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\newcommand{\newterm}[1]{{\bf #1}}


\def\figref#1{figure~\ref{#1}}
\def\Figref#1{Figure~\ref{#1}}
\def\twofigref#1#2{figures \ref{#1} and \ref{#2}}
\def\quadfigref#1#2#3#4{figures \ref{#1}, \ref{#2}, \ref{#3} and \ref{#4}}
\def\secref#1{section~\ref{#1}}
\def\Secref#1{Section~\ref{#1}}
\def\twosecrefs#1#2{sections \ref{#1} and \ref{#2}}
\def\secrefs#1#2#3{sections \ref{#1}, \ref{#2} and \ref{#3}}
\def\plaineqref#1{\ref{#1}}
\def\chapref#1{chapter~\ref{#1}}
\def\Chapref#1{Chapter~\ref{#1}}
\def\rangechapref#1#2{chapters\ref{#1}--\ref{#2}}
\def\algref#1{algorithm~\ref{#1}}
\def\Algref#1{Algorithm~\ref{#1}}
\def\twoalgref#1#2{algorithms \ref{#1} and \ref{#2}}
\def\Twoalgref#1#2{Algorithms \ref{#1} and \ref{#2}}
\def\partref#1{part~\ref{#1}}
\def\Partref#1{Part~\ref{#1}}
\def\twopartref#1#2{parts \ref{#1} and \ref{#2}}

\def\ceil#1{\lceil #1 \rceil}
\def\floor#1{\lfloor #1 \rfloor}
\def\1{\bm{1}}
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\newcommand{\valid}{\mathcal{D_{\mathrm{valid}}}}
\newcommand{\test}{\mathcal{D_{\mathrm{test}}}}

\def\eps{{\epsilon}}


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\def\rz{{\textnormal{z}}}

\def\rvepsilon{{\mathbf{\epsilon}}}
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\def\rvk{{\mathbf{k}}}
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\def\rvn{{\mathbf{n}}}
\def\rvo{{\mathbf{o}}}
\def\rvp{{\mathbf{p}}}
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\def\rvu{{\mathbf{u}}}
\def\rvv{{\mathbf{v}}}
\def\rvw{{\mathbf{w}}}
\def\rvx{{\mathbf{x}}}
\def\rvy{{\mathbf{y}}}
\def\rvz{{\mathbf{z}}}

\def\erva{{\textnormal{a}}}
\def\ervb{{\textnormal{b}}}
\def\ervc{{\textnormal{c}}}
\def\ervd{{\textnormal{d}}}
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\def\ervf{{\textnormal{f}}}
\def\ervg{{\textnormal{g}}}
\def\ervh{{\textnormal{h}}}
\def\ervi{{\textnormal{i}}}
\def\ervj{{\textnormal{j}}}
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\def\ervp{{\textnormal{p}}}
\def\ervq{{\textnormal{q}}}
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\def\ervt{{\textnormal{t}}}
\def\ervu{{\textnormal{u}}}
\def\ervv{{\textnormal{v}}}
\def\ervw{{\textnormal{w}}}
\def\ervx{{\textnormal{x}}}
\def\ervy{{\textnormal{y}}}
\def\ervz{{\textnormal{z}}}

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\def\rmB{{\mathbf{B}}}
\def\rmC{{\mathbf{C}}}
\def\rmD{{\mathbf{D}}}
\def\rmE{{\mathbf{E}}}
\def\rmF{{\mathbf{F}}}
\def\rmG{{\mathbf{G}}}
\def\rmH{{\mathbf{H}}}
\def\rmI{{\mathbf{I}}}
\def\rmJ{{\mathbf{J}}}
\def\rmK{{\mathbf{K}}}
\def\rmL{{\mathbf{L}}}
\def\rmM{{\mathbf{M}}}
\def\rmN{{\mathbf{N}}}
\def\rmO{{\mathbf{O}}}
\def\rmP{{\mathbf{P}}}
\def\rmQ{{\mathbf{Q}}}
\def\rmR{{\mathbf{R}}}
\def\rmS{{\mathbf{S}}}
\def\rmT{{\mathbf{T}}}
\def\rmU{{\mathbf{U}}}
\def\rmV{{\mathbf{V}}}
\def\rmW{{\mathbf{W}}}
\def\rmX{{\mathbf{X}}}
\def\rmY{{\mathbf{Y}}}
\def\rmZ{{\mathbf{Z}}}

\def\ermA{{\textnormal{A}}}
\def\ermB{{\textnormal{B}}}
\def\ermC{{\textnormal{C}}}
\def\ermD{{\textnormal{D}}}
\def\ermE{{\textnormal{E}}}
\def\ermF{{\textnormal{F}}}
\def\ermG{{\textnormal{G}}}
\def\ermH{{\textnormal{H}}}
\def\ermI{{\textnormal{I}}}
\def\ermJ{{\textnormal{J}}}
\def\ermK{{\textnormal{K}}}
\def\ermL{{\textnormal{L}}}
\def\ermM{{\textnormal{M}}}
\def\ermN{{\textnormal{N}}}
\def\ermO{{\textnormal{O}}}
\def\ermP{{\textnormal{P}}}
\def\ermQ{{\textnormal{Q}}}
\def\ermR{{\textnormal{R}}}
\def\ermS{{\textnormal{S}}}
\def\ermT{{\textnormal{T}}}
\def\ermU{{\textnormal{U}}}
\def\ermV{{\textnormal{V}}}
\def\ermW{{\textnormal{W}}}
\def\ermX{{\textnormal{X}}}
\def\ermY{{\textnormal{Y}}}
\def\ermZ{{\textnormal{Z}}}

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\def\vone{{\bm{1}}}
\def\vmu{{\bm{\mu}}}
\def\vtheta{{\bm{\theta}}}
\def\va{{\bm{a}}}
\def\vb{{\bm{b}}}
\def\vc{{\bm{c}}}
\def\vd{{\bm{d}}}
\def\ve{{\bm{e}}}
\def\vf{{\bm{f}}}
\def\vg{{\bm{g}}}
\def\vh{{\bm{h}}}
\def\vi{{\bm{i}}}
\def\vj{{\bm{j}}}
\def\vk{{\bm{k}}}
\def\vl{{\bm{l}}}
\def\vm{{\bm{m}}}
\def\vn{{\bm{n}}}
\def\vo{{\bm{o}}}
\def\vp{{\bm{p}}}
\def\vq{{\bm{q}}}
\def\vr{{\bm{r}}}
\def\vs{{\bm{s}}}
\def\vt{{\bm{t}}}
\def\vu{{\bm{u}}}
\def\vv{{\bm{v}}}
\def\vw{{\bm{w}}}
\def\vx{{\bm{x}}}
\def\vy{{\bm{y}}}
\def\vz{{\bm{z}}}

\def\evalpha{{\alpha}}
\def\evbeta{{\beta}}
\def\evepsilon{{\epsilon}}
\def\evlambda{{\lambda}}
\def\evomega{{\omega}}
\def\evmu{{\mu}}
\def\evpsi{{\psi}}
\def\evsigma{{\sigma}}
\def\evtheta{{\theta}}
\def\eva{{a}}
\def\evb{{b}}
\def\evc{{c}}
\def\evd{{d}}
\def\eve{{e}}
\def\evf{{f}}
\def\evg{{g}}
\def\evh{{h}}
\def\evi{{i}}
\def\evj{{j}}
\def\evk{{k}}
\def\evl{{l}}
\def\evm{{m}}
\def\evn{{n}}
\def\evo{{o}}
\def\evp{{p}}
\def\evq{{q}}
\def\evr{{r}}
\def\evs{{s}}
\def\evt{{t}}
\def\evu{{u}}
\def\evv{{v}}
\def\evw{{w}}
\def\evx{{x}}
\def\evy{{y}}
\def\evz{{z}}

\def\mA{{\bm{A}}}
\def\mB{{\bm{B}}}
\def\mC{{\bm{C}}}
\def\mD{{\bm{D}}}
\def\mE{{\bm{E}}}
\def\mF{{\bm{F}}}
\def\mG{{\bm{G}}}
\def\mH{{\bm{H}}}
\def\mI{{\bm{I}}}
\def\mJ{{\bm{J}}}
\def\mK{{\bm{K}}}
\def\mL{{\bm{L}}}
\def\mM{{\bm{M}}}
\def\mN{{\bm{N}}}
\def\mO{{\bm{O}}}
\def\mP{{\bm{P}}}
\def\mQ{{\bm{Q}}}
\def\mR{{\bm{R}}}
\def\mS{{\bm{S}}}
\def\mT{{\bm{T}}}
\def\mU{{\bm{U}}}
\def\mV{{\bm{V}}}
\def\mW{{\bm{W}}}
\def\mX{{\bm{X}}}
\def\mY{{\bm{Y}}}
\def\mZ{{\bm{Z}}}
\def\mBeta{{\bm{\beta}}}
\def\mPhi{{\bm{\Phi}}}
\def\mLambda{{\bm{\Lambda}}}
\def\mSigma{{\bm{\Sigma}}}

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\SetMathAlphabet{\mathsfit}{bold}{\encodingdefault}{\sfdefault}{bx}{n}
\newcommand{\tens}[1]{\bm{\mathsfit{#1}}}
\def\tA{{\tens{A}}}
\def\tB{{\tens{B}}}
\def\tC{{\tens{C}}}
\def\tD{{\tens{D}}}
\def\tE{{\tens{E}}}
\def\tF{{\tens{F}}}
\def\tG{{\tens{G}}}
\def\tH{{\tens{H}}}
\def\tI{{\tens{I}}}
\def\tJ{{\tens{J}}}
\def\tK{{\tens{K}}}
\def\tL{{\tens{L}}}
\def\tM{{\tens{M}}}
\def\tN{{\tens{N}}}
\def\tO{{\tens{O}}}
\def\tP{{\tens{P}}}
\def\tQ{{\tens{Q}}}
\def\tR{{\tens{R}}}
\def\tS{{\tens{S}}}
\def\tT{{\tens{T}}}
\def\tU{{\tens{U}}}
\def\tV{{\tens{V}}}
\def\tW{{\tens{W}}}
\def\tX{{\tens{X}}}
\def\tY{{\tens{Y}}}
\def\tZ{{\tens{Z}}}


\def\gA{{\mathcal{A}}}
\def\gB{{\mathcal{B}}}
\def\gC{{\mathcal{C}}}
\def\gD{{\mathcal{D}}}
\def\gE{{\mathcal{E}}}
\def\gF{{\mathcal{F}}}
\def\gG{{\mathcal{G}}}
\def\gH{{\mathcal{H}}}
\def\gI{{\mathcal{I}}}
\def\gJ{{\mathcal{J}}}
\def\gK{{\mathcal{K}}}
\def\gL{{\mathcal{L}}}
\def\gM{{\mathcal{M}}}
\def\gN{{\mathcal{N}}}
\def\gO{{\mathcal{O}}}
\def\gP{{\mathcal{P}}}
\def\gQ{{\mathcal{Q}}}
\def\gR{{\mathcal{R}}}
\def\gS{{\mathcal{S}}}
\def\gT{{\mathcal{T}}}
\def\gU{{\mathcal{U}}}
\def\gV{{\mathcal{V}}}
\def\gW{{\mathcal{W}}}
\def\gX{{\mathcal{X}}}
\def\gY{{\mathcal{Y}}}
\def\gZ{{\mathcal{Z}}}

\def\sA{{\mathbb{A}}}
\def\sB{{\mathbb{B}}}
\def\sC{{\mathbb{C}}}
\def\sD{{\mathbb{D}}}
\def\sF{{\mathbb{F}}}
\def\sG{{\mathbb{G}}}
\def\sH{{\mathbb{H}}}
\def\sI{{\mathbb{I}}}
\def\sJ{{\mathbb{J}}}
\def\sK{{\mathbb{K}}}
\def\sL{{\mathbb{L}}}
\def\sM{{\mathbb{M}}}
\def\sN{{\mathbb{N}}}
\def\sO{{\mathbb{O}}}
\def\sP{{\mathbb{P}}}
\def\sQ{{\mathbb{Q}}}
\def\sR{{\mathbb{R}}}
\def\sS{{\mathbb{S}}}
\def\sT{{\mathbb{T}}}
\def\sU{{\mathbb{U}}}
\def\sV{{\mathbb{V}}}
\def\sW{{\mathbb{W}}}
\def\sX{{\mathbb{X}}}
\def\sY{{\mathbb{Y}}}
\def\sZ{{\mathbb{Z}}}

\def\emLambda{{\Lambda}}
\def\emA{{A}}
\def\emB{{B}}
\def\emC{{C}}
\def\emD{{D}}
\def\emE{{E}}
\def\emF{{F}}
\def\emG{{G}}
\def\emH{{H}}
\def\emI{{I}}
\def\emJ{{J}}
\def\emK{{K}}
\def\emL{{L}}
\def\emM{{M}}
\def\emN{{N}}
\def\emO{{O}}
\def\emP{{P}}
\def\emQ{{Q}}
\def\emR{{R}}
\def\emS{{S}}
\def\emT{{T}}
\def\emU{{U}}
\def\emV{{V}}
\def\emW{{W}}
\def\emX{{X}}
\def\emY{{Y}}
\def\emZ{{Z}}
\def\emSigma{{\Sigma}}

\newcommand{\etens}[1]{\mathsfit{#1}}
\def\etLambda{{\etens{\Lambda}}}
\def\etA{{\etens{A}}}
\def\etB{{\etens{B}}}
\def\etC{{\etens{C}}}
\def\etD{{\etens{D}}}
\def\etE{{\etens{E}}}
\def\etF{{\etens{F}}}
\def\etG{{\etens{G}}}
\def\etH{{\etens{H}}}
\def\etI{{\etens{I}}}
\def\etJ{{\etens{J}}}
\def\etK{{\etens{K}}}
\def\etL{{\etens{L}}}
\def\etM{{\etens{M}}}
\def\etN{{\etens{N}}}
\def\etO{{\etens{O}}}
\def\etP{{\etens{P}}}
\def\etQ{{\etens{Q}}}
\def\etR{{\etens{R}}}
\def\etS{{\etens{S}}}
\def\etT{{\etens{T}}}
\def\etU{{\etens{U}}}
\def\etV{{\etens{V}}}
\def\etW{{\etens{W}}}
\def\etX{{\etens{X}}}
\def\etY{{\etens{Y}}}
\def\etZ{{\etens{Z}}}

\newcommand{\pdata}{p_{\rm{data}}}
\newcommand{\ptrain}{\hat{p}_{\rm{data}}}
\newcommand{\Ptrain}{\hat{P}_{\rm{data}}}
\newcommand{\pmodel}{p_{\rm{model}}}
\newcommand{\Pmodel}{P_{\rm{model}}}
\newcommand{\ptildemodel}{\tilde{p}_{\rm{model}}}
\newcommand{\pencode}{p_{\rm{encoder}}}
\newcommand{\pdecode}{p_{\rm{decoder}}}
\newcommand{\precons}{p_{\rm{reconstruct}}}

\newcommand{\laplace}{\mathrm{Laplace}} %

\newcommand{\E}{\mathbb{E}}
\newcommand{\Ls}{\mathcal{L}}
\newcommand{\R}{\mathbb{R}}
\newcommand{\emp}{\tilde{p}}
\newcommand{\lr}{\alpha}
\newcommand{\reg}{\lambda}
\newcommand{\rect}{\mathrm{rectifier}}
\newcommand{\softmax}{\mathrm{softmax}}
\newcommand{\sigmoid}{\sigma}
\newcommand{\softplus}{\zeta}
\newcommand{\KL}{D_{\mathrm{KL}}}
\newcommand{\Var}{\mathrm{Var}}
\newcommand{\standarderror}{\mathrm{SE}}
\newcommand{\Cov}{\mathrm{Cov}}
\newcommand{\normlzero}{L^0}
\newcommand{\normlone}{L^1}
\newcommand{\normltwo}{L^2}
\newcommand{\normlp}{L^p}
\newcommand{\normmax}{L^\infty}

\newcommand{\parents}{Pa} %

\DeclareMathOperator*{\argmax}{arg\,max}
\DeclareMathOperator*{\argmin}{arg\,min}

\DeclareMathOperator{\sign}{sign}
\DeclareMathOperator{\Tr}{Tr}
\let\ab\allowbreak


\usepackage{amsmath,amsthm,verbatim,amssymb,amsfonts,amscd,graphicx}
\usepackage{bm, bbm, mathtools}
\usepackage{wrapfig}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage[linesnumbered,boxed,titlenumbered,ruled,nofillcomment,algo2e]{algorithm2e}
\usepackage{algorithm}
\usepackage{algorithmic}
\let\classAND\AND
\let\AND\relax
\let\algoAND\AND
\let\AND\classAND

\newcommand{\appendixtableofcontents}{
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    \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}
    \tableofcontents
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}

\usepackage[capitalize,noabbrev]{cleveref}
\usepackage{subcaption}
\usepackage{nicefrac}
\usepackage{placeins}
\usepackage{siunitx}
\usepackage{enumitem}

\theoremstyle{plain}
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\newtheorem{corollary}[theorem]{Corollary}
\theoremstyle{definition}
\newtheorem{definition}[theorem]{Definition}
\newtheorem{assumption}[theorem]{Assumption}
\theoremstyle{remark}
\newtheorem{remark}[theorem]{Remark}

\newcommand{\OTSD}{\textup{OTSD}}
\renewcommand{\OE}{\textup{OE}}
