""" Nested Transformer (NesT) in PyTorch

A PyTorch implement of Aggregating Nested Transformers as described in:

'Aggregating Nested Transformers'
    - https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.12723

The official Jax code is released and available at https://github.com/google-research/nested-transformer. The weights
have been converted with convert/convert_nest_flax.py

Acknowledgments:
* The paper authors for sharing their research, code, and model weights
* Ross Wightman's existing code off which I based this

Copyright 2021 Alexander Soare
"""

import collections.abc
import logging
import math
from functools import partial

import torch
import torch.nn.functional as F
from torch import nn

from timm.data import IMAGENET_DEFAULT_MEAN, IMAGENET_DEFAULT_STD
from timm.layers import PatchEmbed, Mlp, DropPath, create_classifier, trunc_normal_, _assert
from timm.layers import create_conv2d, create_pool2d, to_ntuple
from ._builder import build_model_with_cfg
from ._features_fx import register_notrace_function
from ._manipulate import checkpoint_seq, named_apply
from ._registry import register_model

__all__ = ['Nest']  # model_registry will add each entrypoint fn to this

_logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


def _cfg(url='', **kwargs):
    return {
        'url': url,
        'num_classes': 1000, 'input_size': (3, 224, 224), 'pool_size': [14, 14],
        'crop_pct': .875, 'interpolation': 'bicubic', 'fixed_input_size': True,
        'mean': IMAGENET_DEFAULT_MEAN, 'std': IMAGENET_DEFAULT_STD,
        'first_conv': 'patch_embed.proj', 'classifier': 'head',
        **kwargs
    }


default_cfgs = {
    # (weights from official Google JAX impl)
    'nest_base': _cfg(),
    'nest_small': _cfg(),
    'nest_tiny': _cfg(),
    'jx_nest_base': _cfg(
        url='https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models/releases/download/v0.1-vt3p-weights/jx_nest_base-8bc41011.pth'),
    'jx_nest_small': _cfg(
        url='https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models/releases/download/v0.1-vt3p-weights/jx_nest_small-422eaded.pth'),
    'jx_nest_tiny': _cfg(
        url='https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models/releases/download/v0.1-vt3p-weights/jx_nest_tiny-e3428fb9.pth'),
}


class Attention(nn.Module):
    """
    This is much like `.vision_transformer.Attention` but uses *localised* self attention by accepting an input with
     an extra "image block" dim
    """
    def __init__(self, dim, num_heads=8, qkv_bias=False, attn_drop=0., proj_drop=0.):
        super().__init__()
        self.num_heads = num_heads
        head_dim = dim // num_heads
        self.scale = head_dim ** -0.5

        self.qkv = nn.Linear(dim, 3*dim, bias=qkv_bias)
        self.attn_drop = nn.Dropout(attn_drop)
        self.proj = nn.Linear(dim, dim)
        self.proj_drop = nn.Dropout(proj_drop)

    def forward(self, x):
        """
        x is shape: B (batch_size), T (image blocks), N (seq length per image block), C (embed dim)
        """ 
        B, T, N, C = x.shape
        # result of next line is (qkv, B, num (H)eads, T, N, (C')hannels per head)
        qkv = self.qkv(x).reshape(B, T, N, 3, self.num_heads, C // self.num_heads).permute(3, 0, 4, 1, 2, 5)
        q, k, v = qkv.unbind(0)  # make torchscript happy (cannot use tensor as tuple)

        attn = (q @ k.transpose(-2, -1)) * self.scale # (B, H, T, N, N)
        attn = attn.softmax(dim=-1)
        attn = self.attn_drop(attn)

        # (B, H, T, N, C'), permute -> (B, T, N, C', H)
        x = (attn @ v).permute(0, 2, 3, 4, 1).reshape(B, T, N, C)
        x = self.proj(x)
        x = self.proj_drop(x)
        return x  # (B, T, N, C)


class TransformerLayer(nn.Module):
    """
    This is much like `.vision_transformer.Block` but:
        - Called TransformerLayer here to allow for "block" as defined in the paper ("non-overlapping image blocks")
        - Uses modified Attention layer that handles the "block" dimension
    """
    def __init__(self, dim, num_heads, mlp_ratio=4., qkv_bias=False, drop=0., attn_drop=0., drop_path=0.,
                 act_layer=nn.GELU, norm_layer=nn.LayerNorm):
        super().__init__()
        self.norm1 = norm_layer(dim)
        self.attn = Attention(dim, num_heads=num_heads, qkv_bias=qkv_bias, attn_drop=attn_drop, proj_drop=drop)
        self.drop_path = DropPath(drop_path) if drop_path > 0. else nn.Identity()
        self.norm2 = norm_layer(dim)
        mlp_hidden_dim = int(dim * mlp_ratio)
        self.mlp = Mlp(in_features=dim, hidden_features=mlp_hidden_dim, act_layer=act_layer, drop=drop)

    def forward(self, x):
        y = self.norm1(x)
        x = x + self.drop_path(self.attn(y))
        x = x + self.drop_path(self.mlp(self.norm2(x)))
        return x


class ConvPool(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, norm_layer, pad_type=''):
        super().__init__()
        self.conv = create_conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=3, padding=pad_type, bias=True)
        self.norm = norm_layer(out_channels)
        self.pool = create_pool2d('max', kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=pad_type)

    def forward(self, x):
        """
        x is expected to have shape (B, C, H, W)
        """
        _assert(x.shape[-2] % 2 == 0, 'BlockAggregation requires even input spatial dims')
        _assert(x.shape[-1] % 2 == 0, 'BlockAggregation requires even input spatial dims')
        x = self.conv(x)
        # Layer norm done over channel dim only
        x = self.norm(x.permute(0, 2, 3, 1)).permute(0, 3, 1, 2)
        x = self.pool(x)
        return x  # (B, C, H//2, W//2)


def blockify(x, block_size: int):
    """image to blocks
    Args:
        x (Tensor): with shape (B, H, W, C)
        block_size (int): edge length of a single square block in units of H, W
    """
    B, H, W, C  = x.shape
    _assert(H % block_size == 0, '`block_size` must divide input height evenly')
    _assert(W % block_size == 0, '`block_size` must divide input width evenly')
    grid_height = H // block_size
    grid_width = W // block_size
    x = x.reshape(B, grid_height, block_size, grid_width, block_size, C)
    x = x.transpose(2, 3).reshape(B, grid_height * grid_width, -1, C)
    return x  # (B, T, N, C)


@register_notrace_function  # reason: int receives Proxy
def deblockify(x, block_size: int):
    """blocks to image
    Args:
        x (Tensor): with shape (B, T, N, C) where T is number of blocks and N is sequence size per block
        block_size (int): edge length of a single square block in units of desired H, W
    """
    B, T, _, C = x.shape
    grid_size = int(math.sqrt(T))
    height = width = grid_size * block_size
    x = x.reshape(B, grid_size, grid_size, block_size, block_size, C)
    x = x.transpose(2, 3).reshape(B, height, width, C)
    return x  # (B, H, W, C)


class NestLevel(nn.Module):
    """ Single hierarchical level of a Nested Transformer
    """
    def __init__(
            self, num_blocks, block_size, seq_length, num_heads, depth, embed_dim, prev_embed_dim=None,
            mlp_ratio=4., qkv_bias=True, drop_rate=0., attn_drop_rate=0., drop_path_rates=[],
            norm_layer=None, act_layer=None, pad_type=''):
        super().__init__()
        self.block_size = block_size
        self.grad_checkpointing = False

        self.pos_embed = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(1, num_blocks, seq_length, embed_dim))

        if prev_embed_dim is not None:
            self.pool = ConvPool(prev_embed_dim, embed_dim, norm_layer=norm_layer, pad_type=pad_type)
        else:
            self.pool = nn.Identity()

        # Transformer encoder
        if len(drop_path_rates):
            assert len(drop_path_rates) == depth, 'Must provide as many drop path rates as there are transformer layers'
        self.transformer_encoder = nn.Sequential(*[
            TransformerLayer(
                dim=embed_dim, num_heads=num_heads, mlp_ratio=mlp_ratio, qkv_bias=qkv_bias,
                drop=drop_rate, attn_drop=attn_drop_rate, drop_path=drop_path_rates[i],
                norm_layer=norm_layer, act_layer=act_layer)
            for i in range(depth)])

    def forward(self, x):
        """
        expects x as (B, C, H, W)
        """
        x = self.pool(x)
        x = x.permute(0, 2, 3, 1)  # (B, H', W', C), switch to channels last for transformer
        x = blockify(x, self.block_size)  # (B, T, N, C')
        x = x + self.pos_embed
        if self.grad_checkpointing and not torch.jit.is_scripting():
            x = checkpoint_seq(self.transformer_encoder, x)
        else:
            x = self.transformer_encoder(x)  # (B, T, N, C')
        x = deblockify(x, self.block_size)  # (B, H', W', C')
        # Channel-first for block aggregation, and generally to replicate convnet feature map at each stage
        return x.permute(0, 3, 1, 2)  # (B, C, H', W')


class Nest(nn.Module):
    """ Nested Transformer (NesT)

    A PyTorch impl of : `Aggregating Nested Transformers`
        - https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.12723
    """

    def __init__(
            self, img_size=224, in_chans=3, patch_size=4, num_levels=3, embed_dims=(128, 256, 512),
            num_heads=(4, 8, 16), depths=(2, 2, 20), num_classes=1000, mlp_ratio=4., qkv_bias=True,
            drop_rate=0., attn_drop_rate=0., drop_path_rate=0.5, norm_layer=None, act_layer=None,
            pad_type='', weight_init='', global_pool='avg'
    ):
        """
        Args:
            img_size (int, tuple): input image size
            in_chans (int): number of input channels
            patch_size (int): patch size
            num_levels (int): number of block hierarchies (T_d in the paper)
            embed_dims (int, tuple): embedding dimensions of each level
            num_heads (int, tuple): number of attention heads for each level
            depths (int, tuple): number of transformer layers for each level
            num_classes (int): number of classes for classification head
            mlp_ratio (int): ratio of mlp hidden dim to embedding dim for MLP of transformer layers
            qkv_bias (bool): enable bias for qkv if True
            drop_rate (float): dropout rate for MLP of transformer layers, MSA final projection layer, and classifier
            attn_drop_rate (float): attention dropout rate
            drop_path_rate (float): stochastic depth rate
            norm_layer: (nn.Module): normalization layer for transformer layers
            act_layer: (nn.Module): activation layer in MLP of transformer layers
            pad_type: str: Type of padding to use '' for PyTorch symmetric, 'same' for TF SAME
            weight_init: (str): weight init scheme
            global_pool: (str): type of pooling operation to apply to final feature map

        Notes:
            - Default values follow NesT-B from the original Jax code.
            - `embed_dims`, `num_heads`, `depths` should be ints or tuples with length `num_levels`.
            - For those following the paper, Table A1 may have errors!
                - https://github.com/google-research/nested-transformer/issues/2
        """
        super().__init__()

        for param_name in ['embed_dims', 'num_heads', 'depths']:
            param_value = locals()[param_name]
            if isinstance(param_value, collections.abc.Sequence):
                assert len(param_value) == num_levels, f'Require `len({param_name}) == num_levels`'

        embed_dims = to_ntuple(num_levels)(embed_dims)
        num_heads = to_ntuple(num_levels)(num_heads)
        depths = to_ntuple(num_levels)(depths)
        self.num_classes = num_classes
        self.num_features = embed_dims[-1]
        self.feature_info = []
        norm_layer = norm_layer or partial(nn.LayerNorm, eps=1e-6)
        act_layer = act_layer or nn.GELU
        self.drop_rate = drop_rate
        self.num_levels = num_levels
        if isinstance(img_size, collections.abc.Sequence):
            assert img_size[0] == img_size[1], 'Model only handles square inputs'
            img_size = img_size[0]
        assert img_size % patch_size == 0, '`patch_size` must divide `img_size` evenly'
        self.patch_size = patch_size

        # Number of blocks at each level
        self.num_blocks = (4 ** torch.arange(num_levels)).flip(0).tolist()
        assert (img_size // patch_size) % math.sqrt(self.num_blocks[0]) == 0, \
            'First level blocks don\'t fit evenly. Check `img_size`, `patch_size`, and `num_levels`'

        # Block edge size in units of patches
        # Hint: (img_size // patch_size) gives number of patches along edge of image. sqrt(self.num_blocks[0]) is the
        #  number of blocks along edge of image
        self.block_size = int((img_size // patch_size) // math.sqrt(self.num_blocks[0]))
        
        # Patch embedding
        self.patch_embed = PatchEmbed(
            img_size=img_size, patch_size=patch_size, in_chans=in_chans, embed_dim=embed_dims[0], flatten=False)
        self.num_patches = self.patch_embed.num_patches
        self.seq_length = self.num_patches // self.num_blocks[0]

        # Build up each hierarchical level
        levels = []
        dp_rates = [x.tolist() for x in torch.linspace(0, drop_path_rate, sum(depths)).split(depths)]
        prev_dim = None
        curr_stride = 4
        for i in range(len(self.num_blocks)):
            dim = embed_dims[i]
            levels.append(NestLevel(
                self.num_blocks[i], self.block_size, self.seq_length, num_heads[i], depths[i], dim, prev_dim,
                mlp_ratio, qkv_bias, drop_rate, attn_drop_rate, dp_rates[i], norm_layer, act_layer, pad_type=pad_type))
            self.feature_info += [dict(num_chs=dim, reduction=curr_stride, module=f'levels.{i}')]
            prev_dim = dim
            curr_stride *= 2
        self.levels = nn.Sequential(*levels)

        # Final normalization layer
        self.norm = norm_layer(embed_dims[-1])

        # Classifier
        self.global_pool, self.head = create_classifier(self.num_features, self.num_classes, pool_type=global_pool)

        self.init_weights(weight_init)

    @torch.jit.ignore
    def init_weights(self, mode=''):
        assert mode in ('nlhb', '')
        head_bias = -math.log(self.num_classes) if 'nlhb' in mode else 0.
        for level in self.levels:
            trunc_normal_(level.pos_embed, std=.02, a=-2, b=2)
        named_apply(partial(_init_nest_weights, head_bias=head_bias), self)

    @torch.jit.ignore
    def no_weight_decay(self):
        return {f'level.{i}.pos_embed' for i in range(len(self.levels))}

    @torch.jit.ignore
    def group_matcher(self, coarse=False):
        matcher = dict(
            stem=r'^patch_embed',  # stem and embed
            blocks=[
                (r'^levels\.(\d+)' if coarse else r'^levels\.(\d+)\.transformer_encoder\.(\d+)', None),
                (r'^levels\.(\d+)\.(?:pool|pos_embed)', (0,)),
                (r'^norm', (99999,))
            ]
        )
        return matcher

    @torch.jit.ignore
    def set_grad_checkpointing(self, enable=True):
        for l in self.levels:
            l.grad_checkpointing = enable

    @torch.jit.ignore
    def get_classifier(self):
        return self.head

    def reset_classifier(self, num_classes, global_pool='avg'):
        self.num_classes = num_classes
        self.global_pool, self.head = create_classifier(
            self.num_features, self.num_classes, pool_type=global_pool)

    def forward_features(self, x):
        x = self.patch_embed(x)
        x = self.levels(x)
        # Layer norm done over channel dim only (to NHWC and back)
        x = self.norm(x.permute(0, 2, 3, 1)).permute(0, 3, 1, 2)
        return x

    def forward_head(self, x, pre_logits: bool = False):
        x = self.global_pool(x)
        if self.drop_rate > 0.:
            x = F.dropout(x, p=self.drop_rate, training=self.training)
        return x if pre_logits else self.head(x)

    def forward(self, x):
        x = self.forward_features(x)
        x = self.forward_head(x)
        return x


def _init_nest_weights(module: nn.Module, name: str = '', head_bias: float = 0.):
    """ NesT weight initialization
    Can replicate Jax implementation. Otherwise follows vision_transformer.py
    """
    if isinstance(module, nn.Linear):
        if name.startswith('head'):
            trunc_normal_(module.weight, std=.02, a=-2, b=2)
            nn.init.constant_(module.bias, head_bias)
        else:
            trunc_normal_(module.weight, std=.02, a=-2, b=2)
            if module.bias is not None:
                nn.init.zeros_(module.bias)
    elif isinstance(module, nn.Conv2d):
        trunc_normal_(module.weight, std=.02, a=-2, b=2)
        if module.bias is not None:
            nn.init.zeros_(module.bias)


def resize_pos_embed(posemb, posemb_new):
    """
    Rescale the grid of position embeddings when loading from state_dict
    Expected shape of position embeddings is (1, T, N, C), and considers only square images
    """
    _logger.info('Resized position embedding: %s to %s', posemb.shape, posemb_new.shape)
    seq_length_old = posemb.shape[2]
    num_blocks_new, seq_length_new = posemb_new.shape[1:3]
    size_new = int(math.sqrt(num_blocks_new*seq_length_new))
    # First change to (1, C, H, W)
    posemb = deblockify(posemb, int(math.sqrt(seq_length_old))).permute(0, 3, 1, 2)
    posemb = F.interpolate(posemb, size=[size_new, size_new], mode='bicubic', align_corners=False)
    # Now change to new (1, T, N, C)
    posemb = blockify(posemb.permute(0, 2, 3, 1), int(math.sqrt(seq_length_new)))
    return posemb


def checkpoint_filter_fn(state_dict, model):
    """ resize positional embeddings of pretrained weights """
    pos_embed_keys = [k for k in state_dict.keys() if k.startswith('pos_embed_')]
    for k in pos_embed_keys:
        if state_dict[k].shape != getattr(model, k).shape:
            state_dict[k] = resize_pos_embed(state_dict[k], getattr(model, k))
    return state_dict


def _create_nest(variant, pretrained=False, **kwargs):
    model = build_model_with_cfg(
        Nest, variant, pretrained,
        feature_cfg=dict(out_indices=(0, 1, 2), flatten_sequential=True),
        pretrained_filter_fn=checkpoint_filter_fn,
        **kwargs)

    return model


@register_model
def nest_base(pretrained=False, **kwargs):
    """ Nest-B @ 224x224
    """
    model_kwargs = dict(
        embed_dims=(128, 256, 512), num_heads=(4, 8, 16), depths=(2, 2, 20), **kwargs)
    model = _create_nest('nest_base', pretrained=pretrained, **model_kwargs)
    return model


@register_model
def nest_small(pretrained=False, **kwargs):
    """ Nest-S @ 224x224
    """
    model_kwargs = dict(embed_dims=(96, 192, 384), num_heads=(3, 6, 12), depths=(2, 2, 20), **kwargs)
    model = _create_nest('nest_small', pretrained=pretrained, **model_kwargs)
    return model


@register_model
def nest_tiny(pretrained=False, **kwargs):
    """ Nest-T @ 224x224
    """
    model_kwargs = dict(embed_dims=(96, 192, 384), num_heads=(3, 6, 12), depths=(2, 2, 8), **kwargs)
    model = _create_nest('nest_tiny', pretrained=pretrained, **model_kwargs)
    return model


@register_model
def jx_nest_base(pretrained=False, **kwargs):
    """ Nest-B @ 224x224, Pretrained weights converted from official Jax impl.
    """
    kwargs['pad_type'] = 'same'
    model_kwargs = dict(embed_dims=(128, 256, 512), num_heads=(4, 8, 16), depths=(2, 2, 20), **kwargs)
    model = _create_nest('jx_nest_base', pretrained=pretrained, **model_kwargs)
    return model


@register_model
def jx_nest_small(pretrained=False, **kwargs):
    """ Nest-S @ 224x224, Pretrained weights converted from official Jax impl.
    """
    kwargs['pad_type'] = 'same'
    model_kwargs = dict(embed_dims=(96, 192, 384), num_heads=(3, 6, 12), depths=(2, 2, 20), **kwargs)
    model = _create_nest('jx_nest_small', pretrained=pretrained, **model_kwargs)
    return model


@register_model
def jx_nest_tiny(pretrained=False, **kwargs):
    """ Nest-T @ 224x224, Pretrained weights converted from official Jax impl.
    """
    kwargs['pad_type'] = 'same'
    model_kwargs = dict(embed_dims=(96, 192, 384), num_heads=(3, 6, 12), depths=(2, 2, 8), **kwargs)
    model = _create_nest('jx_nest_tiny', pretrained=pretrained, **model_kwargs)
    return model
