of state colin powell on 9 september 2004 in testimony before the senate foreign relations committee . since that time however , no other permanent member of the un security council followed suit . in fact , in january 2005 , an international commission of inquiry on darfur , authorized by un security council resolution 1564 of 2004 , issued a report to the secretary - general stating that " the government of the sudan has not pursued a policy of genocide . " nevertheless , the commission cautioned that " the conclusion that no genocidal policy has been pursued and implemented in darfur by the government authorities , directly or through the militias under their control , should not be taken in any way as detracting from the gravity of the crimes perpetrated in that region . international offences such as the crimes against humanity and war crimes that have been committed in darfur may be no less serious and heinous than genocide . " [ sep ] the senate foreign relations committee
there has been much debate over categorizing the situation in darfur as genocide . the ongoing conflict in darfur , sudan , which started in 2003 , was declared a " genocide " by united states secretary of state colin powell on 9 september 2004 in testimony before the senate foreign relations committee . since that time however , no other permanent member of the un security council followed suit . in fact , in january 2005 , an international commission of inquiry on darfur , authorized by un security council resolution 1564 of 2004 , issued a report to the secretary - general stating that " the government of the sudan has not pursued a policy of genocide . " nevertheless , the commission cautioned that " the conclusion that no genocidal policy has been pursued and implemented in darfur by the government authorities , directly or through the militias under their control , should not be taken in any way as detracting from the gravity of the crimes perpetrated in that region . international offences such as the crimes against humanity and war crimes that have been committed in darfur may be no less serious and heinous than genocide . " [ sep ] an international commission of inquiry on darfur
there has been much debate over categorizing the situation in darfur as genocide . the ongoing conflict in darfur , sudan , which started in 2003 , was declared a " genocide " by united states secretary of state colin powell on 9 september 2004 in testimony before the senate foreign relations committee . since that time however , no other permanent member of the un security council followed suit . in fact , in january 2005 , an international commission of inquiry on darfur , authorized by un security council resolution 1564 of 2004 , issued a report to the secretary - general stating that " the government of the sudan has not pursued a policy of genocide . " nevertheless , the commission cautioned that " the conclusion that no genocidal policy has been pursued and implemented in darfur by the government authorities , directly or through the militias under their control , should not be taken in any way as detracting from the gravity of the crimes perpetrated in that region . international offences such as the crimes against humanity and war crimes that have been committed in darfur may be no less serious and heinous than genocide . " [ sep ] genocidal policy
a national railway system that extends throughout the country and into spain , is supported and administered by comboios de portugal . rail transport of passengers and goods is derived using the 2 , 791 km ( 1 , 734 mi ) of railway lines currently in service , of which 1 , 430 km ( 889 mi ) are electrified and about 900 km ( 559 mi ) allow train speeds greater than 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) . the railway network is managed by the refer while the transport of passengers and goods are the responsibility of comboios de portugal ( cp ) , both public companies . in 2006 the cp carried 133 million passengers and 9 , 750 , 000 t ( 9 , 600 , 000 long tons ; 10 , 700 , 000 short tons ) of goods . [ sep ] spain
a national railway system that extends throughout the country and into spain , is supported and administered by comboios de portugal . rail transport of passengers and goods is derived using the 2 , 791 km ( 1 , 734 mi ) of railway lines currently in service , of which 1 , 430 km ( 889 mi ) are electrified and about 900 km ( 559 mi ) allow train speeds greater than 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) . the railway network is managed by the refer while the transport of passengers and goods are the responsibility of comboios de portugal ( cp ) , both public companies . in 2006 the cp carried 133 million passengers and 9 , 750 , 000 t ( 9 , 600 , 000 long tons ; 10 , 700 , 000 short tons ) of goods . [ sep ] comboios de portugal
a national railway system that extends throughout the country and into spain , is supported and administered by comboios de portugal . rail transport of passengers and goods is derived using the 2 , 791 km ( 1 , 734 mi ) of railway lines currently in service , of which 1 , 430 km ( 889 mi ) are electrified and about 900 km ( 559 mi ) allow train speeds greater than 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) . the railway network is managed by the refer while the transport of passengers and goods are the responsibility of comboios de portugal ( cp ) , both public companies . in 2006 the cp carried 133 million passengers and 9 , 750 , 000 t ( 9 , 600 , 000 long tons ; 10 , 700 , 000 short tons ) of goods . [ sep ] 2 , 791 km ( 1 , 734 mi )
a national railway system that extends throughout the country and into spain , is supported and administered by comboios de portugal . rail transport of passengers and goods is derived using the 2 , 791 km ( 1 , 734 mi ) of railway lines currently in service , of which 1 , 430 km ( 889 mi ) are electrified and about 900 km ( 559 mi ) allow train speeds greater than 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) . the railway network is managed by the refer while the transport of passengers and goods are the responsibility of comboios de portugal ( cp ) , both public companies . in 2006 the cp carried 133 million passengers and 9 , 750 , 000 t ( 9 , 600 , 000 long tons ; 10 , 700 , 000 short tons ) of goods . [ sep ] 1 , 430 km ( 889 mi )
a national railway system that extends throughout the country and into spain , is supported and administered by comboios de portugal . rail transport of passengers and goods is derived using the 2 , 791 km ( 1 , 734 mi ) of railway lines currently in service , of which 1 , 430 km ( 889 mi ) are electrified and about 900 km ( 559 mi ) allow train speeds greater than 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) . the railway network is managed by the refer while the transport of passengers and goods are the responsibility of comboios de portugal ( cp ) , both public companies . in 2006 the cp carried 133 million passengers and 9 , 750 , 000 t ( 9 , 600 , 000 long tons ; 10 , 700 , 000 short tons ) of goods . [ sep ] 900 km ( 559 mi )
in march 2005 , the security council formally referred the situation in darfur to the prosecutor of the international criminal court , taking into account the commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes . two permanent members of the security council , the united states and china , abstained from the vote on the referral resolution . as of his fourth report to the security council , the prosecutor has found " reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified [ in the un security council resolution 1593 ] have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes , " but did not find sufficient evidence to prosecute for genocide . [ sep ] prosecutor of the international criminal court
in march 2005 , the security council formally referred the situation in darfur to the prosecutor of the international criminal court , taking into account the commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes . two permanent members of the security council , the united states and china , abstained from the vote on the referral resolution . as of his fourth report to the security council , the prosecutor has found " reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified [ in the un security council resolution 1593 ] have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes , " but did not find sufficient evidence to prosecute for genocide . [ sep ] the commission report
in march 2005 , the security council formally referred the situation in darfur to the prosecutor of the international criminal court , taking into account the commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes . two permanent members of the security council , the united states and china , abstained from the vote on the referral resolution . as of his fourth report to the security council , the prosecutor has found " reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified [ in the un security council resolution 1593 ] have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes , " but did not find sufficient evidence to prosecute for genocide . [ sep ] the united states
in march 2005 , the security council formally referred the situation in darfur to the prosecutor of the international criminal court , taking into account the commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes . two permanent members of the security council , the united states and china , abstained from the vote on the referral resolution . as of his fourth report to the security council , the prosecutor has found " reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified [ in the un security council resolution 1593 ] have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes , " but did not find sufficient evidence to prosecute for genocide . [ sep ] his fourth report
other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide . ervin staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusion and disorganization were starting points of increasing discrimination and violence in many instances of genocides and mass killing . they lead to scapegoating a group and ideologies that identified that group as an enemy . a history of devaluation of the group that becomes the victim , past violence against the group that becomes the perpetrator leading to psychological wounds , authoritarian cultures and political systems , and the passivity of internal and external witnesses ( bystanders ) all contribute to the probability that the violence develops into genocide . intense conflict between groups that is unresolved , becomes intractable and violent can also lead to genocide . the conditions that lead to genocide provide guidance to early prevention , such as humanizing a devalued group , creating ideologies that embrace all groups , and activating bystander responses . there is substantial research to indicate how this can be done , but information is only slowly transformed into action . [ sep ] structural conditions
other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide . ervin staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusion and disorganization were starting points of increasing discrimination and violence in many instances of genocides and mass killing . they lead to scapegoating a group and ideologies that identified that group as an enemy . a history of devaluation of the group that becomes the victim , past violence against the group that becomes the perpetrator leading to psychological wounds , authoritarian cultures and political systems , and the passivity of internal and external witnesses ( bystanders ) all contribute to the probability that the violence develops into genocide . intense conflict between groups that is unresolved , becomes intractable and violent can also lead to genocide . the conditions that lead to genocide provide guidance to early prevention , such as humanizing a devalued group , creating ideologies that embrace all groups , and activating bystander responses . there is substantial research to indicate how this can be done , but information is only slowly transformed into action . [ sep ] psychological and social
other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide . ervin staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusion and disorganization were starting points of increasing discrimination and violence in many instances of genocides and mass killing . they lead to scapegoating a group and ideologies that identified that group as an enemy . a history of devaluation of the group that becomes the victim , past violence against the group that becomes the perpetrator leading to psychological wounds , authoritarian cultures and political systems , and the passivity of internal and external witnesses ( bystanders ) all contribute to the probability that the violence develops into genocide . intense conflict between groups that is unresolved , becomes intractable and violent can also lead to genocide . the conditions that lead to genocide provide guidance to early prevention , such as humanizing a devalued group , creating ideologies that embrace all groups , and activating bystander responses . there is substantial research to indicate how this can be done , but information is only slowly transformed into action . [ sep ] ervin staub
other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide . ervin staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusion and disorganization were starting points of increasing discrimination and violence in many instances of genocides and mass killing . they lead to scapegoating a group and ideologies that identified that group as an enemy . a history of devaluation of the group that becomes the victim , past violence against the group that becomes the perpetrator leading to psychological wounds , authoritarian cultures and political systems , and the passivity of internal and external witnesses ( bystanders ) all contribute to the probability that the violence develops into genocide . intense conflict between groups that is unresolved , becomes intractable and violent can also lead to genocide . the conditions that lead to genocide provide guidance to early prevention , such as humanizing a devalued group , creating ideologies that embrace all groups , and activating bystander responses . there is substantial research to indicate how this can be done , but information is only slowly transformed into action . [ sep ] devaluation of the group
other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide . ervin staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusion and disorganization were starting points of increasing discrimination and violence in many instances of genocides and mass killing . they lead to scapegoating a group and ideologies that identified that group as an enemy . a history of devaluation of the group that becomes the victim , past violence against the group that becomes the perpetrator leading to psychological wounds , authoritarian cultures and political systems , and the passivity of internal and external witnesses ( bystanders ) all contribute to the probability that the violence develops into genocide . intense conflict between groups that is unresolved , becomes intractable and violent can also lead to genocide . the conditions that lead to genocide provide guidance to early prevention , such as humanizing a devalued group , creating ideologies that embrace all groups , and activating bystander responses . there is substantial research to indicate how this can be done , but information is only slowly transformed into action . [ sep ] humanizing a devalued group
in presidential elections , montana was long classified as a swing state , though the state has voted for the republican candidate in all but two elections from 1952 to the present . the state last supported a democrat for president in 1992 , when bill clinton won a plurality victory . overall , since 1889 the state has voted for democratic governors 60 percent of the time and democratic presidents 40 percent of the time , with these numbers being 40 / 60 for republican candidates . in the 2008 presidential election , montana was considered a swing state and was ultimately won by republican john mccain , albeit by a narrow margin of two percent . [ sep ] a swing state
in presidential elections , montana was long classified as a swing state , though the state has voted for the republican candidate in all but two elections from 1952 to the present . the state last supported a democrat for president in 1992 , when bill clinton won a plurality victory . overall , since 1889 the state has voted for democratic governors 60 percent of the time and democratic presidents 40 percent of the time , with these numbers being 40 / 60 for republican candidates . in the 2008 presidential election , montana was considered a swing state and was ultimately won by republican john mccain , albeit by a narrow margin of two percent . [ sep ] 1992
in presidential elections , montana was long classified as a swing state , though the state has voted for the republican candidate in all but two elections from 1952 to the present . the state last supported a democrat for president in 1992 , when bill clinton won a plurality victory . overall , since 1889 the state has voted for democratic governors 60 percent of the time and democratic presidents 40 percent of the time , with these numbers being 40 / 60 for republican candidates . in the 2008 presidential election , montana was considered a swing state and was ultimately won by republican john mccain , albeit by a narrow margin of two percent . [ sep ] 60 percent
in presidential elections , montana was long classified as a swing state , though the state has voted for the republican candidate in all but two elections from 1952 to the present . the state last supported a democrat for president in 1992 , when bill clinton won a plurality victory . overall , since 1889 the state has voted for democratic governors 60 percent of the time and democratic presidents 40 percent of the time , with these numbers being 40 / 60 for republican candidates . in the 2008 presidential election , montana was considered a swing state and was ultimately won by republican john mccain , albeit by a narrow margin of two percent . [ sep ] 40 percent
the two largest metropolitan areas have subway systems : lisbon metro and metro sul do tejo in the lisbon metropolitan area and porto metro in the porto metropolitan area , each with more than 35 km ( 22 mi ) of lines . in portugal , lisbon tram services have been supplied by the companhia de carris de ferro de lisboa ( carris ) , for over a century . in porto , a tram network , of which only a tourist line on the shores of the douro remain , began construction on 12 september 1895 ( a first for the iberian peninsula ) . all major cities and towns have their own local urban transport network , as well as taxi services . [ sep ] lisbon metro and metro sul do tejo in the lisbon metropolitan area and porto metro in the porto metropolitan area
the two largest metropolitan areas have subway systems : lisbon metro and metro sul do tejo in the lisbon metropolitan area and porto metro in the porto metropolitan area , each with more than 35 km ( 22 mi ) of lines . in portugal , lisbon tram services have been supplied by the companhia de carris de ferro de lisboa ( carris ) , for over a century . in porto , a tram network , of which only a tourist line on the shores of the douro remain , began construction on 12 september 1895 ( a first for the iberian peninsula ) . all major cities and towns have their own local urban transport network , as well as taxi services . [ sep ] more than 35 km ( 22 mi )
the two largest metropolitan areas have subway systems : lisbon metro and metro sul do tejo in the lisbon metropolitan area and porto metro in the porto metropolitan area , each with more than 35 km ( 22 mi ) of lines . in portugal , lisbon tram services have been supplied by the companhia de carris de ferro de lisboa ( carris ) , for over a century . in porto , a tram network , of which only a tourist line on the shores of the douro remain , began construction on 12 september 1895 ( a first for the iberian peninsula ) . all major cities and towns have their own local urban transport network , as well as taxi services . [ sep ] companhia de carris de ferro de lisboa ( carris )
the two largest metropolitan areas have subway systems : lisbon metro and metro sul do tejo in the lisbon metropolitan area and porto metro in the porto metropolitan area , each with more than 35 km ( 22 mi ) of lines . in portugal , lisbon tram services have been supplied by the companhia de carris de ferro de lisboa ( carris ) , for over a century . in porto , a tram network , of which only a tourist line on the shores of the douro remain , began construction on 12 september 1895 ( a first for the iberian peninsula ) . all major cities and towns have their own local urban transport network , as well as taxi services . [ sep ] over a century
scientific and technological research activities in portugal are mainly conducted within a network of r & d units belonging to public universities and state - managed autonomous research institutions like the ineti – instituto nacional de engenharia , tecnologia e inovacao and the inrb – instituto nacional dos recursos biologicos . the funding and management of this research system is mainly conducted under the authority of the ministry of science , technology and higher education ( mctes ) itself and the mctes ' s fundacao para a ciencia e tecnologia ( fct ) . the largest r & d units of the public universities by volume of research grants and peer - reviewed publications , include biosciences research institutions like the instituto de medicina molecular , the centre for neuroscience and cell biology , the ipatimup , the instituto de biologia molecular e celular and the abel salazar biomedical sciences institute . [ sep ] r & d units belonging to public universities and state - managed autonomous research institutions
scientific and technological research activities in portugal are mainly conducted within a network of r & d units belonging to public universities and state - managed autonomous research institutions like the ineti – instituto nacional de engenharia , tecnologia e inovacao and the inrb – instituto nacional dos recursos biologicos . the funding and management of this research system is mainly conducted under the authority of the ministry of science , technology and higher education ( mctes ) itself and the mctes ' s fundacao para a ciencia e tecnologia ( fct ) . the largest r & d units of the public universities by volume of research grants and peer - reviewed publications , include biosciences research institutions like the instituto de medicina molecular , the centre for neuroscience and cell biology , the ipatimup , the instituto de biologia molecular e celular and the abel salazar biomedical sciences institute . [ sep ] ineti – instituto nacional de engenharia , tecnologia e inovacao
scientific and technological research activities in portugal are mainly conducted within a network of r & d units belonging to public universities and state - managed autonomous research institutions like the ineti – instituto nacional de engenharia , tecnologia e inovacao and the inrb – instituto nacional dos recursos biologicos . the funding and management of this research system is mainly conducted under the authority of the ministry of science , technology and higher education ( mctes ) itself and the mctes ' s fundacao para a ciencia e tecnologia ( fct ) . the largest r & d units of the public universities by volume of research grants and peer - reviewed publications , include biosciences research institutions like the instituto de medicina molecular , the centre for neuroscience and cell biology , the ipatimup , the instituto de biologia molecular e celular and the abel salazar biomedical sciences institute . [ sep ] ministry of science , technology and higher education ( mctes )
bozeman yellowstone international airport is the busiest airport in the state of montana , surpassing billings logan international airport in the spring of 2013 . montana ' s other major airports include billings logan international airport , missoula international airport , great falls international airport , glacier park international airport , helena regional airport , bert mooney airport and yellowstone airport . eight smaller communities have airports designated for commercial service under the essential air service program . [ sep ] bozeman yellowstone international airport
bozeman yellowstone international airport is the busiest airport in the state of montana , surpassing billings logan international airport in the spring of 2013 . montana ' s other major airports include billings logan international airport , missoula international airport , great falls international airport , glacier park international airport , helena regional airport , bert mooney airport and yellowstone airport . eight smaller communities have airports designated for commercial service under the essential air service program . [ sep ] 2013
railroads have been an important method of transportation in montana since the 1880s . historically , the state was traversed by the main lines of three east - west transcontinental routes : the milwaukee road , the great northern , and the northern pacific . today , the bnsf railway is the state ' s largest railroad , its main transcontinental route incorporating the former great northern main line across the state . montana raillink , a privately held class ii railroad , operates former northern pacific trackage in western montana . [ sep ] bnsf railway
railroads have been an important method of transportation in montana since the 1880s . historically , the state was traversed by the main lines of three east - west transcontinental routes : the milwaukee road , the great northern , and the northern pacific . today , the bnsf railway is the state ' s largest railroad , its main transcontinental route incorporating the former great northern main line across the state . montana raillink , a privately held class ii railroad , operates former northern pacific trackage in western montana . [ sep ] 1880s
among the largest non - state - run research institutions in portugal are the instituto gulbenkian de ciencia and the champalimaud foundation , a neuroscience and oncology research centre , which in addition awards every year one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world . a number of both national and multinational high - tech and industrial companies , are also responsible for research and development projects . one of the oldest learned societies of portugal is the sciences academy of lisbon , founded in 1779 . [ sep ] instituto gulbenkian de ciencia and the champalimaud foundation
among the largest non - state - run research institutions in portugal are the instituto gulbenkian de ciencia and the champalimaud foundation , a neuroscience and oncology research centre , which in addition awards every year one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world . a number of both national and multinational high - tech and industrial companies , are also responsible for research and development projects . one of the oldest learned societies of portugal is the sciences academy of lisbon , founded in 1779 . [ sep ] neuroscience and oncology research centre
among the largest non - state - run research institutions in portugal are the instituto gulbenkian de ciencia and the champalimaud foundation , a neuroscience and oncology research centre , which in addition awards every year one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world . a number of both national and multinational high - tech and industrial companies , are also responsible for research and development projects . one of the oldest learned societies of portugal is the sciences academy of lisbon , founded in 1779 . [ sep ] one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world
among the largest non - state - run research institutions in portugal are the instituto gulbenkian de ciencia and the champalimaud foundation , a neuroscience and oncology research centre , which in addition awards every year one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world . a number of both national and multinational high - tech and industrial companies , are also responsible for research and development projects . one of the oldest learned societies of portugal is the sciences academy of lisbon , founded in 1779 . [ sep ] 1779
portugal has the largest aquarium in europe , the lisbon oceanarium , and the portuguese have several other notable organizations focused on science - related exhibits and divulgation , like the state agency ciencia viva , a programme of the portuguese ministry of science and technology to the promotion of a scientific and technological culture among the portuguese population , the science museum of the university of coimbra , the national museum of natural history at the university of lisbon , and the visionarium . [ sep ] lisbon oceanarium
portugal has the largest aquarium in europe , the lisbon oceanarium , and the portuguese have several other notable organizations focused on science - related exhibits and divulgation , like the state agency ciencia viva , a programme of the portuguese ministry of science and technology to the promotion of a scientific and technological culture among the portuguese population , the science museum of the university of coimbra , the national museum of natural history at the university of lisbon , and the visionarium . [ sep ] scientific and technological culture among the portuguese population
portugal has the largest aquarium in europe , the lisbon oceanarium , and the portuguese have several other notable organizations focused on science - related exhibits and divulgation , like the state agency ciencia viva , a programme of the portuguese ministry of science and technology to the promotion of a scientific and technological culture among the portuguese population , the science museum of the university of coimbra , the national museum of natural history at the university of lisbon , and the visionarium . [ sep ] science museum of the university of coimbra , the national museum of natural history at the university of lisbon , and the visionarium
montana is home to the rocky mountain elk foundation and has a historic big game hunting tradition . there are fall bow and general hunting seasons for elk , pronghorn antelope , whitetail deer and mule deer . a random draw grants a limited number of permits for moose , mountain goats and bighorn sheep . there is a spring hunting season for black bear and in most years , limited hunting of bison that leave yellowstone national park is allowed . current law allows both hunting and trapping of a specific number of wolves and mountain lions . trapping of assorted fur bearing animals is allowed in certain seasons and many opportunities exist for migratory waterfowl and upland bird hunting . [ sep ] rocky mountain elk foundation
montana is home to the rocky mountain elk foundation and has a historic big game hunting tradition . there are fall bow and general hunting seasons for elk , pronghorn antelope , whitetail deer and mule deer . a random draw grants a limited number of permits for moose , mountain goats and bighorn sheep . there is a spring hunting season for black bear and in most years , limited hunting of bison that leave yellowstone national park is allowed . current law allows both hunting and trapping of a specific number of wolves and mountain lions . trapping of assorted fur bearing animals is allowed in certain seasons and many opportunities exist for migratory waterfowl and upland bird hunting . [ sep ] spring
montana is home to the rocky mountain elk foundation and has a historic big game hunting tradition . there are fall bow and general hunting seasons for elk , pronghorn antelope , whitetail deer and mule deer . a random draw grants a limited number of permits for moose , mountain goats and bighorn sheep . there is a spring hunting season for black bear and in most years , limited hunting of bison that leave yellowstone national park is allowed . current law allows both hunting and trapping of a specific number of wolves and mountain lions . trapping of assorted fur bearing animals is allowed in certain seasons and many opportunities exist for migratory waterfowl and upland bird hunting . [ sep ] wolves and mountain lions
with the emergence and growth of several science parks throughout the world that helped create many thousands of scientific , technological and knowledge - based businesses , portugal started to develop several science parks across the country . these include the taguspark ( in oeiras ) , the coimbra iparque ( in coimbra ) , the biocant ( in cantanhede ) , the madeira tecnopolo ( in funchal ) , sines tecnopolo ( in sines ) , tecmaia ( in maia ) and parkurbis ( in covilha ) . companies locate in the portuguese science parks to take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support . [ sep ] the emergence and growth of several science parks throughout the world
with the emergence and growth of several science parks throughout the world that helped create many thousands of scientific , technological and knowledge - based businesses , portugal started to develop several science parks across the country . these include the taguspark ( in oeiras ) , the coimbra iparque ( in coimbra ) , the biocant ( in cantanhede ) , the madeira tecnopolo ( in funchal ) , sines tecnopolo ( in sines ) , tecmaia ( in maia ) and parkurbis ( in covilha ) . companies locate in the portuguese science parks to take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support . [ sep ] taguspark ( in oeiras ) , the coimbra iparque ( in coimbra ) , the biocant ( in cantanhede ) , the madeira tecnopolo ( in funchal )
with the emergence and growth of several science parks throughout the world that helped create many thousands of scientific , technological and knowledge - based businesses , portugal started to develop several science parks across the country . these include the taguspark ( in oeiras ) , the coimbra iparque ( in coimbra ) , the biocant ( in cantanhede ) , the madeira tecnopolo ( in funchal ) , sines tecnopolo ( in sines ) , tecmaia ( in maia ) and parkurbis ( in covilha ) . companies locate in the portuguese science parks to take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support . [ sep ] take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support
montana has been a destination for its world - class trout fisheries since the 1930s . fly fishing for several species of native and introduced trout in rivers and lakes is popular for both residents and tourists throughout the state . montana is the home of the federation of fly fishers and hosts many of the organizations annual conclaves . the state has robust recreational lake trout and kokanee salmon fisheries in the west , walleye can be found in many parts of the state , while northern pike , smallmouth and largemouth bass fisheries as well as catfish and paddlefish can be found in the waters of eastern montana . robert redford ' s 1992 film of norman mclean ' s novel , a river runs through it , was filmed in montana and brought national attention to fly fishing and the state . [ sep ] 1930s
montana has been a destination for its world - class trout fisheries since the 1930s . fly fishing for several species of native and introduced trout in rivers and lakes is popular for both residents and tourists throughout the state . montana is the home of the federation of fly fishers and hosts many of the organizations annual conclaves . the state has robust recreational lake trout and kokanee salmon fisheries in the west , walleye can be found in many parts of the state , while northern pike , smallmouth and largemouth bass fisheries as well as catfish and paddlefish can be found in the waters of eastern montana . robert redford ' s 1992 film of norman mclean ' s novel , a river runs through it , was filmed in montana and brought national attention to fly fishing and the state . [ sep ] federation of fly fishers
montana has been a destination for its world - class trout fisheries since the 1930s . fly fishing for several species of native and introduced trout in rivers and lakes is popular for both residents and tourists throughout the state . montana is the home of the federation of fly fishers and hosts many of the organizations annual conclaves . the state has robust recreational lake trout and kokanee salmon fisheries in the west , walleye can be found in many parts of the state , while northern pike , smallmouth and largemouth bass fisheries as well as catfish and paddlefish can be found in the waters of eastern montana . robert redford ' s 1992 film of norman mclean ' s novel , a river runs through it , was filmed in montana and brought national attention to fly fishing and the state . [ sep ] trout and kokanee salmon fisheries
montana has been a destination for its world - class trout fisheries since the 1930s . fly fishing for several species of native and introduced trout in rivers and lakes is popular for both residents and tourists throughout the state . montana is the home of the federation of fly fishers and hosts many of the organizations annual conclaves . the state has robust recreational lake trout and kokanee salmon fisheries in the west , walleye can be found in many parts of the state , while northern pike , smallmouth and largemouth bass fisheries as well as catfish and paddlefish can be found in the waters of eastern montana . robert redford ' s 1992 film of norman mclean ' s novel , a river runs through it , was filmed in montana and brought national attention to fly fishing and the state . [ sep ] a river runs through it
portugal has considerable resources of wind and river power , the two most cost - effective renewable sources . since the turn of the 21st century , there has been a trend towards the development of a renewable resource industry and reduction of both consumption and use of fossil fuel resources . in 2006 , the world ' s largest solar power plant at that date , the moura photovoltaic power station , began operating near moura , in the south , while the world ' s first commercial wave power farm , the agucadoura wave farm , opened in the norte region ( 2008 ) . by the end of 2006 , 66 % of the country ' s electrical production was from coal and fuel power plants , while 29 % were derived from hydroelectric dams , and 6 % by wind energy . [ sep ] wind and river power
portugal has considerable resources of wind and river power , the two most cost - effective renewable sources . since the turn of the 21st century , there has been a trend towards the development of a renewable resource industry and reduction of both consumption and use of fossil fuel resources . in 2006 , the world ' s largest solar power plant at that date , the moura photovoltaic power station , began operating near moura , in the south , while the world ' s first commercial wave power farm , the agucadoura wave farm , opened in the norte region ( 2008 ) . by the end of 2006 , 66 % of the country ' s electrical production was from coal and fuel power plants , while 29 % were derived from hydroelectric dams , and 6 % by wind energy . [ sep ] moura , in the south
portugal has considerable resources of wind and river power , the two most cost - effective renewable sources . since the turn of the 21st century , there has been a trend towards the development of a renewable resource industry and reduction of both consumption and use of fossil fuel resources . in 2006 , the world ' s largest solar power plant at that date , the moura photovoltaic power station , began operating near moura , in the south , while the world ' s first commercial wave power farm , the agucadoura wave farm , opened in the norte region ( 2008 ) . by the end of 2006 , 66 % of the country ' s electrical production was from coal and fuel power plants , while 29 % were derived from hydroelectric dams , and 6 % by wind energy . [ sep ] norte region
portugal has considerable resources of wind and river power , the two most cost - effective renewable sources . since the turn of the 21st century , there has been a trend towards the development of a renewable resource industry and reduction of both consumption and use of fossil fuel resources . in 2006 , the world ' s largest solar power plant at that date , the moura photovoltaic power station , began operating near moura , in the south , while the world ' s first commercial wave power farm , the agucadoura wave farm , opened in the norte region ( 2008 ) . by the end of 2006 , 66 % of the country ' s electrical production was from coal and fuel power plants , while 29 % were derived from hydroelectric dams , and 6 % by wind energy . [ sep ] 29 %
the montana territory was formed on april 26 , 1864 , when the u . s . passed the organic act . schools started forming in the area before it was officially a territory as families started settling into the area . the first schools were subscription schools that typically held in the teacher ' s home . the first formal school on record was at fort owen in bitterroot valley in 1862 . the students were indian children and the children of fort owen employees . the first school term started in early winter and only lasted until february 28 . classes were taught by mr . robinson . another early subscription school was started by thomas dimsdale in virginia city in 1863 . in this school students were charged $ 1 . 75 per week . the montana territorial legislative assembly had its inaugural meeting in 1864 . the first legislature authorized counties to levy taxes for schools , which set the foundations for public schooling . madison county was the first to take advantage of the newly authorized taxes and it formed fhe first public school in virginia city in 1886 . the first school year was scheduled to begin in january 1866 , but severe weather postponed its opening until march . the first school year ran through the summer and didn ' t end until august 17 . one of the first teachers at the school was sarah raymond . she was a 25 - year - old woman who had traveled to virginia city via wagon train in 1865 . to become a certified teacher , raymond took a test in her home and paid a $ 6 fee in gold dust to obtain a teaching certificate . with the help of an assistant teacher , mrs . farley , raymond was responsible for teaching 50 to 60 students each day out of the 81 students enrolled at the school . sarah raymond was paid at a rate of $ 125 per month , and mrs . farley was paid $ 75 per month . there were no textbooks used in the school . in their place was an assortment of books brought in by various emigrants . sarah quit teaching the following year , but would later become the madison county superintendent of schools . [ sep ] april 26 , 1864
the montana territory was formed on april 26 , 1864 , when the u . s . passed the organic act . schools started forming in the area before it was officially a territory as families started settling into the area . the first schools were subscription schools that typically held in the teacher ' s home . the first formal school on record was at fort owen in bitterroot valley in 1862 . the students were indian children and the children of fort owen employees . the first school term started in early winter and only lasted until february 28 . classes were taught by mr . robinson . another early subscription school was started by thomas dimsdale in virginia city in 1863 . in this school students were charged $ 1 . 75 per week . the montana territorial legislative assembly had its inaugural meeting in 1864 . the first legislature authorized counties to levy taxes for schools , which set the foundations for public schooling . madison county was the first to take advantage of the newly authorized taxes and it formed fhe first public school in virginia city in 1886 . the first school year was scheduled to begin in january 1866 , but severe weather postponed its opening until march . the first school year ran through the summer and didn ' t end until august 17 . one of the first teachers at the school was sarah raymond . she was a 25 - year - old woman who had traveled to virginia city via wagon train in 1865 . to become a certified teacher , raymond took a test in her home and paid a $ 6 fee in gold dust to obtain a teaching certificate . with the help of an assistant teacher , mrs . farley , raymond was responsible for teaching 50 to 60 students each day out of the 81 students enrolled at the school . sarah raymond was paid at a rate of $ 125 per month , and mrs . farley was paid $ 75 per month . there were no textbooks used in the school . in their place was an assortment of books brought in by various emigrants . sarah quit teaching the following year , but would later become the madison county superintendent of schools . [ sep ] 1862
the montana territory was formed on april 26 , 1864 , when the u . s . passed the organic act . schools started forming in the area before it was officially a territory as families started settling into the area . the first schools were subscription schools that typically held in the teacher ' s home . the first formal school on record was at fort owen in bitterroot valley in 1862 . the students were indian children and the children of fort owen employees . the first school term started in early winter and only lasted until february 28 . classes were taught by mr . robinson . another early subscription school was started by thomas dimsdale in virginia city in 1863 . in this school students were charged $ 1 . 75 per week . the montana territorial legislative assembly had its inaugural meeting in 1864 . the first legislature authorized counties to levy taxes for schools , which set the foundations for public schooling . madison county was the first to take advantage of the newly authorized taxes and it formed fhe first public school in virginia city in 1886 . the first school year was scheduled to begin in january 1866 , but severe weather postponed its opening until march . the first school year ran through the summer and didn ' t end until august 17 . one of the first teachers at the school was sarah raymond . she was a 25 - year - old woman who had traveled to virginia city via wagon train in 1865 . to become a certified teacher , raymond took a test in her home and paid a $ 6 fee in gold dust to obtain a teaching certificate . with the help of an assistant teacher , mrs . farley , raymond was responsible for teaching 50 to 60 students each day out of the 81 students enrolled at the school . sarah raymond was paid at a rate of $ 125 per month , and mrs . farley was paid $ 75 per month . there were no textbooks used in the school . in their place was an assortment of books brought in by various emigrants . sarah quit teaching the following year , but would later become the madison county superintendent of schools . [ sep ] $ 1 . 75
the montana territory was formed on april 26 , 1864 , when the u . s . passed the organic act . schools started forming in the area before it was officially a territory as families started settling into the area . the first schools were subscription schools that typically held in the teacher ' s home . the first formal school on record was at fort owen in bitterroot valley in 1862 . the students were indian children and the children of fort owen employees . the first school term started in early winter and only lasted until february 28 . classes were taught by mr . robinson . another early subscription school was started by thomas dimsdale in virginia city in 1863 . in this school students were charged $ 1 . 75 per week . the montana territorial legislative assembly had its inaugural meeting in 1864 . the first legislature authorized counties to levy taxes for schools , which set the foundations for public schooling . madison county was the first to take advantage of the newly authorized taxes and it formed fhe first public school in virginia city in 1886 . the first school year was scheduled to begin in january 1866 , but severe weather postponed its opening until march . the first school year ran through the summer and didn ' t end until august 17 . one of the first teachers at the school was sarah raymond . she was a 25 - year - old woman who had traveled to virginia city via wagon train in 1865 . to become a certified teacher , raymond took a test in her home and paid a $ 6 fee in gold dust to obtain a teaching certificate . with the help of an assistant teacher , mrs . farley , raymond was responsible for teaching 50 to 60 students each day out of the 81 students enrolled at the school . sarah raymond was paid at a rate of $ 125 per month , and mrs . farley was paid $ 75 per month . there were no textbooks used in the school . in their place was an assortment of books brought in by various emigrants . sarah quit teaching the following year , but would later become the madison county superintendent of schools . [ sep ] 1886
portugal ’ s national energy transmission company , redes energeticas nacionais ( ren ) , uses sophisticated modeling to predict weather , especially wind patterns , and computer programs to calculate energy from the various renewable - energy plants . before the solar / wind revolution , portugal had generated electricity from hydropower plants on its rivers for decades . new programs combine wind and water : wind - driven turbines pump water uphill at night , the most blustery period ; then the water flows downhill by day , generating electricity , when consumer demand is highest . portugal ’ s distribution system is also now a two - way street . instead of just delivering electricity , it draws electricity from even the smallest generators , like rooftop solar panels . the government aggressively encouraged such contributions by setting a premium price for those who buy rooftop - generated solar electricity . [ sep ] redes energeticas nacionais ( ren )
portugal ’ s national energy transmission company , redes energeticas nacionais ( ren ) , uses sophisticated modeling to predict weather , especially wind patterns , and computer programs to calculate energy from the various renewable - energy plants . before the solar / wind revolution , portugal had generated electricity from hydropower plants on its rivers for decades . new programs combine wind and water : wind - driven turbines pump water uphill at night , the most blustery period ; then the water flows downhill by day , generating electricity , when consumer demand is highest . portugal ’ s distribution system is also now a two - way street . instead of just delivering electricity , it draws electricity from even the smallest generators , like rooftop solar panels . the government aggressively encouraged such contributions by setting a premium price for those who buy rooftop - generated solar electricity . [ sep ] uses sophisticated modeling to predict weather , especially wind patterns , and computer programs to calculate energy from the various renewable - energy plants
portugal ’ s national energy transmission company , redes energeticas nacionais ( ren ) , uses sophisticated modeling to predict weather , especially wind patterns , and computer programs to calculate energy from the various renewable - energy plants . before the solar / wind revolution , portugal had generated electricity from hydropower plants on its rivers for decades . new programs combine wind and water : wind - driven turbines pump water uphill at night , the most blustery period ; then the water flows downhill by day , generating electricity , when consumer demand is highest . portugal ’ s distribution system is also now a two - way street . instead of just delivering electricity , it draws electricity from even the smallest generators , like rooftop solar panels . the government aggressively encouraged such contributions by setting a premium price for those who buy rooftop - generated solar electricity . [ sep ] hydropower plants on its rivers
portugal ’ s national energy transmission company , redes energeticas nacionais ( ren ) , uses sophisticated modeling to predict weather , especially wind patterns , and computer programs to calculate energy from the various renewable - energy plants . before the solar / wind revolution , portugal had generated electricity from hydropower plants on its rivers for decades . new programs combine wind and water : wind - driven turbines pump water uphill at night , the most blustery period ; then the water flows downhill by day , generating electricity , when consumer demand is highest . portugal ’ s distribution system is also now a two - way street . instead of just delivering electricity , it draws electricity from even the smallest generators , like rooftop solar panels . the government aggressively encouraged such contributions by setting a premium price for those who buy rooftop - generated solar electricity . [ sep ] wind - driven turbines
portugal ’ s national energy transmission company , redes energeticas nacionais ( ren ) , uses sophisticated modeling to predict weather , especially wind patterns , and computer programs to calculate energy from the various renewable - energy plants . before the solar / wind revolution , portugal had generated electricity from hydropower plants on its rivers for decades . new programs combine wind and water : wind - driven turbines pump water uphill at night , the most blustery period ; then the water flows downhill by day , generating electricity , when consumer demand is highest . portugal ’ s distribution system is also now a two - way street . instead of just delivering electricity , it draws electricity from even the smallest generators , like rooftop solar panels . the government aggressively encouraged such contributions by setting a premium price for those who buy rooftop - generated solar electricity . [ sep ] setting a premium price
montana contains thousands of named rivers and creeks , 450 miles ( 720 km ) of which are known for " blue - ribbon " trout fishing . montana ' s water resources provide for recreation , hydropower , crop and forage irrigation , mining , and water for human consumption . montana is one of few geographic areas in the world whose rivers form parts of three major watersheds ( i . e . where two continental divides intersect ) . its rivers feed the pacific ocean , the gulf of mexico , and hudson bay . the watersheds divide at triple divide peak in glacier national park . [ sep ] 450
montana contains thousands of named rivers and creeks , 450 miles ( 720 km ) of which are known for " blue - ribbon " trout fishing . montana ' s water resources provide for recreation , hydropower , crop and forage irrigation , mining , and water for human consumption . montana is one of few geographic areas in the world whose rivers form parts of three major watersheds ( i . e . where two continental divides intersect ) . its rivers feed the pacific ocean , the gulf of mexico , and hudson bay . the watersheds divide at triple divide peak in glacier national park . [ sep ] hudson bay
montana contains thousands of named rivers and creeks , 450 miles ( 720 km ) of which are known for " blue - ribbon " trout fishing . montana ' s water resources provide for recreation , hydropower , crop and forage irrigation , mining , and water for human consumption . montana is one of few geographic areas in the world whose rivers form parts of three major watersheds ( i . e . where two continental divides intersect ) . its rivers feed the pacific ocean , the gulf of mexico , and hudson bay . the watersheds divide at triple divide peak in glacier national park . [ sep ] triple divide peak in glacier national park .
montana contains thousands of named rivers and creeks , 450 miles ( 720 km ) of which are known for " blue - ribbon " trout fishing . montana ' s water resources provide for recreation , hydropower , crop and forage irrigation , mining , and water for human consumption . montana is one of few geographic areas in the world whose rivers form parts of three major watersheds ( i . e . where two continental divides intersect ) . its rivers feed the pacific ocean , the gulf of mexico , and hudson bay . the watersheds divide at triple divide peak in glacier national park . [ sep ] pacific ocean
the statistics portugal ( portuguese : ine - instituto nacional de estatistica ) estimates that , according to the 2011 census , the population was 10 , 562 , 178 ( of which 52 % was female , 48 % was male ) . this population has been relatively homogeneous for most of its history : a single religion ( catholicism ) and a single language have contributed to this ethnic and national unity , namely after the expulsion of the moors and jews . a considerable number of moors and jews , nevertheless , stayed in portugal , under the condition that they converted to catholicism , and afterwards they were known as mouriscos ( former muslims ) and cristaos novos ( new christians or former jews ) some of whom may have continued to observe rabbinic judaism in secret , as in the case of the secret jews of belmonte , who now observe the jewish faith openly . after 1772 the distinction between old and new christians was abolished by decree . some famous portuguese new christians were the mathematician pedro nunes and the physician and naturalist garcia de orta . [ sep ] 10 , 562 , 178
the statistics portugal ( portuguese : ine - instituto nacional de estatistica ) estimates that , according to the 2011 census , the population was 10 , 562 , 178 ( of which 52 % was female , 48 % was male ) . this population has been relatively homogeneous for most of its history : a single religion ( catholicism ) and a single language have contributed to this ethnic and national unity , namely after the expulsion of the moors and jews . a considerable number of moors and jews , nevertheless , stayed in portugal , under the condition that they converted to catholicism , and afterwards they were known as mouriscos ( former muslims ) and cristaos novos ( new christians or former jews ) some of whom may have continued to observe rabbinic judaism in secret , as in the case of the secret jews of belmonte , who now observe the jewish faith openly . after 1772 the distinction between old and new christians was abolished by decree . some famous portuguese new christians were the mathematician pedro nunes and the physician and naturalist garcia de orta . [ sep ] 52 %
the statistics portugal ( portuguese : ine - instituto nacional de estatistica ) estimates that , according to the 2011 census , the population was 10 , 562 , 178 ( of which 52 % was female , 48 % was male ) . this population has been relatively homogeneous for most of its history : a single religion ( catholicism ) and a single language have contributed to this ethnic and national unity , namely after the expulsion of the moors and jews . a considerable number of moors and jews , nevertheless , stayed in portugal , under the condition that they converted to catholicism , and afterwards they were known as mouriscos ( former muslims ) and cristaos novos ( new christians or former jews ) some of whom may have continued to observe rabbinic judaism in secret , as in the case of the secret jews of belmonte , who now observe the jewish faith openly . after 1772 the distinction between old and new christians was abolished by decree . some famous portuguese new christians were the mathematician pedro nunes and the physician and naturalist garcia de orta . [ sep ] 48 %
the statistics portugal ( portuguese : ine - instituto nacional de estatistica ) estimates that , according to the 2011 census , the population was 10 , 562 , 178 ( of which 52 % was female , 48 % was male ) . this population has been relatively homogeneous for most of its history : a single religion ( catholicism ) and a single language have contributed to this ethnic and national unity , namely after the expulsion of the moors and jews . a considerable number of moors and jews , nevertheless , stayed in portugal , under the condition that they converted to catholicism , and afterwards they were known as mouriscos ( former muslims ) and cristaos novos ( new christians or former jews ) some of whom may have continued to observe rabbinic judaism in secret , as in the case of the secret jews of belmonte , who now observe the jewish faith openly . after 1772 the distinction between old and new christians was abolished by decree . some famous portuguese new christians were the mathematician pedro nunes and the physician and naturalist garcia de orta . [ sep ] catholicism
the statistics portugal ( portuguese : ine - instituto nacional de estatistica ) estimates that , according to the 2011 census , the population was 10 , 562 , 178 ( of which 52 % was female , 48 % was male ) . this population has been relatively homogeneous for most of its history : a single religion ( catholicism ) and a single language have contributed to this ethnic and national unity , namely after the expulsion of the moors and jews . a considerable number of moors and jews , nevertheless , stayed in portugal , under the condition that they converted to catholicism , and afterwards they were known as mouriscos ( former muslims ) and cristaos novos ( new christians or former jews ) some of whom may have continued to observe rabbinic judaism in secret , as in the case of the secret jews of belmonte , who now observe the jewish faith openly . after 1772 the distinction between old and new christians was abolished by decree . some famous portuguese new christians were the mathematician pedro nunes and the physician and naturalist garcia de orta . [ sep ] mouriscos
east of the divide the missouri river , which is formed by the confluence of the jefferson , madison and gallatin rivers near three forks , flows due north through the west - central part of the state to great falls . from this point , it then flows generally east through fairly flat agricultural land and the missouri breaks to fort peck reservoir . the stretch of river between fort benton and the fred robinson bridge at the western boundary of fort peck reservoir was designated a national wild and scenic river in 1976 . the missouri enters north dakota near fort union , having drained more than half the land area of montana ( 82 , 000 square miles ( 210 , 000 km2 ) ) . nearly one - third of the missouri river in montana lies behind 10 dams : toston , canyon ferry , hauser , holter , black eagle , rainbow , cochrane , ryan , morony , and fort peck . [ sep ] jefferson , madison and gallatin rivers
east of the divide the missouri river , which is formed by the confluence of the jefferson , madison and gallatin rivers near three forks , flows due north through the west - central part of the state to great falls . from this point , it then flows generally east through fairly flat agricultural land and the missouri breaks to fort peck reservoir . the stretch of river between fort benton and the fred robinson bridge at the western boundary of fort peck reservoir was designated a national wild and scenic river in 1976 . the missouri enters north dakota near fort union , having drained more than half the land area of montana ( 82 , 000 square miles ( 210 , 000 km2 ) ) . nearly one - third of the missouri river in montana lies behind 10 dams : toston , canyon ferry , hauser , holter , black eagle , rainbow , cochrane , ryan , morony , and fort peck . [ sep ] three forks
east of the divide the missouri river , which is formed by the confluence of the jefferson , madison and gallatin rivers near three forks , flows due north through the west - central part of the state to great falls . from this point , it then flows generally east through fairly flat agricultural land and the missouri breaks to fort peck reservoir . the stretch of river between fort benton and the fred robinson bridge at the western boundary of fort peck reservoir was designated a national wild and scenic river in 1976 . the missouri enters north dakota near fort union , having drained more than half the land area of montana ( 82 , 000 square miles ( 210 , 000 km2 ) ) . nearly one - third of the missouri river in montana lies behind 10 dams : toston , canyon ferry , hauser , holter , black eagle , rainbow , cochrane , ryan , morony , and fort peck . [ sep ] north
east of the divide the missouri river , which is formed by the confluence of the jefferson , madison and gallatin rivers near three forks , flows due north through the west - central part of the state to great falls . from this point , it then flows generally east through fairly flat agricultural land and the missouri breaks to fort peck reservoir . the stretch of river between fort benton and the fred robinson bridge at the western boundary of fort peck reservoir was designated a national wild and scenic river in 1976 . the missouri enters north dakota near fort union , having drained more than half the land area of montana ( 82 , 000 square miles ( 210 , 000 km2 ) ) . nearly one - third of the missouri river in montana lies behind 10 dams : toston , canyon ferry , hauser , holter , black eagle , rainbow , cochrane , ryan , morony , and fort peck . [ sep ] 1976
the yellowstone river rises on the continental divide near younts peak in wyoming ' s teton wilderness . it flows north through yellowstone national park , enters montana near gardiner , and passes through the paradise valley to livingston . it then flows northeasterly across the state through billings , miles city , glendive , and sidney . the yellowstone joins the missouri in north dakota just east of fort union . it is the longest undammed , free - flowing river in the contiguous united states , and drains about a quarter of montana ( 36 , 000 square miles ( 93 , 000 km2 ) ) . [ sep ] north
the yellowstone river rises on the continental divide near younts peak in wyoming ' s teton wilderness . it flows north through yellowstone national park , enters montana near gardiner , and passes through the paradise valley to livingston . it then flows northeasterly across the state through billings , miles city , glendive , and sidney . the yellowstone joins the missouri in north dakota just east of fort union . it is the longest undammed , free - flowing river in the contiguous united states , and drains about a quarter of montana ( 36 , 000 square miles ( 93 , 000 km2 ) ) . [ sep ] north dakota
the most important demographic influence in the modern portuguese seems to be the oldest one ; current interpretation of y - chromosome and mtdna data suggests that the portuguese have their origin in paleolithic peoples that began arriving to the european continent around 45 , 000 years ago . all subsequent migrations did leave an impact , genetically and culturally , but the main population source of the portuguese is still paleolithic . genetic studies show portuguese populations not to be significantly different from other european populations . [ sep ] paleolithic peoples
the most important demographic influence in the modern portuguese seems to be the oldest one ; current interpretation of y - chromosome and mtdna data suggests that the portuguese have their origin in paleolithic peoples that began arriving to the european continent around 45 , 000 years ago . all subsequent migrations did leave an impact , genetically and culturally , but the main population source of the portuguese is still paleolithic . genetic studies show portuguese populations not to be significantly different from other european populations . [ sep ] 45 , 000 years ago
the most important demographic influence in the modern portuguese seems to be the oldest one ; current interpretation of y - chromosome and mtdna data suggests that the portuguese have their origin in paleolithic peoples that began arriving to the european continent around 45 , 000 years ago . all subsequent migrations did leave an impact , genetically and culturally , but the main population source of the portuguese is still paleolithic . genetic studies show portuguese populations not to be significantly different from other european populations . [ sep ] paleolithic
there are at least 3 , 223 named lakes and reservoirs in montana , including flathead lake , the largest natural freshwater lake in the western united states . other major lakes include whitefish lake in the flathead valley and lake mcdonald and st . mary lake in glacier national park . the largest reservoir in the state is fort peck reservoir on the missouri river , which is contained by the second largest earthen dam and largest hydraulically filled dam in the world . other major reservoirs include hungry horse on the flathead river ; lake koocanusa on the kootenai river ; lake elwell on the marias river ; clark canyon on the beaverhead river ; yellowtail on the bighorn river , canyon ferry , hauser , holter , rainbow ; and black eagle on the missouri river . [ sep ] at least 3 , 223
there are at least 3 , 223 named lakes and reservoirs in montana , including flathead lake , the largest natural freshwater lake in the western united states . other major lakes include whitefish lake in the flathead valley and lake mcdonald and st . mary lake in glacier national park . the largest reservoir in the state is fort peck reservoir on the missouri river , which is contained by the second largest earthen dam and largest hydraulically filled dam in the world . other major reservoirs include hungry horse on the flathead river ; lake koocanusa on the kootenai river ; lake elwell on the marias river ; clark canyon on the beaverhead river ; yellowtail on the bighorn river , canyon ferry , hauser , holter , rainbow ; and black eagle on the missouri river . [ sep ] flathead lake
there are at least 3 , 223 named lakes and reservoirs in montana , including flathead lake , the largest natural freshwater lake in the western united states . other major lakes include whitefish lake in the flathead valley and lake mcdonald and st . mary lake in glacier national park . the largest reservoir in the state is fort peck reservoir on the missouri river , which is contained by the second largest earthen dam and largest hydraulically filled dam in the world . other major reservoirs include hungry horse on the flathead river ; lake koocanusa on the kootenai river ; lake elwell on the marias river ; clark canyon on the beaverhead river ; yellowtail on the bighorn river , canyon ferry , hauser , holter , rainbow ; and black eagle on the missouri river . [ sep ] fort peck reservoir
there are at least 3 , 223 named lakes and reservoirs in montana , including flathead lake , the largest natural freshwater lake in the western united states . other major lakes include whitefish lake in the flathead valley and lake mcdonald and st . mary lake in glacier national park . the largest reservoir in the state is fort peck reservoir on the missouri river , which is contained by the second largest earthen dam and largest hydraulically filled dam in the world . other major reservoirs include hungry horse on the flathead river ; lake koocanusa on the kootenai river ; lake elwell on the marias river ; clark canyon on the beaverhead river ; yellowtail on the bighorn river , canyon ferry , hauser , holter , rainbow ; and black eagle on the missouri river . [ sep ] missouri river
portugal ' s colonial history has long since been a cornerstone of its national identity , as has its geographic position at the south - western corner of europe , looking out into the atlantic ocean . it was one of the last western colonial european powers to give up its overseas territories ( among them angola and mozambique in 1975 ) , turning over the administration of macau to the people ' s republic of china at the end of 1999 . consequently , it has both influenced and been influenced by cultures from former colonies or dependencies , resulting in immigration from these former territories for both economic and / or personal reasons . portugal , long a country of emigration ( the vast majority of brazilians have portuguese ancestry ) , has now become a country of net immigration , and not just from the last indian ( portuguese until 1961 ) , african ( portuguese until 1975 ) , and far east asian ( portuguese until 1999 ) overseas territories . an estimated 800 , 000 portuguese returned to portugal as the country ' s african possessions gained independence in 1975 . by 2007 , portugal had 10 , 617 , 575 inhabitants of whom about 332 , 137 were legal immigrants . [ sep ] colonial history
portugal ' s colonial history has long since been a cornerstone of its national identity , as has its geographic position at the south - western corner of europe , looking out into the atlantic ocean . it was one of the last western colonial european powers to give up its overseas territories ( among them angola and mozambique in 1975 ) , turning over the administration of macau to the people ' s republic of china at the end of 1999 . consequently , it has both influenced and been influenced by cultures from former colonies or dependencies , resulting in immigration from these former territories for both economic and / or personal reasons . portugal , long a country of emigration ( the vast majority of brazilians have portuguese ancestry ) , has now become a country of net immigration , and not just from the last indian ( portuguese until 1961 ) , african ( portuguese until 1975 ) , and far east asian ( portuguese until 1999 ) overseas territories . an estimated 800 , 000 portuguese returned to portugal as the country ' s african possessions gained independence in 1975 . by 2007 , portugal had 10 , 617 , 575 inhabitants of whom about 332 , 137 were legal immigrants . [ sep ] atlantic ocean
portugal ' s colonial history has long since been a cornerstone of its national identity , as has its geographic position at the south - western corner of europe , looking out into the atlantic ocean . it was one of the last western colonial european powers to give up its overseas territories ( among them angola and mozambique in 1975 ) , turning over the administration of macau to the people ' s republic of china at the end of 1999 . consequently , it has both influenced and been influenced by cultures from former colonies or dependencies , resulting in immigration from these former territories for both economic and / or personal reasons . portugal , long a country of emigration ( the vast majority of brazilians have portuguese ancestry ) , has now become a country of net immigration , and not just from the last indian ( portuguese until 1961 ) , african ( portuguese until 1975 ) , and far east asian ( portuguese until 1999 ) overseas territories . an estimated 800 , 000 portuguese returned to portugal as the country ' s african possessions gained independence in 1975 . by 2007 , portugal had 10 , 617 , 575 inhabitants of whom about 332 , 137 were legal immigrants . [ sep ] angola and mozambique
portugal ' s colonial history has long since been a cornerstone of its national identity , as has its geographic position at the south - western corner of europe , looking out into the atlantic ocean . it was one of the last western colonial european powers to give up its overseas territories ( among them angola and mozambique in 1975 ) , turning over the administration of macau to the people ' s republic of china at the end of 1999 . consequently , it has both influenced and been influenced by cultures from former colonies or dependencies , resulting in immigration from these former territories for both economic and / or personal reasons . portugal , long a country of emigration ( the vast majority of brazilians have portuguese ancestry ) , has now become a country of net immigration , and not just from the last indian ( portuguese until 1961 ) , african ( portuguese until 1975 ) , and far east asian ( portuguese until 1999 ) overseas territories . an estimated 800 , 000 portuguese returned to portugal as the country ' s african possessions gained independence in 1975 . by 2007 , portugal had 10 , 617 , 575 inhabitants of whom about 332 , 137 were legal immigrants . [ sep ] portuguese
portugal ' s colonial history has long since been a cornerstone of its national identity , as has its geographic position at the south - western corner of europe , looking out into the atlantic ocean . it was one of the last western colonial european powers to give up its overseas territories ( among them angola and mozambique in 1975 ) , turning over the administration of macau to the people ' s republic of china at the end of 1999 . consequently , it has both influenced and been influenced by cultures from former colonies or dependencies , resulting in immigration from these former territories for both economic and / or personal reasons . portugal , long a country of emigration ( the vast majority of brazilians have portuguese ancestry ) , has now become a country of net immigration , and not just from the last indian ( portuguese until 1961 ) , african ( portuguese until 1975 ) , and far east asian ( portuguese until 1999 ) overseas territories . an estimated 800 , 000 portuguese returned to portugal as the country ' s african possessions gained independence in 1975 . by 2007 , portugal had 10 , 617 , 575 inhabitants of whom about 332 , 137 were legal immigrants . [ sep ] 10 , 617 , 575
vegetation of the state includes lodgepole pine , ponderosa pine ; douglas fir , larch , spruce ; aspen , birch , red cedar , hemlock , ash , alder ; rocky mountain maple and cottonwood trees . forests cover approximately 25 percent of the state . flowers native to montana include asters , bitterroots , daisies , lupins , poppies , primroses , columbine , lilies , orchids , and dryads . several species of sagebrush and cactus and many species of grasses are common . many species of mushrooms and lichens are also found in the state . [ sep ] approximately 25 percent
according to the 2011 census , 81 . 0 % of the portuguese population are roman catholic . the country has small protestant , latter - day saint , muslim , hindu , sikh , eastern orthodox church , jehovah ' s witnesses , baha ' i , buddhist , jewish and spiritist communities . influences from african traditional religion and chinese traditional religion are also felt among many people , particularly in fields related with traditional chinese medicine and african witch doctors . some 6 . 8 % of the population declared themselves to be non - religious , and 8 . 3 % did not give any answer about their religion . [ sep ] 81 . 0 %
according to the 2011 census , 81 . 0 % of the portuguese population are roman catholic . the country has small protestant , latter - day saint , muslim , hindu , sikh , eastern orthodox church , jehovah ' s witnesses , baha ' i , buddhist , jewish and spiritist communities . influences from african traditional religion and chinese traditional religion are also felt among many people , particularly in fields related with traditional chinese medicine and african witch doctors . some 6 . 8 % of the population declared themselves to be non - religious , and 8 . 3 % did not give any answer about their religion . [ sep ] protestant , latter - day saint , muslim , hindu , sikh , eastern orthodox church , jehovah ' s witnesses , baha ' i , buddhist , jewish and spiritist
according to the 2011 census , 81 . 0 % of the portuguese population are roman catholic . the country has small protestant , latter - day saint , muslim , hindu , sikh , eastern orthodox church , jehovah ' s witnesses , baha ' i , buddhist , jewish and spiritist communities . influences from african traditional religion and chinese traditional religion are also felt among many people , particularly in fields related with traditional chinese medicine and african witch doctors . some 6 . 8 % of the population declared themselves to be non - religious , and 8 . 3 % did not give any answer about their religion . [ sep ] 6 . 8 %
according to the 2011 census , 81 . 0 % of the portuguese population are roman catholic . the country has small protestant , latter - day saint , muslim , hindu , sikh , eastern orthodox church , jehovah ' s witnesses , baha ' i , buddhist , jewish and spiritist communities . influences from african traditional religion and chinese traditional religion are also felt among many people , particularly in fields related with traditional chinese medicine and african witch doctors . some 6 . 8 % of the population declared themselves to be non - religious , and 8 . 3 % did not give any answer about their religion . [ sep ] 8 . 3 %
montana is home to a diverse array of fauna that includes 14 amphibian , 90 fish , 117 mammal , 20 reptile and 427 bird species . additionally , there are over 10 , 000 invertebrate species , including 180 mollusks and 30 crustaceans . montana has the largest grizzly bear population in the lower 48 states . montana hosts five federally endangered species – black - footed ferret , whooping crane , least tern , pallid sturgeon and white sturgeon and seven threatened species including the grizzly bear , canadian lynx and bull trout . the montana department of fish , wildlife and parks manages fishing and hunting seasons for at least 17 species of game fish including seven species of trout , walleye and smallmouth bass and at least 29 species of game birds and animals including ring - neck pheasant , grey partridge , elk , pronghorn antelope , mule deer , whitetail deer , gray wolf and bighorn sheep . [ sep ] 90
montana is home to a diverse array of fauna that includes 14 amphibian , 90 fish , 117 mammal , 20 reptile and 427 bird species . additionally , there are over 10 , 000 invertebrate species , including 180 mollusks and 30 crustaceans . montana has the largest grizzly bear population in the lower 48 states . montana hosts five federally endangered species – black - footed ferret , whooping crane , least tern , pallid sturgeon and white sturgeon and seven threatened species including the grizzly bear , canadian lynx and bull trout . the montana department of fish , wildlife and parks manages fishing and hunting seasons for at least 17 species of game fish including seven species of trout , walleye and smallmouth bass and at least 29 species of game birds and animals including ring - neck pheasant , grey partridge , elk , pronghorn antelope , mule deer , whitetail deer , gray wolf and bighorn sheep . [ sep ] grizzly bear
montana is home to a diverse array of fauna that includes 14 amphibian , 90 fish , 117 mammal , 20 reptile and 427 bird species . additionally , there are over 10 , 000 invertebrate species , including 180 mollusks and 30 crustaceans . montana has the largest grizzly bear population in the lower 48 states . montana hosts five federally endangered species – black - footed ferret , whooping crane , least tern , pallid sturgeon and white sturgeon and seven threatened species including the grizzly bear , canadian lynx and bull trout . the montana department of fish , wildlife and parks manages fishing and hunting seasons for at least 17 species of game fish including seven species of trout , walleye and smallmouth bass and at least 29 species of game birds and animals including ring - neck pheasant , grey partridge , elk , pronghorn antelope , mule deer , whitetail deer , gray wolf and bighorn sheep . [ sep ] five
montana is home to a diverse array of fauna that includes 14 amphibian , 90 fish , 117 mammal , 20 reptile and 427 bird species . additionally , there are over 10 , 000 invertebrate species , including 180 mollusks and 30 crustaceans . montana has the largest grizzly bear population in the lower 48 states . montana hosts five federally endangered species – black - footed ferret , whooping crane , least tern , pallid sturgeon and white sturgeon and seven threatened species including the grizzly bear , canadian lynx and bull trout . the montana department of fish , wildlife and parks manages fishing and hunting seasons for at least 17 species of game fish including seven species of trout , walleye and smallmouth bass and at least 29 species of game birds and animals including ring - neck pheasant , grey partridge , elk , pronghorn antelope , mule deer , whitetail deer , gray wolf and bighorn sheep . [ sep ] at least 17
average annual precipitation is 15 inches ( 380 mm ) , but great variations are seen . the mountain ranges block the moist pacific air , holding moisture in the western valleys , and creating rain shadows to the east . heron , in the west , receives the most precipitation , 34 . 70 inches ( 881 mm ) . on the eastern ( leeward ) side of a mountain range , the valleys are much drier ; lonepine averages 11 . 45 inches ( 291 mm ) , and deer lodge 11 . 00 inches ( 279 mm ) of precipitation . the mountains themselves can receive over 100 inches ( 2 , 500 mm ) , for example the grinnell glacier in glacier national park gets 105 inches ( 2 , 700 mm ) . an area southwest of belfry averaged only 6 . 59 inches ( 167 mm ) over a sixteen - year period . most of the larger cities get 30 to 50 inches or 0 . 76 to 1 . 27 metres of snow each year . mountain ranges themselves can accumulate 300 inches or 7 . 62 metres of snow during a winter . heavy snowstorms may occur any time from september through may , though most snow falls from november to march . [ sep ] 15 inches
average annual precipitation is 15 inches ( 380 mm ) , but great variations are seen . the mountain ranges block the moist pacific air , holding moisture in the western valleys , and creating rain shadows to the east . heron , in the west , receives the most precipitation , 34 . 70 inches ( 881 mm ) . on the eastern ( leeward ) side of a mountain range , the valleys are much drier ; lonepine averages 11 . 45 inches ( 291 mm ) , and deer lodge 11 . 00 inches ( 279 mm ) of precipitation . the mountains themselves can receive over 100 inches ( 2 , 500 mm ) , for example the grinnell glacier in glacier national park gets 105 inches ( 2 , 700 mm ) . an area southwest of belfry averaged only 6 . 59 inches ( 167 mm ) over a sixteen - year period . most of the larger cities get 30 to 50 inches or 0 . 76 to 1 . 27 metres of snow each year . mountain ranges themselves can accumulate 300 inches or 7 . 62 metres of snow during a winter . heavy snowstorms may occur any time from september through may , though most snow falls from november to march . [ sep ] 34 . 70 inches
average annual precipitation is 15 inches ( 380 mm ) , but great variations are seen . the mountain ranges block the moist pacific air , holding moisture in the western valleys , and creating rain shadows to the east . heron , in the west , receives the most precipitation , 34 . 70 inches ( 881 mm ) . on the eastern ( leeward ) side of a mountain range , the valleys are much drier ; lonepine averages 11 . 45 inches ( 291 mm ) , and deer lodge 11 . 00 inches ( 279 mm ) of precipitation . the mountains themselves can receive over 100 inches ( 2 , 500 mm ) , for example the grinnell glacier in glacier national park gets 105 inches ( 2 , 700 mm ) . an area southwest of belfry averaged only 6 . 59 inches ( 167 mm ) over a sixteen - year period . most of the larger cities get 30 to 50 inches or 0 . 76 to 1 . 27 metres of snow each year . mountain ranges themselves can accumulate 300 inches or 7 . 62 metres of snow during a winter . heavy snowstorms may occur any time from september through may , though most snow falls from november to march . [ sep ] 105 inches
montana ' s personal income tax contains 7 brackets , with rates ranging from 1 percent to 6 . 9 percent . montana has no sales tax . in montana , household goods are exempt from property taxes . however , property taxes are assessed on livestock , farm machinery , heavy equipment , automobiles , trucks , and business equipment . the amount of property tax owed is not determined solely by the property ' s value . the property ' s value is multiplied by a tax rate , set by the montana legislature , to determine its taxable value . the taxable value is then multiplied by the mill levy established by various taxing jurisdictions — city and county government , school districts and others . [ sep ] 7
montana ' s personal income tax contains 7 brackets , with rates ranging from 1 percent to 6 . 9 percent . montana has no sales tax . in montana , household goods are exempt from property taxes . however , property taxes are assessed on livestock , farm machinery , heavy equipment , automobiles , trucks , and business equipment . the amount of property tax owed is not determined solely by the property ' s value . the property ' s value is multiplied by a tax rate , set by the montana legislature , to determine its taxable value . the taxable value is then multiplied by the mill levy established by various taxing jurisdictions — city and county government , school districts and others . [ sep ] 6 . 9 percent
montana ' s personal income tax contains 7 brackets , with rates ranging from 1 percent to 6 . 9 percent . montana has no sales tax . in montana , household goods are exempt from property taxes . however , property taxes are assessed on livestock , farm machinery , heavy equipment , automobiles , trucks , and business equipment . the amount of property tax owed is not determined solely by the property ' s value . the property ' s value is multiplied by a tax rate , set by the montana legislature , to determine its taxable value . the taxable value is then multiplied by the mill levy established by various taxing jurisdictions — city and county government , school districts and others . [ sep ] no
many portuguese holidays , festivals and traditions have a christian origin or connotation . although relations between the portuguese state and the roman catholic church were generally amiable and stable since the earliest years of the portuguese nation , their relative power fluctuated . in the 13th and 14th centuries , the church enjoyed both riches and power stemming from its role in the reconquest , its close identification with early portuguese nationalism and the foundation of the portuguese educational system , including the first university . the growth of the portuguese overseas empire made its missionaries important agents of colonization , with important roles in the education and evangelization of people from all the inhabited continents . the growth of liberal and nascent republican movements during the eras leading to the formation of the first portuguese republic ( 1910 – 26 ) changed the role and importance of organized religion . [ sep ] christian
many portuguese holidays , festivals and traditions have a christian origin or connotation . although relations between the portuguese state and the roman catholic church were generally amiable and stable since the earliest years of the portuguese nation , their relative power fluctuated . in the 13th and 14th centuries , the church enjoyed both riches and power stemming from its role in the reconquest , its close identification with early portuguese nationalism and the foundation of the portuguese educational system , including the first university . the growth of the portuguese overseas empire made its missionaries important agents of colonization , with important roles in the education and evangelization of people from all the inhabited continents . the growth of liberal and nascent republican movements during the eras leading to the formation of the first portuguese republic ( 1910 – 26 ) changed the role and importance of organized religion . [ sep ] 13th and 14th
many portuguese holidays , festivals and traditions have a christian origin or connotation . although relations between the portuguese state and the roman catholic church were generally amiable and stable since the earliest years of the portuguese nation , their relative power fluctuated . in the 13th and 14th centuries , the church enjoyed both riches and power stemming from its role in the reconquest , its close identification with early portuguese nationalism and the foundation of the portuguese educational system , including the first university . the growth of the portuguese overseas empire made its missionaries important agents of colonization , with important roles in the education and evangelization of people from all the inhabited continents . the growth of liberal and nascent republican movements during the eras leading to the formation of the first portuguese republic ( 1910 – 26 ) changed the role and importance of organized religion . [ sep ] formation of the first portuguese republic
many portuguese holidays , festivals and traditions have a christian origin or connotation . although relations between the portuguese state and the roman catholic church were generally amiable and stable since the earliest years of the portuguese nation , their relative power fluctuated . in the 13th and 14th centuries , the church enjoyed both riches and power stemming from its role in the reconquest , its close identification with early portuguese nationalism and the foundation of the portuguese educational system , including the first university . the growth of the portuguese overseas empire made its missionaries important agents of colonization , with important roles in the education and evangelization of people from all the inhabited continents . the growth of liberal and nascent republican movements during the eras leading to the formation of the first portuguese republic ( 1910 – 26 ) changed the role and importance of organized religion . [ sep ] 1910 – 26
approximately 66 , 000 people of native american heritage live in montana . stemming from multiple treaties and federal legislation , including the indian appropriations act ( 1851 ) , the dawes act ( 1887 ) , and the indian reorganization act ( 1934 ) , seven indian reservations , encompassing eleven tribal nations , were created in montana . a twelfth nation , the little shell chippewa is a " landless " people headquartered in great falls , recognized by the state of montana but not by the u . s . government . the blackfeet nation is headquartered on the blackfeet indian reservation ( 1851 ) in browning , crow on the crow indian reservation ( 1851 ) in crow agency , confederated salish and kootenai and pend d ' oreille on the flathead indian reservation ( 1855 ) in pablo , northern cheyenne on the northern cheyenne indian reservation ( 1884 ) at lame deer , assiniboine and gros ventre on the fort belknap indian reservation ( 1888 ) in fort belknap agency , assiniboine and sioux on the fort peck indian reservation ( 1888 ) at poplar , and chippewa - cree on the rocky boy ' s indian reservation ( 1916 ) near box elder . approximately 63 % of all native people live off the reservations , concentrated in the larger montana cities with the largest concentration of urban indians in great falls . the state also has a small metis population , and 1990 census data indicated that people from as many as 275 different tribes lived in montana . [ sep ] approximately 66 , 000
approximately 66 , 000 people of native american heritage live in montana . stemming from multiple treaties and federal legislation , including the indian appropriations act ( 1851 ) , the dawes act ( 1887 ) , and the indian reorganization act ( 1934 ) , seven indian reservations , encompassing eleven tribal nations , were created in montana . a twelfth nation , the little shell chippewa is a " landless " people headquartered in great falls , recognized by the state of montana but not by the u . s . government . the blackfeet nation is headquartered on the blackfeet indian reservation ( 1851 ) in browning , crow on the crow indian reservation ( 1851 ) in crow agency , confederated salish and kootenai and pend d ' oreille on the flathead indian reservation ( 1855 ) in pablo , northern cheyenne on the northern cheyenne indian reservation ( 1884 ) at lame deer , assiniboine and gros ventre on the fort belknap indian reservation ( 1888 ) in fort belknap agency , assiniboine and sioux on the fort peck indian reservation ( 1888 ) at poplar , and chippewa - cree on the rocky boy ' s indian reservation ( 1916 ) near box elder . approximately 63 % of all native people live off the reservations , concentrated in the larger montana cities with the largest concentration of urban indians in great falls . the state also has a small metis population , and 1990 census data indicated that people from as many as 275 different tribes lived in montana . [ sep ] 1851
approximately 66 , 000 people of native american heritage live in montana . stemming from multiple treaties and federal legislation , including the indian appropriations act ( 1851 ) , the dawes act ( 1887 ) , and the indian reorganization act ( 1934 ) , seven indian reservations , encompassing eleven tribal nations , were created in montana . a twelfth nation , the little shell chippewa is a " landless " people headquartered in great falls , recognized by the state of montana but not by the u . s . government . the blackfeet nation is headquartered on the blackfeet indian reservation ( 1851 ) in browning , crow on the crow indian reservation ( 1851 ) in crow agency , confederated salish and kootenai and pend d ' oreille on the flathead indian reservation ( 1855 ) in pablo , northern cheyenne on the northern cheyenne indian reservation ( 1884 ) at lame deer , assiniboine and gros ventre on the fort belknap indian reservation ( 1888 ) in fort belknap agency , assiniboine and sioux on the fort peck indian reservation ( 1888 ) at poplar , and chippewa - cree on the rocky boy ' s indian reservation ( 1916 ) near box elder . approximately 63 % of all native people live off the reservations , concentrated in the larger montana cities with the largest concentration of urban indians in great falls . the state also has a small metis population , and 1990 census data indicated that people from as many as 275 different tribes lived in montana . [ sep ] 1887
approximately 66 , 000 people of native american heritage live in montana . stemming from multiple treaties and federal legislation , including the indian appropriations act ( 1851 ) , the dawes act ( 1887 ) , and the indian reorganization act ( 1934 ) , seven indian reservations , encompassing eleven tribal nations , were created in montana . a twelfth nation , the little shell chippewa is a " landless " people headquartered in great falls , recognized by the state of montana but not by the u . s . government . the blackfeet nation is headquartered on the blackfeet indian reservation ( 1851 ) in browning , crow on the crow indian reservation ( 1851 ) in crow agency , confederated salish and kootenai and pend d ' oreille on the flathead indian reservation ( 1855 ) in pablo , northern cheyenne on the northern cheyenne indian reservation ( 1884 ) at lame deer , assiniboine and gros ventre on the fort belknap indian reservation ( 1888 ) in fort belknap agency , assiniboine and sioux on the fort peck indian reservation ( 1888 ) at poplar , and chippewa - cree on the rocky boy ' s indian reservation ( 1916 ) near box elder . approximately 63 % of all native people live off the reservations , concentrated in the larger montana cities with the largest concentration of urban indians in great falls . the state also has a small metis population , and 1990 census data indicated that people from as many as 275 different tribes lived in montana . [ sep ] great falls
approximately 66 , 000 people of native american heritage live in montana . stemming from multiple treaties and federal legislation , including the indian appropriations act ( 1851 ) , the dawes act ( 1887 ) , and the indian reorganization act ( 1934 ) , seven indian reservations , encompassing eleven tribal nations , were created in montana . a twelfth nation , the little shell chippewa is a " landless " people headquartered in great falls , recognized by the state of montana but not by the u . s . government . the blackfeet nation is headquartered on the blackfeet indian reservation ( 1851 ) in browning , crow on the crow indian reservation ( 1851 ) in crow agency , confederated salish and kootenai and pend d ' oreille on the flathead indian reservation ( 1855 ) in pablo , northern cheyenne on the northern cheyenne indian reservation ( 1884 ) at lame deer , assiniboine and gros ventre on the fort belknap indian reservation ( 1888 ) in fort belknap agency , assiniboine and sioux on the fort peck indian reservation ( 1888 ) at poplar , and chippewa - cree on the rocky boy ' s indian reservation ( 1916 ) near box elder . approximately 63 % of all native people live off the reservations , concentrated in the larger montana cities with the largest concentration of urban indians in great falls . the state also has a small metis population , and 1990 census data indicated that people from as many as 275 different tribes lived in montana . [ sep ] 63 %
within the white inescutcheon , the five quinas ( small blue shields ) with their five white bezants representing the five wounds of christ ( portuguese : cinco chagas ) when crucified and are popularly associated with the " miracle of ourique " . the story associated with this miracle tells that before the battle of ourique ( 25 july 1139 ) , an old hermit appeared before count afonso henriques ( future afonso i ) as a divine messenger . he foretold afonso ' s victory and assured him that god was watching over him and his peers . the messenger advised him to walk away from his camp , alone , if he heard a nearby chapel bell tolling , in the following night . in doing so , he witnessed an apparition of jesus on the cross . ecstatic , afonso heard jesus promising victories for the coming battles , as well as god ' s wish to act through afonso , and his descendants , in order to create an empire which would carry his name to unknown lands , thus choosing the portuguese to perform great tasks . [ sep ] 25 july 1139
within the white inescutcheon , the five quinas ( small blue shields ) with their five white bezants representing the five wounds of christ ( portuguese : cinco chagas ) when crucified and are popularly associated with the " miracle of ourique " . the story associated with this miracle tells that before the battle of ourique ( 25 july 1139 ) , an old hermit appeared before count afonso henriques ( future afonso i ) as a divine messenger . he foretold afonso ' s victory and assured him that god was watching over him and his peers . the messenger advised him to walk away from his camp , alone , if he heard a nearby chapel bell tolling , in the following night . in doing so , he witnessed an apparition of jesus on the cross . ecstatic , afonso heard jesus promising victories for the coming battles , as well as god ' s wish to act through afonso , and his descendants , in order to create an empire which would carry his name to unknown lands , thus choosing the portuguese to perform great tasks . [ sep ] victories for the coming battles , as well as god ' s wish to act through afonso
within the white inescutcheon , the five quinas ( small blue shields ) with their five white bezants representing the five wounds of christ ( portuguese : cinco chagas ) when crucified and are popularly associated with the " miracle of ourique " . the story associated with this miracle tells that before the battle of ourique ( 25 july 1139 ) , an old hermit appeared before count afonso henriques ( future afonso i ) as a divine messenger . he foretold afonso ' s victory and assured him that god was watching over him and his peers . the messenger advised him to walk away from his camp , alone , if he heard a nearby chapel bell tolling , in the following night . in doing so , he witnessed an apparition of jesus on the cross . ecstatic , afonso heard jesus promising victories for the coming battles , as well as god ' s wish to act through afonso , and his descendants , in order to create an empire which would carry his name to unknown lands , thus choosing the portuguese to perform great tasks . [ sep ] in order to create an empire which would carry his name to unknown lands
while the largest european - american population in montana overall is german , pockets of significant scandinavian ancestry are prevalent in some of the farming - dominated northern and eastern prairie regions , parallel to nearby regions of north dakota and minnesota . farmers of irish , scots , and english roots also settled in montana . the historically mining - oriented communities of western montana such as butte have a wider range of european - american ethnicity ; finns , eastern europeans and especially irish settlers left an indelible mark on the area , as well as people originally from british mining regions such as cornwall , devon and wales . the nearby city of helena , also founded as a mining camp , had a similar mix in addition to a small chinatown . many of montana ' s historic logging communities originally attracted people of scottish , scandinavian , slavic , english and scots - irish descent . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] german
while the largest european - american population in montana overall is german , pockets of significant scandinavian ancestry are prevalent in some of the farming - dominated northern and eastern prairie regions , parallel to nearby regions of north dakota and minnesota . farmers of irish , scots , and english roots also settled in montana . the historically mining - oriented communities of western montana such as butte have a wider range of european - american ethnicity ; finns , eastern europeans and especially irish settlers left an indelible mark on the area , as well as people originally from british mining regions such as cornwall , devon and wales . the nearby city of helena , also founded as a mining camp , had a similar mix in addition to a small chinatown . many of montana ' s historic logging communities originally attracted people of scottish , scandinavian , slavic , english and scots - irish descent . [ citation needed ] [ sep ] a mining camp
portuguese is the official language of portugal . portuguese is a romance language that originated in what is now galicia and northern portugal , originating from galician - portuguese , which was the common language of the galician and portuguese people until the independence of portugal . particularly in the north of portugal , there are still many similarities between the galician culture and the portuguese culture . galicia is a consultative observer of the community of portuguese language countries . according to the ethnologue of languages , portuguese and spanish have a lexical similarity of 89 % - educated speakers of each language can communicate easily with one another . [ sep ] portuguese
portuguese is the official language of portugal . portuguese is a romance language that originated in what is now galicia and northern portugal , originating from galician - portuguese , which was the common language of the galician and portuguese people until the independence of portugal . particularly in the north of portugal , there are still many similarities between the galician culture and the portuguese culture . galicia is a consultative observer of the community of portuguese language countries . according to the ethnologue of languages , portuguese and spanish have a lexical similarity of 89 % - educated speakers of each language can communicate easily with one another . [ sep ] romance
portuguese is the official language of portugal . portuguese is a romance language that originated in what is now galicia and northern portugal , originating from galician - portuguese , which was the common language of the galician and portuguese people until the independence of portugal . particularly in the north of portugal , there are still many similarities between the galician culture and the portuguese culture . galicia is a consultative observer of the community of portuguese language countries . according to the ethnologue of languages , portuguese and spanish have a lexical similarity of 89 % - educated speakers of each language can communicate easily with one another . [ sep ] galicia and northern portugal
portuguese is the official language of portugal . portuguese is a romance language that originated in what is now galicia and northern portugal , originating from galician - portuguese , which was the common language of the galician and portuguese people until the independence of portugal . particularly in the north of portugal , there are still many similarities between the galician culture and the portuguese culture . galicia is a consultative observer of the community of portuguese language countries . according to the ethnologue of languages , portuguese and spanish have a lexical similarity of 89 % - educated speakers of each language can communicate easily with one another . [ sep ] galician - portuguese
montana has a larger native american population numerically and percentage - wise than most u . s . states . although the state ranked 45th in population ( according to the 2010 u . s . census ) , it ranked 19th in total native people population . native people constituted 6 . 5 percent of the state ' s total population , the sixth highest percentage of all 50 states . montana has three counties in which native americans are a majority : big horn , glacier , and roosevelt . other counties with large native american populations include blaine , cascade , hill , missoula , and yellowstone counties . the state ' s native american population grew by 27 . 9 percent between 1980 and 1990 ( at a time when montana ' s entire population rose just 1 . 6 percent ) , and by 18 . 5 percent between 2000 and 2010 . as of 2009 , almost two - thirds of native americans in the state live in urban areas . of montana ' s 20 largest cities , polson ( 15 . 7 percent ) , havre ( 13 . 0 percent ) , great falls ( 5 . 0 percent ) , billings ( 4 . 4 percent ) , and anaconda ( 3 . 1 percent ) had the greatest percentage of native american residents in 2010 . billings ( 4 , 619 ) , great falls ( 2 , 942 ) , missoula ( 1 , 838 ) , havre ( 1 , 210 ) , and polson ( 706 ) have the most native americans living there . the state ' s seven reservations include more than twelve distinct native american ethnolinguistic groups . [ sep ] 6 . 5 percent
montana has a larger native american population numerically and percentage - wise than most u . s . states . although the state ranked 45th in population ( according to the 2010 u . s . census ) , it ranked 19th in total native people population . native people constituted 6 . 5 percent of the state ' s total population , the sixth highest percentage of all 50 states . montana has three counties in which native americans are a majority : big horn , glacier , and roosevelt . other counties with large native american populations include blaine , cascade , hill , missoula , and yellowstone counties . the state ' s native american population grew by 27 . 9 percent between 1980 and 1990 ( at a time when montana ' s entire population rose just 1 . 6 percent ) , and by 18 . 5 percent between 2000 and 2010 . as of 2009 , almost two - thirds of native americans in the state live in urban areas . of montana ' s 20 largest cities , polson ( 15 . 7 percent ) , havre ( 13 . 0 percent ) , great falls ( 5 . 0 percent ) , billings ( 4 . 4 percent ) , and anaconda ( 3 . 1 percent ) had the greatest percentage of native american residents in 2010 . billings ( 4 , 619 ) , great falls ( 2 , 942 ) , missoula ( 1 , 838 ) , havre ( 1 , 210 ) , and polson ( 706 ) have the most native americans living there . the state ' s seven reservations include more than twelve distinct native american ethnolinguistic groups . [ sep ] big horn , glacier , and roosevelt
montana has a larger native american population numerically and percentage - wise than most u . s . states . although the state ranked 45th in population ( according to the 2010 u . s . census ) , it ranked 19th in total native people population . native people constituted 6 . 5 percent of the state ' s total population , the sixth highest percentage of all 50 states . montana has three counties in which native americans are a majority : big horn , glacier , and roosevelt . other counties with large native american populations include blaine , cascade , hill , missoula , and yellowstone counties . the state ' s native american population grew by 27 . 9 percent between 1980 and 1990 ( at a time when montana ' s entire population rose just 1 . 6 percent ) , and by 18 . 5 percent between 2000 and 2010 . as of 2009 , almost two - thirds of native americans in the state live in urban areas . of montana ' s 20 largest cities , polson ( 15 . 7 percent ) , havre ( 13 . 0 percent ) , great falls ( 5 . 0 percent ) , billings ( 4 . 4 percent ) , and anaconda ( 3 . 1 percent ) had the greatest percentage of native american residents in 2010 . billings ( 4 , 619 ) , great falls ( 2 , 942 ) , missoula ( 1 , 838 ) , havre ( 1 , 210 ) , and polson ( 706 ) have the most native americans living there . the state ' s seven reservations include more than twelve distinct native american ethnolinguistic groups . [ sep ] 1980 and 1990
the portuguese language is derived from the latin spoken by the romanized pre - roman peoples of the iberian peninsula around 2000 years ago — particularly the celts , tartessians , lusitanians and iberians . in the 15th and 16th centuries , the language spread worldwide as portugal established a colonial and commercial empire between 1415 and 1999 . portuguese is now spoken as a native language in five different continents , with brazil accounting for the largest number of native portuguese speakers of any country ( 200 million speakers in 2012 ) . [ sep ] latin
the portuguese language is derived from the latin spoken by the romanized pre - roman peoples of the iberian peninsula around 2000 years ago — particularly the celts , tartessians , lusitanians and iberians . in the 15th and 16th centuries , the language spread worldwide as portugal established a colonial and commercial empire between 1415 and 1999 . portuguese is now spoken as a native language in five different continents , with brazil accounting for the largest number of native portuguese speakers of any country ( 200 million speakers in 2012 ) . [ sep ] pre - roman peoples of the iberian peninsula
the portuguese language is derived from the latin spoken by the romanized pre - roman peoples of the iberian peninsula around 2000 years ago — particularly the celts , tartessians , lusitanians and iberians . in the 15th and 16th centuries , the language spread worldwide as portugal established a colonial and commercial empire between 1415 and 1999 . portuguese is now spoken as a native language in five different continents , with brazil accounting for the largest number of native portuguese speakers of any country ( 200 million speakers in 2012 ) . [ sep ] 1415 and 1999
the portuguese language is derived from the latin spoken by the romanized pre - roman peoples of the iberian peninsula around 2000 years ago — particularly the celts , tartessians , lusitanians and iberians . in the 15th and 16th centuries , the language spread worldwide as portugal established a colonial and commercial empire between 1415 and 1999 . portuguese is now spoken as a native language in five different continents , with brazil accounting for the largest number of native portuguese speakers of any country ( 200 million speakers in 2012 ) . [ sep ] five
the portuguese language is derived from the latin spoken by the romanized pre - roman peoples of the iberian peninsula around 2000 years ago — particularly the celts , tartessians , lusitanians and iberians . in the 15th and 16th centuries , the language spread worldwide as portugal established a colonial and commercial empire between 1415 and 1999 . portuguese is now spoken as a native language in five different continents , with brazil accounting for the largest number of native portuguese speakers of any country ( 200 million speakers in 2012 ) . [ sep ] brazil
the climate has become warmer in montana and continues to do so . the glaciers in glacier national park have receded and are predicted to melt away completely in a few decades . many montana cities set heat records during july 2007 , the hottest month ever recorded in montana . winters are warmer , too , and have fewer cold spells . previously these cold spells had killed off bark beetles which are now attacking the forests of western montana . the combination of warmer weather , attack by beetles , and mismanagement during past years has led to a substantial increase in the severity of forest fires in montana . according to a study done for the u . s . environmental protection agency by the harvard school of engineering and applied science , portions of montana will experience a 200 - percent increase in area burned by wildfires , and an 80 - percent increase in related air pollution . [ sep ] 2007
the climate has become warmer in montana and continues to do so . the glaciers in glacier national park have receded and are predicted to melt away completely in a few decades . many montana cities set heat records during july 2007 , the hottest month ever recorded in montana . winters are warmer , too , and have fewer cold spells . previously these cold spells had killed off bark beetles which are now attacking the forests of western montana . the combination of warmer weather , attack by beetles , and mismanagement during past years has led to a substantial increase in the severity of forest fires in montana . according to a study done for the u . s . environmental protection agency by the harvard school of engineering and applied science , portions of montana will experience a 200 - percent increase in area burned by wildfires , and an 80 - percent increase in related air pollution . [ sep ] july
the climate has become warmer in montana and continues to do so . the glaciers in glacier national park have receded and are predicted to melt away completely in a few decades . many montana cities set heat records during july 2007 , the hottest month ever recorded in montana . winters are warmer , too , and have fewer cold spells . previously these cold spells had killed off bark beetles which are now attacking the forests of western montana . the combination of warmer weather , attack by beetles , and mismanagement during past years has led to a substantial increase in the severity of forest fires in montana . according to a study done for the u . s . environmental protection agency by the harvard school of engineering and applied science , portions of montana will experience a 200 - percent increase in area burned by wildfires , and an 80 - percent increase in related air pollution . [ sep ] forest fires
the total adult literacy rate is 99 percent . portuguese primary school enrollments are close to 100 percent . according to the oecd ' s programme for international student assessment ( pisa ) 2009 , the average portuguese 15 - year - old student , when rated in terms of reading literacy , mathematics and science knowledge , is placed at the same level as those students from the united states , sweden , germany , ireland , france , denmark , united kingdom , hungary and taipei , with 489 points ( 493 is the average ) . over 35 % of college - age citizens ( 20 years old ) attend one of the country ' s higher education institutions ( compared with 50 % in the united states and 35 % in the oecd countries ) . in addition to being a destination for international students , portugal is also among the top places of origin for international students . all higher education students , both domestic and international , totaled 380 , 937 in 2005 . [ sep ] 99 percent
the total adult literacy rate is 99 percent . portuguese primary school enrollments are close to 100 percent . according to the oecd ' s programme for international student assessment ( pisa ) 2009 , the average portuguese 15 - year - old student , when rated in terms of reading literacy , mathematics and science knowledge , is placed at the same level as those students from the united states , sweden , germany , ireland , france , denmark , united kingdom , hungary and taipei , with 489 points ( 493 is the average ) . over 35 % of college - age citizens ( 20 years old ) attend one of the country ' s higher education institutions ( compared with 50 % in the united states and 35 % in the oecd countries ) . in addition to being a destination for international students , portugal is also among the top places of origin for international students . all higher education students , both domestic and international , totaled 380 , 937 in 2005 . [ sep ] 100 percent
the total adult literacy rate is 99 percent . portuguese primary school enrollments are close to 100 percent . according to the oecd ' s programme for international student assessment ( pisa ) 2009 , the average portuguese 15 - year - old student , when rated in terms of reading literacy , mathematics and science knowledge , is placed at the same level as those students from the united states , sweden , germany , ireland , france , denmark , united kingdom , hungary and taipei , with 489 points ( 493 is the average ) . over 35 % of college - age citizens ( 20 years old ) attend one of the country ' s higher education institutions ( compared with 50 % in the united states and 35 % in the oecd countries ) . in addition to being a destination for international students , portugal is also among the top places of origin for international students . all higher education students , both domestic and international , totaled 380 , 937 in 2005 . [ sep ] over 35 %
the total adult literacy rate is 99 percent . portuguese primary school enrollments are close to 100 percent . according to the oecd ' s programme for international student assessment ( pisa ) 2009 , the average portuguese 15 - year - old student , when rated in terms of reading literacy , mathematics and science knowledge , is placed at the same level as those students from the united states , sweden , germany , ireland , france , denmark , united kingdom , hungary and taipei , with 489 points ( 493 is the average ) . over 35 % of college - age citizens ( 20 years old ) attend one of the country ' s higher education institutions ( compared with 50 % in the united states and 35 % in the oecd countries ) . in addition to being a destination for international students , portugal is also among the top places of origin for international students . all higher education students , both domestic and international , totaled 380 , 937 in 2005 . [ sep ] 50 %
as white settlers began populating montana from the 1850s through the 1870s , disputes with native americans ensued , primarily over land ownership and control . in 1855 , washington territorial governor isaac stevens negotiated the hellgate treaty between the united states government and the salish , pend d ' oreille , and the kootenai people of western montana , which established boundaries for the tribal nations . the treaty was ratified in 1859 . while the treaty established what later became the flathead indian reservation , trouble with interpreters and confusion over the terms of the treaty led whites to believe that the bitterroot valley was opened to settlement , but the tribal nations disputed those provisions . the salish remained in the bitterroot valley until 1891 . [ sep ] 1855
as white settlers began populating montana from the 1850s through the 1870s , disputes with native americans ensued , primarily over land ownership and control . in 1855 , washington territorial governor isaac stevens negotiated the hellgate treaty between the united states government and the salish , pend d ' oreille , and the kootenai people of western montana , which established boundaries for the tribal nations . the treaty was ratified in 1859 . while the treaty established what later became the flathead indian reservation , trouble with interpreters and confusion over the terms of the treaty led whites to believe that the bitterroot valley was opened to settlement , but the tribal nations disputed those provisions . the salish remained in the bitterroot valley until 1891 . [ sep ] isaac stevens
as white settlers began populating montana from the 1850s through the 1870s , disputes with native americans ensued , primarily over land ownership and control . in 1855 , washington territorial governor isaac stevens negotiated the hellgate treaty between the united states government and the salish , pend d ' oreille , and the kootenai people of western montana , which established boundaries for the tribal nations . the treaty was ratified in 1859 . while the treaty established what later became the flathead indian reservation , trouble with interpreters and confusion over the terms of the treaty led whites to believe that the bitterroot valley was opened to settlement , but the tribal nations disputed those provisions . the salish remained in the bitterroot valley until 1891 . [ sep ] 1859
as white settlers began populating montana from the 1850s through the 1870s , disputes with native americans ensued , primarily over land ownership and control . in 1855 , washington territorial governor isaac stevens negotiated the hellgate treaty between the united states government and the salish , pend d ' oreille , and the kootenai people of western montana , which established boundaries for the tribal nations . the treaty was ratified in 1859 . while the treaty established what later became the flathead indian reservation , trouble with interpreters and confusion over the terms of the treaty led whites to believe that the bitterroot valley was opened to settlement , but the tribal nations disputed those provisions . the salish remained in the bitterroot valley until 1891 . [ sep ] flathead indian reservation
portuguese universities have existed since 1290 . the oldest portuguese university was first established in lisbon before moving to coimbra . historically , within the scope of the portuguese empire , the portuguese founded the oldest engineering school of the americas ( the real academia de artilharia , fortificacao e desenho of rio de janeiro ) in 1792 , as well as the oldest medical college in asia ( the escola medico - cirurgica of goa ) in 1842 . the largest university in portugal is the university of lisbon . [ sep ] 1290
portuguese universities have existed since 1290 . the oldest portuguese university was first established in lisbon before moving to coimbra . historically , within the scope of the portuguese empire , the portuguese founded the oldest engineering school of the americas ( the real academia de artilharia , fortificacao e desenho of rio de janeiro ) in 1792 , as well as the oldest medical college in asia ( the escola medico - cirurgica of goa ) in 1842 . the largest university in portugal is the university of lisbon . [ sep ] lisbon
portuguese universities have existed since 1290 . the oldest portuguese university was first established in lisbon before moving to coimbra . historically , within the scope of the portuguese empire , the portuguese founded the oldest engineering school of the americas ( the real academia de artilharia , fortificacao e desenho of rio de janeiro ) in 1792 , as well as the oldest medical college in asia ( the escola medico - cirurgica of goa ) in 1842 . the largest university in portugal is the university of lisbon . [ sep ] coimbra
portuguese universities have existed since 1290 . the oldest portuguese university was first established in lisbon before moving to coimbra . historically , within the scope of the portuguese empire , the portuguese founded the oldest engineering school of the americas ( the real academia de artilharia , fortificacao e desenho of rio de janeiro ) in 1792 , as well as the oldest medical college in asia ( the escola medico - cirurgica of goa ) in 1842 . the largest university in portugal is the university of lisbon . [ sep ] the real academia de artilharia , fortificacao e desenho of rio de janeiro
portuguese universities have existed since 1290 . the oldest portuguese university was first established in lisbon before moving to coimbra . historically , within the scope of the portuguese empire , the portuguese founded the oldest engineering school of the americas ( the real academia de artilharia , fortificacao e desenho of rio de janeiro ) in 1792 , as well as the oldest medical college in asia ( the escola medico - cirurgica of goa ) in 1842 . the largest university in portugal is the university of lisbon . [ sep ] the escola medico - cirurgica of goa
the first u . s . army post established in montana was camp cooke on the missouri river in 1866 to protect steamboat traffic going to fort benton , montana . more than a dozen additional military outposts were established in the state . pressure over land ownership and control increased due to discoveries of gold in various parts of montana and surrounding states . major battles occurred in montana during red cloud ' s war , the great sioux war of 1876 , the nez perce war and in conflicts with piegan blackfeet . the most notable of these were the marias massacre ( 1870 ) , battle of the little bighorn ( 1876 ) , battle of the big hole ( 1877 ) and battle of bear paw ( 1877 ) . the last recorded conflict in montana between the u . s . army and native americans occurred in 1887 during the battle of crow agency in the big horn country . indian survivors who had signed treaties were generally required to move onto reservations . [ sep ] camp cooke
the first u . s . army post established in montana was camp cooke on the missouri river in 1866 to protect steamboat traffic going to fort benton , montana . more than a dozen additional military outposts were established in the state . pressure over land ownership and control increased due to discoveries of gold in various parts of montana and surrounding states . major battles occurred in montana during red cloud ' s war , the great sioux war of 1876 , the nez perce war and in conflicts with piegan blackfeet . the most notable of these were the marias massacre ( 1870 ) , battle of the little bighorn ( 1876 ) , battle of the big hole ( 1877 ) and battle of bear paw ( 1877 ) . the last recorded conflict in montana between the u . s . army and native americans occurred in 1887 during the battle of crow agency in the big horn country . indian survivors who had signed treaties were generally required to move onto reservations . [ sep ] on the missouri river
the first u . s . army post established in montana was camp cooke on the missouri river in 1866 to protect steamboat traffic going to fort benton , montana . more than a dozen additional military outposts were established in the state . pressure over land ownership and control increased due to discoveries of gold in various parts of montana and surrounding states . major battles occurred in montana during red cloud ' s war , the great sioux war of 1876 , the nez perce war and in conflicts with piegan blackfeet . the most notable of these were the marias massacre ( 1870 ) , battle of the little bighorn ( 1876 ) , battle of the big hole ( 1877 ) and battle of bear paw ( 1877 ) . the last recorded conflict in montana between the u . s . army and native americans occurred in 1887 during the battle of crow agency in the big horn country . indian survivors who had signed treaties were generally required to move onto reservations . [ sep ] 1876
the first u . s . army post established in montana was camp cooke on the missouri river in 1866 to protect steamboat traffic going to fort benton , montana . more than a dozen additional military outposts were established in the state . pressure over land ownership and control increased due to discoveries of gold in various parts of montana and surrounding states . major battles occurred in montana during red cloud ' s war , the great sioux war of 1876 , the nez perce war and in conflicts with piegan blackfeet . the most notable of these were the marias massacre ( 1870 ) , battle of the little bighorn ( 1876 ) , battle of the big hole ( 1877 ) and battle of bear paw ( 1877 ) . the last recorded conflict in montana between the u . s . army and native americans occurred in 1887 during the battle of crow agency in the big horn country . indian survivors who had signed treaties were generally required to move onto reservations . [ sep ] 1877
the bologna process has been adopted , since 2006 , by portuguese universities and poly - technical institutes . higher education in state - run educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis , a system of numerus clausus is enforced through a national database on student admissions . however , every higher education institution offers also a number of additional vacant places through other extraordinary admission processes for sportsmen , mature applicants ( over 23 years old ) , international students , foreign students from the lusosphere , degree owners from other institutions , students from other institutions ( academic transfer ) , former students ( readmission ) , and course change , which are subject to specific standards and regulations set by each institution or course department . most student costs are supported with public money . however , with the increasing tuition fees a student has to pay to attend a portuguese state - run higher education institution and the attraction of new types of students ( many as part - time students or in evening classes ) like employees , businessmen , parents , and pensioners , many departments make a substantial profit from every additional student enrolled in courses , with benefits for the college or university ' s gross tuition revenue and without loss of educational quality ( teacher per student , computer per student , classroom size per student , etc . ) . [ sep ] 2006
the bologna process has been adopted , since 2006 , by portuguese universities and poly - technical institutes . higher education in state - run educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis , a system of numerus clausus is enforced through a national database on student admissions . however , every higher education institution offers also a number of additional vacant places through other extraordinary admission processes for sportsmen , mature applicants ( over 23 years old ) , international students , foreign students from the lusosphere , degree owners from other institutions , students from other institutions ( academic transfer ) , former students ( readmission ) , and course change , which are subject to specific standards and regulations set by each institution or course department . most student costs are supported with public money . however , with the increasing tuition fees a student has to pay to attend a portuguese state - run higher education institution and the attraction of new types of students ( many as part - time students or in evening classes ) like employees , businessmen , parents , and pensioners , many departments make a substantial profit from every additional student enrolled in courses , with benefits for the college or university ' s gross tuition revenue and without loss of educational quality ( teacher per student , computer per student , classroom size per student , etc . ) . [ sep ] public money
the bologna process has been adopted , since 2006 , by portuguese universities and poly - technical institutes . higher education in state - run educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis , a system of numerus clausus is enforced through a national database on student admissions . however , every higher education institution offers also a number of additional vacant places through other extraordinary admission processes for sportsmen , mature applicants ( over 23 years old ) , international students , foreign students from the lusosphere , degree owners from other institutions , students from other institutions ( academic transfer ) , former students ( readmission ) , and course change , which are subject to specific standards and regulations set by each institution or course department . most student costs are supported with public money . however , with the increasing tuition fees a student has to pay to attend a portuguese state - run higher education institution and the attraction of new types of students ( many as part - time students or in evening classes ) like employees , businessmen , parents , and pensioners , many departments make a substantial profit from every additional student enrolled in courses , with benefits for the college or university ' s gross tuition revenue and without loss of educational quality ( teacher per student , computer per student , classroom size per student , etc . ) . [ sep ] over 23 years old
english is the official language in the state of montana , as it is in many u . s . states . english is also the language of the majority . according to the 2000 u . s . census , 94 . 8 percent of the population aged 5 and older speak english at home . spanish is the language most commonly spoken at home other than english . there were about 13 , 040 spanish - language speakers in the state ( 1 . 4 percent of the population ) in 2011 . there were also 15 , 438 ( 1 . 7 percent of the state population ) speakers of indo - european languages other than english or spanish , 10 , 154 ( 1 . 1 percent ) speakers of a native american language , and 4 , 052 ( 0 . 4 percent ) speakers of an asian or pacific islander language . other languages spoken in montana ( as of 2013 ) include assiniboine ( about 150 speakers in the montana and canada ) , blackfoot ( about 100 speakers ) , cheyenne ( about 1 , 700 speakers ) , plains cree ( about 100 speakers ) , crow ( about 3 , 000 speakers ) , dakota ( about 18 , 800 speakers in minnesota , montana , nebraska , north dakota , and south dakota ) , german hutterite ( about 5 , 600 speakers ) , gros ventre ( about 10 speakers ) , kalispel - pend d ' oreille ( about 64 speakers ) , kutenai ( about 6 speakers ) , and lakota ( about 6 , 000 speakers in minnesota , montana , nebraska , north dakota , south dakota ) . the united states department of education estimated in 2009 that 5 , 274 students in montana spoke a language at home other than english . these included a native american language ( 64 percent ) , german ( 4 percent ) , spanish ( 3 percent ) , russian ( 1 percent ) , and chinese ( less than 0 . 5 percent ) . [ sep ] english
english is the official language in the state of montana , as it is in many u . s . states . english is also the language of the majority . according to the 2000 u . s . census , 94 . 8 percent of the population aged 5 and older speak english at home . spanish is the language most commonly spoken at home other than english . there were about 13 , 040 spanish - language speakers in the state ( 1 . 4 percent of the population ) in 2011 . there were also 15 , 438 ( 1 . 7 percent of the state population ) speakers of indo - european languages other than english or spanish , 10 , 154 ( 1 . 1 percent ) speakers of a native american language , and 4 , 052 ( 0 . 4 percent ) speakers of an asian or pacific islander language . other languages spoken in montana ( as of 2013 ) include assiniboine ( about 150 speakers in the montana and canada ) , blackfoot ( about 100 speakers ) , cheyenne ( about 1 , 700 speakers ) , plains cree ( about 100 speakers ) , crow ( about 3 , 000 speakers ) , dakota ( about 18 , 800 speakers in minnesota , montana , nebraska , north dakota , and south dakota ) , german hutterite ( about 5 , 600 speakers ) , gros ventre ( about 10 speakers ) , kalispel - pend d ' oreille ( about 64 speakers ) , kutenai ( about 6 speakers ) , and lakota ( about 6 , 000 speakers in minnesota , montana , nebraska , north dakota , south dakota ) . the united states department of education estimated in 2009 that 5 , 274 students in montana spoke a language at home other than english . these included a native american language ( 64 percent ) , german ( 4 percent ) , spanish ( 3 percent ) , russian ( 1 percent ) , and chinese ( less than 0 . 5 percent ) . [ sep ] 94 . 8 percent
english is the official language in the state of montana , as it is in many u . s . states . english is also the language of the majority . according to the 2000 u . s . census , 94 . 8 percent of the population aged 5 and older speak english at home . spanish is the language most commonly spoken at home other than english . there were about 13 , 040 spanish - language speakers in the state ( 1 . 4 percent of the population ) in 2011 . there were also 15 , 438 ( 1 . 7 percent of the state population ) speakers of indo - european languages other than english or spanish , 10 , 154 ( 1 . 1 percent ) speakers of a native american language , and 4 , 052 ( 0 . 4 percent ) speakers of an asian or pacific islander language . other languages spoken in montana ( as of 2013 ) include assiniboine ( about 150 speakers in the montana and canada ) , blackfoot ( about 100 speakers ) , cheyenne ( about 1 , 700 speakers ) , plains cree ( about 100 speakers ) , crow ( about 3 , 000 speakers ) , dakota ( about 18 , 800 speakers in minnesota , montana , nebraska , north dakota , and south dakota ) , german hutterite ( about 5 , 600 speakers ) , gros ventre ( about 10 speakers ) , kalispel - pend d ' oreille ( about 64 speakers ) , kutenai ( about 6 speakers ) , and lakota ( about 6 , 000 speakers in minnesota , montana , nebraska , north dakota , south dakota ) . the united states department of education estimated in 2009 that 5 , 274 students in montana spoke a language at home other than english . these included a native american language ( 64 percent ) , german ( 4 percent ) , spanish ( 3 percent ) , russian ( 1 percent ) , and chinese ( less than 0 . 5 percent ) . [ sep ] spanish
english is the official language in the state of montana , as it is in many u . s . states . english is also the language of the majority . according to the 2000 u . s . census , 94 . 8 percent of the population aged 5 and older speak english at home . spanish is the language most commonly spoken at home other than english . there were about 13 , 040 spanish - language speakers in the state ( 1 . 4 percent of the population ) in 2011 . there were also 15 , 438 ( 1 . 7 percent of the state population ) speakers of indo - european languages other than english or spanish , 10 , 154 ( 1 . 1 percent ) speakers of a native american language , and 4 , 052 ( 0 . 4 percent ) speakers of an asian or pacific islander language . other languages spoken in montana ( as of 2013 ) include assiniboine ( about 150 speakers in the montana and canada ) , blackfoot ( about 100 speakers ) , cheyenne ( about 1 , 700 speakers ) , plains cree ( about 100 speakers ) , crow ( about 3 , 000 speakers ) , dakota ( about 18 , 800 speakers in minnesota , montana , nebraska , north dakota , and south dakota ) , german hutterite ( about 5 , 600 speakers ) , gros ventre ( about 10 speakers ) , kalispel - pend d ' oreille ( about 64 speakers ) , kutenai ( about 6 speakers ) , and lakota ( about 6 , 000 speakers in minnesota , montana , nebraska , north dakota , south dakota ) . the united states department of education estimated in 2009 that 5 , 274 students in montana spoke a language at home other than english . these included a native american language ( 64 percent ) , german ( 4 percent ) , spanish ( 3 percent ) , russian ( 1 percent ) , and chinese ( less than 0 . 5 percent ) . [ sep ] 13 , 040
english is the official language in the state of montana , as it is in many u . s . states . english is also the language of the majority . according to the 2000 u . s . census , 94 . 8 percent of the population aged 5 and older speak english at home . spanish is the language most commonly spoken at home other than english . there were about 13 , 040 spanish - language speakers in the state ( 1 . 4 percent of the population ) in 2011 . there were also 15 , 438 ( 1 . 7 percent of the state population ) speakers of indo - european languages other than english or spanish , 10 , 154 ( 1 . 1 percent ) speakers of a native american language , and 4 , 052 ( 0 . 4 percent ) speakers of an asian or pacific islander language . other languages spoken in montana ( as of 2013 ) include assiniboine ( about 150 speakers in the montana and canada ) , blackfoot ( about 100 speakers ) , cheyenne ( about 1 , 700 speakers ) , plains cree ( about 100 speakers ) , crow ( about 3 , 000 speakers ) , dakota ( about 18 , 800 speakers in minnesota , montana , nebraska , north dakota , and south dakota ) , german hutterite ( about 5 , 600 speakers ) , gros ventre ( about 10 speakers ) , kalispel - pend d ' oreille ( about 64 speakers ) , kutenai ( about 6 speakers ) , and lakota ( about 6 , 000 speakers in minnesota , montana , nebraska , north dakota , south dakota ) . the united states department of education estimated in 2009 that 5 , 274 students in montana spoke a language at home other than english . these included a native american language ( 64 percent ) , german ( 4 percent ) , spanish ( 3 percent ) , russian ( 1 percent ) , and chinese ( less than 0 . 5 percent ) . [ sep ] about 1 , 700
according to the 2010 census , 89 . 4 percent of the population was white ( 87 . 8 percent non - hispanic white ) , 6 . 3 percent american indian and alaska native , 2 . 9 percent hispanics and latinos of any race , 0 . 6 percent asian , 0 . 4 percent black or african american , 0 . 1 percent native hawaiian and other pacific islander , 0 . 6 percent from some other race , and 2 . 5 percent from two or more races . the largest european ancestry groups in montana as of 2010 are : german ( 27 . 0 percent ) , irish ( 14 . 8 percent ) , english ( 12 . 6 percent ) , norwegian ( 10 . 9 percent ) , french ( 4 . 7 percent ) and italian ( 3 . 4 percent ) . [ sep ] 89 . 4 percent
according to the 2010 census , 89 . 4 percent of the population was white ( 87 . 8 percent non - hispanic white ) , 6 . 3 percent american indian and alaska native , 2 . 9 percent hispanics and latinos of any race , 0 . 6 percent asian , 0 . 4 percent black or african american , 0 . 1 percent native hawaiian and other pacific islander , 0 . 6 percent from some other race , and 2 . 5 percent from two or more races . the largest european ancestry groups in montana as of 2010 are : german ( 27 . 0 percent ) , irish ( 14 . 8 percent ) , english ( 12 . 6 percent ) , norwegian ( 10 . 9 percent ) , french ( 4 . 7 percent ) and italian ( 3 . 4 percent ) . [ sep ] 6 . 3 percent
according to the 2010 census , 89 . 4 percent of the population was white ( 87 . 8 percent non - hispanic white ) , 6 . 3 percent american indian and alaska native , 2 . 9 percent hispanics and latinos of any race , 0 . 6 percent asian , 0 . 4 percent black or african american , 0 . 1 percent native hawaiian and other pacific islander , 0 . 6 percent from some other race , and 2 . 5 percent from two or more races . the largest european ancestry groups in montana as of 2010 are : german ( 27 . 0 percent ) , irish ( 14 . 8 percent ) , english ( 12 . 6 percent ) , norwegian ( 10 . 9 percent ) , french ( 4 . 7 percent ) and italian ( 3 . 4 percent ) . [ sep ] 2 . 9
the united states census bureau estimates that the population of montana was 1 , 032 , 949 on july 1 , 2015 , a 4 . 40 % increase since the 2010 united states census . the 2010 census put montana ' s population at 989 , 415 which is an increase of 43 , 534 people , or 4 . 40 percent , since 2010 . during the first decade of the new century , growth was mainly concentrated in montana ' s seven largest counties , with the highest percentage growth in gallatin county , which saw a 32 percent increase in its population from 2000 - 2010 . the city seeing the largest percentage growth was kalispell with 40 . 1 percent , and the city with the largest increase in actual residents was billings with an increase in population of 14 , 323 from 2000 - 2010 . [ sep ] 1 , 032 , 949
the united states census bureau estimates that the population of montana was 1 , 032 , 949 on july 1 , 2015 , a 4 . 40 % increase since the 2010 united states census . the 2010 census put montana ' s population at 989 , 415 which is an increase of 43 , 534 people , or 4 . 40 percent , since 2010 . during the first decade of the new century , growth was mainly concentrated in montana ' s seven largest counties , with the highest percentage growth in gallatin county , which saw a 32 percent increase in its population from 2000 - 2010 . the city seeing the largest percentage growth was kalispell with 40 . 1 percent , and the city with the largest increase in actual residents was billings with an increase in population of 14 , 323 from 2000 - 2010 . [ sep ] 4 . 40 %
the united states census bureau estimates that the population of montana was 1 , 032 , 949 on july 1 , 2015 , a 4 . 40 % increase since the 2010 united states census . the 2010 census put montana ' s population at 989 , 415 which is an increase of 43 , 534 people , or 4 . 40 percent , since 2010 . during the first decade of the new century , growth was mainly concentrated in montana ' s seven largest counties , with the highest percentage growth in gallatin county , which saw a 32 percent increase in its population from 2000 - 2010 . the city seeing the largest percentage growth was kalispell with 40 . 1 percent , and the city with the largest increase in actual residents was billings with an increase in population of 14 , 323 from 2000 - 2010 . [ sep ] gallatin county
the united states census bureau estimates that the population of montana was 1 , 032 , 949 on july 1 , 2015 , a 4 . 40 % increase since the 2010 united states census . the 2010 census put montana ' s population at 989 , 415 which is an increase of 43 , 534 people , or 4 . 40 percent , since 2010 . during the first decade of the new century , growth was mainly concentrated in montana ' s seven largest counties , with the highest percentage growth in gallatin county , which saw a 32 percent increase in its population from 2000 - 2010 . the city seeing the largest percentage growth was kalispell with 40 . 1 percent , and the city with the largest increase in actual residents was billings with an increase in population of 14 , 323 from 2000 - 2010 . [ sep ] kalispell
the ministry of health is responsible for developing health policy as well as managing the sns . five regional health administrations are in charge of implementing the national health policy objectives , developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery . decentralization efforts have aimed at shifting financial and management responsibility to the regional level . in practice , however , the autonomy of regional health administrations over budget setting and spending has been limited to primary care . [ sep ] developing health policy as well as managing the sns
the ministry of health is responsible for developing health policy as well as managing the sns . five regional health administrations are in charge of implementing the national health policy objectives , developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery . decentralization efforts have aimed at shifting financial and management responsibility to the regional level . in practice , however , the autonomy of regional health administrations over budget setting and spending has been limited to primary care . [ sep ] five
the ministry of health is responsible for developing health policy as well as managing the sns . five regional health administrations are in charge of implementing the national health policy objectives , developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery . decentralization efforts have aimed at shifting financial and management responsibility to the regional level . in practice , however , the autonomy of regional health administrations over budget setting and spending has been limited to primary care . [ sep ] implementing the national health policy objectives , developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery
in 1940 , jeannette rankin had once again been elected to congress , and in 1941 , as she did in 1917 , she voted against the united states ' declaration of war . this time she was the only vote against the war , and in the wake of public outcry over her vote , she required police protection for a time . other pacifists tended to be those from " peace churches " who generally opposed war . many individuals from throughout the u . s . who claimed conscientious objector status were sent to montana during the war as smokejumpers and for other forest fire - fighting duties . [ sep ] 1917
in 1940 , jeannette rankin had once again been elected to congress , and in 1941 , as she did in 1917 , she voted against the united states ' declaration of war . this time she was the only vote against the war , and in the wake of public outcry over her vote , she required police protection for a time . other pacifists tended to be those from " peace churches " who generally opposed war . many individuals from throughout the u . s . who claimed conscientious objector status were sent to montana during the war as smokejumpers and for other forest fire - fighting duties . [ sep ] 1941
in 1940 , jeannette rankin had once again been elected to congress , and in 1941 , as she did in 1917 , she voted against the united states ' declaration of war . this time she was the only vote against the war , and in the wake of public outcry over her vote , she required police protection for a time . other pacifists tended to be those from " peace churches " who generally opposed war . many individuals from throughout the u . s . who claimed conscientious objector status were sent to montana during the war as smokejumpers and for other forest fire - fighting duties . [ sep ] smokejumpers and for other forest fire - fighting duties .
similar to the other eur - a countries , most portuguese die from noncommunicable diseases . mortality from cardiovascular diseases ( cvd ) is higher than in the eurozone , but its two main components , ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease , display inverse trends compared with the eur - a , with cerebrovascular disease being the single biggest killer in portugal ( 17 % ) . portuguese people die 12 % less often from cancer than in the eur - a , but mortality is not declining as rapidly as in the eur - a . cancer is more frequent among children as well as among women younger than 44 years . although lung cancer ( slowly increasing among women ) and breast cancer ( decreasing rapidly ) are scarcer , cancer of the cervix and the prostate are more frequent . portugal has the highest mortality rate for diabetes in the eur - a , with a sharp increase since the 1980s . [ sep ] noncommunicable diseases
similar to the other eur - a countries , most portuguese die from noncommunicable diseases . mortality from cardiovascular diseases ( cvd ) is higher than in the eurozone , but its two main components , ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease , display inverse trends compared with the eur - a , with cerebrovascular disease being the single biggest killer in portugal ( 17 % ) . portuguese people die 12 % less often from cancer than in the eur - a , but mortality is not declining as rapidly as in the eur - a . cancer is more frequent among children as well as among women younger than 44 years . although lung cancer ( slowly increasing among women ) and breast cancer ( decreasing rapidly ) are scarcer , cancer of the cervix and the prostate are more frequent . portugal has the highest mortality rate for diabetes in the eur - a , with a sharp increase since the 1980s . [ sep ] ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease
similar to the other eur - a countries , most portuguese die from noncommunicable diseases . mortality from cardiovascular diseases ( cvd ) is higher than in the eurozone , but its two main components , ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease , display inverse trends compared with the eur - a , with cerebrovascular disease being the single biggest killer in portugal ( 17 % ) . portuguese people die 12 % less often from cancer than in the eur - a , but mortality is not declining as rapidly as in the eur - a . cancer is more frequent among children as well as among women younger than 44 years . although lung cancer ( slowly increasing among women ) and breast cancer ( decreasing rapidly ) are scarcer , cancer of the cervix and the prostate are more frequent . portugal has the highest mortality rate for diabetes in the eur - a , with a sharp increase since the 1980s . [ sep ] cerebrovascular disease
similar to the other eur - a countries , most portuguese die from noncommunicable diseases . mortality from cardiovascular diseases ( cvd ) is higher than in the eurozone , but its two main components , ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease , display inverse trends compared with the eur - a , with cerebrovascular disease being the single biggest killer in portugal ( 17 % ) . portuguese people die 12 % less often from cancer than in the eur - a , but mortality is not declining as rapidly as in the eur - a . cancer is more frequent among children as well as among women younger than 44 years . although lung cancer ( slowly increasing among women ) and breast cancer ( decreasing rapidly ) are scarcer , cancer of the cervix and the prostate are more frequent . portugal has the highest mortality rate for diabetes in the eur - a , with a sharp increase since the 1980s . [ sep ] 12 %
similar to the other eur - a countries , most portuguese die from noncommunicable diseases . mortality from cardiovascular diseases ( cvd ) is higher than in the eurozone , but its two main components , ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease , display inverse trends compared with the eur - a , with cerebrovascular disease being the single biggest killer in portugal ( 17 % ) . portuguese people die 12 % less often from cancer than in the eur - a , but mortality is not declining as rapidly as in the eur - a . cancer is more frequent among children as well as among women younger than 44 years . although lung cancer ( slowly increasing among women ) and breast cancer ( decreasing rapidly ) are scarcer , cancer of the cervix and the prostate are more frequent . portugal has the highest mortality rate for diabetes in the eur - a , with a sharp increase since the 1980s . [ sep ] children as well as among women younger than 44 years
simultaneously with these conflicts , bison , a keystone species and the primary protein source that native people had survived on for centuries were being destroyed . some estimates say there were over 13 million bison in montana in 1870 . in 1875 , general philip sheridan pleaded to a joint session of congress to authorize the slaughtering of herds in order to deprive the indians of their source of food . by 1884 , commercial hunting had brought bison to the verge of extinction ; only about 325 bison remained in the entire united states . [ sep ] over 13 million
simultaneously with these conflicts , bison , a keystone species and the primary protein source that native people had survived on for centuries were being destroyed . some estimates say there were over 13 million bison in montana in 1870 . in 1875 , general philip sheridan pleaded to a joint session of congress to authorize the slaughtering of herds in order to deprive the indians of their source of food . by 1884 , commercial hunting had brought bison to the verge of extinction ; only about 325 bison remained in the entire united states . [ sep ] about 325
simultaneously with these conflicts , bison , a keystone species and the primary protein source that native people had survived on for centuries were being destroyed . some estimates say there were over 13 million bison in montana in 1870 . in 1875 , general philip sheridan pleaded to a joint session of congress to authorize the slaughtering of herds in order to deprive the indians of their source of food . by 1884 , commercial hunting had brought bison to the verge of extinction ; only about 325 bison remained in the entire united states . [ sep ] general philip sheridan
simultaneously with these conflicts , bison , a keystone species and the primary protein source that native people had survived on for centuries were being destroyed . some estimates say there were over 13 million bison in montana in 1870 . in 1875 , general philip sheridan pleaded to a joint session of congress to authorize the slaughtering of herds in order to deprive the indians of their source of food . by 1884 , commercial hunting had brought bison to the verge of extinction ; only about 325 bison remained in the entire united states . [ sep ] 1875
people are usually well informed about their health status , the positive and negative effects of their behaviour on their health and their use of health care services . yet their perceptions of their health can differ from what administrative and examination - based data show about levels of illness within populations . thus , survey results based on self - reporting at the household level complement other data on health status and the use of services . only one third of adults rated their health as good or very good in portugal ( kasmel et al . , 2004 ) . this is the lowest of the eur - a countries reporting and reflects the relatively adverse situation of the country in terms of mortality and selected morbidity . [ sep ] self - reporting at the household level
people are usually well informed about their health status , the positive and negative effects of their behaviour on their health and their use of health care services . yet their perceptions of their health can differ from what administrative and examination - based data show about levels of illness within populations . thus , survey results based on self - reporting at the household level complement other data on health status and the use of services . only one third of adults rated their health as good or very good in portugal ( kasmel et al . , 2004 ) . this is the lowest of the eur - a countries reporting and reflects the relatively adverse situation of the country in terms of mortality and selected morbidity . [ sep ] one third
tracks of the northern pacific railroad ( npr ) reached montana from the west in 1881 and from the east in 1882 . however , the railroad played a major role in sparking tensions with native american tribes in the 1870s . jay cooke , the npr president launched major surveys into the yellowstone valley in 1871 , 1872 and 1873 which were challenged forcefully by the sioux under chief sitting bull . these clashes , in part , contributed to the panic of 1873 which delayed construction of the railroad into montana . surveys in 1874 , 1875 and 1876 helped spark the great sioux war of 1876 . the transcontinental npr was completed on september 8 , 1883 , at gold creek . [ sep ] 1881
tracks of the northern pacific railroad ( npr ) reached montana from the west in 1881 and from the east in 1882 . however , the railroad played a major role in sparking tensions with native american tribes in the 1870s . jay cooke , the npr president launched major surveys into the yellowstone valley in 1871 , 1872 and 1873 which were challenged forcefully by the sioux under chief sitting bull . these clashes , in part , contributed to the panic of 1873 which delayed construction of the railroad into montana . surveys in 1874 , 1875 and 1876 helped spark the great sioux war of 1876 . the transcontinental npr was completed on september 8 , 1883 , at gold creek . [ sep ] 1882
tracks of the northern pacific railroad ( npr ) reached montana from the west in 1881 and from the east in 1882 . however , the railroad played a major role in sparking tensions with native american tribes in the 1870s . jay cooke , the npr president launched major surveys into the yellowstone valley in 1871 , 1872 and 1873 which were challenged forcefully by the sioux under chief sitting bull . these clashes , in part , contributed to the panic of 1873 which delayed construction of the railroad into montana . surveys in 1874 , 1875 and 1876 helped spark the great sioux war of 1876 . the transcontinental npr was completed on september 8 , 1883 , at gold creek . [ sep ] 1871 , 1872 and 1873
tracks of the northern pacific railroad ( npr ) reached montana from the west in 1881 and from the east in 1882 . however , the railroad played a major role in sparking tensions with native american tribes in the 1870s . jay cooke , the npr president launched major surveys into the yellowstone valley in 1871 , 1872 and 1873 which were challenged forcefully by the sioux under chief sitting bull . these clashes , in part , contributed to the panic of 1873 which delayed construction of the railroad into montana . surveys in 1874 , 1875 and 1876 helped spark the great sioux war of 1876 . the transcontinental npr was completed on september 8 , 1883 , at gold creek . [ sep ] 1876
tracks of the northern pacific railroad ( npr ) reached montana from the west in 1881 and from the east in 1882 . however , the railroad played a major role in sparking tensions with native american tribes in the 1870s . jay cooke , the npr president launched major surveys into the yellowstone valley in 1871 , 1872 and 1873 which were challenged forcefully by the sioux under chief sitting bull . these clashes , in part , contributed to the panic of 1873 which delayed construction of the railroad into montana . surveys in 1874 , 1875 and 1876 helped spark the great sioux war of 1876 . the transcontinental npr was completed on september 8 , 1883 , at gold creek . [ sep ] 1883
under territorial governor thomas meagher , montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood . a second constitutional convention was held in helena in 1884 that produced a constitution ratified 3 : 1 by montana citizens in november 1884 . for political reasons , congress did not approve montana statehood until 1889 . congress approved montana statehood in february 1889 and president grover cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to montana , north dakota , south dakota and washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted . in july 1889 , montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution acceptable by the people and the federal government . on november 8 , 1889 president benjamin harrison proclaimed montana the forty - first state in the union . the first state governor was joseph k . toole . in the 1880s , helena ( the current state capital ) had more millionaires per capita than any other united states city . [ sep ] 1866
under territorial governor thomas meagher , montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood . a second constitutional convention was held in helena in 1884 that produced a constitution ratified 3 : 1 by montana citizens in november 1884 . for political reasons , congress did not approve montana statehood until 1889 . congress approved montana statehood in february 1889 and president grover cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to montana , north dakota , south dakota and washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted . in july 1889 , montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution acceptable by the people and the federal government . on november 8 , 1889 president benjamin harrison proclaimed montana the forty - first state in the union . the first state governor was joseph k . toole . in the 1880s , helena ( the current state capital ) had more millionaires per capita than any other united states city . [ sep ] bid for statehood
under territorial governor thomas meagher , montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood . a second constitutional convention was held in helena in 1884 that produced a constitution ratified 3 : 1 by montana citizens in november 1884 . for political reasons , congress did not approve montana statehood until 1889 . congress approved montana statehood in february 1889 and president grover cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to montana , north dakota , south dakota and washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted . in july 1889 , montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution acceptable by the people and the federal government . on november 8 , 1889 president benjamin harrison proclaimed montana the forty - first state in the union . the first state governor was joseph k . toole . in the 1880s , helena ( the current state capital ) had more millionaires per capita than any other united states city . [ sep ] 1884
under territorial governor thomas meagher , montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood . a second constitutional convention was held in helena in 1884 that produced a constitution ratified 3 : 1 by montana citizens in november 1884 . for political reasons , congress did not approve montana statehood until 1889 . congress approved montana statehood in february 1889 and president grover cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to montana , north dakota , south dakota and washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted . in july 1889 , montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution acceptable by the people and the federal government . on november 8 , 1889 president benjamin harrison proclaimed montana the forty - first state in the union . the first state governor was joseph k . toole . in the 1880s , helena ( the current state capital ) had more millionaires per capita than any other united states city . [ sep ] 1889
under territorial governor thomas meagher , montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood . a second constitutional convention was held in helena in 1884 that produced a constitution ratified 3 : 1 by montana citizens in november 1884 . for political reasons , congress did not approve montana statehood until 1889 . congress approved montana statehood in february 1889 and president grover cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to montana , north dakota , south dakota and washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted . in july 1889 , montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution acceptable by the people and the federal government . on november 8 , 1889 president benjamin harrison proclaimed montana the forty - first state in the union . the first state governor was joseph k . toole . in the 1880s , helena ( the current state capital ) had more millionaires per capita than any other united states city . [ sep ] north dakota , south dakota and washington
portugal has developed a specific culture while being influenced by various civilizations that have crossed the mediterranean and the european continent , or were introduced when it played an active role during the age of discovery . in the 1990s and 2000s ( decade ) , portugal modernized its public cultural facilities , in addition to the calouste gulbenkian foundation established in 1956 in lisbon . these include the belem cultural centre in lisbon , serralves foundation and the casa da musica , both in porto , as well as new public cultural facilities like municipal libraries and concert halls that were built or renovated in many municipalities across the country . portugal is home to fifteen unesco world heritage sites , ranking it 8th in europe and 17th in the world . [ sep ] 1990s and 2000s
portugal has developed a specific culture while being influenced by various civilizations that have crossed the mediterranean and the european continent , or were introduced when it played an active role during the age of discovery . in the 1990s and 2000s ( decade ) , portugal modernized its public cultural facilities , in addition to the calouste gulbenkian foundation established in 1956 in lisbon . these include the belem cultural centre in lisbon , serralves foundation and the casa da musica , both in porto , as well as new public cultural facilities like municipal libraries and concert halls that were built or renovated in many municipalities across the country . portugal is home to fifteen unesco world heritage sites , ranking it 8th in europe and 17th in the world . [ sep ] 1956
portugal has developed a specific culture while being influenced by various civilizations that have crossed the mediterranean and the european continent , or were introduced when it played an active role during the age of discovery . in the 1990s and 2000s ( decade ) , portugal modernized its public cultural facilities , in addition to the calouste gulbenkian foundation established in 1956 in lisbon . these include the belem cultural centre in lisbon , serralves foundation and the casa da musica , both in porto , as well as new public cultural facilities like municipal libraries and concert halls that were built or renovated in many municipalities across the country . portugal is home to fifteen unesco world heritage sites , ranking it 8th in europe and 17th in the world . [ sep ] lisbon
portugal has developed a specific culture while being influenced by various civilizations that have crossed the mediterranean and the european continent , or were introduced when it played an active role during the age of discovery . in the 1990s and 2000s ( decade ) , portugal modernized its public cultural facilities , in addition to the calouste gulbenkian foundation established in 1956 in lisbon . these include the belem cultural centre in lisbon , serralves foundation and the casa da musica , both in porto , as well as new public cultural facilities like municipal libraries and concert halls that were built or renovated in many municipalities across the country . portugal is home to fifteen unesco world heritage sites , ranking it 8th in europe and 17th in the world . [ sep ] belem cultural centre in lisbon , serralves foundation and the casa da musica
portugal has developed a specific culture while being influenced by various civilizations that have crossed the mediterranean and the european continent , or were introduced when it played an active role during the age of discovery . in the 1990s and 2000s ( decade ) , portugal modernized its public cultural facilities , in addition to the calouste gulbenkian foundation established in 1956 in lisbon . these include the belem cultural centre in lisbon , serralves foundation and the casa da musica , both in porto , as well as new public cultural facilities like municipal libraries and concert halls that were built or renovated in many municipalities across the country . portugal is home to fifteen unesco world heritage sites , ranking it 8th in europe and 17th in the world . [ sep ] fifteen
the homestead act of 1862 provided free land to settlers who could claim and " prove - up " 160 acres ( 0 . 65 km2 ) of federal land in the midwest and western united states . montana did not see a large influx of immigrants from this act because 160 acres was usually insufficient to support a family in the arid territory . the first homestead claim under the act in montana was made by david carpenter near helena in 1868 . the first claim by a woman was made near warm springs creek by miss gwenllian evans , the daughter of deer lodge montana pioneer , morgan evans . by 1880 , there were farms in the more verdant valleys of central and western montana , but few on the eastern plains . [ sep ] 1862
the homestead act of 1862 provided free land to settlers who could claim and " prove - up " 160 acres ( 0 . 65 km2 ) of federal land in the midwest and western united states . montana did not see a large influx of immigrants from this act because 160 acres was usually insufficient to support a family in the arid territory . the first homestead claim under the act in montana was made by david carpenter near helena in 1868 . the first claim by a woman was made near warm springs creek by miss gwenllian evans , the daughter of deer lodge montana pioneer , morgan evans . by 1880 , there were farms in the more verdant valleys of central and western montana , but few on the eastern plains . [ sep ] 160 acres
the homestead act of 1862 provided free land to settlers who could claim and " prove - up " 160 acres ( 0 . 65 km2 ) of federal land in the midwest and western united states . montana did not see a large influx of immigrants from this act because 160 acres was usually insufficient to support a family in the arid territory . the first homestead claim under the act in montana was made by david carpenter near helena in 1868 . the first claim by a woman was made near warm springs creek by miss gwenllian evans , the daughter of deer lodge montana pioneer , morgan evans . by 1880 , there were farms in the more verdant valleys of central and western montana , but few on the eastern plains . [ sep ] 1868
traditional architecture is distinctive and include the manueline , also known as portuguese late gothic , a sumptuous , composite portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century . a 20th - century interpretation of traditional architecture , soft portuguese style , appears extensively in major cities , especially lisbon . modern portugal has given the world renowned architects like eduardo souto de moura , alvaro siza vieira ( both pritzker prize winners ) and goncalo byrne . in portugal tomas taveira is also noteworthy , particularly for stadium design . [ sep ] portuguese late gothic
traditional architecture is distinctive and include the manueline , also known as portuguese late gothic , a sumptuous , composite portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century . a 20th - century interpretation of traditional architecture , soft portuguese style , appears extensively in major cities , especially lisbon . modern portugal has given the world renowned architects like eduardo souto de moura , alvaro siza vieira ( both pritzker prize winners ) and goncalo byrne . in portugal tomas taveira is also noteworthy , particularly for stadium design . [ sep ] a sumptuous , composite portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century
traditional architecture is distinctive and include the manueline , also known as portuguese late gothic , a sumptuous , composite portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century . a 20th - century interpretation of traditional architecture , soft portuguese style , appears extensively in major cities , especially lisbon . modern portugal has given the world renowned architects like eduardo souto de moura , alvaro siza vieira ( both pritzker prize winners ) and goncalo byrne . in portugal tomas taveira is also noteworthy , particularly for stadium design . [ sep ] a 20th - century interpretation of traditional architecture
traditional architecture is distinctive and include the manueline , also known as portuguese late gothic , a sumptuous , composite portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century . a 20th - century interpretation of traditional architecture , soft portuguese style , appears extensively in major cities , especially lisbon . modern portugal has given the world renowned architects like eduardo souto de moura , alvaro siza vieira ( both pritzker prize winners ) and goncalo byrne . in portugal tomas taveira is also noteworthy , particularly for stadium design . [ sep ] eduardo souto de moura , alvaro siza vieira ( both pritzker prize winners ) and goncalo byrne
traditional architecture is distinctive and include the manueline , also known as portuguese late gothic , a sumptuous , composite portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century . a 20th - century interpretation of traditional architecture , soft portuguese style , appears extensively in major cities , especially lisbon . modern portugal has given the world renowned architects like eduardo souto de moura , alvaro siza vieira ( both pritzker prize winners ) and goncalo byrne . in portugal tomas taveira is also noteworthy , particularly for stadium design . [ sep ] stadium design
the desert land act of 1877 was passed to allow settlement of arid lands in the west and allotted 640 acres ( 2 . 6 km2 ) to settlers for a fee of $ . 25 per acre and a promise to irrigate the land . after three years , a fee of one dollar per acre would be paid and the land would be owned by the settler . this act brought mostly cattle and sheep ranchers into montana , many of whom grazed their herds on the montana prairie for three years , did little to irrigate the land and then abandoned it without paying the final fees . some farmers came with the arrival of the great northern and northern pacific railroads throughout the 1880s and 1890s , though in relatively small numbers . [ sep ] 1877
the desert land act of 1877 was passed to allow settlement of arid lands in the west and allotted 640 acres ( 2 . 6 km2 ) to settlers for a fee of $ . 25 per acre and a promise to irrigate the land . after three years , a fee of one dollar per acre would be paid and the land would be owned by the settler . this act brought mostly cattle and sheep ranchers into montana , many of whom grazed their herds on the montana prairie for three years , did little to irrigate the land and then abandoned it without paying the final fees . some farmers came with the arrival of the great northern and northern pacific railroads throughout the 1880s and 1890s , though in relatively small numbers . [ sep ] 640 acres
the desert land act of 1877 was passed to allow settlement of arid lands in the west and allotted 640 acres ( 2 . 6 km2 ) to settlers for a fee of $ . 25 per acre and a promise to irrigate the land . after three years , a fee of one dollar per acre would be paid and the land would be owned by the settler . this act brought mostly cattle and sheep ranchers into montana , many of whom grazed their herds on the montana prairie for three years , did little to irrigate the land and then abandoned it without paying the final fees . some farmers came with the arrival of the great northern and northern pacific railroads throughout the 1880s and 1890s , though in relatively small numbers . [ sep ] $ . 25
portuguese cinema has a long tradition , reaching back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century . portuguese film directors such as arthur duarte , antonio lopes ribeiro , antonio reis , pedro costa , manoel de oliveira , joao cesar monteiro , antonio - pedro vasconcelos , fernando lopes , joao botelho and leonel vieira , are among those that gained notability . noted portuguese film actors include joaquim de almeida , daniela ruah , maria de medeiros , diogo infante , soraia chaves , ribeirinho , lucia moniz , and diogo morgado . [ sep ] late 19th century
portuguese cinema has a long tradition , reaching back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century . portuguese film directors such as arthur duarte , antonio lopes ribeiro , antonio reis , pedro costa , manoel de oliveira , joao cesar monteiro , antonio - pedro vasconcelos , fernando lopes , joao botelho and leonel vieira , are among those that gained notability . noted portuguese film actors include joaquim de almeida , daniela ruah , maria de medeiros , diogo infante , soraia chaves , ribeirinho , lucia moniz , and diogo morgado . [ sep ] arthur duarte , antonio lopes ribeiro , antonio reis , pedro costa , manoel de oliveira , joao cesar monteiro , antonio - pedro vasconcelos , fernando lopes
portuguese cinema has a long tradition , reaching back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century . portuguese film directors such as arthur duarte , antonio lopes ribeiro , antonio reis , pedro costa , manoel de oliveira , joao cesar monteiro , antonio - pedro vasconcelos , fernando lopes , joao botelho and leonel vieira , are among those that gained notability . noted portuguese film actors include joaquim de almeida , daniela ruah , maria de medeiros , diogo infante , soraia chaves , ribeirinho , lucia moniz , and diogo morgado . [ sep ] joaquim de almeida , daniela ruah , maria de medeiros , diogo infante , soraia chaves , ribeirinho , lucia moniz , and diogo morgado
portuguese cinema has a long tradition , reaching back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century . portuguese film directors such as arthur duarte , antonio lopes ribeiro , antonio reis , pedro costa , manoel de oliveira , joao cesar monteiro , antonio - pedro vasconcelos , fernando lopes , joao botelho and leonel vieira , are among those that gained notability . noted portuguese film actors include joaquim de almeida , daniela ruah , maria de medeiros , diogo infante , soraia chaves , ribeirinho , lucia moniz , and diogo morgado . [ sep ] late 19th century
portuguese cinema has a long tradition , reaching back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century . portuguese film directors such as arthur duarte , antonio lopes ribeiro , antonio reis , pedro costa , manoel de oliveira , joao cesar monteiro , antonio - pedro vasconcelos , fernando lopes , joao botelho and leonel vieira , are among those that gained notability . noted portuguese film actors include joaquim de almeida , daniela ruah , maria de medeiros , diogo infante , soraia chaves , ribeirinho , lucia moniz , and diogo morgado . [ sep ] arthur duarte , antonio lopes ribeiro , antonio reis , pedro costa , manoel de oliveira , joao cesar monteiro , antonio - pedro vasconcelos , fernando lopes
portuguese cinema has a long tradition , reaching back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century . portuguese film directors such as arthur duarte , antonio lopes ribeiro , antonio reis , pedro costa , manoel de oliveira , joao cesar monteiro , antonio - pedro vasconcelos , fernando lopes , joao botelho and leonel vieira , are among those that gained notability . noted portuguese film actors include joaquim de almeida , daniela ruah , maria de medeiros , diogo infante , soraia chaves , ribeirinho , lucia moniz , and diogo morgado . [ sep ] joaquim de almeida , daniela ruah , maria de medeiros , diogo infante , soraia chaves , ribeirinho , lucia moniz , and diogo morgado
in the early 1900s , james j . hill of the great northern began promoting settlement in the montana prairie to fill his trains with settlers and goods . other railroads followed suit . in 1902 , the reclamation act was passed , allowing irrigation projects to be built in montana ' s eastern river valleys . in 1909 , congress passed the enlarged homestead act that expanded the amount of free land from 160 to 320 acres ( 0 . 6 to 1 . 3 km2 ) per family and in 1912 reduced the time to " prove up " on a claim to three years . in 1916 , the stock - raising homestead act allowed homesteads of 640 acres in areas unsuitable for irrigation . this combination of advertising and changes in the homestead act drew tens of thousands of homesteaders , lured by free land , with world war i bringing particularly high wheat prices . in addition , montana was going through a temporary period of higher - than - average precipitation . homesteaders arriving in this period were known as " honyockers " , or " scissorbills . " though the word " honyocker " , possibly derived from the ethnic slur " hunyak , " was applied in a derisive manner at homesteaders as being " greenhorns " , " new at his business " or " unprepared " , the reality was that a majority of these new settlers had previous farming experience , though there were also many who did not . [ sep ] james j . hill
in the early 1900s , james j . hill of the great northern began promoting settlement in the montana prairie to fill his trains with settlers and goods . other railroads followed suit . in 1902 , the reclamation act was passed , allowing irrigation projects to be built in montana ' s eastern river valleys . in 1909 , congress passed the enlarged homestead act that expanded the amount of free land from 160 to 320 acres ( 0 . 6 to 1 . 3 km2 ) per family and in 1912 reduced the time to " prove up " on a claim to three years . in 1916 , the stock - raising homestead act allowed homesteads of 640 acres in areas unsuitable for irrigation . this combination of advertising and changes in the homestead act drew tens of thousands of homesteaders , lured by free land , with world war i bringing particularly high wheat prices . in addition , montana was going through a temporary period of higher - than - average precipitation . homesteaders arriving in this period were known as " honyockers " , or " scissorbills . " though the word " honyocker " , possibly derived from the ethnic slur " hunyak , " was applied in a derisive manner at homesteaders as being " greenhorns " , " new at his business " or " unprepared " , the reality was that a majority of these new settlers had previous farming experience , though there were also many who did not . [ sep ] 1902
in the early 1900s , james j . hill of the great northern began promoting settlement in the montana prairie to fill his trains with settlers and goods . other railroads followed suit . in 1902 , the reclamation act was passed , allowing irrigation projects to be built in montana ' s eastern river valleys . in 1909 , congress passed the enlarged homestead act that expanded the amount of free land from 160 to 320 acres ( 0 . 6 to 1 . 3 km2 ) per family and in 1912 reduced the time to " prove up " on a claim to three years . in 1916 , the stock - raising homestead act allowed homesteads of 640 acres in areas unsuitable for irrigation . this combination of advertising and changes in the homestead act drew tens of thousands of homesteaders , lured by free land , with world war i bringing particularly high wheat prices . in addition , montana was going through a temporary period of higher - than - average precipitation . homesteaders arriving in this period were known as " honyockers " , or " scissorbills . " though the word " honyocker " , possibly derived from the ethnic slur " hunyak , " was applied in a derisive manner at homesteaders as being " greenhorns " , " new at his business " or " unprepared " , the reality was that a majority of these new settlers had previous farming experience , though there were also many who did not . [ sep ] 1909
in the early 1900s , james j . hill of the great northern began promoting settlement in the montana prairie to fill his trains with settlers and goods . other railroads followed suit . in 1902 , the reclamation act was passed , allowing irrigation projects to be built in montana ' s eastern river valleys . in 1909 , congress passed the enlarged homestead act that expanded the amount of free land from 160 to 320 acres ( 0 . 6 to 1 . 3 km2 ) per family and in 1912 reduced the time to " prove up " on a claim to three years . in 1916 , the stock - raising homestead act allowed homesteads of 640 acres in areas unsuitable for irrigation . this combination of advertising and changes in the homestead act drew tens of thousands of homesteaders , lured by free land , with world war i bringing particularly high wheat prices . in addition , montana was going through a temporary period of higher - than - average precipitation . homesteaders arriving in this period were known as " honyockers " , or " scissorbills . " though the word " honyocker " , possibly derived from the ethnic slur " hunyak , " was applied in a derisive manner at homesteaders as being " greenhorns " , " new at his business " or " unprepared " , the reality was that a majority of these new settlers had previous farming experience , though there were also many who did not . [ sep ] 320 acres
adventurer and poet luis de camoes ( c . 1524 – 1580 ) wrote the epic poem " os lusiadas " ( the lusiads ) , with virgil ' s aeneid as his main influence . modern portuguese poetry is rooted in neoclassic and contemporary styles , as exemplified by fernando pessoa ( 1888 – 1935 ) . modern portuguese literature is represented by authors such as almeida garrett , camilo castelo branco , eca de queiroz , fernando pessoa , sophia de mello breyner andresen , antonio lobo antunes and miguel torga . particularly popular and distinguished is jose saramago , recipient of the 1998 nobel prize in literature . [ sep ] adventurer and poet
adventurer and poet luis de camoes ( c . 1524 – 1580 ) wrote the epic poem " os lusiadas " ( the lusiads ) , with virgil ' s aeneid as his main influence . modern portuguese poetry is rooted in neoclassic and contemporary styles , as exemplified by fernando pessoa ( 1888 – 1935 ) . modern portuguese literature is represented by authors such as almeida garrett , camilo castelo branco , eca de queiroz , fernando pessoa , sophia de mello breyner andresen , antonio lobo antunes and miguel torga . particularly popular and distinguished is jose saramago , recipient of the 1998 nobel prize in literature . [ sep ] " os lusiadas " ( the lusiads )
adventurer and poet luis de camoes ( c . 1524 – 1580 ) wrote the epic poem " os lusiadas " ( the lusiads ) , with virgil ' s aeneid as his main influence . modern portuguese poetry is rooted in neoclassic and contemporary styles , as exemplified by fernando pessoa ( 1888 – 1935 ) . modern portuguese literature is represented by authors such as almeida garrett , camilo castelo branco , eca de queiroz , fernando pessoa , sophia de mello breyner andresen , antonio lobo antunes and miguel torga . particularly popular and distinguished is jose saramago , recipient of the 1998 nobel prize in literature . [ sep ] virgil ' s aeneid
adventurer and poet luis de camoes ( c . 1524 – 1580 ) wrote the epic poem " os lusiadas " ( the lusiads ) , with virgil ' s aeneid as his main influence . modern portuguese poetry is rooted in neoclassic and contemporary styles , as exemplified by fernando pessoa ( 1888 – 1935 ) . modern portuguese literature is represented by authors such as almeida garrett , camilo castelo branco , eca de queiroz , fernando pessoa , sophia de mello breyner andresen , antonio lobo antunes and miguel torga . particularly popular and distinguished is jose saramago , recipient of the 1998 nobel prize in literature . [ sep ] neoclassic and contemporary styles
adventurer and poet luis de camoes ( c . 1524 – 1580 ) wrote the epic poem " os lusiadas " ( the lusiads ) , with virgil ' s aeneid as his main influence . modern portuguese poetry is rooted in neoclassic and contemporary styles , as exemplified by fernando pessoa ( 1888 – 1935 ) . modern portuguese literature is represented by authors such as almeida garrett , camilo castelo branco , eca de queiroz , fernando pessoa , sophia de mello breyner andresen , antonio lobo antunes and miguel torga . particularly popular and distinguished is jose saramago , recipient of the 1998 nobel prize in literature . [ sep ] almeida garrett , camilo castelo branco , eca de queiroz , fernando pessoa , sophia de mello breyner andresen , antonio lobo antunes and miguel torga
in june 1917 , the u . s . congress passed the espionage act of 1917 which was later extended by the sedition act of 1918 , enacted in may 1918 . in february 1918 , the montana legislature had passed the montana sedition act , which was a model for the federal version . in combination , these laws criminalized criticism of the u . s . government , military , or symbols through speech or other means . the montana act led to the arrest of over 200 individuals and the conviction of 78 , mostly of german or austrian descent . over 40 spent time in prison . in may 2006 , then - governor brian schweitzer posthumously issued full pardons for all those convicted of violating the montana sedition act . [ sep ] 1917
in june 1917 , the u . s . congress passed the espionage act of 1917 which was later extended by the sedition act of 1918 , enacted in may 1918 . in february 1918 , the montana legislature had passed the montana sedition act , which was a model for the federal version . in combination , these laws criminalized criticism of the u . s . government , military , or symbols through speech or other means . the montana act led to the arrest of over 200 individuals and the conviction of 78 , mostly of german or austrian descent . over 40 spent time in prison . in may 2006 , then - governor brian schweitzer posthumously issued full pardons for all those convicted of violating the montana sedition act . [ sep ] 1918
in june 1917 , the u . s . congress passed the espionage act of 1917 which was later extended by the sedition act of 1918 , enacted in may 1918 . in february 1918 , the montana legislature had passed the montana sedition act , which was a model for the federal version . in combination , these laws criminalized criticism of the u . s . government , military , or symbols through speech or other means . the montana act led to the arrest of over 200 individuals and the conviction of 78 , mostly of german or austrian descent . over 40 spent time in prison . in may 2006 , then - governor brian schweitzer posthumously issued full pardons for all those convicted of violating the montana sedition act . [ sep ] criminalized criticism of the u . s . government , military , or symbols through speech or other means
in june 1917 , the u . s . congress passed the espionage act of 1917 which was later extended by the sedition act of 1918 , enacted in may 1918 . in february 1918 , the montana legislature had passed the montana sedition act , which was a model for the federal version . in combination , these laws criminalized criticism of the u . s . government , military , or symbols through speech or other means . the montana act led to the arrest of over 200 individuals and the conviction of 78 , mostly of german or austrian descent . over 40 spent time in prison . in may 2006 , then - governor brian schweitzer posthumously issued full pardons for all those convicted of violating the montana sedition act . [ sep ] 200
in june 1917 , the u . s . congress passed the espionage act of 1917 which was later extended by the sedition act of 1918 , enacted in may 1918 . in february 1918 , the montana legislature had passed the montana sedition act , which was a model for the federal version . in combination , these laws criminalized criticism of the u . s . government , military , or symbols through speech or other means . the montana act led to the arrest of over 200 individuals and the conviction of 78 , mostly of german or austrian descent . over 40 spent time in prison . in may 2006 , then - governor brian schweitzer posthumously issued full pardons for all those convicted of violating the montana sedition act . [ sep ] 78
portuguese cuisine is diverse . the portuguese consume a lot of dry cod ( bacalhau in portuguese ) , for which there are hundreds of recipes . there are more than enough bacalhau dishes for each day of the year . two other popular fish recipes are grilled sardines and caldeirada , a potato - based stew that can be made from several types of fish . typical portuguese meat recipes , that may be made out of beef , pork , lamb , or chicken , include cozido a portuguesa , feijoada , frango de churrasco , leitao ( roast suckling pig ) and carne de porco a alentejana . a very popular northern dish is the arroz de sarrabulho ( rice stewed in pigs blood ) or the arroz de cabidela ( rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood ) . [ sep ] bacalhau
portuguese cuisine is diverse . the portuguese consume a lot of dry cod ( bacalhau in portuguese ) , for which there are hundreds of recipes . there are more than enough bacalhau dishes for each day of the year . two other popular fish recipes are grilled sardines and caldeirada , a potato - based stew that can be made from several types of fish . typical portuguese meat recipes , that may be made out of beef , pork , lamb , or chicken , include cozido a portuguesa , feijoada , frango de churrasco , leitao ( roast suckling pig ) and carne de porco a alentejana . a very popular northern dish is the arroz de sarrabulho ( rice stewed in pigs blood ) or the arroz de cabidela ( rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood ) . [ sep ] grilled sardines and caldeirada
portuguese cuisine is diverse . the portuguese consume a lot of dry cod ( bacalhau in portuguese ) , for which there are hundreds of recipes . there are more than enough bacalhau dishes for each day of the year . two other popular fish recipes are grilled sardines and caldeirada , a potato - based stew that can be made from several types of fish . typical portuguese meat recipes , that may be made out of beef , pork , lamb , or chicken , include cozido a portuguesa , feijoada , frango de churrasco , leitao ( roast suckling pig ) and carne de porco a alentejana . a very popular northern dish is the arroz de sarrabulho ( rice stewed in pigs blood ) or the arroz de cabidela ( rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood ) . [ sep ] a potato - based stew that can be made from several types of fish
portuguese cuisine is diverse . the portuguese consume a lot of dry cod ( bacalhau in portuguese ) , for which there are hundreds of recipes . there are more than enough bacalhau dishes for each day of the year . two other popular fish recipes are grilled sardines and caldeirada , a potato - based stew that can be made from several types of fish . typical portuguese meat recipes , that may be made out of beef , pork , lamb , or chicken , include cozido a portuguesa , feijoada , frango de churrasco , leitao ( roast suckling pig ) and carne de porco a alentejana . a very popular northern dish is the arroz de sarrabulho ( rice stewed in pigs blood ) or the arroz de cabidela ( rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood ) . [ sep ] beef , pork , lamb , or chicken
portuguese cuisine is diverse . the portuguese consume a lot of dry cod ( bacalhau in portuguese ) , for which there are hundreds of recipes . there are more than enough bacalhau dishes for each day of the year . two other popular fish recipes are grilled sardines and caldeirada , a potato - based stew that can be made from several types of fish . typical portuguese meat recipes , that may be made out of beef , pork , lamb , or chicken , include cozido a portuguesa , feijoada , frango de churrasco , leitao ( roast suckling pig ) and carne de porco a alentejana . a very popular northern dish is the arroz de sarrabulho ( rice stewed in pigs blood ) or the arroz de cabidela ( rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood ) . [ sep ] arroz de sarrabulho ( rice stewed in pigs blood ) or the arroz de cabidela ( rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood )
when the u . s . entered world war ii on december 8 , 1941 , many montanans already had enlisted in the military to escape the poor national economy of the previous decade . another 40 , 000 - plus montanans entered the armed forces in the first year following the declaration of war , and over 57 , 000 joined up before the war ended . these numbers constituted about 10 percent of the state ' s total population , and montana again contributed one of the highest numbers of soldiers per capita of any state . many native americans were among those who served , including soldiers from the crow nation who became code talkers . at least 1500 montanans died in the war . montana also was the training ground for the first special service force or " devil ' s brigade , " a joint u . s - canadian commando - style force that trained at fort william henry harrison for experience in mountainous and winter conditions before deployment . air bases were built in great falls , lewistown , cut bank and glasgow , some of which were used as staging areas to prepare planes to be sent to allied forces in the soviet union . during the war , about 30 japanese balloon bombs were documented to have landed in montana , though no casualties nor major forest fires were attributed to them . [ sep ] 40 , 000 - plus
when the u . s . entered world war ii on december 8 , 1941 , many montanans already had enlisted in the military to escape the poor national economy of the previous decade . another 40 , 000 - plus montanans entered the armed forces in the first year following the declaration of war , and over 57 , 000 joined up before the war ended . these numbers constituted about 10 percent of the state ' s total population , and montana again contributed one of the highest numbers of soldiers per capita of any state . many native americans were among those who served , including soldiers from the crow nation who became code talkers . at least 1500 montanans died in the war . montana also was the training ground for the first special service force or " devil ' s brigade , " a joint u . s - canadian commando - style force that trained at fort william henry harrison for experience in mountainous and winter conditions before deployment . air bases were built in great falls , lewistown , cut bank and glasgow , some of which were used as staging areas to prepare planes to be sent to allied forces in the soviet union . during the war , about 30 japanese balloon bombs were documented to have landed in montana , though no casualties nor major forest fires were attributed to them . [ sep ] over 57 , 000
when the u . s . entered world war ii on december 8 , 1941 , many montanans already had enlisted in the military to escape the poor national economy of the previous decade . another 40 , 000 - plus montanans entered the armed forces in the first year following the declaration of war , and over 57 , 000 joined up before the war ended . these numbers constituted about 10 percent of the state ' s total population , and montana again contributed one of the highest numbers of soldiers per capita of any state . many native americans were among those who served , including soldiers from the crow nation who became code talkers . at least 1500 montanans died in the war . montana also was the training ground for the first special service force or " devil ' s brigade , " a joint u . s - canadian commando - style force that trained at fort william henry harrison for experience in mountainous and winter conditions before deployment . air bases were built in great falls , lewistown , cut bank and glasgow , some of which were used as staging areas to prepare planes to be sent to allied forces in the soviet union . during the war , about 30 japanese balloon bombs were documented to have landed in montana , though no casualties nor major forest fires were attributed to them . [ sep ] at least 1500
when the u . s . entered world war ii on december 8 , 1941 , many montanans already had enlisted in the military to escape the poor national economy of the previous decade . another 40 , 000 - plus montanans entered the armed forces in the first year following the declaration of war , and over 57 , 000 joined up before the war ended . these numbers constituted about 10 percent of the state ' s total population , and montana again contributed one of the highest numbers of soldiers per capita of any state . many native americans were among those who served , including soldiers from the crow nation who became code talkers . at least 1500 montanans died in the war . montana also was the training ground for the first special service force or " devil ' s brigade , " a joint u . s - canadian commando - style force that trained at fort william henry harrison for experience in mountainous and winter conditions before deployment . air bases were built in great falls , lewistown , cut bank and glasgow , some of which were used as staging areas to prepare planes to be sent to allied forces in the soviet union . during the war , about 30 japanese balloon bombs were documented to have landed in montana , though no casualties nor major forest fires were attributed to them . [ sep ] first special service force or " devil ' s brigade , "
when the u . s . entered world war ii on december 8 , 1941 , many montanans already had enlisted in the military to escape the poor national economy of the previous decade . another 40 , 000 - plus montanans entered the armed forces in the first year following the declaration of war , and over 57 , 000 joined up before the war ended . these numbers constituted about 10 percent of the state ' s total population , and montana again contributed one of the highest numbers of soldiers per capita of any state . many native americans were among those who served , including soldiers from the crow nation who became code talkers . at least 1500 montanans died in the war . montana also was the training ground for the first special service force or " devil ' s brigade , " a joint u . s - canadian commando - style force that trained at fort william henry harrison for experience in mountainous and winter conditions before deployment . air bases were built in great falls , lewistown , cut bank and glasgow , some of which were used as staging areas to prepare planes to be sent to allied forces in the soviet union . during the war , about 30 japanese balloon bombs were documented to have landed in montana , though no casualties nor major forest fires were attributed to them . [ sep ] great falls , lewistown , cut bank and glasgow
typical fast food dishes include the francesinha ( frenchie ) from porto , and bifanas ( grilled pork ) or prego ( grilled beef ) sandwiches , which are well known around the country . the portuguese art of pastry has its origins in the many medieval catholic monasteries spread widely across the country . these monasteries , using very few ingredients ( mostly almonds , flour , eggs and some liquor ) , managed to create a spectacular wide range of different pastries , of which pasteis de belem ( or pasteis de nata ) originally from lisbon , and ovos moles from aveiro are examples . portuguese cuisine is very diverse , with different regions having their own traditional dishes . the portuguese have a culture of good food , and throughout the country there are myriads of good restaurants and typical small tasquinhas . [ sep ] francesinha ( frenchie ) from porto , and bifanas ( grilled pork ) or prego ( grilled beef ) sandwiches
typical fast food dishes include the francesinha ( frenchie ) from porto , and bifanas ( grilled pork ) or prego ( grilled beef ) sandwiches , which are well known around the country . the portuguese art of pastry has its origins in the many medieval catholic monasteries spread widely across the country . these monasteries , using very few ingredients ( mostly almonds , flour , eggs and some liquor ) , managed to create a spectacular wide range of different pastries , of which pasteis de belem ( or pasteis de nata ) originally from lisbon , and ovos moles from aveiro are examples . portuguese cuisine is very diverse , with different regions having their own traditional dishes . the portuguese have a culture of good food , and throughout the country there are myriads of good restaurants and typical small tasquinhas . [ sep ] in the many medieval catholic monasteries spread widely across the country
typical fast food dishes include the francesinha ( frenchie ) from porto , and bifanas ( grilled pork ) or prego ( grilled beef ) sandwiches , which are well known around the country . the portuguese art of pastry has its origins in the many medieval catholic monasteries spread widely across the country . these monasteries , using very few ingredients ( mostly almonds , flour , eggs and some liquor ) , managed to create a spectacular wide range of different pastries , of which pasteis de belem ( or pasteis de nata ) originally from lisbon , and ovos moles from aveiro are examples . portuguese cuisine is very diverse , with different regions having their own traditional dishes . the portuguese have a culture of good food , and throughout the country there are myriads of good restaurants and typical small tasquinhas . [ sep ] almonds , flour , eggs and some liquor
typical fast food dishes include the francesinha ( frenchie ) from porto , and bifanas ( grilled pork ) or prego ( grilled beef ) sandwiches , which are well known around the country . the portuguese art of pastry has its origins in the many medieval catholic monasteries spread widely across the country . these monasteries , using very few ingredients ( mostly almonds , flour , eggs and some liquor ) , managed to create a spectacular wide range of different pastries , of which pasteis de belem ( or pasteis de nata ) originally from lisbon , and ovos moles from aveiro are examples . portuguese cuisine is very diverse , with different regions having their own traditional dishes . the portuguese have a culture of good food , and throughout the country there are myriads of good restaurants and typical small tasquinhas . [ sep ] pasteis de belem ( or pasteis de nata ) originally from lisbon , and ovos moles from aveiro
portuguese wines have enjoyed international recognition since the times of the romans , who associated portugal with their god bacchus . today , the country is known by wine lovers and its wines have won several international prizes . some of the best portuguese wines are : vinho verde , vinho alvarinho , vinho do douro , vinho do alentejo , vinho do dao , vinho da bairrada and the sweet : port wine , madeira wine , the moscatel from setubal and favaios . port and madeira are particularly appreciated in a wide range of places around the world . [ sep ] since the times of the romans
portuguese wines have enjoyed international recognition since the times of the romans , who associated portugal with their god bacchus . today , the country is known by wine lovers and its wines have won several international prizes . some of the best portuguese wines are : vinho verde , vinho alvarinho , vinho do douro , vinho do alentejo , vinho do dao , vinho da bairrada and the sweet : port wine , madeira wine , the moscatel from setubal and favaios . port and madeira are particularly appreciated in a wide range of places around the world . [ sep ] bacchus
portuguese wines have enjoyed international recognition since the times of the romans , who associated portugal with their god bacchus . today , the country is known by wine lovers and its wines have won several international prizes . some of the best portuguese wines are : vinho verde , vinho alvarinho , vinho do douro , vinho do alentejo , vinho do dao , vinho da bairrada and the sweet : port wine , madeira wine , the moscatel from setubal and favaios . port and madeira are particularly appreciated in a wide range of places around the world . [ sep ] vinho verde , vinho alvarinho , vinho do douro , vinho do alentejo , vinho do dao , vinho da bairrada and the sweet : port wine , madeira wine
portuguese wines have enjoyed international recognition since the times of the romans , who associated portugal with their god bacchus . today , the country is known by wine lovers and its wines have won several international prizes . some of the best portuguese wines are : vinho verde , vinho alvarinho , vinho do douro , vinho do alentejo , vinho do dao , vinho da bairrada and the sweet : port wine , madeira wine , the moscatel from setubal and favaios . port and madeira are particularly appreciated in a wide range of places around the world . [ sep ] port and madeira
portugal has several summer music festivals , such as festival sudoeste in zambujeira do mar , festival de paredes de coura in paredes de coura , festival vilar de mouros near caminha , boom festival in idanha - a - nova municipality , optimus alive ! , sumol summer fest in ericeira , rock in rio lisboa and super bock super rock in greater lisbon . out of the summer season , portugal has a large number of festivals , designed more to an urban audience , like flowfest or hip hop porto . furthermore , one of the largest international goa trance festivals takes place in central portugal every two years , the boom festival , that is also the only festival in portugal to win international awards : european festival award 2010 – green ' n ' clean festival of the year and the greener festival award outstanding 2008 and 2010 . there is also the student festivals of queima das fitas are major events in a number of cities across portugal . in 2005 , portugal held the mtv europe music awards , in pavilhao atlantico , lisbon . [ sep ] festival sudoeste in zambujeira do mar , festival de paredes de coura in paredes de coura , festival vilar de mouros near caminha ,
portugal has several summer music festivals , such as festival sudoeste in zambujeira do mar , festival de paredes de coura in paredes de coura , festival vilar de mouros near caminha , boom festival in idanha - a - nova municipality , optimus alive ! , sumol summer fest in ericeira , rock in rio lisboa and super bock super rock in greater lisbon . out of the summer season , portugal has a large number of festivals , designed more to an urban audience , like flowfest or hip hop porto . furthermore , one of the largest international goa trance festivals takes place in central portugal every two years , the boom festival , that is also the only festival in portugal to win international awards : european festival award 2010 – green ' n ' clean festival of the year and the greener festival award outstanding 2008 and 2010 . there is also the student festivals of queima das fitas are major events in a number of cities across portugal . in 2005 , portugal held the mtv europe music awards , in pavilhao atlantico , lisbon . [ sep ] flowfest or hip hop porto
portugal has several summer music festivals , such as festival sudoeste in zambujeira do mar , festival de paredes de coura in paredes de coura , festival vilar de mouros near caminha , boom festival in idanha - a - nova municipality , optimus alive ! , sumol summer fest in ericeira , rock in rio lisboa and super bock super rock in greater lisbon . out of the summer season , portugal has a large number of festivals , designed more to an urban audience , like flowfest or hip hop porto . furthermore , one of the largest international goa trance festivals takes place in central portugal every two years , the boom festival , that is also the only festival in portugal to win international awards : european festival award 2010 – green ' n ' clean festival of the year and the greener festival award outstanding 2008 and 2010 . there is also the student festivals of queima das fitas are major events in a number of cities across portugal . in 2005 , portugal held the mtv europe music awards , in pavilhao atlantico , lisbon . [ sep ] one of the largest international goa trance festivals takes place in central portugal every two years
portugal has several summer music festivals , such as festival sudoeste in zambujeira do mar , festival de paredes de coura in paredes de coura , festival vilar de mouros near caminha , boom festival in idanha - a - nova municipality , optimus alive ! , sumol summer fest in ericeira , rock in rio lisboa and super bock super rock in greater lisbon . out of the summer season , portugal has a large number of festivals , designed more to an urban audience , like flowfest or hip hop porto . furthermore , one of the largest international goa trance festivals takes place in central portugal every two years , the boom festival , that is also the only festival in portugal to win international awards : european festival award 2010 – green ' n ' clean festival of the year and the greener festival award outstanding 2008 and 2010 . there is also the student festivals of queima das fitas are major events in a number of cities across portugal . in 2005 , portugal held the mtv europe music awards , in pavilhao atlantico , lisbon . [ sep ] european festival award 2010 – green ' n ' clean festival of the year and the greener festival award outstanding 2008 and 2010
portugal has several summer music festivals , such as festival sudoeste in zambujeira do mar , festival de paredes de coura in paredes de coura , festival vilar de mouros near caminha , boom festival in idanha - a - nova municipality , optimus alive ! , sumol summer fest in ericeira , rock in rio lisboa and super bock super rock in greater lisbon . out of the summer season , portugal has a large number of festivals , designed more to an urban audience , like flowfest or hip hop porto . furthermore , one of the largest international goa trance festivals takes place in central portugal every two years , the boom festival , that is also the only festival in portugal to win international awards : european festival award 2010 – green ' n ' clean festival of the year and the greener festival award outstanding 2008 and 2010 . there is also the student festivals of queima das fitas are major events in a number of cities across portugal . in 2005 , portugal held the mtv europe music awards , in pavilhao atlantico , lisbon . [ sep ] 2005
in the classical music domain , portugal is represented by names as the pianists artur pizarro , maria joao pires , sequeira costa , the violinists carlos damas , gerardo ribeiro and in the past by the great cellist guilhermina suggia . notable composers include jose vianna da motta , carlos seixas , joao domingos bomtempo , joao de sousa carvalho , luis de freitas branco and his student joly braga santos , fernando lopes - graca , emmanuel nunes and sergio azevedo . similarly , contemporary composers such as nuno malo and miguel d ' oliveira have achieved some international success writing original music for film and television . [ sep ] artur pizarro , maria joao pires , sequeira costa
in the classical music domain , portugal is represented by names as the pianists artur pizarro , maria joao pires , sequeira costa , the violinists carlos damas , gerardo ribeiro and in the past by the great cellist guilhermina suggia . notable composers include jose vianna da motta , carlos seixas , joao domingos bomtempo , joao de sousa carvalho , luis de freitas branco and his student joly braga santos , fernando lopes - graca , emmanuel nunes and sergio azevedo . similarly , contemporary composers such as nuno malo and miguel d ' oliveira have achieved some international success writing original music for film and television . [ sep ] carlos damas , gerardo ribeiro
in the classical music domain , portugal is represented by names as the pianists artur pizarro , maria joao pires , sequeira costa , the violinists carlos damas , gerardo ribeiro and in the past by the great cellist guilhermina suggia . notable composers include jose vianna da motta , carlos seixas , joao domingos bomtempo , joao de sousa carvalho , luis de freitas branco and his student joly braga santos , fernando lopes - graca , emmanuel nunes and sergio azevedo . similarly , contemporary composers such as nuno malo and miguel d ' oliveira have achieved some international success writing original music for film and television . [ sep ] jose vianna da motta , carlos seixas , joao domingos bomtempo , joao de sousa carvalho , luis de freitas branco and his student joly braga santos
in the classical music domain , portugal is represented by names as the pianists artur pizarro , maria joao pires , sequeira costa , the violinists carlos damas , gerardo ribeiro and in the past by the great cellist guilhermina suggia . notable composers include jose vianna da motta , carlos seixas , joao domingos bomtempo , joao de sousa carvalho , luis de freitas branco and his student joly braga santos , fernando lopes - graca , emmanuel nunes and sergio azevedo . similarly , contemporary composers such as nuno malo and miguel d ' oliveira have achieved some international success writing original music for film and television . [ sep ] nuno malo and miguel d ' oliveira
the 20th century saw the arrival of modernism , and along with it came the most prominent portuguese painters : amadeo de souza - cardoso , who was heavily influenced by french painters , particularly by the delaunays . among his best - known works is cancao popular a russa e o figaro . another great modernist painters / writers were carlos botelho and almada negreiros , friend to the poet fernando pessoa , who painted his ( pessoa ' s ) portrait . he was deeply influenced by both cubist and futurist trends . prominent international figures in visual arts nowadays include painters vieira da silva , julio pomar , helena almeida , joana vasconcelos , juliao sarmento and paula rego . [ sep ] 20th century
the 20th century saw the arrival of modernism , and along with it came the most prominent portuguese painters : amadeo de souza - cardoso , who was heavily influenced by french painters , particularly by the delaunays . among his best - known works is cancao popular a russa e o figaro . another great modernist painters / writers were carlos botelho and almada negreiros , friend to the poet fernando pessoa , who painted his ( pessoa ' s ) portrait . he was deeply influenced by both cubist and futurist trends . prominent international figures in visual arts nowadays include painters vieira da silva , julio pomar , helena almeida , joana vasconcelos , juliao sarmento and paula rego . [ sep ] french painters , particularly by the delaunays
the 20th century saw the arrival of modernism , and along with it came the most prominent portuguese painters : amadeo de souza - cardoso , who was heavily influenced by french painters , particularly by the delaunays . among his best - known works is cancao popular a russa e o figaro . another great modernist painters / writers were carlos botelho and almada negreiros , friend to the poet fernando pessoa , who painted his ( pessoa ' s ) portrait . he was deeply influenced by both cubist and futurist trends . prominent international figures in visual arts nowadays include painters vieira da silva , julio pomar , helena almeida , joana vasconcelos , juliao sarmento and paula rego . [ sep ] cancao popular a russa e o figaro
the 20th century saw the arrival of modernism , and along with it came the most prominent portuguese painters : amadeo de souza - cardoso , who was heavily influenced by french painters , particularly by the delaunays . among his best - known works is cancao popular a russa e o figaro . another great modernist painters / writers were carlos botelho and almada negreiros , friend to the poet fernando pessoa , who painted his ( pessoa ' s ) portrait . he was deeply influenced by both cubist and futurist trends . prominent international figures in visual arts nowadays include painters vieira da silva , julio pomar , helena almeida , joana vasconcelos , juliao sarmento and paula rego . [ sep ] vieira da silva , julio pomar , helena almeida , joana vasconcelos , juliao sarmento and paula rego
football is the most popular sport in portugal . there are several football competitions ranging from local amateur to world - class professional level . the legendary eusebio is still a major symbol of portuguese football history . fifa world player of the year winners luis figo and cristiano ronaldo who won the fifa ballon d ' or for 2013 and 2014 , are among the numerous examples of other world - class football players born in portugal and noted worldwide . portuguese football managers are also noteworthy , with jose mourinho , andre villas - boas , fernando santos , carlos queiroz and manuel jose among the most renowned . [ sep ] football
football is the most popular sport in portugal . there are several football competitions ranging from local amateur to world - class professional level . the legendary eusebio is still a major symbol of portuguese football history . fifa world player of the year winners luis figo and cristiano ronaldo who won the fifa ballon d ' or for 2013 and 2014 , are among the numerous examples of other world - class football players born in portugal and noted worldwide . portuguese football managers are also noteworthy , with jose mourinho , andre villas - boas , fernando santos , carlos queiroz and manuel jose among the most renowned . [ sep ] eusebio
football is the most popular sport in portugal . there are several football competitions ranging from local amateur to world - class professional level . the legendary eusebio is still a major symbol of portuguese football history . fifa world player of the year winners luis figo and cristiano ronaldo who won the fifa ballon d ' or for 2013 and 2014 , are among the numerous examples of other world - class football players born in portugal and noted worldwide . portuguese football managers are also noteworthy , with jose mourinho , andre villas - boas , fernando santos , carlos queiroz and manuel jose among the most renowned . [ sep ] luis figo and cristiano ronaldo
football is the most popular sport in portugal . there are several football competitions ranging from local amateur to world - class professional level . the legendary eusebio is still a major symbol of portuguese football history . fifa world player of the year winners luis figo and cristiano ronaldo who won the fifa ballon d ' or for 2013 and 2014 , are among the numerous examples of other world - class football players born in portugal and noted worldwide . portuguese football managers are also noteworthy , with jose mourinho , andre villas - boas , fernando santos , carlos queiroz and manuel jose among the most renowned . [ sep ] fifa world player of the year
football is the most popular sport in portugal . there are several football competitions ranging from local amateur to world - class professional level . the legendary eusebio is still a major symbol of portuguese football history . fifa world player of the year winners luis figo and cristiano ronaldo who won the fifa ballon d ' or for 2013 and 2014 , are among the numerous examples of other world - class football players born in portugal and noted worldwide . portuguese football managers are also noteworthy , with jose mourinho , andre villas - boas , fernando santos , carlos queiroz and manuel jose among the most renowned . [ sep ] jose mourinho , andre villas - boas , fernando santos , carlos queiroz and manuel jose
sl benfica , fc porto , and sporting cp are the largest sports clubs by popularity and by number of trophies won , often known as " os tres grandes " ( " the big three " ) . they have won eight titles in the european uefa club competitions , were present in many finals and have been regular contenders in the last stages almost every season . other than football , many portuguese sports clubs , including the " big three " , compete in several other sports events with a varying level of success and popularity , these may include roller hockey , basketball , futsal , handball , and volleyball . the portuguese football federation ( fpf ) – federacao portuguesa de futebol – annually hosts the algarve cup , a prestigious women ` s football tournament that has been celebrated in the algarvian part of portugal . [ sep ] sl benfica , fc porto , and sporting cp
sl benfica , fc porto , and sporting cp are the largest sports clubs by popularity and by number of trophies won , often known as " os tres grandes " ( " the big three " ) . they have won eight titles in the european uefa club competitions , were present in many finals and have been regular contenders in the last stages almost every season . other than football , many portuguese sports clubs , including the " big three " , compete in several other sports events with a varying level of success and popularity , these may include roller hockey , basketball , futsal , handball , and volleyball . the portuguese football federation ( fpf ) – federacao portuguesa de futebol – annually hosts the algarve cup , a prestigious women ` s football tournament that has been celebrated in the algarvian part of portugal . [ sep ] " os tres grandes " ( " the big three " )
sl benfica , fc porto , and sporting cp are the largest sports clubs by popularity and by number of trophies won , often known as " os tres grandes " ( " the big three " ) . they have won eight titles in the european uefa club competitions , were present in many finals and have been regular contenders in the last stages almost every season . other than football , many portuguese sports clubs , including the " big three " , compete in several other sports events with a varying level of success and popularity , these may include roller hockey , basketball , futsal , handball , and volleyball . the portuguese football federation ( fpf ) – federacao portuguesa de futebol – annually hosts the algarve cup , a prestigious women ` s football tournament that has been celebrated in the algarvian part of portugal . [ sep ] eight
sl benfica , fc porto , and sporting cp are the largest sports clubs by popularity and by number of trophies won , often known as " os tres grandes " ( " the big three " ) . they have won eight titles in the european uefa club competitions , were present in many finals and have been regular contenders in the last stages almost every season . other than football , many portuguese sports clubs , including the " big three " , compete in several other sports events with a varying level of success and popularity , these may include roller hockey , basketball , futsal , handball , and volleyball . the portuguese football federation ( fpf ) – federacao portuguesa de futebol – annually hosts the algarve cup , a prestigious women ` s football tournament that has been celebrated in the algarvian part of portugal . [ sep ] roller hockey , basketball , futsal , handball , and volleyball
sl benfica , fc porto , and sporting cp are the largest sports clubs by popularity and by number of trophies won , often known as " os tres grandes " ( " the big three " ) . they have won eight titles in the european uefa club competitions , were present in many finals and have been regular contenders in the last stages almost every season . other than football , many portuguese sports clubs , including the " big three " , compete in several other sports events with a varying level of success and popularity , these may include roller hockey , basketball , futsal , handball , and volleyball . the portuguese football federation ( fpf ) – federacao portuguesa de futebol – annually hosts the algarve cup , a prestigious women ` s football tournament that has been celebrated in the algarvian part of portugal . [ sep ] portuguese football federation ( fpf ) – federacao portuguesa de futebol
